TERMS STARTING WITH
define ::: 1. To explain or identify the nature or essential qualities of; describe. 2. To make clear the outline or form of.
defined ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Define
definement ::: n. --> The act of defining; definition; description.
definer ::: n. --> One who defines or explains.
defines the term Ancient of Days as “both the
define ::: v. t. --> To fix the bounds of; to bring to a termination; to end.
To determine or clearly exhibit the boundaries of; to mark the limits of; as, to define the extent of a kingdom or country.
To determine with precision; to mark out with distinctness; to ascertain or exhibit clearly; as, the defining power of an optical instrument.
To determine the precise signification of; to fix the meaning of; to describe accurately; to explain; to expound or
TERMS ANYWHERE
100BaseVG "networking" A 100 {MBps} {Ethernet} standard specified to run over four pairs of {category 3} {UTP} wires (known as voice grade, hence the "VG"). It is also called 100VG-AnyLAN because it was defined to carry both {Ethernet} and {token ring} {frame} types. 100BaseVG was originally proposed by {Hewlett-Packard}, ratified by the {ISO} in 1995 and practically extinct by 1998. 100BaseVG started in the IEEE 802.3u committee as {Fast Ethernet}. One faction wanted to keep {CSMA/CD} in order to keep it pure Ethernet, even though the {collision domain} problem limited the distances to one tenth that of {10baseT}. Another faction wanted to change to a polling architecture from the hub (they called it "demand priority") in order to maintain the 10baseT distances, and also to make it a {deterministic} {protocol}. The CSMA/CD crowd said, "This is 802.3 -- the Ethernet committee. If you guys want to make a different protocol, form your own committee". The IEEE 802.12 committee was thus formed and standardised 100BaseVG. The rest is history. (1998-06-30)
1. A critical study of the method or methods of the sciences, of the nature of scientific symbols and of the logical structure of scientific symbolic svstems. Presumably such a study should include both the empirical and the rational sciences. Whether it should also include the methods of the valuational studies (e.g., ethics, esthetics) and of the historical studies, will depend upon the working definition or science accepted by the investigator. Valuational studies are frequently characterized as "normative" or "axiological" sciences. Many of the recognized sciences (e.g., anthropology, geology) contain important historical aspects, hence there is some justification for the inclusion of the historical method in this aspect of the philosophy of science. As a study of method, the philosophy of science includes much of the traditional logic and theory of knowledge. The attempt is made to define and further clarify such terms as induction, deduction, hypothesis, data, discovery and verification. In addition, the more detailed and specialized methods of science (e.g., experimentation, measurement, classification and idealization) (q.v.) are subjected to examination. Since science is a symbolic system, the general theory of signs plays an important role in the philosophy of science.
1. Phenomenological analyses, partly summarized in the Logische Untersuchungen, had led Husserl to the view that material (generic and specific) as well as logically formal universals or essences are themselves observable, though non-individual, objects. Further analyses showed that awareness of an essence as itself presented might be based on either a clear experiencing or a clear phantasying (fictive experiencing) of an example. In either case, the evidence of the essence or eidos involves evidence of some example as ideally possible but not as actual. Consequently, a science like pure logic, whose theme includes nothing but essences and essential possibilities, -- in Husserl's later terminology, an eidetic science -- involves no assertion of actual existence. Husserl used these views to redefine phenomenology itself. The latter was now conceived explicitly as the eidetic science of the material essences exemplified in subjective processes, qua pure possibilities, and was accordingly said to be pure also in the way pure logic is pure. A large proportion of the emendations in the second edition of the Logische Untersuchungen serve to clarify this freedom of phenomenology from all presuppositions of actual individual existence -- particularly, psychic existence.
9PAC "tool" 709 PACkage. A {report generator} for the {IBM 7090}, developed in 1959. [Sammet 1969, p.314. "IBM 7090 Prog Sys, SHARE 7090 9PAC Part I: Intro and Gen Princs", IBM J28-6166, White Plains, 1961]. (1995-02-07):-) {emoticon}; {semicolon}" {less than}"g" "chat" grin. An alternative to {smiley}. [{Jargon File}] (1998-01-18)"gr&d" "chat" Grinning, running and ducking. See {emoticon}. (1995-03-17)= {equals}" {greater than}? {question mark}?? "programming" A {Perl} quote-like {operator} used to delimit a {regular expression} (RE) like "?FOO?" that matches FOO at most once. The normal "/FOO/" form of regular expression will match FOO any number of times. The "??" operator will match again after a call to the "reset" operator. The operator is usually referred to as "??" but, taken literally, an empty RE like this (or "//") actually means to re-use the last successfully matched regular expression or, if there was none, empty string (which will always match). {Unix manual page}: perlop(1). (2009-05-28)@ {commercial at}@-party "event, history" /at'par-tee/ (Or "@-sign party") An antiquated term for a gathering of {hackers} at a science-fiction convention (especially the annual Worldcon) to which only people who had an {electronic mail address} were admitted. The term refers to the {commercial at} symbol, "@", in an e-mail address and dates back to the era when having an e-mail address was a distinguishing characteristic of the select few who worked with computers. Compare {boink}. [{Jargon File}] (2012-11-17)@Begin "text" The {Scribe} equivalent of {\begin}. [{Jargon File}] (2014-11-06)@stake "security, software" A computer security development group and consultancy dedicated to researching and documenting security flaws that exist in {operating systems}, {network} {protocols}, or software. @stake publishes information about security flaws through advisories, research reports, and tools. They release the information and tools to help system administrators, users, and software and hardware vendors better secure their systems. L0pht merged with @stake in January 2000. {@stake home (http://atstake.com/research/redirect.html)}. (2003-06-12)@XX "programming" 1. Part of the syntax of a {decorated name}, as used internally by {Microsoft}'s {Visual C} or {Visual C++} {compilers}. 2. The name of an example {instance variable} in the {Ruby} {programming language}. (2018-08-24)[incr Tcl] "language" An extension of {Tcl} that adds {classes} and {inheritence}. The name is a pun on {C++} - an {object-oriented} extension of {C} - [incr variable] is the Tcl {syntax} for adding one to a variable. [Origin? Availability?] (1998-11-27)\ {backslash}\begin "text, chat" The {LaTeX} command used with \end to delimit an environment within which the text is formatted in a certain way. E.g. \begin{table}...\end{table}. Used humorously in writing to indicate a context or to remark on the surrounded text. For example: \begin{flame} Predicate logic is the only good programming language. Anyone who would use anything else is an idiot. Also, all computers should be tredecimal instead of binary. \end{flame} {Scribe} users at {CMU} and elsewhere used to use @Begin/@End in an identical way (LaTeX was built to resemble Scribe). On {Usenet}, this construct would more frequently be rendered as ""FLAME ON"" and ""FLAME OFF"" (a la {HTML}), or "
AAP DTD "standard" A {DTD} for a standard {SGML} document type for scientific documents, defined by the {Association of American Publishers}. (1994-11-08)
aard "programming, tool" (Dutch for "earth") A tool to check memory use for {C++} programs, written by Steve Reiss "spr@cs.brown.edu" (who names his programs after living systems). Aard tracks the state of each byte of memory in the {heap} and the {stack}. The state can be one of Undefined, Uninitialised, Free or Set. The program can detect invalid transitions (i.e. attempting to set or use undefined or free storage or attempting to access uninitialised storage). In addition, the program keeps track of heap use through {malloc} and {free} and at the end of the run reports memory blocks that were not freed and that are not accessible (i.e. {memory leaks}). The tools works using a spliced-in {shared library} on {SPARCs} running {C++} 3.0.1 under {SunOS} 4.X. {(ftp://wilma.cs.brown.edu/pub/aard.tar.Z)}. (1998-03-03)
ABC ALGOL "language" An extension of {ALGOL 60} with arbitrary data structures and user-defined operators, for {symbolic mathematics}. ["ABC ALGOL, A Portable Language for Formula Manipulation Systems", R.P. van de Riet, Amsterdam Math Centrum 1973]. (1994-10-28)
abstract data type "programming" (ADT) A kind of {data abstraction} where a type's internal form is hidden behind a set of {access functions}. Values of the type are created and inspected only by calls to the access functions. This allows the implementation of the type to be changed without requiring any changes outside the {module} in which it is defined. {Objects} and ADTs are both forms of data abstraction, but objects are not ADTs. Objects use procedural abstraction (methods), not type abstraction. A classic example of an ADT is a {stack} data type for which functions might be provided to create an empty stack, to {push} values onto a stack and to {pop} values from a stack. {Reynolds paper (http://cis.upenn.edu/~gunter/publications/documents/taoop94.html)}. {Cook paper "OOP vs ADTs" (http://wcook.org/papers/OOPvsADT/CookOOPvsADT90.pdf)}. (2003-07-03)
abstract interpretation "theory" A partial execution of a program which gains information about its {semantics} (e.g. control structure, flow of information) without performing all the calculations. Abstract interpretation is typically used by compilers to analyse programs in order to decide whether certain optimisations or transformations are applicable. The objects manipulated by the program (typically values and functions) are represented by points in some {domain}. Each abstract domain point represents some set of real ("{concrete}") values. For example, we may take the abstract points "+", "0" and "-" to represent positive, zero and negative numbers and then define an abstract version of the multiplication operator, *
Abstract Syntax Notation 1 "language, standard, protocol" (ASN.1, X.208, X.680) An {ISO}/{ITU-T} {standard} for transmitting structured {data} on {networks}, originally defined in 1984 as part of {CCITT X.409} '84. ASN.1 moved to its own standard, X.208, in 1988 due to wide applicability. The substantially revised 1995 version is covered by the X.680 series. ASN.1 defines the {abstract syntax} of {information} but does not restrict the way the information is encoded. Various ASN.1 encoding rules provide the {transfer syntax} (a {concrete} representation) of the data values whose {abstract syntax} is described in ASN.1. The standard ASN.1 encoding rules include {BER} (Basic Encoding Rules - X.209), {CER} (Canonical Encoding Rules), {DER} (Distinguished Encoding Rules) and {PER} (Packed Encoding Rules). ASN.1 together with specific ASN.1 encoding rules facilitates the exchange of structured data especially between {application programs} over networks by describing data structures in a way that is independent of machine architecture and implementation language. {OSI} {Application layer} {protocols} such as {X.400} {MHS} {electronic mail}, {X.500} directory services and {SNMP} use ASN.1 to describe the {PDU}s they exchange. Documents describing the ASN.1 notations: {ITU-T} Rec. X.680, {ISO} 8824-1; {ITU-T} Rec. X.681, {ISO} 8824-2; {ITU-T} Rec. X.682, {ISO} 8824-3; {ITU-T} Rec. X.683, {ISO} 8824-4 Documents describing the ASN.1 encoding rules: {ITU-T} Rec. X.690, {ISO} 8825-1; {ITU-T} Rec. X.691, {ISO} 8825-2. [M. Sample et al, "Implementing Efficient Encoders and Decoders for Network Data Representations", IEEE Infocom 93 Proc, v.3, pp. 1143-1153, Mar 1993. Available from Logica, UK]. See also {snacc}. (2005-07-03)
According to a view which is widely held by mathematicians, it is characteristic of a mathematical discipline that it begins with a set of undefined elements, properties, functions, and relations, and a set of unproved propositions (called axioms or postulates) involving them; and that from these all other propositions (called theorems) of the discipline are to be derived by the methods of formal logic. On its face, as thus stated, this view would identify mathematics with applied logic. It is usually added, however, that the undefined terms, which appear in the role of names of undefined elements, etc., are not really names of particulars at all but are variables, and that the theorems are to be regarded as proved for any values of these variables which render the postulates true. If then each theorem is replaced by the proposition embodying the implication from the conjunction of the postulates to the theorem in question, we have a reduction of mathematics to pure logic. (For a particular example of a set of postulates for a mathematical discipline see the article Arithmetic, foundations of.)
accounting management "networking" The process of identifying individual and group access to various network resources to ensure proper access capabilities ({bandwidth} and security) or to properly charge the various individuals and departments. Accounting management is one of five categories of {network management} defined by {ISO} for management of {OSI} {networks}. (1997-05-05)
Ada "language" (After {Ada Lovelace}) A {Pascal}-descended language, designed by Jean Ichbiah's team at {CII Honeywell} in 1979, made mandatory for Department of Defense software projects by the Pentagon. The original language was standardised as "Ada 83", the latest is "{Ada 95}". Ada is a large, complex, {block-structured} language aimed primarily at {embedded} applications. It has facilities for {real-time} response, {concurrency}, hardware access and reliable run-time error handling. In support of large-scale {software engineering}, it emphasises {strong typing}, {data abstraction} and {encapsulation}. The type system uses {name equivalence} and includes both {subtypes} and {derived types}. Both fixed and {floating-point} numerical types are supported. {Control flow} is fully bracketed: if-then-elsif-end if, case-is-when-end case, loop-exit-end loop, goto. Subprogram parameters are in, out, or inout. Variables imported from other packages may be hidden or directly visible. Operators may be {overloaded} and so may {enumeration} literals. There are user-defined {exceptions} and {exception handlers}. An Ada program consists of a set of packages encapsulating data objects and their related operations. A package has a separately compilable body and interface. Ada permits {generic packages} and subroutines, possibly parametrised. Ada support {single inheritance}, using "tagged types" which are types that can be extended via {inheritance}. Ada programming places a heavy emphasis on {multitasking}. Tasks are synchronised by the {rendezvous}, in which a task waits for one of its subroutines to be executed by another. The conditional entry makes it possible for a task to test whether an entry is ready. The selective wait waits for either of two entries or waits for a limited time. Ada is often criticised, especially for its size and complexity, and this is attributed to its having been designed by committee. In fact, both Ada 83 and Ada 95 were designed by small design teams to be internally consistent and tightly integrated. By contrast, two possible competitors, {Fortran 90} and {C++} have both become products designed by large and disparate volunteer committees. See also {Ada/Ed}, {Toy/Ada}. {Home of the Brave Ada Programmers (http://lglwww.epfl.ch/Ada/)}. {Ada FAQs (http://lglwww.epfl.ch/Ada/FAQ/)} (hypertext), {text only (ftp://lglftp.epfl.ch/pub/Ada/FAQ)}. {(http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/)}, {(ftp://ajpo.sei.cmu.edu/)}, {(ftp://stars.rosslyn.unisys.com/pub/ACE_8.0)}. E-mail: "adainfo@ajpo.sei.cmu.edu". {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.ada}. {An Ada grammar (ftp://primost.cs.wisc.edu/)} including a lex scanner and yacc parser is available. E-mail: "masticol@dumas.rutgers.edu". {Another yacc grammar and parser for Ada by Herman Fischer (ftp://wsmr-simtel20.army.mil/PD2:"ADA.EXTERNAL-TOOLS"GRAM2.SRC)}. An {LR parser} and {pretty-printer} for {Ada} from NASA is available from the {Ada Software Repository}. {Adamakegen} generates {makefiles} for {Ada} programs. ["Reference Manual for the Ada Programming Language", ANSI/MIL STD 1815A, US DoD (Jan 1983)]. Earlier draft versions appeared in July 1980 and July 1982. ISO 1987. [{Jargon File}] (2000-08-12)
Adam7 "graphics, algorithm" One of the {progressive coding} methods used in {PNG} {images}. Adam7, named after its author, Adam M. Costello, consists of seven distinct passes over the image. Each pass transmits a subset of the {pixels} in the image. The pass in which each pixel is transmitted is defined by replicating the following 8-by-8 pattern over the entire image, starting at the top left: 1 6 4 6 2 6 4 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 3 6 4 6 3 6 4 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 (2000-09-12)
additive "mathematics" A function f : X -" Y is additive if for all Z "= X f (lub Z) = lub { f z : z in Z } (f "preserves {lubs}"). All additive functions defined over {cpos} are {continuous}. (""=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\subseteq}, "lub" as \sqcup ). (1995-02-03)
Address Resolution Protocol "networking, protocol" (ARP) A method for finding a {host}'s {Ethernet address} from its {Internet address}. The sender broadcasts an ARP {packet} containing the {Internet address} of another host and waits for it (or some other host) to send back its Ethernet address. Each host maintains a {cache} of address translations to reduce delay and loading. ARP allows the Internet address to be independent of the Ethernet address but it only works if all hosts support it. ARP is defined in {RFC 826}. The alternative for hosts that do not do ARP is {constant mapping}. See also {proxy ARP}, {reverse ARP}. (1995-03-20)
Aditi "database, project" The Aditi Deductive Database System. A multi-user {deductive database} system from the Machine Intelligence Project at the {University of Melbourne}. It supports base {relations} defined by {facts} (relations in the sense of {relational databases}) and {derived relations} defined by {rules} that specify how to compute new information from old information. Both base relations and the rules defining derived relations are stored on disk and are accessed as required during query evaluation. The rules defining derived relations are expressed in a {Prolog}-like language, which is also used for expressing queries. Aditi supports the full structured data capability of Prolog. Base relations can store arbitrarily nested terms, for example arbitrary length lists, and rules can directly manipulate such terms. Base relations can be indexed with {B-trees} or multi-level signature files. Users can access the system through a {Motif}-based query and database administration tool, or through a command line interface. There is also in interface that allows {NU-Prolog} programs to access Aditi in a transparent manner. Proper {transaction processing} is not supported in this release. The beta release runs on {SPARC}/{SunOS4}.1.2 and {MIPS}/{Irix}4.0. E-mail: "aditi@cs.mu.oz.au". (1992-12-17)
adj. 1. Lacking in colour or brightness, vividness, clearness, loudness, strength, etc. 2. Indistinct, ill-defined; dim; faded; slight. 3. Feeble through hunger, fear, exhaustion, etc. 4. Inclined to ‘faint" or swoon. faintest, faint-foot. v. 5. To lose strength, brightness, colour, courage etc.; to fade. 6. To grow weak. 7. To feel weak, dizzy or exhausted; falter; about to lose consciousness. 8. To weaken in purpose or spirit. faints, fainted, fainting.
adjective ::: n. --> Added to a substantive as an attribute; of the nature of an adjunct; as, an adjective word or sentence.
Not standing by itself; dependent.
Relating to procedure.
A word used with a noun, or substantive, to express a quality of the thing named, or something attributed to it, or to limit or define it, or to specify or describe a thing, as distinct from something else. Thus, in phrase, "a wise ruler," wise is the adjective,
Advanced Computing Environment "body" (ACE) A consortium to agree on an {open} architecture based on the {MIPS R4000} chip. A computer architecture ARCS will be defined, on which either {OS/2} or {Open Desktop} can be run. (1995-02-03)
ADVENT "games" /ad'vent/ The prototypical computer {adventure} game, first implemented by Will Crowther for a {CDC} computer (probably the {CDC 6600}?) as an attempt at computer-refereed fantasy gaming. ADVENT was ported to the {PDP-10}, and expanded to the 350-point {Classic} puzzle-oriented version, by Don Woods of the {Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory} (SAIL). The game is now better known as Adventure, but the {TOPS-10} {operating system} permitted only six-letter filenames. All the versions since are based on the SAIL port. David Long of the {University of Chicago} Graduate School of Business Computing Facility (which had two of the four {DEC20s} on campus in the late 1970s and early 1980s) was responsible for expanding the cave in a number of ways, and pushing the point count up to 500, then 501 points. Most of his work was in the data files, but he made some changes to the {parser} as well. This game defined the terse, dryly humorous style now expected in text adventure games, and popularised several tag lines that have become fixtures of hacker-speak: "A huge green fierce snake bars the way!" "I see no X here" (for some noun X). "You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike." "You are in a little maze of twisty passages, all different." The "magic words" {xyzzy} and {plugh} also derive from this game. Crowther, by the way, participated in the exploration of the Mammoth & Flint Ridge cave system; it actually *has* a "Colossal Cave" and a "Bedquilt" as in the game, and the "Y2" that also turns up is cavers' jargon for a map reference to a secondary entrance. See also {vadding}. [Was the original written in Fortran?] [{Jargon File}] (1996-04-01)
Affinity (chemical): A potential of chemical energy; driving force; attraction. The term should be defined rigorously to mean the rate of change of chemical energy with changes in chemical mass. -- W.M.M.
Agnoiology: (Gr. agnoio + logos, discourse on ignorance) J. F. Ferrier (1854) coined both this term and the term epistemology as connoting distinctive areas of philosophic inquiry in support of ontology. Agnoiology is the doctrine of ignorance which seeks to determine what we are necessarily ignorant of. It is a critique of agnosticism prior to the latter's appearance. Ignorance is defined in relation to knowledge since one cannot be ignorant of anything which cannot possibly be known. -- H.H.
algebraic data type "programming" (Or "sum of products type") In {functional programming}, new types can be defined, each of which has one or more {constructors}. Such a type is known as an algebraic data type. E.g. in {Haskell} we can define a new type, "Tree": data Tree = Empty | Leaf Int | Node Tree Tree with constructors "Empty", "Leaf" and "Node". The constructors can be used much like functions in that they can be (partially) applied to arguments of the appropriate type. For example, the Leaf constructor has the functional type Int -" Tree. A constructor application cannot be reduced (evaluated) like a function application though since it is already in {normal form}. Functions which operate on algebraic data types can be defined using {pattern matching}: depth :: Tree -" Int depth Empty = 0 depth (Leaf n) = 1 depth (Node l r) = 1 + max (depth l) (depth r) The most common algebraic data type is the list which has constructors Nil and Cons, written in Haskell using the special syntax "[]" for Nil and infix ":" for Cons. Special cases of algebraic types are {product types} (only one constructor) and {enumeration types} (many constructors with no arguments). Algebraic types are one kind of {constructed type} (i.e. a type formed by combining other types). An algebraic data type may also be an {abstract data type} (ADT) if it is exported from a {module} without its constructors. Objects of such a type can only be manipulated using functions defined in the same {module} as the type itself. In {set theory} the equivalent of an algebraic data type is a {discriminated union} - a set whose elements consist of a tag (equivalent to a constructor) and an object of a type corresponding to the tag (equivalent to the constructor arguments). (1994-11-23)
ALGOL 60 "language" ALGOrithmic Language 1960. A portable language for scientific computations. ALGOL 60 was small and elegant. It was {block-structured}, nested, {recursive} and {free form}. It was also the first language to be described in {BNF}. There were three {lexical} representations: hardware, reference, and publication. The only structured data types were {arrays}, but they were permitted to have lower bounds and could be dynamic. It also had {conditional expressions}; it introduced :=; if-then-else; very general "for" loops; switch declaration (an array of statement {labels} generalising {Fortran}'s {computed goto}). Parameters were {call-by-name} and {call-by-value}. It had {static} local "own" variables. It lacked user-defined types, character manipulation and {standard I/O}. See also {EULER}, {ALGOL 58}, {ALGOL 68}, {Foogol}. ["Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60", Peter Naur ed., CACM 3(5):299-314, May 1960]. (1995-01-25)
ALGOL 68 "language" An extensive revision of {ALGOL 60} by Adriaan van Wijngaarden et al. ALGOL 68 was discussed from 1963 by Working Group 2.1 of {IFIP}. Its definition was accepted in December 1968. ALGOL 68 was the first, and still one of very few, programming languages for which a complete formal specification was created before its implementation. However, this specification was hard to understand due to its formality, the fact that it used an unfamiliar {metasyntax} notation (not {BNF}) and its unconventional terminology. One of the singular features of ALGOL 68 was its {orthogonal} design, making for freedom from arbitrary rules (such as restrictions in other languages that arrays could only be used as parameters but not as results). It also allowed {user defined data types}, then an unheard-of feature. It featured {structural equivalence}; automatic type conversion ("{coercion}") including {dereferencing}; {flexible arrays}; generalised loops (for-from-by-to-while-do-od), if-then-else-elif-fi, an integer case statement with an 'out' clause (case-in-out-esac); {skip} and {goto} statements; {blocks}; {procedures}; user-defined {operators}; {procedure parameters}; {concurrent} execution (par-begin-end); {semaphores}; generators "heap" and "loc" for {dynamic allocation}. It had no {abstract data types} or {separate compilation}. {(http://www.bookrags.com/research/algol-68-wcs/)}. (2007-04-24)
alias 1. "operating system" A name, usually short and easy to remember and type, that is translated into another name or string, usually long and difficult to remember or type. Most {command interpreters} (e.g. {Unix}'s {csh}) allow the user to define aliases for commands, e.g. "alias l ls -al". These are loaded into memory when the interpreter starts and are expanded without needing to refer to any file. 2. "networking" One of several alternative {hostnames} with the same {Internet address}. E.g. in the {Unix} {hosts} database (/etc/hosts or {NIS} map) the first field on a line is the {Internet address}, the next is the official hostname (the "{canonical} name" or "{CNAME}"), and any others are aliases. Hostname aliases often indicate that the host with that alias provides a particular network service such as {archie}, {finger}, {FTP}, or {web}. The assignment of services to computers can then be changed simply by moving an alias (e.g. www.doc.ic.ac.uk) from one {Internet address} to another, without the clients needing to be aware of the change. 3. "file system" The name used by {Apple computer, Inc.} for {symbolic links} when they added them to the {System 7} {operating system} in 1991. (1997-10-22) 4. "programming" Two names ({identifiers}), usually of local or global {variables}, that refer to the same resource ({memory} location) are said to be aliased. Although names introduced in {programming languages} are typically mapped to different {memory} locations, aliasing can be introduced by the use of {address} arithmetic and {pointers} or language-specific features, like {C++} {references}. Statically deciding (e.g. via a {program analysis} executed by a sophisticated {compiler}) which locations of a {program} will be aliased at run time is an {undecidable} problem. [G. Ramalingam: "The Undecidability of Aliasing", ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), Volume 16, Issue 5, September 1994, Pages: 1467 - 1471, ISSN:0164-0925.] (2004-09-12)
Al-Quddus ::: The One who is free and beyond being defined, conditioned and limited by His manifest qualities and concepts! Albeit the engendered existence is the disclosure of His Names, He is pure and beyond from becoming defined and limited by them!
Although the noun when capitalized refers to an officer of the British judiciary or one of several officials of the Exchequer, formally titled the Queen’s or the King’s Remembrancer, who has the responsibility of collecting debts that are owed to the Crown or an official representing the City of London, especially on various ceremonial occasions, or to represents the inters of Parliament, when defined in lower case the first definition given is person who reminds.
ambiguous ::: 1. Open to or having several possible meanings or interpretations; equivocal; questionable; indistinct, obscure, not clearly defined. 2. Of doubtful or uncertain nature; difficult to comprehend, distinguish, or classify; admitting more than one interpretation, or explanation; of double meaning. 3. Of oracles, people, using words of double meaning. ambiguously.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange "character, standard" The basis of {character sets} used in almost all present-day computers. {US-ASCII} uses only the lower seven {bits} ({character points} 0 to 127) to convey some {control codes}, {space}, numbers, most basic punctuation, and unaccented letters a-z and A-Z. More modern {coded character sets} (e.g., {Latin-1}, {Unicode}) define extensions to ASCII for values above 127 for conveying special {Latin characters} (like accented characters, or {German} ess-tsett), characters from non-Latin writing systems (e.g., {Cyrillic}, or {Han characters}), and such desirable {glyphs} as distinct open- and close-{quotation marks}. ASCII replaced earlier systems such as {EBCDIC} and {Baudot}, which used fewer bytes, but were each {broken} in their own way. Computers are much pickier about spelling than humans; thus, {hackers} need to be very precise when talking about characters, and have developed a considerable amount of verbal shorthand for them. Every character has one or more names - some formal, some concise, some silly. Individual characters are listed in this dictionary with alternative names from revision 2.3 of the {Usenet} ASCII pronunciation guide in rough order of popularity, including their official {ITU-T} names and the particularly silly names introduced by {INTERCAL}. See {V} {ampersand}, {asterisk}, {back quote}, {backslash}, {caret}, {colon}, {comma}, {commercial at}, {control-C}, {dollar}, {dot}, {double quote}, {equals}, {exclamation mark}, {greater than}, {hash}, {left bracket}, {left parenthesis}, {less than}, {minus}, {parentheses}, {oblique stroke}, {percent}, {plus}, {question mark}, {right brace}, {right brace}, {right bracket}, {right parenthesis}, {semicolon}, {single quote}, {space}, {tilde}, {underscore}, {vertical bar}, {zero}. Some other common usages cause odd overlaps. The "
ampere ::: n. --> Alt. of Ampere
The unit of electric current; -- defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893 and by U. S. Statute as, one tenth of the unit of current of the C. G. S. system of electro-magnetic units, or the practical equivalent of the unvarying current which, when passed through a standard solution of nitrate of silver in water, deposits silver at the rate of 0.001118 grams per second. Called also the international ampere.
Aorist: (Gr.) Referring to unspecified past time without implication of continuance or repetition; indefinite j undefined. -- C.A.B.
aphorism ::: n. --> A comprehensive maxim or principle expressed in a few words; a sharply defined sentence relating to abstract truth rather than to practical matters.
Application Program Interface "programming" (API, or "application programming interface") The interface (calling conventions) by which an {application program} accesses {operating system} and other services. An API is defined at {source code} level and provides a level of {abstraction} between the application and the {kernel} (or other privileged utilities) to ensure the {portability} of the code. An API can also provide an interface between a {high level language} and lower level utilities and services which were written without consideration for the {calling conventions} supported by compiled languages. In this case, the API's main task may be the translation of parameter lists from one format to another and the interpretation of {call-by-value} and {call-by-reference} arguments in one or both directions. (1995-02-15)
Aristotle's Illusion: See Aristotle's Experiment. Arithmetic, foundations of: Arithmetic (i.e., the mathematical theory of the non-negative integers, 0, 1, 2, . . .) may be based on the five following postulates, which are due to Peano (and Dedekind, from whom Peano's ideas were partly derived): N(0) N(x) ⊃x N(S(x)). N(x) ⊃x [N(y) ⊃y [[S(x) = S(y)] ⊃x [x = y]]]. N(x) ⊃x ∼[S(x) = 0]. F(0)[N(x)F(x) ⊃x F(S(x))] ⊃F [N(x) ⊃x F(x)] The undefined terms are here 0, N, S, which may be interpreted as denoting, respectively, the non-negative integer 0, the propositional function to be a non-negative integer, and the function +1 (so that S(x) is x+l). The underlying logic may be taken to be the functional calculus of second order (Logic, formal, § 6), with the addition of notations for descriptions and for functions from individuals to individuals, and the individual constant 0, together with appropriate modifications and additions to the primitive formulas and primitive rules of inference (the axiom of infinity is not needed because the Peano postulates take its place). By adding the five postulates of Peano as primitive formulas to this underlying logic, a logistic system is obtained which is adequate to extant elementary number theory (arithmetic) and to all methods of proof which have found actual employment in elementary number theory (and are normally considered to belong to elementary number theory). But of course, the system, if consistent, is incomplete in the sense of Gödel's theorem (Logic, formal, § 6).
artificial intelligence "artificial intelligence" (AI) The subfield of computer science concerned with the concepts and methods of {symbolic inference} by computer and symbolic {knowledge representation} for use in making inferences. AI can be seen as an attempt to model aspects of human thought on computers. It is also sometimes defined as trying to solve by computer any problem that a human can solve faster. The term was coined by Stanford Professor {John McCarthy}, a leading AI researcher. Examples of AI problems are {computer vision} (building a system that can understand images as well as a human) and {natural language processing} (building a system that can understand and speak a human language as well as a human). These may appear to be modular, but all attempts so far (1993) to solve them have foundered on the amount of context information and "intelligence" they seem to require. The term is often used as a selling point, e.g. to describe programming that drives the behaviour of computer characters in a game. This is often no more intelligent than "Kill any humans you see; keep walking; avoid solid objects; duck if a human with a gun can see you". See also {AI-complete}, {neats vs. scruffies}, {neural network}, {genetic programming}, {fuzzy computing}, {artificial life}. {ACM SIGART (http://sigart.acm.org/)}. {U Cal Davis (http://phobos.cs.ucdavis.edu:8001)}. {CMU Artificial Intelligence Repository (http://cs.cmu.edu/Web/Groups/AI/html/repository.html)}. (2002-01-19)
As another corollary of this, or otherwise, we obtain also the following theorem about the propositional calculus: If A ≡ B is a theorem, and D is the result of replacing a particular occurrence of A by B in the formula C, then the inference from C to D is a valid inference. The dual of a formula C of the propositional calculus is obtained by interchanging conjunction and disjunction throughout the formula, i.e., by replacing AB everywhere by A ∨ B, and A ∨ B by AB. Thus, e.g., the dual of the formula ∼[pq ∨ ∼r] is the formula ∼[[p ∨ q] ∼r]. In forming the dual of a formula which is expressed with the aid of the defined connectives, |, ⊃, ≡, +, it is convenient to remember that the effect of interchanging conjunction and (inclusive) disjunction is to replace A|B by ∼A∼B, to replace A ⊃ B by ∼A B; and to interchange ≡ and +.
As moral laws differ widely from logical and physical laws, the type of necessity which they generate is considerably different from the two types previous defined. Moral necessity is illustrated in the necessity of an obligation. Fulfillment of the obligation is morally necessary in the sense that the failure to fulfill it would violate a moral law, where this law is regarded as embodying some recognized value. If it is admitted that values are relative to individuals and societies, then the laws embodying these values will be similarly relative, and likewise the type of thing which these laws will render morally necessary.
A "substantive", or "existent" is defined by Johnson as anything manifested in space or time. The substantives divide into two subclasses, continuants and occurrents: those which continue to exist, and those which cease to exist. Every occurrent is referable to one or more continuant.
asynchronous "architecture" Not synchronised by a shared signal such as {clock} or {semaphore}, proceeding independently. Opposite: {synchronous}. 1. "operating system" A {process} in a {multitasking} system whose execution can proceed independently, "in the {background}". Other processes may be started before the asynchronous process has finished. 2. "communications" A communications system in which data transmission may start at any time and is indicated by a {start bit}, e.g. {EIA-232}. A data {byte} (or other element defined by the {protocol}) ends with a {stop bit}. A continuous marking condition (identical to stop bits but not quantized in time), is then maintained until data resumes. (1995-12-08)
"At first when one begins to see, it is quite usual for the more ill-defined and imprecise figures to last longer while those which are successful, complete, precise in detail and outline are apt to be quite momentary and disappear in an instant. It is only when the subtle vision is well developed that the precise and full seeing lasts for a long time.” Letters on Yoga*
“At first when one begins to see, it is quite usual for the more ill-defined and imprecise figures to last longer while those which are successful, complete, precise in detail and outline are apt to be quite momentary and disappear in an instant. It is only when the subtle vision is well developed that the precise and full seeing lasts for a long time.” Letters on Yoga
Atman: (Skr.) Self, soul, ego, or I. Variously conceived in Indian philosophy, atomistically (cf. anu); monadically, etherially, as the hypothetical carrier of karma (q.v.), identical with the divine (cf. ayam atma brahma; tat tvam asi) or different from yet dependent on it, or as a metaphysical entity to be dissolved at death and reunited with the world ground. As the latter it is defined as "smaller than the small" (anor aniyan) or "greater than the great" (mahato mahiyan), i.e., magnitudeless as well as infinitely great. -- K.F.L.
atomic "jargon" (From Greek "atomos", indivisible) Indivisible; cannot be split up. For example, an instruction may be said to do several things "atomically", i.e. all the things are done immediately, and there is no chance of the instruction being half-completed or of another being interspersed. Used especially to convey that an operation cannot be interrupted. An atomic {data type} has no internal structure visible to the program. It can be represented by a flat {domain} (all elements are equally defined). Machine {integers} and {Booleans} are two examples. An atomic {database transaction} is one which is guaranteed to complete successfully or not at all. If an error prevents a partially-performed transaction from proceeding to completion, it must be "backed out" to prevent the database being left in an inconsistent state. [{Jargon File}] (2000-04-03)
ATX "hardware, standard" An {open} {PC} {motherboard} specification by {Intel}. ATX is a development of the {Baby AT} specification with the motherboard rotated 90 degrees in the chassis. The {CPU} and {SIMM} sockets have been relocated away from the {expansion card} slots meaning that all the slots support full-length cards. More {I/O} functions are integrated on the motherboard. As the longer edge of the board is now at the back of the chassis, there is more space for connectors; also, the I/O opening on the back panel of the chassis has been defined as double the previous height, allowing vendors to add extra on-board I/O functions over and above the standard. Most {Pentium Pro} boards use this {form factor}. As well as the motherboard size, layout, and placement, the ATX specification also includes requirements for power supply and fan specification and location. The full size ATX board measures 305mm wide by 244mm deep. There is also a Mini-ATX form factor, 284mm by 208mm. {Home (http://developer.intel.com/design/motherbd/atx.htm)}. (2001-07-16)
Aufklärung: In general, this German word and its English equivalent Enlightenment denote the self-emancipation of man from mere authority, prejudice, convention and tradition, with an insistence on freer thinking about problems uncritically referred to these other agencies. According to Kant's famous definition "Enlightenment is the liberation of man from his self-caused state of minority, which is the incapacity of using one's understanding without the direction of another. This state of minority is caused when its source lies not in the lack of understanding, but in the lack of determination and courage to use it without the assistance of another" (Was ist Aufklärung? 1784). In its historical perspective, the Aufklärung refers to the cultural atmosphere and contrlbutions of the 18th century, especially in Germany, France and England [which affected also American thought with B. Franklin, T. Paine and the leaders of the Revolution]. It crystallized tendencies emphasized by the Renaissance, and quickened by modern scepticism and empiricism, and by the great scientific discoveries of the 17th century. This movement, which was represented by men of varying tendencies, gave an impetus to general learning, a more popular philosophy, empirical science, scriptural criticism, social and political thought. More especially, the word Aufklärung is applied to the German contributions to 18th century culture. In philosophy, its principal representatives are G. E. Lessing (1729-81) who believed in free speech and in a methodical criticism of religion, without being a free-thinker; H. S. Reimarus (1694-1768) who expounded a naturalistic philosophy and denied the supernatural origin of Christianity; Moses Mendelssohn (1729-86) who endeavoured to mitigate prejudices and developed a popular common-sense philosophy; Chr. Wolff (1679-1754), J. A. Eberhard (1739-1809) who followed the Leibnizian rationalism and criticized unsuccessfully Kant and Fichte; and J. G. Herder (1744-1803) who was best as an interpreter of others, but whose intuitional suggestions have borne fruit in the organic correlation of the sciences, and in questions of language in relation to human nature and to national character. The works of Kant and Goethe mark the culmination of the German Enlightenment. Cf. J. G. Hibben, Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 1910. --T.G. Augustinianism: The thought of St. Augustine of Hippo, and of his followers. Born in 354 at Tagaste in N. Africa, A. studied rhetoric in Carthage, taught that subject there and in Rome and Milan. Attracted successively to Manicheanism, Scepticism, and Neo-Platontsm, A. eventually found intellectual and moral peace with his conversion to Christianity in his thirty-fourth year. Returning to Africa, he established numerous monasteries, became a priest in 391, Bishop of Hippo in 395. Augustine wrote much: On Free Choice, Confessions, Literal Commentary on Genesis, On the Trinity, and City of God, are his most noted works. He died in 430. St. Augustine's characteristic method, an inward empiricism which has little in common with later variants, starts from things without, proceeds within to the self, and moves upwards to God. These three poles of the Augustinian dialectic are polarized by his doctrine of moderate illuminism. An ontological illumination is required to explain the metaphysical structure of things. The truth of judgment demands a noetic illumination. A moral illumination is necessary in the order of willing; and so, too, an lllumination of art in the aesthetic order. Other illuminations which transcend the natural order do not come within the scope of philosophy; they provide the wisdoms of theology and mysticism. Every being is illuminated ontologically by number, form, unity and its derivatives, and order. A thing is what it is, in so far as it is more or less flooded by the light of these ontological constituents. Sensation is necessary in order to know material substances. There is certainly an action of the external object on the body and a corresponding passion of the body, but, as the soul is superior to the body and can suffer nothing from its inferior, sensation must be an action, not a passion, of the soul. Sensation takes place only when the observing soul, dynamically on guard throughout the body, is vitally attentive to the changes suffered by the body. However, an adequate basis for the knowledge of intellectual truth is not found in sensation alone. In order to know, for example, that a body is multiple, the idea of unity must be present already, otherwise its multiplicity could not be recognized. If numbers are not drawn in by the bodily senses which perceive only the contingent and passing, is the mind the source of the unchanging and necessary truth of numbers? The mind of man is also contingent and mutable, and cannot give what it does not possess. As ideas are not innate, nor remembered from a previous existence of the soul, they can be accounted for only by an immutable source higher than the soul. In so far as man is endowed with an intellect, he is a being naturally illuminated by God, Who may be compared to an intelligible sun. The human intellect does not create the laws of thought; it finds them and submits to them. The immediate intuition of these normative rules does not carry any content, thus any trace of ontologism is avoided. Things have forms because they have numbers, and they have being in so far as they possess form. The sufficient explanation of all formable, and hence changeable, things is an immutable and eternal form which is unrestricted in time and space. The forms or ideas of all things actually existing in the world are in the things themselves (as rationes seminales) and in the Divine Mind (as rationes aeternae). Nothing could exist without unity, for to be is no other than to be one. There is a unity proper to each level of being, a unity of the material individual and species, of the soul, and of that union of souls in the love of the same good, which union constitutes the city. Order, also, is ontologically imbibed by all beings. To tend to being is to tend to order; order secures being, disorder leads to non-being. Order is the distribution which allots things equal and unequal each to its own place and integrates an ensemble of parts in accordance with an end. Hence, peace is defined as the tranquillity of order. Just as things have their being from their forms, the order of parts, and their numerical relations, so too their beauty is not something superadded, but the shining out of all their intelligible co-ingredients. S. Aurelii Augustini, Opera Omnia, Migne, PL 32-47; (a critical edition of some works will be found in the Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, Vienna). Gilson, E., Introd. a l'etude de s. Augustin, (Paris, 1931) contains very good bibliography up to 1927, pp. 309-331. Pope, H., St. Augustine of Hippo, (London, 1937). Chapman, E., St. Augustine's Philos. of Beauty, (N. Y., 1939). Figgis, J. N., The Political Aspects of St. Augustine's "City of God", (London, 1921). --E.C. Authenticity: In a general sense, genuineness, truth according to its title. It involves sometimes a direct and personal characteristic (Whitehead speaks of "authentic feelings"). This word also refers to problems of fundamental criticism involving title, tradition, authorship and evidence. These problems are vital in theology, and basic in scholarship with regard to the interpretation of texts and doctrines. --T.G. Authoritarianism: That theory of knowledge which maintains that the truth of any proposition is determined by the fact of its having been asserted by a certain esteemed individual or group of individuals. Cf. H. Newman, Grammar of Assent; C. S. Peirce, "Fixation of Belief," in Chance, Love and Logic, ed. M. R. Cohen. --A.C.B. Autistic thinking: Absorption in fanciful or wishful thinking without proper control by objective or factual material; day dreaming; undisciplined imagination. --A.C.B. Automaton Theory: Theory that a living organism may be considered a mere machine. See Automatism. Automatism: (Gr. automatos, self-moving) (a) In metaphysics: Theory that animal and human organisms are automata, that is to say, are machines governed by the laws of physics and mechanics. Automatism, as propounded by Descartes, considered the lower animals to be pure automata (Letter to Henry More, 1649) and man a machine controlled by a rational soul (Treatise on Man). Pure automatism for man as well as animals is advocated by La Mettrie (Man, a Machine, 1748). During the Nineteenth century, automatism, combined with epiphenomenalism, was advanced by Hodgson, Huxley and Clifford. (Cf. W. James, The Principles of Psychology, Vol. I, ch. V.) Behaviorism, of the extreme sort, is the most recent version of automatism (See Behaviorism). (b) In psychology: Psychological automatism is the performance of apparently purposeful actions, like automatic writing without the superintendence of the conscious mind. L. C. Rosenfield, From Beast Machine to Man Machine, N. Y., 1941. --L.W. Automatism, Conscious: The automatism of Hodgson, Huxley, and Clifford which considers man a machine to which mind or consciousness is superadded; the mind of man is, however, causally ineffectual. See Automatism; Epiphenomenalism. --L.W. Autonomy: (Gr. autonomia, independence) Freedom consisting in self-determination and independence of all external constraint. See Freedom. Kant defines autonomy of the will as subjection of the will to its own law, the categorical imperative, in contrast to heteronomy, its subjection to a law or end outside the rational will. (Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, § 2.) --L.W. Autonomy of ethics: A doctrine, usually propounded by intuitionists, that ethics is not a part of, and cannot be derived from, either metaphysics or any of the natural or social sciences. See Intuitionism, Metaphysical ethics, Naturalistic ethics. --W.K.F. Autonomy of the will: (in Kant's ethics) The freedom of the rational will to legislate to itself, which constitutes the basis for the autonomy of the moral law. --P.A.S. Autonymy: In the terminology introduced by Carnap, a word (phrase, symbol, expression) is autonymous if it is used as a name for itself --for the geometric shape, sound, etc. which it exemplifies, or for the word as a historical and grammatical unit. Autonymy is thus the same as the Scholastic suppositio matertalis (q. v.), although the viewpoint is different. --A.C. Autotelic: (from Gr. autos, self, and telos, end) Said of any absorbing activity engaged in for its own sake (cf. German Selbstzweck), such as higher mathematics, chess, etc. In aesthetics, applied to creative art and play which lack any conscious reference to the accomplishment of something useful. In the view of some, it may constitute something beneficent in itself of which the person following his art impulse (q.v.) or playing is unaware, thus approaching a heterotelic (q.v.) conception. --K.F.L. Avenarius, Richard: (1843-1896) German philosopher who expressed his thought in an elaborate and novel terminology in the hope of constructing a symbolic language for philosophy, like that of mathematics --the consequence of his Spinoza studies. As the most influential apostle of pure experience, the posltivistic motive reaches in him an extreme position. Insisting on the biologic and economic function of thought, he thought the true method of science is to cure speculative excesses by a return to pure experience devoid of all assumptions. Philosophy is the scientific effort to exclude from knowledge all ideas not included in the given. Its task is to expel all extraneous elements in the given. His uncritical use of the category of the given and the nominalistic view that logical relations are created rather than discovered by thought, leads him to banish not only animism but also all of the categories, substance, causality, etc., as inventions of the mind. Explaining the evolution and devolution of the problematization and deproblematization of numerous ideas, and aiming to give the natural history of problems, Avenarius sought to show physiologically, psychologically and historically under what conditions they emerge, are challenged and are solved. He hypothesized a System C, a bodily and central nervous system upon which consciousness depends. R-values are the stimuli received from the world of objects. E-values are the statements of experience. The brain changes that continually oscillate about an ideal point of balance are termed Vitalerhaltungsmaximum. The E-values are differentiated into elements, to which the sense-perceptions or the content of experience belong, and characters, to which belongs everything which psychology describes as feelings and attitudes. Avenarius describes in symbolic form a series of states from balance to balance, termed vital series, all describing a series of changes in System C. Inequalities in the vital balance give rise to vital differences. According to his theory there are two vital series. It assumes a series of brain changes because parallel series of conscious states can be observed. The independent vital series are physical, and the dependent vital series are psychological. The two together are practically covariants. In the case of a process as a dependent vital series three stages can be noted: first, the appearance of the problem, expressed as strain, restlessness, desire, fear, doubt, pain, repentance, delusion; the second, the continued effort and struggle to solve the problem; and finally, the appearance of the solution, characterized by abating anxiety, a feeling of triumph and enjoyment. Corresponding to these three stages of the dependent series are three stages of the independent series: the appearance of the vital difference and a departure from balance in the System C, the continuance with an approximate vital difference, and lastly, the reduction of the vital difference to zero, the return to stability. By making room for dependent and independent experiences, he showed that physics regards experience as independent of the experiencing indlvidual, and psychology views experience as dependent upon the individual. He greatly influenced Mach and James (q.v.). See Avenarius, Empirio-criticism, Experience, pure. Main works: Kritik der reinen Erfahrung; Der menschliche Weltbegriff. --H.H. Averroes: (Mohammed ibn Roshd) Known to the Scholastics as The Commentator, and mentioned as the author of il gran commento by Dante (Inf. IV. 68) he was born 1126 at Cordova (Spain), studied theology, law, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy, became after having been judge in Sevilla and Cordova, physician to the khalifah Jaqub Jusuf, and charged with writing a commentary on the works of Aristotle. Al-mansur, Jusuf's successor, deprived him of his place because of accusations of unorthodoxy. He died 1198 in Morocco. Averroes is not so much an original philosopher as the author of a minute commentary on the whole works of Aristotle. His procedure was imitated later by Aquinas. In his interpretation of Aristotelian metaphysics Averroes teaches the coeternity of a universe created ex nihilo. This doctrine formed together with the notion of a numerical unity of the active intellect became one of the controversial points in the discussions between the followers of Albert-Thomas and the Latin Averroists. Averroes assumed that man possesses only a disposition for receiving the intellect coming from without; he identifies this disposition with the possible intellect which thus is not truly intellectual by nature. The notion of one intellect common to all men does away with the doctrine of personal immortality. Another doctrine which probably was emphasized more by the Latin Averroists (and by the adversaries among Averroes' contemporaries) is the famous statement about "two-fold truth", viz. that a proposition may be theologically true and philosophically false and vice versa. Averroes taught that religion expresses the (higher) philosophical truth by means of religious imagery; the "two-truth notion" came apparently into the Latin text through a misinterpretation on the part of the translators. The works of Averroes were one of the main sources of medieval Aristotelianlsm, before and even after the original texts had been translated. The interpretation the Latin Averroists found in their texts of the "Commentator" spread in spite of opposition and condemnation. See Averroism, Latin. Averroes, Opera, Venetiis, 1553. M. Horten, Die Metaphysik des Averroes, 1912. P. Mandonnet, Siger de Brabant et l'Averroisme Latin, 2d ed., Louvain, 1911. --R.A. Averroism, Latin: The commentaries on Aristotle written by Averroes (Ibn Roshd) in the 12th century became known to the Western scholars in translations by Michael Scottus, Hermannus Alemannus, and others at the beginning of the 13th century. Many works of Aristotle were also known first by such translations from Arabian texts, though there existed translations from the Greek originals at the same time (Grabmann). The Averroistic interpretation of Aristotle was held to be the true one by many; but already Albert the Great pointed out several notions which he felt to be incompatible with the principles of Christian philosophy, although he relied for the rest on the "Commentator" and apparently hardly used any other text. Aquinas, basing his studies mostly on a translation from the Greek texts, procured for him by William of Moerbecke, criticized the Averroistic interpretation in many points. But the teachings of the Commentator became the foundation for a whole school of philosophers, represented first by the Faculty of Arts at Paris. The most prominent of these scholars was Siger of Brabant. The philosophy of these men was condemned on March 7th, 1277 by Stephen Tempier, Bishop of Paris, after a first condemnation of Aristotelianism in 1210 had gradually come to be neglected. The 219 theses condemned in 1277, however, contain also some of Aquinas which later were generally recognized an orthodox. The Averroistic propositions which aroused the criticism of the ecclesiastic authorities and which had been opposed with great energy by Albert and Thomas refer mostly to the following points: The co-eternity of the created word; the numerical identity of the intellect in all men, the so-called two-fold-truth theory stating that a proposition may be philosophically true although theologically false. Regarding the first point Thomas argued that there is no philosophical proof, either for the co-eternity or against it; creation is an article of faith. The unity of intellect was rejected as incompatible with the true notion of person and with personal immortality. It is doubtful whether Averroes himself held the two-truths theory; it was, however, taught by the Latin Averroists who, notwithstanding the opposition of the Church and the Thomistic philosophers, gained a great influence and soon dominated many universities, especially in Italy. Thomas and his followers were convinced that they interpreted Aristotle correctly and that the Averroists were wrong; one has, however, to admit that certain passages in Aristotle allow for the Averroistic interpretation, especially in regard to the theory of intellect. Lit.: P. Mandonnet, Siger de Brabant et l'Averroisme Latin au XIIIe Siecle, 2d. ed. Louvain, 1911; M. Grabmann, Forschungen über die lateinischen Aristotelesübersetzungen des XIII. Jahrhunderts, Münster 1916 (Beitr. z. Gesch. Phil. d. MA. Vol. 17, H. 5-6). --R.A. Avesta: See Zendavesta. Avicehron: (or Avencebrol, Salomon ibn Gabirol) The first Jewish philosopher in Spain, born in Malaga 1020, died about 1070, poet, philosopher, and moralist. His main work, Fons vitae, became influential and was much quoted by the Scholastics. It has been preserved only in the Latin translation by Gundissalinus. His doctrine of a spiritual substance individualizing also the pure spirits or separate forms was opposed by Aquinas already in his first treatise De ente, but found favor with the medieval Augustinians also later in the 13th century. He also teaches the necessity of a mediator between God and the created world; such a mediator he finds in the Divine Will proceeding from God and creating, conserving, and moving the world. His cosmogony shows a definitely Neo-Platonic shade and assumes a series of emanations. Cl. Baeumker, Avencebrolis Fons vitae. Beitr. z. Gesch. d. Philos. d. MA. 1892-1895, Vol. I. Joh. Wittman, Die Stellung des hl. Thomas von Aquino zu Avencebrol, ibid. 1900. Vol. III. --R.A. Avicenna: (Abu Ali al Hosain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina) Born 980 in the country of Bocchara, began to write in young years, left more than 100 works, taught in Ispahan, was physician to several Persian princes, and died at Hamadan in 1037. His fame as physician survived his influence as philosopher in the Occident. His medical works were printed still in the 17th century. His philosophy is contained in 18 vols. of a comprehensive encyclopedia, following the tradition of Al Kindi and Al Farabi. Logic, Physics, Mathematics and Metaphysics form the parts of this work. His philosophy is Aristotelian with noticeable Neo-Platonic influences. His doctrine of the universal existing ante res in God, in rebus as the universal nature of the particulars, and post res in the human mind by way of abstraction became a fundamental thesis of medieval Aristotelianism. He sharply distinguished between the logical and the ontological universal, denying to the latter the true nature of form in the composite. The principle of individuation is matter, eternally existent. Latin translations attributed to Avicenna the notion that existence is an accident to essence (see e.g. Guilelmus Parisiensis, De Universo). The process adopted by Avicenna was one of paraphrasis of the Aristotelian texts with many original thoughts interspersed. His works were translated into Latin by Dominicus Gundissalinus (Gondisalvi) with the assistance of Avendeath ibn Daud. This translation started, when it became more generally known, the "revival of Aristotle" at the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century. Albert the Great and Aquinas professed, notwithstanding their critical attitude, a great admiration for Avicenna whom the Arabs used to call the "third Aristotle". But in the Orient, Avicenna's influence declined soon, overcome by the opposition of the orthodox theologians. Avicenna, Opera, Venetiis, 1495; l508; 1546. M. Horten, Das Buch der Genesung der Seele, eine philosophische Enzyklopaedie Avicenna's; XIII. Teil: Die Metaphysik. Halle a. S. 1907-1909. R. de Vaux, Notes et textes sur l'Avicennisme Latin, Bibl. Thomiste XX, Paris, 1934. --R.A. Avidya: (Skr.) Nescience; ignorance; the state of mind unaware of true reality; an equivalent of maya (q.v.); also a condition of pure awareness prior to the universal process of evolution through gradual differentiation into the elements and factors of knowledge. --K.F.L. Avyakta: (Skr.) "Unmanifest", descriptive of or standing for brahman (q.v.) in one of its or "his" aspects, symbolizing the superabundance of the creative principle, or designating the condition of the universe not yet become phenomenal (aja, unborn). --K.F.L. Awareness: Consciousness considered in its aspect of act; an act of attentive awareness such as the sensing of a color patch or the feeling of pain is distinguished from the content attended to, the sensed color patch, the felt pain. The psychologlcal theory of intentional act was advanced by F. Brentano (Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkte) and received its epistemological development by Meinong, Husserl, Moore, Laird and Broad. See Intentionalism. --L.W. Axiological: (Ger. axiologisch) In Husserl: Of or pertaining to value or theory of value (the latter term understood as including disvalue and value-indifference). --D.C. Axiological ethics: Any ethics which makes the theory of obligation entirely dependent on the theory of value, by making the determination of the rightness of an action wholly dependent on a consideration of the value or goodness of something, e.g. the action itself, its motive, or its consequences, actual or probable. Opposed to deontological ethics. See also teleological ethics. --W.K.F. Axiologic Realism: In metaphysics, theory that value as well as logic, qualities as well as relations, have their being and exist external to the mind and independently of it. Applicable to the philosophy of many though not all realists in the history of philosophy, from Plato to G. E. Moore, A. N. Whitehead, and N, Hartmann. --J.K.F. Axiology: (Gr. axios, of like value, worthy, and logos, account, reason, theory). Modern term for theory of value (the desired, preferred, good), investigation of its nature, criteria, and metaphysical status. Had its rise in Plato's theory of Forms or Ideas (Idea of the Good); was developed in Aristotle's Organon, Ethics, Poetics, and Metaphysics (Book Lambda). Stoics and Epicureans investigated the summum bonum. Christian philosophy (St. Thomas) built on Aristotle's identification of highest value with final cause in God as "a living being, eternal, most good." In modern thought, apart from scholasticism and the system of Spinoza (Ethica, 1677), in which values are metaphysically grounded, the various values were investigated in separate sciences, until Kant's Critiques, in which the relations of knowledge to moral, aesthetic, and religious values were examined. In Hegel's idealism, morality, art, religion, and philosophy were made the capstone of his dialectic. R. H. Lotze "sought in that which should be the ground of that which is" (Metaphysik, 1879). Nineteenth century evolutionary theory, anthropology, sociology, psychology, and economics subjected value experience to empirical analysis, and stress was again laid on the diversity and relativity of value phenomena rather than on their unity and metaphysical nature. F. Nietzsche's Also Sprach Zarathustra (1883-1885) and Zur Genealogie der Moral (1887) aroused new interest in the nature of value. F. Brentano, Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkenntnis (1889), identified value with love. In the twentieth century the term axiology was apparently first applied by Paul Lapie (Logique de la volonte, 1902) and E. von Hartmann (Grundriss der Axiologie, 1908). Stimulated by Ehrenfels (System der Werttheorie, 1897), Meinong (Psychologisch-ethische Untersuchungen zur Werttheorie, 1894-1899), and Simmel (Philosophie des Geldes, 1900). W. M. Urban wrote the first systematic treatment of axiology in English (Valuation, 1909), phenomenological in method under J. M. Baldwin's influence. Meanwhile H. Münsterberg wrote a neo-Fichtean system of values (The Eternal Values, 1909). Among important recent contributions are: B. Bosanquet, The Principle of Individuality and Value (1912), a free reinterpretation of Hegelianism; W. R. Sorley, Moral Values and the Idea of God (1918, 1921), defending a metaphysical theism; S. Alexander, Space, Time, and Deity (1920), realistic and naturalistic; N. Hartmann, Ethik (1926), detailed analysis of types and laws of value; R. B. Perry's magnum opus, General Theory of Value (1926), "its meaning and basic principles construed in terms of interest"; and J. Laird, The Idea of Value (1929), noteworthy for historical exposition. A naturalistic theory has been developed by J. Dewey (Theory of Valuation, 1939), for which "not only is science itself a value . . . but it is the supreme means of the valid determination of all valuations." A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936) expounds the view of logical positivism that value is "nonsense." J. Hessen, Wertphilosophie (1937), provides an account of recent German axiology from a neo-scholastic standpoint. The problems of axiology fall into four main groups, namely, those concerning (1) the nature of value, (2) the types of value, (3) the criterion of value, and (4) the metaphysical status of value. (1) The nature of value experience. Is valuation fulfillment of desire (voluntarism: Spinoza, Ehrenfels), pleasure (hedonism: Epicurus, Bentham, Meinong), interest (Perry), preference (Martineau), pure rational will (formalism: Stoics, Kant, Royce), apprehension of tertiary qualities (Santayana), synoptic experience of the unity of personality (personalism: T. H. Green, Bowne), any experience that contributes to enhanced life (evolutionism: Nietzsche), or "the relation of things as means to the end or consequence actually reached" (pragmatism, instrumentalism: Dewey). (2) The types of value. Most axiologists distinguish between intrinsic (consummatory) values (ends), prized for their own sake, and instrumental (contributory) values (means), which are causes (whether as economic goods or as natural events) of intrinsic values. Most intrinsic values are also instrumental to further value experience; some instrumental values are neutral or even disvaluable intrinsically. Commonly recognized as intrinsic values are the (morally) good, the true, the beautiful, and the holy. Values of play, of work, of association, and of bodily well-being are also acknowledged. Some (with Montague) question whether the true is properly to be regarded as a value, since some truth is disvaluable, some neutral; but love of truth, regardless of consequences, seems to establish the value of truth. There is disagreement about whether the holy (religious value) is a unique type (Schleiermacher, Otto), or an attitude toward other values (Kant, Höffding), or a combination of the two (Hocking). There is also disagreement about whether the variety of values is irreducible (pluralism) or whether all values are rationally related in a hierarchy or system (Plato, Hegel, Sorley), in which values interpenetrate or coalesce into a total experience. (3) The criterion of value. The standard for testing values is influenced by both psychological and logical theory. Hedonists find the standard in the quantity of pleasure derived by the individual (Aristippus) or society (Bentham). Intuitionists appeal to an ultimate insight into preference (Martineau, Brentano). Some idealists recognize an objective system of rational norms or ideals as criterion (Plato, Windelband), while others lay more stress on rational wholeness and coherence (Hegel, Bosanquet, Paton) or inclusiveness (T. H. Green). Naturalists find biological survival or adjustment (Dewey) to be the standard. Despite differences, there is much in common in the results of the application of these criteria. (4) The metaphysical status of value. What is the relation of values to the facts investigated by natural science (Koehler), of Sein to Sollen (Lotze, Rickert), of human experience of value to reality independent of man (Hegel, Pringle-Pattlson, Spaulding)? There are three main answers: subjectivism (value is entirely dependent on and relative to human experience of it: so most hedonists, naturalists, positivists); logical objectivism (values are logical essences or subsistences, independent of their being known, yet with no existential status or action in reality); metaphysical objectivism (values --or norms or ideals --are integral, objective, and active constituents of the metaphysically real: so theists, absolutists, and certain realists and naturalists like S. Alexander and Wieman). --E.S.B. Axiom: See Mathematics. Axiomatic method: That method of constructing a deductive system consisting of deducing by specified rules all statements of the system save a given few from those given few, which are regarded as axioms or postulates of the system. See Mathematics. --C.A.B. Ayam atma brahma: (Skr.) "This self is brahman", famous quotation from Brhadaranyaka Upanishad 2.5.19, one of many alluding to the central theme of the Upanishads, i.e., the identity of the human and divine or cosmic. --K.F.L.
A vaguely defined deity symbolizing maternity, the fertility of the earth, and femininity in general; the central figure in the religions of ancient Anatolia, the Near East, and the eastern Mediterranean, later sometimes taking the form of a specific goddess.
a vaguely defined deity symbolizing maternity, the fertility of the earth, and femininity in general; the central figure in the religions of ancient Anatolia, the Near East, and the eastern Mediterranean, later sometimes taking the form of a specific goddess.
A vicious circle in definition (circulus in definiendo) occurs if A1 is used in defining A2, A2 in defining A3, . . . , An-1 in defining An, and finally An in defining A1. (The simplest case is that in which n = l, A1 being defined in terms of itself.) There is, of course, a fallacy if A1, A2, . . . , An are then used as defined absolutely. Apparent exceptions, such as definition by recursion (q.v.), require special justification, e.g., by finding an equivalent form of definition which is not circular.
awe ::: n. --> Dread; great fear mingled with respect.
The emotion inspired by something dreadful and sublime; an undefined sense of the dreadful and the sublime; reverential fear, or solemn wonder; profound reverence. ::: v. t. --> To strike with fear and reverence; to inspire with awe; to
axiomatic set theory "theory" One of several approaches to {set theory}, consisting of a {formal language} for talking about sets and a collection of {axioms} describing how they behave. There are many different {axiomatisations} for set theory. Each takes a slightly different approach to the problem of finding a theory that captures as much as possible of the intuitive idea of what a set is, while avoiding the {paradoxes} that result from accepting all of it, the most famous being {Russell's paradox}. The main source of trouble in naive set theory is the idea that you can specify a set by saying whether each object in the universe is in the "set" or not. Accordingly, the most important differences between different axiomatisations of set theory concern the restrictions they place on this idea (known as "comprehension"). {Zermelo Fränkel set theory}, the most commonly used axiomatisation, gets round it by (in effect) saying that you can only use this principle to define subsets of existing sets. NBG (von Neumann-Bernays-Goedel) set theory sort of allows comprehension for all {formulae} without restriction, but distinguishes between two kinds of set, so that the sets produced by applying comprehension are only second-class sets. NBG is exactly as powerful as ZF, in the sense that any statement that can be formalised in both theories is a theorem of ZF if and only if it is a theorem of ZFC. MK (Morse-Kelley) set theory is a strengthened version of NBG, with a simpler axiom system. It is strictly stronger than NBG, and it is possible that NBG might be consistent but MK inconsistent. {NF (http://math.boisestate.edu/~holmes/holmes/nf.html)} ("New Foundations"), a theory developed by Willard Van Orman Quine, places a very different restriction on comprehension: it only works when the formula describing the membership condition for your putative set is "stratified", which means that it could be made to make sense if you worked in a system where every set had a level attached to it, so that a level-n set could only be a member of sets of level n+1. (This doesn't mean that there are actually levels attached to sets in NF). NF is very different from ZF; for instance, in NF the universe is a set (which it isn't in ZF, because the whole point of ZF is that it forbids sets that are "too large"), and it can be proved that the {Axiom of Choice} is false in NF! ML ("Modern Logic") is to NF as NBG is to ZF. (Its name derives from the title of the book in which Quine introduced an early, defective, form of it). It is stronger than ZF (it can prove things that ZF can't), but if NF is consistent then ML is too. (2003-09-21)
Background: (Ger. Hintergrund) In Husserl: The nexus of objects and objective sense explicitly posited along with any object; the objective horizon. The perceptual background is part of the entire background in this broad sense. See Horizon. -- D.C . Bacon, Francis: (1561-1626) Inspired by the Renaissance, and in revolt against Aristotelianism and Scholastic Logic, proposed an inductive method of discovering truth, founded upon empirical observation, analysis of observed data, inference resulting in hypotheses, and verification of hypotheses through continued observation and experiment. The impediments to the use of this method are preconceptions and prejudices, grouped by Bacon under four headings, or Idols: The Idols of the Tribe, or racially "wishful," anthropocentric ways of thinking, e.g. explanation by final causes The Idols of the Cave or personal prejudices The Idols of the Market Place, or failure to define terms The Idol of the Theatre, or blind acceptance of tradition and authority. The use of the inductive method prescribes the extraction of the essential from the non-essential and the discovery of the underlying structure or form of the phenomena under investigation, through (a) comparison of instances, (b) study of concomitant variations, and (c) exclusion of negative instances.
banana problem "programming, humour" From the story of the little girl who said "I know how to spell "banana", but I don't know when to stop". Not knowing where or when to bring a production to a close (compare {fencepost error}). One may say "there is a banana problem" of an {algorithm} with poorly defined or incorrect termination conditions, or in discussing the evolution of a design that may be succumbing to {featuritis} (see also {creeping elegance}, {creeping featuritis}). {HAKMEM} item 176 describes a banana problem in a {Dissociated Press} implementation. Also, see {one-banana problem} for a superficially similar but unrelated usage. (2010-03-20)
Basic Multilingual Plane "text, standard" (BMP) The first plane defined in {Unicode}/{ISO 10646}, designed to include all {scripts} in active modern use. The BMP currently includes the Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Devangari, hiragana, katakana, and Cherokee scripts, among others, and a large body of mathematical, {APL}-related, and other miscellaneous {characters}. Most of the {Han} {ideographs} in current use are present in the BMP, but due to the large number of ideographs, many were placed in the {Supplementary Ideographic Plane}. {Unicode home (http://unicode.org)}. (2002-03-19)
batch processing "programming" A system that takes a sequence (a "batch") of commands or jobs, executes them and returns the results, all without human intervention. This contrasts with an {interactive} system where the user's commands and the computer's responses are interleaved during a single run. A batch system typically takes its commands from a disk file (or a set of {punched cards} or {magnetic tape} in the {mainframe} days) and returns the results to a file (or prints them). Often there is a queue of jobs which the system processes as resources become available. Since the advent of the {personal computer}, the term "batch" has come to mean automating frequently performed tasks that would otherwise be done interactively by storing those commands in a "{batch file}" or "{script}". Usually this file is read by some kind of {command interpreter} but batch processing is sometimes used with GUI-based applications that define script equivalents for menu selections and other mouse actions. Such a recorded sequence of GUI actions is sometimes called a "{macro}". This may only exist in memory and may not be saved to disk whereas a batch normally implies something stored on disk. Unix {cron} jobs and Windows scheduled tasks are batch processing started at a predefined time by the system whereas mainframe batch jobs were typically initiated by an operator loading them into a queue. (2009-09-14)
define ::: 1. To explain or identify the nature or essential qualities of; describe. 2. To make clear the outline or form of.
defined ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Define
definement ::: n. --> The act of defining; definition; description.
definer ::: n. --> One who defines or explains.
define ::: v. t. --> To fix the bounds of; to bring to a termination; to end.
To determine or clearly exhibit the boundaries of; to mark the limits of; as, to define the extent of a kingdom or country.
To determine with precision; to mark out with distinctness; to ascertain or exhibit clearly; as, the defining power of an optical instrument.
To determine the precise signification of; to fix the meaning of; to describe accurately; to explain; to expound or
Bezier curve "graphics" A type of curve defined by mathematical formulae, used in {computer graphics}. A curve with coordinates P(u), where u varies from 0 at one end of the curve to 1 at the other, is defined by a set of n+1 "control points" (X(i), Y(i), Z(i)) for i = 0 to n. P(u) = Sum i=0..n [(X(i), Y(i), Z(i)) * B(i, n, u)] B(i, n, u) = C(n, i) * u^i * (1-u)^(n-i) C(n, i) = n!/i!/(n-i)! A Bezier curve (or surface) is defined by its control points, which makes it invariant under any {affine mapping} (translation, rotation, parallel projection), and thus even under a change in the axis system. You need only to transform the control points and then compute the new curve. The control polygon defined by the points is itself affine invariant. Bezier curves also have the variation-diminishing property. This makes them easier to split compared to other types of curve such as {Hermite} or {B-spline}. Other important properties are multiple values, global and local control, versatility, and order of continuity. [What do these properties mean?] (1996-06-12)
Bezier "graphics" (After Frenchman Pierre Bézier from Regie Renault) A collection of formulae for describing curved lines ({Bezier curve}) and surfaces ({Bezier surface}), first used in 1972 to model automobile surfaces. Curves and surfaces are defined by a set of "control points" which can be moved interactively making Bezier curves and surfaces convenient for interactive graphic design. ["Principles of interactive computer graphics", William M. Newman, Graw-Hill]. (1995-04-04)
Bezier surface "graphics" A surface defined by mathematical formulae, used in {computer graphics}. A surface P(u, v), where u and v vary orthogonally from 0 to 1 from one edge of the surface to the other, is defined by a set of (n+1)*(m+1) "control points" (X(i, j), Y(i, j), Z(i, j)) for i = 0 to n, j = 0 to m. P(u, v) = Sum i=0..n {Sum j=0..m [ (X(i, j), Y(i, j), Z(i, j)) * B(i, n, u) * B(j, m, v)]} B(i, n, u) = C(n, i) * u^i * (1-u)^(n-i) C(n, i) = n!/i!/(n-i)! Bezier surfaces are an extension of the idea of {Bezier curves}, and share many of their properties. (1996-06-12)
bhava ::: becoming; state of being (sometimes added to an adjective to bhava form an abstract noun and translatable by a suffix such as "-ness", as in br.hadbhava, the state of being br.hat [wide], i.e., wideness); condition of consciousness; subjectivity; state of mind and feeling; physical indication of a psychological state; content, meaning (of rūpa); spiritual experience, realisation; emotion, "moved spiritualised state of the affective nature"; (madhura bhava, etc.) any of several types of relation between the jiva and the isvara, each being a way in which "the transcendent and universal person of the Divine conforms itself to our individualised personality and accepts a personal relation with us, at once identified with us as our supreme Self and yet close and different as our Master, Friend, Lover, Teacher"; attitude; mood; temperament; aspect; internal manifestation of the Goddess (devi), in . her total divine Nature (daivi prakr.ti or devibhava) or in the "more seizable because more defined and limited temperament" of any of her aspects, as in Mahakali bhava; a similar manifestation of any personality or combination of personalities of the deva or fourfold isvara, as in Indrabhava or Aniruddha bhava; in the vision of Reality (brahmadarsana), any of the "many aspects of the Infinite" which "disclose themselves, separate, combine, fuse, are unified together" until "there shines through it all the supreme integral Reality"; especially, the various "states of perception" in which the divine personality (purus.a) is seen in the impersonality of the brahman, ranging from the "general personality" of sagun.a brahman to the "vivid personality" of Kr.s.n.akali. bh bhavasamrddhi
(b) In logic: Disparate terms have been variously defined by logicians: Boethius defined disparate terms as those which are diverse yet not contradictory. See Prantl, Geschichte der Logik, I, 686. Leibniz considered two concepts disparate "if neither of the terms contains the other" that is to say if they are not in the relation of genus and species. (Couturat, Letbntz, Inedits, pp. 53, 62.) --L.W. Disparity: See Disparate. Disputatio: (Scholastic) Out of the quaestiones disputatae developed gradually a rigid form of scholastic disputation. The defensor theseos proposed his thesis and explained or proved it in syllogistic form. The opponentes argued against the thesis and its demonstration by repeating first the proposition and the syllogism proving it, then either by denying the validity of one or the other premises (nego maiorem, minorem) or by making distinctions restricting the proposition (distinguo maiorem, minorem). In the disputations of students under the direction of a magister the latter used to summarize the disputation and to "determine the question". -- R.A.
BioMeDical Package "language, library, statistics" (BMDP) A statistical language and library of over forty statistical routines developed in 1961 at {UCLA}, Health Sciences Computing Facility under Dr. Wilford Dixon. BMDP was first implemented in {Fortran} for the {IBM 7090}. Tapes of the original source were distributed for free all over the world. BMDP is the second iteration of the original {BIMED} programs. It was developed at {UCLA} Health Sciences Computing facility, with NIH funding. The "P" in BMDP originally stood for "parameter" but was later changed to "package". BMDP used keyword parameters to defined what was to be done rather than the fixed card format used by original BIMED programs. BMDP supports many statistical funtions: simple data description, {survival analysis}, {ANOVA}, {multivariate analyses}, {regression analysis}, and {time series} analysis. BMDP Professional combines the full suite of BMDP Classic (Dynamic) release 7.0 with the BMDP New System 2.0 {Windows} front-end. {BMDP from Statistical Solutions (http://statsol.ie/bmdp/bmdp.htm)}. (2004-01-14)
blastula ::: n. --> That stage in the development of the ovum in which the outer cells of the morula become more defined and form the blastoderm.
Blind Carbon Copy "messaging" (BCC) An {electronic mail} {header} which lists addresses to which a message should be sent, but which will not be seen by the recipients. Bcc is defined in {RFC 822} and supported by most e-mail systems. A normal, non-blind "CC" header would be visible to all recipients, thus allowing them to reply to each other as well as to the sender. According to RFC 822, the addresses listed in a BCC header are not included in the copies of the message sent to the recipients. RFC 822 says BCC addresses may appear in the copy sent to "BCC" recipients themselves (though this would be unusual). (1998-03-14)
Bohr bug "jargon, programming" /bohr buhg/ (From Quantum physics) A repeatable {bug}; one that manifests reliably under a possibly unknown but well-defined set of conditions. Compare {heisenbug}. See also {mandelbug}, {schroedinbug}. [{Jargon File}] (1995-02-28)
Boolean algebra "logic" (After the logician {George Boole}) 1. Commonly, and especially in computer science and digital electronics, this term is used to mean {two-valued logic}. 2. This is in stark contrast with the definition used by pure mathematicians who in the 1960s introduced "Boolean-valued {models}" into logic precisely because a "Boolean-valued model" is an interpretation of a {theory} that allows more than two possible truth values! Strangely, a Boolean algebra (in the mathematical sense) is not strictly an {algebra}, but is in fact a {lattice}. A Boolean algebra is sometimes defined as a "complemented {distributive lattice}". Boole's work which inspired the mathematical definition concerned {algebras} of {sets}, involving the operations of intersection, union and complement on sets. Such algebras obey the following identities where the operators ^, V, - and constants 1 and 0 can be thought of either as set intersection, union, complement, universal, empty; or as two-valued logic AND, OR, NOT, TRUE, FALSE; or any other conforming system. a ^ b = b ^ a a V b = b V a (commutative laws) (a ^ b) ^ c = a ^ (b ^ c) (a V b) V c = a V (b V c) (associative laws) a ^ (b V c) = (a ^ b) V (a ^ c) a V (b ^ c) = (a V b) ^ (a V c) (distributive laws) a ^ a = a a V a = a (idempotence laws) --a = a -(a ^ b) = (-a) V (-b) -(a V b) = (-a) ^ (-b) (de Morgan's laws) a ^ -a = 0 a V -a = 1 a ^ 1 = a a V 0 = a a ^ 0 = 0 a V 1 = 1 -1 = 0 -0 = 1 There are several common alternative notations for the "-" or {logical complement} operator. If a and b are elements of a Boolean algebra, we define a "= b to mean that a ^ b = a, or equivalently a V b = b. Thus, for example, if ^, V and - denote set intersection, union and complement then "= is the inclusive subset relation. The relation "= is a {partial ordering}, though it is not necessarily a {linear ordering} since some Boolean algebras contain incomparable values. Note that these laws only refer explicitly to the two distinguished constants 1 and 0 (sometimes written as {LaTeX} \top and \bot), and in {two-valued logic} there are no others, but according to the more general mathematical definition, in some systems variables a, b and c may take on other values as well. (1997-02-27)
Border Gateway Protocol "networking" (BGP) An {Exterior Gateway Protocol} defined in {RFC 1267} and {RFC 1268}. BGP's design is based on experience gained with {Exterior Gateway Protocol} (EGP), as defined in {STD 18}, {RFC 904} and EGP usage in the {NSFNet} {backbone}, as described in {RFC 1092 and} {RFC 1093}. (1994-11-29)
bottom "theory" The least defined element in a given {domain}. Often used to represent a non-terminating computation. (In {LaTeX}, bottom is written as {\perp}, sometimes with the domain as a subscript). (1997-01-07)
bracket abstraction "compiler" An {algorithm} which turns a term into a function of some variable. The result of using bracket abstraction on T with respect to variable v, written as [v]T, is a term containing no occurrences of v and denoting a function f such that f v = T. This defines the function f = (\ v . T). Using bracket abstraction and {currying} we can define a language without {bound variables} in which the only operation is {monadic} function application. See {combinator}. (1995-03-07)
breeds ::: a group of organisms within a species, esp. a group of domestic animals, originated and maintained by man and having a clearly defined set of characteristics.
Brentano, Franz: (1838-1917) Who had originally been a Roman Catholic priest may be described as an unorthodox neo-scholastic. According to him the only three forms of psychic activity, representation, judgment and "phenomena of love and hate", are just three modes of "intentionality", i.e., of referring to an object intended. Judgments may be self-evident and thereby characterized as true and in an analogous way love and hate may be characterized as "right". It is on these characterizations that a dogmatic theory of truth and value may be based. In any mental experience the content is merely a "physical phenomenon" (real or imaginary) intended to be referred to, what is psychic is merely the "act" of representing, judging (viz. affirming or denying) and valuing (i.e. loving or hating). Since such "acts" are evidently immaterial, the soul by which they are performed may be proved to be a purely spiritual and imperishable substance and from these and other considerations the existence, spirituality, as also the infinite wisdom, goodness and justice of God may also be demonstrated. It is most of all by his classification of psychic phenomena, his psychology of "acts" and "intentions" and by his doctrine concerning self-evident truths and values that Brentano, who considered himself an Aristotelian, exercised a profound influence on subsequent German philosophers: not only on those who accepted his entire system (such as A. Marty and C. Stumpf) but also those who were somewhat more independent and original and whom he influenced either directly (as A. Meinong and E. Husserl) or indirectly (as M. Scheler and Nik. Hartmann). Main works: Psychologie des Aristoteles, 1867; Vom Dasein Gottes, 1868; Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt, 1874; Vom Ursprung sittliches Erkenntnis, 1884; Ueber die Zukunft der Philosophie, 1893; Die vier Phasen der Philos., 1895. -- H.Go. Broad, C.D.: (1887) As a realistic critical thinker Broad takes over from the sciences the methods that are fruitful there, classifies the various propositions used in all the sciences, and defines basic scientific concepts. In going beyond science, he seeks to reach a total view of the world by bringing in the facts and principles of aesthetic, religious, ethical and political experience. In trying to work out a much more general method which attacks the problem of the connection between mathematical concepts and sense-data better than the method of analysis in situ, he gives a simple exposition of the method of extensive abstraction, which applies the mutual relations of objects, first recognized in pure mathematics, to physics. Moreover, a great deal can be learned from Broad on the relation of the principle of relativity to measurement.
B-tree "algorithm" A multi-way {balanced tree}. The "B" in B-tree has never been officially defined. It could stand for "balanced" or "Bayer", after one of the original designers of the algorithms and structure. A B-tree is _not_ (necessarily?) a "{binary tree}". A B+-tree (as used by {IBM}'s {VSAM}) is a B-tree where the leaves are also linked sequentially, thus allowing both fast {random access} and sequential access to data. [Knuth's Art of Computer Programming]. [Example algorithm?] (2000-01-10)
Business Application Programming Interface "business, application, programming" (BAPI) /bap'ee/ A set of {methods} provided by an {SAP} business {object}. Release 4.0 of {SAP AG}'s {R/3} system supports {object-oriented programming} via an interface defined in terms of {objects} and {methods} called BAPIs. For example if a material object provides a function to check availability, the corresponding SAP business object type "Material" might provide a BAPI called "Material.CheckAvailability". The definitions of SAP business objects and their BAPIs are kept in an SAP business object repository. SAP provide {classes} and {libraries} to enable a programming team to build SAP applications that use business objects and BAPIs. Supported environments include {COM} and {Java}. The {Open BAPI Network (http://sap.com/solutions/technology/bapis/index.htm)}. gives background information and lists objects and BAPIs. (2002-08-30)
But by the same token, as Kant now shows in the third part on "Transcendental Dialectic", the forms of sensibility and understanding cannot be employed beyond experience in order to define the nature of such metaphysical entities as God, the immortal soul, and the World conceived as a totality. If the forms are valid in experience only because they are necessary conditions of experience, there is no way of judging their applicability to objects transcending experience. Thus Kant is driven to the denial of the possibility of a science of metaphysics. But though judgments of metaphysics are indemonstrable, they are not wholly useless. The "Ideas of Pure Reason" (Vernunft) have a "regulative use", in that they point to general objects which they cannot, however, constitute. Theoretical knowledge is limited to the realm of experience; and within this realm we cannot know "things-in-themselves", but only the way in which things appear under a priori forms of reason; we know things, in other words, as "phenomena."
Calendar Application Programming Interface (CAPI, Calendar API) An {API} for calendar {software}. {Microsoft} has defined a CAPI for their {Schedule+} application. (1995-01-11)
call-with-current-continuation "programming" (call/cc) A {Lisp} control {function} that implements the {continuation passing style} of programming. In continuation passing style (CPS), every function f takes an extra final argument k called the "continuation". The continuation is itself a function and represents the rest of the program. Instead of just returning a value in the normal way, f passes it as an argument to k and returns the result of that. call/cc takes a function f as its argument and calls f, passing it the current continuation k. It thus allows a CPS function to be called in a non-CPS (direct) context. For example, if the final result is to print the value returned by call/cc then anything passed to k will also be printed. E.g, in {Scheme}: (define (f k) (k 1) (k 2) 3) (display (call-with-current-continuation f)) Will display 1. [Is this correct?] (2014-09-24)
Canon: (Gr. kanon, rule) A term reminiscent of the arts and crafts, sometimes applied, since Epicurus who replaced the ancient dialectics by a canonics (kanonike), to any norm or rule which the logical process obeys. Thus John Stuart Mill speaks of five experimental methods as being regulated by certain canons. Kant defined canon as the sum total of all principles a priori of the correct use of our powers of knowledge. See Baconian method, Mill's methods. -- K.F.L.
canonical (Historically, "according to religious law") 1. "mathematics" A standard way of writing a formula. Two formulas such as 9 + x and x + 9 are said to be equivalent because they mean the same thing, but the second one is in "canonical form" because it is written in the usual way, with the highest power of x first. Usually there are fixed rules you can use to decide whether something is in canonical form. Things in canonical form are easier to compare. 2. "jargon" The usual or standard state or manner of something. The term acquired this meaning in computer-science culture largely through its prominence in {Alonzo Church}'s work in computation theory and {mathematical logic} (see {Knights of the Lambda-Calculus}). Compare {vanilla}. This word has an interesting history. Non-technical academics do not use the adjective "canonical" in any of the senses defined above with any regularity; they do however use the nouns "canon" and "canonicity" (not "canonicalness"* or "canonicality"*). The "canon" of a given author is the complete body of authentic works by that author (this usage is familiar to Sherlock Holmes fans as well as to literary scholars). "The canon" is the body of works in a given field (e.g. works of literature, or of art, or of music) deemed worthwhile for students to study and for scholars to investigate. The word "canon" derives ultimately from the Greek "kanon" (akin to the English "cane") referring to a reed. Reeds were used for measurement, and in Latin and later Greek the word "canon" meant a rule or a standard. The establishment of a canon of scriptures within Christianity was meant to define a standard or a rule for the religion. The above non-technical academic usages stem from this instance of a defined and accepted body of work. Alongside this usage was the promulgation of "canons" ("rules") for the government of the Catholic Church. The usages relating to religious law derive from this use of the Latin "canon". It may also be related to arabic "qanun" (law). Hackers invest this term with a playfulness that makes an ironic contrast with its historical meaning. A true story: One Bob Sjoberg, new at the {MIT AI Lab}, expressed some annoyance at the incessant use of jargon. Over his loud objections, {GLS} and {RMS} made a point of using as much of it as possible in his presence, and eventually it began to sink in. Finally, in one conversation, he used the word "canonical" in jargon-like fashion without thinking. Steele: "Aha! We've finally got you talking jargon too!" Stallman: "What did he say?" Steele: "Bob just used "canonical" in the canonical way." Of course, canonicality depends on context, but it is implicitly defined as the way *hackers* normally expect things to be. Thus, a hacker may claim with a straight face that "according to religious law" is *not* the canonical meaning of "canonical". (2002-02-06)
Capability Maturity Model "software" (CMM) The {Software Engineering Institute}'s model of {software engineering} that specifies five levels of maturity of the processes of a software organisation. CMM offers a framework for evolutionary process improvement. Originally applied to software development (SE-CMM), it has been expanded to cover other areas including Human Resources and Software Acquitition. The levels - focii - and key process areas are: Level 1 Initial - Heroes - None. Level 2 Repeatable - Project Management - Software Project Planning, Software Project Tracking and Oversight, Software Subcontract Management, Software Quality Assurance, Software Configuration Management, Requirements Management. Level 3 Defined - Engineering Process - Organisation Process Focus, Organisation Process Definition, Peer Reviews, Training Program, Inter-group Coordination, Software Product Engineering, Integrated Software Management. Level 4 Managed - Product and Process Quality - Software Quality Management, Quantitative Process Management. Level 5 Optimising - Continuous Improvement - Process Change Management, Technology Change Management, Defect Prevention. {(http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmm/cmm.html)}. (2001-04-28)
cardinality "mathematics" The number of elements in a set. If two sets have the same number of elements (i.e. there is a {bijection} between them) then they have the same cardinality. A cardinality is thus an {isomorphism class} in the {category} of sets. {aleph 0} is defined as the cardinality of the first {infinite} {ordinal}, {omega} (the number of {natural numbers}). (1995-03-29)
case based reasoning "artificial intelligence" (CBR) A technique for problem solving which looks for previous examples which are similar to the current problem. This is useful where {heuristic} {knowledge} is not available. There are many situations where experts are not happy to be questioned about their knowledge by people who want to write the knowledge in rules, for use in {expert systems}. In most of these situations, the natural way for an expert to describe his or her knowledge is through examples, stories or cases (which are all basically the same thing). Such an expert will teach trainees about the expertise by apprenticeship, i.e. by giving examples and by asking the trainees to remember them, copy them and adapt them in solving new problems if they describe situations that are similar to the new problems. CBR aims to exploit such knowledge. Some key research areas are efficient indexing, how to define "similarity" between cases and how to use temporal information. (1996-05-28)
Categorical Abstract Machine Language "language" (Originally "CAML" - Categorical Abstract Machine Language) A version of {ML} by G. Huet, G. Cousineau, Ascander Suarez, Pierre Weis, Michel Mauny and others of {INRIA} and {ENS}. CAML is intermediate between {LCF ML} and {SML} [in what sense?]. It has {first-class} functions, {static type inference} with {polymorphic} types, user-defined {variant types} and {product types}, and {pattern matching}. It is built on a proprietary run-time system. The CAML V3.1 implementation added {lazy} and {mutable} data structures, a "{grammar}" mechanism for interfacing with the {Yacc} {parser generator}, {pretty-printing} tools, high-performance {arbitrary-precision} arithmetic, and a complete library. CAML V3 is often nicknamed "heavy CAML", because of its heavy memory and CPU requirements compared to {Caml Light}. in 1990 Xavier Leroy and Damien Doligez designed a new implementation called {Caml Light}, freeing the previous implementation from too many experimental high-level features, and more importantly, from the old Le_Lisp back-end. Following the addition of a {native-code} compiler and a powerful {module} system in 1995 and of the {object} and {class} layer in 1996, the project's name was changed to {Objective Caml}. ["The CAML Reference Manual", P. Weis et al, TR INRIA-ENS, 1989]. (2003-04-12)
Category of Unity: Kant: The first of three a priori, quantitative (so-called "mathematical") categories (the others being "plurality" and "totality") from which is derived the synthetic principle, "All intuitions (appearances) are extensive magnitudes." By means of this principle Kant seeks to define the object of experience a priori with reference to its spatial features. See Crit. of pure Reason, B106, B202ff. -- O.F.K Catharsis: (Gr. katharsis) Purification; purgation; specifically the purging of the emotions of pity and fear effected by tragedy (Aristotle). -- G.R.M.
Causa sui: Cause of itself; necessary existence. Causa sui conveys both a negative and a positive meaning. Negatively, it signifies that which is from itself (a se), that which does not owe its being to something else; i.e., absolute independence of being, causelessness (God as uncaused). Positively, causa sui means that whose very nature or essence involves existence; i.e., God is the ground of his own being, and regarded as "cause" of his own being, he is, as it were, efficient cause of his own existence (Descartes). Since existence necessarily follows from the very essence of that which is cause of itself, causa sui is defined as that whose nature cannot be conceived as not existing (Spinoza). -- A.G.A.B. Causality: (Lat. causa) The relationship between a cause and its effect. This relationship has been defined as a relation between events, processes, or entities in the same time series, such that when one occurs, the other necessarily follows (sufficient condition), when the latter occurs, the former must have preceded (necessary condition), both conditions a and b prevail (necessary and sufficient condition), when one occurs under certain conditions, the other necessarily follows (contributory, but not sufficient, condition) ("multiple causality" would be a case involving several causes which are severally contributory and jointly sufficient); the necessity in these cases is neither that of logical implication nor that of coercion; a relation between events, processes, or entities in the same time series such that when one occurs the other invariably follows (invariable antecedence), a relation between events, processes, or entities such that one has the efficacy to produce or alter the other; a relation between events, processes, or entities such that without one the other could not occur, as in the relation between the material out of which a product is made and the finished product (material cause), structure or form and the individual embodying it (formal cause), a goal or purpose (whether supposed to exist in the future as a special kind of entity, outside a time series, or merely as an idea of the pur-poser) and the work fulfilling it (final cause), a moving force and the process or result of its action (efficient cause); a relation between experienced events, processes, or entities and extra-experiential but either temporal or non-temporal events, processes, or entities upon whose existence the former depend; a relation between a thing and itself when it is dependent upon nothing else for its existence (self-causality); a relation between an event, process, or entity and the reason or explanation for its being; a relation between an idea and an experience whose expectation the idea arouses because of customary association of the two in this sequence; a principle or category introducing into experience one of the aforesaid types of order; this principle may be inherent in the mind, invented by the mind, or derived from experience; it may be an explanatory hypothesis, a postulate, a convenient fiction, or a necessary form of thought. Causality has been conceived to prevail between processes, parts of a continuous process, changing parts of an unchanging whole, objects, events, ideas, or something of one of these types and something of another. When an entity, event, or process is said to follow from another, it may be meant that it must succeed but can be neither contemporaneous with nor prior to the other, that it must either succeed or be contemporaneous with and dependent upon but cannot precede the other, or that one is dependent upon the other but they either are not in the same time series or one is in no time series at all.
Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol "networking, security, standard, protocol" (CHAP) An {authentication} scheme used by {PPP} servers to validate the identity of the originator of the connection upon connection or any time later. CHAP applies a three-way {handshaking} procedure. After the link is established, the server sends a "challenge" message to the originator. The originator responds with a value calculated using a {one-way hash function}. The server checks the response against its own calculation of the expected hash value. If the values match, the authentication is acknowledged; otherwise the connection is usually terminated. CHAP provides protection against {playback} attack through the use of an incrementally changing identifier and a variable challenge value. The authentication can be repeated any time while the connection is open limiting the time of exposure to any single attack, and the server is in control of the frequency and timing of the challenges. As a result, CHAP provides greater security then {PAP}. CHAP is defined in {RFC} 1334. (1996-03-05)
Characterology: This name originally was used for types; thus in Aristotle and Theophrastus, and even much later, e.g. in La Bruyere. Gradually it came to signify something individual; a development paralleled by the replacement of "typical" figures on the stage by individualities. There is no agreement, even today, on the definition; confusion reigns especially because of an insufficient distinction between character, personality, and person. But all agree that character manifests itself in the behavior of a person. One can distinguish a merely descriptive approach, one of classification, and one of interpretation. The general viewpoints of interpretation influence also description and classification, since they determine what is considered "important" and lay down the rules by which to distinguish and to classify. One narrow interpretation looks at character mainly as the result of inborn properties, rooted in organic constitution; character is considered, therefore, as essentially unchangeable and predetermined. The attempts at establishing correlations between character and body-build (Kretschmer a.o.) are a special form of such narrow interpretation. It makes but little difference if, besides inborn properties, the influence of environmental factors is acknowledged. The rationalistic interpretation looks at character mainly as the result of convictions. These convictions are seen as purely intellectual in extreme rationalism (virtue is knowledge, Socrates), or as referring to the value-aspect of reality which is conceived as apprehended by other than merely intellectual operations. Thus, Spranger gives a classification according to the "central values" dominating a man's behavior. (Allport has devised practical methods of character study on this basis.) Since the idea a person has of values and their order may change, character is conceived as essentially mutable, even if far going changes may be unfrequent. Character-education is the practical application of the principles of characterology and thus depends on the general idea an author holds in regard to human nature. Character is probably best defined as the individual's way of preferring or rejecting values. It depends on the innate capacities of value-apprehension and on the way these values are presented to the individual. Therefore the enormous influence of social factors. -- R.A.
cittakasa (chittakasha; chittakash) ::: the ether (akasa) of the citta cittakasa or basic mental consciousness, a mental akasa defined as the "ether of the pranic manas", whose contents are experienced especially in antardarsi jagrat and svapnasamadhi.
C++ "language" One of the most used {object-oriented} languages, a superset of {C} developed primarily by {Bjarne Stroustrup} "bs@alice.att.com" at {AT&T} {Bell Laboratories} in 1986. In C++ a {class} is a user-defined {type}, syntactically a {struct} with {member functions}. {Constructors} and {destructors} are member functions called to create or destroy {instances}. A {friend} is a nonmember function that is allowed to access the private portion of a class. C++ allows {implicit type conversion}, {function inlining}, {overloading} of operators and function names, and {default function arguments}. It has {streams} for I/O and {references}. C++ 2.0 (May 1989) introduced {multiple inheritance}, {type-safe linkage}, pointers to members, and {abstract classes}. C++ 2.1 was introduced in ["Annotated C++ Reference Manual", B. Stroustrup et al, A-W 1990]. {MS-DOS (ftp://grape.ecs.clarkson.edu/pub/msdos/djgpp/djgpp.zip)}, {Unix ANSI C++ (ftp://gnu.org/pub/gnu/g++-1.39.0.tar.Z)} - X3J16 committee. (They're workin' on it). See also {cfront}, {LEDA}, {uC++}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.c++}. ["The C++ Programming Language", Bjarne Stroustrup, A-W, 1986]. (1996-06-06)
class hierarchy "programming" In {object-oriented programming}, a set of {classes} related by {inheritance}. Each class is a "subclass" of another class - its "superclass". The subclass contains all the features of its superclass, but may add new features or redefine existing features. The features of a class are the set of {attributes} (or "properties") that an object of that class has and the {methods} that can be invoked on it. If each class has a just one superclass, this is called {single inheritance}. The opposite is {multiple inheritance}, under which a class may have multiple superclasses. Single inheritance gives the class hierarchy a {tree} structure whereas multiple inheritance gives a {directed graph}. Typically there is one class at the top of the hierarchy which is the "object" class, the most general class that is an ancestor of all others and which has no superclass. In computing, as in genealogy, trees grow downwards, which is why subclasses are considered to be "below" their superclasses. When {invoking a method} on an {object}, the method is first looked for in the object's class, then the superclass of that class, and so on up the hierarchy until it is found. Thus a class need only define those methods which are specific to it and it will inherit all other methods from all its superclasses. An object of the subclass can do everything that an object of the superclass can and possible more. {C++} calls the superclass the "base class" and the subclass the "derived class" (not to be confused with a {derived type}). (2014-09-06)
cloud computing "architecture" A loosely defined term for any system providing access via the {Internet} to processing power, storage, software or other computing services, often via a {web browser}. Typically these services will be rented from an external company that hosts and manages them. (2009-04-21)
Cogitatio: One of the two attributes (q.v.) of God which, according to Spinoza, are accessible to the human intellect (Ethica, II, passim) Though God is an infinite thinking thing, it is not possible so to define him; God is "substance consisting of infinite attributes, etc." (Ibid, I, Def. 6), and is thus beyond the grasp of the human mind which can know only thought and extension (extensio, q.v.). -- W.S.W.
combinator "theory" A function with no {free variables}. A term is either a constant, a variable or of the form A B denoting the {application} of term A (a function of one argument) to term B. {Juxtaposition} associates to the left in the absence of parentheses. All combinators can be defined from two basic combinators - S and K. These two and a third, I, are defined thus: S f g x = f x (g x) K x y = x I x = x = S K K x There is a simple translation between {combinatory logic} and {lambda-calculus}. The size of equivalent expressions in the two languages are of the same order. Other combinators were added by {David Turner} in 1979 when he used combinators to implement {SASL}: B f g x = f (g x) C f g x = f x g S' c f g x = c (f x) (g x) B* c f g x = c (f (g x)) C' c f g x = c (f x) g See {fixed point combinator}, {curried function}, {supercombinators}. (2002-11-03)
Comite Europeen des Postes et Telecommunications "body" (CEPT, European Conference of Post and Telecommunications) The committee that defined the CEPT speech {compression} scheme. [Details of compression scheme?] (1998-03-16)
Common Command Set "storage, standard" (CCS) Additional requirements and features for direct-access {SCSI} devices. In 1985 when the first {SCSI} standard was being finalised as an {American National Standard}, the {X3T9.2} Task Group was approached by some manufacturers who wanted changes. Rather than delay the SCSI standard, X3T9.2 formed an ad hoc group to define CCS. [Spec? Status? "direct-access"?] (1997-03-23)
Common Gateway Interface "web" (CGI) A {standard} for running external {programs} from a {web} {HTTP} {server}. CGI specifies how to pass {arguments} to the program as part of the HTTP request. It also defines a set of {environment variables} that are made available to the program. The program generates output, typically {HTML}, which the web server processes and passes back to the {browser}. Alternatively, the program can request {URL redirection}. CGI allows the returned output to depend in any arbitrary way on the request. The CGI program can, for example, access information in a {database} and format the results as HTML. The program can access any data that a normal application program can, however the facilities available to CGI programs are usually limited for security reasons. Although CGI programs can be compiled programs, they are more often written in a (semi) {interpreted language} such as {Perl}, or as {Unix} {shell scripts}, hence the common name "CGI script". Here is a trivial CGI script written in Perl. (It requires the "CGI" module available from {CPAN}).
Common Lisp "language" A dialect of {Lisp} defined by a consortium of companies brought together in 1981 by the {Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency} (DARPA). Companies included {Symbolics}, {Lisp Machines, Inc.}, {Digital Equipment Corporation}, {Bell Labs}., {Xerox}, {Hewlett-Packard}, {Lawrence Livermore Labs}., {Carnegie-Mellon University}, {Stanford University}, {Yale}, {MIT} and {USC Berkeley}. Common Lisp is {lexically scoped} by default but can be {dynamically scoped}. Common Lisp is a large and complex language, fairly close to a superset of {MacLisp}. It features {lexical binding}, data structures using defstruct and setf, {closures}, multiple values, types using declare and a variety of numerical types. Function calls allow "&optional", keyword and "&rest" arguments. Generic sequence can either be a list or an {array}. It provides formatted printing using escape characters. Common LISP now includes {CLOS}, an extended LOOP {macro}, condition system, {pretty printing} and logical pathnames. Implementations include {AKCL}, {CCL}, {CLiCC}, {CLISP}, {CLX}, {CMU Common Lisp}, {DCL}, {KCL}, {MCL} and {WCL}. Mailing list: "common-lisp@ai.sri.com". {ANSI Common Lisp draft proposal (ftp://ftp.think.com/public/think/lisp:public-review.text)}. ["Common LISP: The Language", Guy L. Steele, Digital Press 1984, ISBN 0-932376-41-X]. ["Common LISP: The Language, 2nd Edition", Guy L. Steele, Digital Press 1990, ISBN 1-55558-041-6]. (1994-09-29)
Common Management Information Services "networking" (CMIS) Part of the {OSI} body of network {standards}. Network management information services are used by {peer process}es to exchange information and commands for the purpose of {network management}. CMIS defines a message set (GET, CANCEL-GET, SET, CREATE, DELETE, EVENT-REPORT and ACTION), and the structure and content of the messages such that they might be used by "open" systems. In concept, it is similar to {SNMP}, but more powerful (and hence more complex). {ISO}/{IEC} 9595. (2007-08-07)
Compact COBOL "language" A subset of {COBOL} defined, but not published, ca. 1961. [Sammet 1969, p. 339]. (2008-10-13)
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory "storage" (CD-ROM) A {non-volatile} optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio {compact discs}, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. CD-ROM is popular for distribution of large databases, software and especially {multimedia} {applications}. The maximum capacity is about 600 megabytes. A CD can store around 640 {megabytes} of data - about 12 billion bytes per pound weight. CD-ROM drives are rated with a speed factor relative to music CDs (1x or 1-speed which gives a data transfer rate of 150 {kilobytes} per second). 12x drives were common in April 1997. Above 12x speed, there are problems with vibration and heat. {Constant angular velocity} (CAV) drives give speeds up to 20x but due to the nature of CAV the actual throughput increase over 12x is less than 20/12. 20x was thought to be the maximum speed due to mechanical constraints but on 1998-02-24, {Samsung Electronics} introduced the SCR-3230, a 32x CD-ROM drive which uses a ball bearing system to balance the spinning CD-ROM in the drive to reduce noise. CD-ROM drives may connect to an {IDE} interface, a {SCSI} interface or a propritary interface, of which there are three - Sony, Panasonic, and Mitsumi. Most CD-ROM drives can also play audio CDs. There are several formats used for CD-ROM data, including {Green Book CD-ROM}, {White Book CD-ROM} and {Yellow Book CD-ROM}. {ISO 9660} defines a standard {file system}, later extended by {Joliet}. See also {Compact Disc Recordable}, {Digital Versatile Disc}. {Byte, February 1997 (http://byte.com/art/9702/sec17/art5.htm)}. (2006-09-25)
complete partial ordering "theory" (cpo) A {partial ordering} of a {set} under a {relation}, where all {directed} {subsets} have a {least upper bound}. A cpo is usually defined to include a least element, {bottom} (David Schmidt calls this a {pointed cpo}). A cpo which is {algebraic} and {boundedly complete} is a (Scott) {domain}. (1994-11-30)
Composite idea: Any idea that consists of a fusion of sentient elements, which together are presumed to pass the threshold of consciousness. In logic, a compound of undefined ideas by way of definition. -- C.K.D.
computer ethics "philosophy" Ethics is the field of study that is concerned with questions of value, that is, judgments about what human behaviour is "good" or "bad". Ethical judgments are no different in the area of computing from those in any other area. Computers raise problems of privacy, ownership, theft, and power, to name but a few. Computer ethics can be grounded in one of four basic world-views: Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, or Existentialism. Idealists believe that reality is basically ideas and that ethics therefore involves conforming to ideals. Realists believe that reality is basically nature and that ethics therefore involves acting according to what is natural. Pragmatists believe that reality is not fixed but is in process and that ethics therefore is practical (that is, concerned with what will produce socially-desired results). Existentialists believe reality is self-defined and that ethics therefore is individual (that is, concerned only with one's own conscience). Idealism and Realism can be considered ABSOLUTIST worldviews because they are based on something fixed (that is, ideas or nature, respectively). Pragmatism and Existentialism can be considered RELATIVIST worldviews because they are based or something relational (that is, society or the individual, respectively). Thus ethical judgments will vary, depending on the judge's world-view. Some examples: First consider theft. Suppose a university's computer is used for sending an e-mail message to a friend or for conducting a full-blown private business (billing, payroll, inventory, etc.). The absolutist would say that both activities are unethical (while recognising a difference in the amount of wrong being done). A relativist might say that the latter activities were wrong because they tied up too much memory and slowed down the machine, but the e-mail message wasn't wrong because it had no significant effect on operations. Next consider privacy. An instructor uses her account to acquire the cumulative grade point average of a student who is in a class which she instructs. She obtained the password for this restricted information from someone in the Records Office who erroneously thought that she was the student's advisor. The absolutist would probably say that the instructor acted wrongly, since the only person who is entitled to this information is the student and his or her advisor. The relativist would probably ask why the instructor wanted the information. If she replied that she wanted it to be sure that her grading of the student was consistent with the student's overall academic performance record, the relativist might agree that such use was acceptable. Finally, consider power. At a particular university, if a professor wants a computer account, all she or he need do is request one but a student must obtain faculty sponsorship in order to receive an account. An absolutist (because of a proclivity for hierarchical thinking) might not have a problem with this divergence in procedure. A relativist, on the other hand, might question what makes the two situations essentially different (e.g. are faculty assumed to have more need for computers than students? Are students more likely to cause problems than faculty? Is this a hold-over from the days of "in loco parentis"?). {"Philosophical Bases of Computer Ethics", Professor Robert N. Barger (http://nd.edu/~rbarger/metaethics.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroups: {news:bit.listserv.ethics-l}, {news:alt.soc.ethics}. (1995-10-25)
computer literacy "education" Basic skill in use of computers, from the perspective of such skill being a necessary societal skill. The term was coined by Andrew Molnar, while director of the Office of Computing Activities at the {National Science Foundation}. "We started computer literacy in '72 [...] We coined that phrase. It's sort of ironic. Nobody knows what computer literacy is. Nobody can define it. And the reason we selected [it] was because nobody could define it, and [...] it was a broad enough term that you could get all of these programs together under one roof" (cited in Aspray, W., (September 25, 1991) "Interview with Andrew Molnar," OH 234. Center for the History of Information Processing, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota). The term, as a coinage, is similar to earlier coinages, such as "visual literacy", which {Merriam-Webster (http://m-w.com/)} dates to 1971, and the more recent "media literacy". A more useful definition from {(http://www.computerliteracyusa.com/)} is: Computer literacy is an understanding of the concepts, terminology and operations that relate to general computer use. It is the essential knowledge needed to function independently with a computer. This functionality includes being able to solve and avoid problems, adapt to new situations, keep information organized and communicate effectively with other computer literate people. (2007-03-23)
Conference On DAta SYstems Languages "body, data processing" (CODASYL) A consortium that developed {database models} and standard {database} extensions for {COBOL}. CODASYL was formed in 1959 to guide the development of a {standard} {programming language} that could be used on many computers. Members came from industry and government {data processing} departments. Its goal was to promote more effective data {systems analysis}, design and implementation. It published specifications for various languages over the years, handing these over to official standards bodies ({ISO}, {ANSI} or their predecessors) for formal standardisation. The 1965 List Processing Task Force worked on the {IDS/I} database extension. It later renamed itself to the Data Base Task Group (DBTG) and publishing the Codasyl Data Model, the first to allow one-to-many {relations}. This work also introduced {data definition languages} (DDLs) to define the {database schema} and a {data manipulation language} (DML) to be embedded in COBOL programs to request and update data in the database. Interest in CODASYL declined with the rise of {relational databases} beginning in the early 1980s. (2013-12-29)
Conjunction: See Logic, formal, § 1. Connexity: A dyadic relation R is cilled connected if, for every two different members x, y of its field, at least one of xRy, yRx holds. Connotation: The sum of the constitutive notes of the essence of a concept as it is in itself and not as it is for us. This logical property is thus measured by the sum of the notes of the concept, of the higher genera it implies, of the various essential attributes of its nature as such. This term is synonymous with intension and comprehension; yet, the distinctions between them have been the object of controversies. J. S. Mill identifies connotation with signification and meaning, and includes in it much less than under comprehension or intension. The connotation of a general term (singular terms except descriptions are non-connotative) is the aggregate of all the other general terms necessarily implied by it is an abstract possibility and apart from exemplification in the actual world. It cannot be determined by denotation because necessity does not always refer to singular facts. Logicians who adopt this view distinguish connotation from comprehension by including in the latter contingent characters which do not enter in the former. Comprehension is thus the intensional reference of the concept, or the reference to universals of both general and singular terms. The determination of the comprehension of a concept is helped by its denotation, considering that reference is made also to singular, contingent, or particular objects exhibiting certain characteristics. In short, the connotation of a concept is its intensional reference determined intensionally; while its comprehension is its intensional reference extensionally determined. It may be observed that such a distinction and the view that the connotation of a concept contains only the notes which serve to define it, involves the nominalist principle that a concept may be reduced to what we are actually and explicitely thinking about the several notes we use to define it. Thus the connotation of a concept is much poorer than its actual content. Though the value of the concept seems to be saved by the recognition of its comprehension, it may be argued that the artificial introduction into the comprehension of both necessary and contingent notes, that is of actual and potential characteristics, confuses and perverts the notion of connotation as a logical property of our ideas. See Intension. -- T.G.
connection-oriented "networking" (Or connection-based, stream-oriented). A type of {transport layer} data communication service that allows a {host} to send data in a continuous stream to another host. The transport service will guarantee that all data will be delivered to the other end in the same order as sent and without duplication. Communication proceeds through three well-defined phases: connection establishment, data transfer, connection release. The most common example is {Transmission Control Protocol} (TCP), another is {ATM}. The network nodes at either end needs to inform all intermediate nodes about their service requirements and traffic parameters in order to establish communication. Opposite of {connectionless}, {datagram}. See also {circuit switching}, {packet switching}, {virtual circuit}. (2014-11-27)
Consciousness: (Lat. conscire, to know, to be cognizant of) A designation applied to conscious mind as opposed to a supposedly unconscious or subconscious mind (See Subconscious Mind; Unconscious Mind), and to the whole domain of the physical and non-mental. Consciousness is generally considered an indefinable term or rather a term definable only by direct introspective appeal to conscious experiences. The indefinability of consciousness is expressed by Sir William Hamilton: "Consciousness cannot be defined: we may be ourselves fully aware what consciousness is, but we cannot without confusion convey to others a definition of what we ourselves clearly apprehend. The reason is plain: consciousness lies at the root of all knowledge." (Lectures on Metaphysics, I, 191.) Ladd's frequently quoted definition of consciousness succeeds only in indicating the circumstances under which it is directly observable: "Whatever we are when we are awake, as contrasted with what we are when we sink into a profound and dreamless sleep, that is to be conscious."
conspicuous ::: a. --> Open to the view; obvious to the eye; easy to be seen; plainly visible; manifest; attracting the eye.
Obvious to the mental eye; easily recognized; clearly defined; notable; prominent; eminent; distinguished; as, a conspicuous excellence, or fault.
constant folding "compiler" A {compiler} {optimisation} technique where constant subexpressions are evaluated at {compile time}. This is usually only applied to built-in numerical and {boolean} operators whereas {partial evaluation} is more general in that expressions involving user-defined functions may also be evaluated at compile time. (1997-02-20)
constructor "programming" 1. In {object-oriented languages}, a {function} provided by a {class} to initialise a newly created {object}. The constructor function typically has the same name as the class. It may take arguments, e.g. to set various attributes of the object or it may just leave everything undefined to be set elsewhere. A class may also have a {destructor} function that is called when objects of the class are destroyed. 2. In {functional programming} and {type theory}, one of the symbols used to create an object with an {algebraic data type}. (2014-10-04)
contours ::: outlines of figures or bodies, edges or lines that define or bound shapes, objects or forms.
cooccurrence matrix "mathematics" Given a position operator P(i,j), let A be a nxn matrix whose element A[i][j] is the number of times that points with grey level (intensity) g[i] occur, in the position specified by P, relative to points with grey level g[j]. Let C be the nxn matrix that is produced by dividing A with the total number of point pairs that satisfy P. C[i][j] is a measure of the joint probability that a pair of points satisfying P will have values g[i], g[j]. C is called a cooccurrence matrix defined by P. Examples for the operator P are: "i above j", "i one position to the right and two below j", etc. (1995-05-11)
COOL 1. {Concurrent Object-Oriented Language}. 2. CLIPS Object-Oriented Language? 3. A C++ class library developed at {Texas Instruments} that defines {containers} like {Vectors}, {List}, {Hash_Table}, etc. It uses a shallow hierarchy with no common {base class}. The functionality is close to {Common Lisp} data structures (like {libg++}). The {template} {syntax} is very close to {Cfront} 3.x and {g++} 2.x. JCOOL's main difference from COOL and GECOOL is that it uses real C++ templates instead of a similar syntax that is preprocessed by a special 'cpp' distributed with COOL and GECOOL. {(ftp://csc.ti.com/pub/COOL.tar.Z)}. GECOOL, JCOOL: {(ftp://cs.utexas.edu/pub/COOL/)}. E-mail: Van-Duc Nguyen "nguyen@crd.ge.com" (1992-08-05)
Coordinated Universal Time "time, standard" (UTC, World Time) The standard time common to every place in the world. UTC is derived from {International Atomic Time} (TAI) by the addition of a whole number of "leap seconds" to synchronise it with {Universal Time} 1 (UT1), thus allowing for the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, the rotational axis tilt (23.5 degrees), but still showing the Earth's irregular rotation, on which UT1 is based. Coordinated Universal Time is expressed using a 24-hour clock and uses the {Gregorian calendar}. It is used in aeroplane and ship navigation, where it also sometimes known by the military name, "Zulu time". "Zulu" in the phonetic alphabet stands for "Z" which stands for longitude zero. UTC was defined by the International Radio Consultative Committee ({CCIR}), a predecessor of the {ITU-T}. CCIR Recommendation 460-4, or ITU-T Recommendation X.680 (7/94), contains the full definition. The language-independent international abbreviation, UTC, is neither English nor French. It means both "Coordinated Universal Time" and "Temps Universel Coordonné". {BIPM (http://www.bipm.org/enus/5_Scientific/c_time/time_1.html)}. {The Royal Observatory Greenwich (http://rog.nmm.ac.uk/leaflets/time/time.html)}. {History of UTC and GMT (http://ecco.bsee.swin.edu.au/chronos/GMT-explained.html)}. {U.S. National Institute of Standards & Technology (http://its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-009/_1277.htm)}. {UK National Physical Laboratory (http://npl.co.uk/npl/ctm/time_scales.html)}. {US Naval Observatory (http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/systime.html)}. {International Telecommunications Union (http://itu.int/radioclub/rr/arts02.htm)}. {Earth's irregular rotation (/pub/misc/earth_rotation)}. (2001-08-30)
coordinate "mathematics" One member of a {tuple} of numbers which defines the position of a point in some space. Commonly used coordinate systems have as many coordinates as their are dimensions in the space, e.g. a pair for two dimensions. The most common coordinate system is {Cartesian coordinates}, probably followed by {polar coordinates}. (1997-07-09)
coordination language "networking, protocol" A language defined specifically to allow two or more parties ({components}) to communicate in order to accomplish some shared goal. Examples of coordination languages are {Linda} and {Xerox}'s {CLF} ({STITCH}). (2004-04-18)
Correspondence: Suppose there is some determinate relation R between members a of a class A and members b of a class B. Consider a subclass B' of B, consisting of all the b's (in B) which are related by R to each member of some one sub-class A' of A. Then the members of B' may be said to correspond to the members of A'. If a class D corresponds to C as so defined (by means of the relation R and the chss C also corresponds to D (by means of the common relation R), the two classes may be said to correspond to each other.
country code "networking, standard" Originally, a two-letter abbreviation for a particular country (or geographical region), generally used as a {top-level domain}. Originally country codes were just for countries; but country codes have been allocated for many areas (mostly islands) that aren't countries, such as Antarctica (aq), Christmas Island (cx) and Saint Pierre et Miquelon (pm). Country codes are defined in {ISO 3166} and are used as the top level domain for {Internet} {hostnames} in most countries but hardly ever in the USA (code "us"). ISO 3166 defines short and full english and french names, two- and three-letter codes and a three-digit code for each country. There are also {language codes}. {Latest list (http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/02iso-3166-code-lists/list-en1.html)}. (2006-12-11)
CPL Combined Programming Language. U Cambridge and U London. A very complex language, syntactically based on ALGOL 60, with a pure functional subset. Provides the ..where.. form of local definitions. Strongly typed but has a "general" type enabling a weak form of polymorphism. Functions may be defined as either normal or applicative order. Typed array and polymorphic list structures. List selection is through structure matching. Partially implemented on the Titan (Atlas 2) computer at Cambridge. Led to the much simpler BCPL. "The Main Features of CPL", D.W. Barron et al, Computer J 6(2):134-143 (Jul 1963).
C preprocessor "tool, programming" (cpp) The standard {Unix} {macro}-expansion utility run as the first phase of the {C} compiler, {cc}. Cpp interprets lines beginning with "
C Programmer's Disease "programming" The tendency of the undisciplined {C} programmer to set arbitrary but supposedly generous static limits on table sizes (defined, if you're lucky, by constants in header files) rather than taking the trouble to do proper dynamic storage allocation. If an application user later needs to put 68 elements into a table of size 50, the afflicted programmer reasons that he or she can easily reset the table size to 68 (or even as much as 70, to allow for future expansion) and recompile. This gives the programmer the comfortable feeling of having made the effort to satisfy the user's (unreasonable) demands, and often affords the user multiple opportunities to explore the marvellous consequences of {fandango on core}. In severe cases of the disease, the programmer cannot comprehend why each fix of this kind seems only to further disgruntle the user. [{Jargon File}] (2001-12-31)
crease ::: n. --> See Creese.
A line or mark made by folding or doubling any pliable substance; hence, a similar mark, however produced.
One of the lines serving to define the limits of the bowler and the striker. ::: v. t.
crescent ::: n. --> The increasing moon; the moon in her first quarter, or when defined by a concave and a convex edge; also, applied improperly to the old or decreasing moon in a like state.
Anything having the shape of a crescent or new moon.
A representation of the increasing moon, often used as an emblem or badge
A symbol of Artemis, or Diana.
The ancient symbol of Byzantium or Constantinople.
Culture: (Lat. cultura, from colo, cultivate) The intrinsic value of society. Syn. with civilization. Employed by Spengler to define a civilization in its creative growth-period. The means, i.e. the tools, customs and institutions, of social groups; or the employment of such means. In psychology, the enlightenment or education of the individual. Some distinguish culture from civilization (q.v.) the former being the effect on personal development and expression (art, science, religion) of the institutions, materials and social organization identified with the latter. -- J.K.F.
curried function "mathematics, programming" A {function} of N {arguments} that is considered as a function of one argument which returns another function of N-1 arguments. E.g. in {Haskell} we can define: average :: Int -" (Int -" Int) (The parentheses are optional). A {partial application} of average, to one Int, e.g. (average 4), returns a function of type (Int -" Int) which averages its argument with 4. In uncurried languages a function must always be applied to all its arguments but a {partial application} can be represented using a {lambda abstraction}: \ x -" average(4,x) Currying is necessary if {full laziness} is to be applied to functional sub-expressions. It was named after the logician {Haskell Curry} but the 19th-century logician, {Gottlob Frege} was the first to propose it and it was first referred to in ["Uber die Bausteine der mathematischen Logik", M. Schoenfinkel, Mathematische Annalen. Vol 92 (1924)]. {David Turner} said he got the term from {Christopher Strachey} who invented the term "currying" and used it in his lecture notes on programming languages written circa 1967. Strachey also remarked that it ought really to be called "Schoenfinkeling". Stefan Kahrs "smk@dcs.ed.ac.uk" reported hearing somebody in Germany trying to introduce "scho"nen" for currying and "finkeln" for "uncurrying". The verb "scho"nen" means "to beautify"; "finkeln" isn't a German word, but it suggests "to fiddle". ["Some philosophical aspects of combinatory logic", H. B. Curry, The Kleene Symposium, Eds. J. Barwise, J. Keisler, K. Kunen, North Holland, 1980, pp. 85-101] (2002-07-24)
Darwin 1. "operating system" An {operating system} based on the {FreeBSD} version of {Unix}, running on top of a {microkernel} ({Mach} 3.0 with darwin 1.02) that offers advanced networking, services such as the {Apache} {web server}, and support for both {Macintosh} and Unix {file systems}. Darwin was originally released in March 1999. It currently runs on {PowerPC} based Macintosh computers, and, in October 2000, was being ported to {Intel} processor-based computers and compatible systems by the Darwin community. 2. "programming, tool" A general purpose structuring tool of use in building complex {distributed systems} from diverse components and diverse component interaction mechanisms. Darwin is being developed by the Distributed Software Engineering Section of the Department of Computing at {Imperial College}. It is in essence a {declarative} binding language which can be used to define hierarchic compositions of interconnected components. Distribution is dealt with orthogonally to system structuring. The language allows the specification of both static structures and dynamic structures which evolve during execution. The central abstractions managed by Darwin are components and services. Bindings are formed by manipulating references to services. The {operational semantics} of Darwin is described in terms of the {Pi-calculus}, {Milner}'s calculus of mobile processes. The correspondence between the treatment of names in the Pi-calculus and the management of service references in Darwin leads to an elegant and concise Pi-calculus model of Darwin's {operational semantics}. The model has proved useful in arguing the correctness of Darwin implementations and in designing extensions to Darwin and reasoning about their behaviour. {Distributed Software Engineering Section (http://www-dse.doc.ic.ac.uk/)}. {Darwin publications (http://scorch.doc.ic.ac.uk/dse-papers/darwin/)}. E-mail: Jeff Magee "jnm@doc.ic.ac.uk", Naranker Dulay "nd@doc.ic.ac.uk". 3. {Core War}. (2003-08-08)
database analyst "job" A person who uses {data modeling} to analyse and specify data use within an application area. A database analyst defines both {logical views} and physical data structures. In a {client/server} environment, he defines the database part of the back end system. (2004-03-11)
database normalisation "database" A series of steps followed to obtain a {database} design that allows for efficient access and {storage} of data in a {relational database}. These steps reduce data redundancy and the chances of data becoming inconsistent. A {table} in a {relational database} is said to be in normal form if it satisfies certain {constraints}. {Codd}'s original work defined three such forms but there are now five generally accepted steps of normalisation. The output of the first step is called First Normal Form (1NF), the output of the second step is Second Normal Form (2NF), etc. First Normal Form eliminates {repeating groups} by putting each value of a multi-valued attribute into a new row. Second Normal Form eliminates {functional dependencies} on a {partial key} by putting the fields in a separate table from those that are dependent on the whole {key}. Third Normal Form eliminates functional dependencies on non-key fields by putting them in a separate table. At this stage, all non-key fields are dependent on the key, the whole key and nothing but the key. Fourth Normal Form separates independent multi-valued facts stored in one table into separate tables. Fifth Normal Form breaks out data redundancy that is not covered by any of the previous normal forms. {(http://bkent.net/Doc/simple5.htm)}. [What about non-relational databases?] (2005-07-28)
Data definition language "language, database" (DDL) 1. A language enabling the structure and instances of a {database} to be defined in a human-, and machine-readable form. {SQL} contains DDL commands that can be used either interactively, or within programming language {source code}, to define databases and their components, e.g. CREATE and DROP. See also {Data manipulation language} (DML). 2. A specification language for databases, based on the {entity-relationship model}. It is used in the {Eli} {compiler-compiler} to manage type definitions. ["DDL Reference Manual", ECE Dept U Colorado, 1991]. (1999-04-26)
data dictionary file "database" (DDF) A set of files describing the structure of a {database} file. DDFs define {database tables} and include information about file locations, field layouts and indexes. DDFs are the standard method for defining field and index characteristics for {Btrieve} files. (1997-06-03)
Data Encryption Algorithm (DEA) An {ANSI} {standard} defined in ANSI X3.92-1981. It is identical to the {Data Encryption Standard} (DES). (1994-12-06)
Data Encryption Standard (DES) The {NBS}'s popular, standard {encryption} algorithm. It is a {product cipher} that operates on 64-bit blocks of data, using a 56-bit key. It is defined in {FIPS} 46-1 (1988) (which supersedes FIPS 46 (1977)). DES is identical to the {ANSI} standard {Data Encryption Algorithm} (DEA) defined in ANSI X3.92-1981. DES has been implemented in {VLSI}. {SunOS} provides a des command which can make use of DES hardware if fitted. Neither the software nor the hardware are supposed to be distributed outside the USA. {Unix manual pages}: des(1), des(3), des(4). (1994-12-06)
date "convention, data" A string unique to a time duration of 24 hours between 2 successive midnights defined by the local time zone. The specific representation of a date will depend on which calendar convention is in force; e.g., Gregorian, Islamic, Japanese, Chinese, Hebrew etc. as well as local ordering conventions such as UK: day/month/year, US: month/day/year. Inputting and outputting dates on computers is greatly complicated by these {localisation} issues which is why they tend to operate on dates internally in some unified form such as seconds past midnight at the start of the first of January 1970. Many software and hardware representations of dates allow only two digits for the year, leading to the {year 2000} problem. {Unix manual page}: date(1), ctime(3). (1997-07-11)
David Turner "person" Professor David A Turner. One of the pioneers of {functional languages}. He designed several languages, including, {SASL} (1976), {KRC} (1981), and {Miranda}, many of which were implemented using {combinators} and the {S-K reduction machine} which he defined. He coined the name "{ZF expression}" for the {list comprehension}. He worked at UKC and set up a company, {Research Software Limited} to market {Miranda}. (1994-12-06)
definable ::: a. --> Capable of being defined, limited, or explained; determinable; describable by definition; ascertainable; as, definable limits; definable distinctions or regulations; definable words.
defining ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Define
definite ::: a. --> Having certain or distinct; determinate in extent or greatness; limited; fixed; as, definite dimensions; a definite measure; a definite period or interval.
Having certain limits in signification; determinate; certain; precise; fixed; exact; clear; as, a definite word, term, or expression.
Determined; resolved.
Serving to define or restrict; limiting; determining; as,
definitional constraint programming "language" (DCP) A declarative, programming paradigm which integrates {concurrent constraint programming}, {constraint logic programming} and {functional programming}. In this setting a concurrent constraint language becomes a coordination system that organises the concurrent interaction of parallel functional computations. The language is also a generalisation of parallel {functional programming} languages, such as {Id}, where {constraints} and constraint abstractions are reused to define new constraints, as the means of programming logical variables for parallel coordination. {Goffin} is a DCP language. (1995-03-28)
definitive ::: a. --> Determinate; positive; final; conclusive; unconditional; express.
Limiting; determining; as, a definitive word.
Determined; resolved. ::: n. --> A word used to define or limit the extent of the
delta reduction "theory" In {lambda-calculus} extended with constants, delta reduction replaces a function applied to the required number of arguments (a {redex}) by a result. E.g. plus 2 3 --" 5. In contrast with {beta reduction} (the only kind of reduction in the {pure lambda-calculus}) the result is not formed simply by textual substitution of arguments into the body of a function. Instead, a delta redex is matched against the left hand side of all delta rules and is replaced by the right hand side of the (first) matching rule. There is notionally one delta rule for each possible combination of function and arguments. Where this implies an infinite number of rules, the result is usually defined by reference to some external system such as mathematical addition or the hardware operations of some computer. For other types, all rules can be given explicitly, for example {Boolean} negation: not True = False not False = True (1997-02-20)
De Morgan's laws: Are the two dually related theorems of the propositional calculus, ∼[p ∨ q] ≡ [∼p ∼q], ∼[pq] ≡ [∼p v ∼q], or the two corresponding dually related theorems of the algebra of classes, −(a ∪ b) = −a ∩ −b, −(a ∩ b) = −a ∪ −b. In the propositional calculus these laws (together with the law of double negation) make it possible to define conjunction in terms of negation and (inclusive) disjunction, or, alternatively, disjunction in terms of negation and conjunction. Similarly in the algebra of classes logical product may be defined in terms of logical sum and complementation, or logical sum in terms of logical product and complementation.
Descriptive Intermediate Attributed Notation for Ada "language" (DIANA) A formerly {de facto standard} {intermediate language} for {Ada} programs, developed by Goos and Wulf at {CMU} in January 1981. DIANA is an {attributed tree} representation, with an abstract interface defined in {Interface Description Language} (Nestor, Lamb and Wulf, CMU, 1981; Snodgrass(?), 1989(?)). DIANA resulted from a merger of {AIDA} and {TCOL.Ada}. At the present (2001) it is no longer used by the major ADA compilers ["DIANA - An Intermediate Language for Ada", G.T. Goos et al, LNCS 161, Springer 1983]. (2001-09-15)
Desktop Management Interface "standard, operating system" (DMI) A {specification} from the {Desktop Management Task Force} (DMTF) that establishes a standard {framework} for managing networked computers. DMI covers {hardware} and {software}, {desktop} systems and {servers}, and defines a model for filtering events and describing {interfaces}. DMI provides a common path for technical support, IT managers, and individual users to access information about all aspects of a computer - including {processor} type, installation date, attached {printers} and other {peripherals}, power sources, and maintenance history. It provides a common format for describing products to aid vendors, systems integrators, and end users in enterprise desktop management. DMI is not tied to any specific hardware, operating system, or management protocols. It is easy for vendors to adopt, mappable to existing management protocols such as {Simple Network Management Protocol} (SNMP), and can be used on non-network computers. DMI's four components are: Management Information Format (MIF) - a text file containing information about the hardware and software on a computer. Manufacturers can create their own MIFs specific to a component. Service layer - an OS add-on that connects the management interface and the component interface and allows management and component software to access MIF files. The service layer also includes a common interface called the local agent, which is used to manage individual components. Component interface (CI) - an {application program interface} (API) that sends status information to the appropriate MIF file via the service layer. Commands include Get, Set, and Event. Management interface (MI) - the management software's interface to the service layer. Commands are Get, Set, and List. CI, MI, and service layer drivers are available on the Internet. {Intel}'s {LANDesk Client Manager} (LDCM) is based on DMI. Version: 2.0s (as of 2000-01-19). {(http://dmtf.org/spec/dmis.html)}. {Sun overview (http://sun.com/solstice/products/ent.agents/presentations/sld014.html)}. (2000-01-19)
Destiny: (Fr. destiner. to be intended) Future necessity; the legal outcome of actuality. Divine foreordainment, or the predetermined and unalterable course of events. Defined by Peirce (1839-1914) as the embodiment of generals in existence. -- J.K.F.
determinate ::: a. --> Having defined limits; not uncertain or arbitrary; fixed; established; definite.
Conclusive; decisive; positive.
Determined or resolved upon.
Of determined purpose; resolute. ::: v. t.
deuterogamy ::: n. --> A second marriage, after the death of the first husband of wife; -- in distinction from bigamy, as defined in the old canon law. See Bigamy.
Didot point "unit, text" A variant of the {point}, equal to 0.3759 mm, or 1/72 of a French Royal inch (27.07 mm), or about 1/68 inch. Didot points are used in Europe. This unit is named after the French printer François Ambroise Didot (1730 - 1804) who defined the "point-based" typographical measurement system. (2002-03-11)
diffine ::: v. t. --> To define.
Digital Audio Tape "storage, music" (DAT) A format for storing music on magnetic tape, developed in the mid-1980s by {Sony} and {Philips}. As digital music was popularized by {compact discs}, the need for a digital recording format for the consumer existed. The problem is that digital music contains over 5 megabytes of data per minute before error correction and supplementary information. Before DAT, the only way to record digitally was to use a video or a reel-to-reel recorder. DAT uses a rotary-head (or "helical scan") format, where the read/write head spins diagonally across the tape like a video cassette recorder. Thus the proper name is "R-DAT", where "R" for rotary distinguishes it from "S-DAT", a stationary design that did not make it out of the laboratories. Studio reel-to-reel decks are able to use stationary heads because they can have wider tape and faster tape speeds, but for the desired small medium of DAT the rotary-head compromise was made despite the potential problems with more moving parts. Most DAT recorders appear to be a cross between a typical analog cassette deck and a {compact disc} player. In addition to the music, one can record subcode information such as the number of the track (so one can jump between songs in a certain order) or absolute time (counted from the beginning of the tape). The tape speed is much faster than a regular deck (one can rewind 30 minutes of music in 10-25 seconds), though not quite as fast as a compact disc player. DAT decks have both analog and digital inputs and outputs. DAT tapes have only one recordable side and can be as long 120 minutes. DAT defines the following recording modes with the following performance specifications... 2 channel 48KHz Sample rate, 16-bit linear encoding 120 min max. Frequency Response 2-22KHz (+-0.5dB) SN = 93 dB DR = 93 dB 2 channel 44.1Khz Sample rate, 16-bit linear encoding 120 min max Frequency Response 2-22KHz (+-0.5dB) SN = 93 dB DR = 93 dB 2 channel 32KHz Sample Rate, 12-bit non-linear encoding 240 min max Frequency Response 2-14.5KHz (+-0.5dB) SN = 92 dB DR = 92 dB 4 channel 32KHz (not supported by any deck) DAT is also used for recording computer data. Most computer DAT recorders use DDS format which is the same as audio DAT but they usually have completely different connectors and it is not always possible to read tapes from one system on the other. Computer tapes can be used in audio machines but are usually more expensive. You can record for two minutes on each metre of tape. (1995-02-09)
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications "communications, standard" (DECT, formerly ".. European ..") A {standard} developed by the {European Telecommunication Standard Institute} from 1988, governing pan-European {digital mobile telephony}. DECT covers wireless {PBXs}, {telepoint}, residential {cordless telephones}, wireless access to the {public switched telephone network}, Closed User Groups (CUGs), {Local Area Networks}, and wireless {local loop}. DECT defines only the radio connection between two points and can be used for remote access to public and private networks. Other mobility standards, such as {GSM}, {TACS}, and {DCS 1800} add the necessary switching, signaling, and management functions that are not specified by DECT. The DECT Common Interface radio standard is a {multicarrier} {time division multiple access}, {time division duplex} (MC-TDMA-TDD) radio transmission technique using ten {radio frequency} channels from 1880 to 1930 MHz, each divided into 24 time slots of 10ms, and twelve {full-duplex} accesses per {carrier}, for a total of 120 possible combinations. A DECT base station (an RFP, Radio Fixed Part) can transmit all 12 possible accesses (time slots) simultaneously by using different frequencies or using only one frequency. All signaling information is transmitted from the RFP within a multiframe (16 frames). {Voice} signals are digitally encoded into a 32 kbit/s signal using {Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation}. The {handover} process is requested autonomously by the portable terminal and the Radio Fixed Parts, according to the carrier signal levels. A "Generic Access Profile" defines a minimum set of requirements for the support of speech telephony. {(http://italtel.it/catalog/data/inglese/capc_5.htm)}. (1999-04-13)
dike To remove or disable a portion of something, as a wire from a computer or a subroutine from a program. A standard slogan is "When in doubt, dike it out". (The implication is that it is usually more effective to attack software problems by reducing complexity than by increasing it.) The word "dikes" is widely used among mechanics and engineers to mean "diagonal cutters", especially the heavy-duty metal-cutting version, but may also refer to a kind of wire-cutters used by electronics technicians. To "dike something out" means to use such cutters to remove something. Indeed, the TMRC Dictionary defined dike as "to attack with dikes". Among hackers this term has been metaphorically extended to informational objects such as sections of code. [{Jargon File}]
"Dionysius" used the word to express a type of "Theology" rather than an experience. For him and for many interpreters since his day, Mysticism stands for a religious theory or system, which conceives of God as absolutely transcendent, beyond reason, thought, intellect and all approaches of mind. The way up is a via negativa. It is Agnostia, "unknowing knowing". This type of Mysticism, which emerged from the Neo-Platonic stream of thought might be defined as Belief in the possibility of Union with the Divine by means of ecstatic contemplation.
discrete cosine transform "mathematics" (DCT) A technique for expressing a waveform as a weighted sum of cosines. The DCT is central to many kinds of {signal processing}, especially video {compression}. Given data A(i), where i is an integer in the range 0 to N-1, the forward DCT (which would be used e.g. by an encoder) is: B(k) = sum A(i) cos((pi k/N) (2 i + 1)/2) i=0 to N-1 B(k) is defined for all values of the frequency-space variable k, but we only care about integer k in the range 0 to N-1. The inverse DCT (which would be used e.g. by a decoder) is: AA(i)= sum B(k) (2-delta(k-0)) cos((pi k/N)(2 i + 1)/2) k=0 to N-1 where delta(k) is the {Kronecker delta}. The main difference between this and a {discrete Fourier transform} (DFT) is that the DFT traditionally assumes that the data A(i) is periodically continued with a period of N, whereas the DCT assumes that the data is continued with its mirror image, then periodically continued with a period of 2N. Mathematically, this transform pair is exact, i.e. AA(i) == A(i), resulting in {lossless coding}; only when some of the coefficients are approximated does compression occur. There exist fast DCT {algorithms} in analogy to the {Fast Fourier Transform}. (1997-03-10)
distinct ::: a. --> Distinguished; having the difference marked; separated by a visible sign; marked out; specified.
Marked; variegated.
Separate in place; not conjunct; not united by growth or otherwise; -- with from.
Not identical; different; individual.
So separated as not to be confounded with any other thing; not liable to be misunderstood; not confused; well-defined;
distinction ::: n. --> A marking off by visible signs; separation into parts; division.
The act of distinguishing or denoting the differences between objects, or the qualities by which one is known from others; exercise of discernment; discrimination.
That which distinguishes one thing from another; distinguishing quality; sharply defined difference; as, the distinction between real and apparent good.
district ::: a. --> Rigorous; stringent; harsh. ::: n. --> The territory within which the lord has the power of coercing and punishing.
A division of territory; a defined portion of a state, town, or city, etc., made for administrative, electoral, or other
dithering "data, algorithm" A technique used in {quantisation} processes such as {graphics} and {audio} to reduce or remove the correlation between noise and signal. Dithering is used in {computer graphics} to create additional colors and shades from an existing {palette} by interspersing {pixels} of different colours. On a {monochrome} display, areas of grey are created by varying the proportion of black and white pixels. In colour displays and printers, colours and textures are created by varying the proportions of existing colours. The different colours can either be distributed randomly or regularly. The higher the {resolution} of the display, the smoother the dithered colour will appear to the eye. Dithering doesn't reduce resolution. There are three types: regular dithering which uses a very regular predefined pattern; random dither where the pattern is a random noise; and pseudo random dither which uses a very large, very regular, predefined pattern. Dithering is used to create patterns for use as backgrounds, fills and shading, as well as for creating {halftones} for printing. When used for printing is it very sensitive to paper properties. Dithering can be combined with {rasterising}. It is not related to {anti-aliasing}. (2003-07-20)
domain 1. "networking" A group of computers whose {fully qualified domain names} (FQDN) share a common suffix, the "domain name". The {Domain Name System} maps {hostnames} to {Internet address} using a hierarchical {namespace} where each level in the hierarchy contributes one component to the FQDN. For example, the computer foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk is in the doc.ic.ac.uk domain, which is in the ic.ac.uk domain, which is in the ac.uk domain, which is in the uk {top-level domain}. A domain name can contain up to 67 characters including the dots that separate components. These can be letters, numbers and hyphens. 2. An {administrative domain} is something to do with {routing}. 3. {Distributed Operating Multi Access Interactive Network}. 4. "mathematics" In the theory of functions, the set of argument values for which a {function} is defined. See {domain theory}. 5. "programming" A specific phase of the {software life cycle} in which a developer works. Domains define developers' and users' areas of responsibility and the scope of possible relationships between products. 6. The subject or market in which a piece of software is designed to work. (2007-10-01)
Domain Architecture Model "systems analysis" A set of software architectures generic to a {domain} that define organising frameworks for constructing new application designs and implementations within the domain, consistent with the domain requirements model. (1997-12-26)
Domain Name System "networking" (DNS) A general-purpose distributed, replicated, data query service chiefly used on {Internet} for translating {hostnames} into {Internet addresses}. Also, the style of {hostname} used on the Internet, though such a name is properly called a {fully qualified domain name}. DNS can be configured to use a sequence of name servers, based on the domains in the name being looked for, until a match is found. The name resolution client (e.g. Unix's gethostbyname() library function) can be configured to search for host information in the following order: first in the local {hosts file}, second in {NIS} and third in DNS. This sequencing of Naming Services is sometimes called "name service switching". Under {Solaris} is configured in the file /etc/nsswitch.conf. DNS can be queried interactively using the command {nslookup}. It is defined in {STD 13}, {RFC 1034}, {RFC 1035}, {RFC 1591}. {BIND} is a common DNS server. {Info from Virtual Office, Inc. (http://virtual.office.com/domains.html)}. (2001-05-14)
dot file "operating system, convention" A {Unix} {application program} configuration file. On {Unix}, files named with a leading dot are not normally shown in directory listings. Many programs define one or more dot files in which startup or configuration information may be optionally recorded; a user can customise the program's behaviour by creating the appropriate file in the current or {home directory}. Dot files tend to proliferate - with every nontrivial application program defining at least one, a user's home directory can be filled with scores of dot files, without the user really being aware of it. Common examples are .profile, .cshrc, .login, .emacs, .mailrc, .forward, .newsrc, .plan, .rhosts, .sig, .xsession. See also {profile}, {rc file}. [{Jargon File}] (1994-12-07)
doubtful ::: a. --> Not settled in opinion; undetermined; wavering; hesitating in belief; also used, metaphorically, of the body when its action is affected by such a state of mind; as, we are doubtful of a fact, or of the propriety of a measure.
Admitting of doubt; not obvious, clear, or certain; questionable; not decided; not easy to be defined, classed, or named; as, a doubtful case, hue, claim, title, species, and the like.
Characterized by ambiguity; dubious; as, a doubtful
draw ::: 1. To cause to move in a given direction or to a given position, as by leading. 2. To bring towards oneself or itself, as by inherent force or influence; attract. 3. To cause to come by attracting; attract. 4. To cause to move in a particular direction by or as by a pulling force; pull; drag. 5. To get, take or obtain as from a source; to derive. 6. To bring, take, or pull out, as from a receptacle or source. 7. To draw a (or the) line (fig.) to determine or define the limit between two things or groups; in modern colloquial use (esp. with at), to lay down a definite limit of action beyond which one refuses to go. 8. To make, sketch (a picture or representation of someone or something) in lines or words; to design, trace out, delineate; depict; also, to mould, model. 9. To mark or lay out; trace. 10. To compose or write out in legal format. 11. To write out (a bill of exchange or promissory note). 12. To disembowel. 13. To move or pull so as to cover or uncover something. 14. To suck or take in (air, for example); inhale. 15. To extend, lengthen, prolong, protract. 16. To cause to move after or toward one by applying continuous force; drag. draws, drew, drawn, drawing, wide-drawn.
Dylperl A {dynamic linking} package for {Perl} by Roberto Salama "rs@fi.gs.com". Dynamically loaded functions are accessed as if they were user-defined functions. This code is based on Oliver Sharp's May 1993 article in Dr. Dobbs Journal ("Dynamic Linking under Berkeley Unix"). Posted to {news:comp.lang.perl} on 1993-08-11. (1993-08-11)
dynamic adaptive routing Automatic re{routing} of traffic based on analysis of current {network} conditions. This does not include routing decisions based on predefined information. (1995-01-30)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol "protocol" (DHCP) A {protocol} that provides a means to dynamically allocate {IP address}es to computers on a {local area network}. The {system administrator} assigns a range of IP addresses to DHCP and each client computer on the LAN has its {TCP/IP} software configured to request an IP address from the DHCP server. The request and grant process uses a lease concept with a controllable time period. DHCP is defined in {RFC 2131}. {Microsoft} introduced DHCP on their {NT server} with version 3.5 in late 1994. {(http://dhcp.org/)}. (1998-11-22)
Dynamic Object-Oriented Requirements System "programming, tool, product" (DOORS) A tool from {Quality Systems & Software Ltd.} for handling all kinds of {requirements} (in fact, any information at all) as modules containing trees of text objects, qualified by an arbitrary number of user-defined attributes, and cross-linked by directional links.
edgy ::: a. --> Easily irritated; sharp; as, an edgy temper.
Having some of the forms, such as drapery or the like, too sharply defined.
EL1 Extensible Language One. An extensible language by B. Wegbreit of Harvard ca 1974. EL1 is internally somewhat {Lisp}-like, but fully typed with {records} and pointers. The external {syntax} is {ALGOL}-like and extensible, supporting user-defined {data structures}, control structures and operations. The {parser} is table-driven, with a modifiable set of productions. Used as the basis for the {ECL} {operating system}. ["Studies in Extensible Programming Languages", B. Wegbreit, Garland. Pub 1980].
El Camino Bignum "humour" /el' k*-mee'noh big'nuhm/ The road mundanely called El Camino Real, a road through the San Francisco peninsula that originally extended all the way down to Mexico City and many portions of which are still intact. Navigation on the San Francisco peninsula is usually done relative to El Camino Real, which defines {logical} north and south even though it isn't really north-south many places. El Camino Real runs right past {Stanford University}. The Spanish word "real" (which has two syllables: /ray-al'/) means "royal"; El Camino Real is "the royal road". In the {Fortran} language, a "{real}" quantity is a number typically precise to seven significant digits, and a "{double precision}" quantity is a larger {floating-point} number, precise to perhaps fourteen significant digits (other languages have similar "real" types). When a {hacker} from {MIT} visited Stanford in 1976, he remarked what a long road El Camino Real was. Making a pun on "real", he started calling it "El Camino Double Precision" - but when the hacker was told that the road was hundreds of miles long, he renamed it "El Camino Bignum", and that name has stuck. (See {bignum}). [{Jargon File}] (1996-07-16)
electronic commerce "application, communications" (EC) The conducting of business communication and transactions over networks and through computers. As most restrictively defined, electronic commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services, and the transfer of funds, through digital communications. However EC also includes all inter-company and intra-company functions (such as marketing, finance, manufacturing, selling, and negotiation) that enable commerce and use {electronic mail}, {EDI}, file transfer, fax, {video conferencing}, {workflow}, or interaction with a remote computer. Electronic commerce also includes buying and selling over the {web} and the {Internet}, {electronic funds transfer}, {smart cards}, {digital cash} (e.g. Mondex), and all other ways of doing business over digital networks. [{Electronic Commerce Dictionary}]. (1995-10-08)
Electronics Industry Association "body, standard" (EIA) A body which publishes "Recommended Standards" (RS) for physical devices and their means of interfacing. {EIA-232} is their standard that defines a computer's {serial port}, connector pin-outs, and electrical signaling. (1995-03-02)
elusive ::: 1. Eluding clear perception or complete mental grasp; hard to express or define. 2. Cleverly or skilfully evasive.
encapsulation 1. The technique used by layered protocols in which a layer adds header information to the protocol data unit (PDU) from the layer above. As an example, in Internet terminology, a packet would contain a header from the physical layer, followed by a header from the network layer (IP), followed by a header from the transport layer (TCP), followed by the application protocol data. 2. The ability to provide users with a well-defined interface to a set of functions in a way which hides their internal workings. In {object-oriented programming}, the technique of keeping together data structures and the methods (procedures) which act on them. (1998-09-07)
Enhanced Capabilities Port "hardware" (ECP) The most common {parallel printer interface} on current (1997) {IBM PC} compatibles. Enhanced Capabilities Port is defined in standard IEEE 1284. It is bi-directional and faster than earlier parallel ports. Not to be confused with {Extended Capabilities Port}. (1997-12-01)
Entity: A real being; also the common element in all individuals belonging to a genus or species, which may be considered apart from the individual characteristics. Sometimes used in the sense of a vague and ill-defined reality. -- J.J.R.
ephemeral port "networking" A {TCP} or {UDP} {port} number that is automatically allocated from a predefined range by the {TCP/IP stack} software, typically to provide the port for the client end of a {client-server} communication. {BSD} used ports 1024 through 4999 as ephemeral ports, though it is often desirable to increase this allocation. {(http://ncftpd.com/ncftpd/doc/misc/ephemeral_ports.html)}. (2002-10-06)
equivalence relation "mathematics" A relation R on a set including elements a, b, c, which is reflexive (a R a), symmetric (a R b =" b R a) and transitive (a R b R c =" a R c). An equivalence relation defines an {equivalence} class. See also {partial equivalence relation}. (1996-05-13)
equivalent isotropically radiated power "communications" (EIRP) The power radiated by a radio antenna calculated as the power output of the {intentional radiator} multiplied by the gain of the antenna (due to its shape). Limits are defined by the {FCC} and other national regulators. (2008-02-11)
Erlang 1. "person" {Agner Krarup Erlang}. (The other senses were named after him). 2. "language" A concurrent {functional language} for large industrial {real-time} systems by Armstrong, Williams and Virding of Ellemtel, Sweden. Erlang is untyped. It has {pattern matching} syntax, {recursion equations}, explicit {concurrency}, {asynchronous message passing} and is relatively free from {side-effects}. It supports transparent cross-{platform} distribution. It has primitives for detecting run-time errors, real-time {garbage collection}, {modules}, {dynamic code replacement} (change code in a continuously running real-time system) and a {foreign language interface}. An unsupported free version is available (subject to a non-commercial licence). Commercial versions with support are available from {Erlang Systems AB}. An {interpreter} in {SICStus Prolog} and compilers in {C} and Erlang are available for several {Unix} {platforms}. {Open Telecom Platform} (OTP) is a set of {libraries} and tools. {Commercial version (http://erlang.se/)} - sales, support, training, consultants. {Open-source version (http://erlang.org/)} - downloads, user-contributed software, mailing lists. {Training and consulting (http://erlang-consulting.com/)}. E-mail: "erlang@erix.ericsson.se". [Erlang - "Concurrent Programming in Erlang", J. Armstrong, M. & Williams R. Virding, Prentice Hall, 1993. ISBN 13-285792-8.] 3. "unit" 36 {CCS} per hour, or 1 call-second per second. Erlang is a unit without dimension, accepted internationally for measuring the traffic intensity. This unit is defined as the aggregate of continuous occupation of a channel for one hour (3600 seconds). An intensity of one Erlang means the channel is continuously occupied. (2003-03-25)
ESMTP "messaging, protocol" Extended {SMTP}. Initially defined in {RFC 1869} and extended thereafter. See also {ETRN}. (1997-11-21)
essence ::: “Essence can never be defined—it simply is.” Letters on Yoga
Essence: (Lat. essentia, fr. essens, participle of esse, to be) The being or power of a thing; necessary internal relation or function. The Greek philosophers identified essence and substance in the term, ousia. In classic Latin essence was the idea or law of a thing. But in scholastic philosophy the distinction between essence and substance became important. Essence began to be identified, as in its root meaning, with being, or power. For Locke, the being whereby a thing is what it is. For Kant, the primary internal principle of all that belongs to the being of a thing. For Peirce, the intelligible element of the possibility of being. (a) In logic: definition or the elements of a thing; the genus and differentia. See Definition. (b) In epistemology: that intelligible character which defines what an indefinite predicate asserts. The universal possibility of a thing. Opposite of existence. Syn. with being, possibility. See Santayana's use of the term in Realm of Essence, as a hybrid of intuited datum and scholastic essence (q.v.). See Eternal object. -- J.K.F.
essence ::: n. --> The constituent elementary notions which constitute a complex notion, and must be enumerated to define it; sometimes called the nominal essence.
The constituent quality or qualities which belong to any object, or class of objects, or on which they depend for being what they are (distinguished as real essence); the real being, divested of all logical accidents; that quality which constitutes or marks the true nature of anything; distinctive character; hence, virtue or quality of
Ethernet Private Line "networking" (EPL) A data service defined by the {Metro Ethernet Forum}, providing a point-to-point Ethernet connection between a pair of dedicated User-Network Interfaces (UNIs), with a high degree of transparency. (2010-09-21)
ETRN "messaging, protocol" ("Extended {TURN}") An {ESMTP} command (first defined in {RFC 1985}) with which a {client} asks the {server} to deliver queued mail to the client via a new ESMTP connection. ETRN supersedes the {SMTP} "TURN" command in the same way that ESMTP's "{EHLO}" supersedes SMTP's "{HELO}". (1997-11-21)
eudaemonism ::: n. --> That system of ethics which defines and enforces moral obligation by its relation to happiness or personal well-being.
Eureka step In {program transformation}, a transformation which is not obvious or easy to define as an {algorithm}. (1994-12-08)
evaluator "theory" Geoff Burn defines evaluators E0, E1, E2 and E3 which when applied to an expression, reduce it to varying degrees. E0 does no evaluation, E1 it evaluates to {weak head normal form} (WHNF), E2 evaluates the structure of a list, i.e. it evaluates it either to NIL or evaluates it to a CONS and then applies E2 to the second argument of the CONS. E3 evaluates the structure of a list and evaluates each element of the list to {WHNF}. This concept can be extended to data structures other than lists and forms the basis of the {evaluation transformer} style of {strictness analysis}. (1994-12-12)
exception An error condition that changes the normal {flow of control} in a program. An exception may be generated ("raised") by {hardware} or {software}. Hardware exceptions include {reset}, {interrupt} or a signal from a {memory management unit}. Exceptions may be generated by the {arithmetic logic unit} or {floating-point unit} for numerical errors such as divide by zero, {overflow} or {underflow} or {instruction decoding} errors such as privileged, reserved, {trap} or undefined instructions. Software exceptions are even more varied and the term could be applied to any kind of error checking which alters the normal behaviour of the program. (1994-10-31)
explained ::: 1. Made plain or comprehensible. 2. Defined; interpreted; expounded. 3. Make known in detail. explains.
expression "programming" Any piece of program code in a {high-level language} which, when (if) its execution terminates, returns a value. In most programming languages, expressions consist of constants, variables, operators, functions, and {parentheses}. The operators and functions may be built-in or user defined. Languages differ on how expressions of different {types} may be combined - with some combination of explicit {casts} and implicit {coercions}. The {syntax} of expressions generally follows conventional mathematical notation, though some languages such as {Lisp} or {Forth} have their own idiosyncratic syntax. (2001-05-14)
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code "character, standard" /eb's*-dik/, /eb'see`dik/, /eb'k*-dik/, /ee`bik'dik`/, /*-bik'dik`/ (EBCDIC) A proprietary 8-bit {character set} used on {IBM} {dinosaurs}, the {AS/400}, and {e-Server}. EBCDIC is an extension to 8 bits of BCDIC (Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code), an earlier 6-bit character set used on IBM computers. EBCDIC was [first?] used on the successful {System/360}, anounced on 1964-04-07, and survived for many years despite the almost universal adoption of {ASCII} elsewhere. Was this concern for {backward compatibility} or, as many believe, a marketing strategy to lock in IBM customers? IBM created 57 national EBCDIC character sets and an International Reference Version (IRV) based on {ISO 646} (and hence ASCII compatible). Documentation on these was not easily accessible making international exchange of data even between IBM mainframes a tricky task. US EBCDIC uses more or less the same characters as {ASCII}, but different {code points}. It has non-contiguous letter sequences, some ASCII characters do not exist in EBCDIC (e.g. {square brackets}), and EBCDIC has some ({cent sign}, {not sign}) not in ASCII. As a consequence, the translation between ASCII and EBCDIC was never officially completely defined. Users defined one translation which resulted in a so-called de-facto EBCDIC containing all the characters of ASCII, that all ASCII-related programs use. Some printers, telex machines, and even electronic cash registers can speak EBCDIC, but only so they can converse with IBM mainframes. For an in-depth discussion of character code sets, and full translation tables, see {Guidelines on 8-bit character codes (ftp://ftp.ulg.ac.be/pub/docs/iso8859/iso8859.networking)}. {A history of character codes (http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/characcodehist.html)}. (2002-03-03)
Extensible Shell "operating system" (es) A {Unix} {shell} written by Byron Rakitzis "byron@netapp.com" and Paul Haahr "haahr@adobe.com", derived from {rc}. Es has real {functions}, {closures}, {exceptions} and lets you redefine most internal shell operations. Version: 0.84. {(ftp://ftp.sys.utoronto.ca/pub/es/)}. ["Es - A Shell with Higher Order Functions", P. Haahr et al, Proc Winter 1993 Usenix Technical Conference]. (1993-04-30)
Exterior Gateway Protocol "networking" (EGP) A {protocol} which distributes {routing} information to the {routers} which connect {autonomous systems}. The term "{gateway}" is historical, and "router" is currently the preferred term. There is also a routing protocol called {EGP} defined in {STD 18}, {RFC 904}. See also {Border Gateway Protocol}, {Interior Gateway Protocol}.
eXternal Data Representation (XDR) A {standard} for machine independent data structures developed by {Sun Microsystems} for use in {remote procedure call} systems. It is defined in {RFC 1014} and is similar to {ASN.1}. (1994-12-13)
ezd "graphics, tool" (Easy drawing) A graphics {server} that sits between an {application program} and an {X} server and allows both existing and new programs easy access to structured graphics. Ezd users have been able to have their programs produce interactive drawings within hours of reading the manual page. Ezd supports structured graphics - application defined graphical objects are ordered into drawings by the application. Unlike most X tools, ezd does not require any event handling by the application. The ezd server maintains the window contents. When an event occurs an application supplied {Scheme} expression is evaluated. {(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/ezd/)}. Contact: Joel Bartlett. (2000-03-25)
factorial "mathematics" The mathematical {function} that takes a {natural number}, N, and returns the product of N and all smaller positive integers. This is written N! = N * (N-1) * (N-2) * ... * 1. The factorial of zero is one because it is an {empty product}. Factorial can be defined {recursively} as 0! = 1 N! = N * (N-1)! , N " 0 The {gamma function} is the equivalent for {real numbers}. For example, the number of ways of shuffling 52 playing cards is 52! or nearly 10^68. {52 Factorial (http://czep.net/weblog/52cards.html)}. (2012-11-23)
feeping creaturism /fee'ping kree"ch*r-izm/ A deliberate spoonerism for {creeping featurism}, meant to imply that the system or program in question has become a misshapen creature of hacks. This term isn"t really well defined, but it sounds so neat that most hackers have said or heard it. It is probably reinforced by an image of terminals prowling about in the dark making their customary noises.
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) A 100 Mbit/s {ANSI} {standard} {local area network} architecture, defined in X3T9.5. The underlying medium is {optical fibre} (though it can be copper cable, in which case it may be called {CDDI}) and the topology is a {dual-attached}, counter-rotating {token ring}. FDDI rings are normally constructed in the form of a "dual ring of trees". A small number of devices, typically infrastructure devices such as {routers} and {concentrators} rather than {host} computers, are connected to both rings - these are referred to as "{dual-attached}". Host computers are then connected as {single-attached} devices to the {routers} or {concentrators}. The dual ring in its most degenerate form is simply collapsed into a single device. In any case, the whole dual ring is typically contained within a computer room. This network topology is required because the dual ring actually passes through each connected device and requires each such device to remain continuously operational (the standard actually allows for optical bypasses but these are considered to be unreliable and error-prone). Devices such as {workstations} and {minicomputers} that may not be under the control of the {network managers} are not suitable for connection to the dual ring. As an alternative to a dual-attached connection, the same degree of resilience is available to a {workstation} through a {dual-homed} connection which is made simultaneously to two separate devices in the same FDDI ring. One of the connections becomes active while the other one is automatically blocked. If the first connection fails, the backup link takes over with no perceptible delay. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.dcom.lans.fddi}. (1994-12-13)
field-programmable gate array "hardware" (FPGA) A {gate array} where the logic network can be programmed into the device after its manufacture. An FPGA consists of an array of logic elements, either gates or lookup table {RAMs}, {flip-flops} and programmable interconnect wiring. Most FPGAs are reprogrammable, since their logic functions and interconnect are defined by RAM cells. The {Xilinx} LCA, {Altera} FLEX and {AT&T} ORCA devices are examples. Others can only be programmed once, by closing "antifuses". These retain their programming permanently. The {Actel} FPGAs are the leading example of such devices. Atmel FPGAs are currently (July 1997) the only ones in which part of the array can be reprogrammed while other parts are active. As of 1994, FPGAs have logic capacity up to 10K to 20K 2-input-NAND-equivalent gates, up to about 200 I/O pins and can run at {clock rates} of 50 MHz or more. FPGA designs must be prepared using {CAD} software tools, usually provided by the chip vendor, to do technology mapping, partitioning and placement, routing, and binary output. The resulting binary can be programmed into a {ROM} connected to the FPGA or {downloaded} to the FPGA from a connected computer. In addition to ordinary logic applications, FPGAs have enabled the development of {logic emulators}. There is also research on using FPGAs as computing devices, taking direct advantage of their reconfigurability into problem-specific hardware processors. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.arch.fpga}. (1997-07-11)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) A {client-server} protocol which allows a user on one computer to transfer files to and from another computer over a {TCP/IP} network. Also the client program the user executes to transfer files. It is defined in {STD 9}, {RFC 959}. See also {anonymous FTP}, {FSP}, {TFTP}. {Unix manual page}: ftp(1). (1994-12-01)
file type "file format" The kind of data stored in a file. Most modern {operating systems} use the {filename extension} to determine the file type though others store this information elsewhere in the {file system}. The file type is used to choose an appropriate icon to represent the file in a {GUI} and the correct {application} with which to view, edit, run, or print the file. Different operating systems support different sets of file types though most agree on a large common set and allow arbitrary new types to be defined. See also {MIME}. {FileInfo.com - The File Extensions Resource (http://fileinfo.com/)} (2009-03-27)
filter 1. (Originally {Unix}, now also {MS-DOS}) A program that processes an input data stream into an output data stream in some well-defined way, and does no I/O to anywhere else except possibly on error conditions; one designed to be used as a stage in a {pipeline} (see {plumbing}). Compare {sponge}. 2. ({functional programming}) A {higher-order function} which takes a {predicate} and a list and returns those elements of the list for which the predicate is true. In {Haskell}: filter p [] = [] filter p (x:xs) = if p x then x : rest else rest where rest = filter p xs See also {filter promotion}. [{Jargon File}]
"First, we affirm an Absolute as the origin and support and secret Reality of all things. The Absolute Reality is indefinable and ineffable by mental thought and mental language; it is self-existent and self-evident to itself, as all absolutes are self-evident, but our mental affirmatives and negatives, whether taken separatively or together, cannot limit or define it.” The Life Divine
“First, we affirm an Absolute as the origin and support and secret Reality of all things. The Absolute Reality is indefinable and ineffable by mental thought and mental language; it is self-existent and self-evident to itself, as all absolutes are self-evident, but our mental affirmatives and negatives, whether taken separatively or together, cannot limit or define it.” The Life Divine
fix 1. "mathematics" The {fixed point} {combinator}. Called Y in {combinatory logic}. Fix is a {higher-order function} which returns a fixed point of its argument (which is a function). fix :: (a -" a) -" a fix f = f (fix f) Which satisfies the equation fix f = x such that f x = x. Somewhat surprisingly, fix can be defined as the non-recursive {lambda abstraction}: fix = \ h . (\ x . h (x x)) (\ x . h (x x)) Since this involves self-application, it has an {infinite type}. A function defined by f x1 .. xN = E can be expressed as f = fix (\ f . \ x1 ... \ xN . E) = (\ f . \ x1 ... \xN . E) (fix (\ f . \ x1 ... \ xN . E)) = let f = (fix (\ f . \ x1 ... \ xN . E)) in \ x1 ... \xN . E If f does not occur {free} in E (i.e. it is not {recursive}) then this reduces to simply f = \ x1 ... \ xN . E In the case where N = 0 and f is free in E, this defines an infinite data object, e.g. ones = fix (\ ones . 1 : ones) = (\ ones . 1 : ones) (fix (\ ones . 1 : ones)) = 1 : (fix (\ ones . 1 : ones)) = 1 : 1 : ... Fix f is also sometimes written as mu f where mu is the Greek letter or alternatively, if f = \ x . E, written as mu x . E. Compare {quine}. [{Jargon File}] (1995-04-13) 2. {bug fix}. (1998-06-25)
flat 1. Lacking any complex internal structure. "That {bitty box} has only a flat file system, not a hierarchical one." The verb form is {flatten}. Usually used pejoratively (at least with respect to file systems). 2. Said of a memory architecture like that of the {VAX} or {Motorola} {680x0} that is one big linear address space (typically with each possible value of a processor register corresponding to a unique address). This is a {Good Thing}. The opposite is a "{segmented}" architecture like that of the {Intel 80x86} in which addresses are composed from a base-register/offset pair. Segmented designs are generally considered cretinous. 3. A flat {domain} is one where all elements except {bottom} are incomparable (equally well defined). E.g. the integers. [{Jargon File}]
FL "language" Function Level. John Backus's successor to {FP}, developed ca. 1985. FL is {dynamically typed} and adds {higher-order functions}, {exceptions}, {user-defined types} and other features. ["FL Language Manual, Parts 1 & 2", J. Backus et al, IBM Research Report RJ 7100 (1989)]. (1994-10-20)
fold function "programming" In {functional programming}, fold or "reduce" is a kind of {higher-order function} that takes as {arguments} a {function}, an initial "accumulator" value and a data structure (often a {list}). In {Haskell}, the two flavours of fold for lists, called foldl and foldr are defined like this: foldl :: (a -" b -" a) -" a -" [b] -" a foldl f z [] = z foldl f z (x:xs) = foldl f (f z x) xs foldr :: (a -" b -" b) -" b -" [a] -" b foldr f z [] = z foldr f z (x:xs) = f x (foldr f z xs) In both cases, if the input list is empty, the result is the value of the accumulator, z. If not, foldl takes the head of the list, x, and returns the result of recursing on the tail of the list using (f z x) as the new z. foldr returns (f x q) where q is the result of recursing on the tail. The "l" and "r" in the names refer to the {associativity} of the application of f. Thus if f = (+) (the binary {plus} {operator} used as a function of two arguments), we have: foldl (+) 0 [1, 2, 3] = (((0 + 1) + 2) + 3 (applying + left associatively) and foldr (+) 0 [1, 2, 3] = 0 + (1 + (2 + 3)) (applying + right associatively). For +, this makes no difference but for an non-{commutative} operator it would. (2014-11-19)
FORTH 1. "language" An interactive extensible language using {postfix syntax} and a data stack, developed by Charles H. Moore in the 1960s. FORTH is highly user-configurable and there are many different implementations, the following description is of a typical default configuration. Forth programs are structured as lists of "words" - FORTH's term which encompasses language keywords, primitives and user-defined {subroutines}. Forth takes the idea of subroutines to an extreme - nearly everything is a subroutine. A word is any string of characters except the separator which defaults to space. Numbers are treated specially. Words are read one at a time from the input stream and either executed immediately ("interpretive execution") or compiled as part of the definition of a new word. The sequential nature of list execution and the implicit use of the data stack (numbers appearing in the lists are pushed to the stack as they are encountered) imply postfix syntax. Although postfix notation is initially difficult, experienced users find it simple and efficient. Words appearing in executable lists may be "{primitives}" (simple {assembly language} operations), names of previously compiled procedures or other special words. A procedure definition is introduced by ":" and ended with ";" and is compiled as it is read. Most Forth dialects include the source language structures BEGIN-AGAIN, BEGIN-WHILE-REPEAT, BEGIN-UNTIL, DO-LOOP, and IF-ELSE-THEN, and others can be added by the user. These are "compiling structures" which may only occur in a procedure definition. FORTH can include in-line {assembly language} between "CODE" and "ENDCODE" or similar constructs. Forth primitives are written entirely in {assembly language}, secondaries contain a mixture. In fact code in-lining is the basis of compilation in some implementations. Once assembled, primitives are used exactly like other words. A significant difference in behaviour can arise, however, from the fact that primitives end with a jump to "NEXT", the entry point of some code called the sequencer, whereas non-primitives end with the address of the "EXIT" primitive. The EXIT code includes the scheduler in some {multi-tasking} systems so a process can be {deschedule}d after executing a non-primitive, but not after a primitive. Forth implementations differ widely. Implementation techniques include {threaded code}, dedicated Forth processors, {macros} at various levels, or interpreters written in another language such as {C}. Some implementations provide {real-time} response, user-defined data structures, {multitasking}, {floating-point} arithmetic, and/or {virtual memory}. Some Forth systems support virtual memory without specific hardware support like {MMUs}. However, Forth virtual memory is usually only a sort of extended data space and does not usually support executable code. FORTH does not distinguish between {operating system} calls and the language. Commands relating to I/O, {file systems} and {virtual memory} are part of the same language as the words for arithmetic, memory access, loops, IF statements, and the user's application. Many Forth systems provide user-declared "vocabularies" which allow the same word to have different meanings in different contexts. Within one vocabulary, re-defining a word causes the previous definition to be hidden from the interpreter (and therefore the compiler), but not from previous definitions. FORTH was first used to guide the telescope at NRAO, Kitt Peak. Moore considered it to be a {fourth-generation language} but his {operating system} wouldn't let him use six letters in a program name, so FOURTH became FORTH. Versions include fig-FORTH, FORTH 79 and FORTH 83. {FAQs (http://complang.tuwien.ac.at/forth/faq/faq-general-2.html)}. {ANS Forth standard, dpANS6 (http://taygeta.com/forth/dpans.html)}. FORTH Interest Group, Box 1105, San Carlos CA 94070. See also {51forth}, {F68K}, {cforth}, {E-Forth}, {FORML}, {TILE Forth}. [Leo Brodie, "Starting Forth"]. [Leo Brodie, "Thinking Forth"]. [Jack Woehr, "Forth, the New Model"]. [R.G. Loeliger, "Threaded Interpretive Languages"]. 2. {FOundation for Research and Technology - Hellas}. (1997-04-16)
For the interpretation of the calculus we must presuppose a certain domain of individuals. This may be any well-defined non-empty domain, within very wide limits. Different posslhle choices of the domain of individuals lead to different interpretations of the calculus.
Fortran 90 (Previously "Fortran 8x" and "Fortran Extended") An extensive enlargement of {Fortran 77}. Fortran 90 has {derived types}, {assumed shape arrays}, {array sections}, functions returning arrays, case statement, {module} subprograms and internal subprograms, optional and keyword subprogram arguments, {recursion}, and {dynamic allocation}. It is defined in ISO 1539:1991, soon to be adopted by {ANSI}. ["Fortran 90 Explained", M. Metcalf et al, Oxford University Press 1990]. (1994-12-16)
fractal "mathematics, graphics" A fractal is a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a smaller copy of the whole. Fractals are generally self-similar (bits look like the whole) and independent of scale (they look similar, no matter how close you zoom in). Many mathematical structures are fractals; e.g. {Sierpinski triangle}, {Koch snowflake}, {Peano curve}, {Mandelbrot set} and {Lorenz attractor}. Fractals also describe many real-world objects that do not have simple geometric shapes, such as clouds, mountains, turbulence, and coastlines. {Benoit Mandelbrot}, the discoverer of the {Mandelbrot set}, coined the term "fractal" in 1975 from the Latin fractus or "to break". He defines a fractal as a set for which the {Hausdorff Besicovich dimension} strictly exceeds the {topological dimension}. However, he is not satisfied with this definition as it excludes sets one would consider fractals. {sci.fractals FAQ (ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/usenet-by-group/sci.fractals/)}. See also {fractal compression}, {fractal dimension}, {Iterated Function System}. {Usenet} newsgroups: {news:sci.fractals}, {news:alt.binaries.pictures.fractals}, {news:comp.graphics}. ["The Fractal Geometry of Nature", Benoit Mandelbrot]. [Are there non-self-similar fractals?] (1997-07-02)
function 1. "mathematics" (Or "map", "mapping") If D and C are sets (the domain and codomain) then a function f from D to C, normally written "f : D -" C" is a subset of D x C such that: 1. For each d in D there exists some c in C such that (d,c) is an element of f. I.e. the function is defined for every element of D. 2. For each d in D, c1 and c2 in C, if both (d,c1) and (d,c2) are elements of f then c1 = c2. I.e. the function is uniquely defined for every element of D. See also {image}, {inverse}, {partial function}. 2. "programming" Computing usage derives from the mathematical term but is much less strict. In programming (except in {functional programming}), a function may return different values each time it is called with the same argument values and may have {side effects}. A {procedure} is a function which returns no value but has only {side-effects}. The {C} language, for example, has no procedures, only functions. {ANSI C} even defines a {type}, {void}, for the result of a function that has no result. (1996-09-01)
fuzzy subset In {fuzzy logic}, a fuzzy subset F of a set S is defined by a "membership function" which gives the degree of membership of each element of S belonging to F.
Gegenstandstheorie: (Ger. the theory of objects). It is the phenomenological investigation of various types of objects, existential and subsistential -- an object being defined in the widest sense as the terminus ad quem of any act of perceiving, thinking, willing or feeling. The theory was developed by H. Meinong under the influence of F. Brentano and is allied with the phenomonology of E. Husserl. See Phenomenology. -- L.W.
Generic Routing Encapsulation "networking, protocol" (GRE) A {protocol} which allows an arbitrary network protocol A to be transmitted over any other arbitrary network protocol B, by encapsulating the {packets} of A within GRE packets, which in turn are contained within packets of B. Defined in {RFC 1701} and {RFC 1702} (GRE over IP). (1998-07-19)
Genital Stage ::: Freud&
Genius: Originally the word applied to a demon such as Socrates' inner voice. During the 17th century it was linked to the Plntonic theory of inspiration and was applied to the rejection of too rigid rules in art. It defined the real artist and distinguished his creative imagination from the logical reasoning of the scientist. In Kant (Critique of Judgment), genius creates its own rules. -- L.V.
genus ::: n. --> A class of objects divided into several subordinate species; a class more extensive than a species; a precisely defined and exactly divided class; one of the five predicable conceptions, or sorts of terms.
An assemblage of species, having so many fundamental points of structure in common, that in the judgment of competent scientists, they may receive a common substantive name. A genus is not necessarily the lowest definable group of species, for it may often be divided into
gigabits per second "unit" (Gbps) A unit of information transfer rate equal to one billion {bits} per second. Note that, while a {gigabit} is defined as a power of two (2^30 bits), a gigabit per second is defined as a power of ten (10^9 bits per second, which is slightly less) than 2^30). (2004-02-10)
Given a formula A containing a free variable, say x, the process of forming a corresponding monadic function (q.v.) -- defined by the rule that the value of the function for an argument b is that which A denotes if the variable x is taken as denoting b -- is also called abstraction, or functional abstraction. In this sense, abstraction is an operation upon a formula A yielding a function, and is relative to a particular system of interpretation for the notations appearing in the formula, and to a particular variable, as x. The requirement that A shall contain x as a free variable is not essential: when A does not contain x as a free variable, the function obtained by abstraction relative to x may be taken to be the function whose value, the same for all arguments, is denoted by A.
Given the concept of semantical truth (q.v.), we may also define a logistic system as complete if every true formula of the system is a theorem. This sense of completeness is not, in general, equivalent to the other; and may be the weaker one if formulas containing free variables occur. See Logic, formal, §§ 3, 6. -- A.C.
glassologist ::: n. --> One who defines and explains terms; one who is versed in glossology.
gnosis ::: "a power above mind working in its own law, out of the direct identity of the supreme Self", a faculty superior to buddhi or intellect, possessing not only the "concentrated consciousness of the infinite Essence", but "also and at the same time an infinite knowledge of the myriad play of the Infinite"; (in 1919-20) the supra-intellectual consciousness (also called ideality or vijñana) with its three planes of logistic, hermetic and seer gnosis, each successive level being more "intense and large in light, imperative, instantaneous, the scope of the active knowledge larger, the way nearer to the knowledge by identity, the thought more packed with the luminous substance of self-awareness and all-vision"; (in most of 1927 before 29 October) a plane of consciousness usually referred to as above the supreme ...64 supermind and descending into it to form supreme supermind gnosis, also rising to the "invincible Gnosis of the Divine"; (in April 1927) a term encompassing three degrees of supramental gnosis (corresponding to planes later redefined as parts of the overmind system) and a fourth degree of divine gnosis; (from 29 October 1927 onwards) equivalent to "divine gnosis", a grade of consciousness above overmind (but sometimes distinguished from supermind, which occupies a similar position) and descending into it to form gnostic overmind or gnosis in overmind.
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TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See {here (http://gnu.org/copyleft/)}. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. End of full text of GFDL. (2002-03-09)
Gnuplot "tool" A command-driven interactive graphing program. Gnuplot can plot two-dimensional functions and data points in many different styles (points, lines, error bars); and three-dimensional data points and surfaces in many different styles (contour plot, mesh). It supports {complex} arithmetic and user-defined functions and can label title, axes, and data points. It can output to several different graphics file formats and devices. Command line editing and history are supported and there is extensive on-line help. Gnuplot is {copyright}ed, but freely distributable. It was written by Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley, Russell Lang, Dave Kotz, John Campbell, Gershon Elber, Alexander Woo and many others. Despite its name, gnuplot is not related to the {GNU} project or the {FSF} in any but the most peripheral sense. It was designed completely independently and is not covered by the {General Public License}. However, the {FSF} has decided to distribute gnuplot as part of the {GNU} system, because it is useful, redistributable software. Gnuplot is available for: {Unix} ({X11} and {NEXTSTEP}), {VAX}/{VMS}, {OS/2}, {MS-DOS}, {Amiga}, {MS-Windows}, {OS-9}/68k, {Atari ST} and {Macintosh}. E-mail: "info-gnuplot@dartmouth.edu". {FAQ} - {Germany (http://fg70.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~ig25/gnuplot-faq/)}, {UK (ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/news-info/comp.graphics.gnuplot)}, {USA (http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/graphics/gnuplot-faq/faq.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.graphics.gnuplot}. (1995-05-04)
GObject Introspection "programming" A {GNOME} project that defines a {syntax} for {introspection annotation} {pragmas} to be used in the {GObject library} {source code}. Rather than actual {introspection}, these are intended to allow automatic generation of {bindings} ({API}s) to expose the library to higher-level languages. The sort of information provided is the type and direction (in, out, inout) of function parameters and the responsibility for freeing memory used by data structures. {GObject Introspection Home (http://live.gnome.org/GObjectIntrospection/)}. (2010-01-19)
gopher "networking, protocol" A {distributed} document retrieval system which started as a {Campus Wide Information System} at the {University of Minnesota}, and which was popular in the early 1990s. Gopher is defined in {RFC 1436}. The protocol is like a primitive form of {HTTP} (which came later). Gopher lacks the {MIME} features of HTTP, but expressed the equivalent of a document's {MIME type} with a one-character code for the "{Gopher object type}". At time of writing (2001), all Web browers should be able to access gopher servers, although few gopher servers exist anymore. Sir {Tim Berners-Lee}, in his book "Weaving The Web" (pp.72-73), related his opinion that it was not so much the protocol limitations of gopher that made people abandon it in favor of HTTP/{HTML}, but instead the legal missteps on the part of the university where it was developed: "It was just about this time, spring 1993, that the University of Minnesota decided that it would ask for a license fee from certain classes of users who wanted to use gopher. Since the gopher software being picked up so widely, the university was going to charge an annual fee. The browser, and the act of browsing, would be free, and the server software would remain free to nonprofit and educational institutions. But any other users, notably companies, would have to pay to use gopher server software. "This was an act of treason in the academic community and the Internet community. Even if the university never charged anyone a dime, the fact that the school had announced it was reserving the right to charge people for the use of the gopher protocols meant it had crossed the line. To use the technology was too risky. Industry dropped gopher like a hot potato." (2001-03-31)
gorets /gor'ets/ The unknown ur-noun, fill in your own meaning. Found especially on the {Usenet} newsgroup alt.gorets, which seems to be a running contest to redefine the word by implication in the funniest and most peculiar way, with the understanding that no definition is ever final. [A correspondent from the Former Soviet Union informs me that "gorets" is Russian for "mountain dweller" - ESR] Compare {frink}. [{Jargon File}]
graduate ::: n. --> To mark with degrees; to divide into regular steps, grades, or intervals, as the scale of a thermometer, a scheme of punishment or rewards, etc.
To admit or elevate to a certain grade or degree; esp., in a college or university, to admit, at the close of the course, to an honorable standing defined by a diploma; as, he was graduated at Yale College.
To prepare gradually; to arrange, temper, or modify by
Graphical Kernel System "graphics, standard" (GKS) The widely recognised standard {ANSI} X3.124 for graphical input/output. GKS is worked on by the {ISO}/{IEC} group {JTC1/SC24}. It provides applications programmers with standard methods of creating, manipulating, and displaying or printing computer graphics on different types of computer graphics {output devices}. It provides an abstraction to save programmers from dealing with the detailed capabilities and interfaces of specific hardware. GKS defines a basic two-dimensional graphics system with: uniform input and output {primitives}; a uniform interface to and from a {GKS metafile} for storing and transferring graphics information. It supports a wide range of graphics output devices including such as {printers}, {plotters}, {vector graphics} devices, {storage tubes}, {refresh displays}, {raster displays}, and {microfilm recorders}. (1999-04-01)
Graphics Interchange Format "graphics, file format" /gif/, occasionally /jif/ (GIF, GIF 89A) A standard for digitised {images} compressed with the {LZW} {algorithm}, defined in 1987 by {CompuServe} (CIS). Graphics Interchange Format and GIF are service marks of {CompuServe} Incorporated. This only affects use of GIF within Compuserve, and pass-through licensing for software to access them, it doesn't affect anyone else's use of GIF. It followed from a 1994 legal action by {Unisys} against CIS for violating Unisys's {LZW} {software patent}. The CompuServe Vice President has stated that "CompuServe is committed to keeping the GIF 89A specification as an open, fully-supported, non-proprietary specification for the entire on-line community including the {web}". {Filename extension}: .gif. {File format (ftp://peipa.essex.ac.uk/ipa/info/file-formats)}. {GIF89a specification (http://asterix.seas.upenn.edu/~mayer/lzw_gif/gif89a.html)}. See also {progressive coding}, {animated GIF}. (2000-09-12)
Graphics Language Object System "graphics, language" (GLOS) A language with statements for describing graphics objects (line, circle, polygon, etc.), written by Michael J McLean and Brian Hicks at the University of Queensland, St. Lucia in 1978. New objects are defined using {procedures}. 2-D transformations are context dependent and may be nested. [M.J. McLean, "The Semantics of Computer Drafting Languages", PhD thesis, University of Queensland, 1978]. [Hicks, B.W., and McLean, M.J. "A Graphic Language for Describing Line Objects", Proceedings of the DECUS-Australia August 1973 Symposium, Melbourne, 1973]. (2002-06-01)
Green Book 1. "publication" Informal name for one of the four standard references on {PostScript}. The other three official guides are known as the {Blue Book}, the {Red Book}, and the {White Book}. ["PostScript Language Program Design", Adobe Systems, Addison-Wesley, 1988 (ISBN 0-201-14396-8)]. 2. "publication" Informal name for one of the three standard references on {SmallTalk}. Also associated with blue and red books. ["Smalltalk-80: Bits of History, Words of Advice", by Glenn Krasner (Addison-Wesley, 1983; QA76.8.S635S58; ISBN 0-201-11669-3)]. 3. "publication" The "X/Open Compatibility Guide", which defines an international standard {Unix} environment that is a proper superset of {POSIX}/SVID. It also includes descriptions of a standard utility toolkit, systems administrations features, and the like. This grimoire is taken with particular seriousness in Europe. See {Purple Book}. 4. "publication" The {IEEE} 1003.1 {POSIX} Operating Systems Interface standard has been dubbed "The Ugly Green Book". 5. "publication" Any of the 1992 standards issued by the {ITU-T}'s tenth plenary assembly. These include, among other things, the dreadful {X.400} {electronic mail} standard and the Group 1 through 4 fax standards. 6. {Green Book CD-ROM}. See also {book titles}. [{Jargon File}] (1996-12-03)
group A group G is a non-empty {set} upon which a {binary} operator * is defined with the following properties for all a,b,c in G: Closure: G is closed under *, a*b in G Associative: * is associative on G, (a*b)*c = a*(b*c) Identity: There is an identity element e such that a*e = e*a = a. Inverse: Every element has a unique inverse a' such that a * a' = a' * a = e. The inverse is usually written with a superscript -1. (1998-10-03)
Guy Lewis Steele, Jr. "person" (GLS) A software engineer whose most notable contributions to the art of computing include the design of {Scheme} (in cooperation with {Gerald Sussman}) and the design of the original command set of {Emacs}. He is also known for his contribution to the {Jargon File} and for being the first to port {TeX} (from {WAITS} to {ITS}). He wrote the book "Common Lisp", which virtually defines the language. He was working at {Sun Microsystems, Inc.} from 1996 to the present (June 2001). (2001-06-14)
hacker "person, jargon" (Originally, someone who makes furniture with an axe) 1. A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. 2. One who programs enthusiastically (even obsessively) or who enjoys programming rather than just theorizing about programming. 3. A person capable of appreciating {hack value}. 4. A person who is good at programming quickly. 5. An expert at a particular program, or one who frequently does work using it or on it; as in "a {Unix} hacker". (Definitions 1 through 5 are correlated, and people who fit them congregate.) 6. An expert or enthusiast of any kind. One might be an astronomy hacker, for example. 7. One who enjoys the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming or circumventing limitations. 8. (Deprecated) A malicious meddler who tries to discover sensitive information by poking around. Hence "password hacker", "network hacker". The correct term is {cracker}. The term "hacker" also tends to connote membership in the global community defined by the net (see {The Network} and {Internet address}). It also implies that the person described is seen to subscribe to some version of the {hacker ethic}. It is better to be described as a hacker by others than to describe oneself that way. Hackers consider themselves something of an elite (a meritocracy based on ability), though one to which new members are gladly welcome. Thus while it is gratifying to be called a hacker, false claimants to the title are quickly labelled as "bogus" or a "{wannabee}". 9. (University of Maryland, rare) A programmer who does not understand proper programming techniques and principles and doesn't have a Computer Science degree. Someone who just bangs on the keyboard until something happens. For example, "This program is nothing but {spaghetti code}. It must have been written by a hacker". [{Jargon File}] (1996-08-26)
hard-coded "jargon" (By analogy with "{hard-wired}") Said of a data value or behaviour written directly into a program, possibly in multiple places, where it cannot be easily modified. There are several alternatives, depending on how often the value is likely to change. It may be replaced with a {compile-time} constant, such as a {C} "
hard sector "storage" An archaic {floppy disk} format employing multiple synchronisation holes in the media to define the {sectors}. (1995-01-24)
Haskell "language" (Named after the logician {Haskell Curry}) A {lazy} {purely functional} language largely derived from {Miranda} but with several extensions. Haskell was designed by a committee from the {functional programming} community in April 1990. It features static {polymorphic} typing, {higher-order functions}, user-defined {algebraic data types}, and {pattern-matching} {list comprehensions}. Innovations include a {class} system, systematic operator {overloading}, a {functional I/O} system, functional {arrays}, and {separate compilation}. Haskell 1.3 added many new features, including {monadic I/O}, standard libraries, {constructor classes}, {labeled fields} in datatypes, {strictness} {annotations}, an improved {module} system, and many changes to the Prelude. {Gofer} is a cut-down version of Haskell with some extra features. {Filename extension}: .hs, .lhs ({literate programming}). {(http://haskell.org/)}. ["Report on the Programming Language Haskell Version 1.1", Paul Hudak & P. Wadler eds, CS Depts, U Glasgow and Yale U., Aug 1991]. [Version 1.2: SIGPLAN Notices 27(5), Apr 1992]. {Haskell 1.3 Report (http://haskell.cs.yale.edu/haskell-report/haskell-report.html)}. Mailing list: "haskell-request@cs.yale.edu". Yale Haskell - Version 2.0.6, Haskell 1.2 built on {Common Lisp}. {(ftp://nebula.cs.yale.edu/pub/haskell/yale/)}. Glasgow Haskell (GHC) - Version 2.04 for {DEC Alpha}/{OSF}2; {HPPA1.1}/{HPUX}9,10; {SPARC}/{SunOs} 4, {Solaris} 2; {MIPS}/{Irix} 5,6; {Intel 80386}/{Linux},{Solaris} 2,{FreeBSD},{CygWin} 32; {PowerPC}/{AIX}. GHC generates {C} or {native code}. {(ftp://ftp.dcs.glasgow.ac.uk/pub/haskell/glasgow/)}. E-mail: "glasgow-haskell-request@dcs.glasgow.ac.uk". Haskell-B - Haskell 1.2 implemented in {LML}, generates {native code}. {(ftp://ftp.cs.chalmers.se/pub/haskell/chalmers/)}. E-mail: "hbc@cs.chalmers.se". (1997-06-06)
Hence in its widest sense Scholasticism embraces all the intellectual activities, artistic, philosophical and theological, carried on in the medieval schools. Any attempt to define its narrower meaning in the field of philosophy raises serious difficulties, for in this case, though the term's comprehension is lessened, it still has to cover many centuries of many-faced thought. However, it is still possible to list several characteristics sufficient to differentiate Scholastic from non-Scholastic philosophy. While ancient philosophy was the philosophy of a people and modern thought that of individuals, Scholasticism was the philosophy of a Christian society which transcended the characteristics of individuals, nations and peoples. It was the corporate product of social thought, and as such its reasoning respected authority in the forms of tradition and revealed religion. Tradition consisted primarily in the systems of Plato and Aristotle as sifted, adapted and absorbed through many centuries. It was natural that religion, which played a paramount role in the culture of the middle ages, should bring influence to bear on the medieval, rational view of life. Revelation was held to be at once a norm and an aid to reason. Since the philosophers of the period were primarily scientific theologians, their rational interests were dominated by religious preoccupations. Hence, while in general they preserved the formal distinctions between reason and faith, and maintained the relatively autonomous character of philosophy, the choice of problems and the resources of science were controlled by theology. The most constant characteristic of Scholasticism was its method. This was formed naturally by a series of historical circumstances, The need of a medium of communication, of a consistent body of technical language tooled to convey the recently revealed meanings of religion, God, man and the material universe led the early Christian thinkers to adopt the means most viable, most widely extant, and nearest at hand, viz. Greek scientific terminology. This, at first purely utilitarian, employment of Greek thought soon developed under Justin, Clement of Alexandria, Origin, and St. Augustine into the "Egyptian-spoils" theory; Greek thought and secular learning were held to be propaedeutic to Christianity on the principle: "Whatever things were rightly said among all men are the property of us Christians." (Justin, Second Apology, ch. XIII). Thus was established the first characteristic of the Scholastic method: philosophy is directly and immediately subordinate to theology. Because of this subordinate position of philosophy and because of the sacred, exclusive and total nature of revealed wisdom, the interest of early Christian thinkers was focused much more on the form of Greek thought than on its content and, it might be added, much less of this content was absorbed by early Christian thought than is generally supposed. As practical consequences of this specialized interest there followed two important factors in the formation of Scholastic philosophy: Greek logic en bloc was taken over by Christians; from the beginning of the Christian era to the end of the XII century, no provision was made in Catholic centers of learning for the formal teaching of philosophy. There was a faculty to teach logic as part of the trivium and a faculty of theology. For these two reasons, what philosophy there was during this long period of twelve centuries, was dominated first, as has been seen, by theology and, second, by logic. In this latter point is found rooted the second characteristic of the Scholastic method: its preoccupation with logic, deduction, system, and its literary form of syllogistic argumentation. The third characteristic of the Scholastic method follows directly from the previous elements already indicated. It adds, however, a property of its own gained from the fact that philosophy during the medieval period became an important instrument of pedogogy. It existed in and for the schools. This new element coupled with the domination of logic, the tradition-mindedness and social-consciousness of the medieval Christians, produced opposition of authorities for or against a given problem and, finally, disputation, where a given doctrine is syllogistically defended against the adversaries' objections. This third element of the Scholastic method is its most original characteristic and accounts more than any other single factor for the forms of the works left us from this period. These are to be found as commentaries on single or collected texts; summae, where the method is dialectical or disputational in character. The main sources of Greek thought are relatively few in number: all that was known of Plato was the Timaeus in the translation and commentary of Chalcidius. Augustine, the pseudo-Areopagite, and the Liber de Causis were the principal fonts of Neoplatonic literature. Parts of Aristotle's logical works (Categoriae and de Interpre.) and the Isagoge of Porphyry were known through the translations of Boethius. Not until 1128 did the Scholastics come to know the rest of Aristotle's logical works. The golden age of Scholasticism was heralded in the late XIIth century by the translations of the rest of his works (Physics, Ethics, Metaphysics, De Anima, etc.) from the Arabic by Gerard of Cremona, John of Spain, Gundisalvi, Michael Scot, and Hermann the German, from the Greek by Robert Grosseteste, William of Moerbeke, and Henry of Brabant. At the same time the Judae-Arabian speculation of Alkindi, Alfarabi, Avencebrol, Avicenna, Averroes, and Maimonides together with the Neoplatonic works of Proclus were made available in translation. At this same period the Scholastic attention to logic was turned to metaphysics, even psychological and ethical problems and the long-discussed question of the universals were approached from this new angle. Philosophy at last achieved a certain degree of autonomy and slowly forced the recently founded universities to accord it a separate faculty.
hermeneutics ::: n. --> The science of interpretation and explanation; exegesis; esp., that branch of theology which defines the laws whereby the meaning of the Scriptures is to be ascertained.
Hierarchical Data Format "file format, data" (HDF) A {library} and multi-object file format for the transfer of graphical and numerical data between computeres. The freely available HDF distribution consists of the library, command line utilities, test suite source, {Java} interface, and the Java-based HDF Viewer (JHV). HDF supports several different {data models}, including multidimensional {arrays}, {raster images}, and tables. Each defines a specific aggregate data type and provides an {API} for reading, writing, and organising the data and {metadata}. New data models can be added by the HDF developers or users. HDF is self-describing, allowing an application to interpret the structure and contents of a file without any outside information. One HDF file can hold a mixture of related objects which can be accessed as a group or as individual objects. Users can create their own grouping structures called "vgroups". HDF files can be shared across most common {platforms}, including many workstations and high performance computers. An HDF file created on one computer can be read on a different system without modification. {(http://hdf.ncsa.uiuc.edu/)}. (2001-07-02)
higher mind ::: (c. 1931, in the diagram on page 1360) a plane of consciousness with three levels: "liberated intelligence", "intuitive [higher mind]" and "illumined [higher mind]" (in ascending order). The first level may correspond to vijñanabuddhi in the earlier terminology of the Record of Yoga. The "intuitive" and "illumined" levels may be what Sri Aurobindo soon after making the diagram began to refer to as "higher mind" (defined as "a luminous thought-mind, a mind of spiritborn conceptual knowledge") and "illumined mind" (characterised by "an intense lustre, a splendour and illumination of the spirit"); cf. logistic ideality (also called luminous reason) and hermetic ideality or srauta vijñana (distinguished by "a diviner splendour of light and blaze of fiery effulgence") in the terminology of 1919-20.
higher-order macro "functional programming" A means of expressing certain {higher-order functions} in a {first-order language}, proposed by {Phil Wadler}. Higher-order macros cannot be {recursive} at the top level but they may contain recursive definitions. For example, the normal, definition of the {map} function, map f [] = [] map f (x:xs) = f x : map f xs is higher-order because its argument, f, is a function. The alternative formulation map f l = map_f l where map_f [] = [] map_f (x:xs) = f x : m xs defines a first-order function, map_f, that is a specialisation of map in its first argument. This can be considered a {macro} because it works purely by textual substitution, requiring no knowledge about f for its validity. This is an example of {partial evaluation} - the call, map f l, has been partially evaluated to yeild an intermediate result. This may be useful in optimising compilation or execution, e.g. if the call to f can be subject to {in-lining} or when executing map_f on a long list. (2018-05-25)
High-level Data Link Control "networking" (HDLC) A general-purpose {data link} control {protocol} defined by {ISO} for use on both point-to-point and {multipoint} (multidrop) data links. It supports {full-duplex}, {transparent-mode} operation. It is used extensively in both multipoint and computer networks. Some manufacturers and other standards bodies still use their own acronyms, e.g. {IBM}'s SDLC ({Synchronous Data Link Control}), the forerunner of HDLC and {ANSI}'s ADCCP ({Advanced Data Communications Control Procedure}). [Fred Halsall, "Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems" 4th edition, 1996, p.237, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Reading, Mass., USA]. (1997-11-09)
His aesthetics defines art as an expression of sentiment, as a language. His logic emphasizes the distinction of categories, reducing opposition to a derivative of distinction. According to his ethics, economics is an autonomous and absolute moment of spirit. His theory of history regards all history as contemporaneous. His philosophy is one of the greatest attempts at elaboration of pure concepts entirely appropriate to historical experience.
Hope "language" A {functional programming} language designed by R.M. Burstall, D.B. MacQueen and D.T. Sanella at {University of Edinburgh} in 1978. It is a large language supporting user-defined {prefix}, {infix} or {distfix} operators. Hope has {polymorphic} typing and allows {overloading} of operators which requires explicit type declarations. Hope has {lazy lists} and was the first language to use {call-by-pattern}. It has been ported to {Unix}, {Macintosh}, and {IBM PC}. See also {Hope+}, {Hope+C}, {Massey Hope}, {Concurrent Massey Hope}. {(ftp://brolga.cc.uq.oz.au/pub/hope)}. [R.M.Burstall, D.B.MacQueen, D.T.Sanella, "HOPE: An experimental applicative language", Proc. 1980 Lisp conf., Stanford, CA, p.136-143, Aug 1980]. ["A HOPE Tutorial", R. Bailey, BYTE Aug 1985, pp.235-258]. ["Functional Programming with Hope", R. Bailey, Ellis Horwood 1990]. (1992-11-27)
hoppestere ::: a. --> An unexplained epithet used by Chaucer in reference to ships. By some it is defined as "dancing (on the wave)"; by others as "opposing," "warlike."
Hot Standby Routing Protocol "protocol" (HSRP) A {CISCO} standard, defined in {RFC 2281}, that calls for a {mirrored router} in {passive mode} to send {hello packets}, wait for a {lead router} to die and, without dropping a {packet}, take over from that router. Note: "standby", not "swappable" (and certainly not "swapable"). (2005-01-26)
Identity, law of: Given by traditional logicians as "A is A." Because of the various possible meanings of the copula (q.v.) and the uncertainty as to the range of the variable A, this formulation is ambiguous. The traditional law is perhaps best identified with the theorem x = x, either of the functional calculus of first order with equality, or in the theory of types (with equality defined), or in the algebra of classes, etc. It has been, or may be, also identified with either of the theorems of the propositional calculus, p ⊃ p, p ≡ p, or with the theorem of the functional calculus of first order, F(x) ⊃x F(x). Many writers understand, however, by the law of identity a semantical principle -- that a word or other symbol may (or must) have a fixed referent in its various occurrences in a given context (so, e.g., Ledger Wood in his The Analysis of Knowledge). Some, it would seem, confuse such a semantical principle with a proposition of formal logic. -- A.C.
IEEE 802 "networking, standard" The {IEEE} standards for {local area networks}. The {spanning tree algorithm} is defined in {IEEE 802.1} (under consideration), {Logical Link Control} (LLC, the upper portion of the {data link layer}) in {IEEE 802.2}, {Ethernet} in {IEEE 802.3}, {Token Bus} in IEEE 802.4 and IBM {Token Ring} in {IEEE 802.5}. The equivalent {ISO} {standard} is IS 8802. (1995-02-15)
IEEE Floating Point Standard "standard, mathematics" (IEEE 754) "{IEEE} Standard for Binary {Floating-Point} Arithmetic (ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985)" or {IEC} 559: "Binary floating-point arithmetic for microprocessor systems". A {standard}, used by many {CPUs} and {FPUs}, which defines formats for representing floating-point numbers; representations of special values (e.g. {infinity}, very small values, {NaN}); five {exceptions}, when they occur, and what happens when they do occur; four {rounding modes}; and a set of floating-point operations that will work identically on any conforming system. IEEE 754 specifies formats for representing floating-point values: single-precision (32-bit) is required, double-precision (64-bit) is optional. The standard also mentions that some implementations may include single-extended precision (80-bit) and double-extended precision (128-bit) formats. [On-line document?] (2003-06-17)
If the Peano postulates are formulated on the basis of an interpretation according to which the domain of individuals coincides with that of the non-negative integers, the undefined term N may be dropped and the postulates reduced to the three following: (x)(y)[[S(x) = S(y)] ⊃[x = y]]. (x) ∼[S(x) = 0]. F(0)[F(x) ⊃x F(S(x))] ⊃F (x)F(y). It is possible further to drop the undefined term 0 and to replace the successor function S by a dyadic propositional function S (the contemplated interpretation being that S(x,y) is the proposition y = x+l). The Peano postulates may then be given the following form: (x)(Ey)S(x, y). (x)[S(x,y) ⊃y [S(x,z) ⊃x [y = z]]]. (x)[S(y,x) ⊃y [S(z,x) ⊃x [y = z]]]. (Ex)[[(x) ∼S(x,y)] ≡y [y = z]]. [(x) ∼S(x,z)] ⊃x [F(z)[F(x) ⊃x [S(x, y) ⊃y F(y)]] ⊃F (x)F(x)]. For this form of the Peano postulates the underlying logic may be taken to be simply the functional calculus of second order without additions. In this formulation, numerical functions can be introduced only by contextual definition as incomplete symbols.
ill-behaved 1. [numerical analysis] Said of an {algorithm} or computational method that tends to blow up because of accumulated roundoff error or poor convergence properties. 2. Software that bypasses the defined {operating system} interfaces to do things (like screen, keyboard, and disk I/O) itself, often in a way that depends on the hardware of the machine it is running on or which is nonportable or incompatible with other pieces of software. In the {IBM PC}/{mess-dos} world, there is a folk theorem (nearly true) to the effect that (owing to gross inadequacies and performance penalties in the OS interface) all interesting applications are ill-behaved. See also {bare metal}. Opposite: {well-behaved}, compare {PC-ism}. [{Jargon File}]
In connection with the infinite sequence of real numbers a1, a2, a3 . . ., a monadic function a may be introduced for which the range of the independent variable consists of the positive integers 1, 2, 3, . . . and a(1)=a1, a(2)=a2, a(3)=a3, . . . . It can then be shown that the limit of the infinite sequence as above defined is the same as the limit of a(x) as x approaches infinity.
indefinable ::: a. --> Incapable of being defined or described; inexplicable.
indefinable ::: impossible to define, describe, or analyze; not readily identified, analysed, or determined.
indefinite ::: a. --> Not definite; not limited, defined, or specified; not explicit; not determined or fixed upon; not precise; uncertain; vague; confused; obscure; as, an indefinite time, plan, etc.
Having no determined or certain limits; large and unmeasured, though not infinite; unlimited; as indefinite space; the indefinite extension of a straight line.
Boundless; infinite.
Too numerous or variable to make a particular
indeterminable ::: a. --> Not determinable; impossible to be determined; not to be definitely known, ascertained, defined, or limited. ::: n. --> An indeterminable thing or quantity.
Individual: In formal logic, the individuals form the first or lowest type of Russell's hierarchy of types. In the Principia Mathematica of Whitehead and Russell, individuals are "defined as whatever is neither a proposition nor a function." It is unnecessary, however, to give the word any such special significance, and for many purposes it is better (as is often done) to take the individuals to be an arbitrary -- or an arbitrary infinite -- domain, or any particular well-defined domain may be taken as the domain of individuals, according to the purpose in hand. When used in this way, the term domain of individuals may be taken as synonymous with the term universe of discourse (in the sense of Boole) which is employed in connection with the algebra of classes. See Logic, formal, §§ 3, 6, 7. -- A.C.
infinitive ::: n. --> Unlimited; not bounded or restricted; undefined.
An infinitive form of the verb; a verb in the infinitive mood; the infinitive mood. ::: adv. --> In the manner of an infinitive mood.
Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) A method of organising the system and network management departments of large organisations. ITIL defines the (work) processes involved and the interfaces between them. (1995-06-27)
inheritance "programming, object-oriented" In {object-oriented programming}, the ability to derive new {classes} from existing classes. A {derived class} (or "subclass") inherits the {instance variables} and {methods} of the "{base class}" (or "superclass"), and may add new instance variables and methods. New methods may be defined with the same names as those in the base class, in which case they override the original one. For example, bytes might belong to the class of integers for which an add method might be defined. The byte class would inherit the add method from the integer class. See also {Liskov substitution principle}, {multiple inheritance}. (2000-10-10)
In Kant: Whatever enters into the structure of actual experience. Thus, the categories are constitutive of knowledge of nature because they are necessary conditions of any experience or knowledge whatever. In contrast, the transcendent Ideas (God, the total Cosmos, and the immortal Soul) are not constitutive of anything, since they do not serve to define or compose real objects, and must be restricted to a regulative and speculative use. See Crit. of Pure Reason, Transc. Dialectic, Bk. II, ch. II, Sec. 8. -- O.F.K.
inner product "mathematics" In {linear algebra}, any linear map from a {vector space} to its {dual} defines a product on the vector space: for u, v in V and linear g: V -" V' we have gu in V' so (gu): V -" scalars, whence (gu)(v) is a scalar, known as the inner product of u and v under g. If the value of this scalar is unchanged under interchange of u and v (i.e. (gu)(v) = (gv)(u)), we say the inner product, g, is symmetric. Attention is seldom paid to any other kind of inner product. An inner product, g: V -" V', is said to be positive definite iff, for all non-zero v in V, (gv)v " 0; likewise negative definite iff all such (gv)v " 0; positive semi-definite or non-negative definite iff all such (gv)v "= 0; negative semi-definite or non-positive definite iff all such (gv)v "= 0. Outside relativity, attention is seldom paid to any but positive definite inner products. Where only one inner product enters into discussion, it is generally elided in favour of some piece of syntactic sugar, like a big dot between the two vectors, and practitioners don't take much effort to distinguish between vectors and their duals. (1997-03-16)
In scholasticism: The English term translates three Latin terms which, in Scholasticism, have different significations. Ens as a noun is the most general and most simple predicate; as a participle it is an essential predicate only in regard to God in Whom existence and essence are one, or Whose essence implies existence. Esse, though used sometimes in a wider sense, usually means existence which is defined as the actus essendi, or the reality of some essence. Esse quid or essentia designates the specific nature of some being or thing, the "being thus" or the quiddity. Ens is divided into real and mental being (ens rationis). Though the latter also has properties, it is said to have essence only in an improper way. Another division is into actual and potential being. Ens is called the first of all concepts, in respect to ontology and to psychology; the latter statement of Aristotle appears to be confirmed by developmental psychology. Thing (res) and ens are synonymous, a res may be a res extra mentem or only rationis. Every ens is: something, i.e. has quiddity, one, true, i.e. corresponds to its proper nature, and good. These terms, naming aspects which are only virtually distinct from ens, are said to be convertible with ens and with each other. Ens is an analogical term, i.e. it is not predicated in the same manner of every kind of being, according to Aquinas. In Scotism ens, however, is considered as univocal and as applying to God in the same sense as to created beings, though they be distinguished as entia ab alto from God, the ens a se. See Act, Analogy, Potency, Transcendentals. -- R.A.
In Spinoza's sense, that which "is", preeminently and without qualification -- the source and ultimate subject of all distinctions. Being is thus divided into that which is "in itself" and "in another" (Ethica, I, Ax. 4; see also "substance" and "mode", Defs. 3 and 5). Being is likewise distinguished with respect to "finite" and "infinite", under the qualifications of absolute and relative, thus God is defined (Ibid, I, Def. 6) as "Being absolutely infinite". Spinoza seems to suggest that the term, Being, has, in the strict sense, no proper definition (Cog. Met., I, 1). The main characteristics of Spinoza's treatment of this notion are (i) his clear-headed separation of the problems of existence and Being, and (ii) his carefully worked out distinction between ens reale and ens rationis by means of which Spinoza endeavors to justify the ontological argument (q.v.) in the face of criticism by the later Scholastics. -- W.S.W.
instantiation "programming" Producing a more defined version of some object by replacing variables with values (or other variables). 1. In {object-oriented programming}, producing a particular {object} from its {class template}. This involves allocation of a structure with the types specified by the template, and initialisation of {instance variables} with either default values or those provided by the class's {constructor} function. 2. In {logic programming}, when {unification} binds a {logic variable} to some value. 3. In {type checking}, when {type inference} binds a {type variable} to some type. 4. "multimedia" A specific representation of an object or artifact. Examples of instantiations would be different images of an object, text translated into English and French or a {video} and a still image of a museum piece. (2015-02-08)
instructional technology "education" Design, development, use, management and evaluation of process and resources for learning. Instructional technology aims to promote the application of validated, practical procedures in the design and delivery of instruction. It is often defined either in terms of media and other technology used (e.g. {audiovisual media} and equipment and computers), or in terms of a systematic process which encompasses instructional design, development, delivery and evaluation. ["Instructional Technology: The Definition and Domains of the Field", 1994, Barbara Seels and Rita Richey, Washington, D.C., Association for Educational Communications and Technology]. (2010-01-29)
Integral Post-Metaphysics ::: An AQAL approach to ontology and epistemology that replaces perceptions with perspectives, and thus redefines the manifest realm most fundamentally as the realm of perspectives, not things, nor events, nor processes. This also amounts to “post-ontology” and “post-epistemology,” although the terms “ontology” and “epistemology” are still used loosely given the lack of alternatives.
Intel 80186 "processor" A {microprocessor} developed by {Intel} circa 1982. The 80186 was an improvement on the {Intel 8086} and {Intel 8088}. As with the 8086, it had a 16-bit {external bus} and was also available as the {Intel 80188}, with an 8-bit external {data bus}. The initial {clock rate} of the 80186 and 80188 was 6 MHz. They were not used in many computers, but one notable exception was the {Mindset}, a very advanced computer for the time. They were used as {embedded processors}. One major function of the 80186/80188 series was to reduce the number of chips required. "To satisfy this market, we defined a processor with a significant performance increase over the 8086 that also included such common peripheral functions as software-controlled wait state and chip select logic, three timers, priority interrupt controller, and two channels of DMA (direct memory access). This processor, the 80186, could replace up to 22 separate VLSI (very large scale integration) and TTL (transistor-transistor logic) packages and sell for less than the cost of the parts it replaced." -- Paul Wells of Intel Corporation writing in Byte (reference below) New instructions were also introduced as follows: ENTER Make stcak frame for procedure parameters LEAVE High-level procedure exit PUSHA Push all general registers POPA Pop all general registers BOUND Check array index against bounds IMUL Signed (integer) multiply INS Input from port to string OUTS Output string to port ["The Evolution of the iAPX 286", Bob Greene, Intel Corporation, PC Tech Journal, December 1984, page 134]. ["The 80286 Microprocessor", Paul Wells, Intel Corporation, Byte, November 1984, p. 231]. (1999-05-10)
Intelligent Input/Output "architecture" /i:-too-oh/ (I2O) A specification which aims to provide an {I/O} {device driver} architecture that is independent of both the specific device being controlled and the host {operating system}. The Hardware Device Module (HDM) manages the device and the OS Services Module (OSM) interfaces to the host operating system. The HDM is portable across multiple operating systems, processors and busses. The HDM and OSM communicate via a two layer {message passing} {protocol}. A Message Layer sets up a communications session and runs on top of a Transport Layer which defines how the two parties share information. I2O is also designed to facilitate intelligent I/O subsystems, with support for {message passing} between multiple independent processors. By relieving the host of {interrupt} intensive I/O tasks required by the various layers of a driver architecture, the I2O intelligent I/O architecture greatly improves I/O performance. I2O systems will be able to more efficiently deliver the I/O throughput required by a wide range of high bandwidth applications, such as networked {video}, {groupware} and {client-server} processing. I2O does not restrict where the layered modules execute, providing support for single processor, {multiprocessor}, and {clustered} systems. I2O is not intended to replace the driver architectures currently in existence. Rather, the objective is to provide an open, standards-based approach, which is complementary to existing drivers, and provides a framework for the rapid development of a new generation of portable, intelligent I/O. {(http://i2osig.org/)}. (1997-11-04)
Interactive Data Entry/Access "language" (IDEA) A language from {Data General} in which you designed the screen first, and then wrote the program around the predefined fields. IDEA was a precursor to the {DG COBOL} {Screen Section}. (1996-02-16)
interface analysis "testing" A software test which checks the interfaces between program elements for consistency and adherence to predefined rules or {axioms}. (1996-07-09)
internal field separators "operating system" ($IFS) A predefined {environment variable} in the {Unix} {Bourne shell} whose default value is the three-character string containing {space}, {tab} and {line feed}. Any string of one or more of these characters separates the command and each of its arguments in a command line. $IFS also tells the shell's built-in read command where to split an input line when reading into multiple variables. E.g. setting IFS=: would be appropriate for reading a file with ':'-separated fields, such as /etc/passwd. (1999-04-07)
Internet Control Message Protocol "protocol" (ICMP) An extension to the {Internet Protocol} (IP) that allows for the generation of error messages, test packets, and informational messages related to IP. It is defined in STD 5, {RFC 792}. (1999-09-18)
Internet Group Management Protocol "protocol" (IGMP) An extension to the {Internet Protocol}, used by IP {hosts} to report their {host group} memberships to immediately-neighbouring {multicast} {routers}. See also {MBONE}. Version 1 of IGMP is defined in Appendix 1 of {RFC 1112}. Version 2 is proposed in {RFC 2236}. (1999-11-08)
Internet Protocol "networking" (IP) The {network layer} for the {TCP/IP} {protocol} suite widely used on {Ethernet} networks, defined in {STD} 5, {RFC} 791. IP is a {connectionless}, {best-effort} {packet switching} protocol. It provides {packet} {routing}, {fragmentation} and re-assembly through the {data link layer}. IPv4 is the version in widespread use and {IPv6} was just beginning to come into use in 2000 but is still not widespread by 2008. [Other versions? Dates?] (2000-12-19)
interpret ::: v. t. --> To explain or tell the meaning of; to expound; to translate orally into intelligible or familiar language or terms; to decipher; to define; -- applied esp. to language, but also to dreams, signs, conduct, mysteries, etc.; as, to interpret the Hebrew language to an Englishman; to interpret an Indian speech.
To apprehend and represent by means of art; to show by illustrative representation; as, an actor interprets the character of Hamlet; a musician interprets a sonata; an artist interprets a
interval "mathematics" A {set} (of {numbers}) bounded by two elements - the endpoints or bounds. The interval may include or exclude either endpoint, leading to four possibilities: closed [a, b] a "= x "= b open (a, b) a " x " b left-open, right-closed (a, b] a " x "=b left-closed, right-open [a, b) a "= x " b Intervals are typically defined on {real numbers} but may also be defined on {integers} or any other type that has an {partial order}. (2019-08-31)
interworking "standard" Systems or components, possibly from different origins, working together to perform some task. Interworking depends crucially on {standards} to define the {interfaces} between the components. The term implies that there is some difference between the components which, in the absence of common standards, would make it unlikely that they could be used together. For example, {software} from different companies, running on different {hardware} and {operating systems} can interwork via standard network {protocols}. (1998-11-22)
In the Ethics these basic principles are applied to the solution of the question of human good. The good for man is an actualization, or active exercise, of those faculties distinctive of man, that is the faculties of the rational, as distinct from the vegetative and sensitive souls. But human excellence thus defined shows itself in two forms, In the habitual subordination of sensitive and appetitive tendencies to rational rule and principle, and in the exercise of reason in the search for and contemplation of truth. The former type of excellence is expressed in the moral virtues, the latter in the dianoetic or intellectual virtues. A memorable feature of Aristotle's treatment of the moral virtues is his theory that each of them may be regarded as a mean between excess and defect; courage, for example, is a mean between cowardice and rashness, liberality a mean between stinginess and prodigality. In the Politics Aristotle sets forth the importance of the political community as the source and sustainer of the typically human life. But for Aristotle the highest good for man is found not in the political life, nor in any other form of practical activity, but in theoretical inquiry and contemplation of truth. This alone brings complete and continuous happiness, because it is the activity of the highest part of man's complex nature, and of that part which is least dependent upon externals, viz. the intuitive reason, or nous. In the contemplation of the first principles of knowledge and being man participates in that activity of pure thought which constitutes the eternal perfection of the divine nature.
In the first edition of the Logische Untersuchungen phenomenology was defined (much as it had been by Hamilton and Lazarus) as descriptive analysis of subjective processes Erlebnisse. Thus its theme was unqualifiedly identified with what was commonly taken to be the central theme of psychology; the two disciplines were said to differ only in that psychology sets up causal or genetic laws to explain what phenomenology merely describes. Phenomenology was called "pure" so far as the phenomenologist distinguishes the subjective from the objective and refrains from looking into either the genesis of subjective phenomena or their relations to somatic and environmental circumstances. Husserl's "Prolegomena zur reinen Logik" published as the first part of the Logische Untersuchungen, had elaborated the concept of pure logic, a theoretical science independent of empirical knowledge and having a distinctive theme: the universal categorial forms exemplified in possible truths, possible facts, and their respective components. The fundamental concepts and laws of this science, Husserl maintained, are genuine only if they can be established by observing the matters to which they apply. Accordingly, to test the genuineness of logical theory, "wir wollen auf die 'Sachen selbst' zurückgehen": we will go, from our habitual empty understanding of this alleged science, back to a seeing of the logical forms themselves. But it is then the task of pure phenomenology to test the genuineness and range of this "seeing," to distinguish it from other ways of being conscious of the same or other matters. Thus, although pure phenomenology and pure logic are mutually independent disciplines with separate themes, phenomenological analysis is indispensible to the critical justification of logic. In like manner, Husserl maintained, it is necessary to the criticism of other alleged knowledge; while, in another way, its descriptions are prerequisite to explanatory psychology. However, when Husserl wrote the Logische Untersuchungen, he did not yet conceive phenomenological analysis as a method for dealing with metaphysical problems.
In the Ideen and in later works, Husserl applied the epithet "transcendental" to consciousness as it is aside from its (valid and necessary) self-apperception as in a world. At the same time, he restricted the term "psychic" to subjectivity (personal subjects, their streams of consciousness, etc.) in its status as worldly, animal, human subjectivity. The contrast between transcendental subjectivity and worldly being is fundamental to Husserl's mature concept of pure phenomenology and to his concept of a universal phenomenological philosophy. In the Ideen, this pure phenomenology, defined as the eidetic science of transcendental subjectivity, was contrasted with psychology, defined as the empirical science of actual subjectivity in the world. Two antitheses are involved, however eidetic versus factual, and transcendental versus psychic. Rightly, they yield a four-fold classification, which Husserl subsequently made explicit, in his Formale und Transzendentale Logik (1929), Nachwort zu meinen Ideen (1930), and Meditations Cartesiennes (1931). In these works, he spoke of psychology as including all knowledge of worldly subjectivity while, within this science, he distinguished an empirical or matter-of-fact pure psychology and an eidetic pure psychology. The former is "pure" only in the way phenomenology, as explicitly conceived in the first edition of the Logische Untersuchungen, is pure: actual psychic subjectivity is abstracted as its exclusive theme, objects intended in the investigated psychic processes are taken only as the latter's noematic-intentional objects. Such an abstractive and self-restraining attitude, Husserl believed, is necessary, if one is to isohte the psychic in its purity and yet preserve it in its full intentionality. The instituting and maintaining of such an attitude is called "psychological epoche"; its effect on the objects of psychic consciousness is called "psychological reduction." As empiricism, this pure psychology describes the experienced typical structures of psychic processes and of the typical noematic objects belonging inseparably to the latter by virtue of their intrinsic intentionality. Description of typical personalities and of their habitually intended worlds also lies within its province. Having acquired empirical knowledge of the purely psychic, one may relax one's psychological epoche and inquire into the extrapsychic circumstances under which, e.g., psychic processes of a particulai type actually occur in the world. Thus an empirical pure intentional psychology would become part of a concrete empirical science of actual psychophysical organisms.
In Theology: Unless otherwise defined, the term refers to the Christian denomination which emphasizes the universal fatherhood of God and the final redemption and salvation of all. The doctrine is that of optimism in attaining an ultimate, ordered harmony and stands in opposition to traditional pessimism, to theories of damnation and election. Universalists look back to 1770 as an organized body, the date of the coming to America of John Murray. Unitarian thought (see Unitarianism) was early expressed by Hosea Ballou (1771-1852), one of the founders of Universalism. -- V.F.
In the rationalistic tradition, Descartes introduces a distinction between finite and infinite substance. To conceive of substance is to conceive an existing thing which requires nothing but itself in order to exist. Strictly speaking, God alone is substance. Created or finite substances are independent in the sense that they need only the concurrence of God in order to exist. 'Everything in which there resides immediately, as in a subject, or by means of which there exists anything that we perceive, i.e., any property, quality, or attribute, of which we have a real idea, is called a Substance." (Reply to Obj. II, Phil. Works, trans, by Haldane and Ross, vol. II, p. 53, see Prin. of Phil. Pt. I, 51, 52). Substance is that which can exist by itself without the aid of any other substance. Reciprocal exclusion of one another belongs to the nature of substance. (Reply to Obj. IV). Spinoza brings together medieval Aristotelian meanings and the Cartesian usage, but rejects utterly the notion of finite substance, leaving only the infinite. The former is, in effect, a contradiction in terms, according to him. Spinoza further replaces the Aristotelian distinction between substance and accident with that between substance and mode. (See Wolfson, The Phil. of Spinoza, vol. I, ch. 3). "By substance, I understand that which is in itself and is conceived through itself; in other words that, the conception of which does not need the conception of another thing from which it must be formed." (Ethics, I, Def. III). Substance is thus ultimate being, self-caused or from itself (a se), and so absolutely independent being, owing its being to itself, and eternally self-sustaining. It is in itself (in se), and all things are within it. Substance is one and there can be but one substance; God is this substance. For Descartes, every substance has a principal attribute, an unchangeable essential nature, without which it can neither be nor be understood. The attribute is thus constitutive of substance, and the latter is accessible to mind only through the former. By virtue of having different constitutive essences or attributes, substances are opposed to one another. Spinoza, rejecting the idea of finite substance, necessarily rejects the possibility of a plurality of substances. The attributes of the one substance are plural and are constitutive. But the plurality of attributes implies that substance as such cannot be understood by way of any one attribute or by way of several. Accordingly, Spinoza declares that substance is also per se, i.e., conceived through itself. The infinite mode of an attribute, the all pervasive inner character which defines an attribute in distinction from another, is Spinoza's adaptation of the Cartesian constitutive essence.
In the theory of obligation we find on the question of the meaning and status of right and wrong the same variety of views as obtain in the theory of value: "right," e.g., has only an emotive meaning (Ayer); or it denotes an intuited indefinable objective quality or relation of an act (Price, Reid, Clarke, Sidgwick, Ross, possibly Kant); or it stands for the attitude of some mind or group of minds towards an act (the Sophists, Hume, Westermarck). But it is also often defined as meaning that the act is conducive to the welfare of some individual or group -- the agent himself, or his group, or society as a whole. Many of the teleological and utilitarian views mentioned below include such a definition.
In the theory of value the first question concerns the meaning of value-terms and the status of goodness. As to meaning the main point is whether goodness is definable or not, and if so, how. As to status the main point is whether goodness is subjective or objective, relative or absolute. Various positions are possible. Recent emotive meaning theories e.g. that of A. J. Ayer, hold that "good" and other value-terms have only an emotive meaning, Intuitionists and non-naturalists often hold that goodness is an indefinable intrinsic (and therefore objective or absolute) property, e.g., Plato, G. E. Moore, W. D. Ross, J. Laird, Meinong, N. Hartman. Metaphysical and naturalistic moralists usually hold that goodness can be defined in metaphysical or in psychological terms, generally interpreting "x is good" to mean that a certain attitude is taken toward x by some mind or group of minds. For some of them value is objective or absolute in the sense of having the same locus for everyone, e.g., Aristotle in his definition of the good as that at which all things aim, (Ethics, bk. I). For others the locus of value varies from individual to individual or from group to group, i.e. different things will be good for different individuals or groups, e.g., Hobbes, Westermarck, William James, R. B. Perry.
introspection annotation "programming" A kind of {pragma} that makes information about the implementation of a program available to the program at {run-time}, allowing it to do {introspection}. For example, {gtk-doc} defines a {GObject Introspection} {syntax} for {annotations} that give {machine readable} information about function {parameters} and {return values} ({transfer none}, {transfer full}). Gtk-Doc annotations are read by g-ir-scanner and put into a "GIR file". (2018-11-27)
IP address "networking" (Internet address) The 32-bit number uniquely identifying a {node} on a network using {Internet Protocol}, as defined in {STD} 5, {RFC} 791. An IP address is normally displayed in {dotted decimal notation}, e.g. 128.121.4.5. The address can be split into a {network number} (or network address) and a {host number} unique to each host on the network and sometimes also a {subnet address}. The way the address is split depends on its "class", A, B or C (but see also {CIDR}). The class is determined by the high address bits: Class A - high bit 0, 7-bit network number, 24-bit host number. n1.a.a.a 0 "= n1 "= 127 Class B - high 2 bits 10, 14-bit network number, 16-bit host number. n1.n2.a.a 128 "= n1 "= 191 Class C - high 3 bits 110, 21-bit network number, 8-bit host number. n1.n2.n3.a 192 "= n1 "= 223 {DNS} translates a node's {fully qualified domain name} to an Internet address which {ARP} (or {constant mapping}) translates to an {Ethernet address}. [{Jargon File}] (2006-01-27)
I. Period of Preparation (9-12 cent.). Though he does not belong in time to this period, the most dominant figure in Christian thought was St. Augustine (+430), who constructed the general framework within which all subsequent Scholastic speculation operated. Another influential figure was Boethius (+525) whose opuscula sacra established the Scholastic method and who furnished many of the classical definitions and axioms. The first great figure of this period was John Scottus Erigena (+c. 877) who introduced to Latin thought the works of Denis the Pseudo-Areopagite, broadened the Scholastic method by his glossary on Boethius' opuscule sacra and made an unfruitful attempt to interest his contemporaries in natural philosophy by his semi-pantheistic De Divisione Naturae. Other figures of note: Gerbert (+1003) important in the realm of mathematics and natural philosophy; Fulbert of Chartres (+1028) influential in the movement to apply dialectics to theology; Berengar of Tours (+1088) Fulbert's disciple, who, together with Anselm the Peripatetic, was a leader in the movement to rationalize theology. Peter Damiani (+1072), preached strongly against this rationalistic spirit. More moderate and more efficacious in his reaction to the dialectical spirit of his age was Lawfranc (+1089), who strove to define the true boundaries of faith and reason.
ISLisp International Standard Lisp. An {object-oriented} Lisp intended as an international replacement for {Common Lisp}, {EuLisp}, {Le-Lisp} and {Scheme}. The standard's goals are object orientation, extensibility, efficiency, and suitability for non-academic use. The standard is defined in {ISO} WG 16, draft Dec 1992. {(ftp://ma2s2.mathematik.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/lisp/islisp/)}. (1995-02-14)
ISO 9735 "standard, protocol" (Or "EDIFACT") {ISO}'s 1988 {standard} for Electronic data interchange for administration, commerce and transport. It defines {application layer} {syntax}. It was amended and reprinted in 1990. {(http://iso.ch/cate/d17592.html)}. (1995-03-10)
ISWIM "language" (If You See What I Mean) An influential but unimplemented computer programming language described in the article by {Peter J. Landin} cited below. Landin attempted to capture all known programming language concepts, including {assignment} and control operators such as {goto} and {coroutines}, within a single {lambda calculus} based framework. ISWIM is an {imperative language} with a functional core, consisting of {sugared} {lambda calculus} plus {mutable variables} and {assignment}. A powerful control mechanism, Landin's {J operator}, enables capture of the current {continuation} (the {call/cc} operator of {Scheme} is a simplified version). Being based on lambda calculus ISWIM had {higher order functions} and {lexically scoped} variables. The {operational semantics} of ISWIM are defined using Landin's {SECD machine} and use {call-by-value} ({eager evaluation}). To make ISWIM look more like mathematical notation, Landin replaced {ALGOL}'s semicolons and begin end blocks with the {off-side rule} and scoping based on indentation. An ISWIM program is a single {expression} qualified by "where" clauses (auxiliary definitions including equations among variables), conditional expressions and function definitions. With {CPL}, ISWIM was one of the first programming languages to use "where" clauses. New {data types} could be defined as a (possibly recursive) {sum of products} like the {algebraic data types} found in modern functional languages. ISWIM variables were probably {dynamically typed} but Landin may have planned some form of {type inference}. Concepts from ISWIM appear in Art Evan's {PAL} and John Reynold's {Gedanken}, Milner's {ML} and purely functional languages with lazy evaluation like {SASL}, {Miranda} and {Haskell}. [{"The Next 700 Programming Languages" (http://www.cs.utah.edu/~wilson/compilers/old/papers/p157-landin.pdf)}, P.J. Landin, CACM 9(3):157-166, Mar 1966]. (2007-03-20)
(It is, of course, not possible to define i as "the square root of −l." The foregoing statement corresponds to taking i as a new, undefined, symbol. But there is an alternative method, of logical construction, in which the complex numbers are defined as ordered pairs (a, b) of real numbers, and i is then defined as (0, 1).)
It is possible in various ways to define some of the sentential connectives named above in terms of others. In particular, if the sign of alternative denial is taken as primitive, all the other connectives can be defined in terms of this one. Also, if the signs of negation and inclusive disjunction are taken as primitive, all the others can be defined in terms of these; likewise if the signs of negation and conjunction are taken as primitive. Here, however, for reasons of naturalness and symmetry, we prefer to take as primitive the three connectives, denoting negation, conjunction, and inclusive disjunction. The remaining ones are then defined as follows:
IV. Probability as a Primitive Notion: According to this interpretation, whicn is due particularly to Keynes, probability is taken as ultimate or undefined, and it is made known through its essential characteristics. Thus, probability is neither an intrinsic property of propositions like truth, nor an empty concept, but a relative property linking a proposition with its partial evidence. It follows that the probability of the same proposition varies with the evidence presented, and that even though a proposition may turn out to be false, our judgment that it is probable upon a given evidence can be correct. Further, since probability belongs to a proposition only in its relation to other propositions, probability-inferences cannot be the same as truth-inferences as they cannot break the chain of relations between their premisses, they lack one of the essential features usually ascribed to inference. That is why, in particular, the conclusions of the natural sciences cannot be separated from their evidence, as it may be the case with the deductive sciences. With such assumptions, probability is the group name given to the processes which strengthen or increase the likelihood of an analogy. The main objection to this interpretation is the arbitrary character of its primitive idea. There is no reason why there are relations between propositions such that p is probable upon q, even on the assumption of the relative character of probability. There must be conditions determining which propositions are probable upon others. Hence we must look beyond the primitive idea itself and place the ground of probability elsewhere.
Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition "language, programming" (J2ME) {Sun}'s {Java} platform for consumer devices. J2ME defines Configurations and Profiles for different classes of small memory device, from {smart cards} to {pagers} to {set-top boxes}. It can run on various {Java virtual machines} including {KVM}. Related products include {PersonalJava} and {EmbeddedJava}. See also the Standard edition {J2SE} and the Enterprise edition {J2EE}. (Home (http://javasoft.com/j2me/)}. (2000-04-20)
Java Database Connectivity "database, programming" (JDBC) Part of the {Java Development Kit} which defines an {application programming interface} for {Java} for standard {SQL} access to {databases} from Java {programs}. {Home (http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.1/docs/guide/jdbc/index.html)}. {FAQ (http://yoyoweb.com/Javanese/JDBC/FAQ.html)}. See also {Open Database Connectivity}. (1997-09-04)
Java "programming, language" An {object-oriented}, {distributed}, {interpreted}, {architecture-neutral}, {portable}, {multithreaded}, dynamic, buzzword-compliant, general-purpose programming language developed by {Sun Microsystems} in the early 1990s (initially for set-top television controllers) and released to the public in 1995. Java was named after the Indonesian island, a source of {programming fluid}. Java first became popular as the earliest portable dynamic client-side content for the {web} in the form of {platform}-independent {Java applets}. In the late 1990s and into the 2000s it also became very popular on the server side, where an entire set of {APIs} defines the {J2EE}. Java is both a set of public specifications (controlled by {Oracle}, who bought {Sun Microsystems}, through the {JCP}) and a series of implementations of those specifications. Java is syntactially similar to {C++} without user-definable {operator overloading}, (though it does have {method} overloading), without {multiple inheritance} and extensive automatic {coercions}. It has automatic {garbage collection}. Java extends {C++}'s {object-oriented} facilities with those of {Objective C} for {dynamic method resolution}. Whereas programs in C++ and similar languages are compiled and linked to platform-specific binary executables, Java programs are typically compiled to portable {architecture-neutral} {bytecode} ".class" files, which are run using a {Java Virtual Machine}. The JVM is also called an {interpreter}, though it is more correct to say that it uses {Just-In-Time Compilation} to convert the {bytecode} into {native} {machine code}, yielding greater efficiency than most interpreted languages, rivalling C++ for many long-running, non-GUI applications. The run-time system is typically written in {POSIX}-compliant {ANSI C} or {C++}. Some implementations allow Java class files to be translated into {native} {machine code} during or after compilation. The Java compiler and {linker} both enforce {strong type checking} - procedures must be explicitly typed. Java aids in the creation of {virus}-free, tamper-free systems with {authentication} based on {public-key encryption}. Java has an extensive library of routines for all kinds of programming tasks, rivalling that of other languages. For example, the {java.net} package supports {TCP/IP} {protocols} like {HTTP} and {FTP}. Java applications can access objects across the {Internet} via {URLs} almost as easily as on the local {file system}. There are also capabilities for several types of distributed applications. The Java {GUI} libraries provide portable interfaces. For example, there is an abstract {Window} class with implementations for {Unix}, {Microsoft Windows} and the {Macintosh}. The {java.awt} and {javax.swing} classes can be used either in web-based {Applets} or in {client-side applications} or {desktop applications}. There are also packages for developing {XML} applications, {web services}, {servlets} and other web applications, {security}, date and time calculations and I/O formatting, database ({JDBC}), and many others. Java is not related to {JavaScript} despite the name. {(http://oracle.com/java)}. (2011-08-21)
Jhumur: “Every ideal is like a kind of guide on a certain path, it helps to make a path clear, defines a line of advance. So to me, the word Angel is associated with a conscious, luminous guide on the way, and here this is the heaven of the ideal so the ideal becomes the angel. A perfect conception, a perfect idea leads man into another higher realm of expression or action.
Jhumur: “Here it may be defined as cryptic.”
Jhumur: “The field of expression, of manifestation, is time and space, the forefront of our existence, and life moves through the field of time and space. Perhaps Circumstance is when we are unconscious and don’t know where we are moving. We call it circumstance, unconscious life. If we were conscious we wouldn’t call it Circumstance. Time, Place and Circumstance define the proper outline of the subject. We are surrounded by certain conditioning factors which dictate their will. We are slaves of Circumstance and have no freedom until we become masters.”
Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group "algorithm" (JBIG) An experts group of {ISO}, {IEC} and {ITU-T} (JTC1/SC2/WG9 and SGVIII) working to define a {compression} {standard} for {lossless} {image} coding. Their proposed {algorithm} features compatible {progressive coding} and {sequential coding} and is lossless - the image is unaltered after compression and decompression. JBIG can handle images with from one to 255 bits per {pixel}. Better compression algorithms exist for more than about eight bits per pixel. With multiple bits per pixel, {Gray code} can be used to reduce the number of bit changes between adjacent decimal values (e.g. 127 and 128), and thus improve the compression which JBIG does on each {bitplane}. JBIG uses discrete steps of detail by successively doubling the {resolution}. The sender computes a number of resolution layers and transmits these starting at the lowest resolution. Resolution reduction uses pixels in the high resolution layer and some already computed low resolution pixels as an index into a lookup table. The contents of this table can be specified by the user. Compatibility between progressive and sequential coding is achieved by dividing an image into stripes. Each stripe is a horizontal bar with a user definable height. Each stripe is separately coded and transmitted, and the user can define in which order stripes, resolutions and bitplanes are intermixed in the coded data. A progressively coded image can be decoded sequentially by decoding each stripe, beginning by the one at the top of the image, to its full resolution, and then proceeding to the next stripe. Progressive decoding can be done by decoding only a specific resolution layer from all stripes. After dividing an image into {bitplanes}, {resolution layers} and stripes, eventually a number of small bi-level {bitmaps} are left to compress. Compression is done using a {Q-coder}. The Q-coder codes bi-level pixels as symbols using the probability of occurrence of these symbols in a certain context. JBIG defines two kinds of context, one for the lowest resolution layer (the base layer), and one for all other layers (differential layers). Differential layer contexts contain pixels in the layer to be coded, and in the corresponding lower resolution layer. For each combination of pixel values in a context, the probability distribution of black and white pixels can be different. In an all white context, the probability of coding a white pixel will be much greater than that of coding a black pixel. The Q-coder, like {Huffman coding}, achieves {compression} by assigning more bits to less probable symbols. The Q-coder can, unlike a Huffman coder, assign one output code bit to more than one input symbol, and thus is able to compress bi-level pixels without explicit {clustering}, as would be necessary using a Huffman coder. [What is "clustering"?] Maximum compression will be achieved when all probabilities (one set for each combination of pixel values in the context) follow the probabilities of the pixels. The Q-coder therefore continuously adapts these probabilities to the symbols it sees. JBIG can be regarded as two combined algorithms: (1) Sending or storing multiple representations of images at different resolutions with no extra storage cost. Differential layer contexts contain pixels in two resolution layers, and so enable the Q-coder to effectively code the difference in information between the two layers, instead of the information contained in every layer. This means that, within a margin of approximately 5%, the number of resolution layers doesn't effect the compression ratio. (2) A very efficient compression algorithm, mainly for use with bi-level images. Compared to {CCITT Group 4}, JBIG is approximately 10% to 50% better on text and line art, and even better on {halftones}. JBIG, just like Group 4, gives worse compression in the presence of noise in images. An example application would be browsing through an image database. ["An overview of the basic principles of the Q-coder adaptive binary arithmetic coder", W.B. Pennebaker, J.L. Mitchell, G.G. Langdon, R.B. Arps, IBM Journal of research and development, Vol.32, No.6, November 1988, pp. 771-726]. {(http://crs4.it/~luigi/MPEG/jbig.html)}. (1998-03-29)
kernel (Note: NOT "kernal"). 1. "operating system" The essential part of {Unix} or other {operating systems}, responsible for resource allocation, low-level hardware interfaces, security etc. See also {microkernel}. 2. "language" An essential subset of a programming language, in terms of which other constructs are (or could be) defined. Also known as a {core} language. (1996-06-07)
keyword 1. One of a fixed set of symbols built into the syntax of a language. Typical keywords would be if, then, else, print, goto, while, switch. There are usually restrictions about reusing keywords as names for user-defined objects such as variables or procedures. Languages vary as to what is provided as a keyword and what is a library routine, for example some languages provide keywords for input/output operations whereas in others these are library routines. 2. A small set of words designed to convey the subject of a technical article. Some publications specify a fixed set of keywords from which those for a particular article should be chosen.
kludge "jargon" /kluhj/ (From the old Scots "kludgie" meaning an outside toilet) A Scottish engineering term for anything added in an ad hoc (and possibly unhygenic!) manner. At some point during the Second World War, Scottish engineers met Americans and the meaning, spelling and pronunciation of kludge became confused with that of "{kluge}". The spelling "kludge" was apparently popularised by the "Datamation" cited below which defined it as "An ill-assorted collection of poorly matching parts, forming a distressing whole." The result of this tangled history is a mess; in 1993, many (perhaps even most) hackers pronounce the word /klooj/ but spell it "kludge" (compare the pronunciation drift of {mung}). Some observers consider this appropriate in view of its meaning. ["How to Design a Kludge", Jackson Granholme, Datamation, February 1962, pp. 30-31]. [{Jargon File}] (1998-12-09)
kluge "jargon" /klooj/, /kluhj/ (From German "klug" /kloog/ - clever and Scottish "{kludge}") 1. A Rube Goldberg (or Heath Robinson) device, whether in {hardware} or {software}. The spelling "kluge" (as opposed to "kludge") was used in connection with computers as far back as the mid-1950s and, at that time, was used exclusively of *hardware* kluges. 2. "programming" A clever programming trick intended to solve a particular nasty case in an expedient, if not clear, manner. Often used to repair bugs. Often involves {ad-hockery} and verges on being a {crock}. In fact, the TMRC Dictionary defined "kludge" as "a crock that works". 3. Something that works for the wrong reason. 4. ({WPI}) A {feature} that is implemented in a {rude} manner. In 1947, the "New York Folklore Quarterly" reported a classic shaggy-dog story "Murgatroyd the Kluge Maker" then current in the Armed Forces, in which a "kluge" was a complex and puzzling artifact with a trivial function. Other sources report that "kluge" was common Navy slang in the WWII era for any piece of electronics that worked well on shore but consistently failed at sea. However, there is reason to believe this slang use may be a decade older. Several respondents have connected it to the brand name of a device called a "Kluge paper feeder" dating back at least to 1935, an adjunct to mechanical printing presses. The Kluge feeder was designed before small, cheap electric motors and control electronics; it relied on a fiendishly complex assortment of cams, belts, and linkages to both power and synchronise all its operations from one motive driveshaft. It was accordingly tempermental, subject to frequent breakdowns, and devilishly difficult to repair - but oh, so clever! One traditional folk etymology of "klugen" makes it the name of a design engineer; in fact, "Kluge" is a surname in German, and the designer of the Kluge feeder may well have been the man behind this myth. {TMRC} and the MIT hacker culture of the early 1960s seems to have developed in a milieu that remembered and still used some WWII military slang (see also {foobar}). It seems likely that "kluge" came to MIT via alumni of the many military electronics projects run in Cambridge during the war (many in MIT's venerable Building 20, which housed {TMRC} until the building was demolished in 1999). [{Jargon File}] (2002-10-02)
Korn's philosophy represents an attack against naive and dogmatic positivism, but admits and even assimilates an element of Positivism which Korn calls Native Argentinian Positivism. Alejandro Korn may be called The Philosopher of Freedom. In fact, freedom is the keynote of his thought. He speaks of Human liberty as the indissoluble union of economic and ethical liberties. The free soul's knowledge of the world of science operates mainly on the basis of intuition. In fact, intuition is the basis of all knowledge. "Necessity of the objective world order", "Freedom of the spirit in the subjective realm", "Identity", 'Purpose", "Unity of Consciousness", and other similar concepts, are "expressions of immediate evidence and not conclusions of logical dialectics". The experience of freedom, according to Korn, leads to the problem of evaluation, which he defines as "the human response to a fact", whether the fact be an object or an event. Valuation is an experience which grows out of the struggle for liberty. Values, therefore, are relative to the fields of experience in which valuation takes place. The denial of an absolute value or values, does not signify the exclusion of personal faith. On the contrary, personal, faith is the common ground and point of departure of knowledge and action. See Latin-American Philosophy. -- J.A.F.
K&R C "language" (C Classic) The {C} programming language as defined in the first edition of {K&R}, with some small additions. The name "C Classic", a play on "Coke Classic", came into use while {ANSI C} was being standardised by the {ANSI X3J11} committee. See also {classic}. [{Jargon File}] (2006-09-26)
Lambda Prolog "language" An extension of standard {Prolog} defined by Dale A. Miller and Gopalan Nadathur in 1986, in which terms are {strongly typed} lambda terms. {Clauses} are {higher order} {hereditary Harrop formulas}. The main novelties are {universal quantification} on {goals} and {implication}. The {Prolog/Mali} compiler compiles Lambda Prolog for the {MALI} abstract memory system. {Teyjus (http://teyjus.cs.umn.edu/)} is an implementation of Lambda Prolog. {Lambda Prolog home (http://cse.psu.edu/~dale/lProlog/)}. Mailing list: lprolog@cs.umn.edu. ["Higher-order logic programming", Miller D.A. and Nadathur G., 3rd International Conference on Logic Programming, pp 448-462, London 1986]. [Nadathur G. "A Higher-Order Logic as a Basis for Logic Programming", Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1987]. (2002-10-15)
lax ::: not precise or defined; at ease. laxity.
lclint "tool, programming" A lint-like {ANSI C} source checker from {MIT}. If formal specifications are supplied (in a separate file), lclint can do more powerful checking to detect inconsistencies between specifications and code. Adding specifications enables further checking, types can be defined as {abstract} and lclint can detect inconsistent use of {global variables}; undocumented modification of client-visible state; inconsistent use of an uninitialised {formal parameter}; or failure to initialise an actual parameter. {(http://larch-www.lcs.mit.edu:8001/larch/lclint.html)}. (1995-05-11)
leading "text" /ledding/ The spacing between lines of {text}. This is defined when a {font} is designed but can often be altered in order to change the appearance of the text or for special effects. It is measured in {points} and is normally 120% of the height of the text. See also {kerning}, {tracking}. (1996-06-07)
least fixed point "mathematics" A {function} f may have many {fixed points} (x such that f x = x). For example, any value is a fixed point of the identity function, (\ x . x). If f is {recursive}, we can represent it as f = fix F where F is some {higher-order function} and fix F = F (fix F). The standard {denotational semantics} of f is then given by the least fixed point of F. This is the {least upper bound} of the infinite sequence (the {ascending Kleene chain}) obtained by repeatedly applying F to the totally undefined value, bottom. I.e. fix F = LUB {bottom, F bottom, F (F bottom), ...}. The least fixed point is guaranteed to exist for a {continuous} function over a {cpo}. (2005-04-12)
legal Loosely used to mean "in accordance with all the relevant rules", especially in connection with some set of constraints defined by software. "The older =+ alternate for += is no longer legal syntax in ANSI C." "This parser processes each line of legal input the moment it sees the trailing linefeed." Hackers often model their work as a sort of game played with the environment in which the objective is to maneuver through the thicket of "natural laws" to achieve a desired objective. Their use of "legal" is flavoured as much by this game-playing sense as by the more conventional one having to do with courts and lawyers. Compare {language lawyer}, {legalese}. [{Jargon File}]
Leibniz's philosophy was the dawning consciousness of the modern world (Dewey). So gradual and continuous, like the development of a monad, so all-inclusive was the growth of his mind, that his philosophy, as he himself says, "connects Plato with Democritus, Aristotle with Descartes, the Scholastics with the moderns, theology and morals with reason." The reform (if all science was to be effected by the use of two instruments, a universal scientific language and a calculus of reasoning. He advocated a universal language of ideographic symbols in which complex concepts would be expressed by combinations of symbols representing simple concepts or by new symbols defined as equivalent to such a complex. He believed that analysis would enable us to limit the number of undefined concepts to a few simple primitives in terms of which all other concepts could be defined. This is the essential notion back of modern logistic treatments.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol "protocol" (LDAP) A {protocol} for accessing on-line {directory services}. LDAP was defined by the {IETF} in order to encourage adoption of {X.500} directories. The {Directory Access Protocol} (DAP) was seen as too complex for simple {internet clients} to use. LDAP defines a relatively simple protocol for updating and searching directories running over {TCP/IP}. LDAP is gaining support from vendors such as {Netscape}, {Novell}, {Sun}, {HP}, {IBM}/Lotus, {SGI}, {AT&T}, and {Banyan} An LDAP directory entry is a collection of attributes with a name, called a distinguished name (DN). The DN refers to the entry unambiguously. Each of the entry's attributes has a {type} and one or more values. The types are typically mnemonic strings, like "cn" for common name, or "mail" for {e-mail address}. The values depend on the type. For example, a mail attribute might contain the value "donald.duck@disney.com". A jpegPhoto attribute would contain a photograph in binary {JPEG}/{JFIF} format. LDAP directory entries are arranged in a {hierarchical} structure that reflects political, geographic, and/or organisational boundaries. Entries representing countries appear at the top of the tree. Below them are entries representing states or national organisations. Below them might be entries representing people, organisational units, printers, documents, or just about anything else. {RFC 1777}, {RFC 1778}, {RFC 1959}, {RFC 1960}, {RFC 1823}. {LDAP v3 (http://kingsmountain.com/LDAPRoadmap/CurrentState.html)}. [Difference v1, v2, v3?] (2003-09-27)
limit ::: v. t. --> That which terminates, circumscribes, restrains, or confines; the bound, border, or edge; the utmost extent; as, the limit of a walk, of a town, of a country; the limits of human knowledge or endeavor.
The space or thing defined by limits.
That which terminates a period of time; hence, the period itself; the full time or extent.
A restriction; a check; a curb; a hindrance.
linear space "mathematics" A {vector space} where all {linear combinations} of elements are also elements of the space. This is easy for spaces of numbers but not for a space of functions. Roughly, this is to say that multiplication by numbers, and addition of elements is defined in the space. (2000-03-10)
Liskov substitution principle "programming, theory" (LSP) The principle that {object-oriented} {functions} that use {pointers} or references to a {base class} must be able to use {objects} of a {derived class} without knowing it. {Barbara Liskov} first wrote it as follows: If for each object o1 of type S there is an object o2 of type T such that for all programs P defined in terms of T, the behaviour of P is unchanged when o1 is substituted for o2 then S is a {subtype} of T. A function that violates the LSP uses a reference to a base class and must know about all the derivatives of that base class. Such a function violates the {open/closed principle} because it must be modified whenever a new derivative of the base class is created. [Liskov, B. Data Abstraction and Hierarchy, SIGPLAN Notices. 23(5), May 1988]. (2001-09-14)
local loopback addresses The special {Internet address}, 127.0.0.1, defined by the {Internet Protocol}. A {host} can use local the loopback address to send messages to itself. (1995-03-21)
Local Mail Transfer Protocol "messaging, protocol" (LMTP) A {protocol} designed as an alternative to {ESMTP} for cases where the mail receiver does not manage a queue. LMTP is an {application level} {protocol} that runs on top of {TCP/IP}. It was initially defined in {RFC 2033}, and uses (with a few changes) the syntax and semantics of {ESMTP}. It should be used only by specific prior arrangement and configuration, and it must not be used on TCP {port} 25 (the {SMTP} port). (2002-03-09)
local variable "programming" A {variable} with {lexical scope}, i.e. one which only exists in some particular part of the {source code}, typically within a {block} or a {function} or {procedure} body. This contrasts with a {global variable}, which is defined throughout the whole program. Code is easier to understand and modify when the scope of variables is as small as possible because it is easier to see how the variable is set and used. Code containing global variables is harder to modify because its behaviour may depend on and affect other sections of code that refer to that variable. (2009-12-14)
locate ::: v. t. --> To place; to set in a particular spot or position.
To designate the site or place of; to define the limits of; as, to locate a public building; to locate a mining claim; to locate (the land granted by) a land warrant. ::: v. i. --> To place one&
Locke, John: (1632-1714) The first great British empiricist, denied the existence of innate ideas, categories, and moral principles. The mind at birth is a tabula rasa. Its whole content is derived from sense-experience, and constructed by reflection upon sensible data. Reflection is effected through memory and its attendant activities of contemplation, distinction, comparison in point of likeness and difference, and imaginative recompositon. Even the most abstract notions and ideas, like infinity, power, cause and effect, substance and identity, which seemingly are not given by experience, are no exceptions to the rule. Thus "infinity" confesses our inability to limit in fact or imagination the spatial and temporal extension of sense-experience; "substance," to perceive or understand why qualities congregate in separate clumps; "power" and "cause and effect," to perceive or understand why and how these clumps follow, and seemingly produce one another as they do, or for that matter, how our volitions "produce" the movements that put them into effect. Incidentally, Locke defines freedom as liberty, not of choice, which is always sufficiently motivated, but of action in accordance with choice. "Identity" of things, Locke derives from spatial and temporal continuity of the content of clumps of sensations; of structure, from continuity of arrangement in changing content; of person, from continuity of consciousness through memory, which, incidentally, permits of alternating personalities in the same body or of the transference of the same personality from one body to another.
logic 1. "philosophy, logic" A branch of philosophy and mathematics that deals with the formal principles, methods and criteria of validity of {inference}, reasoning and {knowledge}. Logic is concerned with what is true and how we can know whether something is true. This involves the formalisation of logical arguments and {proofs} in terms of symbols representing {propositions} and {logical connectives}. The meanings of these logical connectives are expressed by a set of rules which are assumed to be self-evident. {Boolean algebra} deals with the basic operations of truth values: AND, OR, NOT and combinations thereof. {Predicate logic} extends this with existential and universal {quantifiers} and symbols standing for {predicates} which may depend on variables. The rules of {natural deduction} describe how we may proceed from valid premises to valid conclusions, where the premises and conclusions are expressions in {predicate logic}. Symbolic logic uses a {meta-language} concerned with truth, which may or may not have a corresponding expression in the world of objects called existance. In symbolic logic, arguments and {proofs} are made in terms of symbols representing {propositions} and {logical connectives}. The meanings of these begin with a set of rules or {primitives} which are assumed to be self-evident. Fortunately, even from vague primitives, functions can be defined with precise meaning. {Boolean logic} deals with the basic operations of {truth values}: AND, OR, NOT and combinations thereof. {Predicate logic} extends this with {existential quantifiers} and {universal quantifiers} which introduce {bound variables} ranging over {finite} sets; the {predicate} itself takes on only the values true and false. Deduction describes how we may proceed from valid {premises} to valid conclusions, where these are expressions in {predicate logic}. Carnap used the phrase "rational reconstruction" to describe the logical analysis of thought. Thus logic is less concerned with how thought does proceed, which is considered the realm of psychology, and more with how it should proceed to discover truth. It is the touchstone of the results of thinking, but neither its regulator nor a motive for its practice. See also fuzzy logic, logic programming, arithmetic and logic unit, first-order logic, See also {Boolean logic}, {fuzzy logic}, {logic programming}, {first-order logic}, {logic bomb}, {combinatory logic}, {higher-order logic}, {intuitionistic logic}, {equational logic}, {modal logic}, {linear logic}, {paradox}. 2. "electronics" {Boolean} logic circuits. See also {arithmetic and logic unit}, {asynchronous logic}, {TTL}. (1995-03-17)
Logical Link Control "networking" (LLC) The upper portion of the {data link layer}, as defined in {IEEE 802.2}. The LLC sublayer presents a uniform interface to the user of the data link service, usually the {network layer}. Beneath the LLC sublayer is the {Media Access Control} (MAC) sublayer. (1995-02-14)
logic variable "programming" A variable in a {logic programming} language which is initially undefined ("unbound") but may get bound to a value or another logic variable during {unification} of the containing clause with the current {goal}. The value to which it is bound may contain other variables which may themselves be bound or unbound. For example, when unifying the clause sad(X) :- computer(X, ibmpc). with the goal sad(billgates). the variable X will become bound to the atom "billgates" yielding the new subgoal "computer(billgates, ibmpc)". (1995-03-14)
logos reason ::: a term used in October 1920 for the second level of logos vijñana; it is defined as "the lower representative idea", apparently referring to the form of intuitive revelatory logistis previously called representative revelatory vijñana. logos vij ñana
Lorenz attractor "mathematics" (After {Edward Lorenz}, its discoverer) A region in the {phase space} of the solution to certain systems of (non-linear) {differential equations}. Under certain conditions, the motion of a particle described by such as system will neither converge to a steady state nor diverge to infinity, but will stay in a bounded but chaotically defined region. By {chaotic}, we mean that the particle's location, while definitely in the attractor, might as well be randomly placed there. That is, the particle appears to move randomly, and yet obeys a deeper order, since is never leaves the attractor. Lorenz modelled the location of a particle moving subject to atmospheric forces and obtained a certain system of {ordinary differential equations}. When he solved the system numerically, he found that his particle moved wildly and apparently randomly. After a while, though, he found that while the momentary behaviour of the particle was chaotic, the general pattern of an attractor appeared. In his case, the pattern was the butterfly shaped attractor now known as the {Lorenz attractor}. (1996-01-13)
LUSTRE (A French acronym for Synchronous real-time Lucid). Real-time dataflow language for synchronous systems, especially automatic control and signal processing. A {Lucid} subset, plus timing operators and user-defined clocks. Designed for automatic control applications. It is based on the idea that automatic control engineers use to analyse, and specify their systems in terms of functions over sequences (sampled signals). It thus seems both safe and cost effective to try to compile directly those descriptions into executable code. A lot of work has been done, so as to get efficient compilation, and also in formal verification. The language has been used in nuclear plant control, and will be used in aircraft control. ["Outline of a Real-Time Data-Flow Language", J.-L. Bergerand et al, Proc IEE-CS Real Time Systems Symp, San Diego, IEEE Dec 1985, pp. 33-42]. ["LUSTRE: A Declarative Language for Programming Synchronous Systems", P. Caspi et al, Conf Rec 14th Ann ACM Symp on Princ Prog Langs, 1987]. (1994-10-12)
m4 A {macro} processor for {Unix} and {GCOS} which is more flexible than {cpp}. m4 copies its input to the output, expanding macros which can be either built-in or user-defined. m4 has built-in functions for including files, running {Unix} commands, doing integer arithmetic, manipulating text in various ways and recursing. m4 can be used either as a {front-end} to a compiler or as a stand-alone tool. {sendmail}'s configuration file (/etc/sendmail.cf) is writen in m4 macros. There is a {GNU m4 v1.1 (ftp://gnu.org/pub/gnu/m4-1.0.tar.Z)} by Francois Pinard "pinard@iro.umontreal.ca" and a {public domain} version by Ozan Yigit "oz@sis.yorku.ca" and Richard A. O'Keefe "ok@goanna.cs.rmit.OZ.AU" (FTP from any {386BSD}, {NetBSD} or {FreeBSD} archive). A {Macintosh} version is {here (ftp://nic.switch.ch/pub/software/mac/src/mpw-c/)}. See also {m3}, {m5}. ["The M4 Macro Processor", Kernighan & Ritchie, Jul 1977].
magic cookie 1. Something passed between routines or programs that enables the receiver to perform some operation; a {capability} ticket or {opaque identifier}. Especially used of small data objects that contain data encoded in a strange or intrinsically machine-dependent way. E.g. on non-{Unix} {operating systems} with a non-byte-stream model of files, the result of "{ftell}" may be a magic cookie rather than a byte offset; it can be passed to "{fseek}", but not operated on in any meaningful way. The phrase "it hands you a magic cookie" means it returns a result whose contents are not defined but which can be passed back to the same or some other program later. 2. An in-band code for changing graphic rendition (e.g. inverse video or underlining) or performing other control functions. Some older terminals would leave a blank on the screen corresponding to mode-change magic cookies; this was also called a {glitch} (or occasionally a "turd"; compare {mouse droppings}). See also {cookie}. [{Jargon File}] (1995-01-25)
magic number "jargon, programming" 1. In {source code}, some non-obvious constant whose value is significant to the operation of a program and that is inserted inconspicuously in-line ({hard-coded}), rather than expanded in by a symbol set by a commented "
main "programming" The name of the {subroutine} called by the {run-time system} (RTS) when it executes a {C} program. The RTS passes the program's {command-line arguments} to main as a count and an {array} of {pointers} to strings. If the main subroutine returns then the program exits. {Java} has inheritted the name "main" from C but in Java it's more complicated of course. The main routine must have a signature of exactly public static void main(String []) And it must be inside a public class with the same name as the {source} file where it is defined. (2008-11-12)
Maisie A {C}-based parallel programming language by Wen-Toh Liao "wentoh@may.CS.UCLA.EDU". Maisie extends C with {asynchronous} typed {message passing} and {lightweight process}es. Programs can define, create and destroy processes, send and receive messages and manipulate the system clock. Maisie has been ported to {PVM}/3.1, {Cosmic} Environment and {SUN} {sockets}. {Version 2.1.1.3 (ftp://cs.ucla.edu/pub/maisie.2.1.1.3.tar.Z)}. (1993-06-14)
Management Information Base "networking" (MIB) A {database} of managed objects acessed by {network management} {protocols}. An {SNMP} MIB is a set of parameters which an {SNMP} {management station} can query or set in the {SNMP agent} of a network device (e.g. {router}). {SNMP} has two {standard} MIBs. The first, MIB I, was established in {RFC 1156}, was defined to manage {TCP/IP}-based {internets}. MIB II, defined in {RFC 1213}, is an update. Standard minimal MIBs have been defined, and many hardware (and certain software, e.g. {DBMS}) providers have developed private MIBs in {ASN.1} format allowing them to be compiled for use in a {Network Management System}. In theory, any {SNMP manager} can talk to any {SNMP agent} with a properly defined MIB. See also {client-server model}. (2004-07-22)
MANTIS "language" A structured, full-function procedural {4GL} and application development system from {Cincom}. MANTIS enables the developer to design prototypes, create transaction screens and reports, define logical data views, write structured procedures, and dynamically test, correct, document, secure, and release applications for production in a single, integrated, interactive session. MANTIS applications can be enhanced with gOOi, the graphical object-oriented interface, which creates graphical Windows representations of existing MANTIS screens. {(http://cincom.com/products/mantis/)}. (2003-08-08)
Many moralists deny that there are any categorical obligations, and maintain that moral obligations are all hypothetical. E.g., John Gay defines obligation as "the necessity of doing or omitting any action in order to be happy." On such views one's obligation to do a certain deed reduces to one's desire to do it or to have that to which it conduces. Obligation and motivation coincide. Hence J. S. Mill identifies sanctions, motives, and sources of obligation. Other moralists hold that hypothetical obligations are merely pragmatic or prudential, and that moral obligations are categorical (Kant, Sidgwick). On this view obligation and motivation need not coincide, for obligation is independent of motivation. There is, it is said, a real objective necessity or obligation to do certain sorts of action, independently of our desires or motives. Indeed, it is sometimes said (Kant, Sidgwick) that there is no obligation for one to do an action unless one is at least susceptible to an inclination to do otherwise.
Matter, prime: (Scholastic) Though the notion of prime matter or hyle is not unknown to the Schoolmen previous to the 13th century, a consistent philosophical view has been developed only after the revival of Aristotelian philosophy. In accordance with the Stagirite, Aquinas considers prime matter as pure potentiality, lacking all positive characteristics. Matter becomes the principle of individuation; by being united to matter, the form is "contracted", that is narrowed from its universal and specific being to existence in a particular. Consequently, individuality is denied to the Angels who are free of matter, subsistent forms; every angel is a species of his own. The individuating principle is, however, not prime matter as such but materia signata quantitate; this means that a still indefinite relation to quantity is added. What is now commonly called matter is defined by Aquinas as materia secunda; the material thing owes its existence to the information of prime matter by a substantial form. -- R.A.
Mean: In general, that which in some way mediates or occupies a middle position among various things or between two extremes. Hence (especially in the plural) that through which an end is attained; in mathematics the word is used for any one of various notions of average; in ethics it represents moderation, temperance, prudence, the middle way. In mathematics: The arithmetic mean of two quantities is half their sum; the arithmetic mean of n quantities is the sum of the n quantities, divided by n. In the case of a function f(x) (say from real numbers to real numbers) the mean value of the function for the values x1, x2, . . . , xn of x is the arithmetic mean of f(x1), f(x2), . . . , f(xn). This notion is extended to the case of infinite sets of values of x by means of integration; thus the mean value of f(x) for values of x between a and b is ∫f(x)dx, with a and b as the limits of integration, divided by the difference between a and b. The geometric mean of or between, or the mean proportional between, two quantities is the (positive) square root of their product. Thus if b is the geometric mean between a and c, c is as many times greater (or less) than b as b is than a. The geometric mean of n quantities is the nth root of their product. The harmonic mean of two quantities is defined as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of their reciprocals. Hence the harmonic mean of a and b is 2ab/(a + b). The weighted mean or weighted average of a set of n quantities, each of which is associated with a certain number as weight, is obtained by multiplying each quantity by the associated weight, adding these products together, and then dividing by the sum of the weights. As under A, this may be extended to the case of an infinite set of quantities by means of integration. (The weights have the role of estimates of relative importance of the various quantities, and if all the weights are equal the weighted mean reduces to the simple arithmetic mean.) In statistics, given a population (i.e., an aggregate of observed or observable quantities) and a variable x having the population as its range, we have: The mean value of x is the weighted mean of the values of x, with the probability (frequency ratio) of each value taken as its weight. In the case of a finite population this is the same as the simple arithmetic mean of the population, provided that, in calculating the arithmetic mean, each value of x is counted as many times over as it occurs in the set of observations constituting the population. In like manner, the mean value of a function f(x) of x is the weighted mean of the values of f(x), where the probability of each value of x is taken as the weight of the corresponding value of f(x). The mode of the population is the most probable (most frequent) value of x, provided there is one such. The median of the population is so chosen that the probability that x be less than the median (or the probability that x be greater than the median) is ½ (or as near ½ as possible). In the case of a finite population, if the values of x are arranged in order of magnitude --repeating any one value of x as many times over as it occurs in the set of observations constituting the population --then the middle term of this series, or the arithmetic mean of the two middle terms, is the median. --A.C. In cosmology, the fundamental means (arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic) were used by the Greeks in describing or actualizing the process of becoming in nature. The Pythagoreans and the Platonists in particular made considerable use of these means (see the Philebus and the Timaeus more especially). These ratios are among the basic elements used by Plato in his doctrine of the mixtures. With the appearance of the qualitative physics of Aristotle, the means lost their cosmological importance and were thereafter used chiefly in mathematics. The modern mathematical theories of the universe make use of the whole range of means analyzed by the calculus of probability, the theory of errors, the calculus of variations, and the statistical methods. In ethics, the 'Doctrine of the Mean' is the moral theory of moderation, the development of the virtues, the determination of the wise course in action, the practice of temperance and prudence, the choice of the middle way between extreme or conflicting decisions. It has been developed principally by the Chinese, the Indians and the Greeks; it was used with caution by the Christian moralists on account of their rigorous application of the moral law. In Chinese philosophy, the Doctrine of the Mean or of the Middle Way (the Chung Yung, literally 'Equilibrium and Harmony') involves the absence of immoderate pleasure, anger, sorrow or joy, and a conscious state in which those feelings have been stirred and act in their proper degree. This doctrine has been developed by Tzu Shu (V. C. B.C.), a grandson of Confucius who had already described the virtues of the 'superior man' according to his aphorism "Perfect is the virtue which is according to the mean". In matters of action, the superior man stands erect in the middle and strives to follow a course which does not incline on either side. In Buddhist philosophy, the System of the Middle Way or Madhyamaka is ascribed more particularly to Nagarjuna (II c. A.D.). The Buddha had given his revelation as a mean or middle way, because he repudiated the two extremes of an exaggerated ascetlsm and of an easy secular life. This principle is also applied to knowledge and action in general, with the purpose of striking a happy medium between contradictory judgments and motives. The final objective is the realization of the nirvana or the complete absence of desire by the gradual destruction of feelings and thoughts. But while orthodox Buddhism teaches the unreality of the individual (who is merely a mass of causes and effects following one another in unbroken succession), the Madhyamaka denies also the existence of these causes and effects in themselves. For this system, "Everything is void", with the legitimate conclusion that "Absolute truth is silence". Thus the perfect mean is realized. In Greek Ethics, the doctrine of the Right (Mean has been developed by Plato (Philebus) and Aristotle (Nic. Ethics II. 6-8) principally, on the Pythagorean analogy between the sound mind, the healthy body and the tuned string, which has inspired most of the Greek Moralists. Though it is known as the "Aristotelian Principle of the Mean", it is essentially a Platonic doctrine which is preformed in the Republic and the Statesman and expounded in the Philebus, where we are told that all good things in life belong to the class of the mixed (26 D). This doctrine states that in the application of intelligence to any kind of activity, the supreme wisdom is to know just where to stop, and to stop just there and nowhere else. Hence, the "right-mean" does not concern the quantitative measurement of magnitudes, but simply the qualitative comparison of values with respect to a standard which is the appropriate (prepon), the seasonable (kairos), the morally necessary (deon), or generally the moderate (metrion). The difference between these two kinds of metretics (metretike) is that the former is extrinsic and relative, while the latter is intrinsic and absolute. This explains the Platonic division of the sciences into two classes: those involving reference to relative quantities (mathematical or natural), and those requiring absolute values (ethics and aesthetics). The Aristotelian analysis of the "right mean" considers moral goodness as a fixed and habitual proportion in our appetitions and tempers, which can be reached by training them until they exhibit just the balance required by the right rule. This process of becoming good develops certain habits of virtues consisting in reasonable moderation where both excess and defect are avoided: the virtue of temperance (sophrosyne) is a typical example. In this sense, virtue occupies a middle position between extremes, and is said to be a mean; but it is not a static notion, as it leads to the development of a stable being, when man learns not to over-reach himself. This qualitative conception of the mean involves an adaptation of the agent, his conduct and his environment, similar to the harmony displayed in a work of art. Hence the aesthetic aspect of virtue, which is often overstressed by ancient and neo-pagan writers, at the expense of morality proper. The ethical idea of the mean, stripped of the qualifications added to it by its Christian interpreters, has influenced many positivistic systems of ethics, and especially pragmatism and behaviourism (e.g., A. Huxley's rule of Balanced Excesses). It is maintained that it is also involved in the dialectical systems, such as Hegelianism, where it would have an application in the whole dialectical process as such: thus, it would correspond to the synthetic phase which blends together the thesis and the antithesis by the meeting of the opposites. --T.G. Mean, Doctrine of the: In Aristotle's ethics, the doctrine that each of the moral virtues is an intermediate state between extremes of excess and defect. -- O.R.M.
Message Digest 5 "messaging" The {message digest function} defined in {RFC 1321}. (1996-08-04)
Message Handling System "messaging, standard" (MHS) The {standard} defined by {ITU-T} as {X.400} and by {ISO} as {Message-Oriented Text Interchange Standard} (MOTIS). MHS is the X.400 family of services and {protocols} that provides the functions for global {electronic mail} transfer among local mail systems and {MTAs}. It is used by {CompuServe}, among others. (1996-09-25)
metalloid ::: n. --> Formerly, the metallic base of a fixed alkali, or alkaline earth; -- applied by Sir H. Davy to sodium, potassium, and some other metallic substances whose metallic character was supposed to be not well defined.
Now, one of several elementary substances which in the free state are unlike metals, and whose compounds possess or produce acid, rather than basic, properties; a nonmetal; as, boron, carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, chlorine, bromine, etc., are
Metaphysical ethics: Any view according to which ethics is a branch of metaphysics, ethical principles being derived from metaphysical principles and ethical notions being defined in terms of metaphysical notions. -- W.K.F.
methionic ::: a. --> Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphonic (thionic) acid derivative of methane, obtained as a stable white crystalline substance, CH2.(SO3H)2, which forms well defined salts.
method "programming" In {object-oriented programming}, a {function} that can be called on an {object} of a given {class}. When a method is called (or {invoked (method invocation)}) on an object, the object is passed as an implicit {argument} to the method, usually referred to by the special variable "this". If the method is not defined in the object's class, it is looked for in that class's {superclass}, and so on up the {class hierarchy} until it is found. A {subclass} thus {inherits {inheritance}} all the methods of its superclasses. Different classes may define methods with the same name (i.e. methods may be {polymorphic}). Methods are sometimes called "object methods" or "instance methods". "{Class methods}" are methods that operate on objects of class "class". "Static methods" are not methods but normal {functions} packaged with the class. (2000-03-22)
metre "unit" (US "meter") The fundamental {SI} unit of length. From 1889 to 1960, the metre was defined to be the distance between two scratches in a platinum-iridium bar kept in the vault beside the Standard Kilogram at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris. This replaced an earlier definition as 10^-7 times the distance between the North Pole and the Equator along a meridian through Paris; unfortunately, this had been based on an inexact value of the circumference of the Earth. From 1960 to 1984 it was defined to be 1650763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red line of krypton-86 propagating in a vacuum. It is now defined as the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum in the time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. (1998-02-07)
MIB Variable A managed object that is defined in a {Management Information Base} (MIB). The object is defined by a textual name and a corresponding object identifier, a {syntax}, an access mode, a status, and a description of the semantics of the managed object. The MIB Variable contains pertinent management information that is accessible as defined by the access mode. (1995-03-22)
Michigan Algorithm Decoder "language" (MAD) An early programming language, based on {IAL}, developed at the University of Michigan by R. Graham, Bruce Arden, and Bernard Galler in 1959. MAD was one of the first {extensible languages}: the user could define his own {operators} and {data types}. MAD ran on the {IBM 704}, {IBM 709} and {IBM 7090}. It was ported to the {IBM 7040} at the City College of New York by Robert Teitel and also to {Philco}, {Univac} and {CDC} computers. {Mad/1} was a later version. ["Michigan Algorithm Decoder (The MAD Manual)", U Michigan Computing Center, 1966]. [Sammet 1969, p. 205]. (2005-02-09)
Mill, John Stuart: (1806-1873) The son of James Mill, was much influenced by his father and Jeremy Bentham. Principal philosophical works: Logic, 1843; Liberty, 1859; Utilitarianism, 1861. In logic and epistemology he was a thorough empiricist, holding that all inference is basically induction on the basis of the principle of the uniformity of nature from one particular event to another or a group of others. Syllogistic reasoning, he holds always involves a petitio, the conclusion being included in the premises, with knowledge of those in turn resting on empirical inductions. Mill defines the cause of an event as the sum total of its necessary conditions positive and negative.
mimencode (Originally distributed as "mmencode"). A replacement for {uuencode} for use in {electronic mail} and {news}. Part of {MIME}. uuencode uses characters that don"t translate well across all mail gateways (particularly those which convert between {ASCII} and {EBCDIC}). Also, different variants of uuencode encode data in different and incompatible ways, with no standard. Finally, few uuencode variants work well in a pipe. Mimencode implements the encodings which were defined for {MIME} as uuencode replacements, and should be considerably more robust for e-mail use. Written by Nathaniel S. Borenstein of Bell Communications Research, Inc. ({Bellcore}) in 1991.
Missing definition "introduction" First, this is an (English language) __computing__ dictionary. It includes lots of terms from related fields such as mathematics and electronics, but if you're looking for (or want to submit) words from other subjects or general English words or other languages, try {(http://wikipedia.org/)}, {(http://onelook.com/)}, {(http://yourdictionary.com/)}, {(http://www.dictionarist.com/)} or {(http://reference.allrefer.com/)}. If you've already searched the dictionary for a computing term and it's not here then please __don't tell me__. There are, and always will be, a great many missing terms, no dictionary is ever complete. I use my limited time to process the corrections and definitions people have submitted and to add the {most frequently requested missing terms (missing.html)}. Try one of the sources mentioned above or {(http://techweb.com/encyclopedia/)}, {(http://whatis.techtarget.com/)} or {(http://google.com/)}. See {the Help page (help.html)} for more about missing definitions and bad cross-references. (2014-09-20)! {exclamation mark}!!!Batch "language, humour" A daft way of obfuscating text strings by encoding each character as a different number of {exclamation marks} surrounded by {question marks}, e.g. "d" is encoded as "?!!!!?". The language is named after the {MSDOS} {batch file} in which the first converter was written. {esoteric programming languages} {wiki entry (http://esolangs.org/wiki/!!!Batch)}. (2014-10-25)" {double quote}
Model-View-Presenter "programming" (MVP) A {user interface} {architectural pattern} where functions are separated between the model, view and presenter. The model defines the data to be displayed or otherwise acted upon in the user interface. The view displays data from the model and routes user commands (events) to the presenter to act upon that data. The presenter retrieves data from the model and displays it in the view. The implementation of MVP can vary as to how much presentation logic is handled by the presenter and the view. In a {web application} most presentation logic is usually in the view which runs in the {web browser}. MVP is one of the {MV*} variations of the {MVC} pattern. (2014-11-27)
Modula-2 "language" A high-level programming language designed by {Niklaus Wirth} at {ETH} in 1978. It is a derivative of {Pascal} with well-defined interfaces between {modules}, and facilities for parallel computation. Modula-2 was developed as the system language for the {Lilith} {workstation}. The central concept is the {module} which may be used to encapsulate a set of related subprograms and data structures, and restrict their visibility from other portions of the program. Each module has a definition part giving the interface, and an implementation part. The language provides limited single-processor {concurrency} ({monitors}, {coroutines} and explicit transfer of control) and hardware access ({absolute address}es and {interrupts}). It uses {name equivalence}. {DEC FTP archive (ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/.1/DEC/Modula-2/m2.tar.Z)}. ["Programming in Modula-2", N. Wirth, Springer 1985]. (1995-10-25)
monad "theory, functional programming" /mo'nad/ A technique from {category theory} which has been adopted as a way of dealing with {state} in {functional programming languages} in such a way that the details of the state are hidden or abstracted out of code that merely passes it on unchanged. A monad has three components: a means of augmenting an existing type, a means of creating a default value of this new type from a value of the original type, and a replacement for the basic application operator for the old type that works with the new type. The alternative to passing state via a monad is to add an extra argument and return value to many functions which have no interest in that state. Monads can encapsulate state, side effects, exception handling, global data, etc. in a purely lazily functional way. A monad can be expressed as the triple, (M, unitM, bindM) where M is a function on types and (using {Haskell} notation): unitM :: a -" M a bindM :: M a -" (a -" M b) -" M b I.e. unitM converts an ordinary value of type a in to monadic form and bindM applies a function to a monadic value after de-monadising it. E.g. a state transformer monad: type S a = State -" (a, State) unitS a = \ s0 -" (a, s0) m `bindS` k = \ s0 -" let (a,s1) = m s0 in k a s1 Here unitS adds some initial state to an ordinary value and bindS applies function k to a value m. (`fun` is Haskell notation for using a function as an {infix} operator). Both m and k take a state as input and return a new state as part of their output. The construction m `bindS` k composes these two state transformers into one while also passing the value of m to k. Monads are a powerful tool in {functional programming}. If a program is written using a monad to pass around a variable (like the state in the example above) then it is easy to change what is passed around simply by changing the monad. Only the parts of the program which deal directly with the quantity concerned need be altered, parts which merely pass it on unchanged will stay the same. In functional programming, unitM is often called initM or returnM and bindM is called thenM. A third function, mapM is frequently defined in terms of then and return. This applies a given function to a list of monadic values, threading some variable (e.g. state) through the applications: mapM :: (a -" M b) -" [a] -" M [b] mapM f [] = returnM [] mapM f (x:xs) = f x `thenM` ( \ x2 -" mapM f xs `thenM` ( \ xs2 -" returnM (x2 : xs2) )) (2000-03-09)
Mother, The ::: ...the Mother is One but she comes before us with differing aspects, many are her powers and personalities, many her emanations and Vibhutis that do her work in the universe. The whom who we adore as the Mother is the Divine Consciousness Force that dominates all existence, one and yet so many sided that to follow her movement is impossible even for the quickest mind and for the freeest and most vast intelligence. The Mother is the Conciousness and Force of the Supreme and far above all she creates. But something of her ways can be seen and felt through her embodiments and the more seizable because more defined and limited temperament and action of the godess forms in who she consents to be manifest to her creatures. ::: There are three ways of being of which you can become aware when you enter into touch of Oneness with the Consciousness Force that upholds us and the universe. Transcendent, the original Supreme shakti, she stands above the worlds and links the creation to the ever unmanifest mystery of the Supreme. Universal the cosmic Mahashakti, she creates all these beings and contains and enters, supports and conducts all these million processes and forces. Individual she embodies the power of these two vaster ways of her existence, makes them living and near to us and mediates between the human personality and the Divine Nature....
Ref: CWSA Vol. 35, Page: 111
mouse "hardware, graphics" The most commonly used computer {pointing device}, first introduced by {Douglas Engelbart} in 1968. The mouse is a device used to manipulate an on-screen {pointer} that's normally shaped like an arrow. With the mouse in hand, the computer user can select, move, and change items on the screen. A conventional {roller-ball mouse} is slid across the surface of the desk, often on a {mouse mat}. As the mouse moves, a ball set in a depression on the underside of the mouse rolls accordingly. The ball is also in contact with two small shafts set at right angles to each other inside the mouse. The rotating ball turns the shafts, and sensors inside the mouse measure the shafts' rotation. The distance and direction information from the sensors is then transmitted to the computer, usually through a connecting wire - the mouse's "tail". The computer then moves the mouse pointer on the screen to follow the movements of the mouse. This may be done directly by the {graphics adaptor}, but where it involves the processor the task should be assigned a high {priority} to avoid any perceptible delay. Some mice are contoured to fit the shape of a person's right hand, and some come in left-handed versions. Other mice are symmetrical. Included on the mouse are usually two or three buttons that the user may press, or click, to initiate various actions such as running {programs} or opening {files}. The left-most button (the {primary mouse button}) is operated with the index finger to select and activate objects represented on the screen. Different {operating systems} and {graphical user interfaces} have different conventions for using the other button(s). Typical operations include calling up a {context-sensitive menu}, modifying the selection, or pasting text. With fewer mouse buttons these require combinations of mouse and keyboard actions. Between its left and right buttons, a mouse may also have a wheel that can be used for scrolling or other special operations defined by the software. Some systems allow the mouse button assignments to be swapped round for left-handed users. Just moving the pointer across the screen with the mouse typically does nothing (though some CAD systems respond to patterns of mouse movement with no buttons pressed). Normally, the pointer is positioned over something on the screen (an {icon} or a {menu} item), and the user then clicks a mouse button to actually affect the screen display. The five most common "gestures" performed with the mouse are: {point} (to place the pointer over an on-screen item), {click} (to press and release a mouse button), {double-click} {to press and release a mouse button twice in rapid succession}, {right-click} (to press and release the right mouse button}, and {drag} (to hold down the mouse button while moving the mouse). Most modern computers include a mouse as standard equipment. However, some systems, especially portable {laptop} and {notebook} models, may have a {trackball}, {touchpad} or {Trackpoint} on or next to the {keyboard}. These input devices work like the mouse, but take less space and don't need a desk. Many other alternatives to the conventional roller-ball mouse exist. A {tailless mouse}, or {hamster}, transmits its information with {infrared} impulses. A {foot-controlled mouse (http://footmouse.com/)} is one used on the floor underneath the desk. An {optical mouse} uses a {light-emitting diode} and {photocells} instead of a rolling ball to track its position. Some optical designs may require a special mouse mat marked with a grid, others, like the Microsoft IntelliMouse Explorer, work on nearly any surface. {Yahoo! (http://dir.yahoo.com/Business_and_Economy/Companies/Computers/Hardware/Peripherals/Input_Devices/Mice/)}. {(http://peripherals.about.com/library/weekly/aa041498.htm)}. {PC Guide's "Troubleshooting Mice" (http://pcguide.com/ts/x/comp/mice.htm)}. (1999-07-21)
Mu "character" (Greek letter). 1. "unit" /micro/ prefix denoting division by 10^6, e.g. mu m (micrometre, a millionth part of a metre). Sometimes written as a 'u', the ASCII character nearest in appearance. 2. "mathematics" /myoo/ In the theory of functions, mu x . E denotes the least value of x for which E = x, i.e. the {least fixed point} of the function \ x . E. The {recursive} function mu f . H f satisfies (and is defined by) the equation mu f . H f = H (mu f . H f) An alternative notation for the same function is fix H = H (fix H) See {fixed point combinator}. 3. "database" {multiple value}. [{Jargon File}] (1995-10-30)
Multi-channel Memorandum Distribution Facility "messaging" (MMDF) An {electronic mail} system for Unix(?) which is much easier to configure than {sendmail}. The source is available. MMDF is a versatile and configurable mail routing system ({MTA}) which also includes user interface programs ({MUA}). It can be set up to route mail to different {domains} and {hosts} over different channels (e.g. {SMTP}, {UUCP}). On {UNIX} systems, its configuration begins with the /usr/mmdf/mmdftailor file, which defines the machine and domain names, various other configuration tables (alias, domain, channel) and other configuration information. [Home?] (1997-01-14)
Multiprotocol Label Switching "networking" (MPLS) A {packet switching} {protocol} developed by the {IETF}. Initially developed to improve switching speed, other benefits are now seen as being more important. MPLS adds a 32-{bit} label to each {packet} to improve {network} efficiency and to enable {routers} to direct {packets} along predefined routes in accordance with the required {quality of service}. The label is added when the {packet} enters the MPLS {network}, and is based on an analysis of the {packet} {header}. The label contains information on the route along which the {packet} may travel, and the {forwarding equivalence class} (FEC) of the {packet}. Packets with the same {FEC} are routed through the {network} in the same way. Routers make forwarding decisions based purely on the contents of the label. This simplifies the work done by the {router}, leading to an increase in speed. At each {router}, the label is replaced with a new label, which tells the next {router} how to forward the {packet}. The label is removed when the {packet} leaves the MPLS {network}. Modern {ASIC}-based routers can look up routes fast enough to make the speed increase less important. However, MPLS still has some benefits. The use of {FECs} allows {QoS} levels to be guaranteed, and MPLS allows {IP} {tunnels} to be created through a {network}, so that {VPNs} can be implemented without {encryption}. {MPLS Resource Center (http://mplsrc.com/)}. [RFC 3031] (2002-04-14)
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions "file format, multimedia" (MIME) A {standard} for multi-part, {multimedia} {electronic mail} messages and {web} {hypertext} documents on the {Internet}. MIME provides the ability to transfer non-textual data, such as graphics, {audio} and fax. It is defined in {RFC 2045}, {RFC 2046}, {RFC 2047}, {RFC 2048}, {RFC 2049}, and {BCP0013}. It uses {mimencode} to encode binary data into {base 64} using a subset of {ASCII}. {FAQ (http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/mail/mime-faq/top.html)}. (1995-04-04)
nasal demons Recognised shorthand on the {Usenet} group comp.std.c for any unexpected behaviour of a {C} compiler on encountering an undefined construct. During a discussion on that group in early 1992, a regular remarked "When the compiler encounters [a given undefined construct] it is legal for it to make demons fly out of your nose" (the implication is that the compiler may choose any arbitrarily bizarre way to interpret the code without violating the {ANSI C} {standard}). Someone else followed up with a reference to "nasal demons", which quickly became established. [{Jargon File}]
Nawk New AWK. AT&T. Pattern scanning and processing language. An enhanced version of AWK, with dynamic regular expressions, additional built-ins and operators, and user-defined functions.
nebulation ::: n. --> The condition of being nebulated; also, a clouded, or ill-defined, color mark.
neighborhood bike code "humour, programming" A piece of {code} that every programmer at the company has touched. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. [{Urban Dictionary: neighborhood bike (http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=neighborhood+bike)}]. (2014-07-12)
nested class "Java" In {Java}, a {class} defined within an enclosing class definition. A {static} nested class has no direct access to the members of its enclosing class whereas a non-static nested class, known as an "inner class", is associated with an instance of the enclosing class and an instance of the inner class has direct access to the members of its enclosing instance. {Java Tutorial (http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/javaOO/nested.html)}. [Other languages?] (2006-11-19)
NetBios over TCP/IP "protocol" (NBT) A protocol supporting {NetBIOS} services in a {TCP/IP} environment, defined by {RFCs} 1001 and 1002. (1997-07-04)
Network File System "networking, operating system" (NFS) A {protocol} developed by {Sun Microsystems}, and defined in {RFC 1094}, which allows a computer to access files over a network as if they were on its local disks. This {protocol} has been incorporated in products by more than two hundred companies, and is now a {de facto} standard. NFS is implemented using a {connectionless protocol} ({UDP}) in order to make it {stateless}. See {Nightmare File System}, {WebNFS}. (1994-12-12)
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) A {protocol} defined in {RFC} 977 for the distribution, inquiry, retrieval and posting of {Usenet} {news} articles over the {Internet}. It is designed to be used between a {news reader} {client} such as {nn} or {GNUS} and a news {server}. It is normally used on a connection to {TCP} {port} 119 on the news {server}. NNTP is a simple {ASCII} text protocol so even if you don't have a news reader program, you can just connect to the server using {telnet}: telnet news 119 where news is the name of your server (e.g. news.doc.ic.ac.uk). Typing HELP will give a list of other commands.
Network Time Protocol (NTP) A {protocol} built on top of {TCP/IP} that assures accurate local timekeeping with reference to radio, atomic or other clocks located on the {Internet}. This protocol is capable of synchronizing distributed clocks within milliseconds over long time periods. It is defined in {STD} 12, {RFC 1119}.
nirukta ::: etymology; philology, part of sahitya: the study of the origins and development of language, especially with reference to Sanskrit, with the aim of creating "a science which can trace the origins, growth & structure of the Sanscrit language, discover its primary, secondary & tertiary forms & the laws by which they develop from each other, trace intelligently the descent of every meaning of a word in Sanscrit from its original root sense, account for all similarities & identities of sense, discover the reason of unexpected divergences, trace the deviations which separated Greek & Latin from the Indian dialect, discover & define the connection of all three with the Dravidian forms of speech".
Nirvana: (Skr. blown out) The complete extinction of individuality, without loss of consciousness, in the beatific rejoining of the liberated with the metaphysical world-ground. A term used principally by Buddhists though denoting a state the attainment of which has been counselled from the Upanishads (q.v.) on as the summum bonum. It is invariably defined as a condition in which all pain, suffering, mental anguish and, above all, samsara (q.v.) have ceased. It is doubtful that complete extinction of life and consciousness or absolute annihilation is meant. -- K.F.L.
nitroform ::: n. --> A nitro derivative of methane, analogous to chloroform, obtained as a colorless oily or crystalline substance, CH.(NO2)3, quite explosive, and having well-defined acid properties.
nitrophnol ::: n. --> Any one of a series of nitro derivatives of phenol. They are yellow oily or crystalline substances and have well-defined acid properties, as picric acid.
nitroquinol ::: n. --> A hypothetical nitro derivative of quinol or hydroquinone, not known in the free state, but forming a well defined series of derivatives.
Noesis: (Gr. Noesis) In Husserl: 1. That current in the stream of consciousness which is intrinsically intentional in that it points to an object as beyond itself. The noesis animates the intrinsically non -intentional hyletic current in the stream. (See Hyle). 2. A particular instance of the ego cogito. Note: In Husserl's usage, noesis and noema are very rarely restricted to the sphere of "thinking" or "intellect" (however defined) but are rather extended to all kinds of consciousness. -- D.C.
normed space "mathematics" A {vector space} with a {function}, ||F||, such that ||F|| = 0 if and only if F=0 ||aF|| = abs(a) * ||F|| ||F+G|| "= ||F|| + ||G|| Roughly, a distance between two elements in the space is defined. (2000-03-10)
NOR Not OR. The {Boolean} function which is true if none of its inputs are true and false otherwise, the {logical complement} of {inclusive OR}. The binary (two-input) NOR function can be defined (written as an {infix} operator): A NOR B = NOT (A OR B) = (NOT A) AND (NOT B) Its {truth table} is: A | B | A NOR B --+---+--------- F | F | T F | T | F T | F | F T | T | F NOR, like {NAND}, forms a complete set of {Boolean} functions on its own since it can be used to make NOT, AND, OR and any other Boolean function: NOT A = A NOR A A OR B = NOT (A NOR B) A AND B = (NOT A) NOR (NOT B) (1995-02-06)
Notion: (Ger. Begriff) This is a technical term in the writings of Hegel, and as there used it has a dual reference. On one side, it refers to the essence or nature of the object of thought; on the other side, it refers to the true thought of that essence or nature. These two aspects of the Notion are emphasized at length in the third part of the Logic (The Doctrine of the Notion), where it is dialectically defined as the synthesis of Being and Essence under the form of the Idea (Die Idee). -- G.W.C.
Noumenon: (Gr. noumenon) In Kant: An object or power transcending experience whose existence is theoretically problematic but must be postulated by practical reason. In theoretical terms Kant defined the noumenon positively as "the object of a non-sensuous intuition," negatively as "not an object of the sensuous intuition;" but since he denied the existence of any but sensuous intuitions, the noumenon remained an unknowable "x". In his practical philosophy, however, the postulation of a noumenal realm is necessary in order to explain the possibility of freedom. See Kantianism. -- O.F.K.
null "programming" A special value used in several languages to represent the thing referred to by an uninitialised pointer. "database" A special value that may be stored in some database columns to represent an unknown, missing, not applicable, or undefined value. Nulls are treated completely differently from ordinary values when evaluating SQL expressions and there are several SQL constructs for dealing with nulls. (2003-06-17)
null-terminated multibyte string "programming" (NTMBS) (Defined in the {ANSI C++} draft) [Different from null-terminated string?] (1995-10-02)
Obfuscated C Contest "programming" The International Obfuscated C Code Contest (IOCCC) is an annual contest run since 1984 over {Usenet} by Landon Curt Noll and friends. The overall winner is whoever produces the most unreadable, creative, and bizarre (but working) {C} program. Various other prizes are awarded at the judges' whim. C's terse {syntax} and {macro-preprocessor} facilities give contestants a lot of maneuvering room. The winning programs often manage to be simultaneously funny, breathtaking works of art and horrible examples of how *not* to code in C. This relatively short and sweet {hello, world} program demonstrates obfuscated C: /* HELLO WORLD program * by Jack Applin and Robert Heckendorn, 1985 */ main(v,c)char**c;{for(v[c++]="Hello, world!\n)"; (!!c)[*c]&&(v--||--c&&execlp(*c,*c,c[!!c]+!!c,!c)); **c=!c)write(!!*c,*c,!!**c);} Here's another good one: /* Program to compute an approximation of pi * by Brian Westley, 1988 */
Objective CAML "language" (Originally "CAML" - Categorical Abstract Machine Language) A version of {ML} by G. Huet, G. Cousineau, Ascander Suarez, Pierre Weis, Michel Mauny and others of {INRIA}. CAML is intermediate between {LCF ML} and {SML} [in what sense?]. It has {first-class} functions, {static type inference} with {polymorphic} types, user-defined {variant types} and {product types}, and {pattern matching}. It is built on a proprietary run-time system. The CAML V3.1 implementation added {lazy} and {mutable} data structures, a "{grammar}" mechanism for interfacing with the {Yacc} {parser generator}, {pretty-printing} tools, high-performance {arbitrary-precision} arithmetic, and a complete library. in 1990 Xavier Leroy and Damien Doligez designed a new implementation called {CAML Light}, freeing the previous implementation from too many experimental high-level features, and more importantly, from the old Le_Lisp back-end. Following the addition of a {native-code} compiler and a powerful {module} system in 1995 and of the {object} and {class} layer in 1996, the project's name was changed to Objective CAML. In 2000, Jacques Garrigue added labeled and optional arguments and anonymous variants. {Objective CAML Home (http://ocaml.org/)}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.ml}. ["The CAML Reference Manual", P. Weis et al, TR INRIA-ENS, 1989]. (2002-05-21)
object method "programming" In {object-oriented programming}, a {function} that is called, or "invoked", on an {object}, as opposed to a {class method} which is invoked on a {class}. For example, a class "Person" might have an object method to return a person's name and a class method to return the number of people. An object method called on an object of class C may be defined by C or may be {inherited (inheritance)} from one of C's {superclasses (class hierarchy)}. (2017-04-30)
object "object-oriented" In {object-oriented programming}, an instance of the data structure and behaviour defined by the object's {class}. Each object has its own values for the {instance variables} of its class and can respond to the {methods} defined by its class. For example, an object of the "Point" class might have instance variables "x" and "y" and might respond to the "plot" method by drawing a dot on the screen at those coordinates. (2004-01-26)
object-oriented programming "programming" (OOP) The use of a class of programming languages and techniques based on the concept of an "{object}" which is a data structure ({abstract data type}) encapsulated with a set of routines, called "{methods}", which operate on the data. Operations on the data can __only__ be performed via these methods, which are common to all objects that are instances of a particular "{class}". Thus the interface to objects is well defined, and allows the code implementing the methods to be changed so long as the interface remains the same. Each class is a separate {module} and has a position in a "{class hierarchy}". Methods or code in one class can be passed down the hierarchy to a {subclass} or inherited from a {superclass}. This is called "{inheritance}". A {procedure} call is described as invoking a method on an object (which effectively becomes the procedure's first {argument}), and may optionally include other arguments. The method name is looked up in the object's class to find out how to perform that operation on the given object. If the method is not defined for the object's class, it is looked for in its superclass and so on up the class hierarchy until it is found or there is no higher superclass. OOP started with {SIMULA-67} around 1970 and became all-pervasive with the advent of {C++}, and later {Java}. Another popular object-oriented programming language (OOPL) is {Smalltalk}, a seminal example from {Xerox}'s {Palo Alto Research Center} (PARC). Others include {Ada}, {Object Pascal}, {Objective C}, {DRAGOON}, {BETA}, {Emerald}, {POOL}, {Eiffel}, {Self}, {Oblog}, {ESP}, {LOOPS}, {POLKA}, and {Python}. Other languages, such as {Perl} and {VB}, permit, but do not enforce OOP. {FAQ (http://iamwww.unibe.ch/~scg/OOinfo/FAQ/)}. {(http://zgdv.igd.fhg.de/papers/se/oop/)}. {(http://cuiwww.unige.ch/Chloe/OOinfo)}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.object}. (2001-10-11)
object relational mapping "programming, database" (ORM) The software development activity that defines a correspondence between {objects} in a program and {rows} in a database {table}. {Atomic} object properties correspond to {columns} in the table, non-atomic data types and relations between objects are represented as {foreign keys} referring to other tables. An {object persistence} mechanism is responsible for maintaining the correspondence between objects and the database contents at run-time. (2014-12-03)
Ode An {Object-Oriented Database} from {AT&T} which extends {C++} and supports fast queries, complex application modelling and {multimedia}. Ode uses one integrated data model ({C++} {class}es) for both database and general purpose manipulation. An Ode database is a collection of {persistent} {objects}. It is defined, queried and manipulated using the language {O++}. O++ programs can be compiled with C++ programs, thus allowing the use of existing C++ code. O++ provides facilities for specifying transactions, creating and manipulating persistent objects, querying the database and creating and manipulating versions. The Ode object database provides four object compatible mechanisms for manipulating and querying the database. As well as O++ there are OdeView - an {X Window System} interface; OdeFS (a file system interface allowing objects to be treated and manipulated like normal Unix files); and CQL++, a {C++} variant of {SQL} for easing the transition from {relational databases} to OODBs such as Ode. Ode supports large objects (critical for {multimedia} applications). Ode tracks the relationship between versions of objects and provides facilities for accessing different versions. Transactions can be specified as read-only; such transactions are faster because they are not logged and they are less likely to {deadlock}. 'Hypothetical' transactions allow users to pose "what-if" scenarios (as with {spreadsheets}). EOS, the {storage engine} of Ode, is based on a client-server architecture. EOS supports {concurrency} based on {multi-granularity} two-version two-phase locking; it allows many readers and one writer to access the same item simultaneously. Standard two-phase locking is also available. Ode supports both a {client-server} mode for multiple users with concurrent access and a single user mode giving improved performance. Ode 3.0 is currently being used as the {multimedia} {database engine} for {AT&T}'s {Interactive TV} project. Ode 2.0 has also been distributed to more than 80 sites within AT&T and more than 340 universities. Ode is available free to universities under a non-disclosure agreement. The current version, 3.0, is available only for {Sun} {SPARCstations} running {SunOS} 4.1.3 and {Solaris} 2.3. Ode is being ported to {Microsoft} {Windows NT}, {Windows 95} and {SGI} {platforms}. E-mail: Narain Gehani "nhg@research.att.com". (1994-08-18)
ohm ::: n. --> The standard unit in the measure of electrical resistance, being the resistance of a circuit in which a potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampere. As defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893, and by United States Statute, it is a resistance substantially equal to 109 units of resistance of the C.G.S. system of electro-magnetic units, and is represented by the resistance offered to an unvarying electric current by a column of mercury at the temperature of melting ice 14.4521 grams
On-Line Analytical Processing "database" (OLAP) A category of {database} software which provides an interface such that users can transform or limit raw data according to user-defined or pre-defined functions, and quickly and interactively examine the results in various dimensions of the data. OLAP primarily involves aggregating large amounts of diverse data. OLAP can involve millions of data items with complex relationships. Its objective is to analyze these relationships and look for patterns, trends, and exceptions. The term was originally coined by {Dr. Codd} in 1993 with 12 "rules". Since then, the {OLAP Council}, many vendors, and Dr. Codd himself have added new requirements and confusion. Richard Creeth and Nigel Pendse define OLAP as fast analysis of shared multidimensional information. Their definition requires the system to respond to users within about five seconds. It should support logical and statistical processing of results without the user having to program in a {4GL}. It should implement all the security requirements for confidentiality and concurrent update locking. The system must provide a multidimensional conceptual view of the data, including full support for multiple hierarchies. Other aspects to consider include data duplication, {RAM} and disk space requirements, performance, and integration with {data warehouses}. Various bodies have attempted to come up with standards for OLAP, including The {OLAP Council} and the {Analytical Solutions Forum} (ASF), however, the {Microsoft OLE DB for OLAP API} is the most widely adopted and has become the {de facto standard}. {(http://access.digex.net/~grimes/olap/)}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.databases.olap}. {(http://arborsoft.com/papers/finkTOC.html)}. [What's a "multidimensional conceptual view"?] (1996-09-24)
Open DataBase Connectivity "standard, database" (ODBC) A {standard} for accessing different {database} systems. There are interfaces for {Visual Basic}, {Visual C++}, {SQL} and the ODBC driver pack contains drivers for the {Access}, {Paradox}, {dBase}, Text, {Excel} and {Btrieve} databases. An application can submit statements to ODBC using the ODBC flavor of SQL. ODBC then translates these to whatever flavor the database understands. ODBC 1.0 was released in September 1992. ODBC is based on {Call-Level Interface} and was defined by the {SQL Access Group}. {Microsoft} was one member of the group and was the first company to release a commercial product based on its work (under {Microsoft Windows}) but ODBC is not a Microsoft standard (as many people believe). ODBC drivers and development tools are available now for {Microsoft Windows}, {Unix}, {OS/2}, and {Macintosh}. [On-line document?] ["Unix Review", Aug 1995]. (1996-05-27)
Open Shortest-Path First Interior Gateway Protocol "networking, protocol, standard" (OSPF) A {link state routing protocol} that is one of the {Internet} standard {Interior Gateway Protocols} defined in {RFC 1247}. There is no OSPF {EGP}, OSPF is an IGP only. [Relationship to {Internet Protocol} packet routing?] {OSPF Design Guide (http://cisco.com/warp/public/104/1.html)}. (2002-06-29)
Orange Book "security, standard" A standard from the US Government {National Computer Security Council} (an arm of the U.S. National Security Agency), "Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria, DOD standard 5200.28-STD, December 1985" which defines criteria for trusted computer products. There are four levels, A, B, C, and D. Each level adds more features and requirements. D is a non-secure system. C1 requires user log-on, but allows {group ID}. C2 requires individual log-on with password and an audit mechanism. (Most {Unix} implementations are roughly C1, and can be upgraded to about C2 without excessive pain). Levels B and A provide mandatory control. Access is based on standard Department of Defense clearances. B1 requires DOD clearance levels. B2 guarantees the path between the user and the security system and provides assurances that the system can be tested and clearances cannot be downgraded. B3 requires that the system is characterised by a mathematical model that must be viable. A1 requires a system characterized by a mathematical model that can be proven. See also {crayola books}, {book titles}. [{Jargon File}] (1997-01-09)
O'small "language" A small, concise, formally defined {object-oriented} language intended for teaching, by Andreas Hense "ahense@ahense.de". O'small requires {sml-yacc}, {sml-lex} and {sml-noshare}. Binaries are provided for {SPARC} and it is probably portable to other {Unix} systems. There is also an {interpreter} in {Miranda}. {(http://ahense.de/)}. [Christoph Boeschen, "Christmas - An abstract machine for O'small". Master's thesis, Universit"at des Saarlandes, Fachbereich, 1993-06-14]. (2001-02-11)
Other primitive formulas (possibly involving new primitive notations) which may be added correspond to the axiom of choice (q. v.) or are designed to introduce classes (q. v.) or descriptions (q. v.). Functional abstraction (q. v.) may also be Introduced by means of additional primitive formulas or primitive rules of inference, or it may be defined with the aid of descriptions. Whitehead and Russell employ the axiom of infinity and the axiom of choice but avoid the necessity of special primitive formulas in connection with classes and descriptions by introducing classes and descriptions as incomplete symbols.
outline font "text" (Or "vector font") A {font} defined as a set of lines and curves as opposed to a {bitmap font}. An outline font (e.g. {PostScript}, {TrueType}, {RISC OS}) can be scaled to any size and otherwise transformed more easily than a bitmap font, and with more attractive results, though this requires a lot of numerical processing. The result of transforming a character in an outline font in a particular way is often saved as a bitmap in a {font cache} to avoid repeating the calculations if that character is to be drawn again. (1995-03-16)
overloading "language" (Or "Operator overloading"). Use of a single symbol to represent operators with different argument types, e.g. "-", used either, as a {monadic} operator to negate an expression, or as a {dyadic} operator to return the difference between two expressions. Another example is "+" used to add either integers or {floating-point} numbers. Overloading is also known as ad-hoc {polymorphism}. User-defined operator overloading is provided by several modern programming languages, e.g. {C++}'s {class} system and the {functional programming} language {Haskell}'s {type class}es. Ad-hoc polymorphism (better described as {overloading}) is the ability to use the same syntax for objects of different types, e.g. "+" for addition of reals and integers or "-" for unary negation or diadic subtraction. Parametric polymorphism allows the same object code for a function to handle arguments of many types but overloading only reuses syntax and requires different code to handle different types. (2014-01-05)
overmind gnosis ::: (c. 1931, in the diagram on page 1360) the highest plane of overmind, defined as "supermind subdued to the overmind play" (see supermind); it may also be regarded as a series of planes.
overriding "programming" Redefining in a {child class} a {method} or function member defined in a {parent class}. Not to be confused with "{overloading}". (1996-12-21)
Packed Encoding Rules "protocol, standard" (PER) {ASN.1} encoding rules for producing a compact {transfer syntax} for data structures described in {ASN.1}, defined in 1994. PER provides a much more compact encoding then {BER}. It tries to represents the data units using the minimum number of {bits}. The compactness requires that the decoder knows the complete {abstract syntax} of the data structure to be decoded, however. Documents: {ITU-T} X.691, {ISO} 8825-2. (1998-05-19)
parabola ::: n. --> A kind of curve; one of the conic sections formed by the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane parallel to one of its sides. It is a curve, any point of which is equally distant from a fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed straight line, called the directrix. See Focus.
One of a group of curves defined by the equation y = axn where n is a positive whole number or a positive fraction. For the cubical parabola n = 3; for the semicubical parabola n = /. See under
partial equivalence relation (PER) A relation R on a set S where R is symmetric (x R y =" y R x) and transitive (x R y R z =" x R z) and where there may exist elements in S for which the relation is not defined. A PER is an equivalence relation on the subset for which it is defined, i.e. it is also reflexive (x R x).
partial function A function which is not defined for all arguments of its input type. E.g. f(x) = 1/x if x /= 0. The opposite of a {total function}. In {denotational semantics}, a partial function f : D -" C may be represented as a total function ft : D' -" lift(C) where D' is a superset of D and ft x = f x if x in D ft x = bottom otherwise where lift(C) = C U {bottom}. Bottom ({LaTeX} {\perp}) denotes "undefined". (1995-02-03)
partial order "mathematics" (Informally, "order", "ordering") A {binary relation} R that is a {pre-order} (i.e. it is {reflexive} (x R x) and {transitive} (x R y R z =" x R z)) and {antisymmetric} (x R y R x =" x = y). The order is partial, rather than total, because there may exist elements x and y for which neither x R y nor y R x. In {domain theory}, if D is a set of values including the undefined value ({bottom}) then we can define a partial ordering relation "= on D by x "= y if x = bottom or x = y. The constructed set D x D contains the very undefined element, (bottom, bottom) and the not so undefined elements, (x, bottom) and (bottom, x). The partial ordering on D x D is then (x1,y1) "= (x2,y2) if x1 "= x2 and y1 "= y2. The partial ordering on D -" D is defined by f "= g if f(x) "= g(x) for all x in D. (No f x is more defined than g x.) A {lattice} is a partial ordering where all finite subsets have a {least upper bound} and a {greatest lower bound}. (""=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\sqsubseteq}). (1995-02-03)
Particular: (Lat pars, a part) A member of a class as opposed to the property which defines the class; an individual as opposed to a universal. -- A.C.B.
Pascal "language" (After the French mathematician {Blaise Pascal} (1623-1662)) A programming language designed by {Niklaus Wirth} around 1970. Pascal was designed for simplicity and for teaching programming, in reaction to the complexity of {ALGOL 68}. It emphasises {structured programming} constructs, data structures and {strong typing}. Innovations included {enumeration types}, {subranges}, sets, {variant records}, and the {case statement}. Pascal has been extremely influential in programming language design and has a great number of variants and descendants. ANSI/IEEE770X3.97-1993 is very similar to {ISO Pascal} but does not include {conformant arrays}. ISO 7185-1983(E). Level 0 and Level 1. Changes from Jensen & Wirth's Pascal include name equivalence; names must be bound before they are used; loop index must be local to the procedure; formal procedure parameters must include their arguments; {conformant array schemas}. An ALGOL-descended language designed by Niklaus Wirth on the CDC 6600 around 1967--68 as an instructional tool for elementary programming. This language, designed primarily to keep students from shooting themselves in the foot and thus extremely restrictive from a general-purpose-programming point of view, was later promoted as a general-purpose tool and, in fact, became the ancestor of a large family of languages including Modula-2 and {Ada} (see also {bondage-and-discipline language}). The hackish point of view on Pascal was probably best summed up by a devastating (and, in its deadpan way, screamingly funny) 1981 paper by Brian Kernighan (of {K&R} fame) entitled "Why Pascal is Not My Favourite Programming Language", which was turned down by the technical journals but circulated widely via photocopies. It was eventually published in "Comparing and Assessing Programming Languages", edited by Alan Feuer and Narain Gehani (Prentice-Hall, 1984). Part of his discussion is worth repeating here, because its criticisms are still apposite to Pascal itself after ten years of improvement and could also stand as an indictment of many other bondage-and-discipline languages. At the end of a summary of the case against Pascal, Kernighan wrote: 9. There is no escape This last point is perhaps the most important. The language is inadequate but circumscribed, because there is no way to escape its limitations. There are no casts to disable the type-checking when necessary. There is no way to replace the defective run-time environment with a sensible one, unless one controls the compiler that defines the "standard procedures". The language is closed. People who use Pascal for serious programming fall into a fatal trap. Because the language is impotent, it must be extended. But each group extends Pascal in its own direction, to make it look like whatever language they really want. Extensions for {separate compilation}, Fortran-like COMMON, string data types, internal static variables, initialisation, {octal} numbers, bit operators, etc., all add to the utility of the language for one group but destroy its portability to others. I feel that it is a mistake to use Pascal for anything much beyond its original target. In its pure form, Pascal is a toy language, suitable for teaching but not for real programming. Pascal has since been almost entirely displaced (by {C}) from the niches it had acquired in serious applications and systems programming, but retains some popularity as a hobbyist language in the {MS-DOS} and {Macintosh} worlds. See also {Kamin's interpreters}, {p2c}. ["The Programming Language Pascal", N. Wirth, Acta Informatica 1:35-63, 1971]. ["PASCAL User Manual and Report", K. Jensen & N. Wirth, Springer 1975] made significant revisions to the language. [BS 6192, "Specification for Computer Programming Language Pascal", {British Standards Institute} 1982]. [{Jargon File}] (1996-06-12)
Password Authentication Protocol "networking" (PAP) An {authentication} scheme used by {PPP} servers to validate the identity of the originator of the connection. PAP applies a two-way {handshaking} procedure. After the link is established the originator sends an id-password pair to the server. If authentication succeeds the server sends back an acknowledgement; otherwise it either terminates the connection or gives the originator another chance. PAP is not a strong authentication method. Passwords are sent over the circuit "in the clear" and there is no protection against playback or repeated "trial and error" attacks. The originator is in total control of the frequency and timing of the attempts. Therefore, any server that can use a stronger authentication method, such as {CHAP}, will offer to negotiate that method prior to PAP. The use of PAP is appropriate, however, if a {plaintext} password must be available to simulate a login at a remote host. PAP is defined in {RFC} 1334. (1996-03-23)
pattern matching 1. A function is defined to take arguments of a particular type, form or value. When applying the function to its actual arguments it is necessary to match the type, form or value of the actual arguments against the formal arguments in some definition. For example, the function length [] = 0 length (x:xs) = 1 + length xs uses pattern matching in its argument to distinguish a null list from a non-null one. There are well known {algorithm} for translating pattern matching into conditional expressions such as "if" or "case". E.g. the above function could be transformed to length l = case l of [] -" 0 x:xs -" 1 : length xs Pattern matching is usually performed in textual order though there are languages which match more specific patterns before less specific ones. 2. Descriptive of a type of language or utility such as {awk} or {Perl} which is suited to searching for strings or patterns in input data, usually using some kind of {regular expression}. (1994-11-28)
PCI Mezzanine Card "hardware" (PMC) A family of low profile {mezzanine} cards for {VMEbus}, {Futurebus+}, desktop computers and other computer systems with logical and electrical layers based on the {Peripheral Component Interconnect} (PCI) specification. PMC is defined in {IEEE} P1386.1 and follows the {Common Mezzanine Card} (CMC) mechanical specification. PCI2.0 defines a 4.2 inch by 12.3 inch board that plugs perpendicularly into a {mother board}. (1994-10-06)
Perl "language, tool" A {high-level} programming language, started by {Larry Wall} in 1987 and developed as an {open source} project. It has an eclectic heritage, deriving from the ubiquitous {C} programming language and to a lesser extent from {sed}, {awk}, various {Unix} {shell} languages, {Lisp}, and at least a dozen other tools and languages. Originally developed for {Unix}, it is now available for many {platforms}. Perl's elaborate support for {regular expression} matching and substitution has made it the {language of choice} for tasks involving {string manipulation}, whether for text or binary data. It is particularly popular for writing {CGI scripts}. The language's highly flexible syntax and concise regular expression operators, make densely written Perl code indecipherable to the uninitiated. The syntax is, however, really quite simple and powerful and, once the basics have been mastered, a joy to write. Perl's only {primitive} data type is the "scalar", which can hold a number, a string, the undefined value, or a typed reference. Perl's {aggregate} data types are {arrays}, which are ordered lists of {scalars} indexed by {natural numbers}, and hashes (or "{associative arrays}") which are unordered lists of scalars indexed by strings. A reference can point to a scalar, array, hash, {function}, or {filehandle}. {Objects} are implemented as references "{blessed}" with a {class} name. Strings in Perl are {eight-bit clean}, including {nulls}, and so can contain {binary data}. Unlike C but like most Lisp dialects, Perl internally and dynamically handles all memory allocation, {garbage collection}, and type {coercion}. Perl supports {closures}, {recursive functions}, {symbols} with either {lexical scope} or {dynamic scope}, nested {data structures} of arbitrary content and complexity (as lists or hashes of references), and packages (which can serve as classes, optionally inheriting {methods} from one or more other classes). There is ongoing work on {threads}, {Unicode}, {exceptions}, and {backtracking}. Perl program files can contain embedded documentation in {POD} (Plain Old Documentation), a simple markup language. The normal Perl distribution contains documentation for the language, as well as over a hundred modules (program libraries). Hundreds more are available from The {Comprehensive Perl Archive Network}. Modules are themselves generally written in Perl, but can be implemented as interfaces to code in other languages, typically compiled C. The free availability of modules for almost any conceivable task, as well as the fact that Perl offers direct access to almost all {system calls} and places no arbitrary limits on data structure size or complexity, has led some to describe Perl, in a parody of a famous remark about {lex}, as the "Swiss Army chainsaw" of programming. The use of Perl has grown significantly since its adoption as the language of choice of many {web} developers. {CGI} interfaces and libraries for Perl exist for several {platforms} and Perl's speed and flexibility make it well suited for form processing and on-the-fly {web page} creation. Perl programs are generally stored as {text} {source} files, which are compiled into {virtual machine} code at run time; this, in combination with its rich variety of data types and its common use as a glue language, makes Perl somewhat hard to classify as either a "{scripting language}" or an "{applications language}" -- see {Ousterhout's dichotomy}. Perl programs are usually called "Perl scripts", if only for historical reasons. Version 5 was a major rewrite and enhancement of version 4, released sometime before November 1993. It added real {data structures} by way of "references", un-adorned {subroutine} calls, and {method} {inheritance}. The spelling "Perl" is preferred over the older "PERL" (even though some explain the language's name as originating in the acronym for "Practical Extraction and Report Language"). The program that interprets/compiles Perl code is called "perl", typically "/usr/local/bin/perl" or "/usr/bin/perl". {(http://perl.com/)}. {Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.lang.perl.announce}, {news:comp.lang.perl.misc}. ["Programming Perl", Larry Wall and Randal L. Schwartz, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Sebastopol, CA. ISBN 0-93715-64-1]. ["Learning Perl" by Randal L. Schwartz, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, CA]. [{Jargon File}] (1999-12-04)
Personalism, Critical: The term used by William Stern to define his concept of person as applied to the organic whole of existence. See Pantheistic Personalism, Mono-Personalism. -- R.T.F.
Philosophers have in the past been concerned with two questions covered by our definition, though attempts to organize the subject as an autonomous department of philosophy are of recent date. Enquiries into the origin of language (e.g. in Plato's Kratylos) once a favorite subject for speculation, are now out of fashion, both with philosophers and linguists. Enquiries as to the nature of language (as in Descartes, Leibniz, and many others) are, however, still central to all philosophical interest in language. Such questions as "What are the most general characters of symbolism?", "How is 'Language' to be defined?", "What is the essence of language?", "How is communication possible?", "What would be the nature of a perfect language?", are indicative of the varying modulations which this theme receives in the works of contemporaries. Current studies in the philosophy of language can be classified under five hends: Questions of method, relation to other disciplines, etc. Much discussion turns here upon the proposal to establish a science and art of symbolism, variously styled semiotic, semantics or logical syntax, The analysis of meaning. Problems arising here involve attention to those under the next heading. The formulation of general descriptive schemata. Topics of importance here include the identification and analysis of different ways in which language is used, and the definition of men crucial notions as "symbol'', "grammar", "form", "convention", "metaphor", etc. The study of fully formalized language systems or "calculi". An increasingly important and highly technical division which seeks to extend and adapt to all languages the methods first developed in "metamathematics" for the study of mathematical symbolism. Applications to problems in general philosophy. Notably the attempt made to show that necessary propositions are really verbal; or again, the study of the nature of the religious symbol. Advance here awaits more generally acceptable doctrine in the other divisions. References:
physical ::: The Mother: “The physical is the concrete domain that crystallises and defines the thoughts, the movements of the vital, etc. It is a solid foundation for action.” Words of the Mother, MCW Vol. 15.
physical ::: the Mother: "The physical is the concrete domain that crystallises and defines the thoughts, the movements of the vital, etc. It is a solid foundation for action.” Words of the Mother, MCW Vol. 15.
pitch-faced ::: a. --> Having the arris defined by a line beyond which the rock is cut away, so as to give nearly true edges; -- said of squared stones that are otherwise quarry-faced.
Planck's constant: In quantum mechanics (q.v.), a fundamental physical constant, usually denoted by the letter h, which appears in many physical formulas. It may be defined by the law that the quantum (q.v.) of radiant energy of any frequency is equal to the frequency multiplied by h. see further Uncertainty principle. -- A.C.
Pleasure and pain: In philosophy these terms appear mostly in ethical discussions, where they have each two meanings not always clearly distinguished. "Pleasure" is used sometimes to refer to a certain hedonic quality of experiences, viz. pleasantness, and sometimes as a name for experiences which have that quality (here "pleasures" are "pleasant experiences" and "pleasure" is the entire class of such experiences). Mutatis mutandis, the same is true of "pain". Philosophers have given various accounts of the nature of pleasure and pain. E.g., Aristotle says that pleasure is a perfection supervening on ccrtain activities, pain the opposite. Spinoza defines pleasure as the feeling with which one passes from a lesser state of perfection to a greater, pain is the feeling with which one makes the reverse transition. Again, philosophers have raised various questions about pleasure and pain. Can they be identified with good and evil? Are our actions always determined by our own pleasure and pain actual or prospective? Can pleasures and pains be distinguished quantitatively, qualitatively? See Bentham, Epicureanism. -- W.K.F.
Potentiality: See Dynamis. Power: In general: the physical, mental and moral ability to act or to receive an action; the general faculty of doing, making, performing, realizing, achieving, producing or succeeding; ability, capacity, virtue, virtuality, potency, potentiality, faculty, efficacy, efficacity, efficiency, operative causality, process of change or becoming; natural operative force, energy, vigor, strength, or effective condition applied or applicable to work; person, agent, body, institution, government or state, having or exercising an ability to act in accordance with its nature and functions; spirit, divinity, deity, superhuman agent, supernatural principle of activity; an attribute or name of God; in theology, an order of angels; in law the authority, capacity or right to exercise certain natural and legal prerogatives, also, the authority vestcd in a person by law; influence, prerogative, force. A. In psychology, power is sometimes synonymous with faculty (q.v.). It also means a quality which renders the nature of an individual agent apt to elicit certain physical and moral actions. Hence, power is a natural endowment enabling the intellect to condition the will and thus create hibits and virtues, in a higher degree, power is a moral disposition enabling the individual to cultivate his perfectibility. The distinction between powers is given by the distinction of their actions. Powers are acthe or operative, and passive or receptive; they are immediate or remote. Even impotence and incapacity are not different in kind from power, but simply in degree. These Aristotelian views on power, including its ontological interpretation, have held the ground for centuries, and we find them partly also in Hobbes and Locke who defined power as the ability to make or to receive change. Hume's analysis of power showed it to be an illusion; and with the advent of positivism and experimental psychology, this concept lost much of its value. The notion of power has been used by Fechner in his doctrine and law concerning the relation between stimuli and sensations.
pradiv (pradiv; pradiva) ::: the "intermediate mentality", a level of consciousness described as "pure mind in relation with nervous"; a mental akasa defined as the ether of the "prano-manasic buddhi" behind the cittakasa.
Pragmaticism: Pragmatism in Peirce's sense. The name adopted in 1905 by Charles S. Peirce (1893-1914) for the doctrine of pragmatism (q.v.) which had been enunciated by him in 1878. Peirce's definition was as follows: "In order to ascertain the meaning of an intellectual conception one should consider what practical consequences might conceivably result by necessity from the truth of that conception, and the sum of these consequences will constitute the entire meaning of the conception". According to Peirce, W. James had interpreted pragmatism to mean "that the end of man is action", whereas Peirce intended his doctrine as "a theory of logical analysis, or true definition," and held that "its merits are greatest in its application to the highest metaphysical conceptions". "If one can define accurately all the conceivable experimental phenomena which the affirmation or denial of a concept could imply, one will have therein a complete definition of the concept, and there is absolutely nothing more in it". Peirce hoped that the suffix, -icism, might mark his more strictly defined acception of the doctrine of pragmatism, and thus help to distinguish it from the extremes to which it had been pushed by the efforts of James, Schiller, Papini, and others. -- J.K.F.
predefine ::: v. t. --> To define beforehand.
precise ::: a. --> Having determinate limitations; exactly or sharply defined or stated; definite; exact; nice; not vague or equivocal; as, precise rules of morality.
Strictly adhering or conforming to rule; very nice or exact; punctilious in conduct or ceremony; formal; ceremonious.
precise ::: sharply exact or accurate or defined; fixed.
predesignate ::: a. --> A term used by Sir William Hamilton to define propositions having their quantity indicated by a verbal sign; as, all, none, etc.; -- contrasted with preindesignate, defining propositions of which the quantity is not so indicated.
Principle of sufficient reason: According to Leibniz, one of the two principles on which reasoning is founded, the other being the principle of Contradiction. While the latter is the ground of all necessary truths, the Principle of Sufficient Reason is the ground of all contingent and factual truths. It applies especially to existents, possible or factual, hence its two forms actual sufficient reasons, like the actual volitions of God or of the free creatures, are those determined by the perception of the good and exhibit themselves as final causes involving the good, and possible sufficient reasons are involved, for example, in the perception of evil as a possible aim to achieve. Leibniz defines the Principle of Sufficient Reason as follows: It is the principle "in virtue of which we judge that no fact can be found true or existent, no judgment veritable, unless there is a sufficient reason why it should be so and not otherwise, although these reasons cannot more than often be known to us. . . . There must be a sufficient reason for contingent truths or truths of fact, that is, for the sequence of things which are dispersed throughout the universe of created beings, in which the resolution into particular reasons might go into endless detail" (Monadology, 31, 32, 33, 36). And again, "Nothing happens without a sufficient reason; that is nothing happens without its being possible for one who should know things sufficiently to give a reason showing why things are so and not otherwise" (Principles of Nature and of Grace). It seems that the account given by Leibniz of this principle is not satisfactory in itself, in spite of the wide use he made of it in his philosophy. Many of his disciples vainly attempted to reduce it to the Principle of Contradiction. See Wolff.
Pythagoreanism: The doctrines (philosophical, mathematical, moral, and religious) of Pythagoras (c. 572-497) and of his school which flourished until about the end of the 4th century B.C. The Pythagorean philosophy was a dualism which sharply distinguished thought and the senses, the soul and the body, the mathematical forms of things and their perceptible appearances. The Pythagoreans supposed that the substances of all things were numbers and that all phenomena were sensuous expressions of mathematical ratios. For them the whole universe was harmony. They made important contributions to mathematics, astronomv, and physics (acoustics) and were the first to formulate the elementary principles and methods of arithmetic and geometry as taught in the first books of Euclid. But the Pythagorean sect was not only a philosophical and mathematical school (cf. K. von Fritz, Pythagorean Politics in Southern Italy, 1941), but also a religious brotherhood and a fellowship for moral reformation. They believed in the immortality and transmigration (see Metempsychosis) of the soul which they defined as the harmony of the body. To restore harmony which was confused by the senses was the goal of their Ethics and Politics. The religious ideas were closely related to those of the Greek mysteries which sought by various rites and abstinences to purify and redeem the soul. The attempt to combine this mysticism with their mathematical philosophy, led the Pythagoreans to the development of an intricate and somewhat fantastic symbolism which collected correspondences between numbers and things and for example identified the antithesis of odd and even with that of form and matter, the number 1 with reason, 2 with the soul, etc. Through their ideas the Pythagoreans had considerable effect on the development of Plato's thought and on the theories of the later Neo-platonists.
qualify ::: v. t. --> To make such as is required; to give added or requisite qualities to; to fit, as for a place, office, occupation, or character; to furnish with the knowledge, skill, or other accomplishment necessary for a purpose; to make capable, as of an employment or privilege; to supply with legal power or capacity.
To give individual quality to; to modulate; to vary; to regulate.
To reduce from a general, undefined, or comprehensive
Receptivity: (Lat. recipere, to take back) The collective name for receptive or sensory functions of the mind in contrast to its active or motor functions. In the Kantian terminology, receptivity is defined as the faculty of receiving representations in contrast to spontaneity, the faculty of knowing an object by means of concepts. See Kant, Critique of Pare Reason, A 50-B 74. -- L.W.
Recursion, definition by: A method of introducing, or "defining," functions from non-negative integers to non-negative integers, which, in its simplest form, consists in giving a pair of equations which specify the value of the function when the argument (or a particular one of the arguments) is 0, and supply a method of calculating the value of the function when the argument (that particular one of the arguments) is x+l, from the value of the function when the argument (that particular one of the arguments) is x. Thus a monadic function f is said to be defined by primitive recursion in terms of a dyadic function g -- the function g being previously known or given -- by the pair of equations, f(0) = A, f(S(x)) = g(x, f(x)), where A denotes some particular non-negative integer, and S denotes the successor function (so that S(x) is the same as x+l), and x is a variable (the second equation being intended to hold for all non-negative integers x). Similarly the dyadic function f is said to be defined by primitive recursion in terms of a triadic function g and a monadic function h by the pair of equations, f(a, 0) = h(a), f(a, S(x)) = g(a, x, f(a,x)), the equations being intended to hold for all non-negative integers a and x. Likewise for functions f of more than two variables. -- As an example of definition by primitive recursion we may take the "definition" of addition (i.e., of the dyadic function plus) employed by Peano in the development of arithmetic from his postulates (see the article Arithmetic, foundations of): a+0 = a, a+S(x) = S(a+x). This comes under the general form of definition by primitive recursion, just given, with h and g taken to be such functions that h(a) = a and g(a, x, y) = S(y). Another example is Peano's introduction of multiplication by the pair of equations aX0 = 0, aXS(x) = (aXx)+a. Here addition is taken as previously defined, and h(a) = 0, g(a, x, y) = y + a.
Recursiveness: The notion of definition by recursion, and in particular of definition by primitive recursion, is explained in the article recursion, definition by. An n-adic function f (from non-negative integers to non-negative integers) is said to be defined by composition in terms of the m-adic function g and the n-adic functions h1, h2, . . . , hm by the equation: f(x1, x2, . . . , xn) = g(h1((x1, x2, . . . , xn), h2(x1, x2, . . . , xn) = hm (x1, x2, . . . , xn)). (The case is not excluded that m = 1, or n = 1, or both.)
Relation-number: Dyadic relations R and R' are said to be similar (or ordinally similar) if there exists a one-one relation S whose domain is the field of R, and whose converse domain is the field of R', such that, if aSa' and bSb' then aRb if and only if a'Rb' . The relation-number of a dyadic relation may then be defined as the class of relations similar to it -- cf. cardinal number.
Renaissance: (Lat. re + nasci, to be born) Is a term used by historians to characterize various periods of intellectual revival, and especially that which took place in Italy and Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The term was coined by Michelet and developed into a historical concept by J. Burckhardt (1860) who considered individualism, the revival of classical antiquity, the "discovery" of the world and of man as the main characters of that period as opposed to the Middle Ages. The meaning, the temporal limits, and even the usefulness of the concept have been disputed ever since. For the emphasis placed by various historians on the different fields of culture and on the contribution of different countries must lead to different interpretations of the whole period, and attempts to express a complicated historical phenomenon in a simple, abstract definition are apt to fail. Historians are now inclined to admit a very considerable continuity between the "Renaissance" and the Middle Ages. Yet a sweeping rejection of the whole concept is excluded, for it expresses the view of the writers of the period itself, who considered their century a revival of ancient civilization after a penod of decay. While Burckhardt had paid no attention to philosophy, others began to speak of a "philosophy of the renaissance," regarding thought of those centuries not as an accidental accompaniment of renaissance culture, but as its characteristic philosophical manifestation. As yet this view has served as a fruitful guiding principle rather than as a verified hypothesis. Renaissance thought can be defined in a negative way as the period of transition from the medieval, theological to the modern, scientific interpretation of reality. It also displays a few common features, such as an emphasis on man and on his place in the universe, the rejection of certain medieval standards and methods of science, the increased influence of some newly discovered ancient sources, and a new style and literary form in the presentation of philosophical ideas. More obvious are the differences between the various schools and traditions which cannot easily be brought to a common denominator Humimsm, Platonism, Aristotelianism, scepticism and natural philosophy, to which may be added the group of the founders of modern science (Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo). -- P.O.K.
Right action: (a) Teleologicillv defined as action such that no alternative possible under the circumstances is better. Cf. G. E. Moore, Princ. Ethica. -- C.A.B.
ring-necked ::: a. --> Having a well defined ring of color around the neck.
Second Tier ::: Used to summarize the Flex Flow and Global View stages of value systems development from the Spiral Dynamics model. These stages are defined by their capacity to see the relative importance of all value systems, as opposed to First-Tier value systems, which declare their values to be the only correct values. Integral Theory uses Second Tier to refer to the Teal and Turquoise levels of developmental altitude.
Sexual Orientation ::: A feeling of attractedness or arousal associated with a particular gender. Sexual behavior can be a result of this but does not necessarily define a person&
shadow ::: n. --> Shade within defined limits; obscurity or deprivation of light, apparent on a surface, and representing the form of the body which intercepts the rays of light; as, the shadow of a man, of a tree, or of a tower. See the Note under Shade, n., 1.
Darkness; shade; obscurity.
A shaded place; shelter; protection; security.
A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water.
That which follows or attends a person or thing like a
sharp-cut ::: a. --> Cut sharply or definitely, or so as to make a clear, well-defined impression, as the lines of an engraved plate, and the like; clear-cut; hence, having great distinctness; well-defined; clear.
smeared ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Smear ::: a. --> Having the color mark ings ill defined, as if rubbed; as, the smeared dagger moth (Apatela oblinita).
Sociology of Law: The sociology of law is a comparatively infant type of investigation and consequently exhibits, to an even greater degree than most fields of sociology (q.v.), confusion and variety in methods and results. It can be defined, then, only in terms of its subject matter, which is neither the metaphysical and ethical bases of the law nor law as a separate field of social fact. It is, rather, all aspects of the law considered in their relation to all other social institutions and processes. -- M.B.M.
sometime ::: adv. --> At a past time indefinitely referred to; once; formerly.
At a time undefined; once in a while; now and then; sometimes.
At one time or other hereafter; as, I will do it sometime. ::: a.
Sometimes defined as (b) the value an entitv would have were it to exist quite alone. In this sense, an entity's intrinsic value would be equivalent to its total value less the sum of its instrumental and contributive value. -- C.A.B.
Sometimes, however, the distinction between nominal definitions and real definitions is made on the basis that the latter convey an assertion of existence, of the defimendum, or rather, where the definiendum is a concept, of things falling thereunder (Saccheri, 1697); or the distinction may be made on the basis that real definitions involve the possibility of what is defined (Leibniz, 1684). Ockham makes the distinction rather on the basis that real definitions state the whole nature of a thing and nominal definitions state the meaning of a word or phrase, but adds that non-existents (as chimaera) and such parts of speech as verbs, adverbs, and conjunctions may therefore have only nominal definition. -- A.C.
Sri Aurobindo: "Essence can never be defined — it simply is.” *Letters on Yoga
stereography ::: n. --> The art of delineating the forms of solid bodies on a plane; a branch of solid geometry which shows the construction of all solids which are regularly defined.
strict ::: 1. Stringent or exacting in rules, requirements, obligations, etc. 2. Extremely defined or conservative; narrowly or carefully limited.
structured ::: having and manifesting a clearly defined structure or organization.
Succession and Duration: These concepts are inseparable from the idea of 'flowing' time in which every event endures relatively to a succession of other events. In Leibniz's view, succession was the most important characteristic of time defined by him as "the order of succession." Some thinkers, notably H. Bergson, regard duration (duree) as the very essence of time, "time perceived as indivisible," in which the vital impulse (elan vital) becomes the creative source of all change comparable to a snow-ball rolling down a hill and swelling on its way. According to A. N. Whitehead, duration is 'a slab of nature' possessing temporal thickness, it is a cross-section of the world in its process, or "the immediate present condition of the world at some epoch." -- R.B.W.
supramental ::: (before 1920) same as vijñanamaya or ideal (sometimes restricted to the lower levels of vijñana); (in 1926-27 before 29October 1927) having the nature of supermind and related planes as defined before the introduction of the term overmind and the elevation of "supermind" above "overmind", sometimes applied especially to the planes below supreme supermind; ("the supramental" in some entries of January 1927) the next plane of consciousness above supramentality; (after 29 October 1927) expressing the working of supermind (in the latest sense) on its own plane or in the overmind, where "supramental" movements are sometimes regarded as higher than supramentalised and lower than gnostic.
supramental gnosis ::: (in April 1927) a term comprising the planes called (gnostic) intuition, supermind and gnostic supermind as defined before the introduction of the term overmind and the redefinition of these planes as parts of the overmind system.
Synechism: (Gr. syn, with; and echein, to hold) A theory of philosophical explanation developed, and first named by C. S. Peirce (Monist, II, 534). He defined the theory as: "That tendency of philosophical thought which insists upon the idea of continuity as of prime importance in philosophy, and in particular, upon the necessity of hypothesis involving true continuity." (Baldwin, Dict. of Philos. and Psych., N. Y. 1902, II, 657). Continuity seems to have been the name chosen by Peirce for the complete interdependence and inter-relationship of all things. An explanation is not good which relies upon an inexplicable ultimate. In this he was reacting, possibly, to such contemporary principles of explanation as Spencer's Unknown, and the Absolute of German and English Hegelianism. Synechism was no doubt an important forerunner of the Pragmatic theory of explanation, but Peirce, in describing synechism, stressed the value of generalization, ("the form under which alone anything can be understood is the form of generality, which is the same thing as continuity"), much more than modern pragmatism does. -- V.J.B.
tapatya ::: (in 1913-16) a form of tapas, sometimes associated with Mahakali bhava and with a "higher rudra intensity of knowledge, action, ananda", described in its true form as sasraddha sakti, a "selffulfilling force which is sure beforehand of its result", though there is also a "disinterested and instrumental Tapatya not depending on faith in the results"; an instance of the use of such a force; (in 1917-19) a form of intellectual / mental tapas intermediate between tapastya and tapata, defined as "the straining to know and fulfil" which, when desire is eliminated, remains "as an illegitimate prolongation and stress of what is received in the ideality . . . bringing false stress and falsification . of values".
Tautology: As a syntactical term of the propositional calculus this is defined in the article on logic, formal (q.v.). Wittgenstein and Ramsey proposed to extend the concept of a tautology to disciplines involving quantifiers, by interpreting a quantified expression as a multiple (possibly infinite) conjunction or disjunction; under this extension, however, it no longer remains true that the test of a tautology is effective.
Term: In common English usage the word "term"' is syntactical or semantical in character, and means simply a word (or phrase), or a word associated with its meaning. The phrase "undefined term" as used in mathematical postulate theory (see mathematics) is perhips best referred to this common meaning of "term " In traditional logic, a term is a concept appearing as subject or predicate (q.v.). of a categorical proposition; also, a word or phrase denoting such a concept. The word "term" has also been employed in a syntactical sense in various special developments of logistic systems (q.v.), usually in a way suggested by the traditional usage.
The capital roman letters here denote arbitrary formulas of the propositional calculus (in the technical sense defined below) and the arrow is to be read "stands for" or "is an abbreviation for." Suppose that we have given some specific list of propositional symbols, which may be infinite in number, and to which we shall refer as the fundamental propositional symbols. These are not necessarily single letters or characters, but may be expressions taken from any language or system of notation; they may denote particular propositions, or they may contain variables and denote ambiguously any proposition of a certain form or class. Certain restrictions are also necessary upon the way in which the fundamental propositional symbols can contain square brackets [ ]; for the present purpose it will suffice to suppose that they do not contain square brackets at all, although they may contain parentheses or other kinds of brackets. We call formulas of the propositional calculus (relative to the given list of fundamental propositional symbols) all the expressions determined by the four following rules: all the fundamental propositional symbols are formulas if A is a formula, ∼[A] is a formula; if A and B are formulas [A][B] is a formula; if A and B are formulas [A] ∨ [B] is a formula. The formulas of the propositional calculus as thus defined will in general contain more brackets than are necessary for clarity or freedom from ambiguity; in practice we omit superfluous brackets and regard the shortened expressions as abbreviations for the full formulas. It will be noted also that, if A and B are formulas, we regard [A] | [B], [A] ⊃ [B], [A] ≡ [B], and [A] + [B], not as formulas, but as abbreviations for certain formulas in accordance with the above given definitions.
The concept of original evidence is accordingly relativized and broadened to include all kinds of consciousness in which the intended object is given in the most original manner possible for an object of its kind and status. Thus, e.g., clear direct remembering is original evidence of one's own retained past, qua past, and perceptive empathy is original evidence of another's consciousness. Evidence of every kind (and in each of the above-defined senses) has its parallel in phantasy (fictive consciousness). Fictive empirical evidence involves non-fictive evidence of the essential possibility of an individual having the fictively presented determinations. The evident incompatibility of fictively experienced determinations is evidence of the essential impossibility of any individual having such determinations. Apodictic evidence is evidence together with the further evidence that no conflicting evidence is essentially possible. Essential possibilities, impossibilities, and necessities, admit of apodictic evidence. The only actual individual object that can be an object of apodictic evidence is one's own subjectivity. Evidence is not to be confounded with certainty of positing (see Modality) nor conceived as restricted to apodictic evidence. Furthermore, it is evident that no evidence is a talisman against error. What is evident in one process may evidently conflict with what is evident in another, or, again, the range of evidence may be overestimated. Evidence is exemplified in valuing and willing as well as in believing. It is the source of all objective sense (see Apperception and Genesis) and the basis of all rationality (see Reason). -- D.C.
The critique of Kant resolves substance into the a priori category of Inherence-and-subsistence, and so to a necessary synthetic activity of mind upon the data of experience. In the dialectic of Hegel, the effort is made to unify the logical meanings of substance as subject and the meaning of absolute independent being as defined in Spinoza. -- L.M.H.
The determination of the circumstances under which a sequence of formulas is a proof, or a proof as a consequence of a set of formulas, is usually made by means of: a list of primitive formulas; and a list of primitive rules of inference each of which prescribes that under certain circumstances a formula B shall be an immediate consequence of a set of formulas A1, A2, . . . , An. The list of primitive formulas may be empty -- this is not excluded. Or the primitive formulas may be included under the head of primitive rules of inference by allowing the case n=0 in (6). A proof is then defined as a finite sequence of formulas each of which is either a primitive formula or an immediate consequence of preceding formulas by one of the primitive rules of inference. A proof as a consequence of a set of formulas A1, A2, . . . , An is in some cases defined as a finite sequence of formulas each of which is either a primitive formula, or one of A1, A2, . . . , An, or an immediate consequence of preceding formulas by one of the primitive rules of inference; in other cases it may be desirable to impose certain restrictions upon the application of the primitive rules of inference (e.g., in the case of the functional calculus of first order -- logic, formal, § 3 -- that no free variable of A1, A2, . . . , An shall be generalized upon).
The diversity of concepts that Husserl himself expressed by the word "phenomenology" has been a source of diverse usages among thinkeis who came under his influence and are often referred to as "the phenomenological school." Husserl himself always meant by "phenomenology" a science of the subjective and its intended objects qua intentional; this core of sense pervades the development of his own concept of phenomenology as eidetic, transcendental, constitutive. Some thinkers, appropriating only the psychological version of this central concept, have developed a descriptive intentional psychology -- sometimes empirical, sometimes eidetic -- under the title "phenomenology." On the other hand, Husserl's broader concept of eidetic science based on seeing essences and essentially necessary relations -- especially his concept of material ontology -- has been not only adopted but made central by others, who define phenomenology accordingly. Not uncommonly, these groups reject Husserl's method of transcendental-phenomenological reduction and profess a realistic metaphysics. Finally, there are those who, emphasizing Husserl's cardinal principle that evidence -- seeing something that is itself presented -- is the only ultimate source of knowledge, conceive their phenomenology more broadly and etymologically, as explication of that which shows itself, whatever may be the latter 's nature and ontologicil status. -- D.C.
The explicit definition of analyticity (etc.) for a particular language of course requires statement of the c-rules. Actually, in the case of his "Language II," Carnap prefers to define analytic and contradictory first, and consequence in terms of these.
The fixity of this theoretical structure is not to be interpreted as incompatible with the continuous movement of discovery. The function of philosophy as such, in any age, is that of attempting to effect the theoretical ordering of the available fund of knowledge. There is implicit in Spinoza's conception of this function the recognition of the two-fold character of the task of philosophy. The task, on the one hand is reflection upon the available fund of insight and ideas, upon all the fruits of reflection and inquiry, with the purpose of coherent ordering and expression of the fund. In this sense, 'philosophy' is that which can be displayed in the geometrical fashion. It is equally the task of philosophy, however, to prepare for this display and ordering. Paradoxically, philosophy must prepare for itself. Philosophy, in this function, is reflection upon the conditions of all inquiry, the discovery of the grounds of method, of the proper and indispensable assumptions of inquiry as such, and of the basic ideas within whose domain inquiry will move. If inquiry is to be undertaken at all, then mind must discover within itself, and disclose to itself, whatever authoritative guidance can be assured for the enterprise. The competence of the mind to know, the determination of the range of that competence, the rational criteria of truth, the necessities levelled to mind by the very reflections of mind -- these and related questions define the task of philosophy as propaedeutic both to philosophy itself and to science. In this recognition of the two-fold character of philosophy, and of its relation to science, Spinoza is re-stating the spirit of Descartes.
The formulas and the c-rules of the language in question may include some which are extralogical in character -- corresponding, e.g., to physical laws or to matters of empirical fact. Carnap makes an attempt (which, however, has been questioned) to define in purely syntactical terms when a relation of consequence is one of logical consequence. If the notion of consequence is restricted to that of logical consequence, the terms corresponding to valid and contra-valid are analytic and contradictory respectively. If the c-rules are purely logical in character, the class of analytic sentences coincides with that of valid sentences, and the class of contradictory sentences with that of contravalid sentences.
The Free Dictionary defines artifice as:
The general direction of social evolution, on this view is from classless, collectivist forms (primitive communism) to class forms (slave-master, serf-lord, worker-capitalist) to classless, socialist, communist forms on the modern level of highly complex technics. Classes are defined as groups having antagonistic economic relationships to the means of production. The resultant conflict of interests is called the class struggle, which, involving the means and way of life, is carried on in all fields, often unconsciously.
The general philosophical position which has as its fundamental tenet the proposition that the natural world is the whole of reality. "Nature" and "natural world" are certainly ambiguous terms, but this much is clear in thus restricting reality, naturalism means to assert that there is but one system or level of reality, that this system is the totality of objects and events in space and time; and that the behavior of this system is determined only by its own character and is reducible to a set of causal laws. Nature is thus conceived as self-contained and self-dependent, and from this view spring certain negations that define to a great extent the influence of naturalism. First, it is denied that nature is derived from or dependent upon any transcendent, supernatural entities. From this follows the denial that the order of natural events can be intruded upon. And this in turn entails the denial of freedom, purpose, and transcendent destiny.
The Port-Royal Logic defines a proposition to be the same as a judgment but elsewhere speaks of propositions as denoting judgments. Traditional logicians generally have defined a proposition as a judgment expressed in words, or as a sentence expressing a judgment, but some say or seem to hold in actual usage that synonymous or intertranslatable sentences represent the same proposition. Recent writers in many cases adopt or tend towards (b).
The reader should distinguish between theorems about the propositional calculus -- the deduction theorem, the principles of duality (below), etc. -- and theorems of the propositional calculus in the sense just defined. It is convenient to use such words as theorem, premiss, conclusion both for propositions (in whatever language expressed) and for formulas representing propositions in some fixed system or calculus.
There is also another sense in which it has been held that mathematics is reducible to logic, namely that in the expressions for the postulates of a mathematical discipline the undefined terms are to be given definitions which involve logical terms only, in such a way that postulates and theorems of the discipline thereby become propositions of pure logic, demonstrable on the basis of logical principles only. This view was first taken, as regards arithmetic and analysis, by Frege, and was afterwards adopted by Russell, who extended it to all mathematics.
There is little agreement as to the correct analytical definition. To define a sentence as a complete utterance (Bloomfield, Language, 27) merely shifts the difficulty to that of deciding when symbols are not incomplete. A similar objection applies to Gardiner's definition (Speech and Language, 182) "those single words or combinations of words which taken as complete in themselves give satisfaction by shadowing forth the intelligible purpose of a speaker."
*The substance of knowledge is the same [in the higher mind and the illumined mind], but the higher mind gives only the substance and form of knowledge in thought and word—in the illumined mind there begins to be a peculiar light and energy and ananda of knowledge which grows as one rises higher in the scale or else as the knowledge comes from a higher and higher source. This light etc. are still rather diluted and diffused in the illumined mind; it becomesmore and more intense, clearly defined, dynamic and effective on the higher planes, so much so as to change always the character and power of the knowledge.
Ref: CWSA Vol.28, Letters on Yoga-I, Page: 164
The working class, in coming to power, is seen to establish its own state form, based upon the dictatorship of the proletariat, which is maintained so long as a state is necessary, and which is considered to extend democracy to the majority by establishing collective ownership of the means of production. This first stage is defined as socialism, the economic principle of which is, "from each according to ability, to each according to work performed". The second stage is defined as communism, the economic principle of which is, "from each according to ability, to each according to need" (Marx "Gotha Program"). In its fullest sense, on a world wide scale, this stage is considered to include an economy of abundance made possible by social utilization of unrestricted production, a disappearance of the antagonism between town and country and that between mental and physical labor, and, because irreconcilable class conflicts will ha\e ceased to exist, a "withering away" (Engels: Anti-Dühring) of the state as an apparatus of force. What will remain will be a state-less '"administration of things."
This representation does not reproduce faithfully all particulars of the traditional account. The fact is that the traditional doctrine, having grown up from various sources and under an inadequate formal analysis, is not altogether what seems to be the best representation, and simply note the four following points of divergence: We have defined the connectives ⊃x and ∧x in terms of universal and existential quantification, whereas the traditional account might be thought to be more closely reproduced if they were taken as primitive notations. (It would, however, not be difficult to reformulate the functional calculus of first order so that these connectives would be primitive and the usual quantifiers defined in terms of them.) The traditional account associates the negation in E and O with the copula (q. v.), whereas the negation symbol is here prefixed to the sub-formula P(x). (Notice that this sub-formula represents ambiguously a proposition and that, in fact, the notation of the functional calculus of first order provides for applying negation only to propositions.) The traditional account includes under A and E respectively, also (propositions denoted by) P(A) and ∼P(A), where A is an individual constant. These singular propositions are ignored in our account of opposition and immediate inference, but will appear in § 5 as giving variant forms of certain syllogisms. Some aspects of the traditional account require that A and E be represented as we have here, others that they be represented by [(Ex)S(x)][S(x) ⊃x P(x)] and [(Ex)S(x)][S(x) ⊃x ∼P(x)] respectively. The question concerning the choice between these two interpretations is known as the problem of existential import of propositions. We prefer to introduce (Ex)S(x) as a separate premiss at those places where it is required. Given a fixed subject S and a fixed predicate P, we have, according to the square of opposition, that A and O are contradictory, E and I are contradictory, A and E are contrary, I and O are subcontrary, A and I are subaltern, E and O are subaltern. The two propositions in a contradictory pair cannot be both true and cannot be both false (one is the exact negation of the other). The two propositions in a subaltern pair are so related that the first one, together with the premiss (Ex)S(x), implies the second (subalternation). Under the premiss (Ex)S(x), the contrary pair, A, E, cannot be both true, and the subcontrary pair, I, O, cannot be both false.
Thomas Aquinas (q. v.) defined logic as the science of second intentions applied to first intentions. -- A. C.
Three senses of "Ockhamism" may be distinguished: Logical, indicating usage of the terminology and technique of logical analysis developed by Ockham in his Summa totius logicae; in particular, use of the concept of supposition (suppositio) in the significative analysis of terms. Epistemological, indicating the thesis that universality is attributable only to terms and propositions, and not to things as existing apart from discourse. Theological, indicating the thesis that no tneological doctrines, such as those of God's existence or of the immortality of the soul, are evident or demonstrable philosophically, so that religious doctrine rests solely on faith, without metaphysical or scientific support. It is in this sense that Luther is often called an Ockhamist. Bibliography: B. Geyer, Ueberwegs Grundriss d. Gesch. d. Phil., Bd. II (11th ed., Berlin 1928), pp. 571-612 and 781-786; N. Abbagnano, Guglielmo di Ockham (Lanciano, Italy, 1931); E. A. Moody, The Logic of William of Ockham (N. Y. & London, 1935); F. Ehrle, Peter von Candia (Muenster, 1925); G. Ritter, Studien zur Spaetscholastik, I-II (Heidelberg, 1921-1922). --E.A.M. Om, aum: (Skr.) Mystic, holy syllable as a symbol for the indefinable Absolute. See Aksara, Vac, Sabda. --K.F.L. Omniscience: In philosophy and theology it means the complete and perfect knowledge of God, of Himself and of all other beings, past, present, and future, or merely possible, as well as all their activities, real or possible, including the future free actions of human beings. --J.J.R. One: Philosophically, not a number but equivalent to unit, unity, individuality, in contradistinction from multiplicity and the mani-foldness of sensory experience. In metaphysics, the Supreme Idea (Plato), the absolute first principle (Neo-platonism), the universe (Parmenides), Being as such and divine in nature (Plotinus), God (Nicolaus Cusanus), the soul (Lotze). Religious philosophy and mysticism, beginning with Indian philosophy (s.v.), has favored the designation of the One for the metaphysical world-ground, the ultimate icility, the world-soul, the principle of the world conceived as reason, nous, or more personally. The One may be conceived as an independent whole or as a sum, as analytic or synthetic, as principle or ontologically. Except by mysticism, it is rarely declared a fact of sensory experience, while its transcendent or transcendental, abstract nature is stressed, e.g., in epistemology where the "I" or self is considered the unitary background of personal experience, the identity of self-consciousness, or the unity of consciousness in the synthesis of the manifoldness of ideas (Kant). --K.F.L. One-one: A relation R is one-many if for every y in the converse domain there is a unique x such that xRy. A relation R is many-one if for every x in the domain there is a unique y such that xRy. (See the article relation.) A relation is one-one, or one-to-one, if it is at the same time one-many and many-one. A one-one relation is said to be, or to determine, a one-to-one correspondence between its domain and its converse domain. --A.C. On-handedness: (Ger. Vorhandenheit) Things exist in the mode of thereness, lying- passively in a neutral space. A "deficient" form of a more basic relationship, termed at-handedness (Zuhandenheit). (Heidegger.) --H.H. Ontological argument: Name by which later authors, especially Kant, designate the alleged proof for God's existence devised by Anselm of Canterbury. Under the name of God, so the argument runs, everyone understands that greater than which nothing can be thought. Since anything being the greatest and lacking existence is less then the greatest having also existence, the former is not really the greater. The greatest, therefore, has to exist. Anselm has been reproached, already by his contemporary Gaunilo, for unduly passing from the field of logical to the field of ontological or existential reasoning. This criticism has been repeated by many authors, among them Aquinas. The argument has, however, been used, if in a somewhat modified form, by Duns Scotus, Descartes, and Leibniz. --R.A. Ontological Object: (Gr. onta, existing things + logos, science) The real or existing object of an act of knowledge as distinguished from the epistemological object. See Epistemological Object. --L.W. Ontologism: (Gr. on, being) In contrast to psychologism, is called any speculative system which starts philosophizing by positing absolute being, or deriving the existence of entities independently of experience merely on the basis of their being thought, or assuming that we have immediate and certain knowledge of the ground of being or God. Generally speaking any rationalistic, a priori metaphysical doctrine, specifically the philosophies of Rosmini-Serbati and Vincenzo Gioberti. As a philosophic method censored by skeptics and criticists alike, as a scholastic doctrine formerly strongly supported, revived in Italy and Belgium in the 19th century, but no longer countenanced. --K.F.L. Ontology: (Gr. on, being + logos, logic) The theory of being qua being. For Aristotle, the First Philosophy, the science of the essence of things. Introduced as a term into philosophy by Wolff. The science of fundamental principles, the doctrine of the categories. Ultimate philosophy; rational cosmology. Syn. with metaphysics. See Cosmology, First Principles, Metaphysics, Theology. --J.K.F. Operation: "(Lit. operari, to work) Any act, mental or physical, constituting a phase of the reflective process, and performed with a view to acquiring1 knowledge or information about a certain subject-nntter. --A.C.B. In logic, see Operationism. In philosophy of science, see Pragmatism, Scientific Empiricism. Operationism: The doctrine that the meaning of a concept is given by a set of operations. 1. The operational meaning of a term (word or symbol) is given by a semantical rule relating the term to some concrete process, object or event, or to a class of such processes, objectj or events. 2. Sentences formed by combining operationally defined terms into propositions are operationally meaningful when the assertions are testable by means of performable operations. Thus, under operational rules, terms have semantical significance, propositions have empirical significance. Operationism makes explicit the distinction between formal (q.v.) and empirical sentences. Formal propositions are signs arranged according to syntactical rules but lacking operational reference. Such propositions, common in mathematics, logic and syntax, derive their sanction from convention, whereas an empirical proposition is acceptable (1) when its structure obeys syntactical rules and (2) when there exists a concrete procedure (a set of operations) for determining its truth or falsity (cf. Verification). Propositions purporting to be empirical are sometimes amenable to no operational test because they contain terms obeying no definite semantical rules. These sentences are sometimes called pseudo-propositions and are said to be operationally meaningless. They may, however, be 'meaningful" in other ways, e.g. emotionally or aesthetically (cf. Meaning). Unlike a formal statement, the "truth" of an empirical sentence is never absolute and its operational confirmation serves only to increase the degree of its validity. Similarly, the semantical rule comprising the operational definition of a term has never absolute precision. Ordinarily a term denotes a class of operations and the precision of its definition depends upon how definite are the rules governing inclusion in the class. The difference between Operationism and Logical Positivism (q.v.) is one of emphasis. Operationism's stress of empirical matters derives from the fact that it was first employed to purge physics of such concepts as absolute space and absolute time, when the theory of relativity had forced upon physicists the view that space and time are most profitably defined in terms of the operations by which they are measured. Although different methods of measuring length at first give rise to different concepts of length, wherever the equivalence of certain of these measures can be established by other operations, the concepts may legitimately be combined. In psychology the operational criterion of meaningfulness is commonly associated with a behavioristic point of view. See Behaviorism. Since only those propositions which are testable by public and repeatable operations are admissible in science, the definition of such concepti as mind and sensation must rest upon observable aspects of the organism or its behavior. Operational psychology deals with experience only as it is indicated by the operation of differential behavior, including verbal report. Discriminations, or the concrete differential reactions of organisms to internal or external environmental states, are by some authors regarded as the most basic of all operations. For a discussion of the role of operational definition in phvsics. see P. W. Bridgman, The Logic of Modern Physics, (New York, 1928) and The Nature of Physical Theory (Princeton, 1936). "The extension of operationism to psychology is discussed by C. C. Pratt in The Logic of Modem Psychology (New York. 1939.) For a discussion and annotated bibliography relating to Operationism and Logical Positivism, see S. S. Stevens, Psychology and the Science of Science, Psychol. Bull., 36, 1939, 221-263. --S.S.S. Ophelimity: Noun derived from the Greek, ophelimos useful, employed by Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) in economics as the equivalent of utility, or the capacity to provide satisfaction. --J.J.R. Opinion: (Lat. opinio, from opinor, to think) An hypothesis or proposition entertained on rational grounds but concerning which doubt can reasonably exist. A belief. See Hypothesis, Certainty, Knowledge. --J.K.F- Opposition: (Lat. oppositus, pp. of oppono, to oppose) Positive actual contradiction. One of Aristotle's Post-predicaments. In logic any contrariety or contradiction, illustrated by the "Square of Opposition". Syn. with: conflict. See Logic, formal, § 4. --J.K.F. Optimism: (Lat. optimus, the best) The view inspired by wishful thinking, success, faith, or philosophic reflection, that the world as it exists is not so bad or even the best possible, life is good, and man's destiny is bright. Philosophically most persuasively propounded by Leibniz in his Theodicee, according to which God in his wisdom would have created a better world had he known or willed such a one to exist. Not even he could remove moral wrong and evil unless he destroyed the power of self-determination and hence the basis of morality. All systems of ethics that recognize a supreme good (Plato and many idealists), subscribe to the doctrines of progressivism (Turgot, Herder, Comte, and others), regard evil as a fragmentary view (Josiah Royce et al.) or illusory, or believe in indemnification (Henry David Thoreau) or melioration (Emerson), are inclined optimistically. Practically all theologies advocating a plan of creation and salvation, are optimistic though they make the good or the better dependent on moral effort, right thinking, or belief, promising it in a future existence. Metaphysical speculation is optimistic if it provides for perfection, evolution to something higher, more valuable, or makes room for harmonies or a teleology. See Pessimism. --K.F.L. Order: A class is said to be partially ordered by a dyadic relation R if it coincides with the field of R, and R is transitive and reflexive, and xRy and yRx never both hold when x and y are different. If in addition R is connected, the class is said to be ordered (or simply ordered) by R, and R is called an ordering relation. Whitehcid and Russell apply the term serial relation to relations which are transitive, irreflexive, and connected (and, in consequence, also asymmetric). However, the use of serial relations in this sense, instead ordering relations as just defined, is awkward in connection with the notion of order for unit classes. Examples: The relation not greater than among leal numbers is an ordering relation. The relation less than among real numbers is a serial relation. The real numbers are simply ordered by the former relation. In the algebra of classes (logic formal, § 7), the classes are partially ordered by the relation of class inclusion. For explanation of the terminology used in making the above definitions, see the articles connexity, reflexivity, relation, symmetry, transitivity. --A.C. Order type: See relation-number. Ordinal number: A class b is well-ordered by a dyadic relation R if it is ordered by R (see order) and, for every class a such that a ⊂ b, there is a member x of a, such that xRy holds for every member y of a; and R is then called a well-ordering relation. The ordinal number of a class b well-ordered by a relation R, or of a well-ordering relation R, is defined to be the relation-number (q. v.) of R. The ordinal numbers of finite classes (well-ordered by appropriate relations) are called finite ordinal numbers. These are 0, 1, 2, ... (to be distinguished, of course, from the finite cardinal numbers 0, 1, 2, . . .). The first non-finite (transfinite or infinite) ordinal number is the ordinal number of the class of finite ordinal numbers, well-ordered in their natural order, 0, 1, 2, . . .; it is usually denoted by the small Greek letter omega. --A.C. G. Cantor, Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers, translated and with an introduction by P. E. B. Jourdain, Chicago and London, 1915. (new ed. 1941); Whitehead and Russell, Princtpia Mathematica. vol. 3. Orexis: (Gr. orexis) Striving; desire; the conative aspect of mind, as distinguished from the cognitive and emotional (Aristotle). --G.R.M.. Organicism: A theory of biology that life consists in the organization or dynamic system of the organism. Opposed to mechanism and vitalism. --J.K.F. Organism: An individual animal or plant, biologically interpreted. A. N. Whitehead uses the term to include also physical bodies and to signify anything material spreading through space and enduring in time. --R.B.W. Organismic Psychology: (Lat. organum, from Gr. organon, an instrument) A system of theoretical psychology which construes the structure of the mind in organic rather than atomistic terms. See Gestalt Psychology; Psychological Atomism. --L.W. Organization: (Lat. organum, from Gr. organon, work) A structured whole. The systematic unity of parts in a purposive whole. A dynamic system. Order in something actual. --J.K.F. Organon: (Gr. organon) The title traditionally given to the body of Aristotle's logical treatises. The designation appears to have originated among the Peripatetics after Aristotle's time, and expresses their view that logic is not a part of philosophy (as the Stoics maintained) but rather the instrument (organon) of philosophical inquiry. See Aristotelianism. --G.R.M. In Kant. A system of principles by which pure knowledge may be acquired and established. Cf. Fr. Bacon's Novum Organum. --O.F.K. Oriental Philosophy: A general designation used loosely to cover philosophic tradition exclusive of that grown on Greek soil and including the beginnings of philosophical speculation in Egypt, Arabia, Iran, India, and China, the elaborate systems of India, Greater India, China, and Japan, and sometimes also the religion-bound thought of all these countries with that of the complex cultures of Asia Minor, extending far into antiquity. Oriental philosophy, though by no means presenting a homogeneous picture, nevertheless shares one characteristic, i.e., the practical outlook on life (ethics linked with metaphysics) and the absence of clear-cut distinctions between pure speculation and religious motivation, and on lower levels between folklore, folk-etymology, practical wisdom, pre-scientiiic speculation, even magic, and flashes of philosophic insight. Bonds with Western, particularly Greek philosophy have no doubt existed even in ancient times. Mutual influences have often been conjectured on the basis of striking similarities, but their scientific establishment is often difficult or even impossible. Comparative philosophy (see especially the work of Masson-Oursel) provides a useful method. Yet a thorough treatment of Oriental Philosophy is possible only when the many languages in which it is deposited have been more thoroughly studied, the psychological and historical elements involved in the various cultures better investigated, and translations of the relevant documents prepared not merely from a philological point of view or out of missionary zeal, but by competent philosophers who also have some linguistic training. Much has been accomplished in this direction in Indian and Chinese Philosophy (q.v.). A great deal remains to be done however before a definitive history of Oriental Philosophy may be written. See also Arabian, and Persian Philosophy. --K.F.L. Origen: (185-254) The principal founder of Christian theology who tried to enrich the ecclesiastic thought of his day by reconciling it with the treasures of Greek philosophy. Cf. Migne PL. --R.B.W. Ormazd: (New Persian) Same as Ahura Mazdah (q.v.), the good principle in Zoroastrianism, and opposed to Ahriman (q.v.). --K.F.L. Orphic Literature: The mystic writings, extant only in fragments, of a Greek religious-philosophical movement of the 6th century B.C., allegedly started by the mythical Orpheus. In their mysteries, in which mythology and rational thinking mingled, the Orphics concerned themselves with cosmogony, theogony, man's original creation and his destiny after death which they sought to influence to the better by pure living and austerity. They taught a symbolism in which, e.g., the relationship of the One to the many was clearly enunciated, and believed in the soul as involved in reincarnation. Pythagoras, Empedocles, and Plato were influenced by them. --K.F.L. Ortega y Gasset, Jose: Born in Madrid, May 9, 1883. At present in Buenos Aires, Argentine. Son of Ortega y Munillo, the famous Spanish journalist. Studied at the College of Jesuits in Miraflores and at the Central University of Madrid. In the latter he presented his Doctor's dissertation, El Milenario, in 1904, thereby obtaining his Ph.D. degree. After studies in Leipzig, Berlin, Marburg, under the special influence of Hermann Cohen, the great exponent of Kant, who taught him the love for the scientific method and awoke in him the interest in educational philosophy, Ortega came to Spain where, after the death of Nicolas Salmeron, he occupied the professorship of metaphysics at the Central University of Madrid. The following may be considered the most important works of Ortega y Gasset: Meditaciones del Quijote, 1914; El Espectador, I-VIII, 1916-1935; El Tema de Nuestro Tiempo, 1921; España Invertebrada, 1922; Kant, 1924; La Deshumanizacion del Arte, 1925; Espiritu de la Letra, 1927; La Rebelion de las Masas, 1929; Goethe desde Adentio, 1934; Estudios sobre el Amor, 1939; Ensimismamiento y Alteracion, 1939; El Libro de las Misiones, 1940; Ideas y Creencias, 1940; and others. Although brought up in the Marburg school of thought, Ortega is not exactly a neo-Kantian. At the basis of his Weltanschauung one finds a denial of the fundamental presuppositions which characterized European Rationalism. It is life and not thought which is primary. Things have a sense and a value which must be affirmed independently. Things, however, are to be conceived as the totality of situations which constitute the circumstances of a man's life. Hence, Ortega's first philosophical principle: "I am myself plus my circumstances". Life as a problem, however, is but one of the poles of his formula. Reason is the other. The two together function, not by dialectical opposition, but by necessary coexistence. Life, according to Ortega, does not consist in being, but rather, in coming to be, and as such it is of the nature of direction, program building, purpose to be achieved, value to be realized. In this sense the future as a time dimension acquires new dignity, and even the present and the past become articulate and meaning-full only in relation to the future. Even History demands a new point of departure and becomes militant with new visions. --J.A.F. Orthodoxy: Beliefs which are declared by a group to be true and normative. Heresy is a departure from and relative to a given orthodoxy. --V.S. Orthos Logos: See Right Reason. Ostensible Object: (Lat. ostendere, to show) The object envisaged by cognitive act irrespective of its actual existence. See Epistemological Object. --L.W. Ostensive: (Lat. ostendere, to show) Property of a concept or predicate by virtue of which it refers to and is clarified by reference to its instances. --A.C.B. Ostwald, Wilhelm: (1853-1932) German chemist. Winner of the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1909. In Die Uberwindung des wissenschaftlichen Materialistmus and in Naturphilosophie, his two best known works in the field of philosophy, he advocates a dynamic theory in opposition to materialism and mechanism. All properties of matter, and the psychic as well, are special forms of energy. --L.E.D. Oupnekhat: Anquetil Duperron's Latin translation of the Persian translation of 50 Upanishads (q.v.), a work praised by Schopenhauer as giving him complete consolation. --K.F.L. Outness: A term employed by Berkeley to express the experience of externality, that is the ideas of space and things placed at a distance. Hume used it in the sense of distance Hamilton understood it as the state of being outside of consciousness in a really existing world of material things. --J.J.R. Overindividual: Term used by H. Münsterberg to translate the German überindividuell. The term is applied to any cognitive or value object which transcends the individual subject. --L.W. P
Thus the method is the delineation of systems which are real, and the doctrine of reality nothing other than a detailed statement of the result. Such a statement is the final category of dialectical analysis, the Absolute Idea, this is the "truth" of Being. What this category is in detail can be specified only by the method whereby it is warranted. In general it is the structure of fact, possibility and value as determined by dialectical negation. It is the all-comprehensive system, the "whole," which harmoniously includes every statement of fact, possibility and value by "sublating" (through dialectical negation) every such statement within its own structure. It is also of the nature of "subject" in contradistinction to "substance" as defined by Spinoza; Hegel sometimes speaks of it as Absolute Spirit. If this doctrine is to be called absolute idealism, as is customary, its distinguishing characteristic should not be submerged in the name: the system which is here identified with reality is structured precisely as disclosed in the process of dialectical negation which exhibits it.
trachytoid ::: a. --> Resembling trachyte; -- used to define the structure of certain rocks.
Transcendental method: (In Kant) The analysis of the conditions (a priori forms of intuition, categories of the understanding, ideals of reason) that make possible human experience and knowledge. See Kantianism. Transcendental Object: (Kant, Ger. transzendentale Objekt) The pure rational 'x' which Kant defines as the general form of object or the object as such. It is not a particular concrete object, but the ideal objective correlate of pure consciousness as such. It is the object which the mind seeks to know in each empirical cognition. See Kantianism. -- O.F.K.
tribes ::: 1. Units of sociopolitical organizations consisting of a number of families, clans, or other groups who share a common ancestry and culture and among whom leadership is typically neither formalized nor permanent. 2. Social divisions of a people, esp. of a preliterate people, defined in terms of common descent, territory, culture, etc.
trigun.a ::: the three gun.as, qualities or modes of the lower Nature triguna (apara prakr.ti), called sattva, rajas and tamas, which may be defined "in terms of the motion of the universal Energy as Nature"s three concomitant and inseparable powers of equilibrium, kinesis and inertia"; psychologically, tamas is "Nature"s power of nescience", rajas "her power of active seeking ignorance enlightened by desire and impulsion", and sattva "her power of possessing and harmonising knowledge". Among these gun.as "there is a necessary disequilibrium, a shifting inconstancy of measures and a perpetual struggle for domination" which can cease only when "the disharmonies of the triple mode of our inferior existence are overpassed and there begins a greater triple mode of a divine Nature" (para prakr.ti); tamas, rajas and sattva are then replaced by sama, tapas (or pravr.tti) and prakasa, of which they are "imperfect or degraded forms".
undefine ::: v. t. --> To make indefinite; to obliterate or confuse the definition or limitations of.
uncertain ::: 1. Not determinate or fixed in point of time or occurrence. 2. About which one cannot be certain or assured; subject to doubt. 3. Not fully confident or assured of something. 4. Having no clear knowledge; in a state of doubt. 5. Not clearly identified, located, or determined. 6. Not clearly defined or outlined; vague; indistinct. 7. Not certain to remain in one state or condition; unsteady, variable, fitful. 8. Dependent on chance or unpredictable factors; doubtful; of unforeseeable outcome or effect. 9. Ambiguous.
unlimited ::: a. --> Not limited; having no bounds; boundless; as, an unlimited expanse of ocean.
Undefined; indefinite; not bounded by proper exceptions; as, unlimited terms.
Unconfined; not restrained; unrestricted.
utilitarianism ::: n. --> The doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the end and aim of all social and political institutions.
The doctrine that virtue is founded in utility, or that virtue is defined and enforced by its tendency to promote the highest happiness of the universe.
The doctrine that utility is the sole standard of morality, so that the rectitude of an action is determined by its
Value, intrinsic: Sometimes defined as (a) the value an entity would have even if it were to have no consequences. In this sense, an entity's intrinsic value is equivalent to its total value less its instrumental value; it would include its contributive value.
vaṅmaya (vangmaya) thought ::: thought expressing itself "in the form vanmaya of an inward speech" (vak) without the "separate character" of van.i; a form of jñana defined as "the revelation of truth through right and perfect vak in the thought", regarded as a special power of sruti and distinguished from perceptive thought. It has two movements: the . effulgent (or original), which is "vak leaping forth from the ideality with the ideation contained in it", and the refulgent (or derivative), which expresses a previous ideation or proceeds "from a silent indefinite ideation to which it gives form and expression".
Variable error: The average departure or deviation from the average between several given values. In successive measurements of magnitudes considered in the natural sciences or in experimental psychology, the observed differences are the unavoidable result of a great number of small causes independent of each other and equally likely to make the measurement too small or too large. In experimental psychology in particular, the real magnitude is known in some cases, but its evaluation tends to be on the average too large or too small. The average error is the average departure from the true magnitude, while the variable error is the deviation as already defined. -- T.G.
VI. Probability as a Limit of Frequencies. According to this view, developed especially by Mises and by Wald, the probability of an event is equal to its total frequency, that is to the limit, if it exists, of the frequency of that event in n trials, when n tends to infinity. The difficulty of working out this conception led Mises to propose the notion of a collective in an attempt to evolve conditions for a true random sequence. A collective is a random sequence of supposed results of trials when (1) the total frequency of the event in the sequence exists, and (2) the same property holds with the same limiting value when the sequence is replaced by any sequence derived from it. Various methods were devised by Copeland, Reichenbach and others to avoid objections to the second condition: they were generalized by Wald who restricted the choice of the "laws of selection" defining the ranks of the trials forming one of the derived sequences, by his postulate that these laws must form a denumerable set. This modification gives logical consistency to this theory at the expense of its original simplicity, but without disposing of some fundamental shortcomings. Thus, the probability of an event in a collective remains a relative notion, since it must be known to which denumerable set of laws of selection it has been defined relatively, in order to determine its meaning, even though its value is not relative to the set. Controversial points about the axiomatization of this theory show the possibility of other alternatives.
volt ::: n. --> A circular tread; a gait by which a horse going sideways round a center makes two concentric tracks.
A sudden movement to avoid a thrust.
The unit of electro-motive force; -- defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893 and by United States Statute as, that electro-motive force which steadily applied to a conductor whose resistance is one ohm will produce a current of one ampere. It is practically equivalent to / the electro-motive force of a standard
Wesen: (Ger. being, essence, nature) Designates essential being without which a thing has no reality. It has been conceived variously in the history of philosophy, as Ousia or constant being by Aristotle; as essenitia, real or nominal, or species, by the Schoolmen; as principle of all that which belongs to the possibility of a thing, by Kant; generally as that which is unconditionally necessary in the concept of a thing or is not dependent on external, causal, temporal or special circumstances. Its contrast is that which is unwesentlich (defined by Schuppe as that which has relation to or for something else), accidental, contingent. -- K.F.L.
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2 Sri Ramana Maharshi
2 Sri Aurobindo
1 Vishnu Purana
1 Osho
1 Oscar Wilde
1 LOIS MAI CHAN
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1 Dr. Seuss
1 Sri Ramana Maharshi
1 Saint Thomas Aquinas
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1 Abraham Maslow
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1:We may define therapy as a search for value. ~ Abraham Maslow, #KEYS
2:I will define him simply as someone set on becoming a god rather than a man. ~ Epictetus, #KEYS
3:Characteristics which define beauty are wholeness, harmony and radiance. ~ Saint Thomas Aquinas, #KEYS
4:When something bad happens you have three choices. You can either let it define you, let it destroy you, or you can let it strengthen you." ~ Dr. Seuss, #KEYS
5:If we cannot define the Eternal, we can unify ourselves with it. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Modes of the Self, #KEYS
6:Many people try to define the Self instead of attempting to know the Self and abide in it. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, Reminisceneces, #KEYS
7:The business of knowledge is to comprehend and for the finite intellect that means to define and determine. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays on the Gita, The Supreme Word of the Gita, #KEYS
8:Words are not cubicles for truth telling. Words do not allow us to touch the face of God or define the contours of the soul." ~ Kilroy J. Oldster "Dead Toad Scrolls,", (2016). A series of meditative essays [Worth a read.], #KEYS
9:I salute It, this supreme Deity, which is beyond the senses, which mind and speech cannot define and which can be discerned only by the mind of the true sage. ~ Vishnu Purana, the Eternal Wisdom #KEYS
10:The Self will draw unto itself an aspirant only when he becomes introverted. So long as he is extroverted, Self-Realisation is impossible. Many people try to define the Self instead of attempting to know the Self and abide in It. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, #KEYS
11:The Self will draw unto itself an aspirant only when he becomes introverted. So long as he is extroverted, Self-Realization is impossible. Many people try to define the Self instead of attempting to know the Self and abide in It. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, #KEYS
12:Only a blind man can easily define what light is. When you do not know, you are bold. Ignorance is always bold; knowledge hesitates. And the more you know, the more you feel that the ground underneath is dissolving. The more you know, the more you feel how ignorant you are. ~ Osho, #KEYS
13:Apotheosis (from Greek ἀποθέωσις from ἀποθεοῦν, apotheoun to deify; in Latin deificatio making divine; also called divinization and deification) is the glorification of a subject to divine level. The term has meanings in theology, where it refers to a belief, and in art, where it refers to a genre. this seems particularily important relative to define, which seems to be attempt at the highest potential of the word.
~ Wikipedia,#KEYS
14:If we analyse the classes of life, we readily find that there are three cardinal classes which are radically distinct in function. A short analysis will disclose to us that, though minerals have various activities, they are not "living." The plants have a very definite and well known function-the transformation of solar energy into organic chemical energy. They are a class of life which appropriates one kind of energy, converts it into another kind and stores it up; in that sense they are a kind of storage battery for the solar energy; and so I define THE PLANTS AS THE CHEMISTRY-BINDING class of life.
The animals use the highly dynamic products of the chemistry-binding class-the plants-as food, and those products-the results of plant-transformation-undergo in animals a further transformation into yet higher forms; and the animals are correspondingly a more dynamic class of life; their energy is kinetic; they have a remarkable freedom and power which the plants do not possess-I mean the freedom and faculty to move about in space; and so I define ANIMALS AS THE SPACE-BINDING CLASS OF LIFE.
And now what shall we say of human beings? What is to be our definition of Man? Like the animals, human beings do indeed possess the space-binding capacity but, over and above that, human beings possess a most remarkable capacity which is entirely peculiar to them-I mean the capacity to summarise, digest and appropriate the labors and experiences of the past; I mean the capacity to use the fruits of past labors and experiences as intellectual or spiritual capital for developments in the present; I mean the capacity to employ as instruments of increasing power the accumulated achievements of the all-precious lives of the past generations spent in trial and error, trial and success; I mean the capacity of human beings to conduct their lives in the ever increasing light of inherited wisdom; I mean the capacity in virtue of which man is at once the heritor of the by-gone ages and the trustee of posterity. And because humanity is just this magnificent natural agency by which the past lives in the present and the present for the future, I define HUMANITY, in the universal tongue of mathematics and mechanics, to be the TIME-BINDING CLASS OF LIFE. ~ Alfred Korzybski, Manhood of Humanity,#KEYS
*** WISDOM TROVE ***
1:It's not easy to define poetry. ~ bob-dylan, @wisdomtrove 2:Let your failures refine you, not define you. ~ max-lucado, @wisdomtrove 3:Study the past, if you would define the future. ~ confucius, @wisdomtrove 4:Study the past if you want to define the future. ~ confucius, @wisdomtrove 5:Never allow anyone else to define your success. ~ john-wooden, @wisdomtrove 6:We may define therapy as a search for value. ~ abraham-maslow, @wisdomtrove 7:I define anxiety as experiencing failure in advance. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 8:It is notoriously difficult to define the word living. ~ francis-crick, @wisdomtrove 9:The leader's role is to define reality, then give hope ~ napoleon-bonaparte, @wisdomtrove 10:The only way to define your limits is by going beyond them. ~ arthur-c-carke, @wisdomtrove 11:Trying to define yourself is like trying to bite your own teeth. ~ alan-watts, @wisdomtrove 12:Be comfortable not needing to define yourself through thought. ~ eckhart-tolle, @wisdomtrove 13:Good and bad, I define these terms, quite clear, no doubt, somehow. ~ bob-dylan, @wisdomtrove 14:If you define the problem correctly, you almost have the solution. ~ steve-jobs, @wisdomtrove 15:Paired opposites define your longings and those longings imprison you. ~ frank-herbert, @wisdomtrove 16:I secretly assumed, as poets do, The duty on me to define the moon. ~ jorge-luis-borges, @wisdomtrove 17:Characteristics which define beauty are wholeness, harmony and radiance. ~ denis-diderot, @wisdomtrove 18:Define your business goals clearly so that others can see them as you do. ~ george-burns, @wisdomtrove 19:Characteristics which define beauty are wholeness, harmony and radiance. ~ thomas-aquinas, @wisdomtrove 20:Being alive, if you had to define it, meant emitting a variety of smells. ~ haruki-murakami, @wisdomtrove 21:If you come to fame not understanding who you are, it will define who you are. ~ oprah-winfrey, @wisdomtrove 22:You can’t let your failures define you. You have to let your failures teach you. ~ barack-obama, @wisdomtrove 23:Get rid of the tendency to define yourself. What you are cannot be verbalised. ~ sri-nisargadatta-maharaj, @wisdomtrove 24:Most innovators are successful to the extent to which they define risks and confine them. ~ peter-drucker, @wisdomtrove 25:You will always define events in a manner which will validate your agreement with reality. ~ steve-maraboli, @wisdomtrove 26:When we deny our stories, They define us. When we own our stories, we get to write the ending. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 27:I don't want the world to define God for me. I want the Holy Spirit to reveal God to me. ~ aiden-wilson-tozer, @wisdomtrove 28:Brands always mean something. If you don't define what the brand means, your competitors will ~ richard-branson, @wisdomtrove 29:The human mind is generally far more eager to praise or dispraise than it is to describe and define. ~ c-s-lewis, @wisdomtrove 30:The development of willpower -I will, I won't and I want- may define what it means to be human. ~ kelly-mcgonigal, @wisdomtrove 31:Laws are a dead letter without courts to expound and define their true meaning and operation. ~ alexander-hamilton, @wisdomtrove 32:I could define poetry this way: it is that which is lost out of both prose and verse in translation. ~ robert-frost, @wisdomtrove 33:I would define the proper use of power as something that creates happiness for yourself and others. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove 34:As long as we define ourselves in terms of our pain and our problems, we will never be free from them. ~ eckhart-tolle, @wisdomtrove 35:You must not let anyone define your limits because of where you come from. Your only limit is your soul. ~ walt-disney, @wisdomtrove 36:Ideally, we should like to define a good book as one which & 37:Define your goals in terms of the activities necessary to achieve them, and concentrate on those activities. ~ brian-tracy, @wisdomtrove 38:We define a world. We build a house, then after building the house we enter into it and we never leave it. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove 39:Don't define yourself by your body .. it's the infinite being that's connected to everything in the universe. ~ rhonda-byrne, @wisdomtrove 40:I define nothing. Not beauty, not patriotism. I take each thing as it is, without prior rules about what it should be. ~ bob-dylan, @wisdomtrove 41:If we define risk as & 42:When we deny our stories and disengage from tough emotions, they don’t go away; instead, they own us, they define us. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 43:Our world is obsessed with success. But how does God define success? Success in God's eyes is faithfulness to His calling. ~ billy-graham, @wisdomtrove 44:No effort is required to define or even attain happiness, but enormous concentration is needed to abandon everything else. ~ quentin-crisp, @wisdomtrove 45:Define your priorities, know your values and believe in your purpose. Only then can you effectively share yourself with others. ~ les-brown, @wisdomtrove 46:If you identify yourself with your trouble shooter, then naturally you define yourself as being in a perpetual state of anxiety." ~ alan-watts, @wisdomtrove 47:I learned that what happened to me did not have to define who I was. My past could not control my future unless I allowed it to. ~ joyce-meyer, @wisdomtrove 48:I think of death only with tranquility, as an end. I refuse to let death hamper life. Death must enter life only to define it. ~ jean-paul-sartre, @wisdomtrove 49:I'm black, I don't feel burdened by it and I don't think it's a huge responsibility. It's part of who I am. It does not define me. ~ oprah-winfrey, @wisdomtrove 50:In the beginning we define what is spiritual. But as you go on, you see that everybody and everything is an instrument of infinity. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove 51:The final test for a novel will be our affection for it, as it is the test of our friends, and of anything else which we cannot define. ~ e-m-forster, @wisdomtrove 52:When something bad happens you have three choices. You can either let it define you, let it destroy you, or you can let it strengthen you. ~ dr-seuss, @wisdomtrove 53:A major gap between many of the denominations stems from how people define some of the most basic terms, such as & 54:You and I are the force for transformation in the world. We are the consciousness that will define the nature of the reality we are moving into. ~ ram-das, @wisdomtrove 55:Self-realization is, in fact, the only religion. For it is the true purpose of religion, no matter how people define their beliefs. ~ paramahansa-yogananda, @wisdomtrove 56:If we define Futurism as an exploration beyond accepted limits, then the nature of limiting systems becomes the first object of exploration. ~ frank-herbert, @wisdomtrove 57:You can define advertising as the science of creating and placing media that interrupts the consumer and then gets him or her to take some action. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 58:All that appears in your life is a blessing, presenting you with a greater opportunity to define who you are, and to know yourself as that. ~ neale-donald-walsch, @wisdomtrove 59:The American constitutions were to liberty, what a grammar is to language: they define its parts of speech, and practically construct them into syntax ~ thomas-paine, @wisdomtrove 60:Tough times are inevitable in life and in business. But how you compose yourself during those times defines your spirit and will define your future. ~ richard-branson, @wisdomtrove 61:The downstream effects are unknown. Do your best and hope for the best. If you're improving the world-however you define that-consider your job well done. ~ tim-ferris, @wisdomtrove 62:I define a leader as anyone who takes responsibility for finding the potential in people and processes, and who has the courage to develop that potential. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 63:To love is to be delighted by the happiness of someone, or to experience pleasure upon the happiness of another. I define this as true love. ~ gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz, @wisdomtrove 64:Perception is a wave. You change as your perception of something changes because you define yourself as a reflection of whatever you happen to perceive. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove 65:Power is at the root of the human experience. Our attitudes and beliefs& 66:When it comes to love as a spiritual manifestation, it is an experience of utter surrender to that which is greater than any concept of love can define. ~ michael-beckwith, @wisdomtrove 67:Power is at the root of the human experience. Our attitudes and beliefs& 68:The essential building block is... the true love that is impossible to define for those who have never experienced it and unnecessary to define for those who have. ~ isaac-asimov, @wisdomtrove 69:You may encounter many defeats, but you must not be defeated. Please remember that your difficulties do not define you. They simply strengthen your ability to overcome. ~ maya-angelou, @wisdomtrove 70:These tasks, and therefore the meaning of life, differ from man to man, and from moment to moment. Thus it is impossible to define the meaning in life in a general way. ~ viktor-frankl, @wisdomtrove 71:I have since become convinced that when we define ourselves by our wounds, we burden and lose our physical and spiritual energy and open ourselves to the risk of illness. ~ caroline-myss, @wisdomtrove 72:We say nothing essential about the cathedral when we speak of its stones. We say nothing essential about Man when we seek to define him by the qualities of men. ~ antoine-de-saint-exupery, @wisdomtrove 73:There are certain sounds that I've found work well in nearly any context. Their function is not so much musical as spatial: they define the edges of the territory of the music. ~ brian-eno, @wisdomtrove 74:I have since become convinced that when we define ourselves by our wounds, we burden and lose our physical and spiritual energy and open ourselves to the risk of illness. ~ norman-vincent-peale, @wisdomtrove 75:The key to having more time is doing less, and there are two paths to get there, both of which should be used together: (1) Define a short to-do list and (2) define a not-to-do list. ~ tim-ferris, @wisdomtrove 76:Creating demand is hard. Filling demand is easier. Don't create a product, then seek someone to sell it to. Find a market - define your customers - then find or develop a product for them. ~ tim-ferris, @wisdomtrove 77:The Yogic path is about disentangling the built-in glitches of the human condition, which I'm going to over-simply define here as the heartbreaking inability to sustain contentment. ~ elizabeth-gilbert, @wisdomtrove 78:I define God as an energy. A spiritual energy. It has no denomination, it has no judgment, it has an energy that when we're connected to it we know why we're here and what we're here to do. ~ debbie-ford, @wisdomtrove 79:People define their life by what they want versus what they have. People get fixated on something and they have to have it, even though that voice inside tells them it's not meant for them. ~ caroline-myss, @wisdomtrove 80:There are selections so acute that they come to define a place, with the result that we can no longer travel through that landscape without being reminded of what a great artist noticed there. ~ alain-de-botton, @wisdomtrove 81:The way I define happiness is being the creator of your experience, choosing to take pleasure in what you have, right now, regardless of the circumstances, while being the best you that you can be. ~ leo-babauta, @wisdomtrove 82:People define their life by what they want versus what they have. People get fixated on something and they have to have it, even though that voice inside tells them it's not meant for them. ~ norman-vincent-peale, @wisdomtrove 83:I think it is possible that we may soon even define therapy as a search for values, because ultimately the search for identity is, in essence, the search for one’s own intrinsic, authentic values. ~ abraham-maslow, @wisdomtrove 84:You do not have to love what is going on in your life, but you must accept that it, whatever it is, is going on. As long as you do not accept reality, you are powerless to define the role you will play. ~ lyania-vanzant, @wisdomtrove 85:Your profession or work life may contain several roles. For example, you may have one role in administration and another in marketing. It’s up to you to define your roles in a way that works for you. ~ stephen-r-covey, @wisdomtrove 86:A nation's greatness is measured not just by its gross national product or military power, but by the strength of its devotion to the principles and values that bind its people and define their character. ~ ronald-reagan, @wisdomtrove 87:Good writing is often about letting go of fear and affectation. Affectation itself, beginning with the need to define some sorts of writing as & 88:We realize& 89:I define connection as the energy that exists between people when they feel seen, heard, and valued; when they can give and receive without judgment; and when they derive sustenance and strength from the relationship. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 90:Give up defining yourself - to yourself or to others. You won’t die. You will come to life. And don’t be concerned with how others define you. When they define you, they are limiting themselves, so it’s their problem. ~ eckhart-tolle, @wisdomtrove 91:Attempting to define science fiction is an undertaking almost as difficult, though not so popular, as trying to define pornography... In both pornography and SF, the problem lies in knowing exactly where to draw the line. ~ arthur-c-carke, @wisdomtrove 92:To achieve the impossible, you need to first develop the mindset that it's probable. Please don't allow the current limits of your life define your future reality. You deserve so much better. And the world deserves your best. ~ robin-sharma, @wisdomtrove 93:Peace is the fruit of love, a love that is also justice. But to grow in love requires work - hard work. And it can bring pain because it implies loss - loss of the certitudes, comforts, and hurts that shelter and define us. ~ jean-vanier, @wisdomtrove 94:It could be ventured to understand obsessive compulsive neurosis as the pathological counterpart of religious development, to define neurosis as an individual religiosity; to define religion as a universal obsessive compulsive neurosis. ~ sigmund-freud, @wisdomtrove 95:Thinking in a concentrated manner to define desired outcomes and requisite next actions is something few people feel they have to do (until they have to). But in truth, it is the most effective means available for making wishes a reality. ~ david-allen, @wisdomtrove 96:I would define the baroque as that style that deliberately exhausts (or tries to exhaust) its own possibilities, and that borders on self-caricature. The baroque is the final stage in all art, when art flaunts and squanders its resources. ~ jorge-luis-borges, @wisdomtrove 97:Every day the word & 98:I'm going to rub your faces in things you try to avoid. I don't find it strange that all you want to believe is only that which comforts you. How else do humans invent the traps which betray us into mediocrity? How else do we define cowardice? ~ frank-herbert, @wisdomtrove 99:Study the past if you would define the future. I am not one who was born in the possession of knowledge; I am one who is fond of antiquity, and earnest in seeking it there. Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous. ~ confucius, @wisdomtrove 100:Here’s how I define stuff”: anything you have allowed into your psychological or physical world that doesn’t belong where it is, but for which you haven’t yet determined what, exactly, it means to you, with the desired outcome and the next action step. ~ david-allen, @wisdomtrove 101:All life has in it the dimension of the Unknown; it is a thing forever unfolding. It seems important to consider the possibility that science may have defined life too small. If we define life too small, we will define ourselves too small as well. ~ rachel-naomi-remen, @wisdomtrove 102:May we not then sometimes define insanity as an inability to distinguish which is the waking and which the sleeping life? We often dream without the least suspicion of unreality: & 103:People define Christianity differently. I think a large portion of our population are Christians, they're not all growing in their faith, they're not all active, but I believe that a lot of people believe in Jesus and believe that he is their Lord and Savior. ~ joel-osteen, @wisdomtrove 104:There are worlds of experience beyond the world of the aggressive man, beyond history, and beyond science. The moods and qualities of nature and the revelations of great art are equally difficult to define; we can grasp them only in the depths of our perceptive spirit. ~ amsel-adams, @wisdomtrove 105:As far as the job of President goes, its rewarding and I've given before this group the definition of happiness for the Greeks. I'll define it again: the full use of your powers along lines of excellence. I find, therefore, that the Presidency provides some happiness. ~ john-f-kennedy, @wisdomtrove 106:I would define, in brief, the Poetry of words as the Rhythmical Creation of Beauty. Its sole arbiter is taste. With the intellect or with the conscience, it has only collateral relations. Unless incidentally, it has no concern whatever either with duty or with truth. ~ edgar-allan-poe, @wisdomtrove 107:I don't really know what the prosperity gospel is. The way I define it is that I believe God wants you to prosper in your health, in your family, in your relationships, in your business, and in your career. So I do ... if that is the prosperity gospel, then I do believe that. ~ joel-osteen, @wisdomtrove 108:It is the purpose of your soul to announce and declare, to be and to express, to experience and to fulfil Who You Really Are. And who is that? Whoever you say you are! Your life lived is your declaration. Your choices define you. Every act is an act of self-definition. ~ neale-donald-walsch, @wisdomtrove 109:Were I called on to define, very briefly, the term Art, I should call it & 110:Being happy requires that you define your life in your own terms and then throw your whole heart into living your life to the fullest. In a way, happiness requires that you be perfectly selfish in order to develop yourself to a point where you can be unselfish for the rest of your life. ~ brian-tracy, @wisdomtrove 111:The reason most people never reach their goals is that they don't define them, learn about them, or even seriously consider them as believable or achievable. Winners can tell you where they are going, what they plan to do along the way, and who will be sharing the adventure with them. ~ denis-waitley, @wisdomtrove 112:You don't have to fear this amorphous thing called grief or loss or anger or jealousy. You define it for yourself in the intimacy of your own experience for exactly what it is, and then it comes. In other words, by experiencing your emotions somatically, there is no boogie man to scare you. ~ gary-zukav, @wisdomtrove 113:It is increasingly clear to me that my art relates more and more to a sublimation of my closeness to the natural world, it's events, light itself, and the positive it is a personal expression based on observation and reaction, that I am not able to define except in terms of the work itself. ~ amsel-adams, @wisdomtrove 114:Senses of humor define people, as factions, deeper rooted than religious or political opinions. When carrying out everyday tasks, opinions are rather easy to set aside, but those whom a person shares a sense of humor with are his closest friends. They are always there to make the biggest influence. ~ criss-jami, @wisdomtrove 115:In order to correctly define art, it is necessary, first of all, to cease to consider it as a means to pleasure and consider it as one of the conditions of human life. ... Reflecting on it in this way, we cannot fail to observe that art is one of the means of effective communication between people. ~ leo-tolstoy, @wisdomtrove 116:To define is to limit, to set boundaries, to compare and to contrast, and for this reason, the universe, the all, seems to defy definition... .Just as no one in his senses would look for the morning news in a dictionary, no one should use speaking and thinking to find out what cannot be spoken or thought. ~ alan-watts, @wisdomtrove 117:“I have often thought that the best way to define a man's character would be to seek out the particular mental or moral attitude in which, when it came upon him, he felt himself most deeply and intensely active and alive. At such moments there is a voice inside which speaks and says: "This is the real me!"” ~ william-james, @wisdomtrove 118:As you live your values, your sense of identity, integrity, control, and inner-directedness will infuse you with both exhilaration and peace. You will define yourself from within, rather than by people's opinions or by comparisons to others. "Wrong" and "right" will have little to do with being found out. ~ stephen-r-covey, @wisdomtrove 119:I'm often asked how I define "success." It's an overused term, but I fundamentally view this elusive beast as a combination of two things - achievement and appreciation. One isn't enough: Achievement without appreciation makes you ambitious but miserable. Appreciation without achievement makes you unambitious but happy. ~ tim-ferris, @wisdomtrove 120:Once you are convinced that you cannot say truthfully about yourself anything except ‘I am’, and that nothing that can be pointed at, can be yourself, the need for the ‘I am’ is over - you are no longer intent on verbalising what you are. All you need is to get rid of the tendency to define yourself. ~ sri-nisargadatta-maharaj, @wisdomtrove 121:Use emotional awareness and pay attention to your body - look [and locate] concrete physical sensations - like stabbing, aching, throbbing - and [distinguish and define them] by saying things like, "it is the size of a golf ball or it is the size of a baseball" - do whatever you can do to find painful physical sensations. ~ gary-zukav, @wisdomtrove 122:The human mind is generally far more eager to praise and dispraise than to describe and define. It wants to make every distinction a distinction of value; hence those fatal critics who can never point out the differing quality of two poets without putting them in an order of preference as if they were candidates for a prize. ~ c-s-lewis, @wisdomtrove 123:When we really start to take a look at who we think we are... we start to see that while we may have various thoughts, beliefs, and identities, they do not individually or collectively tell us who we are. [And yet] it is astounding how completely we humans define ourselves by the content of our minds, feelings, and history. ~ adyashanti, @wisdomtrove 124:Stop living within the confines of how others define you! You weren't created to live their life; you were created to live yours - so LIVE it! You can reignite that fire within and bring the passion back into your goals, dreams, ambitions, careers, and relationships by reclaiming control of your own life. Be unapologetically YOU! ~ steve-maraboli, @wisdomtrove 125:This is the duty of our generation as we enter the twenty-first century - solidarity with the weak, the persecuted, the lonely, the sick, and those in despair. It is expressed by the desire to give a noble and humanizing meaning to a community in which all members will define themselves not by their own identity but by that of others. ~ elie-wiesel, @wisdomtrove 126:God is beyond definition. But according to one's own vision or receptivity, one will define God in one's own way. Some will say that God is all Love. Others will say that God is all Power. Each one will see God according to his own necessity, his own receptivity and, finally, according to the way God wants him to see the ultimate Truth. ~ sri-chinmoy, @wisdomtrove 127:No matter how you care to define it, I do not identify with the local group. Planet, species, race, nation, state, religion, party, union, club, association, neighborhood improvement committee; I have no interest in any of it. I love and treasure individuals as I meet them, I loathe and despise the groups they identify with and belong to. ~ george-carlin, @wisdomtrove 128:I define democracy as control by the people. Slaves are those who allow others to control their lives. Insofar as people succeed in solving their problems fairly and efficiently at a grassroots level, they retain control over their lives. Insofar as they delegate their problem solving to a higher authority, they lose control over their lives. ~ peace-pilgrim, @wisdomtrove 129:Your body does not eliminate poisons by knowing their names. To try to control fear or depression or boredom by calling them names is to resort to superstition of trust in curses and invocations. It is so easy to see why this does not work. Obviously, we try to know, name, and define fear in order to make it ‚Äúobjective,‚Äù that is, separate from ‚ÄúI. ~ alan-watts, @wisdomtrove 130:The purpose of music is to elevate the spirit and inspire. Not to help push some product down your throat. It puts you in tune with your own existence. Sometimes you really don't know how you feel, but really good music can define how you feel... someone who's telling me where he's been that I haven't and what it's like there - somebody whose life I can feel. ~ bob-dylan, @wisdomtrove 131:Words have their limited usefulness, but we put no limits to them and bring ourselves to the brink of disaster. Our noble ideas are finely balanced by ignoble actions. We talk of God, Truth and Love, but instead of direct experience we have definitions. Instead of enlarging and deepening action we chisel our definitions. And we imagine that we know what we can define! ~ sri-nisargadatta-maharaj, @wisdomtrove 132:It is too early to feel fear of the future when one is under 30, and too late after that. What I mean is that one must never allow fear to become one's permanent sense of life. The important thing is to prepare yourself intellectually to deal with whatever circumstances you may encounter, which requires that you define your values fully, clearly and rationally - and never betray them. ~ ayn-rand, @wisdomtrove 133:Is there some meaning to this life? What purpose lies behind the strife? Whence do we come, where are we bound? These cold questions echo and resound through each day, each lonely night. We long to find the splendid light that will cast a revelatory beam upon the meaning of the human dream. Courage, love, friendship, compassion, and empathy lift us above the simple beasts and define humanity. ~ dean-koontz, @wisdomtrove 134:There is a good deal of excellent research on child's play. It has shown conclusively that through play, with the freedom of action it allows and the stressless environment in which it occurs, children discover, relate to and define themselves and their world. ... It is, therefore, paradoxical that many educators and parents still differentiate between a time for learning and a time for play. ~ leo-buscaglia, @wisdomtrove 135:The Scripture says, "This is the day the Lord has made; let us rejoice and be glad in it" [Psalm 118:24].Glory days are days that can happen right now. The key is understanding some basic principles that don't just apply to any one season of life but transcend all seasons of life - not allowing our circumstances to define our outlook on life, but allowing what God's Word says about life to define that outlook. ~ max-lucado, @wisdomtrove 136:I cannot define for you what God is. I can only say that my work has proved empirically that the pattern of God exists in every man and that this pattern has at its disposal the greatest of all his energies for transformation and transfiguration of his natural being. Not only the meaning of his life but his renewal and his institutions depend on his conscious relationship with this pattern of his collective unconscious. ~ carl-jung, @wisdomtrove 137:I define wholehearted living as engaging in our lives from a place of worthiness. It means cultivating the courage, compassion, and connection to wake up in the morning and think, No matter what gets done and how much is left undone, I am enough. It’s going to bed at night thinking, Yes, I am imperfect and vulnerable and sometimes afraid, but that doesn’t change the truth that I am brave and worthy of love and belonging. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 138:Each of us is responsible for creating an environment of warmth and consideration for those we love. I have always tried to define a good day not in terms of one in which all things were made right and comfortable for me but rather, as a day in which I have been able to make another's day more loving and special for them. We must treat each other with dignity. Not because we merit it but because we grow best in thoughtfulness. ~ leo-buscaglia, @wisdomtrove 139:It is really laughable to see what different ideas are prominent in various naturalists' minds, when they speak of & 140:To forgive another from the heart is an act of liberation. We set that person free from the negative bonds that exist between us. As long as we do not forgive we pull them with us, or worse, as a heavy load. The great temptation is to cling in anger to our enemies & then define ourselves as being offended & wounded by them. Forgiveness, therefore, liberates not only the other but also ourselves. It is the way to the freedom of the children of God. ~ henri-nouwen, @wisdomtrove 141:The opposite of recognizing that we’re feeling something is denying our emotions. The opposite of being curious is disengaging. When we deny our stories and disengage from tough emotions, they don’t go away; instead, they own us, they define us. Our job is not to deny the story, but to defy the ending—to rise strong, recognize our story, and rumble with the truth until we get to a place where we think, Yes. This is what happened. This is my truth. And I will choose how this story ends. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 142:In whatever area in life one may meet the challenges of courage, whatever may be the sacrifices he faces if he follows his conscience - the loss of his friends, his fortune, his contentment, even the esteem of his fellow men - each man must decide for himself the course he will follow. The stories of past courage can define that ingredient - they can teach, they can offer hope, they can provide inspiration. But they cannot supply courage itself. For this each man must look into his own soul. ~ john-f-kennedy, @wisdomtrove 143:The Yogic sages say that all the pain of a human life is caused by words, as is all the joy. We create words to define our experience and those words bring attendant emotions that jerk us around like dogs on a leash. We get seduced by our own mantras (I'm a failure I'm lonely I'm a failure I'm lonely) and we become monuments to them. To stop talking for a while, then, is to attempt to strip away the power of words, to stop choking ourselves with words, to liberate ourselves from our suffocating mantras. ~ elizabeth-gilbert, @wisdomtrove 144:In order to live, man must act; in order to act, he must make choices; in order to make choices, he must define a code of values; in order to define a code of values, he must know what he is and where he is ‚ì i.e. he must know his own nature (including his means of knowledge) and the nature of the universe in which he acts ‚ e. he needs metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, which means: philosophy. He cannot escape from this need; his only alternative is whether the philosophy guiding him is to be chosen by his mind or by chance. ~ ayn-rand, @wisdomtrove 145:The decay and disintegration of this culture is astonishingly amusing if you are emotionally detached from it. I have always viewed it from a safe distance, knowing I don't belong; it doesn't include me, and it never has. no matter how you care to define it, I do not identify with the local group. Planet, species, race, nation, state, religion, party, union, club, association, neighborhood improvement committee; I have no interest in any of it. I love and treasure individuals as I meet them, I loathe and despise the groups they identify with and belong to. ~ george-carlin, @wisdomtrove 146:The good, say the mystics of spirit, is God, a being whose only definition is that he is beyond man's power to conceive ‚ a definition that invalidates man's consciousness and nullifies his concepts of existence. The good, say the mystics of muscle, is Society ‚ a thing which they define as an organism that possesses no physical form, a super-being embodied in no one in particular and everyone in general except yourself... . The purpose of man's life, say both, is to become an abject zombie who serves a purpose he does not know, for reasons he is not to question. ~ ayn-rand, @wisdomtrove 147:I define vulnerability as uncertainty, risk, and emotional exposure. With that definition in mind, let's think about love. Waking up every day and loving someone who may or may not love us back, whose safety we can't ensure, who may stay in our lives or may leave without a moment's notice, who may be loyal to the day they die or betray us tomorrow- that's vulnerability. Love is uncertain. It's incredibly risky. And loving someone leaves us emotionally exposed. Yes, it's scary, and yes, we're open to being hurt, but can you imagine your life without loving or being loved? ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 148:Never identify with that feeling. It has nothing to do with the ‘I.’ Don’t define your essential self in terms of that feeling. Don’t say, ‘I am depressed.’ If you want to say, ‘It is depressed,’ that’s all right. If you want to say that depression is there, that’s fine; if you want to say gloominess is there, that’s fine. But not: I am gloomy. You’re defining yourself in terms of the feeling. That’s your illusion; that’s your mistake. There is a depression there right now, but let it be, leave it alone. It will pass. Everything passes, everything. Your depressions and your thrills have nothing to do with happiness. Those are swings of the pendulum. ~ anthony-de-mello, @wisdomtrove 149:Most people have a resistance to initiating the burst of energy that it will take to clarify the real meaning, for them, of something they have let into their world, and to decide what they need to do about it. We’re never really taught that we have to think about our work before we can do it; much of our daily activity is already defined for us by the undone and unmoved things staring at us when we come to work, or by the family to be fed, the laundry to be done, or the children to be dressed at home. Thinking in a concentrated manner to define desired outcomes and requisite next actions is something few people feel they have to do (until they have to). But in truth, it is the most effective means available for making wishes a reality. ~ david-allen, @wisdomtrove 150:MANIFESTO OF THE BRAVE AND BROKENHEARTED There is no greater threat to the critics and cynics and fearmongers Than those of us who are willing to fall Because we have learned how to rise With skinned knees and bruised hearts; We choose owning our stories of struggle, Over hiding, over hustling, over pretending. When we deny our stories, they define us. When we run from struggle, we are never free. So we turn toward truth and look it in the eye. We will not be characters in our stories. Not villains, not victims, not even heroes. We are the authors of our lives. We write our own daring endings. We craft love from heartbreak, Compassion from shame, Grace from disappointment, Courage from failure. Showing up is our power. Story is our way home. Truth is our song. We are the brave and brokenhearted. We are rising strong. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove *** NEWFULLDB 2.4M ***
1:Define ‘absolute shit. ~ Marc Levy, #NFDB
2:Define Normal ~ Christopher Paolini, #NFDB
3:To define is to limit. ~ Oscar Wilde, #NFDB
4:define dharma ~ Paramahansa Yogananda, #NFDB
5:Define loneliness? ~ Claudia Rankine, #NFDB
6:MS doesn't define who I am. ~ Teri Garr, #NFDB
7:Miracles define common sense. ~ Toba Beta, #NFDB
8:My job does not define me. ~ Meg Wolitzer, #NFDB
9:We don't define the unlimited. ~ Toba Beta, #NFDB
10:It's not easy to define poetry. ~ Bob Dylan, #NFDB
11:Define yourself or be defined. ~ Antero Alli, #NFDB
12:I is the hardest word to define ~ John Green, #NFDB
13:I is the hardest word to define. ~ John Green, #NFDB
14:Is he a good man?" "Define 'good'. ~ Cleopatra, #NFDB
15:One mistake does not define you. ~ R J Palacio, #NFDB
16:True friends define each other. ~ Michael Card, #NFDB
17:Study the past to define the future ~ Confucius, #NFDB
18:Crazy was a hard state to define. ~ Stephen King, #NFDB
19:Imperfections define perfection ~ Colleen Hoover, #NFDB
20:For to define true madness, ~ William Shakespeare, #NFDB
21:It's our scars that define us. ~ Lisa Renee Jones, #NFDB
22:One match does not define a legacy. ~ Chip Gaines, #NFDB
23:Don't let your failures define you. ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
24:Your race doesn’t define you. -Richard ~ S M Boyce, #NFDB
25:it’s important to define and measure it. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
26:You narrow hope when you define it. ~ Barbara Hambly, #NFDB
27:One mistake doesn't define you, Julian. ~ R J Palacio, #NFDB
28:One mistake does not define you, Julian. ~ R J Palacio, #NFDB
29:Blood does not define family. Love does. ~ Sejal Badani, #NFDB
30:Geography does not define you - love does. ~ Eve Ensler, #NFDB
31:The past doesn't define your future ~ Ashley Antoinette, #NFDB
32:Your skin and plague don't define you. ~ Nadine Brandes, #NFDB
33:your mistakes don't define who you are. ~ Teresa Mummert, #NFDB
34:Did one act define who you were forever? ~ Liane Moriarty, #NFDB
35:Refuse to give up, your mistakes don't define you. ~ T I, #NFDB
36:We define love the way we experienced it. ~ M F Moonzajer, #NFDB
37:Let your failures refine you, not define you. ~ Max Lucado, #NFDB
38:Study the past if you would define the future. ~ Confucius, #NFDB
39:You get to define the terms of your life. ~ Cheryl Strayed, #NFDB
40:Don't let that thing define you" -Will Traynor ~ Jojo Moyes, #NFDB
41:Existence is beyond the power of words to define. ~ Lao Tzu, #NFDB
42:Goodness is easier to recognize than to define. ~ W H Auden, #NFDB
43:My story matters, but it does not define me. ~ Harmony Dust, #NFDB
44:Never let something so unworthy define you. ~ Katherine Reay, #NFDB
45:Study the past if you want to define the future. ~ Confucius, #NFDB
46:You can not define being exactly on time. ~ W Edwards Deming, #NFDB
47:Childhood decisions do not have to define you. ~ Selena Gomez, #NFDB
48:Don't let others define you. Define yourself. ~ Ginni Rometty, #NFDB
49:Let the blood and the bruises define your legacy. ~ Lady Gaga, #NFDB
50:The things that truly define me can’t be lost. ~ Amy Neftzger, #NFDB
51:We may define therapy as a search for value. ~ Abraham Maslow, #NFDB
52:If you wish to converse with me, define your terms. ~ Voltaire, #NFDB
53:I’m very attracted to things that I can’t define. ~ Raf Simons, #NFDB
54:It is the thinnest lines that define us. ~ David Macinnis Gill, #NFDB
55:Our past may shape us, but it doesn't define us. ~ Alyson Noel, #NFDB
56:The choices we make define our future. ~ Michael J Silverstein, #NFDB
57:We may define therapy as a search for value. ~ Abraham Maslow, #NFDB
58:Define yourself or others will define you! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan, #NFDB
59:Our challenges don't define us, our actions do, ~ Michael J Fox, #NFDB
60:Our challenges don't define us, our actions do. ~ Michael J Fox, #NFDB
61:Our challenges don’t define us, our actions do. ~ Michael J Fox, #NFDB
62:define us, but we don’t have to let them rule us. ~ P T Michelle, #NFDB
63:Divide and conquer must become define and empower. ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
64:Don't let your fears create walls or define you. ~ Katie McGarry, #NFDB
65:I don't want one play to define me as a player. ~ Malcolm Butler, #NFDB
66:If you can't define or act upon it, forget it. ~ Timothy Ferriss, #NFDB
67:Republicanism was easier to evolve than to define. ~ Mark A Noll, #NFDB
68:Stop trying to define who you are and just be. ~ Cara Delevingne, #NFDB
69:There is an explicit way to define what explicit is. ~ Noga Alon, #NFDB
70:Existence is beyond the power of words to define: ~ Witter Bynner, #NFDB
71:I define anxiety as experiencing failure in advance. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
72:The moments that define lives aren't always obvious. ~ V E Schwab, #NFDB
73:To define is to kill. To suggest is to create. ~ St phane Mallarm, #NFDB
74:You couldn’t allow your past to define you. ~ Matthew FitzSimmons, #NFDB
75:Define what you want, then use a strategy to get it. ~ David Niven, #NFDB
76:I still define myself by the places that I've been. ~ Ani DiFranco, #NFDB
77:NOTHING can/will define me! Free to be EVERYTHING!!! ~ Miley Cyrus, #NFDB
78:The past does not define, you the present does. ~ Jillian Michaels, #NFDB
79:To define is to kill. To suggest is to create. ~ Stephane Mallarme, #NFDB
80:I don’t want to define this, Savvy. I just want you. ~ Nashoda Rose, #NFDB
81:If you can’t define it or act upon it, forget it. ~ Timothy Ferriss, #NFDB
82:Whatever happened with Nick does not define you. ~ Rachel Higginson, #NFDB
83:Actions define a man,words are just a fart in the wind. ~ Mario Puzo, #NFDB
84:Don't let anyone define you. You define yourself. ~ Billie Jean King, #NFDB
85:I keep trying to define poetry, but its so difficult. ~ Jack Gleeson, #NFDB
86:It's in the struggle itself that you define yourself. ~ Pat Buchanan, #NFDB
87:Our job as creators is to further define any medium. ~ Casey Neistat, #NFDB
88:Sports don't define us; it is not what we live for. ~ Michael Wilbon, #NFDB
89:Your history does not need to define your destiny. ~ Christine Caine, #NFDB
90:The imperative is to define what is right and do it. ~ Barbara Jordan, #NFDB
91:The movies helped define how I should be as a person. ~ Kevin Costner, #NFDB
92:The pain can’t define you, because then it controls you. ~ James Hunt, #NFDB
93:You can love me or you can hate me but you can't define me. ~ Cormega, #NFDB
94:Define better with that guy. Not all fangs and raaaaar. ~ Rachel Caine, #NFDB
95:Either define the moment or the moment will define you. ~ Walt Whitman, #NFDB
96:It is notoriously difficult to define the word living. ~ Francis Crick, #NFDB
97:Natural, as they define it, is synonymous with virtuous. ~ Thomas More, #NFDB
98:The power to define the situation is the ultimate power. ~ Jerry Rubin, #NFDB
99:Without God man has no reference point to define himself. ~ R C Sproul, #NFDB
100:Define the word exist, and you'll know whether God exists. ~ Bill Gaede, #NFDB
101:Define Your Why Next, you need to articulate your why. ~ Sara Gottfried, #NFDB
102:Good writers define reality; bad ones merely restate it. ~ Edward Albee, #NFDB
103:I always say that you define what success is to yourself. ~ Lupe Fiasco, #NFDB
104:If you could come up with four things that define you, ~ Melissa Foster, #NFDB
105:Passion is hard to define, but I know it when I see it. ~ Thom S Rainer, #NFDB
106:The first responsibility of a leader is to define reality. ~ Max DePree, #NFDB
107:Want you," I whisper. Lately, those two words define me. ~ Sarina Bowen, #NFDB
108:What we believe in our hearts will define who we become. ~ Randy Frazee, #NFDB
109:Acting is what I do. It's not what I solely define myself as. ~ Meg Ryan, #NFDB
110:He who can properly define and divide is to be considered a god. ~ Plato, #NFDB
111:However you try to define meditation, it’s not that. ~ Swami Brahmananda, #NFDB
112:I don't define myself by boys who may or may not like me. ~ Rick Riordan, #NFDB
113:Study the past if you would define the future. --CONFUCIUS ~ Steve Berry, #NFDB
114:The first responsibility of a leader is to define reality. ~ Max De Pree, #NFDB
115:Willingly release the hurt. Don't let the heartache define you. ~ RuPaul, #NFDB
116:define narcissism as the shame-based fear of being ordinary. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
117:Good writers define reality
Bad ones merely restate it. ~ Edward Albee,#NFDB
118:How could this next thought define your subjectivity at all? ~ Sam Harris, #NFDB
119:It would cease to be a danger if we could define it, ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
120:Our past may shape us, but it doesn't define who we become. ~ Alyson Noel, #NFDB
121:Terms don't define our lives; our lives define our terms. ~ Joshua Harris, #NFDB
122:...a scar will always mark you, but never let it define you ~ Dannika Dark, #NFDB
123:Gender preference does not define you. Your spirit defines you. ~ P C Cast, #NFDB
124:I would rather feel contrition than know how to define it. ~ Thomas Kempis, #NFDB
125:never let our expectations define our level of thankfulness. ~ Tim Sanders, #NFDB
126:only our actions and others’ memories to define who we are. ~ Sejal Badani, #NFDB
127:Our pasts define us, but we don’t have to let them rule us. ~ P T Michelle, #NFDB
128:People define themselves aesthetically at a very young age. ~ Thom Filicia, #NFDB
129:We fail the minute we let someone else define success for us. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
130:Conservatives define themselves in terms of what they oppose. ~ George Will, #NFDB
131:Don't let your failures define you.
Let them refine you. ~ Callie Khouri,#NFDB
132:Every day we choose who we are by how we define ourselves. ~ Angelina Jolie, #NFDB
133:I don’t define myself by the boys who may or may not like me ~ Rick Riordan, #NFDB
134:I will never let someone else’s opinion define my reality. ~ Steve Maraboli, #NFDB
135:Our past may shape us, but it doesn't define who we become. ~ Ellen Hopkins, #NFDB
136:Sometimes the moments that challenge us the most, define us. ~ Deena Kastor, #NFDB
137:The leader's role is to define reality, then give hope ~ Napoleon Bonaparte, #NFDB
138:To note an artist's limitations is but to define his talent. ~ Willa Cather, #NFDB
139:We know the meaning so long as no one asks us to define it. ~ William James, #NFDB
140:You have to be careful who you let define your good. ~ Lois McMaster Bujold, #NFDB
141:Accept no one's definition of your life, define yourself. ~ Harvey Fierstein, #NFDB
142:Accept no one's definition of your life; define yourself. ~ Harvey Fierstein, #NFDB
143:I could no more define poetry than a terrier can define a rat. ~ A E Housman, #NFDB
144:I don't define myself by the boys who may or may not like me. ~ Rick Riordan, #NFDB
145:I don’t define myself by the boys who may or may not like me. ~ Rick Riordan, #NFDB
146:Sexuality shouldn't define you. It should be part of who you are. ~ Jessie J, #NFDB
147:The passions we cannot control are the ones that define us. ~ Simon Van Booy, #NFDB
148:Whatever purifies you is the right path, I will not try to define it. ~ Rumi, #NFDB
149:who would no doubt define faux pas as “the father of my enemy. ~ Dean Koontz, #NFDB
150:Define your week by obedience, not by a number on the scale. ~ Lysa TerKeurst, #NFDB
151:I would far rather feel remorse than know how to define it. ~ Thomas a Kempis, #NFDB
152:Perfect? How can you define a word without concrete meaning? ~ Ellen Hopkins, #NFDB
153:The color of your eyes doesn’t define you. Remember that, King. ~ Donna Grant, #NFDB
154:The only way to define your limits is by going beyond them. ~ Arthur C Clarke, #NFDB
155:Trying to define yourself is like trying to bite your own teeth. ~ Alan Watts, #NFDB
156:Your thoughts define the boundaries of your life. Think big. ~ Kulpreet Yadav, #NFDB
157:In our world, divide and conquer must become define and empower. ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
158:That I made a mistake, and that mistake doesn’t define me. ~ Roxanne St Claire, #NFDB
159:Your parents may have created you, but they don't define you. ~ Lisa Schroeder, #NFDB
160:Good and bad, I define these terms, quite clear, no doubt, somehow. ~ Bob Dylan, #NFDB
161:If you define the problem correctly, you almost have the solution. ~ Steve Jobs, #NFDB
162:Look at how a single candle can both defy and define the darkness. ~ Anne Frank, #NFDB
163:Only the man who has known freedom
Can define his prison. ~ Catherine Fisher,#NFDB
164:The four words that will define this century: The Earth is full. ~ Paul Gilding, #NFDB
165:Trying to define yourself is like trying to bite your own teeth. ~ Alan W Watts, #NFDB
166:We Galvins define leadership as 'taking people elsewhere.' ~ Christopher Galvin, #NFDB
167:What others say about you is irrelevant. You define who you are. ~ Michele Vail, #NFDB
168:You remind me
Define me
Incline me.
If you died
I'd. ~ Lemn Sissay,#NFDB
169:It is better to feel repentance, than to be able to define it. ~ Thomas a Kempis, #NFDB
170:Let your former selves teach you, but never limit or define you ~ Yasmin Mogahed, #NFDB
171:The power to define the other seals one's definition of oneself. ~ James Baldwin, #NFDB
172:When you dont inherit an identity you have to define it on your own. ~ Marc Webb, #NFDB
173:A title is a title. It doesn't define the type of person you are. ~ Nichole Chase, #NFDB
174:Don't let anyone try to tell you who you are. Define yourself. ~ David Alan Grier, #NFDB
175:How doe we define the energy of thought versus the energy of action. ~ Meg Rosoff, #NFDB
176:How do I define history? It's just one fucking thing after another ~ Alan Bennett, #NFDB
177:I define vulnerability as uncertainty, risk, and emotional exposure. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
178:I express myself through clothes, but clothes don't define me. ~ Ginnifer Goodwin, #NFDB
179:Never let what is popular actually define your taste or interests. ~ Darren Criss, #NFDB
180:We define organic chemistry as the chemistry of carbon compounds. ~ August Kekule, #NFDB
181:When you judge another, you do not define them, you define yourself. ~ Wayne Dyer, #NFDB
182:If you don't define the problem you'll never reach a painful solution. ~ Jacob Lew, #NFDB
183:Lucas did in his life, his love for Helen would always define ~ Josephine Angelini, #NFDB
184:The first need of a free people is to define their own terms. ~ Stokely Carmichael, #NFDB
185:To me, the lyrics of the song define the kind of style it is. ~ Elizabeth McGovern, #NFDB
186:Attempting to define things as good or bad breeds worry and stress. ~ Shunmy Masuno, #NFDB
187:If we try to define our own moral universe, there's a price for that. ~ Ben Affleck, #NFDB
188:The things you rebel against are the things that define you ~ Charles Sheehan Miles, #NFDB
189:The way something is presented will define the way you react to it. ~ Neville Brody, #NFDB
190:We all have to live with our past, but it doesn’t have to define us. ~ Nalini Singh, #NFDB
191:We choose our paths. our values and our actions, they define who we are ~ L J Smith, #NFDB
192:We must not allow other people's limited perceptions to define us. ~ Virginia Satir, #NFDB
193:We walk into the mystery of God; we do not define that mystery. ~ John Shelby Spong, #NFDB
194:When you judge another, you do not define them, you define yourself. ~ Wayne W Dyer, #NFDB
195:You define your own life. Don't let other people write your script. ~ Oprah Winfrey, #NFDB
196:How we treat the vulnerable is how we define ourselves as a species. ~ Russell Brand, #NFDB
197:I don't think one moment in somebody's life is going to define them. ~ Ndamukong Suh, #NFDB
198:Instead of letting the experience define him, he took control of it. ~ Carol S Dweck, #NFDB
199:The people we define as crazy just might be more sane than you and me ~ Jodi Picoult, #NFDB
200:We know God easily, if we do not constrain ourselves to define him. ~ Joseph Joubert, #NFDB
201:You might define vision as foresight with insight based on hindsight. ~ George Barna, #NFDB
202:God is a presence that I can never define but I could never deny. ~ John Shelby Spong, #NFDB
203:It was difficult to define an outlaw in a country where there was no law. ~ Zane Grey, #NFDB
204:the key to achievement in life is not letting others define your towers. ~ Tim Dorsey, #NFDB
205:The people we define as crazy just might be more sane than you and me. ~ Jodi Picoult, #NFDB
206:When you judge others, you do not define them, you define yourself ~ Earl Nightingale, #NFDB
207:Your fears are not you. Do you hear me? They don't define who you are. ~ S L Jennings, #NFDB
208:And personalities define themselves in terms of other personalities. ~ Terry Pratchett, #NFDB
209:But I don't necessarily define my faith by going to church every Sunday. ~ Miley Cyrus, #NFDB
210:It’s not the struggles that define you; it’s how you overcome them. ~ Brandi Glanville, #NFDB
211:My life is up to me to define. I needed to make my own dreams come true. ~ Kaira Rouda, #NFDB
212:Paired opposites define your longings and those longings imprison you. ~ Frank Herbert, #NFDB
213:These moments of non-fuckery are the moments that most define our lives. ~ Mark Manson, #NFDB
214:When you judge another, you do not define them, you define
yourself. ~ Wayne W Dyer,#NFDB
215:Words do not contain or define any person. A heart can, if it is willing. ~ Robin Hobb, #NFDB
216:Your mistake does not define who you are...you are your possibilities. ~ Oprah Winfrey, #NFDB
217:couple sits in my office for counseling, it’s helpful to define the ~ Emerson Eggerichs, #NFDB
218:Judging a person does not define who they are. It defines who you are ~ Kristen Stewart, #NFDB
219:Never would I allow my size to define me. Instead I would define it. ~ Melanie Benjamin, #NFDB
220:Sisterhood is a funny thing. It's easy to recognize, but hard to define. ~ Pearl Cleage, #NFDB
221:the arbitrary metrics by which you define yourself actually trap you, and ~ Mark Manson, #NFDB
222:The limits of our language do not define the limits of our cognition. ~ Elliot W Eisner, #NFDB
223:We choose our own path. Our values and our actions, they define who we are. ~ L J Smith, #NFDB
224:You can define everything as being political and analyze it politically. ~ Jim Jarmusch, #NFDB
225:Burdens willingly taken on, he decided, come to define the bearer. ‘So ~ Ian C Esslemont, #NFDB
226:If I had 20 days to solve a problem, I would take 19 days to define it ~ Albert Einstein, #NFDB
227:I may not be able to define pornography but I know it when I see it. ~ William Rehnquist, #NFDB
228:I will define him simply as someone set on becoming a god rather than a man. ~ Epictetus, #NFDB
229:Let us define 'man' as a poet perpetually conspiring against himself. ~ Lawrence Durrell, #NFDB
230:New Yorker, the collection would, in many ways, define us as a couple. ~ Nicholas Sparks, #NFDB
231:To define a thing is to substitute the definition for the thing itself. ~ Georges Braque, #NFDB
232:To move Nigeria forward, we must define our interest in the Nigeria project ~ Okey Ndibe, #NFDB
233:We do not want to just define issues; we want to help to create solutions ~ Klaus Schwab, #NFDB
234:We must be the ones to re-define the world class standards of excellence ~ Fela Durotoye, #NFDB
235:What creates our positive experiences will define our negative experiences ~ Mark Manson, #NFDB
236:You can't define what's middle class, what is wealthy, what is poor. ~ Michael Bloomberg, #NFDB
237:Every artist usually has one or two songs that really define their careers. ~ Gary Wright, #NFDB
238:If we define value as emotions - and emotional engagement...i.e. love! ~ Martin Lindstrom, #NFDB
239:I think love is a really hard thing to define. I think it's multifaceted. ~ Sienna Miller, #NFDB
240:I will define him simply as someone set on becoming a god rather than a man. ~ Epictetus, #NFDB
241:I would not be able to define my star power as I do not know what that is. ~ Katrina Kaif, #NFDB
242:The hallmark of my books is the relationships that define women's lives. ~ Kristin Hannah, #NFDB
243:What creates our positive experiences will define our negative experiences. ~ Mark Manson, #NFDB
244:your relationships exist only in your mind. Your perceptions define them. ~ Steve Pavlina, #NFDB
245:Being alive, if you had to define it, meant emitting a variety of smells ~ Haruki Murakami, #NFDB
246:Kinder the enemy who must malign us Than the smug friend who will define us ~ Anna Wickham, #NFDB
247:A terrible thing happened to you, but you mustn't let it define your life. ~ Cheryl Strayed, #NFDB
248:Being alive, if you had to define it, meant emitting a variety of smells. ~ Haruki Murakami, #NFDB
249:Define what the product will do before you design how the product will do it. ~ Alan Cooper, #NFDB
250:Don't let your luggage define your travels, each life unravels differently. ~ Shane Koyczan, #NFDB
251:Football doesn’t define me. It’s what I do [and] how I carry out my faith. ~ Troy Polamalu, #NFDB
252:If I didn't define who I was and what I wanted, then someone else would. ~ Candace Bushnell, #NFDB
253:If you let society and your peers define who you are, you're the less for it. ~ Hugh Hefner, #NFDB
254:To define means to fix, and, when you get down to it, real life isn’t fixed. ~ Alan W Watts, #NFDB
255:Un hombre se define tan bien por sus comedias como por sus impulsos sinceros ~ Albert Camus, #NFDB
256:accomplishments do not make a life; our actions each day are what define us. ~ Chris Dietzel, #NFDB
257:A core belief is how we choose to define and believe in our person and life. ~ Asa Don Brown, #NFDB
258:I define UNIX as 30 definitions of regular expressions living under one roof. ~ Donald Knuth, #NFDB
259:I never let track define me. That's something that's really important to me. ~ Allyson Felix, #NFDB
260:It's not a persons mistakes which define them - it's the way they make amends. ~ Freya North, #NFDB
261:It's so much easier to define crime than it is to put your finger on justice. ~ David Hewson, #NFDB
262:just remember, love—a scar will always mark you, but never let it define you. ~ Dannika Dark, #NFDB
263:Memories no matter how small or inconsequential are the pages that define us. ~ Sarah Winman, #NFDB
264:Power is the ability to define phenomena, and make it act in a desired manner. ~ Huey Newton, #NFDB
265:she couldn’t change her past, but that past didn’t have to define her future. ~ Terri Osburn, #NFDB
266:The music we listen to may not define who we are. But it’s a damn good start. ~ Jodi Picoult, #NFDB
267:There is no comfort without pain; thus we define salvation through suffering— ~ Stephen King, #NFDB
268:The way we define happiness is the joy you feel striving toward your potential ~ Shawn Achor, #NFDB
269:What we eat is an essential part of who we are and how we define ourselves. ~ Fuchsia Dunlop, #NFDB
270:You must define yourself, for no one else has the wisdom to do it for you. ~ Raymond E Feist, #NFDB
271:Animals are a gift from above, they truly define the words unconditional love. ~ Heather Wolf, #NFDB
272:Don't let your luggage define your travels, each life unravels differently. ~ Shane L Koyczan, #NFDB
273:Each generation of Americans must define what it means to be an American. ~ William J Clinton, #NFDB
274:It is also difficult to define the boundaries within which we judge inequality. ~ Jean Tirole, #NFDB
275:Jazz is a white term to define black people. My music is black classical music. ~ Nina Simone, #NFDB
276:We have arbitrarily agreed to define the sun by the limit of its visible fire. ~ Alan W Watts, #NFDB
277:We must define quality as conformance to specifications if we are to manage it. ~ Phil Crosby, #NFDB
278:Don’t let your past define you. I think we all have regrets for things we’ve done. ~ J S Scott, #NFDB
279:If you come to fame not understanding who you are, it will define who you are. ~ Oprah Winfrey, #NFDB
280:I would define myself as a Marxian, and that means of course also as a humanist. ~ Erich Fromm, #NFDB
281:The professional cannot allow the actions of others to define his reality. ~ Steven Pressfield, #NFDB
282:To own a certain book - and to choose it without help - is to define yourself. ~ Julian Barnes, #NFDB
283:Caring for but never trying to own may be a further way to define friendship. ~ William Glasser, #NFDB
284:Characteristics which define beauty are wholeness, harmony and radiance. ~ Saint Thomas Aquinas, #NFDB
285:Heartbreaking seasons can certainly grow me but were never meant to define me. ~ Lysa TerKeurst, #NFDB
286:I try not to define myself. Other people are going to do that for you anyway. ~ Gugu Mbatha Raw, #NFDB
287:Our past is what molds us into the person we are today. It does not define us. ~ Imania Margria, #NFDB
288:Worshipful reverence and awe, not cowering dread, define a right fear of the Lord. ~ Jen Wilkin, #NFDB
289:You can’t let your failures define you. You have to let your failures teach you. ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
290:Animals are a gift from above for they truly define the words unconditional love. ~ Heather Wolf, #NFDB
291:Characteristics which define beauty are wholeness, harmony and radiance. ~ Saint Thomas Aquinas, #NFDB
292:Don't let a culture or society's rules define who you are; you define who you are. ~ Amma Asante, #NFDB
293:I don't want fear or cancer to define me, but it's always in the back of your mind. ~ Ethan Zohn, #NFDB
294:Kundalini is almost a misleading word, unless you define it as broadly as I do. ~ Frederick Lenz, #NFDB
295:Lo que define el apego no es tanto el deseo como la incapacidad de renunciar a él. ~ Walter Riso, #NFDB
296:On the radio, I heard someone define ethics as “obedience to the unenforceable. ~ Jon Kabat Zinn, #NFDB
297:Trust is difficult to define, but we know when it's present and when it's not. ~ Warren G Bennis, #NFDB
298:We need to define gentrification as separate from the process of displacement. ~ Justin Davidson, #NFDB
299:Who cares what other people think? Don't let the opinions of others define you. ~ Mara Purnhagen, #NFDB
300:Intelligence is like pornography. I can't define it, but I know if when I see it. ~ Jack McDevitt, #NFDB
301:liberty, to define it, is nothing other than the absence of impediments to motion ~ Thomas Hobbes, #NFDB
302:There are so many ways to live, to define what living means for you and you alone. ~ Gayle Forman, #NFDB
303:We aren't who our pasts say we are. Damage doesn't define us. WE DEFINE OURSELVES. ~ Cynthia Eden, #NFDB
304:We aren’t who our pasts say we are. Damage doesn’t define us. We define ourselves. ~ Cynthia Eden, #NFDB
305:What rules the world is idea, because ideas define the way reality is perceived. ~ Irving Kristol, #NFDB
306:When we fail to define something our customer wants, we fail to open a story gap. ~ Donald Miller, #NFDB
307:Have you ever tried
To quit
a bad habit, one
that has come to define you? ~ Ellen Hopkins,#NFDB
308:I love that this morning's sunrise does not define itself by last night's sunset. ~ Steve Maraboli, #NFDB
309:It’s our scars that define us, Sara. Diego has to live life to appreciate life. ~ Lisa Renee Jones, #NFDB
310:It’s the small things people do for others that define the largest parts of them. ~ Colleen Hoover, #NFDB
311:Lake, you know a band has true talent when their imperfections define perfection. ~ Colleen Hoover, #NFDB
312:Leadership is like beauty - it's hard to define but you know it when you see it. ~ Warren G Bennis, #NFDB
313:Never. Never again would he allow any other man to define him, set his course. ~ Alexandra Bracken, #NFDB
314:We all basically live in a world that we define by the people who have disappeared. ~ Tom Perrotta, #NFDB
315:If you want to know whether God exists, all you have to do is define the word 'exist'. ~ Bill Gaede, #NFDB
316:Letting an emotion move through you is healthy. Letting an emotion define you is not. ~ Chip Conley, #NFDB
317:Want you,” I whisper. Lately, those two words define me.
“Have me,” he says. ~ Sarina Bowen,#NFDB
318:Your station in life does not define you. The promise of America is for all of us. ~ Howard Schultz, #NFDB
319:I define discipline as the ability to make + keep promises and to honor commitments. ~ Stephen Covey, #NFDB
320:I don't think of myself as anyone special, and I would not know how to define myself. ~ Rei Kawakubo, #NFDB
321:I’ve tried actively to define myself and redefine myself, and not be pigeonholed. ~ David Alan Grier, #NFDB
322:No matter what life has dealt you, your yesterday does not need to define your today. ~ Mary A P rez, #NFDB
323:She had a disorder, but it didn’t define her. She was Stella. She was a unique person. ~ Helen Hoang, #NFDB
324:Will you take what you think defines you, leave it behind, and let Me define you instead? ~ Bob Goff, #NFDB
325:If you can properly define the problem, then you've already defined the solution as well. ~ Chip Kidd, #NFDB
326:I would define, in brief, the poetry of words as the rhythmical creation of beauty. ~ Edgar Allan Poe, #NFDB
327:Question, witch-child. Question especially those who would define 'evil' for you. ~ Laura Anne Gilman, #NFDB
328:The first responsibility of a leader is to define reality. The last is to say thank you. ~ Max DePree, #NFDB
329:We cannot define ourselves without negating the alternatives that we do not become. ~ William Barrett, #NFDB
330:When a defining moment comes along, you define the moment, or the moment defines you. ~ Kevin Costner, #NFDB
331:Zionism wants to define the Jewish people as a national entity ... which is a heresy. ~ Roger Garaudy, #NFDB
332:A film with an untidy plot cannot grip the audience and define their emotional response. ~ Kim Jong Il, #NFDB
333:boundaries define your soul, and they help you to guard it and maintain it (Prov. 4:23). ~ Henry Cloud, #NFDB
334:Canvas, then you must define the Bitmap upon which drawing will actually be performed. The ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
335:Hay canciones cuyo descaro sentimental define las inconfesables emociones de una época. ~ Juan Villoro, #NFDB
336:If you live in the past and allow the past to define who you are, then you never grow. ~ Oprah Winfrey, #NFDB
337:Like pornography, junk [food] might be tough to define but you know it when you see it. ~ Mark Bittman, #NFDB
338:Mad I call it, for to define true madness, what is't to be nothing else but mad? ~ William Shakespeare, #NFDB
339:One choice can transform you. One choice can destroy you. Once choice will define you. ~ Veronica Roth, #NFDB
340:To define yourself is to limit yourself. Without labels you remain the infinite being. ~ Deepak Chopra, #NFDB
341:What helps define a particular culture? Values, beliefs, attributions, ideologies. ~ Robert M Sapolsky, #NFDB
342:What we do does not define who we are. What defines us is how well we rise after falling ~ Bob Hoskins, #NFDB
343:You can't define the future. And in my opinion, you can't define the avant-garde. ~ Simone de Beauvoir, #NFDB
344:Accuracy of signal and free flow of information define sanity in my epistemology. ~ Robert Anton Wilson, #NFDB
345:Being with Henry doesn't mean you have to give up who you are. Henry doesn't define you. ~ Aimee Carter, #NFDB
346:Everything that the modern mind cannot define it regards as insane. ~ Carl Jung, Psychology and Alchemy, #NFDB
347:For me, the walk of the character is always the first part that I must define for myself. ~ Halle Berry, #NFDB
348:One can only define the unknown by its supposed and supposable relations with the known. ~ Eliphas Levi, #NFDB
349:She became whoever she needed to be to survive,but she never let anyone else define her. ~ Jodi Picoult, #NFDB
350:We define only out of despair, we must have a formula... to give a facade tot he void. ~ Emile M Cioran, #NFDB
351:But though he had no striking vices, his virtues were perhaps almost as hard to define. ~ Susanna Clarke, #NFDB
352:I live my life with no regrets. Each decision of mine has define my life in a certain way ~ Katrina Kaif, #NFDB
353:It’s not the circumstances we find ourselves in that define us, it’s how we overcome them. ~ Nicole Reed, #NFDB
354:Never be afraid to be kicked in the teeth. Let the blood and the bruises define your legacy. ~ Lady Gaga, #NFDB
355:Never. Never again would he allow any other man to define him, set his course. Chase ~ Alexandra Bracken, #NFDB
356:Two things define you: your patience when you have nothing and your attitude when you have everything. ~, #NFDB
357:Ultimately, who you are as a person will define who you are as a professional. ~ Joanne Crisner Alcayaga, #NFDB
358:Un error no te define, Julian. ¿Lo entiendes? Sencillamente actuarás mejor la próxima vez. ~ R J Palacio, #NFDB
359:Do you want to know who you are? Don't ask. Act! Action will delineate and define you. ~ Thomas Jefferson, #NFDB
360:I define science fiction as the art of the possible. Fantasy is the art of the impossible. ~ Ray Bradbury, #NFDB
361:If I could define enlightenment briefly I would say it is 'the quiet acceptance of what is'. ~ Wayne Dyer, #NFDB
362:Most innovators are successful to the extent to which they define risks and confine them. ~ Peter Drucker, #NFDB
363:Publishers love to compartmentalize, and Second Chance was not an easy novel to define. ~ Chet Williamson, #NFDB
364:Shane Dekkar. A man to define what all men should desire to become. Perfection, defined. ~ Scott Hildreth, #NFDB
365:She became whomever she needed to be to survive, but she never let anyone else define her. ~ Jodi Picoult, #NFDB
366:subconscious recognition of danger cues” to define this scientific explanation of a hunch. ~ Massad Ayoob, #NFDB
367:Ummm…” She licked her lips. “Define fun.”
“Quit doing that, jailbait. It’s distracting. ~ Rachel Caine,#NFDB
368:We all have demons, Crash," she said quietly. "But you don't have to let them define you. ~ T L Shreffler, #NFDB
369:We all make mistakes. Big and small. But you don't have to let them define you forever. ~ Debbie Macomber, #NFDB
370:We can't have one group that oversees everything and then they define what amateurism is. ~ John Calipari, #NFDB
371:Who thus define it, say they more or less / Than this, that happiness is happiness? ~ Daniel Todd Gilbert, #NFDB
372:Define a winning proposition that is consumer right and delivers margin accretion. ~ Michael J Silverstein, #NFDB
373:I define coaching as launching the salesperson on a voyage of discovery by asking questions. ~ Chris Lytle, #NFDB
374:It’s not our mistakes that define us. It’s the lessons we learn that show our true character. ~ Cassia Leo, #NFDB
375:Lo que define al hombre es su capacidad de maravillarse ante la majestuosidad de la creación. ~ John Green, #NFDB
376:Never let anyone define what you are capable of by using parameters that don’t apply to you. ~ Chuck Close, #NFDB
377:Words are how others define us, but we can define ourselves any way we choose.” I ~ Shaun David Hutchinson, #NFDB
378:"Do you want to know who you are? Don't ask. Act! Action will delineate and define you." ~ Thomas Jefferson, #NFDB
379:Einstein once said, “If I had 20 days to solve a problem, I would take 19 days to define it, ~ Scott Berkun, #NFDB
380:In acting class, teachers talk about how the 'givens' of a situation help define a character. ~ Hill Harper, #NFDB
381:I would define boastfulness to be the pretension to good which the boaster does not possess. ~ Theophrastus, #NFDB
382:One may define flattery as a base companionship which is most advantageous to the flatterer. ~ Theophrastus, #NFDB
383:Time plays a role in almost every decision. And some decisions define your attitude about time. ~ John Cale, #NFDB
384:Whenever you're scared of something, don't let that define you. We all feel it, but step up. ~ Vince Vaughn, #NFDB
385:Words are never 'only words'; they matter because they define the contours of what we can do. ~ Slavoj i ek, #NFDB
386:You shouldn't let the voices of your past or present define who you are. Let God do that. ~ Melissa Jagears, #NFDB
387:You will always define events in a manner which will validate your agreement with reality. ~ Steve Maraboli, #NFDB
388:A winner has more skills than a loser," Vor said, "no matter how you define the competition. ~ Brian Herbert, #NFDB
389:Can either one of you actually fly?"
"Ummm...define fly."
I heard cursing over the radios. ~ Gini Koch,#NFDB
390:How you correct your mistakes will define your character and commitment to a higher power. ~ Shannon L Alder, #NFDB
391:Like love, leadership continued to be something everyone knew existed but nobody could define. ~ Hans Finzel, #NFDB
392:When we deny our stories, They define us. When we own our stories, we get to write the ending. ~ Brene Brown, #NFDB
393:Words are never 'only words'; they matter because they define the contours of what we can do. ~ Slavoj Zizek, #NFDB
394:And deep in my heart. The answer, it was in me. And I made up my mind. To define my own destiny ~ Lauryn Hill, #NFDB
395:Any attempt to define literary theory in terms of a distinctive method is doomed to failure. ~ Terry Eagleton, #NFDB
396:As a struggling actor, youre not looking for parts that define you; youre just looking for work. ~ Matt Damon, #NFDB
397:But my favorite part in my body are my dark circles. They define me. They reveal my melancholy. ~ Lea Seydoux, #NFDB
398:Define a clear, specific purpose for each piece of content; evaluate content against this purpose ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
399:Female friendships are important because they help define us in a particular time and place. ~ Victoria Scott, #NFDB
400:God’s Word should both fuel our faith and define our petitions. God must keep His Word. ~ Michael P V Barrett, #NFDB
401:Risk, like pornography, is difficult to define, but we think we know it when we see it. ~ William J Bernstein, #NFDB
402:Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity toward metanarratives. ~ Jean Francois Lyotard, #NFDB
403:Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity toward metanarratives. ~ Jean Fran ois Lyotard, #NFDB
404:The Day We Let Our Convictions Define Our Life Rather Than Our Insecurities, Our True Journey ~ Shahid Kapoor, #NFDB
405:There is no definition of a mental disorder. It's bullshit. I mean, you just can't define it. ~ Jon Rappoport, #NFDB
406:you could almost define a philosopher as someone who won’t take common sense for an answer. ~ Richard Dawkins, #NFDB
407:desperately wanting to define what's in the air between us but unwilling to make the first move ~ Emily Giffin, #NFDB
408:If we had to say what writing is, we would have to define it essentially as an act of courage. ~ Cynthia Ozick, #NFDB
409:I hold it to be impracticable”4 to try to define it or any right narrowly in a Bill of Rights. ~ Thom Hartmann, #NFDB
410:Insane people -- psychologically defined, not legally define -- are not in touch with reality. ~ Philip K Dick, #NFDB
411:Sexuality shouldn't define anyone. It doesn't define me. Love should be at the core of what you do. ~ Jessie J, #NFDB
412:Some mistakes have greater consequences then others. You don't have to let one mistake define you ~ Jojo Moyes, #NFDB
413:The search for a moral equivalent of war continues to define American liberalism to this day. ~ Jonah Goldberg, #NFDB
414:Todos nós temos luz e trevas dentro de nós. O que nos define é o lado com o qual escolhemos agir ~ J K Rowling, #NFDB
415:Truth is not what we define it to be; it is what God has revealed and declared it to be. ~ Michael P V Barrett, #NFDB
416:What is love? No one knows what love is, exactly. No one can define it. No one can prove it. ~ Sophie Kinsella, #NFDB
417:When you define your goals, you give your brain something new to look for and focus on. It’s as ~ Darren Hardy, #NFDB
418:With all the holes in you already there's no reason to define the outside environment as alien. ~ Jenny Holzer, #NFDB
419:You are not defined by an Instagram photo, by a 'Like,' by a comment. That does not define you. ~ Selena Gomez, #NFDB
420:You're a quiet, beautiful woman in a loud, ugly place. An orchid among weeds. You define obvious. ~ Lynn Viehl, #NFDB
421:Brands always mean something. If you don't define what the brand means, your competitors will ~ Richard Branson, #NFDB
422:create our distributed interface is define and name each of the distributed endpoints in our system ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
423:Difficulty" is the name of an ancient tool that was created purely to help us define who we are. ~ Paulo Coelho, #NFDB
424:If you live with your family, first clearly define separate storage spaces for each family member. ~ Marie Kond, #NFDB
425:In the animal kingdom, the rule is, eat or be eaten; in the human kingdom, define or be defined. ~ Thomas Szasz, #NFDB
426:Isn’t death a blessing? Doesn’t it define the value of our lives, minute to minute, year to year? ~ Don DeLillo, #NFDB
427:Life is messy, and it's okay if you are too! We all screw up, that doesn't have to define us. ~ Jessica Valenti, #NFDB
428:Stone Age. Bronze Age. Iron Age. We define entire epics of humanity by the technology they use. ~ Reed Hastings, #NFDB
429:Success and failure come and go, but don't let them define you. It's who you are that matters. ~ Kamal Ravikant, #NFDB
430:The human mind is generally far more eager to praise and dispraise than to describe and define. ~ Lewis Carroll, #NFDB
431:We create stories to define our existence. If we do not create the stories, we probably go mad. ~ Shekhar Kapur, #NFDB
432:You asked how I'd define prejudice. That's it. Making assumptions about people you've never met. ~ Tony Horwitz, #NFDB
433:You can define how strong a democracy is by how its government treats ... the child of the state. ~ Lemn Sissay, #NFDB
434:But a parcel of walled soil does not make the heart of a ruler or define the nobility of a people! ~ Janny Wurts, #NFDB
435:Circumstances define us; they force us onto one road or another, and then they punish us for it. ~ Ivan Turgenev, #NFDB
436:"Difficulty" is the name of an ancient tool that was created purely to help us define who we are. ~ Paulo Coelho, #NFDB
437:Don't let the clothes or anyone define you...just be yourself whether in a pair of jeans or a ball gown. ~ Tweet, #NFDB
438:I do not think I’m easy to define. I have a wandering mind. And I’m not anything that you think I am. ~ Syd Hoff, #NFDB
439:Iit is not the answers which define us...but often the questions.
Faith Mortimer ~ Faith Mortimer,#NFDB
440:Never accept other people's limited perceptions of you. Define yourself. You can do anything. ~ Jeanette Jenkins, #NFDB
441:Sometimes you can define a composition or a couple of notes by the silence that goes around it. ~ Steve Tibbetts, #NFDB
442:The human mind is generally far more eager to praise or dispraise than it is to describe and define. ~ C S Lewis, #NFDB
443:There are various ways you might define the common good, but that would be one way you could do it. ~ John Rawls, #NFDB
444:To be an aritst is not to wait for others to define us, but to define ourselves, claim our lives. ~ Jan Phillips, #NFDB
445:We cannot let the haters of this world define us. Or frighten us into no longer being ourselves. ~ Mary E DeMuth, #NFDB
446:Words command us. Names define us. Definitions bind us. Words are where we keep our sacred secrets. ~ Hal Duncan, #NFDB
447:Your scent does not precede you, it also doesn’t define you. Any scent you wear is a discovery. ~ Kristen Ashley, #NFDB
448:Everyday I receive a lesson that teaches me that I can’t let what others think of me define me. ~ Trisha R Thomas, #NFDB
449:I am a person who is inclined to define relations between individuals based on principles. ~ Recep Tayyip Erdogan, #NFDB
450:I define connection as the energy that exists between people when they feel seen, heard, and valued; ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
451:I made a decision that while cancer may define how I die, it would not define how I live. ~ Erwin Raphael McManus, #NFDB
452:It doesn't matter. What's done is done. The question is whether you're going to let it define you. ~ Dana Delamar, #NFDB
453:I wanted him to say nice things to me, maybe even hold me. Strange did not begin to define my mood. ~ C J Roberts, #NFDB
454:The development of willpower -I will, I won't and I want- may define what it means to be human. ~ Kelly McGonigal, #NFDB
455:The human mind is generally far
more eager to praise and dispraise than to describe and
define. ~ C S Lewis,#NFDB
456:We define content very broadly. Representing chefs, designers, makeup artists - it's all important. ~ Ari Emanuel, #NFDB
457:When people define superiorinferior is created When people identify good its opposite comes into being. ~ Lao Tzu, #NFDB
458:Ideally, we should like to define a good book as one which 'permits, invites, or compels' good reading ~ C S Lewis, #NFDB
459:I like to define biology as the history of the earth and all its life - past, present, and future. ~ Rachel Carson, #NFDB
460:Laws are a dead letter without courts to expound and define their true meaning and operation. ~ Alexander Hamilton, #NFDB
461:Life is all about choices. Choices define us, sculpt us. What will your choices say about you? ~ Sheena Hutchinson, #NFDB
462:One mistake does not define you, Julian. Do you understand me? You must simply act better next time. ~ R J Palacio, #NFDB
463:Our successes and failures come and go—they neither define us nor do they determine our worthiness. ~ Kristin Neff, #NFDB
464:Probably all the books I've ever written have been efforts to define the boundaries of humanity. ~ Fred Saberhagen, #NFDB
465:Sex, sexual dynamics and how we define our sexuality, is one of the major deals in everyone's life. ~ Molly Parker, #NFDB
466:You don't get to Define me, only I can Define me, all I wish from you is to recognize my Definition. ~ Kellan Lutz, #NFDB
467:Anyone who achieves any kind of success, however you want to define it, sometimes can't let go of it. ~ Simon Sinek, #NFDB
468:As long as we define ourselves in terms of our pains and problems, we will never be free from them. ~ Eckhart Tolle, #NFDB
469:I could define poetry this way: it is that which is lost out of both prose and verse in translation. ~ Robert Frost, #NFDB
470:I define success by personal growth; if you don’t continue to grow, you can’t continue to succeed. ~ Tabatha Coffey, #NFDB
471:I love the mystery, the reconstruction of history, and the way past and future define each other. ~ Elizabeth Crook, #NFDB
472:Its our actions that define us. What we choose. What we resist. What we're willing to die for. ~ Karen Marie Moning, #NFDB
473:Maybe we don't have the same definition of about what's beautiful. So define it. Define true beauty. ~ Justina Chen, #NFDB
474:One mistake does not define you, Julian. Do you understand me ? You must simply act better next time. ~ R J Palacio, #NFDB
475:What rules the world is ideas,” Kristol once wrote, “because ideas define the way reality is perceived. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
476:Define what success looks like beforehand, and know what you’re going to do if your hunch is right. ~ Alistair Croll, #NFDB
477:How do we define worthiness, and why do we so often end up hustling for it rather than believing in it? ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
478:It's our actions that define us. What we choose. What we resist. What we're willing to die for. ~ Karen Marie Moning, #NFDB
479:It’s our actions that define us. What we choose. What we resist. What we’re willing to die for. ~ Karen Marie Moning, #NFDB
480:I would define the proper use of power as something that creates happiness for yourself and others. ~ Frederick Lenz, #NFDB
481:Pain does not define us, neither does joy; our deepest definition is independent of our experiences. ~ Bryant McGill, #NFDB
482:The best way I know to define privilege is the ongoing benefits of past successful exercises of power. ~ Andy Crouch, #NFDB
483:Valuing time with your family does not mean you've lost your ambition. Define success for yourself. ~ Claire Shipman, #NFDB
484:Word and sacrament define the task of the pastoral office in simple, beautiful, and powerful terms. ~ Carl R Trueman, #NFDB
485:definition. How can she not see that when you are defined, you lose the ability to define yourself? ~ Neal Shusterman, #NFDB
486:Political pornography is not unlike the sexual kind: difficult to define, but you know it when you see it ~ Pat Sajak, #NFDB
487:Power is also like love, easier to experience than to define or measure, but no less real for that. ~ Joseph S Nye Jr, #NFDB
488:Time cannot define your relationship. It’s the bonding you share even if you have met a day before. ~ Sudeep Nagarkar, #NFDB
489:As long as we define ourselves in terms of our pain and our problems, we will never be free from them. ~ Eckhart Tolle, #NFDB
490:Be an independent thinker at all times, and ignore anyone who attempts to define you in a limiting way. ~ Sherry Argov, #NFDB
491:Don’t define yourself by what happens to you, define yourself by what you make out of what happens to you. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
492:I define sexy as a real salt-of-the-earth woman who knows who she is, who feels strong and powerful. ~ Andie MacDowell, #NFDB
493:If you don’t get out there and define yourself, you’ll be quickly and inaccurately defined by others. ~ Michelle Obama, #NFDB
494:If you're going to define me properly, you must think in terms of my failures as well as my successes. ~ Harrison Ford, #NFDB
495:It is easy enough to define what the Commonwealth is not. Indeed this is quite a popular pastime. ~ Queen Elizabeth II, #NFDB
496:The greatest benefit of the arrival of artificial intelligence is that AIs will help define humanity. We ~ Kevin Kelly, #NFDB
497:The Sage was asked to define good manners? to which he replied, To bear patiently the rude ones. ~ Solomon Ibn Gabirol, #NFDB
498:You must not let anyone define your limits because of where you come from. Your only limit is your soul. ~ Walt Disney, #NFDB
499:Describing something helps to define it, to give it limits, to set guardrails of understanding around it. ~ Jim Butcher, #NFDB
500:Don’t project his mistakes from the past onto him now. Don’t let past choices define present actions. ~ Nicole Williams, #NFDB
501:I should no longer define myself as the son of a father who couldn’t or hasn’t or wouldn’t or wasn’t. ~ Cameron Conaway, #NFDB
502:let’s instead define life very broadly, simply as a process that can retain its complexity and replicate. ~ Max Tegmark, #NFDB
503:Percentages! Those are for economists, polls, and politicians. Percentages can't define your identity. ~ Mary E Pearson, #NFDB
504:To "know" reality you cannot stand outside it and define it; you must enter into it, be it, and feel it. ~ Alan W Watts, #NFDB
505:Too often we define success as financial achievement. I view success as doing your very best at all costs. ~ Bear Heart, #NFDB
506:You are in control of your priorities – you can erase old priorities and define new priorities at will. ~ Isaiah Hankel, #NFDB
507:I’m a fucker. It’s what I do.” “You’re not. You are not defined by sex.” “I’ll define myself any way I want. ~ C D Reiss, #NFDB
508:It would be hard to define chaos better than as a world where children decide they don't want to live. ~ Edward Hoagland, #NFDB
509:Pictures rule, but words define, explain, express, direct, and hold together our thoughts and what we know. ~ Don Watson, #NFDB
510:The center of human nature is rooted in ten thousand ordinary acts of kindness that define our days. ~ Stephen Jay Gould, #NFDB
511:We cannot define. Nothing has ever been finally figured out, because there is nothing final to figure out ~ Charles Fort, #NFDB
512:women who can merely define repentance. Rather, the church needs people who hate sin and love righteousness. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
513:Your skills will aid you to define your brand. Your brand determines who leads you and who you lead. ~ Israelmore Ayivor, #NFDB
514:(1) Define a to-do list and (2) define a not-to-do list. In general terms, there are but two questions: ~ Timothy Ferriss, #NFDB
515:Difficulty’ is the name of an ancient tool that was created purely to help us define who we are. Religions ~ Paulo Coelho, #NFDB
516:I never took the fame too seriously. It was a great period in my life, but it doesn't define me. ~ Jonathan Taylor Thomas, #NFDB
517:la empresa define quién es la sociedad para ella (que no es toda), cómo la impacta y cómo quisiera impactarla ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
518:lo que define la sabiduría es tomar el pasado y el futuro con pinzas, lo necesario, sin culpa y sin angustia. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
519:Success, however you define it, is achievable if you collect the right field-tested beliefs and habits. ~ Timothy Ferriss, #NFDB
520:The more you let a single belief define you, the less capable you are of adapting when life challenges you. ~ James Clear, #NFDB
521:The truth of art lies in its power to break the monopoly of established reality to define what is real. ~ Herbert Marcuse, #NFDB
522:But don't define yourself by what you *don't* want to do. Define yourself by what you do want to do. ~ Sarah Addison Allen, #NFDB
523:Fashion has a right to exist, because it permits the people to define themselves over and over again. ~ Ann Demeulemeester, #NFDB
524:I can't really define it in sexual terms alone although our sexuality is so energizing why not enjoy it too? ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
525:If you're not out front defining your vision, your opponent will spend gobs of money to define it for you. ~ Donna Brazile, #NFDB
526:is difficult for a woman to define her feelings in language which is chiefly made by men to express theirs. ~ Thomas Hardy, #NFDB
527:Maybe there was no one way to define it. Maybe there were as many shades of love as the blues of the sky, ~ Mary E Pearson, #NFDB
528:Maybe there was no one way to define it. Maybe there were as many shades of love as the blues of the sky. ~ Mary E Pearson, #NFDB
529:Most films made about the future acquiesce toward death, and I don't want to be told how to define my future. ~ Val Kilmer, #NFDB
530:She forced herself to meet the giant’s gaze. “I don’t define myself by the boys who may or may not like me. ~ Rick Riordan, #NFDB
531:The choice we make at the fork in the road can define our very existence. - Lord Deryn Mercant (Circa 1506) ~ Nalini Singh, #NFDB
532:Values aren't buses... They're not supposed to get you anywhere. They're supposed to define who you are. ~ Jennifer Crusie, #NFDB
533:We don’t have to allow ourselves to be defined by the labels imposed on us. We get to define ourselves. ~ Lizzie Vel squez, #NFDB
534:We’ll never create a utopia, because it’s impossible to define good without having bad to compare it to. ~ Johnny B Truant, #NFDB
535:What's the advantage to have hundreds of words to define stupidity, when the essence is always the same. ~ William C Brown, #NFDB
536:Define yourself radically as one beloved by God. This is the true self. Every other identity is illusion. ~ Brennan Manning, #NFDB
537:Humanly speaking, let us define truth, while waiting for a better definition as a statement of facts as they are ~ Voltaire, #NFDB
538:I found you.No one can keep us apart now,and our love will now be the story told to define how sacred love is ~ Jamie Magee, #NFDB
539:In the 1400s, people began to use a new word to define a group of animals that shared the same blood: a race. ~ Carl Zimmer, #NFDB
540:I take pride in my life-my wife, my family. I try my best not to have football define the person that I am. ~ Troy Polamalu, #NFDB
541:It's easy to believe in something when you win all the time...The losses are what define a man's faith. ~ Brandon Sanderson, #NFDB
542:None of us see the world as it is but as we are, as our frames of reference, or maps, define the territory. ~ Stephen Covey, #NFDB
543:That was an instance where I was given a word to define my confusing experience, and I'm just like, "nah." ~ Chelsea Martin, #NFDB
544:We define a world. We build a house, then after building the house we enter into it and we never leave it. ~ Frederick Lenz, #NFDB
545:Your obstacles define your achievements, and without those obstacles, you're just another bland nothing. ~ Torquil Campbell, #NFDB
546:at the end, we are all the same, just a body with only our actions and others’ memories to define who we are. ~ Sejal Badani, #NFDB
547:Best quote page 239: "The past doesn't disappear, but it doesn't have to define your future. That's up to you. ~ Anna Jarzab, #NFDB
548:Don't define yourself by your body .. it's the infinite being that's connected to everything in the universe. ~ Rhonda Byrne, #NFDB
549:Everyone has scars. Remember that you are stronger than your broken parts. Don’t let them define who you are. ~ Beth Michele, #NFDB
550:If you are trying to sell someone your idea and you can't even define it to yourself, then that is a problem. ~ Garance Dore, #NFDB
551:I would like to ask Him if He was indeed virgin born, because the answer to that question would define history. ~ Larry King, #NFDB
552:The choices we make in our life don't have to define us. It's what we learn from them that's important. ~ A Meredith Walters, #NFDB
553:When he thought about that, he wasn’t sure how to define what they shared. He only knew he cherished it. “Well, ~ Jamie Beck, #NFDB
554:But who is more ignorant? The man who cannot define lightning, or the man who does not respect its awesome power? ~ Dan Brown, #NFDB
555:If I didn't define myself for myself, I would be crunched into other people's fantasies for me and eaten alive. ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
556:It is difficult for a woman to define her feelings in language which is chiefly made by men to express theirs. ~ Thomas Hardy, #NFDB
557:My childhood is streets upon streets upon streets upon streets. Streets to define you and streets to confine you, ~ Morrissey, #NFDB
558:Principle: To counter aimlessness, you must define your battles wisely, and build your life around winning them. ~ Todd Henry, #NFDB
559:Short's power to define feminine beauty abandoned him at this point. He simply made a gesture with his hand. ~ Anthony Powell, #NFDB
560:technological innovations do not define a science; they merely prove that medicine is scientific—i.e., ~ Siddhartha Mukherjee, #NFDB
561:There are three objectives for content marketing: reach engagement conversion. Define key metrics for each. ~ Michael Brenner, #NFDB
562:We believe that preparation eradicates cowardice, which we define as the failure to act in the midst of fear. ~ Veronica Roth, #NFDB
563:We know we must win the war on terror to protect innocent people and the freedoms that define our way of life. ~ Doc Hastings, #NFDB
564:We only define others by the value they have to us, and once they no longer provide that value, we let them go. ~ Cole McCade, #NFDB
565:1. Define a misbehavior 2. Explain the cause of the misbehavior 3. Discuss the negative effects of the misbehavior ~ Joy Berry, #NFDB
566:All actors are looking for that role that's going to define who they are. When it happens, it's a good thing. ~ Jeffrey Pierce, #NFDB
567:Ballot papers do not define leaders. Leadership is defined by conviction, vision, passion and inspiration. ~ Israelmore Ayivor, #NFDB
568:Feelings and thoughts do not define who we are; they are just part of the weather of our inner world. ~ John Daishin Buksbazen, #NFDB
569:How we frame the world - how we talk about it and define it - affects how we see things and how we live. ~ Frances Moore Lappe, #NFDB
570:If we define risk as 'the likelihood of an irreversible negative outcome,' inaction is the greatest risk of all. ~ Tim Ferriss, #NFDB
571:If you don’t define yourself for yourself then you will be crushed into other's fantasies of you and eaten alive ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
572:I'm very comfortable with myself and my sexuality, but it doesn't define me. I also read books believe it or not. ~ Eva Mendes, #NFDB
573:I would define development by focusing on the quality of life of the lower 25 percent of the population. This ~ Muhammad Yunus, #NFDB
574:Maybe the answer isn’t in another job,” Wendy said. “Maybe the answer is in finding new ways to define manhood. ~ Harlan Coben, #NFDB
575:Our choices define us: The stars may set us on a given path, but it is we who must decide whether we take it. ~ Romina Russell, #NFDB
576:Pretty sad that we define each other by what we do to put bread on the table rather than what makes us come alive. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
577:She was the living, breathing proof that the hard things in life didn't have to defeat you - or even define you. ~ Susan Wiggs, #NFDB
578:The female soul is no small thing. Neither is a woman's right to define the sacred from a woman's perspective. ~ Sue Monk Kidd, #NFDB
579:Everyone was trying to define everything so carefully, Jacinta felt; they wanted to annihilate all questions. ~ Kathleen Winter, #NFDB
580:He lives in a hole in the ground, dresses funny, and occasionally eats his assistants," Eve said. "Define crazy. ~ Rachel Caine, #NFDB
581:If somebody asks, "What is a dance?" how can you define it? But you can dance and you can know the inner feel of it. ~ Rajneesh, #NFDB
582:If we cannot define the Eternal, we can unify ourselves with it. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Modes of the Self, #NFDB
583:Light helps define a place. Here the light has color. It changes throughout the day and it’s unpredictable. ~ Mary Alice Monroe, #NFDB
584:Men define intelligence, men define usefulness, men tell us what is beautiful, men even tell us what is womanly ~ Sally Kempton, #NFDB
585:My professional life has been about public service. My personal life I define very intently through my family. ~ Bill de Blasio, #NFDB
586:One might almost define intelligence as the level at which an aware organism demands, 'What's in it for me? ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
587:The tone of pessimism and defeat that marked Carter’s first day in office came to define his entire presidency. ~ Bill O Reilly, #NFDB
588:This day is the most recent set of events to define you.
Every day changes your life. Every last one. ~ Richelle E Goodrich,#NFDB
589:when you judge another person, you do not define them. You define yourself as someone who needs to judge others. ~ Wayne W Dyer, #NFDB
590:You can't have Bach, Mozart and Beethoven as your favorite composers. They simply define what music is! ~ Michael Tilson Thomas, #NFDB
591:You define beauty for yourself, society doesn’t define your beauty. Your spirit and your faith defines your beauty. ~ Lady Gaga, #NFDB
592:I love basketball, but playing basketball doesn't fully define who I am. I was always a good student, too. ~ Kareem Abdul Jabbar, #NFDB
593:It is difficult for a woman to define her feelings in language which is chiefly made by men to express theirs. My ~ Thomas Hardy, #NFDB
594:Trying to explain or define grace is like catching the wind in a cardboard box or describing the color green. ~ Cathleen Falsani, #NFDB
595:We are wrong to let our stations define our worth. If God loves both peasant and noble alike, then we should too. ~ Jody Hedlund, #NFDB
596:define logic as the science which treats of the operations of the human understanding in the pursuit of truth. ~ John Stuart Mill, #NFDB
597:Define yourself by your best moments, not your worst. Find one thing you did do right today, and focus on that. ~ Trisha Ashworth, #NFDB
598:Do your homework in advance about the actual travel details so transportation issues do not define your holiday. ~ Chris Hadfield, #NFDB
599:How many a dispute could have been deflated into a single paragraph if the disputants had dared to define their terms ~ Aristotle, #NFDB
600:I am me. I have to define myself. I'm going to stand up at the back of the train and take control of my future. ~ Kelly Masterson, #NFDB
601:I define success as being comfortable with yourself and your life. And that is about as good as it gets, really. ~ Treat Williams, #NFDB
602:If an artist is one who spends his life trying to define his being, I guess I would have to call myself an artist. ~ Roger Ballen, #NFDB
603:I haven't talked much about being an ovarian cancer survivor because I don't really want to define myself that way. ~ Kathy Bates, #NFDB
604:I'm a minimalist. I see things in simple ways...It's human nature to define complexity as better. Well, it's not. ~ Gordon Willis, #NFDB
605:In other words, our opinions and our thoughts and feelings, anything we experience, need not define us forever. ~ Nicholas Sparks, #NFDB
606:It is not possible to define. Nothing has ever been finally found out. Because there is nothing final to find out. ~ Charles Fort, #NFDB
607:Many people try to define the Self instead of attempting to know the Self and abide in it. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, Reminisceneces, #NFDB
608:Art, at least art as I define it, is the intentional act of using your humanity to create a change in another person. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
609:A strategy that fails to define a variety of plausible and feasible immediate actions is missing a critical component. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
610:God is love, but He also defines what love is. We don't have the license to define love according to our standards. ~ Francis Chan, #NFDB
611:How many a dispute could have been deflated into a single paragraph if the disputants had dared to define their terms! ~ Aristotle, #NFDB
612:I define nothing. Not beauty, not patriotism. I take each thing as it is, without prior rules about what it should be. ~ Bob Dylan, #NFDB
613:Inferior translation, which consequently we may define as the inaccurate transmission of an inessential content. ~ Walter Benjamin, #NFDB
614:It is difficult, if not impossible, to define the limit of our reasonable desires in respect of possessions. ~ Arthur Schopenhauer, #NFDB
615:My new year's resolution: Never be afraid to be kicked in the teeth. Let the blood and the bruises define your legacy. ~ Lady Gaga, #NFDB
616:… settler colonialism will always define the issues with a solution that reentrenches its own power. ~ Leanne Betasamosake Simpson, #NFDB
617:The past doesn’t define us. It’s what we do here and now, today, that does. This world was built on second chances. ~ Karina Halle, #NFDB
618:When people say 'marriage' to me... It's always a means to an end. Everyone's so in a rush to define the relationship. ~ Lady Gaga, #NFDB
619:When we deny our stories and disengage from tough emotions, they don’t go away; instead, they own us, they define us. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
620:I think certain movies work and that is part of the magic of it all. We can't truly define why something succeeds. ~ Barry Levinson, #NFDB
621:Our sex need not primarily define who we are, what we are capable of, or what we can be expected to enjoy or engage in. ~ Tara Moss, #NFDB
622:Pretty sad that we define each other by what we do to put bread on the table rather than what makes us come alive. ~ James L Rubart, #NFDB
623:Since survival is the sine qua non, I now define the "moral behavior" as "behavior that tends toward survival". ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
624:Two Things that Define SUCCESS In LIFE: - The Way You Manage when You Have Nothing & Way You Behave when You Have Everything ~ Akon, #NFDB
625:We humans have a tendency to define things by what they are not. This is especially true of our emotional experiences. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
626:We should fight [mass immigration], we should stop it, we should be proud of who we are and define what we are not. ~ Geert Wilders, #NFDB
627:I don't define myself as an actor at all. Nor is that my greatest passion in life by any stretch of the imagination. ~ Shenae Grimes, #NFDB
628:Niggy Tardust' is the voice of a generation, a generation that does not define itself simply by what it's born into. ~ Saul Williams, #NFDB
629:We need to punch back against the extremes of both the left and the right and define the terms of the debate ourselves. ~ John Avlon, #NFDB
630:You and I might define a 'soul mate' differently. For most people, a soul mate has some kind of sexual connotation. ~ Frederick Lenz, #NFDB
631:But faith is still the mother of hatred here, as it is wherever people define their moral identities in religious terms. ~ Sam Harris, #NFDB
632:Hatred of popular culture was to define a generation of American intellectuals and their claim to a superior sensibility. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
633:human societies always define themselves by their narrowest possible interests.That they are exclusive not inclusive. ~ Joel Shepherd, #NFDB
634:I define membership as the state of being formally engaged with an organization or group on an ongoing basis. ~ Robbie Kellman Baxter, #NFDB
635:If you let a single life event define you then all you need to change things--if you want them to change--is another. ~ Myra McEntire, #NFDB
636:the world who fails, and it is she who has enough confidence to define success and failure for herself who succeeds. ~ Sophia Amoruso, #NFDB
637:As Max DePree, former CEO of furniture maker Herman Miller, put it, “The first job of a leader is to define reality. ~ Robert I Sutton, #NFDB
638:Don’t be content with what you earn, but be content with what you own. Don’t allow material things to define who you are. ~ Bo S nchez, #NFDB
639:Don't let anything or anyone define you. You are what you are because of what you make of tough situations in your life. ~ Demi Lovato, #NFDB
640:I define love thus: The will to extend one's self for the purpose of nurturing one's own or another's spiritual growth. ~ M Scott Peck, #NFDB
641:I don't have a warm personal enemy left. They've all died off. I miss them terribly because they helped define me. ~ Clare Boothe Luce, #NFDB
642:I have learned that track doesn't define me. My faith defines me. I'm running because I have been blessed with a gift. ~ Allyson Felix, #NFDB
643:I think actions really do define how you feel, as opposed to just saying, "I care about you" or "I want to be with you." ~ Charlyne Yi, #NFDB
644:I think loyalty to the country, loyalty to the United States is important. I mean it depends on how you define loyalty. ~ Donald Trump, #NFDB
645:I've never had anyone define purity. You probably can't define purity. Purity is to live according to original design. ~ Josh McDowell, #NFDB
646:Never define your success by somebody else's success. I never looked at another man's grass to tell how green mine should be. ~ Xzibit, #NFDB
647:Our past may be somewhat responsible for defining who we are at present, but it does not need to define our future. ~ Chris Guillebeau, #NFDB
648:She deserves to be happy in whatever way she wants to define that, and she should absolutely not accept anything less. ~ Adriana Locke, #NFDB
649:Vivimos dentro de un contexto que define el presente como eternamente incompleto y el futuro como eternamente mejor. ~ Jordan Peterson, #NFDB
650:You want to be good. All right, I can understand that. But you have to be careful who you let define your good. ~ Lois McMaster Bujold, #NFDB
651:Before a big acting competition, my dad sent me a note that said, 'Define the moment. Don't let the moment define you.' ~ Katie Leclerc, #NFDB
652:Him: Then what am I? What is anyone?
Her: I is the hardest word to define.
Him: Maybe you are what you can't not be. ~ John Green,#NFDB
653:I know who I am in the world, Shannon. I don’t need you to define me. What I need from you is what I can’t find on my own. ~ Julia Kent, #NFDB
654:It seems perverse to define intelligence as including rationality when no existing IQ test measures any such thing! ~ Keith E Stanovich, #NFDB
655:It's exciting for people to define who they are in relation to what I write - whether it be by loving or hating it. ~ Alanis Morissette, #NFDB
656:No man had ever heard a nightingale, When once a keen-eyed naturalist was stirred To study and define -- what is a bird. ~ Emma Lazarus, #NFDB
657:The fact that abortion is still a taboo subject means that opponents of abortion get to define it however suits them best. ~ Lindy West, #NFDB
658:The first job of a leader is to define a vision for the organization...the capacity to translate vision into reality. ~ Warren G Bennis, #NFDB
659:To understand the nature of the Revolution we must call it "progress"; and we may define progress by the word "tomorrow". ~ Victor Hugo, #NFDB
660:We're not words...we're people. Words are how others define us, but we can define ourselves any way we choose. ~ Shaun David Hutchinson, #NFDB
661:Whether we realize it or not, most of us define ourselves by opposing rather than by favoring something or someone. ~ Carlos Ruiz Zaf n, #NFDB
662:You just don't get funding to go out and find God. Even if you did, you'd have to first define what you mean by 'God. ~ Stephen LaBerge, #NFDB
663:Every man must define his identity against his mother. If he does not, he just falls back into her and is swallowed up. ~ Camille Paglia, #NFDB
664:Everyone is born and they die, but it's the memories they leave behind that define them and let them live on than others. ~ Judi Fennell, #NFDB
665:Fuck yeah,” he answered. “The mistakes we make in life don’t define us, Amy. The way we handle ’em after makin’ ’em do. ~ Kristen Ashley, #NFDB
666:I did not like the look of him at all. Something significantly ill-omened which I could not yet define emanated from him. ~ Iris Murdoch, #NFDB
667:If you define yourself by what you’re running away from, then how do you know when you’ve arrived at where you’re going to? ~ Julia Kent, #NFDB
668:I have no words to make your grief go away. I would not deny you that pain, as it may define you and make you stronger. ~ Robert J Crane, #NFDB
669:I think love is a hard word to define. You can love a lot of things about a person but still not love the whole person. ~ Colleen Hoover, #NFDB
670:It's almost heartening to think that the attachment you have can define your perception as much as any other influence. ~ David Levithan, #NFDB
671:Science fiction is hard to define because it is the literature of change and it changes while you are trying to define it. ~ Tom Shippey, #NFDB
672:Superstition? Who can define the boundary line between the superstition of yesterday and the scientific fact of tomorrow? ~ Garrett Fort, #NFDB
673:There are three mutually reinforcing elements that define fair process: engagement, explanation, and clarity of expectation ~ W Chan Kim, #NFDB
674:To define knowledge as merely empirical is to limit one's ability to know; it enfeebles one's ability to feel and think. ~ Wendell Berry, #NFDB
675:Vivimos dentro de un contexto que define el presente como eternamente incompleto y el futuro como eternamente mejor. ~ Jordan B Peterson, #NFDB
676:Competencies define how you expect a new hire to operate in the fulfillment of the job and the achievement of the outcomes. ~ Geoff Smart, #NFDB
677:Don't let your luggage define your travels, each life unravels differently.” ― Shane Koyczan ~ Penny ReidDuane~ Penny Reid ~ Penny Reid, #NFDB
678:I define power as control over one's life. Pay is not about power. Pay is about giving up power to get the power of pay. ~ Warren Farrell, #NFDB
679:Our world is obsessed with success. But how does God define success? Success in God's eyes is faithfulness to His calling. ~ Billy Graham, #NFDB
680:Pretty sad that we define each other by what we do to put bread on the table rather than what makes us come alive.” Come ~ James L Rubart, #NFDB
681:Quietly affirm that you will define your own reality from now on and that your definition will be based on your inner wisdom ~ Wayne Dyer, #NFDB
682:Self-esteem comes from being able to define the world in your own terms and refusing to abide by the judgments of others. ~ Oprah Winfrey, #NFDB
683:Susan Sontag said in her journal, “I write to define myself—an act of self-creation—part of [the] process of becoming. ~ Timothy D Wilson, #NFDB
684:There are moments that define our existence, moments that, if we recognize them, become pivotal turning points in our life. ~ C W Gortner, #NFDB
685:There are still times I’m angry, but I won’t let it define me. Each day I have to choose the life I want to live. “I’m ~ Corinne Michaels, #NFDB
686:We know who we are and we define what we are by references to the people we love and our reasons for loving them. ~ Gregory David Roberts, #NFDB
687:We reach ecstasy by a contestation of knowledge. Were I to stop at ecstasy and grasp it, in the end I would define it. ~ Georges Bataille, #NFDB
688:... we're moving into an era when we will define ourselves more by the technologies we refuse than the ones we accept. ~ Douglas Rushkoff, #NFDB
689:Biology can be said to define possibilities but not determine them; it is never irrelevant but it is also not determinant. ~ Cordelia Fine, #NFDB
690:Define what your brand stands for, its core values and tone of voice, and then communicate consistently in those terms. ~ Simon Mainwaring, #NFDB
691:How many of us allow others to define us and thus we become what they want us to be, not what we should be or could be? ~ Lisa Renee Jones, #NFDB
692:Marriage is a relationship between a man and a woman. I don't think it is the role of the state to define what marriage is. ~ John Sentamu, #NFDB
693:No effort is required to define or even attain happiness, but enormous concentration is needed to abandon everything else. ~ Quentin Crisp, #NFDB
694:The forcings that drive long-term climate change are not known with an accuracy sufficient to define future climate change. ~ James Hansen, #NFDB
695:The Thomas theorem, a sociological staple, says: 'If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. ~ Svend Brinkmann, #NFDB
696:Al fin y al cabo,no es el tiempo que dedicamos,sino cómo dedicamos nuestro tiempo lo que, en verdad,define nuestra historia. ~ Tonya Hurley, #NFDB
697:But if I learned one thing from Firebird, it’s that a person’s tragedy doesn’t define them or cancel all the good in their life. ~ M L Wang, #NFDB
698:But our culture is in truly bad shape if we have come to define respecting something as the failure to set it on fire. ~ Barbara Ehrenreich, #NFDB
699:I define spirituality as a search for love, beauty, happiness and wisdom. Spirituality is a journey that we never finish. ~ Akiane Kramarik, #NFDB
700:If we define the future as a time that looks different from the present, then most people aren’t expecting any future at all. ~ Peter Thiel, #NFDB
701:It's tragic that you can define a whole movement in music by gender alone. People are like, 'Oh, look, another quirky girl.' ~ Paloma Faith, #NFDB
702:Love grows and wanes, but honor, duty, and commitment, those things are constant and stable. They define who you are. ~ Richelle E Goodrich, #NFDB
703:One might define adulthood as the age at which a person learns that he must die ...and accepts his sentence undismayed. ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
704:Single payer means something different to everyone. The way I define it is that health care is a right and not a privilege. ~ Peter Shumlin, #NFDB
705:To define it rudely but not ineptly, engineering is the art of doing for 10 shillings what any fool can do for a pound ~ Duke of Wellington, #NFDB
706:you must dig constantly for meaning in the sorrow of this life, and that this sorrow must galvanize you, not define you. ~ Adriana Trigiani, #NFDB
707:But at a certain point in our lives, we cannot passively allow our upbringing to define us. We must choose it or choose other. ~ Jon Skovron, #NFDB
708:For me, having it all - if one wants to define it at all - is the magical time when what you want and what you have match up. ~ Delia Ephron, #NFDB
709:His genius he was quite content in one brief sentence to define; Of inspiration one percent, of perspiration, ninety nine. ~ Thomas A Edison, #NFDB
710:I define art as a work created by a human that has a unique point of view and discovers something that was not there before. ~ Signe Baumane, #NFDB
711:If I didn’t define myself for myself, I would be crunched into other people’s fantasies for me and eaten alive.” —Audre Lorde ~ Julia Serano, #NFDB
712:I learned that if I didn’t define myself for myself, I would be crunched into other people’s fantasies for me and eaten alive. ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
713:I'm French. I mean, that's my subject. Was also my nationality, too, though who lets nationality define them? Apart from idiots. ~ Matt Haig, #NFDB
714:In some ways, you get to find your voice better in [a sequel] because you have to define how you're doing it differently. ~ Daniel Radcliffe, #NFDB
715:There are many more attempts to define happiness than unhappiness. It is because people know all too well what unhappiness is. ~ Coco Chanel, #NFDB
716:We avoid sensuousness, only by resorting to simple negation. We come at last to define spirit by saying that it is not matter. ~ Albert Pike, #NFDB
717:America has had much more respect for its writers because they had to define what America was. America wasn't sure what it was. ~ Martin Amis, #NFDB
718:Art's primary social function is to define the communal self, which includes redefining it when the community is changing. ~ Thomas McEvilley, #NFDB
719:Furniture and food are ways that people define their attitude toward life. They'll buy better stuff if it's offered to them. ~ Terence Conran, #NFDB
720:I'm usually very attracted to things that I can't define. If something's too clear, it's very often not inspiring to me anymore. ~ Raf Simons, #NFDB
721:It is simply being aware of this present experience, and realizing that you can neither define it nor divide yourself from it. ~ Alan W Watts, #NFDB
722:Never to have occasion to take a position, to make up one's mind, or to define oneself - there is no wish I make more often. ~ Emile M Cioran, #NFDB
723:A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. ~ Thomas Jefferson, #NFDB
724:Define yourself radically as one beloved by God. This is the true self. Every other identity is illusion. BRENNAN MANNING ~ Jennifer Dukes Lee, #NFDB
725:For Kenya: we have a chance to start again each time we meet one another. The ghosts do not need to define the future. ~ Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor, #NFDB
726:I learned that what happened to me did not have to define who I was. My past could not control my future unless I allowed it to. ~ Joyce Meyer, #NFDB
727:Iskari let others define her because she thought she didn't have a choice. Because she thought she was alone and unloved. ~ Kristen Ciccarelli, #NFDB
728:Nothing could define her unless she let it. She had God in her life to heal those broken places, but she hadn't let him do it. ~ Colleen Coble, #NFDB
729:The whole goal with this thing [Ultra Natural] from the start was to really let rider's style define them and their line choice. ~ Travis Rice, #NFDB
730:Todos necesitamos a alguien que nos recuerde que la vida no se define por nuestro dolor, sino por nuestra unión con Cristo. ~ Paul David Tripp, #NFDB
731:Trauma is a rude awakening, but also an opportunity to edit the script from believing to knowing. Self define for destiny's shine! ~ T F Hodge, #NFDB
732:We must act as if our institutions are ours to create, our learning is ours to define, our leadership we seek is ours to become. ~ Peter Block, #NFDB
733:Are you okay?" I (Cassie) call up to him.
"Um. Define okay." (Ben)
"Okay means you're not bleeding to death."
"I'm okay. ~ Rick Yancey,#NFDB
734:However, no human being - and certainly no man - has the right to define for me what my understanding of God is. ~ Haleh Afshar Baroness Afshar, #NFDB
735:If you can define the problem better than your target customer, they will automatically assume you have the solution.” —Jay Abraham ~ Pat Flynn, #NFDB
736:I never wanted to be on any billionaires list. I never define myself by net worth. I always try to define myself by my values. ~ Howard Schultz, #NFDB
737:I struggle in these situations not to let my madness govern me, and to let the positive aspects of my character define my life. ~ Russell Brand, #NFDB
738:It is axiomatic that if we do not define ourselves for ourselves, we will be defined by others - for their use and our detriment. ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
739:When you are thinking about what you want to say, it is often helpful to define it down, in your own mind, to a sentence or two. ~ Peggy Noonan, #NFDB
740:You can define a free person precisely as someone whose fate is not centrally or directly dependent on peer assessment. ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
741:Your attitude is more important than stylish clothes. This comes from believing in yourself. This attitude can define your life. ~ Arjun Rampal, #NFDB
742:Your best ideas—the ones that truly excite you—define who you are and what you want. They deserve to be treated like treasure. ~ Bruce Kasanoff, #NFDB
743:A major gap between many of the denominations stems from how people define some of the most basic terms, such as 'religion' itself. ~ Criss Jami, #NFDB
744:A useful word previously unknown to me: 'ergophobia', meaning 'fear or hatred of work'. At last I can define myself in one word. ~ Kenneth Tynan, #NFDB
745:But the bit I liked best was where it said it's impossible to define love because it takes so many forms and is so complicated. ~ Aidan Chambers, #NFDB
746:Don’t depend on someone else’s plumages to define your beauty. You have brighter and beautiful feathers. Just fly with them! ~ Israelmore Ayivor, #NFDB
747:I define a factory as an organization that has figured it out, a place where people go to do what they’re told and earn a paycheck. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
748:I don't define myself as autistic first. I don't want to be a professional autistic. I think it's important to have a real job. ~ Temple Grandin, #NFDB
749:It is axiomatic that if we do not define ourselves for ourselves, we will be defined by others-for their use and to our detriment. ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
750:It is valour which defines a kshatriya, a kshatriya does not define valour. You are known by the deeds done; merit has no pedigree. ~ Kavita Kan, #NFDB
751:It’s so much harder to actually define yourself and work to imagine the best possible future than it is to tear down others’ ideas. ~ Hank Green, #NFDB
752:Life is life! The real meaning and definition of life is not wealth, though wealth can define and give meaning to life. ~ Ernest Agyemang Yeboah, #NFDB
753:Remember that rights are moral principles which define and protect a man's freedom of action, but impose no obligations on other men. ~ Ayn Rand, #NFDB
754:Schools serve the same social functions as prisons and mental institutions- to define, classify, control, and regulate people. ~ Michel Foucault, #NFDB
755:To define an expression is, paradoxically speaking, to explain how to get along without it. To define is to eliminate. ~ Willard Van Orman Quine, #NFDB
756:We can't let boys define how we feel about ourselves. You have to know who you are before you should let any boy worth anything in. ~ Kasie West, #NFDB
757:we can’t let boys define how we feel about ourselves. You have to know who you are before you should let any boy worth anything in. ~ Kasie West, #NFDB
758:We're not words, Henry, we're people.
Words are how others define us, but we can define ourselves any way we choose. ~ Shaun David Hutchinson,#NFDB
759:We won't let history define our future. Our actions will do the talking. Our determination will turn doubters into believers. ~ Andrew McCutchen, #NFDB
760:Before spending time on a stress-inducing question or problem, consider this: If you can't define it or act upon it, forget it. ~ Timothy Ferriss, #NFDB
761:Don't let the evil actions of broken people define your view of our world! Don't be terrorized into a diluted, hopeless reality. ~ Steve Maraboli, #NFDB
762:Don't let the evil actions of broken people define your view of our world! Don’t be terrorized into a diluted, hopeless reality. ~ Steve Maraboli, #NFDB
763:Every book changes you in some way, whether it’s your perspective on the world or how you define yourself in relation to the world. ~ Mindy Mejia, #NFDB
764:I am a drifter, and as lonely as that can be, it is also remarkably freeing. I will never define myself in terms of anyone else. ~ David Levithan, #NFDB
765:I don't even know how to define myself. I'm a person who writes. It's something I enjoy, and hopefully people enjoy it as well. ~ Macaulay Culkin, #NFDB
766:I hate to lose but having the belt doesn't define who I am. It's how I live my life and what I put into things is what defines me. ~ Urijah Faber, #NFDB
767:I think of death only with tranquility, as an end. I refuse to let death hamper life. Death must enter life only to define it. ~ Jean Paul Sartre, #NFDB
768:Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no one’s definition of your life; define yourself. ~ Robert Frost, #NFDB
769:Sometimes you have to be forced away from your work to realize youve made too much of it, to remember it doesnt define you. ~ Rachel Held Evans, #NFDB
770:The prevailing thinking patterns of a team or an organization—its norms and belief systems—will define what it is and what it does. ~ Henry Cloud, #NFDB
771:Third, I define loving God mainly as treasuring God. That is, it is an experience of cherishing, delighting, admiring, and valuing. ~ John Piper, #NFDB
772:wants to redeem, restore, and change your identity so that there is no incident, season, or name from your past left to define you. ~ Lisa Bevere, #NFDB
773:Whether something 'has color' or not is as hard to define verbally as are such questions as, 'What is music?' or 'What is musical? ~ Josef Albers, #NFDB
774:I don't know how one actually would define obscenity. I'm sure the definition is different according to the age one is living in. ~ Jane Alexander, #NFDB
775:I'm black, I don't feel burdened by it and I don't think it's a huge responsibility. It's part of who I am. It does not define me. ~ Oprah Winfrey, #NFDB
776:In a startup, the founders define the product vision and then use customer discovery to find customers and a market for that vision. ~ Steve Blank, #NFDB
777:Leaders don't define wealth by material things they see. They define wealth by the visions they imagine and actions they take. ~ Israelmore Ayivor, #NFDB
778:mother has always wanted me to be happy, through socialism if necessary, while my father just asked me to define the word reification; ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
779:Relationships help us to define who we are and what we can become. Most of us can trace our successes to pivotal relationships. ~ Donald O Clifton, #NFDB
780:The beliefs that we use to define our own individuality, what makes us unique - good, bad, or indifferent - from other individuals. ~ Tony Robbins, #NFDB
781:"To define'your' life is to limit it, and to limit it is to create false beliefs which become the source of all dissatisfaction." ~ Brian Thompson, #NFDB
782:Yet—and this is the painful paradox—we have decided that they should be the ones who largely define how we live in our waning days. ~ Atul Gawande, #NFDB
783:Another common way to define blues is as a tradition that employs a range of tonal and rhythmic practices originating in West Africa. ~ Elijah Wald, #NFDB
784:Culture consists of the shared purpose, attitudes, values, goals, practices, behaviors, and habits that define a team or organization. ~ Jon Gordon, #NFDB
785:Engineers can compute but not define, mathematicians can define but not compute, economists can neither define nor compute. ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
786:Everybody's got the potential for great good and great wrong in them, but it's the choices we make that define who we really are. ~ Charles de Lint, #NFDB
787:I am not an atheist. I do not know if I can define myself as a pantheist. The problem involved is too vast for our limited minds. ~ Albert Einstein, #NFDB
788:Jhumpa Lahiri calls living in a foreign country “an eternal pregnancy”; an uncomfortable wait for something impossible to define. ~ G Willow Wilson, #NFDB
789:Life is made of so many moments that mean nothing. Then one day, a single moment comes along to define every second that comes after. ~ Sabaa Tahir, #NFDB
790:There is no more dramatic accessory than a perfect lip. It is the focus of the face and it has the power to define a woman's whole look. ~ Tom Ford, #NFDB
791:The teachings of ECK define the nature of Soul. You are Soul, a particle of God sent into this world to gain spiritual experience. ~ Paul Twitchell, #NFDB
792:Though philosophers like to define poetry as irrational fancy, for us it is practical, humorous, reasonable way of being ourselves. ~ Robert Graves, #NFDB
793:When we attempt to define and describe God, both language and thought desert us, and we are as helpless as fools and savages. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson, #NFDB
794:Where you have been doesn't define who you are, Zeb. I told you that when we first met that I understand that people make mistakes. ~ Jay Crownover, #NFDB
795:El fracaso no es lo que te define. Lo que te determina si eres una líder o un desperdicio de vida es lo que haces después de fracasar. ~ Sabaa Tahir, #NFDB
796:Failure doesn't define you. It's what you do after you fail that determines whether you are a leader or a waste of perfectly good air. ~ Sabaa Tahir, #NFDB
797:Failure doesn’t define you. It’s what you do after you fail that determines whether you are a leader or a waste of perfectly good air. ~ Sabaa Tahir, #NFDB
798:For somebody who's never run for office before, Donald Trump understands that old axiom, "Define yourself before you're defined." ~ Kellyanne Conway, #NFDB
799:In the beginning we define what is spiritual. But as you go on, you see that everybody and everything is an instrument of infinity. ~ Frederick Lenz, #NFDB
800:Music is one of the highest art forms there is. It can define a life, change a life, or even safe a life, in just three short minutes. ~ Alyson Noel, #NFDB
801:Nature, nurture, both matter, both form us. But at some point, at so many points, the choices we make, the paths we take, they define us. ~ J D Robb, #NFDB
802:The final test of a novel will be our affection for it, as it is the test of our friends, and of anything else which we cannot define. ~ E M Forster, #NFDB
803:We might even define the human as a dynamic process produced by a series of identifications and misidentifications with animality. ~ Simon Critchley, #NFDB
804:Calamities are only calamities if you define them as such; in reality there are only events and all events can be useful. ~ Janwillem van de Wetering, #NFDB
805:Elites quite naturally define as the most important and admired qualities for a citizen those on which they themselves have concentrated. ~ John Saul, #NFDB
806:equal, hierarchical, or unrelated? These relationships also define the exercise of power as a collective act. A psychological ~ James MacGregor Burns, #NFDB
807:Illness is used to define wellness. Abnormalcy marks the boundaries of normalcy. Deviance demarcates the limits of conformity. ~ Siddhartha Mukherjee, #NFDB
808:I never define depression, clinical or otherwise. It's the basis of most life. It seems to be the modern world: we all are depressed. ~ Terry Gilliam, #NFDB
809:It’s God saying, “I love the world too much to let your sin define you and be the final word. I am a God who makes all things new. ~ Nadia Bolz Weber, #NFDB
810:Leadership can be thought of as a capacity to define oneself to others in a way that clarifies and expands a vision of the future. ~ Edwin H Friedman, #NFDB
811:Maybe this is the point: to embrace the core sadness of life without toppling headlong into it, or assuming it will define your days. ~ Gail Caldwell, #NFDB
812:Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no one's definition of your life; define yourself. ~ Harvey Fierstein, #NFDB
813:Putting on a beautifully designed suit elevates my spirit, extols my sense of self, and helps define me as a man to whom details matter. ~ Gay Talese, #NFDB
814:The final test for a novel will be our affection for it, as it is the test of our friends, and of anything else which we cannot define. ~ E M Forster, #NFDB
815:There is only one winning strategy. It is to carefully define the target market and direct a superior offering to that target market. ~ Philip Kotler, #NFDB
816:We have to define future worlds by imagining them first together.
Otherwise, we will deal with no man's lands and potential conflicts. ~ Toba Beta,#NFDB
817:We know that no one should tell a woman she has to bear an unwanted child. We know that religious beliefs cannot define patriotism. ~ Walter Cronkite, #NFDB
818:When something bad happens you have three choices. You can either let it define you, let is destroy you, or you can let it strengthen you. ~ Dr Seuss, #NFDB
819:Discontent will never change the world. If you want your work to have a lasting impact on the world, define yourself with gratitude. ~ Rachel Jankovic, #NFDB
820:Everybody's got the potential for great good and great wrong in them, but it's the
choices we make that define who we really are. ~ Charles de Lint,#NFDB
821:It is not important whether or not the interpretation is correct — if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. ~ W I Thomas, #NFDB
822:Perhaps I will tell them that your race is like your name—it is a given, and you must define your own name so that it does not define you. ~ Eula Biss, #NFDB
823:Talent just defines what you do...It doesn't define what you are. Deep down, I mean. When you know what you are, you can do anything ~ Terry Pratchett, #NFDB
824:The conception of education as a social process and function has no definite meaning until we define the kind of society we have in mind. ~ John Dewey, #NFDB
825:The greatest benefit of the arrival of artificial intelligence is that AIs will help define humanity. We need AIs to tell us who we are. ~ Kevin Kelly, #NFDB
826:We define journalism in America as the business and practice of presenting the news of the day in the interest of economic privilege. ~ Upton Sinclair, #NFDB
827:While each of us faces enormous challenges every day, it's not the sins we commit that will define us, its how we respond to them. ~ Sugar Ray Leonard, #NFDB
828:You get to define the terms of your life. You get to negotiate and articulate the complexities and contradictions of your feelings... ~ Cheryl Strayed, #NFDB
829:A deep instinct is restoring balance and wholeness in us by trying to define a new image of the transcendent which includes the feminine. ~ Anne Baring, #NFDB
830:All of us have something. Each and every one. You'll have to learn how to keep living with it. But you can't let it define you" -Mombi ~ Danielle Paige, #NFDB
831:Failure doesn't define you. It's what you do after the failure that determines whether you are a leader or a waste of perfectly good air. ~ Sabaa Tahir, #NFDB
832:I guess there are a lot of people out there that think they're supposed to define themselves in isolation, but that's not necessarily the case. ~ Feist, #NFDB
833:I mean it as a compliment when I say that you could almost define a philosopher as someone who won't take common sense for an answer. ~ Richard Dawkins, #NFDB
834:I mean it as a compliment when I say that you could almost define a philosopher as someone who won’t take common sense for an answer. ~ Richard Dawkins, #NFDB
835:Instead of giving in to cynicism and division, let's move forward with the confidence and optimism and unity that define us as a people. ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
836:our rights come from our Creator and it is impossible to define America if you do not talk in public about where your rights come from. ~ Newt Gingrich, #NFDB
837:Pop music is a difficult term to define. I think about good music and bad music. Good music is good music whatever origin it comes from. ~ Nina Persson, #NFDB
838:The chances you take… the people you meet… the people you love...the faith that you have - that’s what’s going to define your life. ~ Denzel Washington, #NFDB
839:The more we allow such commodity art to define and control our gifts, the less gifted we will become, as individuals and as a society. The ~ Lewis Hyde, #NFDB
840:The object of your worship will determine your future and define your life. It’s the one choice that all other choices are motivated by. ~ Kyle Idleman, #NFDB
841:This is just one little part of who I am, and I'm not gonna let my sexuality define or confine me. It's part of me, it's not all of me. ~ Connor Franta, #NFDB
842:Though leadership may be hard to define, the one characteristic common to all leaders is the ability to make things happen. ~ Theodore Wilhelm Engstrom, #NFDB
843:Where you come from, what you look like, and what your past holds do not define you as an individual--you are what you make yourself to be. ~ Kat Von D, #NFDB
844:All of this is vital to define now before you proceed, because what you learn about yourself is going to guide all of your future decisions. ~ Pat Flynn, #NFDB
845:Entrepreneurs are not necessarily risk takers; it’s just that they define risk and security differently from the way other people do. ~ Chris Guillebeau, #NFDB
846:Feminism is sort of like God. Many people profess to believe in it, but no one seems to be able to define it to everyone's satisfaction. ~ Aaron Allston, #NFDB
847:I don't know how you define 'neoconservatism,' but I think it's associated with trying to spread open political systems and democracy. ~ George P Shultz, #NFDB
848:I never define depression, clinical or otherwise. It's the basis of most life, it seems to me, in the modern world. We're all depressed. ~ Terry Gilliam, #NFDB
849:I think love is a hard word to define,” I say to her. “You can love a lot of things about a person but still not love the whole person. ~ Colleen Hoover, #NFDB
850:It is neither trials nor relationships nor successes nor failures that define a man, but the choices he makes while handling them. ~ Richelle E Goodrich, #NFDB
851:Never be bullied into silence, never be allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no one's definition of your life; define yourself. ~ Harvey Fierstein, #NFDB
852:The first responsibility of a leader is to define reality.” That can happen only when the leader is willing to hear and face the truth. ~ John C Maxwell, #NFDB
853:To us power is, first of all, the ability to define phenomena, and secondly the ability to make these phenomena act in a desired manner. ~ Huey P Newton, #NFDB
854:We can broadly define the concept of cultural appropriation as the adoption or exploitation of another culture by a more dominant culture. ~ Ijeoma Oluo, #NFDB
855:Ampliando a Musashi: el buen combatiente no se define por la causa que defiende, sino por el sentido que sabe extraer de la lucha. ~ Albert S nchez Pi ol, #NFDB
856:An infinite question is often destroyed by finite answers. To define everything is to annihilate much that gives us laughter and joy. ~ Madeleine L Engle, #NFDB
857:Anything you put in a play -- any speech -- has got to do one of two things: either define character or push the action of the play along. ~ Edward Albee, #NFDB
858:Courage. Kindness. Friendship. Character. These are the qualities that define us as human beings, and propel us, on occasion, to greatness. ~ R J Palacio, #NFDB
859:Failure doesn't define you. It's what you do after you fail that determines whether you are a leader or a good waste of perfectly good air. ~ Sabaa Tahir, #NFDB
860:Indeed, the power of words has gone to man’s head in more than one way. To define has come to mean almost the same thing as to understand. ~ Alan W Watts, #NFDB
861:Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no one's definition of your life, but define yourself. ~ Harvey Fierstein, #NFDB
862:No one knows for sure about the future. But if you feel reluctant to plan something about it, then someone with guts would define it for you. ~ Toba Beta, #NFDB
863:We cannot begin to define God's knowledge. We know, simply and profoundly, that nothing is hidden from Him or incomprehensible to Him. ~ Elizabeth George, #NFDB
864:Alguns erros... apenas têm consequências maiores que outros. Mas você não precisa deixar que aquela noite seja aquilo que define quem você é. ~ Jojo Moyes, #NFDB
865:Failure doesn’t define you. It’s what you do after you fail that determines whether you are a leader or a waste of perfectly good air.” Afya ~ Sabaa Tahir, #NFDB
866:Hay cosas que nunca desaparecen. Entre ellas se encuentra la violencia. La Modernidad no se define, precisamente, por su aversión a esta. ~ Byung Chul Han, #NFDB
867:In general, you can define collector modules that import all the names from other modules so they’re available in a single convenience module. ~ Mark Lutz, #NFDB
868:In order to understand information, we must define it; bit in order to define it, we must first understand it. Where to start? ~ Hans Christian von Baeyer, #NFDB
869:Life is a slippery thing to define, but it consists of two very different skills: the ability to replicate, and the ability to create order. ~ Matt Ridley, #NFDB
870:The Four Keys, select for talent, define the right outcomes, focus on strengths, find the right fit, reveal how they attack this goal. ~ Marcus Buckingham, #NFDB
871:We all have a wrong idea of ourselves. I am always changing, and I will continue to change. So, I never try to describe, define or judge myself. ~ Omar Sy, #NFDB
872:What counts for most people in investing is not how much they know, but rather how realistically they define what they don't know. ~ Lawrence A Cunningham, #NFDB
873:Define your times. Treasure your calling. Pray without ceasing. The terrors of the age are less than the grandeur of the Christ within you. ~ Calvin Miller, #NFDB
874:Don't just let your career happen to you. You need to be strategic about how you define your leadership journey and where that takes you. ~ Denise Morrison, #NFDB
875:Once upon a time, there was a clear set of choices that people made. Now there are so many choices of how to think, how to define ourselves. ~ Tamar Jacoby, #NFDB
876:Politics isn't what defines a person, and it shouldn't define a relationship. I made the mistake of letting that intrude on my relationships. ~ Patti Davis, #NFDB
877:Self-realization is, in fact, the only religion. For it is the true purpose of religion, no matter how people define their beliefs. ~ Paramahansa Yogananda, #NFDB
878:The success doesn't define you. The success isn't what gave you the edge in the first place. The failure didn't give me the edge, either. ~ Richard Sherman, #NFDB
879:Whereas purpose provides the juice and the direction, principles define the parameters of action and the criteria for excellence of behavior. ~ David Allen, #NFDB
880:Womanhood should be defined by each person for herself, because we are not all the same, and there’s no one way we can define it as a group. ~ Luvvie Ajayi, #NFDB
881:You and I are the force for transformation in the world. We are the consciousness that will define the nature of the reality we are moving into. ~ Ram Dass, #NFDB
882:Your relationship with your husband should be an important part of your private life, but publicly you should be able to define yourself. ~ Natalie Portman, #NFDB
883:A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a people who mean to be free. ~ Thomas Jefferson, #NFDB
884:If we define Futurism as an exploration beyond accepted limits, then the nature of limiting systems becomes the first object of exploration. ~ Frank Herbert, #NFDB
885:Instead of letting the experience define him, he took control of it. He used it to become a better player and, he believes, a better person. ~ Carol S Dweck, #NFDB
886:I would define myself as being naive and perverse at the same time. And I think that if that is consistent it will make the tone consistent. ~ Michel Gondry, #NFDB
887:Learning agility,” as they define it, “is the ability to reflect on experience and then engage in new behaviors based on those reflections. ~ James M Kouzes, #NFDB
888:No matter how bad home is, it is still home, and home is something that will always be a part of you, something that helps define your life. ~ Misty Griffin, #NFDB
889:There is far more spiritual potential within than most people realize. The potential is so great that to define it in words would be impossible. ~ Belsebuub, #NFDB
890:When leaders define clear ownership and invest in others, they have sown the seeds of success and earned the right to hold people accountable. ~ Liz Wiseman, #NFDB
891:When we define the elements of a story as it relates to our brand, we create a map customers can follow to engage our products and services. ~ Donald Miller, #NFDB
892:And why? Because they are suffocating within the lines that define their town and their times. And sometimes lines are made to be crossed. ~ Kathryn Stockett, #NFDB
893:Courage. Kindness. Friendship. Character. These are the qualities that define us as human beings, and propel us, on occasion, to greatness. And ~ R J Palacio, #NFDB
894:God is love (1 John 4:8, 16) and God is sovereign (Acts 4:24). Those biblical truths must define our response to every circumstance in life. ~ David Jeremiah, #NFDB
895:I've seen extreme bravery from the least likely of people. Life is about the moments when it's all gone wrong. That's when we define ourselves. ~ Bear Grylls, #NFDB
896:I wouldn’t know what to do if I weren’t next to you. That’s who I am.”
“You can’t rely on someone else to define you. Especially not me. ~ Lauren Kate,#NFDB
897:Mistakes don't have to define us. They're how we learn and grow. They show us who and what we don't want to be. It's why they're mistakes. ~ Sherrilyn Kenyon, #NFDB
898:Nada puede acabar con el libre albedrío. Nuestra capacidad de decidir está ligada a nuestras almas. Es lo que nos define como seres humanos. ~ Gennifer Albin, #NFDB
899:Truth" is contained in the preconceptions of him who seeks to define it. Any organization of ideas whatever presupposes a judgment on the world. ~ Jack Vance, #NFDB
900:But know that how you see yourself doesn’t define you. How I see you defines you. How you see yourself only defines your experience in the world. ~ Ted Dekker, #NFDB
901:If we don’t write our stories, how will we truly know who we are? How will we define the world? How will we touch the mysteries of life? ~ Francesca Lia Block, #NFDB
902:I think being someone in love is so hard to define, so temporary, because retrospectively we often deny the state in which we were in love. ~ Abbas Kiarostami, #NFDB
903:I would define morality as enlightened self-interest...That old Platonic ideal that there are certain pure moral forms just isn't where we are. ~ Andrew Young, #NFDB
904:Maybe people are not able to define their fears. But they have them, and it shows from their behavior. There is so much frustration and anger. ~ Andre Vltchek, #NFDB
905:My definition of likeable may be different from other people's. That's not traditional likeable. Sympathy is a different thing [to define it]. ~ Paul Giamatti, #NFDB
906:Never let anyone define you. You are the only person who defines you. No one can speak for you. Only you speak for you. You are your only voice. ~ Terry Crews, #NFDB
907:No matter what he’d been through, there was no excuse for the way it continued to haunt him. You couldn’t allow your past to define you. ~ Matthew FitzSimmons, #NFDB
908:Once you’ve read too many trashy best-sellers, you begin to look for something with substance, something that attempts to define the universe. ~ Jessica Zafra, #NFDB
909:People aren’t carved out of marble. We’re all works in progress. The trick is to define ourselves, rather than let outside influences define us. ~ J A Konrath, #NFDB
910:...people enjoy being able to articulate their interests and define themselves by selectively compiling and resharing content created by others ~ Tom Standage, #NFDB
911:People who try to define their spirituality sometimes are annoying, 'cause the spirit is something you feel and let guide you and humbly respect. ~ Ben Harper, #NFDB
912:Pressed, I would define spirituality as the shadow of light humanity casts as it moves through the darkness of everything that can be explained. ~ John Updike, #NFDB
913:Sometimes others don’t see us in the proper light. Even with the best intentions, no one else has the ability to define you in an accurate way. ~ John Herrick, #NFDB
914:The curse of the intelligentsia is their ability to rationalize and re-define. Ordinary people, lacking that gift, are forced to face reality. ~ Thomas Sowell, #NFDB
915:The essence of oppression is that one is defined from the outside by those who define themselves as superior by criteria of their own choice. ~ Andrea Dworkin, #NFDB
916:The Six Core Competencies do not define or offer a formula. Rather, they define structure driven by criteria for the elements that comprise it. ~ Larry Brooks, #NFDB
917:To define [Canada] or its literature seems like putting a finger on Zeno's arrow: no sooner do you think you have done it than it has moved on. ~ M G Vassanji, #NFDB
918:We define the entire scope of our outer experience based upon our inner problems. If you want to grow spiritually, you have to change that. ~ Michael A Singer, #NFDB
919:Your environment helps define what you consider to be expensive or cheap, a wise or stupid purchase, and how much you’ll allow yourself to make. ~ Jen Sincero, #NFDB
920:At the heart of liberty is the right to define one's own concept of existence, of meaning, of the universe, and of the mystery of human life. ~ Anthony Kennedy, #NFDB
921:Autism doesn't have to define a person. Artists with autism are like anyone else: They define themselves through hard work and individuality. ~ Adrienne Bailon, #NFDB
922:Human. Hunter. Vampire. Fire-wielder. I have, and have had, many titles. But none of them define who I am.” I shook him. “Do you understand me? ~ Bella Forrest, #NFDB
923:Strength of body. Strength of mind. strength of personality. All this things lie within a person. They define us. They determine our limits. ~ Patrick Rothfuss, #NFDB
924:The solution is as elegant as it is efficient: Define the right outcomes and then let each person find his own route toward those outcomes. ~ Marcus Buckingham, #NFDB
925:Those are the things that define us. The way we love the people around us, and the choices we make to show it. That's what makes us who we are. ~ Rebecca Serle, #NFDB
926:To say that man is a compound of strength and weakness, light and darkness, smallness and greatness, is not to indict him, it is to define him. ~ Denis Diderot, #NFDB
927:We have a tendency to condemn people who are different from us, to define their sins as paramount and our own sinfulness as being insignificant. ~ Jimmy Carter, #NFDB
928:Who can chart the vastness of Incarceron?
Its halls viaducts, its chasms?
Only the man who has known freedom
Can define his prison. ~ Catherine Fisher,#NFDB
929:You can define advertising as the science of creating and placing media that interrupts the consumer and then gets him or her to take some action. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
930:Art is the reason I get up in the morning, but the definition ends there. It doesn't seem fair that I'm living for something I can't even define. ~ Ani DiFranco, #NFDB
931:If I were personally to define religion, I would say that it is a bandage that man has invented to protect a soul made bloody by circustance. ~ Theodore Dreiser, #NFDB
932:If you can define the problem differently than everybody else in the industry, you can generate alternatives that others aren’t thinking about. ~ Roger L Martin, #NFDB
933:I love L.A. I always have such a great time in L.A. The way I kind of define me and L.A. is the noise of the factory doesn't let me sleep well. ~ Alfonso Cuaron, #NFDB
934:We all have threads in our lives, continuous strands that reach back years, decades, entire lifetimes. The threads are what help define who we are. ~ Cleo Coyle, #NFDB
935:We’d try to define these terms like honor, integrity, etc. It really forced me to find some kind of substance to these terms that shape our lives. ~ Laura Bates, #NFDB
936:... we ought even to hold as a fixed principle that what I see white I believe to be black, if the superior authorities define it to be so. ~ Ignatius of Loyola, #NFDB
937:All that appears in your life is a blessing, presenting you with a greater opportunity to define who you are, and to know yourself as that. ~ Neale Donald Walsch, #NFDB
938:Because it's true. Erica, one horrible experience doesn't define you. If it did, I doubt you'd want to be with me either.
"I do," I said. ~ Meredith Wild,#NFDB
939:But much of our current emphasis on independence is a reaction to dependence—to having others control us, define us, use us, and manipulate us. ~ Stephen R Covey, #NFDB
940:First we define a simple list of integer values, then we use the standard functions filter(), map() and reduce() to do various things with that list. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
941:For if I try to seize this self of which I feel sure, if I try to define and to summarize it, it is nothing but water slipping through my fingers. ~ Albert Camus, #NFDB
942:I define a diva as a woman who possesses courage, beauty, style, and confidence. Based on that definitions, I've probably got a bit more work to do. ~ Faith Hill, #NFDB
943:I define anarchist society as one where there is no legal possibility for coercive aggression against the person or property of any individual. ~ Murray Rothbard, #NFDB
944:It comes down to this: black people were stripped of our identities when we were brought here, and it's been a quest since then to define who we are. ~ Spike Lee, #NFDB
945:Most controversies would soon be ended, if those engaged in them would first accurately define their terms, and then adhere to their definitions. ~ Tryon Edwards, #NFDB
946:Power is at the root of the human experience. Our attitudes and beliefs--positive or negative--are all extensions of how we define and use power. ~ Caroline Myss, #NFDB
947:Such was the way of love, a selfless, all-encompassing state of existence that defied every effort to define, contain, evade, or comprehend it. ~ Barbara Devlin, #NFDB
948:Talent just defines what you do,” he said. “It doesn’t define what you are. Deep down, I mean. When you know what you are, you can do anything. ~ Terry Pratchett, #NFDB
949:Ultimately one must abandon the path to enlightenment. If you still define yourself as a Buddhist, you are not a buddha yet. ~ Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche, #NFDB
950:When I can't immediately define the character, and there's an element of mystery to it and still a lot to be explored, that's when I say yes. ~ Leonardo DiCaprio, #NFDB
951:Yet the special thing about literature, the major art form of a Western civilization now ending before our very eyes, is not hard to define. ~ Michel Houellebecq, #NFDB
952:Art is why I get up in the morning but my definition ends there. You know I don't think its fair that I'm living for something I can't even define. ~ Ani DiFranco, #NFDB
953:A tragedy is a tragedy, no matter what, but I’ve learned that it doesn’t define who we are and it doesn’t weaken us. It makes us stronger. ~ Jennifer L Armentrout, #NFDB
954:At the heart of liberty is the right to define one’s own concept of existence, of meaning, of the universe, and of the mystery of human life.”4 ~ Timothy J Keller, #NFDB
955:Black absorbs all color, accepts them, takes them into it and let them define it. Gray isn't anything but itself. It absorbs nothing but itself. ~ Nicole Williams, #NFDB
956:If we define ourselves by each of the ever-changing feelings that cascade through us, how will we ever feel at home in our own bodies and minds? ~ Sharon Salzberg, #NFDB
957:The Net is not a single home. Rather, it's an environment where thousands of small homes and communities can form and define and design themselves. ~ Esther Dyson, #NFDB
958:The traits that define great work are bought with career capital, the theory argues; they don’t come from matching your work to your innate passion. ~ Cal Newport, #NFDB
959:This is what an occupation does—it wears you down until you accept evil. Until you can no longer fully define it, even. Let alone recognize it. ~ Melanie Benjamin, #NFDB
960:Would ectoplasm be considered an amenity? As I have said, I personally define an amenity as a specific and unexpected add-on to the hotel experience. ~ Rick Moody, #NFDB
961:Your success is not in what you do, but in who you are in Jesus. His death on the cross, His resurrection life, and His righteousness define you. ~ Lynn A Coleman, #NFDB
962:Being an addict doesn’t define who you are.”
“It doesn’t,” I agree with her. “Accepting it and having the courage to face it defines who I am. ~ Natasha Madison,#NFDB
963:Ethics define what people ought to do; morals describe what people actually do. The difference between them is between the normal and the descriptive. ~ R C Sproul, #NFDB
964:I define anarchist society as one where there is no legal possibility for coercive aggression against the person or property of any individual. ~ Murray N Rothbard, #NFDB
965:I think one's sexuality can be the center of life, and coming out and discovering your sexuality is something that really can define your existence. ~ Mia Kirshner, #NFDB
966:It's like you wake up one morning, and decided that how you've been in the past doesn't have to define who you are in the future. Simple as that. ~ Carolyn Mackler, #NFDB
967:I wear my Viking helmet because the horns define how sharp my brains are. If you try to rub me the wrong way, I will stick you with both of my horns. ~ Flavor Flav, #NFDB
968:Popularity's a weird thing. You can't really define it, and it's not cool to talk about, but you know it when you see it. Like a lazy eye, or porn. ~ Lauren Oliver, #NFDB
969:Western dictionaries define secularism as absence of religion but Indian secularism does not mean irreligiousness.It means profusion of religions. ~ Shashi Tharoor, #NFDB
970:Yoga is a spectacularly multifaceted phenomenon, and as such is very difficult to define because there are exceptions to every conceivable rule. ~ Georg Feuerstein, #NFDB
971:A guy isn't the only thing that will make me happy. If I never find romance or love, that will be okay. It's what I want, but it doesn't define me. ~ Kim Kardashian, #NFDB
972:Conservatives define themselves more by their hatred of liberals than anything else, and, conversely, liberals by their distaste for conservatives. ~ Graydon Carter, #NFDB
973:Don't let someone else decide who you are. You decide. You are free to make that choice no matter where you've come from. Blood does not define you. ~ Amalie Howard, #NFDB
974:Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no one’s definition of your life. Define yourself. —Harvey Fierstein ~ Aleatha Romig, #NFDB
975:People need a monster they can believe in."
A true and horrible enemy. A demon to define themselves against. Otherwise, it's just us versus us. ~ Chuck Palahniuk,#NFDB
976:You cannot define electricity. The same can be said of art. It is a kind of inner current in a human being, or something which needs no definition. ~ Marcel Duchamp, #NFDB
977:You must define success as making the complete effort to maximize your ability, skills, and potential in whatever circumstances—good or bad—may exist. ~ John Wooden, #NFDB
978:Even in the growth mindset, failure can be a painful experience. But it doesn't define you. It's a problem to be faced, dealt with, and learned from. ~ Carol S Dweck, #NFDB
979:Even in the growth mindset, failure can be a painful experience. But it doesn’t define you. It’s a problem to be faced, dealt with, and learned from. ~ Carol S Dweck, #NFDB
980:If we resist the temptation to allow other people to define who we are, then we will gradually be able to let the sun inside our own soul shine forth. ~ Paulo Coelho, #NFDB
981:Leadership is hard to define and good leadership even harder. But if you can get people to follow you to the ends of the earth, you are a great leader. ~ Indra Nooyi, #NFDB
982:Neuroanatomy isn't destiny. Neither is genetics. They don't define who you will be. But they do define who you might be. They define who you can be. ~ Temple Grandin, #NFDB
983:The American constitutions were to liberty, what a grammar is to language: they define its parts of speech, and practically construct them into syntax ~ Thomas Paine, #NFDB
984:The way you define yourself as a writer is that you write every time you have a free minute. If you didn't behave that way you would never do anything. ~ John Irving, #NFDB
985:Unfortunately, one of the most signifi cant things ever said about emotion may be that everyone knows what it is until they are asked to define it. ~ Joseph E LeDoux, #NFDB
986:We are what we love. We are the things, the people, the ideas we spend our days with. They center us, they drive us, they define us to our very core. ~ Daisy Whitney, #NFDB
987:All cultural explorers. . . start off from specific roots which color their vision and define the allegiances of the work of art they produce. ~ Keorapetse Kgositsile, #NFDB
988:Certain stories we carry with us, events in our life, they define who we are. It's not a matter of getting over anything; we have to make the best of it. ~ Nick Flynn, #NFDB
989:I am still stunned by my capacity to spin Scripture, see what I wanted, ignore what I didn’t, and use the Word to defend my life rather than define it. ~ Jen Hatmaker, #NFDB
990:I don't think you need to be so result-oriented when you're trying to define the success of an art work. I think we can allow some unpredictability. ~ Olafur Eliasson, #NFDB
991:Intuitives tend to define intelligence as “quickness of understanding” and so prejudge the case in their own favor, for intuition is very quick. ~ Isabel Briggs Myers, #NFDB
992:I want to be a part of something, and when we define movies now based on how they do on the weekend. We live in a society of "thumbs up, thumbs down." ~ Kevin Costner, #NFDB
993:No longer do I fear. No longer do I let others define me. I know what I am. What I'm capable of. That I'm a girl... a woman who will fight to survive. ~ Sophie Jordan, #NFDB
994:railroads fell into the trap of letting the product define the market they were in, rather than the job customers were hiring them to do. They ~ Clayton M Christensen, #NFDB
995:The greatest joy in getting ready for the film is that there aren't many reference points for the journey and you've got to define it for yourself. ~ William Fichtner, #NFDB
996:The human mind is generally far more eager to praise and dispraise than to describe and define. It wants to make every distinction a distinction of value; ~ C S Lewis, #NFDB
997:The purpose of art is to reflect new emerging values and to define the new heroes and heroines so that people can absorb them into their perceptions. ~ Edward de Bono, #NFDB
998:Tough times are inevitable in life and in business. But how you compose yourself during those times defines your spirit and will define your future. ~ Richard Branson, #NFDB
999:We define a bargain issue as one which, on the basis of facts established by analysis, appears to be worth considerably more that it is selling for. ~ Benjamin Graham, #NFDB
1000:... we ought even to hold as a fixed principle that what I see white I believe to be black, if the superior authorities define it to be so. ~ Saint Ignatius of Loyola, #NFDB
1001:You are the author of your own life...Don't let others define it for you. Real power comes by doing what you are meant to be doing, and doing it well. ~ Oprah Winfrey, #NFDB
1002:All the traditional westerns are about choice and the individual. When progress comes it's much more difficult to define the individual in that world. ~ Gore Verbinski, #NFDB
1003:Have faith in yourself, but also have faith in faith. Not faith as others define it. Faith as you define it. Faith as faith defines itself in your heart. ~ Phil Knight, #NFDB
1004:I define a leader as anyone who takes responsibility for finding the potential in people and processes, and who has the courage to develop that potential. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
1005:I love him in a way I cannot define, as if my love were an organ within my body that I could not live without yet could not pick out of an anatomy book. ~ Laura Nowlin, #NFDB
1006:Laughter is the evidence that we're still here, the proof that our tragedies will not define us forever. Laughter is the language of the survivor. ~ Josh James Riebock, #NFDB
1007:As actors we're like these vagabond artists, we have to be invited to perform so if you don't have a choice of options its very hard to define yourself. ~ Joel Kinnaman, #NFDB
1008:I heard somebody define heaven once,” she said, looking at Pearl, “as a place where, when you get there, all the dogs you ever loved run to greet you. ~ Robert B Parker, #NFDB
1009:My father instilled in me - of utmost importance and innate in me is the yearning to determine for myself - to define God, to define holiness for myself. ~ Vera Farmiga, #NFDB
1010:The downstream effects are unknown. Do your best and hope for the best. If you're improving the world-however you define that-consider your job well done. ~ Tim Ferriss, #NFDB
1011:To love is to be delighted by the happiness of someone, or to experience pleasure upon the happiness of another. I define this as true love. ~ Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, #NFDB
1012:Whether it’s your taste in clothing, your needs in a relationship, or what you do for a living—don’t let anyone else be at the controls. Define yourself. ~ Sherry Argov, #NFDB
1013:You seek a false comfort when you demand that I define myself for you with words. Words do not contain or define any person. A heart can, if it is willing. ~ Robin Hobb, #NFDB
1014:An author must gorge himself on ten thousand images to select the magical one that can define a piece of the world in a way one has never considered before. ~ Pat Conroy, #NFDB
1015:Conservatives define compassion not by the number of people who recieve some kind of government aid but rather by the number of people who no longer need it. ~ Jack Kemp, #NFDB
1016:Don’t focus on it,” she said. “Don’t define yourself in terms of something which even many highly trained and gifted professionals do not fully understand. ~ Elyn R Saks, #NFDB
1017:I define anxiety as experiencing failure in advance…and if you have anxiety about initiating a project, then of course you will associate risk with failure. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
1018:It is almost impossible to state what one in fact believes, because it is almost impossible to hold a belief and to define it at the same time. ~ William Carlos Williams, #NFDB
1019:It is simply being aware of this present experience, and realizing that you can neither define it nor divide yourself from it. There is no rule but “Look! ~ Alan W Watts, #NFDB
1020:The most powerful force in the human psyche is people's need for their words and actions to stay consistent with their IDENTITY - how we define ourselves. ~ Tony Robbins, #NFDB
1021:The word purebred is something we can define by counting generations back in dog-sex land. But it is not an indication of species or anything special, really. ~ Bill Nye, #NFDB
1022:To define success or failure for a platform, and to identify how to improve it, there are three main metrics: liquidity, matching quality, and trust. ~ Geoffrey G Parker, #NFDB
1023:You should not go to war for the privilege of withdrawal. You need to define your objective and the outcome, and it cannot be the removal of one man. ~ Henry A Kissinger, #NFDB
1024:Don’t let your idea of God be limited to the imagination of others. Don’t let them define your God and don’t let them tell you how to express your faith. ~ Steve Maraboli, #NFDB
1025:Have faith in yourself, but also have faith in faith. Not faith as others define it. Faith as you define it. Faith as faith defines itself in your heart. In ~ Phil Knight, #NFDB
1026:I define accountability as the willingness of team members to remind one another when they are not living up to the performance standards of the group. ~ Patrick Lencioni, #NFDB
1027:It is she who listens to the rest of the world who fails, and it is she who has enough confidence to define success and failure for herself who succeeds. ~ Sophia Amoruso, #NFDB
1028:It seems to me that you can almost define civilization by saying it's people who are not willing to hurt other people because the other people are different. ~ Gene Wolfe, #NFDB
1029:I would define the poetic effect as the capacity that a text displays for continuing to generate different readings, without ever being completely consumed. ~ Umberto Eco, #NFDB
1030:Let us designate anarchism1 anarchism as you define it. Let us desiginate anarchism2 anarchism as I and the American Heritage College Dictionary define it. ~ Bryan Caplan, #NFDB
1031:Modules of brain networks define communities of structurally and functionally related areas, but they do not represent or support discrete mental faculties. ~ Olaf Sporns, #NFDB
1032:My mother wanted me to understand that as a woman I could do pretty much whatever I wanted to, that I didn't have to use sex or sexuality to define myself. ~ Suzanne Vega, #NFDB
1033:Perception is a wave. You change as your perception of something changes because you define yourself as a reflection of whatever you happen to perceive. ~ Frederick Lenz, #NFDB
1034:We declare, say , define, and pronounce that it is absolutely necessary for the salvation of every human creature to be subject to the Roman Pontiff. ~ Pope Boniface VIII, #NFDB
1035:Women are always being tested ... but ultimately, each of us has to define who we are individually and then do the very best job we can to grow into it. ~ Hillary Clinton, #NFDB
1036:You can physically move yourself around but there's that great line that Adam wrote: "Does it define for life, like print of thumb?" I think it does. ~ Babatunde Adebimpe, #NFDB
1037:A lot of people think they need to give up nature to become adults but that's not true. However, you have to be careful how you describe and define 'nature. ~ Richard Louv, #NFDB
1038:How do I define God? I don't.... People who find such conceptions important for themselves have every right to frame them as they like. Personally, I don't. ~ Noam Chomsky, #NFDB
1039:If we cannot define stupidity, at least we can trace most human misfortunes and weaknesses to it. Its manifestations are legion, its symptoms are endless. ~ Richard Armour, #NFDB
1040:It is just because civilization is ever evolving, changing, and becoming more complicated, that experts find it so difficult to define it in explicit terms. ~ Arthur Keith, #NFDB
1041:I was able to look at football as something that God was allowing me to do, not something that should define me. I couldn't take my identity from this sport. ~ Tony Dungy, #NFDB
1042:My childhood is streets upon streets upon streets upon streets. Streets to define you and streets to confine you, with no sign of motorway, freeway or highway. ~ Morrissey, #NFDB
1043:Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no one’s definition of your life. Define yourself. —Harvey Fierstein THEY ~ Aleatha Romig, #NFDB
1044:We talk about defining moments, but I think nothing can define you. They're all refining moments. You're constantly refining yourself and refining your life. ~ Sheryl Crow, #NFDB
1045:When it comes to love as a spiritual manifestation, it is an experience of utter surrender to that which is greater than any concept of love can define. ~ Michael Beckwith, #NFDB
1046:With or without the Royals, we are not Americans. Nor are we British. Or French. Or Void. We are something else. And the sooner we define this, the better. ~ Will Ferguson, #NFDB
1047:After all, you have grown accustomed to having an authority in your life to define reality, and without that external direction you feel confused and lost. ~ James Redfield, #NFDB
1048:El negro absorbe todos los colores, los acepta, los lleva en él y los define. El gris no tiene nada más que a sí mismo. No absorbe nada más que a sí mismo ~ Nicole Williams, #NFDB
1049:I define a leader as anyone who takes responsibility for finding the potential in people and processes, and who has the courage to develop that potential. From ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
1050:If I were asked to define the Hindu creed, I should simply say: search after Truth through non-violent means. Hinduism is a relentless pursuit after truth. ~ Mahatma Gandhi, #NFDB
1051:I knew the things happening in my life would eventually define my future, and I guess I hoped no matter what occurred those things wouldn't ultimately define me. ~ S R Grey, #NFDB
1052:The three biggest funerals in Alabama history define the state’s contending loyalties, I was told: George Wallace’s, Martin Luther King’s, and Bear Bryant’s. ~ Paul Theroux, #NFDB
1053:The trap of the self is the trap that causes unhappiness. We define ourselves too much; whereas the infinite, the pure radiant spirit, is not so definable. ~ Frederick Lenz, #NFDB
1054:Time does not define the act. Time is impartial; it neither condemns nor absolves. The action contains intent, and intent is where the definition lies. ~ Karen Marie Moning, #NFDB
1055:We can tentatively define a superintelligence as any intellect that greatly exceeds the cognitive performance of humans in virtually all domains of interest. ~ Nick Bostrom, #NFDB
1056:All sizes of film sets have the same level of excitement and friction and tension and then vast sections of boredom that define the process, so I love it all. ~ David Hayter, #NFDB
1057:Because it is the nature of Dreams, and ONLY of Dreams, to define Reality. Destiny is bound to existence. Death is limited by what she will or will not accept. ~ Neil Gaiman, #NFDB
1058:define stones as rocks that have been put to use, so that, as the poet Don McKay put it, “What happens between a rock and stone is simply everything human.” At ~ Kate Harris, #NFDB
1059:Good writers define reality; bad ones merely restate it. A good writer turns fact into truth; a bad writer will, more often than not, accomplish the opposite. ~ Edward Albee, #NFDB
1060:I try to define myself through my own choices rather than just accepting society's kind of you're that, you're that, let me put you in a box kind of thing. ~ Gugu Mbatha Raw, #NFDB
1061:Nothing is more beautiful than a beautiful girl who does not pretend to be something she is not. A girl who is down to earth and lets no guy define who she is. ~ Wiz Khalifa, #NFDB
1062:But consciousness (alternately referred to as “awareness”) seems to be one of those things that although we know it when we see it, it’s impossible to define. ~ Robert Kroese, #NFDB
1063:Hair has been used to define women racially, sexually, religiously. It makes them into temptresses: represents a troika of femininity, fertility, fuckability ~ Sin ad Gleeson, #NFDB
1064:If we don’t want to define ourselves by things as superficial as our appearances, we’re stuck with the revolting alternative of being judged by our actions. ~ Ellen DeGeneres, #NFDB
1065:I salute It, this supreme Deity, which is beyond the senses, which mind and speech cannot define and which can be discerned only by the mind of the true sage. ~ Vishnu Purana, #NFDB
1066:I think black people have to be in control of their own image because film is a powerful medium. We can't just sit back and let other people define our existence. ~ Spike Lee, #NFDB
1067:The business of knowledge is to comprehend and for the finite intellect that means to define and determine. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays on the Gita, The Supreme Word of the Gita, #NFDB
1068:The images we see, as a culture, help define and expand our dreams, our perceptions of what is possible. Pictures of who we are help us visualize who we can be. ~ Tee Corinne, #NFDB
1069:The term numinous is like the terms substance, meaning, being, and a host of other terms; in the final analysis we can only define them in terms of themselves. ~ James W Sire, #NFDB
1070:You are not your past. You are bigger than your past and you are better than your past. Let it be part of who you’ve become, but don’t you dare let it define you. ~ Lexi Ryan, #NFDB
1071:As to science, we may well define it for our purpose as "methodical thinking directed toward finding regulative connections between our sensual experiences". ~ Albert Einstein, #NFDB
1072:I do think there are very few extreme right-wing gay Republicans. Although it depends how you define "extreme right-wing." They're making a political calculation. ~ Kirby Dick, #NFDB
1073:Now, you’ve been dealt some tough blows along the way, but those trials don’t define you. You can’t let them hold you back from getting out there and living. ~ Melissa Brayden, #NFDB
1074:To define Buddhism without a lot of words and phrases, we can simply say, 'Don't cling or hold on to anything. Harmonize with actuality, with things as they are.' ~ Ajahn Chah, #NFDB
1075:Were I called on to define, very briefly, the term art, I should call it the Reproduction of what the senses perceive in nature through the veil of the mist. ~ Edgar Allan Poe, #NFDB
1076:An atom is a hierarchy of different states of information that define the statistical likelihood of finding a particle here or there at the time of observation. ~ Deepak Chopra, #NFDB
1077:As a philosopher, you define constraints for any good theory explaining what you are interested in, then you go out and search for help in other disciplines. ~ Thomas Metzinger, #NFDB
1078:Being able to use the word “geek” has helped me a lot to define myself, but not as a mold for me to fit myself into, as a template to help accentuate my differences. ~ Jon Katz, #NFDB
1079:Freedom of expression is not absolute. Countries have laws that define the framework for exercising this right and which, for instance, condemn racist language. ~ Tariq Ramadan, #NFDB
1080:I’d been doing this for a while, attempting to define a word for an object or even a concept. Define loyalty, define truth. I had to stop before it killed me. The ~ Don DeLillo, #NFDB
1081:If I were called upon to define briefly the word Art, I should call it the reproduction of what the senses preceive in nature, seen through the veil of the soul. ~ Paul Cezanne, #NFDB
1082:Look to see what you are doing today. Is this how you choose to define yourself? Look to see what you are thinking today. Is this what you wish to create? ~ Neale Donald Walsch, #NFDB
1083:The power of the data-driven marketing approach is that the 15 essential metrics define the ROMI, which justifies future marketing investments (Chapter 5 and 9). ~ Mark Jeffery, #NFDB
1084:There are moments that define a person's whole life. MOMENTS in which everything they are and everything they may possibly become hinge on a single decision. ~ Jonathan Maberry, #NFDB
1085:The remedy is to define larger and more integrative national identities that take account of the de facto diversity of existing liberal democratic societies. ~ Francis Fukuyama, #NFDB
1086:Vulnerability is not weakness. And that myth is profoundly dangerous... I define vulnerability as emotional risk, exposure, uncertainty. It fuels our daily lives. ~ Brene Brown, #NFDB
1087:You are here with a unique purpose. Stop letting others define you. Stop letting others dilute you. Don’t be bullied or pressured into being less than you are. ~ Steve Maraboli, #NFDB
1088:You can almost define a convict as one who lacks precisely the kind of wisdom and self-control necessary to derive long-term advantage from short-term discomfort. ~ Stephen Fry, #NFDB
1089:Aeronautical engineering texts do not define the goal of their field as making “machines that fly so exactly like pigeons that they can fool even other pigeons. ~ Stuart Russell, #NFDB
1090:Be a full person. Motherhood is a glorious gift, but do not define yourself solely by motherhood. Be a full person. Your child will benefit from that. ~ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, #NFDB
1091:But regardless of our circumstances, they do not define us - not unless we give in and let them. Circumstances never determine who we are; they reveal who we are. ~ Chuck Pagano, #NFDB
1092:Choices. We all make them, sometimes more than once. Sometimes it's the choices we make over and over that define us, but more often it's the choices we don't make. ~ Megan Hart, #NFDB
1093:Conventional names define a person's past: ancestry, ethnicity, nationality, religion. I am not who I was ten years ago and certainly not who I will be in twenty years ~ FM 2030, #NFDB
1094:Faith feels many different ways. It can be buoyant; it can be depressed and lifeless. Feelings don’t define faith. Instead, faith is simply turning to the Lord. ~ Edward T Welch, #NFDB
1095:If you substituted networks for socialism, you got the Internet. Its competing platforms were united in their ambition to define every term of your existence. ~ Jonathan Franzen, #NFDB
1096:I’m not saying that you have to become this Übermilitant Intersex Warrior. I’m just telling you to be careful of letting other people define who—and what—you are. ~ I W Gregorio, #NFDB
1097:In no way be bullied into silence. Hardly ever permit on your own to become made a sufferer. Acknowledge no one's definition of one's lifetime; define oneself ~ Harvey Fierstein, #NFDB
1098:The essential building block is...the true love that is impossible to define for those who have never experienced it and unnecessary to define for those who have. ~ Isaac Asimov, #NFDB
1099:The main international problem facing America is our lack of - our loss of influence in the world and our lack of an ability to define what U.S. interests really are. ~ Bob Barr, #NFDB
1100:There's one issue that will define the contours of this century more dramatically than any other, and that is the urgent and growing threat of a changing climate. ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
1101:You've got to have someone who loves your body. Who doesn't define you, but sees you. Who loves what he sees. Who you don't have to struggle to be good enough for. ~ Deb Caletti, #NFDB
1102:Anyone can get a degree or a certificate in something. Big deal. A piece of paper from a university somewhere doesn't define a person. It won't tell you who I am. ~ Rachel Gibson, #NFDB
1103:Giacomina had taught her daughter that you must dig constantly for meaning in the sorrow of this life, and that this sorrow must galvanize you, not define you. ~ Adriana Trigiani, #NFDB
1104:However you define territorial ambitions, it need not be a country that's right next to the U.S. for it to exercise its extraterritorial or territorial ambitions. ~ Vijay Prashad, #NFDB
1105:I'm just getting to know myself. I'm no wherwhere near to being concise about it yet. I can't define myself. Wait a minute - I'm angry, I'm funny and I'm trying. ~ James Marsters, #NFDB
1106:Most people define themselves by their work, or where they come from, or suchlike; we had lived too far inside our heads. It makes actuality damn hard to handle. ~ Salman Rushdie, #NFDB
1107:Sometimes it seems as if I have spent the first half of my life refusing to let white people define me and the second half refusing to let black people define me. ~ Thomas Sowell, #NFDB
1108:You need to define an opportunity that is disruptive relative to all the established players in the targeted market, or you should not invest in the idea. ~ Clayton M Christensen, #NFDB
1109:A monopoly on the means of communication may define a ruling elite more precisely than the celebrated Marxian formula of monopoly in the means of production. ~ Robert Anton Wilson, #NFDB
1110:I define power as control over ones life. A balanced life is far superior to the male definition of power: earning money someone else spends while he dies sooner. ~ Warren Farrell, #NFDB
1111:Let no one define how you se yourself...save God alone. See yourself through His eyes and His strength, and you'll see who you can be despite being who you are. ~ Tamera Alexander, #NFDB
1112:No matter what the results, it is my choices that define me. And I will fight for them, even when it seems that failure is inevitable. Perhaps most especially then. ~ Cat Hellisen, #NFDB
1113:Punk is an attitude, not a genre, age group, or time period. What's interesting is trying to define the blues and punk in different ways. They are very close cousins. ~ Jack White, #NFDB
1114:The biggest thing for women to keep in mind is you can't ever let someone define beauty for you. Look in the mirror and say that this is my definition of perfection. ~ Jennie Runk, #NFDB
1115:There certainly is an affinity between a person and his work, but it is not easy to define what this affinity is, and on that question many judge quite wrongly. ~ Vincent Van Gogh, #NFDB
1116:To achieve the impossible, you need to first develop the mindset that it’s probable. Please don’t allow the current limits of your life define your future reality ~ Robin S Sharma, #NFDB
1117:when it came to where to play, the company needed to define which regions, categories, channels, and consumers would give P&G a sustainable competitive advantage. ~ A G Lafley, #NFDB
1118:who taught you that. tell me. who convinced you. you’ve been given a heart and a mind that isn’t yours to use. that your actions do not define what will become of you. ~ Rupi Kaur, #NFDB
1119:Before I look stupid and not know what a word means or how to pronounce it, I'll stop the whole production, "Hey, real quick, guys. Define this word for me. Somebody." ~ Kevin Hart, #NFDB
1120:But the good thing about life, Julian," she continued, "is that we can fix our mistakes sometimes. We learn from them. We get better. One mistake does not define you. ~ R J Palacio, #NFDB
1121:But this quantum only takes on its full significance when we try to define it with regard to a concrete natural movement — that is to say, in duration. ~ Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #NFDB
1122:Each simian had a much different body suit, so besides trying to define class across species, there was a definite attempt to dress each group in different styles. ~ Colleen Atwood, #NFDB
1123:How do you define God? Like this. A God I could understand, at least potentially, was infinitely more interesting and relevant than one that defied comprehension. ~ Robert J Sawyer, #NFDB
1124:I do not define my job in any rigid terms but in terms of having the flexibility to what seems to me to be in the best interests of the company at any times. ~ Henry Earl Singleton, #NFDB
1125:Learn how to set goals. That's the key to everything. That includes designing your own success. You define what the goal is, it's not somebody else's goal, it's yours. ~ Drew Carey, #NFDB
1126:Take the time to define yourself and define your value. If you're having a hard time doing that, ask yourself: What is something I would say to someone I love? ~ Beyonce Knowles, #NFDB
1127:The concept of randomness and coincidence will be obsolete when people can finally define a formulation of patterned interaction between all things within the universe. ~ Toba Beta, #NFDB
1128:The narrower we define autism, and the more strictly we control for particular behaviors, the more likely we are to find what I think are the subgroups of autism. ~ Darold Treffert, #NFDB
1129:We wanted to define her, to wrap her up as we did each other, but we could not seem to get past "weird" and "strange" and "goofy". Her ways knocked us off balance. ~ Jerry Spinelli, #NFDB
1130:We wanted to define her, to wrap her up as we did each other, but we could not seem to get past "weird" and "strange" and "goofy." Her ways knocked us off balance. ~ Jerry Spinelli, #NFDB
1131:We wanted to define her, to wrap her up as we did each other, but we could not seem to get past 'weird' and 'strange' and 'goofy'. her ways knocked us off balance. ~ Jerry Spinelli, #NFDB
1132:For some people there is no comfort without pain. Thus; we define salvation through suffering. Hence, why we choose people who we know aren't right for ourselves. ~ Cato the Younger, #NFDB
1133:I am convinced, the way one plays chess always reflects the player's personality. If something defines his character, then it will also define his way of playing. ~ Vladimir Kramnik, #NFDB
1134:I don’t know how to choose work that illuminates what my life is about. I don’t know what my life is about and don’t examine it. My life will define itself as I live it. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1135:I've always had a philosophy that position doesn't define power. Impact defines power. What impact are you making on people? What impact are you making on business? ~ Mindy Grossman, #NFDB
1136:Maybe the question we need to ask isn't whether there's any fresh twenty-first century sin - but whether the people who define sin have changed, because of the times. ~ Jodi Picoult, #NFDB
1137:the kernel of a homomorphism is closed under addition, and also under multiplication by any element of the ring. These two properties define the notion of an ideal. ~ Timothy Gowers, #NFDB
1138:Everyone lives bound by their own knowledge and awareness. They define that as reality; but knowledge and awareness are vage, and perhaps better called illusions. ~ Masashi Kishimoto, #NFDB
1139:For a flexible person, it is impossible not to reach his destination, because by using his ability to be flexible, he can easily define a nearer new destination! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan, #NFDB
1140:I don't know that I can define fear. But one of the sources of fear is holding up some sort of model life that doesn't exist and feeling like you're far away from it. ~ Albert Brooks, #NFDB
1141:I think as human beings we contradict our feelings constantly, we make mistakes, but I think ultimately it comes down to actions to define how we feel about each other. ~ Charlyne Yi, #NFDB
1142:It's hard to define somebody by one movie. I mean, unfortunately, my entire life was basically made by Billy Elliot. It was kind of created by that one catalytic moment. ~ Jamie Bell, #NFDB
1143:Living as Wild Child, I could no longer be Debby Parker comfortably — this name that I’d been given at birth that defined me before I’d had the chance to define myself. ~ Aspen Matis, #NFDB
1144:Marriage partners, not government, should define the terms and spiritual orientation of their union in accordance with our nation's guarantee of religious freedom. ~ Michael Badnarik, #NFDB
1145:May be the question we need to ask isn't whether there's any fresh twenty first century sin...but whether the people who define sin have changed, because of the times. ~ Jodi Picoult, #NFDB
1146:once you become aware of the movement to define integrity as a commitment to self-made principles (no matter how evil), you see it everywhere you look in popular culture. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1147:So, depending on the situation, one can define blues in emotional, musical, cultural, or commercial terms, and these definitions overlap at times and diverge at others. ~ Elijah Wald, #NFDB
1148:There are two ways to define manhood. One way is to say that manhood is the opposite of womanhood. The other way is is to say that manhood is the opposite of childhood. ~ Brett McKay, #NFDB
1149:The way I define 'intelligent design' is that when people started out, we wanted to make sense of the world we lived in, so we created stories about how things worked. ~ George Lucas, #NFDB
1150:You set up the look, the visual effects and the sets, and that's awesome, but I enjoy the casting most of all. That's where you really get to define the show. ~ Joseph McGinty Nichol, #NFDB
1151:A man would never set out to write a book on the peculiar
situation of the human male. But if I wish to define myself, I
must first of all say: T am a woman ~ Simone de Beauvoir,#NFDB
1152:At culinary school, none of the things we use to define ourselves outside that world - actor, producer, student - none of that matters. It's a magical art form. ~ Eric Christian Olsen, #NFDB
1153:I don’t think it’s our pasts that define us, and it’s not even our life’s final destination. It’s everything we do in between, the actual living, that creates who we are. ~ Jay McLean, #NFDB
1154:I'm worried he's going to ... do something crazy."
"He lives in a hole in the ground, dresses funny, and occasionally eats his assistants," Eve said. "Define crazy. ~ Rachel Caine,#NFDB
1155:It's time to demythologise an era and build a new myth from the gutter to the stars. It's time to embrace bad men and the price they paid to secretly define their time. ~ James Ellroy, #NFDB
1156:Most people define greatness through wealth and popularity and position in the corner office. But what I call everyday greatness comes from character and contribution. ~ Stephen Covey, #NFDB
1157:Symmetry, as wide or as narrow as you may define its meaning, is one idea by which man through the ages has tried to comprehend and create order, beauty and perfection. ~ Hermann Weyl, #NFDB
1158:The transcendent experience is brotherly love, nature, harmony and unity. Cultures, in trying to define it, try to define an external deity as opposed to the process. ~ Edgar Mitchell, #NFDB
1159:When people say 'What are underground comics?' I think the best way you can define them is just the absolute freedom involved... we didn't have anyone standing over us. ~ Robert Crumb, #NFDB
1160:You may encounter many defeats, but you must not be defeated. Please remember that your difficulties do not define you. They simply strengthen your ability to overcome. ~ Maya Angelou, #NFDB
1161:Define their worth based on God’s purpose, rather than society’s roles. Learn God’s vision for their lives. Continue to live in the truth of who they were created to be. ~ Myles Munroe, #NFDB
1162:For Black women as well as Black men, it is axiomatic that if we do not define ourselves for ourselves, we will be defined by others — for their use and to our detriment. ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
1163:If we had in this room a hundred teachers, good teachers from good schools, and asked them to define the word education, there would be very little general agreement. ~ William Glasser, #NFDB
1164:psychoanalysts in particular define man as a human being and woman as a female: every time she acts like a human being, the woman is said to be imitating the male. ~ Simone de Beauvoir, #NFDB
1165:Sex is mathematics. Individuality no longer an issue. What does intelligence signify? Define reason. Desire - meaningless. Intellect is not a cure. Justice is dead. ~ Bret Easton Ellis, #NFDB
1166:The only thing I was to rescue is your soul. Don't let this misfortune define you, Adam. Trust God to help you pick up the pieces and carry on. He won't forsake you. ~ Susan Anne Mason, #NFDB
1167:Alcmaeon was the first to define the difference between man and animals, saying that man differs from the latter in the fact that he alone has the power of understanding. ~ Theophrastus, #NFDB
1168:Here you are, you're a liberal, probably define peace as the absence of conflict. I define peace as the ability to defend yourself and blow your enemies into smithereens. ~ Sean Hannity, #NFDB
1169:I prefer to quit while I’m ahead,” Heraldin explained. “Ye’ve a funny definition of ‘ahead,’” said Gorm. “I prefer to define words in ways that suit me,” said Heraldin. ~ J Zachary Pike, #NFDB
1170:It’s amazing how people define roles for themselves and put handcuffs on their experience and are constantly surprised by the things a roulette universe spins at them. ~ Terry Pratchett, #NFDB
1171:Love; just a four letter word that is easy to spell yet impossible to define.
I may need her to prove I'm worthy of fighting for, but for her, I'm all set to go to war. ~ E S Carter,#NFDB
1172:Ultimately, it is the people who judge, through elections, whether someone governs well or not. It's not up to other politicians to define and determine our colleagues. ~ Justin Trudeau, #NFDB
1173:You might expect a death in the family to change people or bring them around, but…. If you’ll let me give you one last photo lesson: it’s the shadows that define things. ~ Douglas Wynne, #NFDB
1174:Black women are programmed to define ourselves within this male attention and to compete with each other for it rather than to recognize and move upon our common interests. ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
1175:Cameras define reality in the two ways essential to the workings of an advanced industrial society: as a spectacle (for masses) and an object of surveillance (for rulers). ~ Susan Sontag, #NFDB
1176:I have since become convinced that when we define ourselves by our wounds, we burden and lose our physical and spiritual energy and open ourselves to the risk of illness. ~ Caroline Myss, #NFDB
1177:In Buddhism we don't really believe in sin and salvation as Westerners would define them. We believe in the limitless possibilities of the present and of future moments. ~ Frederick Lenz, #NFDB
1178:I think of the security of cages. How violence, cruelty, oppression, become a kind of home, a familiar pattern, a cage, in which we know how to operate and define ourselves. ~ Eve Ensler, #NFDB
1179:I think of the security of cages. How violence, cruelty, oppression, become a kind of home, a familiar pattern, a cage, in which we know how to operate and define ourselves… ~ Eve Ensler, #NFDB
1180:Many attempts have been made by writers on art and poetry to define beauty in the abstract, to express it in the most general terms, to find some universal formula for it. ~ Walter Pater, #NFDB
1181:Movies are to our civilization what dreams and ideals are to individual lives: They express the mystery and help define the nature of who we are and what we are becoming. ~ Frank Pierson, #NFDB
1182:The gradations are infinite and the silliest mistake of all is to define people by their material possessions. It’s even worse if people define themselves by money. When ~ Rita Mae Brown, #NFDB
1183:These tasks, and therefore the meaning of life, differ from man to man, and from moment to moment. Thus it is impossible to define the meaning in life in a general way. ~ Viktor E Frankl, #NFDB
1184:using playful cleverness to achieve a goal.” Hacking away at something in small chunks or reprogramming bits and pieces of the media is what will define the future of media. ~ Mitch Joel, #NFDB
1185:Because there are innumerable things beyond the range of human understanding, we constantly use symbolic terms to represent concepts that we cannot define or fully comprehend. ~ Carl Jung, #NFDB
1186:define representation or . . . reduce it to something else” (7). One can at most describe some of its major features, “place it in a context where we know our way around” (7). ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1187:In the commercial theater, I've been pretty fortunate. The producers that I've worked with have allowed me to define the artistic integrity, the artistic limits of the work. ~ Trevor Nunn, #NFDB
1188:Is it dangerous? Hmm. Well, define 'dangerous.' Is a knife 'dangerous'? Is Russian roulette 'dangerous'? Is arsenic 'dangerous'? ...It really depends on your perspective. ~ China Mi ville, #NFDB
1189:One of the most important parts of any improvement initiative is to define a measurable goal with a clearly defined deadline, between six months and two years in the future. It ~ Gene Kim, #NFDB
1190:The presence of another person derails my thoughts; I dream of the other's presence with a strange absent-mindedness that no amount of my analytical scrutiny can define. ~ Fernando Pessoa, #NFDB
1191:We say nothing essential about the cathedral when we speak of its stones. We say nothing essential about Man when we seek to define him by the qualities of men. ~ Antoine de Saint Exupery, #NFDB
1192:We were coming from a completely different place, which was saying "sound" is what you want to define it as, and you can shape it into music in whichever way you want. ~ Stephen Mallinder, #NFDB
1193:While men define themselves by deeds, women simply "are" beauty, grace, faith and goodness. Men tend to be rational and objective, women subjective, intuitive and emotional. ~ Henry Makow, #NFDB
1194:A boy should fit into your life-not become it. High school is when you start to define yourself. Don't define yourself as the girl who has a boyfriemd and nothing else. ~ Miranda Kenneally, #NFDB
1195:As a competitive gymnast, my life has always been filled with challenges that would ultimately define my future. From day one, I was taught to be prepared at all costs. ~ Dominique Moceanu, #NFDB
1196:Calvin took great care to define public prayers and the liturgy because he wanted private prayers to be strongly shaped by the corporate worship of the Christian church. ~ Timothy J Keller, #NFDB
1197:Esoteric words neither make us holy nor righteous; only a virtuous life makes us beloved of God. I would rather experience repentance in my soul than know how to define it. ~ Thomas Kempis, #NFDB
1198:I've always been interested in tht notion of what is authentic and how we define that and why our culture imposes certain emotions and emotional constraints onto experiences. ~ Meghan Daum, #NFDB
1199:I've photographed just about everyone in the world. But what I hope to do is photograph people of accomplishment, not celebrity, and help define the difference once again. ~ Richard Avedon, #NFDB
1200:There are certain sounds that I've found work well in nearly any context. Their function is not so much musical as spatial: they define the edges of the territory of the music. ~ Brian Eno, #NFDB
1201:There are themes that somehow stir me and that I find very interesting. They're themes that deal with leadership, the nature of bravery and courage, and how to define those. ~ Stephen Lang, #NFDB
1202:We must define a story which encourages us to make use of the place where we live without killing it, and we must understand that the living world cannot be replicated. ~ William Kittredge, #NFDB
1203:When you're young—when I was young—you want your emotions to be like the ones you read about in books. You want them to overturn your life, create and define a new reality. ~ Julian Barnes, #NFDB
1204:Always define WHAT you want to do with your life and WHAT you have to offer to the world, in terms of your favorite talents/gifts/skills-not in terms of a job-title. ~ Richard Nelson Bolles, #NFDB
1205:Don’t let money define you: Your self-worth has nothing to do with your finances. Whether you have a negative bank account or $10 million, your confidence should never waiver. ~ Peter Voogd, #NFDB
1206:I define "politics" as the on-going collective struggle for liberation and for the power to create - not only works of art, but also just and nonviolent social institutions. ~ Adrienne Rich, #NFDB
1207:If at war, understand what it takes to win: Set a goal, define victory and fully support the effort. Leave no doubt that you respect the troops and appreciate their service. ~ Brad Wenstrup, #NFDB
1208:I hear the same chorus of confused despair from the teens that I heard from Yana Yakovleva: ‘It’s like they can define reality, like the floor disappears from under you. ~ Peter Pomerantsev, #NFDB
1209:It is the business of thought to define things, to find the boundaries; thought, indeed, is a ceaseless process of definition. It is the business of Art to give things shape. ~ Vance Palmer, #NFDB
1210:Modern art has to be what is called ‘intense.’ it is not easy to define being intense; but, roughly speaking, it means saying only one thing at a time, and saying it wrong. ~ G K Chesterton, #NFDB
1211:My mother taught me something at a young age - she said 'you are the company you keep.' To define yourself by some label or some level of resources - that's pretty shallow. ~ Howard Schultz, #NFDB
1212:The world wants to define me by my mammary glands and melanin. It is just fascinating that Michael Mann has never been asked what it is like to be a white male filmmaker. ~ Victoria Mahoney, #NFDB
1213:What I like about prose poems is that they seem to make people uncomfortable - people want to define them, justify them, attack them. Prose poems are natural fence-sitters. ~ Matthea Harvey, #NFDB
1214:In most job interviews, people say they are looking for people skills and emotional intelligence. That's reasonable, but the question is, how do you define what that looks like? ~ Susan Cain, #NFDB
1215:Instead of chasing “enough,” you have to define it. If you chase it, you’ll never catch it. Enough is incredibly quick. Much like perfection, it seems to remain out of reach. “As ~ Jon Acuff, #NFDB
1216:It’s amazing how people define roles for themselves and put handcuffs on their experience and are constantly surprised by the things a roulette universe spins at them. Here ~ Terry Pratchett, #NFDB
1217:It's a very different thing, religion and faith. Religion is man-made, it's man-regulated. And faith, you can define God as you wish. But I think they're two different things. ~ Vera Farmiga, #NFDB
1218:The reason we need words to define our hearts is that our hearts are lonely, vulnerable, bare and beating things, and sometimes, they do not always know truth unless they hear it. ~ Amy Lane, #NFDB
1219:twofold profession of faith, or shahadah, that would henceforth define both the mission and principles of the movement: There is no god but God, and Muhammad is God’s Messenger. ~ Reza Aslan, #NFDB
1220:We’ll never create a utopia, because it’s impossible to define good without having bad to compare it to. There is no pleasure without pain. There is no Heaven without Hell. ~ Johnny B Truant, #NFDB
1221:Your value comes from God. How valuable are you to Him? There is no measurement that could possibly define it, but there is a cross that displays it. You are worth dying for. ~ Laura Gallier, #NFDB
1222:An orotundity, which I define as Nobelitis a pomposity in which one is treated as representative of more than oneself by someone conscious of representing more than himself. ~ William Golding, #NFDB
1223:I continue pondering this great mystery called love. Who’d have thought that something you can’t see, hear or touch, much less even define, could rule your life so completely? ~ Brenna Aubrey, #NFDB
1224:I didn't know how to define it -- hermetic skepticism? liturgical cynicism? -- this higher disbelief that led him to acknowledge the dignity of all the superstitions he scorned. ~ Umberto Eco, #NFDB
1225:If I define my neighbor as the one I must go out to look for, on the highways and byways, in the factories and slums, on the farms and in the mines, then my world changes. ~ Gustavo Gutierrez, #NFDB
1226:It doesn't matter what is true; it only matters what people believe is true... You are what the media define you to be. [Greenpeace] became a myth and a myth-generating machine. ~ Paul Watson, #NFDB
1227:I think in particularly with young kids who don't have a lot of positive influences, pop culture almost becomes a larger part of that self-discovery and how you define yourself. ~ Terry Gross, #NFDB
1228:You define a good flight by negatives: you didn't get hijacked, you didn't crash, you didn't throw up, you weren't late, you weren't nauseated by the food. So you are grateful. ~ Paul Theroux, #NFDB
1229:You define a good flight by negatives: you didn’t get hijacked, you didn’t crash, you didn’t throw up, you weren’t late, you weren’t nauseated by the food. So you are grateful. ~ Paul Theroux, #NFDB
1230:I find that my view on what is polite behavior mirrors the view that former Supreme Court justice Potter Stewart had on pornography—I cannot define it but I know it when I see it. ~ Ammon Shea, #NFDB
1231:I train myself to think only in words, neat, linear structures, passages with correct punctuation that can define a train of reasoning, understanding – nothing left to chance. I ~ Kate Griffin, #NFDB
1232:Let me define a leader. He must have vision and passion and not be afraid of any problem. Instead, he should know how to defeat it. Most importantly, he must work with integrity. ~ Abdul Kalam, #NFDB
1233:None of the things in life - like love or faith - was arrived at by thinking; indeed, one could almost define the things that mattered as the ones that came as suddenly as thunder. ~ Pico Iyer, #NFDB
1234:People sometimes say that it is “old-fashioned” to define morality based on the Bible, but nothing is more “old- fashioned” than wanting to define right and wrong for ourselves. ~ Dannah Gresh, #NFDB
1235:Some fine day, Democrats may figure out how to get on the right side of the value divide - how to define America as a place of the common good and not a playground of the strong. ~ Todd Gitlin, #NFDB
1236:The underlying principle: Give fast, open feedback when applying laws that define good behavior, but give slow, opaque feedback when applying laws that punish bad behavior. ~ Geoffrey G Parker, #NFDB
1237:We define an A Player this way: a candidate who has at least a 90 percent chance of achieving a set of outcomes that only the top 10 percent of possible candidates could achieve. ~ Geoff Smart, #NFDB
1238:We had very often been sharply warned against sentimentality, and though we might have been able to define it only vaguely as the way one should not play Bach, we recognized it. ~ Rebecca West, #NFDB
1239:We think we need words because it is in our nature to define, to decode, to try to understand by piecing things apart and labeling them, like specimens in a museum. ~ Frances de Pontes Peebles, #NFDB
1240:What had happened to her did not need to define her. It didn’t have to be who she was. And it didn’t have to determine who she would become, either. It was time to move on. ~ Christian Galacar, #NFDB
1241:All physical systems can be thought of as registering and processing information, and how one wishes to define computation will determine your view of what computation consists of. ~ Seth Lloyd, #NFDB
1242:No. Nature, nurture, both matter, both form us. But at some point, at so many points, the choices we make, the paths we take, they define us. You made yours. She’s made hers.” “Yeah. ~ J D Robb, #NFDB
1243:There are moments in every relationship that define when two people start to fall in love.
A first glance
A first smile
A first kiss
A first ,#NFDB
1244:TRUTH: When a child believes he must win to be worthy, when young adults define themselves by what they do and not who they are, it is a kind of slavery a slave master would envy. ~ Tom Shadyac, #NFDB
1245:His administration apparently means to define itself as a television program instead of a government...I don't know if it can please both its sponsors and its intended audience. ~ Lewis H Lapham, #NFDB
1246:I don’t think there’s enough time to repair some things. Some things just become part of a person, like their skin color. It doesn’t have to define them, but it’s always with them. ~ Jana Deleon, #NFDB
1247:I don't want the past to define me anymore. I don't want what happened to me, or all the wrong decision I've made, to keep me from becoming someone better. I want to be better. ~ Rebecca Donovan, #NFDB
1248:In this century, we are about to enter interplanetary civilization.
In order to survive, we need to go beyond neoclassical economics definition.
We define it as interplanomics. ~ Toba Beta,#NFDB
1249:It was time to start over. That was what Haven Manor was about, wasn’t it? A fresh start? A life where your mistakes didn’t define you? It was time she took that for herself. ~ Kristi Ann Hunter, #NFDB
1250:Leaders must (1) define the business of the business, (2) create a winning strategy, (3) communicate persuasively, (4) behave with integrity, (5) respect others, and (6) act. ~ Judith M Bardwick, #NFDB
1251:ngry. The word was an understatement of how I felt that morning. Even words such as heated, crossed and even infuriated, wholly and utterly failed to define my mood in those moments. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1252:Only your customers can define quality, because it's meeting your customers' expectations the first time every time. Simply put, it's performance to the standards of the customer. ~ Ed Robertson, #NFDB
1253:The arts make vivid the fact that words do not, in their literal form or number, exhaust what we can know. The limits of our language do not define the limits of our cognition. ~ Elliot W Eisner, #NFDB
1254:The truth is, everyone's flawed. That's the nature of human beings. But our mistakes alone shouldn't define us. We should be judged by the totality of our work and life. ~ Hillary Rodham Clinton, #NFDB
1255:The truth is, everyone’s flawed. That’s the nature of human beings. But our mistakes alone shouldn’t define us. We should be judged by the totality of our work and life. ~ Hillary Rodham Clinton, #NFDB
1256:This disaster did not force us to abandon our ideal; on the contrary, from the very first months of the conflict, it led us to define precisely the conditions for its realization. ~ Leon Jouhaux, #NFDB
1257:Values aren't buses," she said shortly. "They're not supposed to get you anywhere. They're supposed to define who you are. And I'd rather be touchy-feely than morally bankrupt. ~ Jennifer Crusie, #NFDB
1258:We number our days and divide our seasons. We endlessly define what it is to be in love. When in truth, spring blurs into summer and always has, long before that line was ever drawn. ~ Lang Leav, #NFDB
1259:Whether we realise it or not, most of us define ourselves by opposing rather than by favouring something or someone. To put it another way, it is easier to react than to act. ~ Carlos Ruiz Zaf n, #NFDB
1260:Whether we realise it or not, most of us define ourselves by opposing rather than by favouring something or someone. To put it another way, it is easier to react than to act. ~ Carlos Ruiz Zafon, #NFDB
1261:At the heart of anything good there should be a kernel of something undefinable, and if you can define it, or claim to be able to define it, then, in a sense, you’ve missed the point. ~ John Peel, #NFDB
1262:Life is made of so many moments that mean nothing. Then one day, a single moment comes along to define every second that comes after. Such moments are tests of courage, of strength. ~ Sabaa Tahir, #NFDB
1263:Personally, I don't choose any particular religion or symbol or group of words or teachings to define me. That's between me and the most high. You know, my higher self. The Creator. ~ Erykah Badu, #NFDB
1264:She can go with us to the lab and keep Myrnin pinned down while we pull the plug, if he's not... you know, better."
"Define BETTER with that guy."
"Not all fangs and raaaaar. ~ Rachel Caine,#NFDB
1265:So long as you create laws that define women as victims, as creatures that demand protection, that need bodyguards, you are going to perpetuate the very worst of our sexist past. ~ Warren Farrell, #NFDB
1266:There are certainties in existence, but love is something much harder to define than light and dark, life and death. I think saying you are "like" someone in love sounds right. ~ Abbas Kiarostami, #NFDB
1267:To define the word “harm” in a practical way, we might call it the result of instincts in collision, which cause physical, mental, emotional, or spiritual damage to people. ~ Alcoholics Anonymous, #NFDB
1268:You can’t be with someone else effectively, unless you can stand to be alone with yourself," he declared. "Being part of a couple isn’t the final answer. It can’t define who you are. ~ Joan Bauer, #NFDB
1269:You know my parents, man, they're just the most loving, encouraging... They're like those people who define themselves through their role as parents before people in their own rights. ~ Riz Ahmed, #NFDB
1270:I'd define it as self-awareness: an ability to trust your own judgment. An ability to see through veils of bullshit or spins on stories or propaganda. Maybe an ability to think for yourself. ~ Joe, #NFDB
1271:If you learn from many wise men who disagree one another,
you will find that there are many wisdoms came out of truth.
In the end, you must find truth and define your own wisdom. ~ Toba Beta,#NFDB
1272:The key to having more time is doing less, and there are two paths to get there, both of which should be used together: (1) Define a short to-do list and (2) define a not-to-do list. ~ Tim Ferriss, #NFDB
1273:We are what we love. We are the things, the people, the ideas we spend our days with. They center us, they drive us, they define us to our very core.
Without them, we are empty. ~ Daisy Whitney,#NFDB
1274:... Because not all weakness has to be weakness. Weakness, strength, power, failure - they're just words, and we can define what the words mean if we have the will or the courage. ~ Michelle Sagara, #NFDB
1275:Democracy in itself does not define or guarantee a free society. History has told many stories of democratic societies that have degenerated into corruption, plunder, and tyranny. ~ Richard Ebeling, #NFDB
1276:Fear swept in to fill the silence. Fear of disappearing, of the dark, of the unknown. Fear or being somewhere without this love to define him. 'Don't stop talking,' he tried to say. ~ Tommy Wallach, #NFDB
1277:In DevOps, we typically define our technology value stream as the process required to convert a business hypothesis into a technology-enabled service that delivers value to the customer. ~ Gene Kim, #NFDB
1278:The idea of equality is still how I define feminism. I think it's a broad definition that encompasses the variety of experiences women and men have with the word and the movement. ~ Julie Zeilinger, #NFDB
1279:We now operate in a world in which we can assume neither competence nor good faith from the authorities. The consequences of this simple, devastating realization define American life. ~ Chris Hayes, #NFDB
1280:When you judge a woman by her appearance, it doesn't define her, it defines you. Ladies, never allow yourself to be defined by someone's inability to appreciate your unique beauty. ~ Steve Maraboli, #NFDB
1281:YOU ARE STRONGER AND BIGGER AND BRAVER THAN WHAT THEY DID, AND YOU DON’T HAVE TO LET IT DEFINE YOU ANY LONGER. FORGIVE. LET GO. MOVE ON. DON’T LOOK BACK. YOUR NEW BEGINNING IS WAITING. ~ Mandy Hale, #NFDB
1282:Black women who define ourselves and our goals beyond the sphere of a sexual relationship can bring to any endeavor the realized focus of completed and therefore empowered individuals. ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
1283:By the way, for those who are listening, I absolutely define - I have a face for radio. Unfortunately, I've got a voice for print. So I apologize for the sandpaper you're listening to. ~ Frank Luntz, #NFDB
1284:I do not let other people define me. I am who I am, and that is an intelligent and gracious human being. And as such, I do not drop to the level of bullies and trade insult for insult. ~ Wen Spencer, #NFDB
1285:I’ve grown accustomed to the stars above my head as I sleep, the ache in my muscles as we walk the land. The freedom that comes with defining your world instead of letting it define you. ~ Amy Engel, #NFDB
1286:Organized religion, wielding power over the community, is antithetical to the process of what modern democracy should define as liberty. The sooner we are without it, the better. ~ Lawrence M Krauss, #NFDB
1287:The public likes to think that women only care about contraception. Contraception doesn't define a woman.That's - doesn't define our views. We're so much smarter and broader than that. ~ Nikki Haley, #NFDB
1288:You might not shake it. But that’s not necessarily a bad thing. Use it. Have it make you stronger instead of weaker. Re-define that feeling to suit you, instead of having it define you. ~ James Hunt, #NFDB
1289:You’re only responsible for yourself, Jess. And that’s the only person you can control. Other people will either get it or they won’t but you can’t define yourself by their opinions. ~ Susan Mallery, #NFDB
1290:You will not find love where you wish or where you hope.
...
She forced herself to meet the giant's gaze. "I don't define myself by the boys who may or may not like me. ~ Rick Riordan,#NFDB
1291:Can you define "plan" as "a loose sequence of manifestly inadequate observations and conjectures, held together by panic, indecision, and ignorance"? If so, it was a very good plan. ~ Jonathan Stroud, #NFDB
1292:Dictionaries define love as “the inclination of one person for another” (Larousse), or as a “strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties” (Merriam-Webster). ~ Matthieu Ricard, #NFDB
1293:... humans have such a need to break everything down into right and wrong. It never occurs to you that you've made those labels up to help you define the material-and your Self. ~ Neale Donald Walsch, #NFDB
1294:If I were to ask you for example right now to go back with me and define those moments in your life that shaped you as a person and you began to reexamine them, something would happen. ~ James Lipton, #NFDB
1295:If we define an American fascist as one who in case of conflict puts money and power ahead of human beings, then there are undoubtedly several million fascists in the United States. ~ Henry A Wallace, #NFDB
1296:If your goal is to love what you do, you must first build up “career capital” by mastering rare and valuable skills, and then cash in this capital for the traits that define great work. ~ Cal Newport, #NFDB
1297:I'm of the opinion," she said, tucking her arm around mine, "that if you let a single life event define you, then all you need to change things--if you want them to change is another. ~ Myra McEntire, #NFDB
1298:I think the world would be a lot better off if more people were to define themselves in terms of their own standards and values and not what other people said or thought about them. ~ Hillary Clinton, #NFDB
1299:The human animal is adapted to, and apparently can thrive on, an extraordinary range of different diets, but the Western diet, however you define it, does not seem to be one of them. ~ Michael Pollan, #NFDB
1300:There are all different kinds of ways to define a family, and we have to take that into consideration when practicing family law. The law, they say, is always the last thing to change. ~ Laura Wasser, #NFDB
1301:There is wisdom in not letting anyone really know who you are or what you are like. If you define yourself, people hold you in their mind a certain way making it difficult to change. ~ Frederick Lenz, #NFDB
1302:Despite how impressive many of my teachers were, they were undoubtedly human and susceptible to the same cultural biases and physical infirmities that define the lives of ordinary people. ~ Sam Harris, #NFDB
1303:Happiness isn't a one-size-fits-all proposition. You must define what it looks like for you and then make a conscious effort to access whatever gets you to your unique definition of joy. ~ Phil McGraw, #NFDB
1304:Haven, don't ask me to define the boundaries of normal. You know how I was raised. My father once struck strands of his own pubic hair onto a painting and sold it for a million dollars. ~ Lisa Kleypas, #NFDB
1305:If I try to define my state as accurately as possible, I'd say that I possessed a warped lucidity. Reality existed around me, and I was in contact with it. I was aware of my actions. ~ Georges Simenon, #NFDB
1306:If we define pornography as any message from any communication medium that is intended to arouse sexual excitement, then it is clear that most advertisements are covertly pornographic. ~ Philip Slater, #NFDB
1307:So perhaps, we do want happiness, but we also desire to keep the pain close. Close enough to destroy us, close enough to define us and close enough to make us feel a little less cold. ~ Robert M Drake, #NFDB
1308:A herp is simply the kind of animal studied by a herpetologist, and that is a pretty lame way to define an animal. The only other name that comes close is the biblical 'creeping thing ~ Richard Dawkins, #NFDB
1309:Artistry has to define the Artist so there is no other way but to create the kind of music that speaks about who you are and what's important to you, therefore individualizing the Artist. ~ Truth Hurts, #NFDB
1310:As long as experiencing your optimal level of good stress doesn't damage others, it's hard to objectively define where normal enjoyment of stimulation becomes adrenaline junkiehood. ~ Robert M Sapolsky, #NFDB
1311:A violência é o que define a humanidade, é ela que determina manchetes, decide eleições e estabelece fronteiras; o mundo inteiro se reduz à questão de quem bate em quem com mais força. ~ Benjamin Percy, #NFDB
1312:can take back the power that you have been deprived of when you stop letting others define you as “kids,” as “prisoners,” as “outcasts,” or whatever other labels people imprison you with. ~ Laura Bates, #NFDB
1313:did he have it? That mystic quality that science couldn't define or categorize. Women called it intuition. Men called it gut instinct. Naming it was irrelevant. Having it was crucial. ~ Victoria Danann, #NFDB
1314:If you clearly define your audience and the experience you offer them, you will be far ahead of the game when it comes to connecting with readers, critics, and book lovers the world over. ~ Emlyn Chand, #NFDB
1315:I think we get into very dangerous territory when we start to define who can and cannot be a feminist. It's such a slippery slope, and I have no interest in being the feminist police! ~ Jessica Valenti, #NFDB
1316:I wouldn't presume to define noir - if we could define it, we wouldn't need to use a French word for it - but it seems to me it's more a way of looking at the world than what one sees. ~ Lawrence Block, #NFDB
1317:The Yogic path is about disentangling the built-in glitches of the human condition, which I'm going to over-simply define here as the heartbreaking inability to sustain contentment. ~ Elizabeth Gilbert, #NFDB
1318:The Yogic path is about disentangling the built-in glitches of the human condition, which I’m going to over-simply define here as the heartbreaking inability to sustain contentment. ~ Elizabeth Gilbert, #NFDB
1319:We must define flattery and praise; they are distinct. Trajan was encouraged to virtue by the panegyric Pliny; Tiberius became obstinate in vice from the flattery of his senators. ~ Louis XVI of France, #NFDB
1320:We ought to define a man's income as the maximum value which he can consume during a week, and still expect to be as well off at the end of the week as he was at the beginning. ~ Sir John Richard Hicks, #NFDB
1321:When God looks at sin, what He sees is the harm it brings. People want to define some sins as big and others as little, but the truth is, Bud, every sin is equally bad in God's eyes. ~ Kim Vogel Sawyer, #NFDB
1322:When people ask me to define science fiction and fantasy I say they are the literatures that explore the fact that we are toolmakers and users, and are always changing our environment. ~ Nalo Hopkinson, #NFDB
1323:Creating demand is hard. Filling demand is easier. Don't create a product, then seek someone to sell it to. Find a market - define your customers - then find or develop a product for them. ~ Tim Ferriss, #NFDB
1324:For someone like me, who prefers to keep their life as private as possible, it was disconcerting to have to define so much about myself. I don't want to be labeled as one thing or another. ~ Amber Heard, #NFDB
1325:He still resists, cries, and complains, but at the end of the day, he knows we are with him, always in his corner. These first years will define our relationship for many years to come. ~ Janet Lansbury, #NFDB
1326:I'm often asked how I define "success." It's an overused term, but I fundamentally view this elusive beast as a combination of two things - achievement and appreciation. One isn't enough: ~ Tim Ferriss, #NFDB
1327:Justice to others and to ourselves is the same; that we cannot define our duties by mathematical lines ruled by the square, but must fill with them the great circle traced by the compasses ~ Albert Pike, #NFDB
1328:Our letters have meant so much to us because we have both arrived at the same point in our lives. More behind us than ahead of us. Paths chosen that define us. Enough time left to change ~ Anne Youngson, #NFDB
1329:Progressives should argue progressivism. We need to get out of issue silos that isolate arguments and keep us from the values and principles that define an overall progressive vision. 2. ~ George Lakoff, #NFDB
1330:While the people with fixed mindsets let their intelligence and talent define them, the growth mindset oriented people know that with hard work and practice, they can be good at anything. ~ Timo Kiander, #NFDB
1331:Although many books define the purpose of typography as enhancing the readability of the written word, one of design's most humane functions is in actuality, to help readers avoid reading. ~ Ellen Lupton, #NFDB
1332:At the highest level, the most important challenge for business leaders is to define something simple and relevant their customers want and to become known for delivering on that promise. ~ Donald Miller, #NFDB
1333:But we never tell the truth. We cannot properly 'tell' the truth, because our words are crude tools to express something, 'the truth', which may well exist, but which we cannot define. ~ Declan Donnellan, #NFDB
1334:How did you change your life when you were trapped like this? Her history didn't define her. Her origins didn't define her. At least, they shouldn't. She could be more, if she had a chance. ~ Helen Hoang, #NFDB
1335:I bomb atomically, Socrates' philosophies and hypotheses Can't define how I be dropping these mockeries. Lyrically perform armed robbery, Flee with the lottery, possibly they spotted me. ~ Inspectah Deck, #NFDB
1336:I define God as an energy. A spiritual energy. It has no denomination, it has no judgment, it has an energy that when we're connected to it we know why we're here and what we're here to do. ~ Debbie Ford, #NFDB
1337:I have discovered that if I can change the way I think about something, I can change the way I react to it. If I change the way I react, I can change the way I define myself as a mother. ~ Lysa TerKeurst, #NFDB
1338:In the book I define conservatism, as I believe it is fit upon four categories of principle: respect for The Constitution, respect for life, less government, and personal responsibility. ~ Jonathan Krohn, #NFDB
1339:I think that when we're young we often have the sense that what we do when faced with a choice will define our lives forever. This can be untrue, sometimes amusingly so, but not always. ~ Guy Gavriel Kay, #NFDB
1340:Using the word CHARISMA as an acrostic, we can define the outstanding characteristics of charismatic people: Concern Help Action Results Influence Sensitivity Motivation Affirmation Keep ~ John C Maxwell, #NFDB
1341:When you define yourself by your successes, you’ll soon also define yourself by your failures. A better way is to anchor yourself in how God sees you: you are His beloved daughter. ~ Candace Cameron Bure, #NFDB
1342:Where I grew up in the North-east, the community there, and the way people relate to one another, goes very deep. But I don't define myself as a Northerner in that I don't live in the North. ~ Gina McKee, #NFDB
1343:I think there's a gradient that goes from science to art and magic is the middle ground. I think that we're all trying to understand and define the world around us but often it's experimental. ~ Vik Muniz, #NFDB
1344:one must not, simply must not, try to define people in a single word. People are too complex. Falling into the trap of adjectives is the first stage of distorting your perception of the person ~ Yoav Blum, #NFDB
1345:Strange, how a moment of existence can cut so deeply into our being that while ages pass unnoticed, a brief love can structure and define the very topology of our consciousness ever after. ~ Steven L Peck, #NFDB
1346:The mistakes we make in life don’t define us, Amy. The way we handle ’em after makin’ ’em do. You made a mistake. Now you’re handling it and doing it the right way and that’s who you are. ~ Kristen Ashley, #NFDB
1347:There is nothing worse then being surrounded by a bunch of people telling you to do what is right, when they can't define that definition, without a lot of hatred and judgment behind it. ~ Shannon L Alder, #NFDB
1348:To say that 'I will not be free till all humans (or all sentient creatures) are free' is simply to cave in to a kind of nirvana-stupor, to abdicate our humanity, to define ourselves as losers. ~ Hakim Bey, #NFDB
1349:But that’s the nature of money. Whether you have it or not, whether you want it or not, whether you like it or not, it will try to define your days. Our task as human beings is not to let it. ~ Phil Knight, #NFDB
1350:No. The universe has to move forward. Pain and loss, they define us as much as happiness or love. Whether it's a world, or a relationship... Everything has its time. And everything ends. ~ Elisabeth Sladen, #NFDB
1351:People define their life by what they want versus what they have. People get fixated on something and they have to have it, even though that voice inside tells them it's not meant for them. ~ Caroline Myss, #NFDB
1352:The Constitution promises liberty to all within its reach, a liberty that includes certain specific rights that allow persons, within a lawful realm, to define and express their identity. ~ Anthony Kennedy, #NFDB
1353:The heart define whom we are were attracted to. I was attracted to him, sexually, mentally and maybe even spiritually. And the heart decided for how long that inner madness would last. ~ Eric Jerome Dickey, #NFDB
1354:The problem with this generation is they are so quick to define who they are in the process of searching. It is their need for immediate acceptance that keeps them from exploring further. ~ Shannon L Alder, #NFDB
1355:When we define ourselves, when I define myself, the place in which I am like you and the place in which I am not like you, I'm not excluding you from the joining - I'm broadening the joining. ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
1356:While the people with fixed mindsets let their intelligence and talent define them, the growth mindset oriented people know that with hard work and practice, they can be good at anything. If ~ Timo Kiander, #NFDB
1357:You can take back the power that you have been deprived of when you stop letting others define you as “kids,” as “prisoners,” as “outcasts,” or whatever other labels people imprison you with. ~ Laura Bates, #NFDB
1358:I always had a larger view. I'm interested in real life - my family, my friends. I have tried never to define myself by my success, whatever that is. My happiness is way beyond roles and awards. ~ Amy Adams, #NFDB
1359:It’s our scars that define us, Sara. Diego has to live life to appreciate life.” “Yes.” A knot forms in my stomach at the idea that I still don’t know how deeply Chris’s scars define him. ~ Lisa Renee Jones, #NFDB
1360:The faculty know what they need to develop and they need to work with an administrator with the authority do get it done. To define everything in terms of these index numbers is ridiculous. ~ Henry Rosovsky, #NFDB
1361:Universalism is a corruption of objectivity. Whereas objectivity is achieved from particular things, universalism claims to define particularity from an abstract notion posed arbitrarily. ~ Alain de Benoist, #NFDB
1362:Where do you draw the line between actions carried out due to an internal need and actions that were nothing more than a slim version of one ceremony or another that help us define our emotions? ~ Yoav Blum, #NFDB
1363:you begin to notice all the props surrounding these people, and you begin to understand how props define us and comfort us, and show us what we value and what we need, and who we think we are. ~ Anne Lamott, #NFDB
1364:After all, every team in the league has the same goals so it's not your goals that will lead to your success but your commitment to the process, one game at a time, that will define your season. ~ Jon Gordon, #NFDB
1365:CREATING DEMAND IS hard. Filling demand is much easier. Don’t create a product, then seek someone to sell it to. Find a market—define your customers—then find or develop a product for them. ~ Timothy Ferriss, #NFDB
1366:I feel it's important to show that one thing that you do doesn't define you as a human being. It doesn't mean there aren't ramifications or you shouldn't pay for that but, its not who you are. ~ Ryan Gosling, #NFDB
1367:If Turkey is prepared to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, then its leaders can proceed immediately to direct dialogue with its counterparts in Armenia to define a common vision for the future. ~ Mark Foley, #NFDB
1368:I think people who struggle to define themselves might never be satisfied because there is no definition. Living with responsibility is important, but I don't really think you have to grow up. ~ Kristen Bell, #NFDB
1369:Muslim citizens should never be classified according to their creed, origin, ancestry or culture. After all, I don't define my political or social position by reference to the Christian faith. ~ Gilles Kepel, #NFDB
1370:Never would I allow my size to define me. Instead, I would define it. My size may have been the first thing people noticed about me but never, I vowed at that moment, would it be the last. ~ Melanie Benjamin, #NFDB
1371:We are called to fear only God. There is an important reason for this. What we fear is what we're subject to; our fears define our master. Where there is no fear, there is no control. ~ Erwin Raphael McManus, #NFDB
1372:What I think the political correctness debate is really about is the power to be able to define. The definers want the power to name. And the defined are now taking that power away from them. ~ Toni Morrison, #NFDB
1373:Heartbreaking seasons can certainly grow me but were never meant to define me. I let go of the hurt and embrace the growth the minute I’m able to say, “Yet not what I will, but what You will. ~ Lysa TerKeurst, #NFDB
1374:I define influence simply as literary love, tempered by defense. The defenses vary from poet to poet. But the overwhelming presence of love is vital to understanding how great literature works. ~ Harold Bloom, #NFDB
1375:I would define liberty to be a power to do as we would be done by. The definition of liberty to be the power of doing whatever the law permits, meaning the civil laws, does not seem satisfactory. ~ John Adams, #NFDB
1376:Just watching the drama stage does not define your successful performance; success lies in the display you do on that drama platform and how excellent you do it when it's your turn to act! ~ Israelmore Ayivor, #NFDB
1377:letting my experience carry me on, in a direction which appears to be forward, toward goals that I can but dimly define, as I try to understand at least the current meaning of that experience. ~ Carl R Rogers, #NFDB
1378:The relations that define a system as a unity, and determine the dynamics of interaction and transformations which it may undergo as such a unity constitute the organization of the machine. ~ Francisco Varela, #NFDB
1379:The word 'living' has so many connotations that I'm almost reluctant to try to define it scientifically because it sounds as if I'm then downgrading all the other significances of that word. ~ Francis Collins, #NFDB
1380:. . . we constantly use symbolic terms to represent concepts that we cannot define or fully comprehend. This is one of the reasons why all religions employ symbolic language or images. P. 4 ~ Carl Gustav Jung, #NFDB
1381:We must conclude that it is not only a particular political ideology that has failed, but the idea that men and women could ever define themselves in terms that exclude their spiritual needs. ~ Salman Rushdie, #NFDB
1382:For better or worse, our pasts and experiences are what define us. But they don’t have to rule us. In time, all hurts can be forgiven. It’s only when you add to them that they can’t.” - Nero ~ Sherrilyn Kenyon, #NFDB
1383:I am disappointed by this controversy surrounding A Million Little Pieces because I rely on the publishers to define the category that a book falls within and also the authenticity of the work. ~ Oprah Winfrey, #NFDB
1384:I'm not interested in living in a world where my race is not part of who i am. I am interested in living in a world where our races, no matter what they are, don't define our trajectory in life. ~ Luvvie Ajayi, #NFDB
1385:There is a real function for government in respect to pollution: to set conditions and, in particular, define property rights to make sure that the costs are borne by the parties responsible. ~ Milton Friedman, #NFDB
1386:What does it mean to be a gentleman? How do you define it?"
"A gentleman is someone who does not what he wants to but what he should do"
"You're the weirdest guy I've ever met," I said. ~ Haruki Murakami,#NFDB
1387:When nature seems to bend to the will of God and man, we call it a miracle. Is it possible that what we define as a miracle is simply the reestablishing of the proper order of creation? ~ Erwin Raphael McManus, #NFDB
1388:Good writing is often about letting go of fear and affectation. Affectation itself, beginning with the need to define some sorts of writing as 'good' and other sorts as 'bad' is fearful behavior. ~ Stephen King, #NFDB
1389:One could almost define life as the organized disobedience of the law of gravity. One could show that the degree to which an organism disobeys this law is a measure of its degree of evolution. ~ Robert M Pirsig, #NFDB
1390:Prejudice and bigotry are brought down...by the sheer force of determination of individuals to succeed and the refusal of a human being to let prejudice define the parameters of the possible. ~ Condoleezza Rice, #NFDB
1391:Sport is cultural. What the star athlete does helps to define the culture. What the star athlete does on a Canadian team, especially if he or she is Canadian, helps define Canadian-ness. ~ George Elliott Clarke, #NFDB
1392:Success means different things in different parts of my life, but overall if I have to define ultimately what success means - the bottom line - then for me it's if the family is healthy and happy. ~ Phil McGraw, #NFDB
1393:There are selections so acute that they come to define a place, with the result that we can no longer travel through that landscape without being reminded of what a great artist noticed there. ~ Alain de Botton, #NFDB
1394:The talents of these individuals were more highly motivated by a desire to learn, as opposed to a desire to earn. Which is what you find in your society at this point in time, as you define it. ~ Dolores Cannon, #NFDB
1395:Americans have come to define liberty “negatively, as lack of dependence, the right not to be obligated to others. Independence came to mean immunity from social claims on one’s wealth or time. ~ Jennifer Senior, #NFDB
1396:And yet we cannot define as skillful killing one's fellow citizens, betraying one's friends, and showing no loyalty, mercy, or moral obligation. These means can lead to power, but not glory. ~ Niccol Machiavelli, #NFDB
1397:Art is why I get up in the morning, but my definition ends there. You know, it doesn't seem fair that I'm living for something I can't even define, but there you are, right there, in the meantime. ~ Ani DiFranco, #NFDB
1398:As for "Don't be evil," we have tried to define precisely what it means to be a force for good-always do the right, ethical thing. Ultimately, "Don't be evil" seems the easiest way to summarize it. ~ Sergey Brin, #NFDB
1399:The way I define happiness is being the creator of your experience, choosing to take pleasure in what you have, right now, regardless of the circumstances, while being the best you that you can be. ~ Leo Babauta, #NFDB
1400:To define the limits of the Kenosis, and to adjust it to the immutability of the Godhead and the intertrinitarian process, lies beyond the sphere of exegesis and belongs to speculative dogmatics. ~ Philip Schaff, #NFDB
1401:When you define something your customer wants, the customer is invited to alter their story in your direction. If they see your brand as a trustworthy and reliable guide, they will likely engage. ~ Donald Miller, #NFDB
1402:Which two, among a thousand wise men, will define success in the same words; yet failure is always described but one way. Failure is man's inability to reach his goals in life, whatever they may be. ~ Og Mandino, #NFDB
1403:women have been coaxed, cajoled, shoved and squashed into a series of feminine contortions for so many centuries, that it is now quite impossible to define their natural abilities or aspirations. ~ Tara Westover, #NFDB
1404:define calm as creating perspective and mindfulness while managing emotional reactivity. Calm is a superpower because it is the balm that heals one of the most prevalent workplace stressors: anxiety. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
1405:Do you think a person is as bad as her worst actions?...I mean, do our worst actions define us when we're alive? Or, do you think human beings are better than the very worst things we have ever done? ~ E Lockhart, #NFDB
1406:However you want to define these two groups and their approach to giving—rich and poor; educated and uneducated; upper-class and working-class—their members increasingly occupy two separate worlds. As ~ J D Vance, #NFDB
1407:I define a thriller as a big-stakes, multiple-viewpoint novel involving suspense, action, and mystery, in which the reader doesn't know everything but usually knows more than any single character. ~ F Paul Wilson, #NFDB
1408:I finally realized that I had to embrace the madness, let it transform me instead of letting it define me.
....
"You, my ferocious girl, are embracing the madness. Lean into it, won't ya? ~ R L Haas,#NFDB
1409:it struck me as an operational way to define free will, in a way that allowed you to reconcile free will with determinism. The system is deterministic, but you can’t say what it’s going to do next. ~ James Gleick, #NFDB
1410:The Joker as sadistic chaos, the Batman as merciless order. This mirror-image theme would come to define the two characters' relationship in the comics and across all media for the next forty years. ~ Glen Weldon, #NFDB
1411:The means, it is said, will be justified by the end; but it is the means which define it, and if it is contradicted at the moment that it is set up, the whole enterprise sinks into absurdity. ~ Simone de Beauvoir, #NFDB
1412:They are indicative of the implicit and oft-agonizing tragedies of insufficiency, privation, brute necessity and subjugation to illness and death that simultaneously define and plague existence. ~ Jordan Peterson, #NFDB
1413:We realize--often quite suddenly--that our sense of self, which has been formed and constructed out of our ideas, beliefs and images, is not really who we are. It doesn't define us, it has no center. ~ Adyashanti, #NFDB
1414:We shouldn't discuss the world of tomorrow in terms of becoming a balance to the United States. The real issue is whether the United States will define herself as part of the U.N. system-or not. ~ Joschka Fischer, #NFDB
1415:Because being witness to all types of human experience is important to understanding the world, but also to understanding myself. To define what is important to me, and who is important, and why. ~ Nina Sankovitch, #NFDB
1416:One problem is that we tend to let our mess define us. When our home is messy, we see it as a reflection on our worth as a person. It’s a really common way of thinking, but it’s entirely bullshit. ~ Rachel Hoffman, #NFDB
1417:Im a person of faith, and the language that I use to define my faith, the symbols and metaphors that I rely upon to express my faith, are those provided by Islam because they make the most sense to me. ~ Reza Aslan, #NFDB
1418:I think it's part of Vladimir Putin's nature to define Russian success in foreign policy as thwarting the United States. That's in his nature. And that is very difficult to align with strategically. ~ Ashton Carter, #NFDB
1419:It's a difficult truth to face that some people choose to define themselves by the pain they feel or the wrongs they've suffered. They're not going through hard times so much as making all times hard. ~ Dani Harper, #NFDB
1420:It would be easy to define terrorism as attacks against human rights and international humanitarian law forbids attacks against innocent non-combatants which is often the definition used for terrorism. ~ Joichi Ito, #NFDB
1421:Our psychological reality, which lies below the surface, frightens us because it endlessly surprises us and drives us in a direction which society's rules and organizations define as wrong or dangerous. ~ Anais Nin, #NFDB
1422:They are indicative of the implicit and oft-agonizing tragedies of insufficiency, privation, brute necessity and subjugation to illness and death that simultaneously define and plague existence. ~ Jordan B Peterson, #NFDB
1423:To define a thing is to see it clearly, to see it as distinct from other things and at the same time to see its exact relationship with other things: for a thing is its relations and activities. ~ Michael Oakeshott, #NFDB
1424:You take this world and make it what it should be. And don’t let the beliefs of a backward system define you. You are the one who has to live with the future, baby girl. So you live it. You understand? ~ Mary Weber, #NFDB
1425:A woman without children is the same as a woman with a child minus the child. Being willing to have a baby or deciding that you don’t want a child doesn’t define a woman’s character or her capabilities. ~ Jenn Sadai, #NFDB
1426:Creating characters is like throwing together ingredients for a recipe. I take characteristics I like and dislike in real people I know, or know of, and use them to embellish and define characters. ~ Cassandra Clare, #NFDB
1427:If incarceration had come to define the lives of men from impoverished black neighborhoods, eviction was shaping the lives of women. Poor black men were locked up. Poor black women were locked out. ~ Matthew Desmond, #NFDB
1428:one of the best ways of learning orthodoxy is by learning what is false. In fact, heresy historically has forced the church to be precise, to define its doctrines and differentiate truth from falsehood. ~ R C Sproul, #NFDB
1429:The first responsibility of a leader is to define reality. The last is to say thank you. In between the two, the leader must become a servant and a debtor. That sums up the progress of an artful leader. ~ Max DePree, #NFDB
1430:The shoes had come to define him as he proceeded to break every sprinting record at New Bedford High School and other high schools across the Commonwealth, earning himself the nickname Fast Eddie. ~ Elin Hilderbrand, #NFDB
1431:The spirit of an army is the factor which multiplied by the mass gives the resulting force. To define and express the significance of this unknown factor—the spirit of an army—is a problem for science. ~ Leo Tolstoy, #NFDB
1432:Until we define happiness for ourselves, clearly seeing the difference between excitement and joy, for example, our habits will likely not change. We will keep returning to the fruits of our desires. ~ Judson Brewer, #NFDB
1433:We need to finally accept that all sentient creatures are deserving of basic rights. I define basic rights as this -the ability to pursue life without having someone else's will involuntarily forced upon you. ~ Moby, #NFDB
1434:A managed democracy is a wonderful thing... for the managers... and its greatest strength is a 'free press' when 'free' is defined as 'responsible' and the managers define what is 'irresponsible'. ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
1435:Coercion from outside, strong temperamental inclinations and passions within ourselves, do nothing to effect the essence of our freedom. They simply define its action by imposing certain limits on it. ~ Thomas Merton, #NFDB
1436:I was asked in 1969 by Lucy Lippard to define art. I think at the time I said that art was a matter of life and death, meaning just the breathing and living and thinking experience-that's what art is. ~ Tony Shafrazi, #NFDB
1437:Something bordering on nausea, something like remorse—was that it, then?—began to grip me and seemed to define itself ever more clearly the more I became aware of incipient daylight through our windows. ~ Andr Aciman, #NFDB
1438:There are five steps to correctly performing a Walking Your Blues Away session. They are: Define the issue. Bring up the story. Walk with the issue. Notice how the issue changes. Anchor the new state. ~ Thom Hartmann, #NFDB
1439:Words are important. Words shaper our perceptions. When they define, they can also distort. There is a far better way to describe this man whose face is the most human face of all. Jesus is beautiful. ~ John Eldredge, #NFDB
1440:As a young actor, people were trying to define who I was before I really knew that for myself. But I still remember thinking, "This is what I love doing, and I hope I'm going to be able to do it forever." ~ Tom Cruise, #NFDB
1441:Children seldom are able to realize that death will come to them personally. One might define adulthood as the age at which a person learns that he must die ... and accepts his sentence undismayed. ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
1442:If incarceration had come to define the lives of men from impoverished black neighborhoods, eviction was shaping the lives of women. Poor black men were locked up. Poor black women were locked out.10 ~ Matthew Desmond, #NFDB
1443:I mean by a picture a beautiful romantic dream of something that never was, never will be - in a light better than any light that ever shone - in a land no one can define, or remember, only desire ~ Edward Burne Jones, #NFDB
1444:I tried to go back and talk about what I did know. I told her about one girl he'd brought home from Cornell; I'd asked if she was his girlfriend, and he's said, "When you define something, you limit it. ~ Melissa Bank, #NFDB
1445:The failure of academic feminists to recognize difference as a crucial strength is a failure to reach beyond the first patriarchal lesson. In our world, divide and conquer must become define and empower. ~ Audre Lorde, #NFDB
1446:To bring myself back to a perspective of all that I am in Christ—not according to the world. I need it to remind myself that the world doesn’t define me. I am defined by my relationship with Jesus Christ. ~ Tony Dungy, #NFDB
1447:To do this, we must define the stakes. What’s at stake in the customer’s story if they do or do not choose to do business with us? If we’ve not defined the stakes, we’ve not made the story interesting. ~ Donald Miller, #NFDB
1448:Your personal core values define who you are, and a company's core values ultimately define the company's character and brand. For individuals, character is destiny. For organizations, culture is destiny. ~ Tony Hsieh, #NFDB
1449:As a first approximation, I define belief not as the object of believing (a dogma, a program, etc.) but as the subject's investment in a proposition, the act of saying it and considering it as true. ~ Michel de Certeau, #NFDB
1450:Every artist I suppose has a sense of what they think has been the importance of their work. But to ask them to define it is not really a fair question. My real answer would be, the answer is on the wall. ~ Paul Strand, #NFDB
1451:If incarceration had come to define the lives of men from impoverished black neighborhoods, eviction was shaping the lives of women. Poor black men were locked up. Poor black women were locked out. 10 ~ Matthew Desmond, #NFDB
1452:It was difficult to define her beyond saying that she seemed to exist only as a hostess, not so much from any exaggerated instinct of hospitality as because she could not sustain life except in a crowd. ~ Edith Wharton, #NFDB
1453:It was unknowable then, but so much of the progress that would define the 20th century, on both sides of the Atlantic, came down to the battle for a slice of beach only six miles long and two miles wide. ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
1454:Some of the choices in life will choose you. How you face those choices, these turns in the road, with what kind of attitude, more than the choices themselves, is what will define the context of your life. ~ Dana Reeve, #NFDB
1455:Chinese define image in these terms: there are three mirrors that form a person’s reflection; the first is how you see yourself, the second is how others see you and the third mirror reflects the truth. ~ Robin S Sharma, #NFDB
1456:Humans feel at home in a world of things, whose essences and laws it can grasp and define in terms of concepts; but shy and ill at ease in a world of existences, because to exist is an act, not a thing. ~ Etienne Gilson, #NFDB
1457:In life we have small moments and we have a lot of them. Those small moments are what define us as human beings. They can break us, yes, but it’s how we rebuild ourselves after that makes the difference. ~ Christy Sloat, #NFDB
1458:What facets of your personality are encumbrances? What personal aspects prevent you from being independent? These are the areas that will define your self-cultivation, for you must strive to stand alone. ~ Ming Dao Deng, #NFDB
1459:You do not have to love what is going on in your life, but you must accept that it, whatever it is, is going on. As long as you do not accept reality, you are powerless to define the role you will play. ~ Iyanla Vanzant, #NFDB
1460:A nation's greatness is measured not just by its gross national product or military power, but by the strength of its devotion to the principles and values that bind its people and define their character. ~ Ronald Reagan, #NFDB
1461:However you define success—a happy family, good friends, a satisfying career, robust health, financial security, the freedom to pursue your passions—it tends to be accompanied by a couple of qualities. ~ Roy F Baumeister, #NFDB
1462:It isn't up to the painter to define the symbols. Otherwise it would be better if he wrote them out in so many words! The public who look at the picture must interpret the symbols as they understand them. ~ Pablo Picasso, #NFDB
1463:It is one of the aims of linguistics to define itself, to recognise what belongs within its domain. In those cases where it relies upon psychology, it will do so indirectly, remaining independent. ~ Ferdinand de Saussure, #NFDB
1464:Of course we all break and we all cry and stumble. It's whether you allow the negative experiences to define you or shape you and make you become who you are in the best possible way. You use them as tools. ~ KT Tunstall, #NFDB
1465:People usually define family by blood ties but I don't see it that way. I think family are the people you can rely on, the people you know who will back you up when you need it. People who can rely on you. ~ Alex Lukeman, #NFDB
1466:The fisherman of the Colombian coast must be learned doctors of ethics and morality, for they invented the word sentipensante, or ‘feeling-thinking’ to define language that speaks the truth. Eduardo Galeano ~ Rob Brezsny, #NFDB
1467:even though not every story ends with a happy ending or begins with tragedy, along the way there are moments of both. And those moments don’t define you or even break you—they are simply parts of the whole. ~ Sejal Badani, #NFDB
1468:How do we define "normal?" Quite literally it comes from the Latin norma meaning "carpenter's square." Straight. And "abnormal?" That's from the Greek anomalos, and the Latin abnormis meaning "monstrosity. ~ Matt Fraction, #NFDB
1469:If you are going to be successful, you must develop persistence. How do you do that? It is not easily condensed in one simple statement, but one thing you can be sure of is that your must define your purpose. ~ Zig Ziglar, #NFDB
1470:It was so silly to try to define things by words. What did one person mean by infatuation or obsession and another mean by love. The whole thing couldn't be tidied away with neat little labels." - Lena Gray ~ Maeve Binchy, #NFDB
1471:I wish I was like that. More carefree."
"Anyone can be. People aren't carved out of marble. We're all works in progress. The trick is to define ourselves, rather than let outside influences define us. ~ J A Konrath,#NFDB
1472:Shadows which you see with difficulty, and whose boundaries you cannot define... these you should not represent as finished or sharply defined, for the result would be that your work would seem wooden. ~ Leonardo da Vinci, #NFDB
1473:The American people are beginning to think in new ways about health and illness . . . Bernie Siegel is helping to define and open up these new frontiers. In this sense he is in the best medical tradition. ~ Norman Cousins, #NFDB
1474:the change I want to define and trace is one which takes us from a society in which it was virtually impossible not to believe in God, to one in which faith, even for the staunchest believer, is one human ~ Charles Taylor, #NFDB
1475:The way we view fiction is a reflection of how we define ourselves as a nation. Works of the imagination are canaries in the coal mine, the measure by which we can evaluate the health of the rest of society. ~ Azar Nafisi, #NFDB
1476:To reach the top you don’t have to climb up to the top; just define a height as the top, that’s’ it, very simple! Don’t let the summits determine your altitude; let the height you like be your summit! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan, #NFDB
1477:Ambrosio is neither a mechanistic eroticist, nor a promiscuous Sadeian fornicator; rather, he is an obsessive fantasist who serially fixates on the unattainable in order to define his own sense of self. And ~ Matthew Lewis, #NFDB
1478:Define excellence vividly, quantitatively. Paint a picture for your most talented employees of what excellence looks like. Keep everyone pushing and pushing toward the right-hand edge of the bell curve. ~ Marcus Buckingham, #NFDB
1479:define Ignatian spirituality in a few words, you could say that it is: Finding God in all things Becoming a contemplative in action Looking at the world in an incarnational way Seeking freedom and detachment ~ James Martin, #NFDB
1480:Do not chase happiness. Instead, define success for yourself; then go out and live it. Be unapologetic in your commitment and honorable in your behavior. When you live in this manner, happiness chases you. ~ Steve Maraboli, #NFDB
1481:Even though not every story ends with a happy ending or begins with tragedy, along the way there are moments of both. And those moments don’t define you or even break you— they are simply parts of the whole. ~ Sejal Badani, #NFDB
1482:It's fine to be on the hamster wheel, running and running, trying to grab the brass ring or whatever you define as success, but your relationships, that's really all that matters when it's all said and done. ~ Katie Couric, #NFDB
1483:Okay, I'm going. But I want you to know that this thing between us, it's powerful. There's no word to express this new found connection we have, Aria. It's like dividing by zero... you can't define it. ~ Brittainy C Cherry, #NFDB
1484:She was truly beautiful, though that was not what drew him to want to know more about her. This woman of wealth and privilege had something else about her—and inner beauty—which he couldn't quite define. ~ Kathleen Y Barbo, #NFDB
1485:Success, however you define it, is achievable if you collect the right field-tested beliefs and habits. Someone else has done your version of “success” before, and often, many have done something similar. ~ Timothy Ferriss, #NFDB
1486:The Dior heritage is so broad. It has a strong presence in the work. So, when people have to define it quickly, it's, like, the Bar jacket and the movement and the luxury and the Belle Époque and so much more. ~ Raf Simons, #NFDB
1487:Unless we can act collectively, there would be no way to defend ourselves, no way to define or enforce property rights. We couldn't curb congestion or pollution or build and maintain public infrastructure. ~ Robert H Frank, #NFDB
1488:why cannot you simply take what is good in Christianity, what you can define as valuable, what you can comprehend, and leave all the rest, all the absolute dogmas that are in their nature incomprehensible? ~ G K Chesterton, #NFDB
1489:I don't think it is even possible to define what a good photograph is, so it is difficult to instruct anybody how to make one. Beauty and aesthetics are subjective, and very much in the mind of the beholder. ~ Michael Kenna, #NFDB
1490:It is never easy to define what is moral, particularly in foreign policy. But at the risk of being simplistic, it appears to me that a foreign policy that is morally right protects human rights everywhere. ~ Arthur Goldberg, #NFDB
1491:Most people would define success with words like results, achievement, or what I accomplished. Certainly, there’s merit in those things. But for me to properly define success I must look from God’s perspective. ~ Paul Tsika, #NFDB
1492:My height doesn't define my skill set. To be a great quarterback, you have to have great leadership, great attention to detail and a relentless competitive nature - and I try to bring that on a daily basis. ~ Russell Wilson, #NFDB
1493:Thinking in a concentrated manner to define desired outcomes is something few people feel they have to do. But in truth, outcome thinking is one of the most effective means available for making wishes reality. ~ David Allen, #NFDB
1494:TO FOREIGN LANDS. I heard that you ask’d for something to prove this puzzle the New World, And to define America, her athletic Democracy, Therefore I send you my poems that you behold in them what you wanted. ~ Walt Whitman, #NFDB
1495:claimed that women have been coaxed, cajoled, shoved and squashed into a series of feminine contortions for so many centuries, that it is now quite impossible to define their natural abilities or aspirations. ~ Tara Westover, #NFDB
1496:I don't try to define the cosmos, I know it's unknowable, but I can understand my place in the world and my place in the universe through a mixture of Taoism, Catholicism, Zen or whatever I have at hand. ~ Guillermo del Toro, #NFDB
1497:If you really want to define civilization it should be a culture that doesn't destroy its environment. If you burn down the kitchen one day and expect to eat the next, it is not even intelligent, let alone civilized. ~ Sting, #NFDB
1498:I'll write for a while and then I'll find an appropriate song and in a weird way the music will keep me in the mood. I find music to define the mood of the movie, the rhythm the movie is going to play in. ~ Quentin Tarantino, #NFDB
1499:Part of Obama's persona is self-reliance. He's calm; he's cool; he's self-possessed. In many ways, he has tried to define himself in opposition to Clinton's sometimes needy, often undisciplined, emotionalism. ~ Dee Dee Myers, #NFDB
1500:The first responsibility of a leader is to define reality. The last is to say thank you. In between the two, the leader must become a servant and a debtor. That sums up the progress of an artful leader. Concepts ~ Max DePree, #NFDB
120 Integral Yoga
78 Christianity
53 Philosophy
51 Occultism
26 Psychology
21 Science
18 Poetry
17 Yoga
15 Fiction
11 Integral Theory
7 Hinduism
6 Cybernetics
5 Theosophy
2 Sufism
2 Education
2 Buddhism
1 Thelema
1 Baha i Faith
1 Alchemy
75 Sri Aurobindo
68 The Mother
48 Satprem
35 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
28 Aleister Crowley
26 Carl Jung
24 Plotinus
18 Saint Augustine of Hippo
15 Nolini Kanta Gupta
15 H P Lovecraft
10 Swami Vivekananda
9 Plato
9 Jorge Luis Borges
9 Aldous Huxley
7 Swami Krishnananda
7 Paul Richard
7 A B Purani
6 Norbert Wiener
5 Saint John of Climacus
5 George Van Vrekhem
4 Walt Whitman
4 Vyasa
4 Rudolf Steiner
4 Jordan Peterson
4 Aristotle
3 R Buckminster Fuller
3 Patanjali
3 Ken Wilber
3 James George Frazer
3 Friedrich Nietzsche
3 Alice Bailey
2 Sri Ramana Maharshi
2 Robert Browning
2 Peter J Carroll
2 Percy Bysshe Shelley
2 Jean Gebser
2 Edgar Allan Poe
2 Bokar Rinpoche
15 Magick Without Tears
15 Lovecraft - Poems
15 City of God
13 The Future of Man
11 The Phenomenon of Man
11 Liber ABA
10 The Synthesis Of Yoga
10 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01
9 The Practice of Psycho therapy
9 The Perennial Philosophy
9 Record of Yoga
9 Mysterium Coniunctionis
8 The Life Divine
8 Let Me Explain
7 The Study and Practice of Yoga
7 Plotinus - Complete Works Vol 03
7 Plotinus - Complete Works Vol 01
7 Evening Talks With Sri Aurobindo
7 Essays In Philosophy And Yoga
6 The Secret Doctrine
6 Plotinus - Complete Works Vol 04
6 Labyrinths
6 Cybernetics
6 Agenda Vol 03
5 The Ladder of Divine Ascent
5 Talks
5 Preparing for the Miraculous
5 Prayers And Meditations
5 Essays On The Gita
5 Agenda Vol 09
5 Agenda Vol 08
5 Agenda Vol 05
5 A Garden of Pomegranates - An Outline of the Qabalah
4 Whitman - Poems
4 Vishnu Purana
4 The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious
4 The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People
4 Poetics
4 Plotinus - Complete Works Vol 02
4 On Thoughts And Aphorisms
4 Maps of Meaning
4 Letters On Yoga I
4 Bhakti-Yoga
4 Aion
4 Agenda Vol 13
4 Agenda Vol 11
4 Agenda Vol 07
4 Agenda Vol 01
3 Words Of Long Ago
3 Vedic and Philological Studies
3 Twilight of the Idols
3 The Golden Bough
3 The Confessions of Saint Augustine
3 Synergetics - Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking
3 Sex Ecology Spirituality
3 Savitri
3 Raja-Yoga
3 Questions And Answers 1955
3 Questions And Answers 1954
3 Patanjali Yoga Sutras
3 Letters On Yoga II
3 Kena and Other Upanishads
3 Hymn of the Universe
3 Essays Divine And Human
3 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02
3 A Treatise on Cosmic Fire
3 Agenda Vol 04
2 The Secret Of The Veda
2 The Problems of Philosophy
2 Theosophy
2 The Mother With Letters On The Mother
2 The Human Cycle
2 The Ever-Present Origin
2 Tara - The Feminine Divine
2 Symposium
2 Sri Aurobindo or the Adventure of Consciousness
2 Shelley - Poems
2 Poe - Poems
2 On Education
2 Liber Null
2 Letters On Yoga IV
2 Knowledge of the Higher Worlds
2 Browning - Poems
2 Agenda Vol 10
00.04 - The Beautiful in the Upanishads, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
it cannot be defined or figured in the terms of the phenomenal consciousness. In speaking of it, however, the Upanishads invariably and repeatedly refer to two attributes that characterise its fundamental nature. These two aspects have made such an impression upon the consciousness of the Upanishadic seer that his enthusiasm almost wholly plays about them and is centred on them. When he contemplates or communes with the Supreme Object, these seem to him to be the mark of its au thenticity, the seal of its high status and the reason of all the charm and magic it possesses. The first aspect or attri bute is that of light the brilliance, the solar effulgenceravituly-arpa the bright, clear, shadow less Light of lightsvirajam ubhram jyotim jyoti The second aspect is that of delight, the bliss, the immortality inherent in that wide effulgencenandarpam amtam yad vibhti.
And what else is the true character, the soul of beauty than light and delight? "A thing of beauty is a joy for ever." And a thing of joy is a thing of light. Joy is the radiance rippling over a thing of beauty. Beauty is always radiant: the charm, the loveliness of an object is but the glow of light that it emanates. And it would not be a very incorrect mensuration to measure the degree of beauty by the degree of light radiated. The diamond is not only a thing of value, but a thing of beauty also, because of the concentrated and undimmed light that it enshrines within itself. A dark, dull and dismal thing, devoid of interest and attraction becomes aesthetically precious and significant as soon as the artist presents it in terms of the values of light. The entire art of painting is nothing but the expression of beauty, in and through the modalities of light.
0.00a - Introduction, #A Garden of Pomegranates - An Outline of the Qabalah, #Israel Regardie, #Occultism
But the Qabalah is more. It also lays the foundation on which rests another archaic science- Magic. Not to be confused with the conjurer's sleight-of-hand, Magic has been defined by Aleister Crowley as "the science and art of causing change to occur in conformity with will." Dion Fortune qualifies this nicely with an added clause, "changes in consciousness."
The Qabalah reveals the nature of certain physical and psychological phenomena. Once these are apprehended, understood and correlated, the student can use the principles of Magic to exercise control over life's conditions and circumstances not otherwise possible. In short. Magic provides the practical application of the theories supplied by the Qabalah.
000 - Humans in Universe, #Synergetics - Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, #R Buckminster Fuller, #Science
000.1271 To define the everywhere-and-everywhen-transforming cosmic
environment of each and every system requires several more intercovarying system
0.00 - The Book of Lies Text, #The Book of Lies, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
perhaps be defined as the Ultimate Reality.
IT is apparently a more exalted thing than THAT.
--
"Huckle", which latter is defined in the late Sir W.S.
Gilbert's "Prince Cherry-Top".
0.00 - The Wellspring of Reality, #Synergetics - Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, #R Buckminster Fuller, #Science
Holding within their definition, we define Universe as the aggregate of allhumanity's consciously apprehended and communicated, nonsimultaneous, and only partially overlapping experiences. An aggregate of finites is finite. Universe is a finite but nonsimultaneously conceptual scenario.
The human brain is a physical mechanism for storing, retrieving, and re-storing again, each special-case experience. The experience is often a packaged concept.
01.03 - Rationalism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
What is Reason, the faculty that is said to be the proud privilege of man, the sovereign instrument he alone possesses for the purpose of knowing? What is the value of knowledge that Reason gives? For it is the manner of knowing, the particular faculty or instrument by which we know, that determines the nature and content of knowledge. Reason is the collecting of available sense-perceptions and a certain mode of working upon them. It has three component elements that have been defined as observation, classification and deduction. Now, the very composition of Reason shows that it cannot be a perfect instrument of knowledge; the limitations are the inherent limitations of the component elements. As regards observation there is a two-fold limitation. First, observation is a relative term and variable quantity. One observes through the prism of one's own observing faculty, through the bias of one's own personality and no two persons can have absolutely the same manner of observation. So Science has recognised the necessity of personal equation and has created an imaginary observer, a "mean man" as the standard of reference. And this already takes us far away from the truth, from the reality. Secondly, observation is limited by its scope. All the facts of the world, all sense-perceptions possible and actual cannot be included within any observation however large, however collective it may be. We have to go always upon a limited amount of data, we are able to construct only a partial and sketchy view of the surface of existence. And then it is these few and doubtful facts that Reason seeks to arrange and classify. That classification may hold good for certain immediate ends, for a temporary understanding of the world and its forces, either in order to satisfy our curiosity or to gain some practical utility. For when we want to consider the world only in its immediate relation to us, a few and even doubtful facts are sufficient the more immediate the relation, the more immaterial the doubtfulness and insufficiency of facts. We may quite confidently go a step in darkness, but to walk a mile we do require light and certainty. Our scientific classification has a background of uncertainty, if not, of falsity; and our deduction also, even while correct within a very narrow range of space and time, cannot escape the fundamental vices of observation and classification upon which it is based.
It might be said, however, that the guarantee or sanction of Reason does not lie in the extent of its application, nor can its subjective nature (or ego-centric predication, as philosophers would term it) vitiate the validity of its conclusions. There is, in fact, an inherent unity and harmony between Reason and Reality. If we know a little of Reality, we know the whole; if we know the subjective, we know also the objective. As in the part, so in the whole; as it is within, so it is without. If you say that I will die, you need not wait for my actual death to have the proof of your statement. The generalising power inherent in Reason is the guarantee of the certitude to which it leads. Reason is valid, as it does not betray us. If it were such as anti-intellectuals make it out to be, we would be making nothing but false steps, would always remain entangled in contradictions. The very success of Reason is proof of its being a reliable and perfect instrument for the knowledge of Truth and Reality. It is beside the mark to prove otherwise, simply by analysing the nature of Reason and showing the fundamental deficiencies of that nature. It is rather to the credit of Reason that being as it is, it is none the less a successful and trustworthy agent.
01.06 - On Communism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Now how to escape the dilemma? Only if we take the commune and the individual togetheren bloc, as has already been suggested. This means that the commune should be at the beginning a subtle and supple thing, without form and even without name, it should be no more than the circumambient aura the sukshma deha that plays around a group of individuals who meet and unite and move together by a secret affinity, along a common path towards a common goal. As each individual develops and defines himself, the commune also takes a more and more concrete shape; and when at the last stage the individual rises to the full height of his godhead, takes possession of his integral divinity, the commune also establishes its solid empire, vivid and vibrant in form and name.
***
0.10 - Letters to a Young Captain, #Some Answers From The Mother, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
nothing but That - something we cannot name, cannot define,
cannot describe, but something we can feel and can more and
01.11 - The Basis of Unity, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
However, coming to historical times, we see wave after wave of the most heterogeneous and disparate elementsSakas and Huns and Greeks, each bringing its quota of exotic materialenter into the oceanic Indian life and culture, lose their separate foreign identity and become part and parcel of the common whole. Even so,a single unitary body was formed out of such varied and shifting materialsnot in the political, but in a socio-religious sense. For a catholic religious spirit, not being solely doctrinal and personal, admitted and embraced in its supple and wide texture almost an infinite variety of approaches to the Divine, of forms and norms of apprehending the Beyond. It has been called Hinduism: it is a vast synthesis of multiple affiliations. It expresses the characteristic genius of India and hence Hinduism and Indianism came to be looked upon as synonymous terms. And the same could be defined also as Vedic religion and culture, for its invariable basis the bed-rock on which it stood firm and erectwas the Vedas, the Knowledge seen by the sages. But there had already risen a voice of dissidence and discord that of Buddha, not so much, perhaps, of Buddha as of Buddhism. The Buddhistic enlightenment and discipline did not admit the supreme authority of the Vedas; it sought other bases of truth and reality. It was a great denial; and it meant and worked for a vital schism. The denial of the Vedas by itself, perhaps, would not be serious, but it became so, as it was symptomatic of a deeper divergence. Denying the Vedas, the Buddhistic spirit denied life. It was quite a new thing in the Indian consciousness and spiritual discipline. And it left such a stamp there that even today it stands as the dominant character of the Indian outlook. However, India's synthetic genius rose to the occasion and knew how to bridge the chasm, close up the fissure, and present again a body whole and entire. Buddha became one of the Avataras: the discipline of Nirvana and Maya was reserved as the last duty to be performed at the end of life, as the culmination of a full-length span of action and achievement; the way to Moksha lay through Dharma and Artha and Kama, Sannyasa had to be built upon Brahmacharya and Garhasthya. The integral ideal was epitomized by Kalidasa in his famous lines about the character of the Raghus:
They devoted themselves to study in their boyhood, in youth they pursued the objects of life; when old they took to spiritual austerities, and in the end they died united with the higher consciousness.
01.12 - Three Degrees of Social Organisation, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
It might be objected here however that actually in the history of humanity the conception of Duty has been no less pugnacious than that of Right. In certain ages and among certain peoples, for example, it was considered the imperative duty of the faithful to kill or convert by force or otherwise as many as possible belonging to other faiths: it was the mission of the good shepherd to burn the impious and the heretic. In recent times, it was a sense of high and solemn duty that perpetrated what has been termed "purges"brutalities undertaken, it appears, to purify and preserve the integrity of a particular ideological, social or racial aggregate. But the real name of such a spirit is not duty but fanaticism. And there is a considerable difference between the two. Fanaticism may be defined as duty running away with itself; but what we are concerned with here is not the aberration of duty, but duty proper self-poised.
One might claim also on behalf of the doctrine of Right that the right kind of Right brings no harm, it is as already stated another name for liberty, for the privilege of living and it includes the obligation to let live. One can do what one likes provided one does not infringe on an equal right of others to do the same. The measure of one's liberty is equal to the measure of others' liberty.
0 1958-05-30, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
As a matter of fact, my tendency is more and more towards something in which the role of these hostile forces will be reduced to that of an examinerwhich means that they are there to test the sincerity of your spiritual quest. These elements have a reality in their action and for the workthis is their great reality but when you go beyond a certain region, it all grows dim to such a degree that it is no longer so well defined, so distinct. In the occult world, or rather if you look at the world from the occult point of view, these hostile forces are very real, their action is very real, quite concrete, and their attitude towards the divine realization is positively hostile; but as soon as you go beyond this region and enter into the spiritual world where there is no longer anything but the Divine in all things, and where there is nothing undivine, then these hostile forces become part of the total play and can no longer be called hostile forces: it is only an attitude that they have adoptedor more precisely, it is only an attitude adopted by the Divine in his play.
This again belongs to the dualities that Sri Aurobindo speaks of in (The Synthesis of Yoga, these dualities that are being reabsorbed. I dont know if he spoke of this particular one; I dont think so, but its the same thing. Its again a certain way of seeing. He has written of the Personal-Impersonal duality, Ishwara-Shakti, Purusha-Prakriti but there is still one more: Divine and anti-divine.
0 1958-09-19, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
Ever since my childhood, I have spent my time veiling myself: one veil over another veil over another veil, so as to remain invisible. Because to see me without the true attitude is the great sin. Anyway, sin in the sense Sri Aurobindo defines itmeaning that things are no longer in their place.
***
0 1959-10-06 - Sri Aurobindos abode, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
In fact, when I walk back and forth in my room, I dont cut myself off from the rest of the worldalthough it would be so much more convenient! All kinds of things come to mesuggestions, wills, aspirations. But automatically I make a movement of offering: things come to me and just as they are about to touch my head, I turn them upwards and offer them to the Light. They dont enter into me. For example, if someone speaks to me while I am saying my japa, I hear quite well what is being said, I may even answer, but the words remain a little outside, at a certain distance from the head. And yet sometimes, there are things that insist, more defined wills that present themselves to me, so then I have to do a little work, but all that without a pause in the japa. If that happens, there is sometimes a change in the quality of my japa, and instead of being fully the power, fully the light, it is certainly something that produces results, but results more or less sure, more or less long to fructify; it becomes uncertain, as with all things of this physical world. Yet the difference between the two japas is imperceptible; its not a difference between saying the japa in a more or less mechanical way and saying it consciously, because even while I work I remain fully conscious of the japa I continue to repeat it putting the full meaning into each syllable. But nevertheless, there is a difference. One is the all-powerful japa; the other, an almost ordinary japa There is a difference in the inner attitude. Perhaps for the japa to become true, a kind of joy, an elation, a warmth of enthusiasm has to be added but especially joy. Then everything changes.
Well, it is the same thing, the same imperceptible difference, when it comes to entering the world of Truth. On one side there is the falsehood, and on the other, close by, like the lining of this one, the true life. Only a little difference in the inner quality, a little reversal, is enough to pass to the other side, into the Truth and Light.
0 1960-09-20, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
Along the way, I once went down into this physical mind for awhile to try to set it right, to organize it a little (it was done rather quickly, I didnt stay there long). So when I went inside X, I saw It was rather curious, for its the opposite of the method we follow. In his material consciousness (physical and vital), he has trained himself to be impersonal, open, limitless, in communication with all the universal forces. In the physical mind, silence, immobility. But in the speculative mind, the one there at the very top of the head what an organization, phew! All the tradition in its most superb organization, but such a ri-gi-dity! And it had a pretty quality of light, a silver blueVERY pretty. Oh, it was very calm, wonderfully calm and quiet and still. But what a ceiling it had!the outer form resembled rigid cubes. Everything inside was beautiful, but that There was a very large cube right at the top, I recall, bordered by a purple line, which is a line of powerall this was quite luminous. It looked like a pyramid; the smaller cubes formed a kind of base, the lower part of which faded into something cloudy, and then this passed imperceptibly downwards to a more material realm, or in other words, the physical mind. The cube on top was the largest and most luminous, and the least yieldingeven inflexible, you could say. The others were somewhat less defined, and at the bottom it was very blurred. But up at the top!thats where I wanted to go, right to the top.
When I got there, I felt a moment of anguish; my feeling was that nothing could be done. Not for him in particular, but universally, for all those in his categoryit seemed hopeless.6 If that was perfection, then nothing more could be done. This lasted only a second, but it was painful. And then I tried that is, I wanted to bring my consciousness down into the highest cubethis eternal, universal and infinite consciousness which is the first and foremost expression of the manifestation but nothing doing. It was impossible. I tried for several minutes and saw that it was absolutely impossible. So I had to make a curious movement (I couldnt get through it, it was impassable), I had to come back down into the so-called lower consciousness (not lower, actuallyit was vast and impersonal), and from there I came out and regained my equilibrium. This is what gave me that splitting headache I told you about. I came out of there as if I were carrying the weight the weight of an irreducible absoluteit was dreadful. Unfortunately, I was unable to rest afterwards, and as people were waiting to see me, I had to talkwhich is very tiring for me. And this produced a bubbling in my head, like a this dark blue light of power in matter was there, shot through with streaks of white and gold, and all this was flashing back and forth in my head, this way and that way I thought I was going to have a stroke! (Mother laughs)
0 1961-02-11, #Agenda Vol 02, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
The terminology used by Mother and Sri Aurobindo is distinct from the terminology of Western psychology. This is how Sri Aurobindo defines 'inconscient' and 'subconscient': 'All upon earth is based on the Inconscient, as it is called, though it is not really inconscient at all, but rather a complete "sub"-conscience, a suppressed or involved consciousness, in which there is everything but nothing is formulated or expressed. The subconscient lies between this Inconscient and the conscious mind, life and body.'
Cent. Ed., XXII, p. 354
0 1962-05-29, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I dont know, I cant define it very clearly. Instead of trying to push down walls, I feel I may be remaining more passive. Its that kind of movement now, a movement of surrender rather than concentration.
Yes, exactly! Thats where I find fault with the Tantric system they have no belief in the possibility of something helping you from above. They believe in walking the tightrope. Its no good.
0 1962-05-31, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
One day I will certainly use the same method on those room changes, but for that it will have to become very clear and distinct, well defined in the consciousness. Because that change of room (intellectually you would call it a change of consciousness, but that means nothing at all; were dealing here with something very, very material) I have sometimes gone through it without experiencing ANY CHANGE OF EFFECT, which probably means I was centered not in the material consciousness but in a higher consciousness dwelling and looking on from elsewherea witness consciousness and I was in a state where everything flows flows like a river of tranquil peace. Truly, its marvelousall creation, all life, all movements, all things, and everything like a single mass, with the body in the midst of it all, blending homogeneously with the whole and it all flows on like a river of peace, peaceful and smiling, on to infinity. And then oops! You trip (gesture of inversion2) and once again find yourself SITUATEDyou ARE somewhere, at some specific moment of time; and then theres a pain here, a pain there, a pain. And sometimes I have seen, I have witnessed the change from the one to the other WITHOUT feeling the pains or experiencing the thing concretely, which means that I wasnt at all in the body, I wasnt BOUND to the body I was seeing, only seeing, just like a witness. And its always accompanied by the kind of observation an indulgent (but not blind) friend might make: But why? Why that again? Thats how it comes. Whats the use of that? And I cant catch hold of what makes it happen.
It will come.
0 1962-06-06, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
For example, just now I was sitting and waiting for you. When I have nothing to do I cant stay one second without immediately turning withininstead of the consciousness being turned outside, its turned within and well, I noticed that the body, which was sitting and waiting, had the feeling of going into something woolly, rounded, soft. And in both cases I was motionless. I was simply sitting here waiting. Its like going from something crisp, clear, precise (forget about thought or vision: this is pure sensation), from something crisp, precise, defined, into something soft, mellow like a light white smokenot milky white, but soft, transparent and oh, such peace. As if nothing in the world could resist that peace.
It happened in a split second: I was sitting, waiting for you, thinking you were about to come; but the door wasnt opening, so automatically the body went like this (inward-turning gesture). And since it happened so suddenly, I noticed the difference in the way the body felt. What it normally feels is a formidable willvery tranquil, very peaceful, free of tension or agitation, yet so direct and clear, concentrated (not concentrated: coagulated) that it is almost hard. And thats what controls the body, thats what the body obeys. And when thats not there, its the other state: smooth, mellow, soft, woolly and what peace! As if nothing in the world could disturb it.
0 1962-07-25, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Anyway, the periods of my life have been as clear as could be, distinctly defined, preparing everything for my coming here.
Many, many things in my life have completely vanished I dont remember them any more, theyre gone from my consciousness everything that was useless. But there is a very clear vision of everything that was preparing the jiva for its action here. Even before coming and meeting Sri Aurobindo, I had realized everything needed to begin his yoga. It was all ready, classified, organized. Magnificent! A superb mental construction which he demolished within five minutes!
0 1962-11-27, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Nothing was left but an immensity, without beginning, without end, neither in space nor in timeoutside time. Outside time and space: an immensity of light. It was something of the same nature as light, but not lightfar brighter, far not bright: far more intense than light. It was white, but not our physical white; it was a white at the time I couldnt define it. Afterwards, looking at it again in my consciousness, it seemed to be the light of a gold turned white, you understand: like when you bring something to white heat. Well, it was like gold becoming white through its intensity. It was ABSOLUTELY immobile that is, I had the feeling you get in Sat.2 Yet that immobility contained (how shall I put it?) yes, it actively containedalthough its action wasnt perceptiblea sort of infinite Power, which could be the creative Power. And directed by an unmanifest Consciousness. If you can make anything out of this, good for you!
Everything was like that, and without thought I am now trying to put it into words. And at the center of that immensity was a concentration of white light as we know it (far more intense), but denser, forming a sort of cube that was relatively tiny in the immensity, but nonetheless quite perceptible. It was vibrant, fluid, condensed, concentrated, and tremendously active. And all that immensity converged there (how?) without moving. And from there, it was spreading everywhere, without going out.
0 1962-12-22, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I have had some rather strange things have been happening. I dont know whether you understand the difference between the memory of an inner experience (from the subtle physical, the subconscient, all the inner regions) and the memory of a physical fact. There is a very great difference in quality, the same difference that exists between inner vision and physical vision. Physical vision is precise, well defined, and at the same time flat I dont know how to explain it: its very flat, totally superficial, but very accurate, with the kind of accuracy and precision that defines things which are really not defined at all. Well, theres the same difference in quality between the two types of memory as between the two types of vision. And in the last few days Ive realized that I had the memory of having gone downstairs, of having seen certain people and things, spoken and organized certain thingsseveral different scenes of the PHYSICAL memory. Not at all things I saw with the inner vision while exteriorized, but the MATERIAL memory of having done certain things.
Afterwards, I had to look into it: it really was a memory. It suddenly struck me, and I wondered, Did I really go downstairs physically? There are plenty of people here to prove that I didnt, that I didnt stir from here. And yet I have the physical memory of having done so, and of having done certain other things as well; I even remember going outside.
0 1963-01-18, #Agenda Vol 04, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I often have a sense that it would take only a very tiny thingwhich is hard to definea very tiny movement of materialization to make this new creation concrete to us as we are. And it is probablyit will probably be formed completely in that subtle world before it materializes.
I think few people are able to make the distinction. They have rather an impression that its their dream way of seeing things; I mean they say, Oh, its just a dream. In most cases its like that. The subtle physical has the character of a realm where things are more fluid and harmonious than physical things, but with the same concrete quality; its nature is not like that of vital things, which have vibrations of power but again not that very concrete and objective quality characteristic of material things. In the subtle physical, things are very concrete. For instance, if someone stands in your way, you have to push him aside: he doesnt just vanish, you cant walk through him. If you see an object thats not in its place, you have to move it. Voil.
0 1963-03-19, #Agenda Vol 04, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I came across a man who had that blue light but I found him rather formidable. He looked after all the religious rites and priests of B.s state. He came here and asked to see me. I saw him on a December 9 (I think) when I paid a visit to the estate at Aryankuppam. I was walking in the gardens when suddenly I felt something pulling at meand none too gently! I turned around and saw a tall man, standing and staring at me. So (I didnt know who he was, no one had told me), I stared back and simply answered his impudence! And pfft! it just fell off. I was surprised. Later (I had not yet been told who he was), he asked to see me. When he entered the room, I felt I felt a solid being. I dont know how to define it, I had never before felt it in a human beingsolid. As solid as rock. Extraordinarily solidcoagulated, an edifice. And quite powerful, I must say. Not like an arrow (gesture upward) but all around him. Then it was very funny (because theres no doubt he must have had an awesome effect on people instantly, without a word or anything), but I answered in my own way, with something else!
He entered the room wearing some kind of religious headdress, I cant say what, and intending to be very arrogant. He went past me stiffly, and suddenly what do I see but the man do his pranam.2 He stepped back, took off his hat and did his pranam. And stayed that way for nearly a quarter of an hour. And it was interesting, his response was interesting. Then he started talking to me (someone translatedhe spoke in Hindi, I think), asking me to take care of B. I said something in turn, and then thought strongly, Now, time is up, it cant last forever! (He had already been there for more than fifteen minutes.) And suddenly I see him stiffen, put his thing back on his head, and go.
0 1963-07-13, #Agenda Vol 04, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I must now bring myself to write to you. With regret and sadness, I confess, since it is to inform you that we do not think it possible to publish your book Sri Aurobindo or the Adventure of Consciousness. I confess that what prevented me from writing to you earlier is not so much the fear of causing you pain, for you are able to rise above the shock such news cannot but cause, as the fact that I knew it would be impossible to explain our reasons to you. Frankly, we cannot really understand this book. And how to explain the reasons for not understanding something? As for me, I often had the feeling of passing from one plane to another, from the level of fact to that of conjecture, from the level of logic (with defined terms as a starting point) to that of presupposition (within a coherence unconnected with the knowledge you offer). I know that all this is disputable. I also know or guess that behind those pages lies an entire lived experience, but one doesnt feel the reader can participate in it. For what reason? Once again, I cannot say. The readers blindness, quite possibly. The minds limitation, too. But a book must build a bridge, pierce the screen, and there are doubtless cases in which doing so no longer depends on the author. I must therefore return this manuscript to you.
(signed: P.A.L.)
0 1964-02-05, #Agenda Vol 05, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
They come more and more often, those things that I scribble on a slip of paper, and they always follow the same process: first, always a sort of explosionlike the explosion of a power of truth; it makes great dazzling white fireworks (Mother smiles), much more than fireworks! Then it rolls and rolls (gesture above the head), it works and works; and then comes the impression of an idea (but the idea is lower down, its like clothing), and the idea contains its sensation, it brings the sensation along with it the sensation was there before, but without any idea, so you couldnt define it. There is only one thing: its always the explosion of a luminous Power. Then, afterwards, if you look at it while remaining very still, while above all the head keeps quieteverything keeps quiet (gesture of a stillness turned upward)then, all of a sudden, somebody speaks in your head (!), somebody speaks. Its the explosion that speaks. Then I take a pencil and my paper, and I write. But between what speaks and what writes, there is still a difficult little passage, with the result that when I have written, something above isnt satisfied. So I again keep still: Ah, no, not that wordthis one sometimes it takes two days for the thing to be really definitive. But those who are satisfied with the power of the experience skimp it all and send you off into the world of sensational revelations, which are distortions of the Truth.
One must be very level-headed, very still, very criticalespecially very still, silent, silent, silent, without trying to grab at the experience: Ah, is it this? Ah, is it that? Then one spoils it all. But one must looklook at it very attentively. And in the words, there is a remnant, something left of the original vibration (so little), something remains, something which makes you smile, which is pleasant, it bubbles like a sparkling wine, and then here (Mother shows a word or a passage in an imaginary note), its lackluster; so you look at it with your knowledge of the language or sense of the rhythm of the words, and you notice: Here, a pebble the pebble must be removed; so then you wait, until suddenly it comesplop!it falls into place: the true word. If you are patient, after a day or two it becomes quite exact.
0 1964-03-07, #Agenda Vol 05, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
This morning I noted the experience through the same process I told you I was using for revelation. I wanted to note exactly how the experience could be defined (Mother reads out a note):
The penetration and permeation into material substance of the Ananda of the power of progress in Life.
0 1964-07-22, #Agenda Vol 05, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Human love, what people call love, even at its best, even taking it in its purest essence, is something that goes to one person, but not to another: you love SOME people (sometimes even you love only certain qualities in some people); you love SOME people, and that means its partial and limited. And even for those who are incapable of hatred there is a number of people and things that they are indifferent to: there is no love (in most cases). That love is limited, partial and defined. Its unstable, moreover: man (I mean the human being) is unable to feel love in a continuous way, always with the same intensityat certain times, for a moment, it becomes very intense and powerful, and at other times it grows dim; sometimes, it falls completely asleep. And thats under the best conditions I am not speaking of all the degradations, I am speaking of the feeling people call love, which is the feeling closest to true love; thats how it is: partial, limited, unstable and fluctuating.
Then, immediately, without transition, it was as if I was plunged in a bath of the Supremes Love with the sensation of something limitless; in other words, when you have the perception of space, that something is everywhere (its beyond the perception of space, but if you have the perception of space, its everywhere). And its a kind of homogenous vibratory mass, IMMOBILE, yet with an unparalleled intensity of vibration, which can be described as a warm, golden light (but its not that, its much more marvelous than that!). And then, its everywhere at once, everywhere always the same, without alternations of high and low, unchanging, in an unvarying intensity of sensation. And that something which is characteristic of divine nature (and is hard to express with words) is at the same time absolute immobility and absolute intensity of vibration. And That loves. There is no Lord, there are no things; there is no subject, no object. And That loves. But how can you say what That is? Its impossible. And That loves everywhere and everything, all the time, all at the same time.
0 1964-08-26, #Agenda Vol 05, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
And the more I go into the details, the more I The more you feel YOU-KNOW-NOTHING. What people call knowing is wanting to define, regulate and organize things that doesnt correspond to ANYTHING.
(silence)
0 1964-11-04, #Agenda Vol 05, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
It wasnt a defined form, but it was a personal form. And it came in the wake of a series of experiences in which I saw the different attitudes of different categories of people or thinkers, according to their conviction. And it came as if that form were saying to my body (it was a PHYSICAL presence), as if it were saying, really with words (it was a translation; the words are always a translation I dont know what language the Supreme speaks (!), but it is translated, it must be translated in everyones brain according to his own language), as if He were telling me, Through you (that is, through this, the body) I am charging (it was like a conquest, a battle), I am charging to conquer the physical world. Thats how it was. And the sensation was really of an all-powerful Being whose proportions were like ours, but who was everywhere at once, and really of a physical charge to chase away all the dark little demons of Ignorance, and those little demons were like black vibrations. But He had something like a form, a color and above all, there was a contacta contact, a sensation. Thats the first time.
I have never tried to see a personal form, and it always seemed to me an impossibility, as if it were childishness and a diminishing; but this came quite unexpectedly, spontaneously, stunningly: a flash. I was so astonished. The astonishment made it go away.
0 1965-08-31, #Agenda Vol 06, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
How do you define this physical mind, the one that underwent the transfer of power?
That isnt the physical mind. The physical mind, its a long time since It is the material mindnot even the material mind: the mind OF MATTER.1 It is the mental substance that belongs to Matter itself, to the cells. Thats what was formerly called the spirit of the form, when it was said that mummies kept their bodies intact as long as the spirit of the form persisted.2 Thats the mind I mean, that completely material mind. The other one, the physical mind, has been organized for a long time.
So what is the difference between this material mind and the physical mind? How would you define the physical mind in contrast with this material mind?
The physical mind is the mind of the physical personality formed by the body. It grows with the body, but it isnt the mind of Matter: it is the mind of the physical being. For instance, it is the mind that makes ones character: the bodily, physical character, which is in large part formed by atavism and education. What is called physical mind is all that. Yes, its the result of atavism, of education and of the formation of the body; thats what makes the physical character. For example, some people are patient, some are strong and so onphysically, I mean, not for vital or mental reasons, but purely physically everyone has a character. Thats the physical mind. And it is part of any integral yoga: you discipline this physical mind. I have done it for more than sixty years.
0 1966-03-09, #Agenda Vol 07, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
For a very long time, more than two years, I saw the world like this (ascending gesture, from one level to a higher level), and now I see it like this (descending gesture). I dont know how to explain it because theres nothing mentalized about it, and non-mentalized sensations have a certain haziness thats hard to define. But words and thought were a certain distance away (gesture around the head), like something that watches and appreciates, in other words, that tells what it sees something around. And today, it has been extremely strong two or three times (I mean that that state dominated the whole consciousness): a sort of impression (or sensation or perception, but its nothing like all that) of, I am a dead person living on earth.
How can I explain that?
--
Theres nothing personalnothing personal. There is obviously the sense of a choice and a decision, but there is no sense of a personal choice and decisionmoreover, the personal is reduced to the necessity of making this (Mother pinches the skin of her hand) intervene. With eating, for example, its very oddvery odd. Its like someone who is watching over a body (which isnt even a very precise and defined thing, but a sort of conglomerate holding together), a spectator of something happening! No, its really an odd state. Today, since I got up and till now, it has been very strong, dominating the whole consciousness. And there are even times when you feel that a mere nothing could make you lose contact (gesture of disconnection, as if the link with the body were severed), and that only if you remain very still and very indifferentindifferentcan it continue.
In the consciousness of the people, the whole morning, it was translated by (all this is perceived very clearly), by the thought, Oh, Mother is VERY tired. But there is that sort of state of indifference, unreceptive to the vibration around, which enables you to go on, otherwise you feel that (same gesture of disconnection) something would be seriously disrupted. Once or twice I had to draw within and become still. And its going on. And in fact, while it was like that something came and told me (but all this wordlessly), When Satprem is here, you will understand. Then there was tranquillity, because the moment was (what shall I say?) very uncertain. And there was a sort of relaxing: You will understand when he is here, you will have the explanation.
0 1966-06-29, #Agenda Vol 07, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
So we could define it like this: when the the (I never know which name to use!) became conscious of Himself, that created the world.
In the Upanishads, they say tapas3 created the world.
0 1966-10-08, #Agenda Vol 07, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
To me its even stronger than that: when I look at a rose like the one I gave you, this thing which holds such a concentration of spontaneous beauty (not fabricated: a spontaneous beauty, a blossoming), you only have to see that and youre sure the Divine exists, its a certitude. You cant disbelieve, its impossible. Its like those peopleits fantastic!those people who have studied Nature, studied really in depth how everything works and occurs and exists: how can they study sincerely, carefully and painstakingly without being absolutely convinced that the Divine is there? We call it the Divine the Divine is quite tiny! (Mother laughs) To me, the existence is undeniable proof that there is nothing but THAT something we cannot name, cannot define, cannot describe, but which we can feel and BECOME more and more. A something which is more perfect than all perfections, more beautiful than all beauties, more wonderful than all wonders, which even a totality of all that is cannot expressand only THAT exists. And its not a something floating in nothingness: there is nothing but That.
By the Body of the Earth or the Sannyasin. Satprem complained of difficulty in writing the end of his book.
0 1966-12-24, #Agenda Vol 07, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Truth cannot be formulated, it cannot be defined, but it can be LIVED.
And one who has completely dedicated himself to the Truth, who wants to live the Truth and serve the Truth, will know EVERY MINUTE what he has to do: it will be a sort of intuition or revelation (more often than not wordless, but sometimes also expressed in words), which will every minute let him know the truth of that minute. And thats what is so interesting. They want to know the Truth, but as something well defined, well sorted out, well established; and then you are nice and quiet, you no longer need to seek! You adopt it and say, This is the Truth, and then its rigidly set thats what all religions did, they set up their truth as a dogma. But thats not the Truth anymore.
Truth is a living, changing thing, which expresses itself every second and is ONE way of approaching the Supreme. Everyone has his own way of approaching the Supreme. There may be some who can approach Him from every side at the same time, but there are those who approach through Love, those who approach through Power, those who approach through Consciousness, and those who approach through Truth. And each of these aspects is as absolute, imperative and indefinable as the supreme Lord himself is. The supreme Lord is absolute, imperative and indefinable, ungraspable in his entirety, and his attributes have that same quality.
0 1967-01-14, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Two nights ago, I was complaining that my nights were always spent in an obscure toil in the subconscient and that, after all (laughing) it was not very amusing! Thats how it was, a whim. I was saying, I would really like to have at night the full consciousness that I have when I am awake. There is something missing and whats missing is And I was trying to define that something which was the precise expression of what the physical creation has contri buted to the immense Manifestation, and which is specific to the physical consciousness as nowhere else, in no other domain. So this was the problem: If it (this something contri buted by the physical consciousness) cant be had in sleep, it means that when we lose our body, well lose a degree of precision, doesnt it?
Before going to sleep I was in that frame of mind, and during the night there was a series of experiences to show all the different states of consciousness of the different states of being. When I got up in the morning, there was a very keen observation of the difference contri buted by the physical. I saw how that difference could persist in the new physical state once it had shed its false side. And then, for I dont know, certainly two hours, there was a concrete Presence of what I call the Supreme Lord (but we can call it by any name, it doesnt matter: Truth, Consciousness, whatever we like the words dont matter, its something beyond all that). A concrete presence, there, like this (Mother clenches her two fists as if to evoke a palpable solidity), in all the cells, in the whole being. I went on doing all the absolutely trivial and tiny little thingslike bathing, the usual things, eating too, speaking and it stayed there. And it was as if telling me, This is how it will be. A joy, a power, a blossomingextraordinary, to such a point that I wondered how it was that this (body) didnt change. Its because THE STATE DIDNT LAST LONG ENOUGH. It lasted for only about two hours (give or take a little); afterwards, back came the everyday routine, everyone with their problems, etc. (Mother makes the familiar gesture of the truckload being dumped). But I am not accusing anything of having made the state go away: it went away because this (body) isnt yet capable of holding it, thats all. That is to say, at that moment, while it was there, there was an intimation that I had to write a note. Thats what I wanted to tell you. I had to write a note. (Mother breaks off abruptly, then speaks as if words were being dictated to her:)
0 1967-05-24, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
The Divine can be lived, but not defined.
Here, I added, But anyway, since you ask me the question, I will answer you.
--
And at the same time, when there was that look at the something which had to be defined, there was a great silence everywhere and a great aspiration (gesture like a rising flame), and all the forms that that aspiration has taken. It was very interesting. The history of the aspiration of the earth towards the marvellous Unknown we want to become.
And each oneeach one who was destined to effect the junctionbelieves in his simplicity that the bridge he has walked is the only one. The result: religions, philosophies, dogmas, creedsbattle.
0 1967-07-22, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I have seen something. In its totality, it is luminous, but not radiant; its extremely peaceful, and as if golden, but not dazzling (I dont know how to explain), like a creamy and golden light. Very, very peaceful. But in it there were patches (as they say in English) of three VERY bright colours that were grouped together, as it were, and as though organized. There was a dazzling red, ruby red; a bluish white, almost like a pearl-grey, very luminous too; and (Mother tries to remember) Its gone, I dont remember if it was. Yes, it was green, but an emerald green that was also luminousluminous and transparent. They were like defined groups, but their positions were changing (Mother makes a rotating gesture, like the lights in a kaleidoscope). They were almost like entities. And it was in your atmosphere. Like formations moving about and organizing themselves (same gesture), made up of those three colours.
The grey is the grey of spiritual light, spiritual aspiration; the red is the ruby red of the physical; and that emerald green 3
The shapes were defined, but not fixed. They were like clearly defined groups of light, but not fixed (they were plastic), and organizing themselves like this (same gesture of a kaleidoscope).
When I started talking, I almost stopped seeing. I was in an inner vision, very deep inside. A very special consciousness.
0 1967-07-29, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Its hard to explain because its the state of consciousness that is different. Now its a memory, but at that moment it was a visiona very, very deep vision, very sharp, naturally exceeding all that occurred on earth, but also all the ways of expressing what occurred. The personality of Christ and so onit was all so different! And it became, yes, I might say symbolic, but thats not it. At the same time, it placed this religion among all the others, in a very defined place in the earth evolutionin the evolution of the earth CONSCIOUSNESS.
The experience lasted for half an hour, but everything, everything was differentdifferent not in its appearance, different in its deeper significance. Was the difference in my active consciousness? I dont know. I mean, did I make contact with a region of consciousness that was new to me? Possibly. But it seemed to me a wholly different vision of the earth and mans history.
0 1967-10-11, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
And in those visions (lets take this one, for instance), Durga has a visible, defined form, while this body (Mothers) isnt there because this body belongs here, on earth; so its a radiating centre of white light that can take a form (but doesnt have a form), a radiance of light, a vibration of light, of consciousnessof conscious light. And thats very interesting. (Mother remains with her eyes closed) It was as if to see how thisthis consciousness, this lightcan manifest in feasible forms on earth without losing something of the purity and radiance of the consciousness.
(Mother goes into a long contemplation)
0 1968-03-13, #Agenda Vol 09, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Its the big quarrel now about Auroville: in the Charter I put Divine Consciousness [To live in Auroville one must be a willing servitor of the Divine Consciousness], but they say, It brings God to mind. I said (laughing), Not to my mind! So then, some change it to the highest consciousness, others put something else. With the Russians I agreed to put perfect Consciousness, but thats an approximation. And Thatwhich we cant name or defineis what is the supreme Power. What you find is the supreme Power. And the supreme Power is only one aspect: the aspect concerned with the creation.
***
0 1968-04-23, #Agenda Vol 09, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Whats growing quite clear isConsciousness. Its no longer explained with words or defined or its no longer that, itsConsciousness (or rather one feels one knows what it is), Consciousness. Thats the state: Consciousness. But its still a fragmented consciousness, which is (I cant say making effort because theres no effort), which is mutating into a total consciousness. So that is the transition (same gesture in suspense). Its still a consciousness (not exactly individual or personal, but fragmented, or in other words, which has been objectified), a consciousness which is AWARE of its movement of union. Its still that, not total union.
So it results in all kinds of experiences.
0 1968-06-26, #Agenda Vol 09, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
The education of the physical consciousness (not the bodys global consciousness, but the consciousness of the cells) consists in teaching them First of all its a choice (it looks like one): its choosing the divine Presence the divine Consciousness, the divine Presence, the divine Power (all that wordlessly), the something we define as the absolute Master. Its a choice of EVERY SECOND between the old laws of Naturewith some mental influence and the whole life as it has been organized the choice between that, the government by that, and the government by the supreme Consciousness, which is equally present (the feeling of the Presence is equally strong); the other thing is more habitual, and then theres the Presence. Its every second (its infinitely interesting), and with illustrations: the nerves, for instance if a nerve obeys all the various laws of Nature and mental conclusions and all that the whole caboodle then it starts aching; if it obeys the influence of the supreme Consciousness, then a strange phenomenon takes place its not like something getting cured I might rather say, like an unreality fading away.
And thats the life of every second, for the smallest thing, the whole bodily functioning: sleep, food, washing, activities, everything, everythingevery second. And the body is learning. There are naturally hesitations stemming from the power of habit and also old ideas floating about in the air (gesture of a swarming in the atmosphere): none of that is personal. As a work, its tremendous.
0 1968-06-29, #Agenda Vol 09, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
At any rate, the inner (or higher) organization of circumstances, feelings, sensations, reactions in the totality of what thinks it is individuals, is certainly growing more precise towards a definite aim in its orientation, an aim we might define as the progress of the content of consciousness, that is to say, the broadening and enlightening of consciousnesses. But I am putting it the wrong way round (that is, I am putting it the way its understood); the truth is this: its the Consciousness doing a special work (gesture of kneading) on the instruments of its manifestation, so as to make them clearer, more precise, transparent and complete. When the Consciousness expresses itself, it does so in instruments who darken, muddle, mix up and diminish its power of expression to a tremendous degree; well, thats the work: making them more limpidmore transparent and limpidmore direct, less muddled, and broader, ever broader and at the same time more and more transparent: removing the obstructing fogtransparent, limpid, and also very vast.
Its a movement of acceleration: its the great work of the whole creation to consciously return (return is another silly wordturn to would be better), to become again, to identify again, not by abolishing the whole work of development and ascent, but Its like a multiplication of the facets of Consciousness, and that multiplication is growing increasingly coherent, organized and conscious of itself.
0 1968-07-20, #Agenda Vol 09, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Now there is no longer any human person in my life, nothing anymore; this void may be what gave rise to the recent crisis. I vaguely feel something unclear, which I cannot define but do not like, as if a part of me were trying to live with You what it can no longer live with human beings. My present difficulty comes from the impossibility to reconcile the two parts of my being, inner and outer, and from the ensuing divorce as far as you are concerned. Could you please enlighten me on the following points:
Ah, here are her questions.
--
But still, on a practical level, I have sometimes wondered (in my case) about this: when I concentrate, my more spontaneous tendency is to concentrate on That, which I do not define: its That.
(Mother approves eagerly) Yes, yes.
--
No! No, when people ask me, I tell them straight, No. Because in spite of everything, even if one understands, one is influenced by the fact of a personal form, a personal appearance, a defined personality thats worthless. There are those who prefer to go to the Supreme through the idea of the Mother, that is to say, of the realizing Force. As for me naturally, for me it has no meaning. But I see very clearly, I know that if people call me, it never goes here (Mother points to herself), it always goes straight towards the Supreme; even what goes through the active consciousness goes straight to the Supreme. But for them, sometimes its easier. So I let them do it, but Because it doesnt matter; this person [Mother] has become quite what could we call it? Its not even an image, it may be a symbol. But its like people who, in order to fix their attention, need to fix a point. I see what constantly happens: instead of directly going like this (gesture towards the Supreme) and of being a little imprecise for people, it goes like this (towards Mother), its gathered here (in Mother), and it goes there (towards the Supreme).
(Mother draws with her two arms a sort of path going towards her, rising upward, then coming down again through her towards the people. The whole path looks much like the silhouette of a single Being.)
0 1969-02-08, #Agenda Vol 10, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
7) If the solution is to wait, is it nevertheless necessary to define principles of organization and to prevent the occurrence of an uncontrollable disorder?
All those who want to live and work in Auroville must have:
0 1969-05-17, #Agenda Vol 10, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Apart from that, in Amritas case, it was something different again.6 Amrita used to come in spite of his illness, he used to come and see me every day; he would come upstairs in the morning and sit down here, and once again in the evening (you saw how much work it was to climb the stairs). In his case, when he left The doctor had told him, You cant go upstairs for a month, and its after that, later on that day, that he came: he didnt accept, he left his body and camehe came straight to me. But he was IN HIS OWN FORM, more subtle, but precisely defined (Mother draws an outline showing Amritas form), it was his form, in his likeness. And he remained there, now active and now at rest (he rests more than he is active, but now and then he is still active). Its like like a shadow, you understand, which is wholly in my atmosphere. And he has stayed therehe stays there, rests there. But in Pavitras case, it was something else altogether: its the entire conscious being which gave up (how can I put it?) its limits, the personal limit and form, so as to identify totallyhe entered like that, like a stream of consciousness and force, but very material, very material: it produced a friction, I felt a friction, and for three hours. I had never seen that before, it was the first time I had heard about it very often (its often mentioned), that knowledge the great yogis had: they would go like that deliberately.
And it has ADDED something to the body consciousness. In the bodys spontaneous attitude, its way of being, I have noticed a slight change; it has added a sort of stability in the body: a satisfied stability, like that. Its not like something that comes and might go, its not that: its here [in Mother]. It has been really quite interesting and unexpected.
0 1970-02-21, #Agenda Vol 11, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Its a bit difficult to definewords diminish a lot. It resembles what we call peace, but its luminous, with such an impression of (whats the word?) ease, well-being something Its not turned this way (gesture to oneself), its turned that way (gesture outward), and thats what makes it so hard to explain. Its not in the body, in itself, that it finds its well-being, its a well-being (gesture in every direction), a sort of radiating well-being, and so yes, something resembling a certitude theres no more anxiety is quite out of the question (question is quite out of the question!), but it is its more what we call positively well-being and certitude. Something inexpressible. Its so vast (in the body, thats the point), so vast Really it was like an offering for today.
The whole day yesterday, the attack was very strong, as if to see whether the body would bear up. But it kept its trust and calm certitude (that it had the whole day long), and then it became something that was it, but Its hard to explain.
0 1970-03-25, #Agenda Vol 11, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Yes, an activity. That work could be defined as an activity with a collective usefulness, not a selfish one.
(silence)
0 1970-03-28, #Agenda Vol 11, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
If he refers to physical pain endured by the body, the experience does not follow so clearly defined an order, all the more so as union with the Divine most often causes the pain to disappear.
Yes, thats my experience, thats what I told you.
0 1970-08-05, #Agenda Vol 11, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Certain experiences make me think that this sense of personal limitation isnt necessary to physical existenceits a thing we have to learn, but its not necessary. The impression had always been there that a body defined as making up separate individualities is necessaryits not. One can live physically without that, the body can live without that. Spontaneously, that is to say, left to its old habits and ways of being, its very difficult, it results in an internal organization that quite looks like disorderits difficult. You see, problems crop up all the time, for everythingEVERYTHING there isnt one activity of the body thats not called into question by that.2 The process is no longer the old process, its no longer as it was, but as it is hasnt become a habit, a spontaneous habit, which means its not natural, it demands that the consciousness should be constantly watchful for everything, even to swallow lunch, you understand? So that makes life a bit difficultspecially, specially when I see people. I see lots and lots of people (forty or fifty people every day), and everyone brings something, so that this Consciousness that makes it all function has to make do with all that comes from outside. And, you know, I see that many people fall ill (or they think theyre ill, or seem to have some illness, or really have one), but in the body it becomes concrete through their own way of being, which is the old way. To this new physical consciousness, it could be avoided, but, oh, how difficult! Through a sort of conscious concentration, you have to keep up a state, a way of being that isnt natural according to the old nature, but which is clearly the new way of being. That way, you can avoid illness. But its an almost Herculean labor.
Its difficult.
0 1971-10-16, #Agenda Vol 12, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
In a certain attitude (but its difficult to explain or define), in a certain attitude, everything becomes divine. Everything. And what is marvelous then is that when you have the experience that everything becomes divine, everything that is contrary quite simply disappears (fast or slow, right away or little by little, depending on circumstances).
Thats really marvelous. That is to say, becoming conscious that everything is divine is the best way to make everything divineyou understandto eliminate all opposition.
0 1972-01-29, #Agenda Vol 13, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
And if he did feel somethingwhatever it is, an impression (I dont want to define it), something, a Force, some phenomenonif he felt something at that hour, we could agree on a particular day and time, and try: I would do a special concentration on him.
If he could send a photo, it would be easier.
0 1972-02-26, #Agenda Vol 13, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
The "formation of death" surrounding Mother, which she already mentioned on the occasion of the 21st of February, seems to have become more defined. In fact, both Satprem and Sujata remember being struck by a comment Mother made the previous year, on September 8, 1971: "The body has had moments of agony as never before in its whole lifein connection with death, which has never happened before." That remark had a strange ring to it. Mother had often mentioned before that there were a lot of desires for her body to die: "A considerable number of desires for it to die, everywhere they are everywhere!" (May 10, 1969). But the threat or formation of death seems to have drawn closer, taken shape since that date. As if it had entered the physical realm.
***
0 1972-09-06, #Agenda Vol 13, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Everything is becoming I cant say a suffering, but a discomfort: a discomfort, theres perpetual discomfort, as if my body were made to live through every single thing that must disappear. Nonstop. From time to time, for a few seconds theres (Mother opens eyes filled with wonder), but not even long enough to be able to define it. And its very rare. Whereas the other condition is almost constant. Everythingexternal things, internal things, things in so-called others, things concerning this bodyall, all is terrible, terrible, terrible.
Thats certainly how Buddha saw things, and why he said that life was a falsehood and had to disappear but I know better! I KNOW it isnt a falsehood. But it must change must change. But in the meantime.
0 1972-12-09, #Agenda Vol 13, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
One feels it. It cant be described or defined in any wayabsolutely not.
(silence)
02.06 - The Kingdoms and Godheads of the Greater Life, #Savitri, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
That cared not to define its fleeting drift,
Life laboured in a strange and mythic air
03.01 - Humanism and Humanism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
A good many European scholars and philosophers have found Indian spirituality and Indian culture, at bottom, lacking in what is called "humanism."1 So our scholars and philosophers on their side have been at pains to re but the charge and demonstrate the humanistic element in our tradition. It may be asked however, if such a vindication is at all necessary, or if it is proper to apply a European standard of excellence to things Indian. India may have other measures, other terms of valuation. Even if it is proved that humanism as defined and understood in the West is an unknown thing in India, yet that need not necessarily be taken as a sign of inferiority or deficiency.
But first of all we must know what exactly is meant by humanism. It is, of course, not a doctrine or dogma; it is an attitude, an outlook the attitude, the outlook that views and weighs the worth of man as man. The essential formula was succinctly given by the Latin poet when he said that nothing human he considered foreign to him.2 It is the characteristic of humanism to be interested in man as man and in all things that interest man as man. To this however an important corollary is to be added, that it does not concern itself with things that do not concern man's humanity. The original father of humanism was perhaps Socrates whose mission it was, as he said, to bring down philosophy from heaven to live among men. More precisely, the genesis should be ascribed rather to the Aristotelian tradition of Socratic teaching.
03.04 - Towardsa New Ideology, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
For fanaticism may be defined as duty running away with itself; but duty proper, the genuine form of it is something self-poised, its natural and inherent tendency being rather to give than to demand, it is less easily provoked to aggression and battle. Even so, it may be claimed on behalf of Right that the right hand of Right is not likely to do harm, for itis then another name for liberty, it means the freedom to live one's life unhampered without infringing on an equal facility for others to do the same. But the whole difficulty comes in precisely with regard to the frontier of each other's sphere of rights. It is easy to declare the principle, but to carry it out in life and action is a different matter. The line of demarcation between one's own rights and the rights of another is always indeterminate and indefinable. In establishing and maintaining one's rights there is always the possibility, even the certainty of "frontier incidents", of encroaching upon other's rights. Liberty, alone and by itself, is not a safe guidetherefore so much stress is being laid nowadays upon discipline and obedience in modern ideologies.
But perhaps the real truth of the matter here is that all these termsliberty or right or even dutyare mental conceptions. They are indeed ideals, that is to say, made of the stuff of ideas and do not always coincide with the deeper realities of life and hence are not able to produce the perfect and durable harmony among warring members whether in the individual or in the collective life.
03.06 - Divine Humanism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
A good many European scholars and philosophers have found Indian spirituality and Indian culture, at bottom, lacking in what is called 'humanism'. 1 So our scholars and philosophers on their side have been at pains to re but the charge and demonstrate the humanistic element in our tradition. It may be asked, however, if such a vindication is at all necessary, or if it is proper to apply a European standard of excellence to things Indian. India may have other measures, other terms of valuation. Even if it is proved that humanism as defined and understood in the West is an unknown thing in India, yet that need not necessarily be taken as a sign of inferiority or deficiency.
But first of all we must know what exactly is meant by humanism. It is, of course, not a doctrine or dogma; it is an attitude, an outlook the attitude, the outlook that views and weighs the worth of man as man. The essential formula was succinctly given by the Latin poet when he said that nothing human he considered foreign to him. It is the characteristic of humanism to be interested in man as man and in all things that interest man as man. To this, however, an important corollary is to be added, that it does not concern itself with things that do not concern man's humanity. The original father of humanism was perhaps the father of European culture itself, Socrates, whose mission it was, as he said, to bring down philosophy from heaven to live among men. More precisely the genesis should be ascribed to the Aristotelian tradition of Socratic teaching.
03.12 - TagorePoet and Seer, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
The passage of mediaevalism to modernism can be defined as the passage from the local and parochial to the general and universal. The mediaeval consciousness is a segmented or linear consciousness: it is the view, at a time, from one particular angle of vision. The modern consciousness, on the other hand, is or tends to be a global view-point, a circular consciousness. The unilateral mentality proper to mediaevalism may be deep and penetrating and far-reaching, extending to the hidden and high realities, even to the highest and the most secretto God and Soul and Immortality; it would still be a one-sided vision and achievement. It is the characteristic function of-the modern consciousness to survey things not from a single point of view, but from all points of view, even the most disparate and incommensurable. The relativity of all experiencesnot necessarily their illusorinessis the great modern discovery; it is the parent of modern (scientific) scepticism and agnosticism; it is also the basis of a large, a global synthesis, which was never possible till now and which is the promise of to-morrow.
Modernism implies a natural broadening of the mind and life, a greater capacity to understand and endorse and appreciate divergent and even contrary and contradictory experiences and stand-points. Thus, brotherhood to the mediaeval man meant bringing together mankind under the dominion of one cult or creedit is the extension of a tribal feeling. Brotherhood in a modern consciousness would mean an inner union and commensurability that can subsist even in the midst of a great diversity of taste and feeling and experience.
04.09 - Values Higher and Lower, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
That is why, while we give our support to this new effort of Europe, we agree and even insist that the hoary spiritual tradition of India has still something to teach us moderns, some light to give us in our present predicament. For, although, the ideal is generally admitted in many places, the way to it is not clear. Since Nietzsche spoke of the surpassing of man, many are taken up with the ideal, but the means to effect it remains yet to be discovered: it is still under discussion, at least. As a matter of fact, the goal itself is none too clear and definite: sometimes we think of a saintly transformation of human nature, sometimes the growing power of Intuition, very vaguely and variously defined, replacing or supplementing intellect and thus adding a new asset to man's life and consciousness.
The crucial problem however lies, in a sense, in the way that the goal is to be reached, in the modus operandi. How is the higher status, whatever it is, to be brought down, made effective, be established here on earth and in life. Ideals there have been always and many; evidently we do not know how to go about the business and actualise what is thought and dreamed. About the new ideal too, suggestions have been made with regard to the path to be followed to reach it and are being tried and tested. Some say a life of inner or ethical discipline, conscious effort on the part of each Individual for his own sake is needed: the higher reality must be reached first by a few individuals, it cannot be attained by 'mass action. Others declare that personal effort will not lead very far; if there is to be a great or fundamental change in human nature, it is the Divine Grace alone that can bring it about. The surpassing of man is a miracle and only the supreme magician as an Avatara can do it. Others, again, are not prone to believe in a physical Incarnationsomewhat difficult usually for a European mind but would accept subtler forces or even superior beings, other than the human category, as aids and agents in the working out of the great future.
05.03 - Bypaths of Souls Journey, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
There is also the other question asked very often whether men and women always follow different lines of growth or whether there may be intermixture of the lines. Although the soul is sexless, still it may be said that on the whole there are these two lines, masculine and feminine; and generally a soul follows the same line in its incarnations. The soul difference is not in the sex as we know it; but there is a disposition and character that mark the difference and each type, masculine or feminine, is that because of some special role to fulfil, a particular kind of work to be done in a particular way. The difference is difficult to define exactly; but one may say, in the language of the mystics, that it "is the difference between the left hand and the right hand. The mystics refer to the two sides of consciousness, that of light and that of force (chit-tapas), that is to say, knowledge and power. It is not that the two are quite separate entities, they are together and grow together; but in actuality one aspect is more in front than the other. The masculine aspect is often termed as the right hand and the feminine as the left hand of the conscious being. And in a general way man represents the knowledge aspect the conceptual dynamism and woman represents the executive dynamism. This definition however should not be taken absolutely or rigidly. So it can be said that a woman generally remains a woman in all her births and man like-wise remains a man. Here too, although there may not be a central metamorphosis, there may be a partial change: that is to say a part of a mantoo womanish, so to saymay enter a woman and live and fulfil itself or exhaust there; and the masculine part of a woman also can identify itself with its type and pattern in a man. The difference, however, between Purusha and Prakriti, philosophically, seems to be very definite and clear; but in actuality, when they take form and embodiment, it is not easy to define the principles or qualities that mark out the two. At the source when the difference starts, it is a matter of stress and temper and not any so-called division of labour as human mind ordinarily understands it.
The soul in its inner consciousness knows all its evolutionary formations, remembers those of the past and foresees those of the future, when needed, and even determines them essentially. The mind ruling one incarnation cannot recall other incarnations, for it is a product of that incarnation and is meant to guide and control it; physical memory is a function of the brain in the particular body that the soul inhabits for the time. The soul carries a deeper reminiscence which is part and parcel of the self-consciousness inherent in its nature. The physical memory too can partake of this inner reminiscence if it is purified, illumined and organised around the soul as its instrument of expression. Indeed, although the journey of the soul essentially and originally is the flight of the spirit to the Spirit, yet the final consummation is towards an increasing integration of all the external instruments from the highest to the lowest, from the subtlest to the grossest into a harmonised organised whole, reflecting and embodying the Spirit in its purity and totality. The mind, the life and the body too attain a perfectly unified individuality that is the expression of the soul's truth-consciousness and escaping disruption and dissolution partake ultimately of the inherent immortality of the spiritual being.
05.12 - The Revealer and the Revelation, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
How the horizontal view limits and maims one's spiritual perception is further illustrated in the case of the famous Gloomy Dean. Dean Inge is a divine and as spiritual a person as one can hope to be in the modern world. He has, however, voluntarily clipped his wings and in the name of a surer rational knowledge and saner spirituality prefers a lower flight among known, familiar and nameable ranges to a transcendent soaring in mystic regions beyond. He has made a somewhat trenchant distinction between the Revelation and the Revealer. He says we can know God only by his qualities: what he is, if anything, besides his qualities none can define. In the words of the poet,
These are His works and His veils and His shadows;
05.18 - Man to be Surpassed, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Mr. Kahler does not define very clearly the nature and function of this commonalty: but it almost borders on what I may call human humanism, something in the manner of the other modern humanist Albert Schweitzer. Two types of humanism have been distinguished: man-centred humanism and God-centred humanism. Kahler's (and even Schweitzer's) humanism belongs, very much to the first category. He does not seem to believe in any transcendent Spirit or God apart from the universal totality of existence, the unitary life of all, somewhat akin to the Vie Unanime of Jules Romains.
The limitation of such a human ideal is for us evident. We demand a total surpassing of man, although that does not mean a rejection of man. Unless human life is built upon foundations quite other than what they are now, we say there can be no permanent or radical remedy to the ills it suffers from. Hence we are for utter transcendence; for, the highest height it is possible for the consciousness to reach and the being to dwell in, even the experience of Brahman or un-mitigated Absolute of the Mayavadin or the Zero, Shunyam of the Buddhist not excluded. Since it is there that the true foundations of creation lie hidden and it is from there that a new world has to be recreated, a new humanity reshaped. The very stuff of human nature has to be changed, not only what is considered as bad in it but what is valued as good also. For beyond good and evil is Nature Divine. Man has to find out this divine nature and dissolve his human nature into that, remould it, reshape it in that pattern. So long as human consciousness remains too human, it will be always branded with the bar sinister of all earthly things. Man has to grow into the immortal seated within mortality, into the light that shines inviolate on the other side of the darkness we live in. That immortality, that light one has to bring down here on earth and in ourselves, and out of it build a new earth and a new human self and life.
07.05 - The Finding of the Soul, #Savitri, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
One sat whose shape no vision could define;
Only one felt the world's unattainable fount,
07.06 - Nirvana and the Discovery of the All-Negating Absolute, #Savitri, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
But sight could not define for it a form;
This only could appease the unsatisfied ear
100.00 - Synergy, #Synergetics - Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, #R Buckminster Fuller, #Science
161.00 Science has been cogently defined by others as the attempt to set in order
the facts of experience. When science discovers order subjectively, it is pure
--
complexedly defined as a design, design being a complex of interaccommodation
and of orderly interaccommodation whose omni-integrity of interaccommodation
1.001 - The Aim of Yoga, #The Study and Practice of Yoga, #Swami Krishnananda, #Yoga
The whole difficulty is that the structure of life is arranged in such a pattern that the depth of human understanding is incapable of touching its borders. We are not simply living life we are identical with life itself. One of the most difficult things to define is life itself. We cannot say what life is. It is only a word that we utter without any clear meaning before our eyes. It is an enigma, a mystery a mystery which has caught hold of us, which extracts the blood out of us every day, which keeps us restless and tantalises us, promising us satisfaction but never giving it. Life is made in such a way that there are promises which are never fulfilled. Every object in the world promises satisfaction, but it never gives satisfaction it only promises. Until death it will go on promising, but it will give nothing, and so we will die in the same way as we were born. Because we have been dying without having the promise fulfilled, we will take rebirth so that we will see if the promise can be fulfilled, and the same process is continued, so that endlessly the chain goes on in a hopeless manner. This vicious circle of human understanding, or rather human incapacity to understand, has arisen on account of the isolation of the human individual from the pattern of life.
This is a defect not only in the modern systems of education, but also in spiritual practices in every walk of life, in every blessed thing. When the individual who is living life has cut himself or herself off from the significance of life, then life becomes a contradiction and a meaningless pursuit of the will-o'-the-wisp. Why do we cut ourselves off from the meaning of life and then suffer like this? This is the inherent weakness of the sensory functions of the individual. The senses are our enemies. Why do we call them enemies? Because they tell us that we are isolated from everything else. This is the essence of sensory activity. There is no connection between ourselves and others, and we can go on fighting with everybody. This is what the senses tell us. But yet, they are double-edged swords; they tell us two things at the same time. On one side they tell us that everything is outside us, and we are disconnected from everybody else and everything in this world. But on the other side they say that we are bound to grab things, connect ourselves with things, obtain things, and maintain relationship with things. Now, these two things cannot be done simultaneously. We cannot disconnect ourselves from things and also try to connect ourselves with them for the purpose of exploiting them, with an intention to utilise them for our individual purposes. Here again is an instance of contradiction. On one side we disconnect ourselves from persons and things; on the other side we want to connect ourselves with persons and things for our own purpose.
1.009 - Perception and Reality, #The Study and Practice of Yoga, #Swami Krishnananda, #Yoga
Now, perceptions are of two kinds: real perceptions and unreal perceptions. When we perceive an object in the world, like a tree, it appears to be real; we cannot say it is unreal. Why is it real? What is the definition of reality? This is another very interesting philosophical subject. How do we know that any object is real? If we are asked how we define reality, what we mean by 'real', what is our idea? If we are asked to define reality, define the character of anything being real, we will find that it is difficult to define it. If I project my fingers and attempt to touch it, I must have a sensation of touch then it is real, isn't it? The sensation of touch should say there is a hard object, and then I say it is real. Is this the definition of reality? So we want only a sensation of hardness. The moment that sensation comes, it is real. And it has to be corroborated by the eyes; they must also say, "Yes, we are seeing a shape." The eyes can see only a shape. But how do we know that the shape is real? The fingers will tell us, "We are feeling solidity a hardness and concreteness." If it has a smell and a taste, etc., then it becomes real. We have passed judgement it is real. So, the nose should smell, the fingers should feel the concreteness and solidity, the eyes should see a shape, etc.; then, the thing is real. Is this a definition? This is a dangerous definition, but we cannot have any other definition.
The reason behind our feeling a solidity, concreteness, hardness, etc. of an object and a shape perceived by the eyes, is because the condition of the senses which perceive and that of the mind behind the senses are on the same level as the constitution of the object. That is why we can see this world and not the heavens, for example. We cannot say that heavens do not exist; but why do we not see them? Because the constitution of the objects of the heaven is subtler than, less dense than, the constitution of our present individuality the two are not commensurate with each other. Or, to give a more concrete example, why don't we hear the music when the radio is not switched on? Somebody must be singing at the radio station now, but our ears are unable to hear; they can't hear anything because the constitution, the structure, the frequency, the wavelength of the electrical message that is sent by the broadcasting station is subtler than the constitution and the structure of the eardrum. It is not possible for the eardrum to catch it because it is gross. But if you talk, I can hear, because the sound that you make by talking is of the same level or degree of density as the capacity of the eardrum. I can hear your sound, but not the sounds of radio waves, music, or the message, because of the dissimilarity of the structure of frequency, wavelength or density of structure.
1.00a - Introduction, #Magick Without Tears, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
It seems to me that you should confine yourself very closely to the actual work in front of you. At the present moment, of course, this includes a good deal of general study; but my point is that the terms employed in that study should always be capable of precise definition. I am not sure whether you have my Little Essays Toward Truth. The first essay in the book entitled "Man" gives a full account of the five principles which go to make up Man according to the Qabalistic system. I have tried to define these terms as accurately as possible, and I think you will find them, in any case, clearer than those to which you have become accustomed with the Eastern systems. In India, by the way, no attempt is ever made to use these vague terms. They always have a very clear idea of what is meant by words like "Buddhi," "Manas" and the like. Attempts at translation are very unsatisfactory. I find that even with such a simple matter as the "Eight limbs of Yoga," as you will see when you come to read my Eight Lectures.
I am very pleased with your illustrations; that is excellent practice for you. Presently you have to make talismans, and a Lamen for yourself, and even to devise a seal to serve as what you might call a magical coat-of-arms, and all this sort of thing is very helpful.
1.00e - DIVISION E - MOTION ON THE PHYSICAL AND ASTRAL PLANES, #A Treatise on Cosmic Fire, #Alice Bailey, #Occultism
The senses might be defined as those organs whereby man becomes aware of his surroundings. We should perhaps express them not so much as organs (for after all, an organ is a material form, existent for a purpose) but as media whereby the Thinker comes in contact with his environment. They are the means whereby he makes investigation on the plane of the gross physical, for instance; the means whereby he buys his experience, whereby he discovers that which he requires to know, whereby he becomes aware, and whereby he expands his consciousness. We are dealing here with the five senses as used by the human being. In the animal these five senses exist but, as the thinking correlating faculty is lacking, as the "relation between" the self and the not-self is but little developed, we will not concern ourselves with them at this juncture. The senses in the animal kingdom are group faculty and demonstrate as racial instinct. The senses in man are his individual asset, and demonstrate:
a. As the separate realisation of self-consciousness.
1.00f - DIVISION F - THE LAW OF ECONOMY, #A Treatise on Cosmic Fire, #Alice Bailey, #Occultism
This is the law that lies back of what has been mistakenly called "The Fall" by religious writers, by which is defined in reality the involutionary process, cosmically considered. It led to a sevenfold differentiation in the matter of the system. Just as the Law of Attraction led to the sevenfold psychic differentiation of the Sons of Mind, and the Law of Synthesis results in the sevenfold perfection of the same Manasaputras, so we have an interesting connection between
The seven planes, or the seven grades of matter.
1.00 - INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, #A Treatise on Cosmic Fire, #Alice Bailey, #Occultism
In its essential nature Fire is threefold, but when in manifestation it can be seen as a fivefold demonstration, and be defined as follows:
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1.010 - Self-Control - The Alpha and Omega of Yoga, #The Study and Practice of Yoga, #Swami Krishnananda, #Yoga
That is why everyone is egoistic, and everyone wants satisfaction for one's own self. When we analyse all our actions, we will find that there is no such thing as unselfish action, finally. Every action is selfish, if we very closely define the principle of selfishness. The element of self is present in every act, every perception, every cognition and every effort, because when the self is isolated, all things lose their meaning the whole world looks empty. What we call unselfishness is only the presence of a higher type of self as an element in our act of perception, cognition, etc. It does not mean that the Self is absolutely absent that is not possible. We only mean that a higher, more expansive kind of self is present rather than a lower self. What we call selfishness is nothing but the interference of the lower self in our actions, and what we call unselfishness is the presence in the same way of a higher form of self, but Self is there it cannot be absent. There is nothing in this world where the Self is absent. The whole universe is invaded by the Self. It is present in everything, and nothing can exist without it, because that is the only existence.
The act of self-control is the return of consciousness to a higher selfhood from a lower one. It is a rise from self to self, we may call it from the self that is involved in externality and objectivity, to a self that is less involved in this manner a return from objectivity to subjectivity through higher and higher degrees of ascent. But this process becomes extremely difficult on account of our weddedness to the senses. We have been habituated to look at things only through the senses, and we have no other way of knowing or judging. We immediately pass a judgement on anything that is seen with the eyes it is there in such-and-such a condition, it has such-and-such a value, it is real in this percentage. Our judgement of value and reality depends, therefore, unfortunately for us, on our sense-perceptions, so that external relationships are mistaken by us as realities. A reality is not a relationship; it is an existence by itself. So, self-control is a return of consciousness from its life of relationships, to a higher form of life where relationships become less and less palpable.
1.013 - Defence Mechanisms of the Mind, #The Study and Practice of Yoga, #Swami Krishnananda, #Yoga
Broadly speaking, there are various phases of the individual the physical needs and the psychological needs experienced by us daily which make us hang on to things, like slaves. We cannot bear extreme heat; we cannot bear extreme cold; we cannot bear hunger; we cannot bear thirst. These are the immediate creature needs of the individual which makes it totally dependent on external factors. We cannot control these urges by any amount of effort. There are other vital needs of the individual which press it forward towards fulfilment. The vital urges are forceful impulses which drive the mind and the senses towards their objects of fulfilment, and these are, again, the weak spots. If we are in a position to fulfil the needs of the body, the mind and the senses in any measure whatsoever, we become friends. A friend is one who can fulfil our needs; and this is, of course, how we usually define a friend. My needs have to be fulfilled, whatever the needs may be, and when the needs are analysed threadbare, the structure of the mind and the senses are automatically analysed also.
In a medical examination, the diagnosis is the more important part of treatment. Proper diagnosis precedes any prescription of medicine. So, the order for self-control, atma nigrah, may be regarded as a prescription for the illness of the individual, but this prescription can be given only after a thorough diagnosis of the individual's case. Although every individual may be said to be sick in some way or the other, everyone does not suffer from the same kind of sickness uniformly.
1.01 - A NOTE ON PROGRESS, #The Future of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
come within this universal law. The soul, too, has its clearly defined
place in the slow ascent of living creatures toward consciousness,
1.01 - Economy, #Walden, and On The Duty Of Civil Disobedience, #Henry David Thoreau, #Philosophy
I have scarcely heard of a truer sacrament, that is, as the dictionary defines it, outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace, than this, and I have no doubt that they were originally inspired directly from Heaven to do thus, though they have no biblical record of the revelation.
For more than five years I maintained myself thus solely by the labor of my hands, and I found, that by working about six weeks in a year, I could meet all the expenses of living. The whole of my winters, as well as most of my summers, I had free and clear for study. I have thoroughly tried school-keeping, and found that my expenses were in proportion, or rather out of proportion, to my income, for I was obliged to dress and train, not to say think and believe, accordingly, and I lost my time into the bargain. As I did not teach for the good of my fellow-men, but simply for a livelihood, this was a failure. I have tried trade; but I found that it would take ten years to get under way in that, and that then I should probably be on my way to the devil. I was actually afraid that I might by that time be doing what is called a good business. When formerly I was looking about to see what I could do for a living, some sad experience in conforming to the wishes of friends being fresh in my mind to tax my ingenuity, I thought often and seriously of picking huckleberries; that surely I could do, and its small profits might suffice,for my greatest skill has been to want but little,so little capital it required, so little distraction from my wonted moods, I foolishly thought. While my acquaintances went unhesitatingly into trade or the professions, I contemplated this occupation as most like theirs; ranging the hills all summer to pick the berries which came in my way, and thereafter carelessly dispose of them; so, to keep the flocks of Admetus. I also dreamed that I might gather the wild herbs, or carry evergreens to such villagers as loved to be reminded of the woods, even to the city, by hay-cart loads. But I have since learned that trade curses everything it handles; and though you trade in messages from heaven, the whole curse of trade attaches to the business.
1.01 - Fundamental Considerations, #The Ever-Present Origin, #Jean Gebser, #Integral
It is our belief that the essential traits of a new age and a new reality are discernible in nearly all forms of contemporary expression, whether in the creations of modern art, or in the recent findings of the natural sciences, or in the results of the humanities and sciences of the mind. Moreover we are in a position to define this new reality in such a way as to emphasize one of its most significant elements. Our definition is a natural corollary of the recognition that mans coming to awareness is inseparably bound to his consciousness of space and time.
Scarcely five hundred years ago, during the Renaissance, an unmistakable reorganization of our consciousness occurred: the discovery of perspective which opened up the three-dimensionality of space. This discovery is so closely linked with the entire intellectual attitude of the modern epoch that we have felt obliged to call this age the age of perspectivity and characterize the age immediately preceding it as the unperspectival age. These definitions, by recognizing a fundamental characteristic of these eras, lead to the further appropriate definition of the age of the dawning new consciousness as the aperspectival age, a definition supported not only by the results of modern physics, but also by developments in the visual arts and literature, where the incorporation of time as a fourth dimension into previously spatial conceptions has formed the initial basis for manifesting the new.Aperspectival is not to be thought of as merely the opposite or negation of perspectival; the antithesis of perspectival is unperspectival. The distinction in meaning suggested by the three terms unperspectival, perspectival, and aperspectival is analogous to that of the terms illogical, logical, and alogical or immoral, moral, and amoral. We have employed here the designation aperspectival to clearly emphasize the need of overcoming the mere antithesis of affirmation and negation. The so-called primal words (Urworte), for example, evidence two antithetic connotations: Latin altus meant high as well as low; sacer meant sacred as well as cursed. Such primal words as these formed an undifferentiated psychically-stressed unity whose bivalent nature was definitely familiar to the early Egyptians and Greeks. This is no longer the case with our present sense of language; consequently, we have required a term that transcends equally the ambivalence of the primal connotations and the dualism of antonyms or conceptual opposites.
--
It will be our task to demonstrate that the first stirrings of the new can be found in all areas of human expression, and that they inherently share a common character. This demonstration can succeed only if we have certain knowledge about the manifestations of both our past and our present. Consequently, the task of the present work will be to work out the foundations of the past and the present which are also the basis of the new consciousness and the new reality arising therefrom. It will be the task of the second part to define the new emergent consciousness structure to the extent that its inceptions are already visible.
We shall therefore beginwith the evidence and not with idealistic constructions; in the face of present-day weapons of annihilation, such constructions have less chance of survival than ever before. But as we shall see, weapons and nuclear fission are not the only realities to be dealt with; spiritual reality in its intensified form is also becoming effectual and real. This new spiritual reality is without question our only security that the threat of material destruction can be averted. Its realization alone seems able to guarantee mans continuing existence in the face of the powers of technology, rationality, and chaotic emotion. If our consciousness, that is, the individual persons awareness, vigilance, and clarity of vision, cannot master the new reality and make possible its realization, then the prophets of doom will have been correct. Other alternatives are an illusion; consequently, great demands are placed on us, and each one of us have been given a grave responsibility, not merely to survey but to actually traverse the path opening before us.
1.01 - MAPS OF EXPERIENCE - OBJECT AND MEANING, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
perspective defined by tradition. Furthermore and more importantly the new theories that arose to make
sense of empirical reality posed a severe threat to the integrity of traditional models of reality, which had
--
specification of the most effective mode of reaching an end (given a defined end). Myth can be more
accurately regarded as description of the world as it signifies (for action). The mythic universe is a place
--
which means that we explain it away, define it as nonsense. After all, we think scientifically so we
believe and we think we know what that means (since scientific thinking can in principle be defined). We
are familiar with scientific thinking, and value it highly so we tend to presume that that is all there is to
--
the rationality which defined Soviet-style communism from inception to dissolution appears absolutely
unable to determine and make explicit just what it is that should guide individual and social behavior. Some
1.01 - Meeting the Master - Authors first meeting, December 1918, #Evening Talks With Sri Aurobindo, #unset, #Zen
The Congress broke up at Surat in 1907. Sri Aurobindo had played a prominent part in that historic session. From Surat he came to Baroda, and at Vankaner Theatre and at Prof. Manik Rao's old gymnasium in Dandia Bazar he delivered several speeches which not only took the audience by storm but changed entirely the course of many lives. I also heard him without understanding everything that was spoken. But ever since I had seen him I had got the constant feeling that he was one known to me, and so my mind could not fix the exact time-moment when I knew him. It is certain that the connection seemed to begin with the great tidal wave of the national movement in the political life of India; but I think it was only the apparent beginning. The years between 1903 and 1910 were those of unprecedented awakening and revolution. The generations that followed also witnessed two or three powerful floods of the national movement. But the very first onrush of the newly awakened national consciousness of India was unique. That tidal wave in its initial onrush defined the goal of India's political ideal an independent republic. Alternating movements of ebb and flow in the national movement followed till in 1947 the goal was reached. The lives of leaders and workers, who rode, willingly and with delight on the dangerous crest of the tidal wave, underwent great transformations. Our small group in Gujarat got its goal fixed the winning of undiluted freedom for India.
All the energies of the leaders were taken up by the freedom movement. Only a few among them attempted to see beyond the horizon of political freedom some ideal of human perfection; for, after all, freedom is not the ultimate goal but a condition for the expression of the cultural Spirit of India. In Swami Shraddhananda, Pandit Madanmohan Malavia, Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi to name some leaders we see the double aspect of the inspiration. Among all the visions of perfection of the human spirit on earth, I found the synthetic and integral vision of Sri Aurobindo the most rational and the most satisfying. It meets the need of the individual and collective life of man today. It is the international form of the fundamental elements of Indian culture. It is, Dr. S. K. Maitra says, the message which holds out hope in a world of despair.
1.01 - Newtonian and Bergsonian Time, #Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, #Norbert Wiener, #Cybernetics
of meteorology there is no such thing as a cloud, defined as an
object with a quasi-permanent identity; and that if there were,
--
rologist might perhaps define a cloud as a connected region of
space in which the density of the part of the water content in the
--
tion to end up in any tightly defined statistical range is so rare
an occurrence that we may regard it as a miracle, and we can-
1.01 - Our Demand and Need from the Gita, #Essays On The Gita, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Nor shall we deal in any other spirit with the element of philosophical dogma or religious creed which either enters into the Gita or hangs about it owing to its use of the philosophical terms and religious symbols current at the time. When the Gita speaks of Sankhya and Yoga, we shall not discuss beyond the limits of what is just essential for our statement, the relations of the Sankhya of the Gita with its one Purusha and strong Vedantic colouring to the non-theistic or "atheistic" Sankhya that has come down to us bringing with it its scheme of many Purushas and one Prakriti, nor of the Yoga of the Gita, many-sided, subtle, rich and flexible to the theistic doctrine and the fixed, scientific, rigorously defined and graded system of the Yoga of Patanjali.
In the Gita the Sankhya and Yoga are evidently only two convergent parts of the same Vedantic truth or rather two concurrent ways of approaching its realisation, the one philosophical, intellectual, analytic, the other intuitional, devotional, practical, ethical, synthetic, reaching knowledge through experience. The
1.01 - Prayer, #Bhakti-Yoga, #Swami Vivekananda, #Hinduism
In commenting on the Sutra of Patanjali, Ishvara pranidhndv, i.e. "Or by the worship of the Supreme Lord" Bhoja says, "Pranidhna is that sort of Bhakti in which, without seeking results, such as sense-enjoyments etc., all works are dedicated to that Teacher of teachers." Bhagavan Vysa also, when commenting on the same, defines Pranidhana as "the form of Bhakti by which the mercy of the Supreme Lord comes to the Yogi, and blesses him by granting him his desires". According to Shndilya, "Bhakti is intense love to God." The best definition is, however, that given by the king of Bhaktas, Prahlda:
"That deathless love which the ignorant have for the fleeting objects of the senses as I keep meditating on Thee may not that love slip away from my heart!" Love! For whom? For the Supreme Lord Ishvara. Love for any other being, however great cannot be Bhakti; for, as Ramanuja says in his Shri Bhshya, quoting an ancient chrya, i.e. a great teacher:
1.01 - Principles of Practical Psycho therapy, #The Practice of Psycho therapy, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
The road the individual follows is defined by his knowledge of the laws
that are peculiar to himself; otherwise he will get lost in the arbitrary
1.01 - SAMADHI PADA, #Patanjali Yoga Sutras, #Swami Vivekananda, #Hinduism
Self. The next aphorism defines Samadhi, perfect
concentration, which is the goal of the Yogi.
1.01 - Tara the Divine, #Tara - The Feminine Divine, #unset, #Zen
many questions. Before trying to define who Tara is,
it may be useful to first understand what the deities
1.01 - THE STUFF OF THE UNIVERSE, #The Phenomenon of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
each of them can only be defined by virtue of its influence on all
around it. Whatever space we suppose it to be in, each cosmic
--
have recognised the basic unit and to have defined the law to be
able to understand the whole by repetition : a crystal or arabesque
--
try to define it with regard to a concrete natural movement
that is to say, in duration.
--
universal totum and quantum tend to express and define them-
selves in cosmogenesis. What at this moment are the appearance
--
and not to be defined in terms of figures. Then, suddenly( ?)'
1 Some years ago this first birth of the corpuscles was imagined rather as a
1.01 - Two Powers Alone, #The Mother With Letters On The Mother, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
0:The One whom we adore as the Mother is the divine Conscious Force that dominates all existence, one and yet so many-sided that to follow her movement is impossible even for the quickest mind and for the freest and most vast intelligence. The Mother is the consciousness and force of the Supreme and far above all she creates. But something of her ways can be seen and felt through her embodiments and the more seizable because more defined and limited temperament and action of the goddess forms in whom she consents to be manifest to her creatures.
1: There are two powers that alone can effect in their conjunction the great and difficult thing which is the aim of our endeavour, a fixed and unfailing aspiration that calls from below and a supreme Grace from above that answers.
1.01 - What is Magick?, #Magick Without Tears, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
"Magick is the study and use of those forms of energy which are (a) subtler than the ordinary physical-mechanical types, (b) accessible only to those who are (in one sense or another) 'Initiates'." I fear that this may sound rather obscurum per obscurius; but this is one of these cases we are likely to encounter many such in the course of our researches in which we understand, quite well enough for all practical purposes, what we mean, but which elude us more and more successfully the more accurately we struggle to define their import.
We might fare even worse if we tried to clear things up by making lists of events in history, tradition, or experience and classifying this as being, and that as not being, true Magick. The borderl and cases would confuse and mislead us.
1.02 - Groups and Statistical Mechanics, #Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, #Norbert Wiener, #Cybernetics
for sets not so simply defined as these regions, the notion of
volume generates a system of measure of the type of Lebesgue.Groups and Statistical Mechanics
--
we can represent any function h(x) defined over the group as a
linear combination of the characters of the group, in some such
--
The functions f N (x) and f A (x) are defined as in Eqs. 2.16 and 2.17.
The theorem then states that, except for a set of values of x of
--
transformations is defined directly by the set itself rather than
assumed in advance. I refer especially to the work of Kryloff and
1.02 - In the Beginning, #unset, #Anonymous, #Various
From the point of view of this Absolute, one can with equally good reason affirm that God is or that He is not, that He is the unique or that He is beyond number, that He is inseparable from the universe or that He is without relation to the universe. He is being if all outside Him is non-being, He is non-being if universe exists. So is He defined in certain sacred books of the East.
***
1.02 - MAPS OF MEANING - THREE LEVELS OF ANALYSIS, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
What is novel is of course dependent on what is known is necessarily defined in opposition to what is
known. Furthermore, what is known is always known conditionally, since human knowledge is necessarily
--
consists of our models of the emotional significance of the present, defined in opposition to an idealized,
hypothetical or fantasied future state. We evaluate the unbearable present in relationship to the ideal
--
and eventual devourer of everyone and everything). The eternal known, in contrast culture, defined
territory, tyrannical and protective, predictable, disciplined and restrictive, cumulative consequence of
--
The unknown is, of course, defined in contradistinction to the known. Everything not understood or
not explored is unknown. The relationship between the oft- (and unfairly) separated domains of
--
camp expected. Our hopes, desires, and wishes which are always conditional define the context within
which the things and situations we encounter take on determinate significance; define even the context
within which we understand thing or situation. We presume that things have a more-or-less fixed
--
The behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner52 originally defined a reinforcer as a stimulus which
produced a change in the frequency of a given behavior. He was loa the to become concerned with the
--
either be punishing, or threatening.61 Punishments a diverse group of stimuli or contexts, as defined
immediately below all appear to share one feature in common (at least from the perspective of the theory
--
of its most basic features familiarity, or lack thereof is something virtually defined by the subjective.
This environmental subjectivity is non-trivial, as well: it is certainly the case that mere interpretation of a
--
of novelty appears vital to placement of the unpredictable into a defined and determinate context, as a
consequence of behavioral modification, undertaken in the territory of the unknown. This means that
--
consequence, in a particular situation, defined by culturally-modified external environmental circumstance
and equally-modified internal motivational state. It is also information about what is, from the objective
--
working model of reality (to update the known, so to speak, which is defined or familiar territory). The
simultaneous production of two antithetical emotional states, such as those of hope and fear, means conflict
--
circumstances in defined territory things are going according to plan. It is only when our goals have
been destroyed that the true significance of the decontextualized object or experience is revealed and such
--
reminiscent of the artificially constrained situations that define most work on human orienting. Animals,
56
--
The unexpected appearance of a predator, where nothing but defined territory previously existed,
terrifies the rats badly enough so that they scream about it, persistently, for a long period of time. Once
--
lurks there. If the answer is no, then the space is defined, once again, as home territory (which is that
place where commonplace behaviors produce desired ends). The rats transform the dangerous unknown
--
mass, or even relative mass, or even surface area, that most clearly defines the nature and reach of a
species experience and competence. More particularly, it is embodiment of the brain that matters. Brain
--
are (the abilities of the hand, in combination with the other physiological specializations of man) define
who we are, and enable us to endlessly elicit new properties from previously stable and predictable
--
priori manner of appropriate categorization. This context is defined by the motivational significance of the
novel thing, which is revealed first by the mere fact of novelty (which makes it both threatening and
--
to presume that the thing is dangerous (the action in fact defines that presumption). The observation of
action patterns undertaken by the members of any given social community including those of the
--
minutes; in addition, it occupies a universe defined by the presence of a half-dozen relevant objects (a
reading lamp, a chair, the floor you have to walk on to get to your chair, the book itself, your reading
--
was composed of complexes, which he defined as heritable propensities for behavior or for classification.
The Jungian position, which is almost never understood properly, has attracted more than its share of
--
without necessarily being defined; means that they are implicit in action, without necessarily being explicit
in description. Two things classified within the same cognitive model are two things that evoke the same
--
compatriots. He must understand his role within that culture a role defined by the necessity of
preservation, maintenance, and transmission of tradition, as well as revolution and radical update of that
--
cosmos exists and remains stable, as a consequence of his proper moral behavior, defined by his
imitation of Marduk. In the Judeo-Christian tradition, it is the Logos 208 the word of God that creates
--
of explored territory is therefore defined, at least in general, by security. Secure territory is that place
where we know how to act. Knowing how to act means being sure that our actions, undertaken in the
--
process that gives rise to his parents. This paradoxical situation arises because the existence of defined
order, and the unexplored territory defined in opposition to that order, can only come into being in the light
of consciousness, which is the faculty that knows (and does not know). The Archetypal Son, like his
parents, has a positive aspect, and a negative aspect. The positive aspect continually reconstructs defined
territory, as a consequence of the assimilation of the unknown [as a consequence of incestuous (that is,
--
separates the world parents; as order is a derivative of chaos; as chaos is defined by order). So the most
familiar Christian sequence of generation (which might be God Mary Christ) is only one of many
--
undertaken in the kingdom as the personality that was the state, insofar as the state defined and brought
order to interpersonal interactions (which, after all, is its primary function). Babylon was therefore
--
the Pharaoh was viewed as god)]. The creative power thus transferred was literally defined by the
Egyptians as the ability to put order (Ma at) in the place of Chaos.266 Eliade comments:
--
A prince is defined as one who knows truth (ma at) and whom God teaches. The author of a prayer to
Re cries: Mayest Thou give me ma at in my heart!
--
chaos (to the new chaos, more accurately: to the unknown now defined in opposition to explored
territory). Everything that is not order that is, not predictable, not usable is, by default (by definition)
--
impulse constitutes the culturally universal attempt to define and establish a relationship with God and
underlies the establishment of civilized historical order. The product of this drive, the culturally-constructed
--
uroboros gives rise to all things, including the disorder or unpredictability that is defined in opposition to
what has been explored. This more narrowly defined domain of disorder or unpredictability which is the
unknown, as it is actually experienced (rather than as a hypothetical entity) tends to be portrayed as
--
original state is hard to distinguish from the chaos defined in opposition to established order. Two things
that have no distinguishable features (as is the case for the two domains of chaos) are difficult to separate
--
virginal) nature is something that defines fertility and, therefore, femininity itself. Things come from
somewhere; all things have their birthplace. The relationship of man writ large to nature, eternal mother,
--
transpersonal beings, of transcendent power, who inhabited the space defined by the collective
imagination of mankind, and who behaved in accordance with the dictates of their own irrational, myth-
--
to do defines the central pattern of behavior embedded in all genuinely religious systems (furthermore,
provides the basis for the respect due the individual undergirding our conception of natural rights).
--
chaotic situation defined by the mutually-desirable, but singular toy. It is the sum total of such
interactions, conducted in once-unexplored territory, hierarchically organized, that come to compose
1.02 - SADHANA PADA, #Patanjali Yoga Sutras, #Swami Vivekananda, #Hinduism
The states of the qualities are the defined, the
un defined, the indicated only, and the signless.
--
Aphorism, that the states of the qualities are defined,
un defined, and signless. By the defined is meant the gross
elements, which we can sense. By the un defined is meant the
1.02 - SOCIAL HEREDITY AND PROGRESS, #The Future of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
one is to define in its essentials, and in all its splendor, the attitude
of Christian humanism.
--
personal and defined reality of the Word Incarnate, in which
everything acquires consistence, appears and takes its place.
1.02 - The 7 Habits An Overview, #The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, #Stephen Covey, #unset
"Habits" defined
For our purposes, we will define a habit as the intersection of knowledge, skill, and desire.
Knowledge is the theoretical paradigm, the what to do and the why. Skill is the how to do. And desire is the motivation, the want to do. In order to make something a habit in our lives, we have to have all three.
--
It's sometimes a painful process. It's a change that has to be motivated by a higher purpose, by the willingness to subordinate what you think you want now for what you want later. But this process produces happiness, "the object and design of our existence." Happiness can be defined, in part at least, as the fruit of the desire and ability to sacrifice what we want now for what we want eventually.
The Maturity Continuum TM
--
But much of our current emphasis on independence is a reaction to dependence -- to having others control us, define us, use us, and manipulate us.
The little understood concept of interdependence appears to many to smack of dependence, and therefore, we find people often for selfish reasons, leaving their marriages, abandoning their children, and forsaking all kinds of social responsibility -- all in the name of independence.
--
Effectiveness defined
The Seven Habits are habits of effectiveness. Because they are based on principles, they bring the maximum long-term beneficial results possible. They become the basis of a person's character, creating an empowering center of correct maps from which an individual can effectively solve problems, maximize opportunities, and continually learn and integrate other principles in an upward spiral of growth.
--
-- will be significantly increased self-confidence. You will come to know yourself in a deeper, more meaningful way -- your nature, your deepest values and your unique contri bution capacity. As you live your values, your sense of identity, integrity, control, and inner-directedness will infuse you with both exhilaration and peace. You will define yourself from within, rather than by people's opinions or by comparisons to others. "Wrong" and "right" will have little to do with being found out.
Ironically, you'll find that as you care less about what others think of you; you will care more about what others think of themselves and their worlds, including their relationship with you. You'll no longer build your emotional life on other people's weaknesses. In addition, you'll find it easier and more desirable to change because there is something -- some core deep within -- that is essentially changeless.
1.02 - The Concept of the Collective Unconscious, #The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
the field of comparative religion they have been defined by
l [Originally given as a lecture to the Abernethian Society at St. Bartholomew's
1.02 - The Eternal Law, #Sri Aurobindo or the Adventure of Consciousness, #Satprem, #Integral Yoga
illusionism, trance, the closed eyes of the yogi were also often mistaken for God. It is therefore essential to define clearly the goal that religious India has in view, then we will better understand what she can or cannot do for we who seek an integral truth.
To begin with, we must admit that we are faced with a surprising contradiction. India is a country that brought forth a great revelation:
1.02 - THE NATURE OF THE GROUND, #The Perennial Philosophy, #Aldous Huxley, #Philosophy
The purpose of all words is to illustrate the meaning of an object. When they are heard, they should enable the hearer to understand this meaning, and this according to the four categories of substance, of activity, of quality and of relationship. For example cow and horse belong to the category of substance. He cooks or he prays belongs to the category of activity. White and black belong to the category of quality. Having money or possessing cows belongs to the category of relationship. Now there is no class of substance to which the Brahman belongs, no common genus. It cannot therefore be denoted by words which, like being in the ordinary sense, signify a category of things. Nor can it be denoted by quality, for it is without qualities; nor yet by activity because it is without activityat rest, without parts or activity, according to the Scriptures. Neither can it be denoted by relationship, for it is without a second and is not the object of anything but its own self. Therefore it cannot be defined by word or idea; as the Scripture says, it is the One before whom words recoil.
Shankara
--
So far, then, as a fully adequate expression of the Perennial Philosophy is concerned, there exists a problem in semantics that is finally insoluble. The fact is one which must be steadily borne in mind by all who read its formulations. Only in this way shall we be able to understand even remotely what is being talked about. Consider, for example, those negative definitions of the transcendent and immanent Ground of being. In statements such as Eckharts, God is equated with nothing. And in a certain sense the equation is exact; for God is certainly no thing. In the phrase used by Scotus Erigena God is not a what; He is a That. In other words, the Ground can be denoted as being there, but not defined as having qualities. This means that discursive knowledge about the Ground is not merely, like all inferential knowledge, a thing at one remove, or even at several removes, from the reality of immediate acquaintance; it is and, because of the very nature of our language and our standard patterns of thought, it must be, paradoxical knowledge. Direct knowledge of the Ground cannot be had except by union, and union can be achieved only by the annihilation of the self-regarding ego, which is the barrier separating the thou from the That.
1.02 - The Philosophy of Ishvara, #Bhakti-Yoga, #Swami Vivekananda, #Hinduism
This is proved from the scriptural text, "From whom all these things are born, by which all that are born live, unto whom they, departing, return ask about it. That is Brahman.' If this quality of ruling the universe be a quality common even to the liberated then this text would not apply as a definition of Brahman defining Him through His rulership of the universe. The uncommon attributes alone define a thing; therefore in texts like 'My beloved boy, alone, in the beginning there existed the One without a second. That saw and felt, "I will give birth to the many." That projected heat.' 'Brahman indeed alone existed in the beginning. That One evolved. That projected a blessed form, the Kshatra. All these gods are Kshatras: Varuna, Soma, Rudra, Parjanya, Yama, Mrityu, Ishna.' 'Atman indeed existed alone in the beginning; nothing else vibrated; He thought of projecting the world; He projected the world after.' 'Alone Nryana existed; neither Brahm, nor Ishana, nor the Dyv-Prithivi, nor the stars, nor water, nor fire, nor Soma, nor the sun. He did not take pleasure alone. He after His meditation had one daughter, the ten organs, etc.' and in others as, 'Who living in the earth is separate from the earth, who living in the Atman, etc.' the Shrutis speak of the Supreme One as the subject of the work of ruling the universe. . . . Nor in these descriptions of the ruling of the universe is there any position for the liberated soul, by which such a soul may have the ruling of the universe ascribed to it."
In explaining the next Sutra, Ramanuja says, "If you say it is not so, because there are direct texts in the Vedas in evidence to the contrary, these texts refer to the glory of the liberated in the spheres of the subordinate deities." This also is an easy solution of the difficulty. Although the system of Ramanuja admits the unity of the total, within that totality of existence there are, according to him, eternal differences. Therefore, for all practical purposes, this system also being dualistic, it was easy for Ramanuja to keep the distinction between the personal soul and the Personal God very clear.
1.02 - The Pit, #A Garden of Pomegranates - An Outline of the Qabalah, #Israel Regardie, #Occultism
Bergson: "Our thought in its purely logical form is incapable of presenting the true nature of life" and the intellectual faculty is characterized by a" natural inability to comprehend life." Prof. Arthur S. Eddington has also observed that "the ultimate elements ill a theory of the world must be of a nature impossible to define in terms recognizable to the mind."
A more recent statement by one who is considered an excellent exponent of modern scientific opinion is found in
--
It is obvious, however, that a definition of this unknown a can only be achieved by saying either a equals b or a equals cd. In the first case the idea of b is really implicit in a; thus we have learned nothing, and if not so, the statement is false. One simply defines one unknown in terms of
another-and nothing is gained. In the second case, c and d themselves require definition as e1 and gh respectively.
--
There are several proofs of this, the simplest of which is perhaps as follows, showing that the most obvious statement cannot bear analysis. . A simple question is : ." .What is vermilion ?" That" vermilion is red " is undeniable, no doubt, but quite meaningless nevertheless; for each of the two terms must be defined by means of at least two others of which the same is true.
So simple an enquiry, too, as "Why is sugar sweet? " involves a vast multitude of very highly complicated chemical researches, each one of which eventually leads to that blindest of all blank walls-what is matter ?-what the perceiving mind ?
1.02 - The Three European Worlds, #The Ever-Present Origin, #Jean Gebser, #Integral
There is yet another major artist of that age who continues the discussion of this subject in advance of the definitive statements of Leonardo. Toward the end of his life, Pierodella Francesca furnishes a penetrating theory of perspective compared to which Alberti's seems amateurish and empirical. In his three books De Perspectiva Pingendi based anEuclid, which were written in collaboration with Luca Pacioli, he defines for the first time costruzionepittorica as perspective. He had himself been successful in the practical application of perspective during the time ofFoquet, i.e., the latter half of the fifteenth century, though after the brothers van Eyck (to mention only the outstanding figures). This had facilitated the ultimate achievement of perspectivity, the "aerial perspective" of Leonardo's Last Supper.
Before returning to Leonardo, we must mention two facts which demonstrate better than any description the extent of fascination with the problem of perspective during the later Part of the fifteenth century when perspective becomes virtually normative (as in Ghiberti's modification of Vitruvius). In his DivinaProporzione, Luca Pacioli - the learned mathematician, translator of Euclid, co-worker with Pierodella Francesca, and friend of Leonardo - celebrated perspective as the eighth art; and when Antonio del Pollaiuolo built a memorial to perspective on one of his papal tombs in St. Peters some ten years later (in the 1490s), he boldly added perspective as the eighth free art to the other seven.
1.02 - The Vision of the Past, #Let Me Explain, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
following any defined course, in any direction and at ran-
dom. This contention, disastrous to any idea of progress, is
--
there is a persistent and clearly defined thrust of animal
forms towards species with more sensitive and elaborate
--
nothing metaphysical in this. I am not seeking to define either
Spirit or Matter. I am simply saying, without leaving the
--
trajectory and defines it - 'the dot on the i\ . . .
Indeed, within the field accessible to our experience, does
--
This critical point of 'reflection' will be defined more exactly at the
beginning of the next chapter: 'What is the Phenomenon of Man?'
1.02 - THE WITHIN OF THINGS, #The Phenomenon of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
considered by science. Can we go further and define the rules
according to which this second face, for the most part entirely
--
inferior states that are ever less well defined and, as it were, dis-
tended.
--
very poor within), to State B defined by a smaller number of
very complex groupings (that is to say, with a much richer
1.03 - Bloodstream Sermon, #The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma, #Bodhidharma, #Buddhism
But if they don't define it, what do they mean by mind?
You ask. That's your mind. I answer. That's my mind. If I
1.03 - Preparing for the Miraculous, #Preparing for the Miraculous, #George Van Vrekhem, #Integral Yoga
which clearly and in detail defines the rationale behind
ours and the coming times. If all is That the fundamen-
1.03 - The Desert, #The Red Book Liber Novus, #unset, #Zen
Let me bring only one complaint before you: I suffer from scorn, my own scorn. But my soul said to me, "Do you think little of yourself?" I do not believe so. My soul answered, Then listen, do you think little of me? Do you still not know that you are not writing a book to feed your vanity, but that you are speaking with me? How can you suffer from scorn if you address me with those words that I give you? Do you know, then, who I am? Have you grasped me, defined me, and made me into a dead formula? Have you measured the depths of my chasms, and explored all the ways down which I am yet going to lead you? Scorn cannot challenge you if you are not vain to the marrow of your bones. Your truth is hard. I want to lay down my vanity before you, since it blinds me.
See, that is why I also believed my hands were empty when I came to you today. I did not consider that it is you who fills empty hands if only they want to stretch out, yet they do not want to. I did not know that I am your vessel, empty without you but brimming over with you.
1.03 - THE EARTH IN ITS EARLY STAGES, #The Phenomenon of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
Here again, but in a better defined field and on a higher level,
we find the fundamental condition characteristic of primordial
1.03 - THE GRAND OPTION, #The Future of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
of a defined social system in which a purposeful organization or-
ders the masses and tends to impose a specialized function on each
--
trate to what can only be defined as a total negation the ineffable
THE GRAND OPTION 35
--
At this new point of bifurcation two attitudes are defined two
"mentalities" disclose themselves and separate. We may leave the
1.03 - The Phenomenon of Man, #Let Me Explain, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
We will define the 'complexity' of a thing as the quality the
thing possesses of being composed -
1.03 - The Sephiros, #A Garden of Pomegranates - An Outline of the Qabalah, #Israel Regardie, #Occultism
The Ain is not a being ; it is No-Thing. That which is incomprehensible, unknown, and unknowable does not exist - at least, to be more accurate, insofar as our own consciousness is concerned. Blavatsky defines this primal reality as an Omnipresent, Eternal, and Boundless prin- ciple on which all speculation is utterly impossible, since it so transcends the power of human conception and thought that it would only be dwarfed by any similitude. That which is known and named is known and named not from a knowledge of its substance but from its limitations.
In itself, it is unknowable, unthinkable, and unspeakable.
--
Whirling Forces ( Rashis haGilgolim) presage the first mani- festation of the Primordial Point ( Nelcudah Bishonah), which becomes the primeval root from which all else will spring. Keser is the inscrutable Monad, the root of all things, defined by Leibnitz with reference both to the ulti- mate nature of physical things and to the ultimate unit of consciousness, as a metaphysical point, a centre of spiritual energy, unextended and indivisible, full of ceaseless life,
44
--
been defined by Theon of Smyrna as " the principal and element of numbers which, while multitude can be less- ened by subtraction and is itself deprived of every number, remains stable and firm ", The Pythagoreans said that the
Monad is the beginning of all things, and gave it, according to Photius, the names of God, the First of all things, the
--
" By reflection of itself. For although 0 be incapable of definition, 1 is definable. And the effect of a definition is to form an Eidolon, duplicate or image, of the thing defined.
Thus, then, we obtain a duad composed of 1 and its reflec- tion. Now, also, we have the commencement of a vibration established, for the number 1 vibrates alternately from changelessness to definition and back to changelessness."
1.03 - Time Series, Information, and Communication, #Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, #Norbert Wiener, #Cybernetics
The quantity we here define as amount of information is the
negative of the quantity usually defined as entropy in similar
situations. The definition here given is not the one given by R. A.
--
a measure defined over itself and also invariant under the trans-
formation, and which has the further property that any portion
--
substitution, we define
ξ ( t , γ ) = ξ ( t , α , β )
--
We now wish to define
−∞
--
The obvious thing would be to define this as a Stieltjes 3 integral,
but ξ is a very irregular function of t and does not make such
--
conditions, is such that K(s), as defined in Eq. 3.68, vanishes for
all negative arguments. Thus
--
mine k(ω) from Eq. 3.908, as we have defined k(ω) before on the
basis of Eq. 3.74. Here we put Φ(t) for Φ 11 ( t ) + Φ 22 ( t ) + 2 [ Φ 12 ( t ) ] .
1.04 - Feedback and Oscillation, #Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, #Norbert Wiener, #Cybernetics
Let p and φ be defined as in the last case. Then
ρ 3 cos
1.04 - KAI VALYA PADA, #Patanjali Yoga Sutras, #Swami Vivekananda, #Hinduism
(which is the name of a state). It defines it as infinite
knowledge, infinite as the sky. Jesus attained to that state and
--
Patanjali here defines the word succession, the changes that
exist in relation to moments. While I am thinking, many
1.04 - Magic and Religion, #The Golden Bough, #James George Frazer, #Occultism
reasonably be expected to define his conception of religion before
he proceeds to investigate its relation to magic. There is probably
--
and control the course of nature and of human life. Thus defined,
religion consists of two elements, a theoretical and a practical,
1.04 - On blessed and ever-memorable obedience, #The Ladder of Divine Ascent, #Saint John of Climacus, #unset
I saw among these holy fathers things that were truly profitable and admirable. I saw a brotherhood gathered and united in the Lord, with a wonderful active and contemplative life. For they were so occupied with divine thoughts and they exercised themselves so much in good deeds that there was scarcely any need for the superior to remind them of anything, but of their own good will they aroused one another to divine vigilance. For they had certain holy and divine exercises that were defined, studied and fixed. If in the absence of the superior one of them began to use abusive language or criticize people or simply talk idly, some other brother by a secret nod reminded him of this, and quietly put a stop to it. But if, by chance, the brother did not notice, then the one who reminded him would make a prostration and retire. And the incessant and ceaseless topic of their conversation (when it was necessary to say anything) was the remembrance of death and the thought of eternal judgment.
I must not omit to tell you about the extraordinary achievement of the baker of that community. Seeing that he had attained to constant recollection2 and tears during his service, I asked him to tell me how he came to be granted such a grace. And when I pressed him, he replied: I have never thought that I was serving men but God. And having judged myself unworthy of all rest,3 by this visible fire4 I am unceasingly reminded of the future flame.
1.04 - Relationship with the Divine, #Words Of The Mother II, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Divine, one can realise and be the Divines infinity though unable to define or explain the Divine.
15 December 1954
1.04 - SOME REFLECTIONS ON PROGRESS, #The Future of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
the organic world there is a persistent and clearly defined thrust of
animal forms toward species with more sensitive and elaborate
--
metaphysical in this. I am not seeking to define either Spirit or Mat-
ter. I am simply saying, without leaving the physical field, that the
--
finally proves the reality and defines the direction of the tra-
jectory "the dot on the i". . . .
1.04 - THE APPEARANCE OF ANOMALY - CHALLENGE TO THE SHARED MAP, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
of approach, within a domain where still defined by the familiar goal. Sometimes, however, the unknown
emerges in a manner that demands a qualitative adjustment in adaptive strategy: the revaluation of past,
--
will come to be defined as such, with passage of time (especially during times rendered unstable
unbearably novel for additional alternative reasons). Once such definition occurs, application of
--
and the drastic responses to such ideation defined as necessary by the Catholic guardians of proper thought
is rendered comprehensible as a consequence of consideration (1) of the protective function of intact
--
back unknown frontiers, establishing defined territory where nothing but fear and hope existed before. The
hero overcomes nature, the Great Mother, entering into creative union with her; reorganizing culture, the
--
previous historically-determined systems, and ensures that the path defined by the revolutionary hero
remains the one constant road to redemption. The revolutionary hero is embodiment and narrative
--
because there is no defined one to suffer, no one aware of either the nature of subjective being, or the
meaning of such being, once it has become detached from the whole. The primordial ancestor,
--
manifest, that is than the world of the adult. The child has fewer responsibilities, and fewer defined
concerns, than the adult. This lends childhood a glamour that mature existence lacks at least from a
1.04 - The Gods of the Veda, #Vedic and Philological Studies, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The object of this book is to suggest a prior possibility,that the whole European theory may be from beginning to end a prodigious error. The confident presumption that religion started in fairly recent times with the terrors of the savage, passed through stages of Animism & Nature worship & resulted variously in Paganism, monotheism or the Vedanta has stood in the way of any extension of scepticism to this province of Vedic enquiry. I dispute the presumption and deny the conclusions drawn from it. Before I admit it, I must be satisfied that a system of pure Nature worship ever existed. I cannot accept as evidence Sun & Star myth theories which, as a play of ingenious scholastic fancy, may attract the imagination, but are too haphazard, too easily self-contented, too ill-combined & inconsequent to satisfy the scientific reason. No other religion of which there is any undisputed record or sure observation, can be defined as a system of pure Nature worship. Even the savage-races have had the conception of gods & spirits who are other than personified natural phenomena. At the lowest they have Animism & the worship of spirits, ghosts & devils. Ancestor-worship & the cult of snake & four-footed animal seem to have been quite as old as any Nature-gods with whom research has made us acquainted. In all probability the Python was worshipped long before Apollo. It is therefore evident that even in the lowest religious strata the impulse to personify Nature-phenomena is not the ruling cult-idea of humanity. It is exceedingly unlikely that at any time this element should have so far prevailed as to cast out all the others so as to create a type of cult confined within a pure & rigid naturalism. Man has always seen in the universe the replica of himself. Unless therefore the Vedic Rishis had no thought of their subjective being, no perception of intellectual and moral forces within themselves, it is a psychological impossibility that they should have detected divine forces behind the objective world but none behind the subjective.
These are negative and a priori considerations, but they are supported by more positive indications. The other Aryan religions which are most akin in conception to the Vedic and seem originally to have used the same names for their deities, present themselves to us even at their earliest vaguely historic stage as moralised religions. Their gods had not only distinct moral attri butes, but represented moral & subjective functions. Apollo is not only the god of the sun or of pestilencein Homer indeed Haelios (Saurya) & not Apollo is the Sun God but the divine master of prophecy and poetry; Athene has lost any naturalistic significance she may ever have had and is a pure moral force, the goddess of strong intelligence, force guided by brain; Ares is the lord of battles, not a storm wind; Artemis, if she is the Moon, is also goddess of the free hunting life and of virginity; Aphrodite is only the goddess of Love & Beauty There is therefore a strong moral element in the cult & there are clear subjective notions attached to the divine personalities. But this is not all. There was not only a moral element in the Greek religion as known & practised by the layman, there was also a mystic element and an esoteric belief & practice practised by the initiated. The mysteries of Eleusis, the Thracian rites connected with the name of Orpheus, the Phrygian worship of Cybele, even the Bacchic rites rested on a mystic symbolism which gave a deep internal meaning to the exterior circumstances of creed & cult. Nor was this a modern excrescence; for its origins were lost to the Greeks in a legendary antiquity. Indeed, if we took the trouble to understand alien & primitive mentalities instead of judging & interpreting them by our own standards, I think we should find an element of mysticism even in savage rites & beliefs. The question at any rate may fairly be put, Were the Vedic Rishis, thinkers of a race which has shown itself otherwise the greatest & earliest mystics & moralisers in historical times, the most obstinately spiritual, theosophic & metaphysical of nations, so far behind the Orphic & Homeric Greeks as to be wholly Pagan & naturalistic in their creed, or was their religion too moralised & subjective, were their ceremonies too supported by an esoteric symbolism?
--
The present essays are merely intended to raise the subject, not to exhaust it, to offer suggestions, not to establish them. The theory of Vedic religion which I shall suggest in these pages, can only be substantiated if it is supported by a clear, full, simple, natural and harmonious rendering of the Veda standing on a sound philological basis, perfectly consistent in itself and proved in hymn after hymn without any hiatus or fatal objection. Such a substantiation I shall one day place before the public. The problem of Vedic interpretation depends, in my view, on three different tests, philological, historic and psychological. If the results of these three coincide, then only can we be sure that we have understood the Veda. But to erect this Delphic tripod of interpretation is no facile undertaking. It is easy to misuse philology. I hold no philology to be sound & valid which has only discovered one or two byelaws of sound modification and for the rest depends upon imagination & licentious conjecture,identifies for instance ethos with swadha, derives uloka from urvaloka or prachetasa from prachi and on the other [hand] ignores the numerous but definitely ascertainable caprices of Pracritic detrition between the European & Sanscrit tongues or considers a number of word-identities sufficient to justify inclusion in a single group of languages. By a scientific philology I mean a science which can trace the origins, growth & structure of the Sanscrit language, discover its primary, secondary & tertiary forms & the laws by which they develop from each other, trace intelligently the descent of every meaning of a word in Sanscrit from its original root sense, account for all similarities & identities of sense, discover the reason of unexpected divergences, trace the deviations which separated Greek & Latin from the Indian dialect, discover & define the connection of all three with the Dravidian forms of speech. Such a system of comparative philology could alone deserve to stand as a science side by side with the physical sciences and claim to speak with authority on the significance of doubtful words in the Vedic vocabulary. The development of such a science must always be a work of time & gigantic labour.
But even such a science, when completed, could not, owing to the paucity of our records be, by itself, a perfect guide. It would be necessary to discover, fix & take always into account the actual ideas, experiences and thought-atmosphere of the Vedic Rishis; for it is these things that give colour to the words of men and determine their use. The European translations represent the Vedic Rishis as cheerful semi-savages full of material ideas & longings, ceremonialists, naturalistic Pagans, poets endowed with an often gorgeous but always incoherent imagination, a rambling style and an inability either to think in connected fashion or to link their verses by that natural logic which all except children and the most rudimentary intellects observe. In the light of this conception they interpret Vedic words & evolve a meaning out of the verses. Sayana and the Indian scholars perceive in the Vedic Rishis ceremonialists & Puranists like themselves with an occasional scholastic & Vedantic bent; they interpret Vedic words and Vedic mantras accordingly. Wherever they can get words to mean priest, prayer, sacrifice, speech, rice, butter, milk, etc, they do so redundantly and decisively. It would be at least interesting to test the results of another hypothesis,that the Vedic thinkers were clear-thinking men with at least as clear an expression as ordinary poets have and at least as high ideas and as connected and logical a way of expressing themselvesallowing for the succinctness of poetical formsas is found in other religious poetry, say the Psalms or the Book of Job or St Pauls Epistles. But there is a better psychological test than any mere hypothesis. If it be found, as I hold it will be found, that a scientific & rational philological dealing with the text reveals to us poems not of mere ritual or Nature worship, but hymns full of psychological & philosophical religion expressed in relation to fixed practices & symbolic ceremonies, if we find that the common & persistent words of Veda, words such as vaja, vani, tuvi, ritam, radhas, rati, raya, rayi, uti, vahni etc,an almost endless list,are used so persistently because they expressed shades of meaning & fine psychological distinctions of great practical importance to the Vedic religion, that the Vedic gods were intelligently worshipped & the hymns intelligently constructed to express not incoherent poetical ideas but well-connected spiritual experiences,then the interpreter of Veda may test his rendering by repeating the Vedic experiences through Yoga & by testing & confirming them as a scientist tests and confirms the results of his predecessors. He may discover whether there are the same shades & distinctions, the same connections in his own psychological & spiritual experiences. If there are, he will have the psychological confirmation of his philological results.
1.04 - The Self, #Aion, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
of God." The Oxford Dictionary defines this concept as the
"action of uncontrollable natural forces." In all such cases there
--
feeling qualities that are harder to define. Mostly they are felt
to be fascinating or numinous. Often they are surrounded by an
1.04 - Wherefore of World?, #unset, #Anonymous, #Various
But there is another thing which prevents it from resolving the riddle of the world, and that is the arbitrary reduction of the whole formula of being into the terms of mental knowledge. For the domain of mind, intelligence, thought, is only one domain of the universal; its reality represents only one of the forms, one of the aspects of existence. The fact of existence is not exhausted by the idea; therefore its principle cannot be defined from the sole point of view of Mind.
Pure thought, which Idealism regards as the first essence, may well constitute the abstract and conceptual foundation of being; it is not sufficient to explain the living and concrete reality. And Will itself cannot be presented as ultimate cause of the world. For Will is a power of action, realisation, emotion, productive of movement, only in the domain of the subjective energies. But the universe is not only an internal dynamism; it is a substantial activity.
1.05 - 2010 and 1956 - Doomsday?, #Preparing for the Miraculous, #George Van Vrekhem, #Integral Yoga
ed as alive. 6 And the science writer John Gribbin defines
the theory as follows: Gaia is the name given to a theory
1.05 - Buddhism and Women, #Tara - The Feminine Divine, #unset, #Zen
This heart of awakening is defined by several
aspects:
1.05 - CHARITY, #The Perennial Philosophy, #Aldous Huxley, #Philosophy
The nature of charity, or the love-knowledge of God, is defined by Shankara, the great Vedantist saint and philosopher of the ninth century, in the thirty-second couplet of his Viveka-Chudamani.
Among the instruments of emancipation the supreme is devotion. Contemplation of the true form of the real Self (the Atman which is identical with Brahman) is said to be devotion.
1.05 - On the Love of God., #The Alchemy of Happiness, #Al-Ghazali, #Sufism
THE love of God is the highest of all topics, and is the final aim to which we have been tending hitherto. We have spoken of spiritual dangers as they hinder the love of God in a man's heart, and we have spoken of various good qualities as being the necessary preliminaries to it. Human perfection resides in this, that the love of God should conquer a man's heart and possess it wholly, and even if it does not possess it wholly it should predominate in the heart over the love of all other things. Nevertheless, rightly to understand the love of God is so difficult a matter that one sect of theologians have altogether denied that man can love a Being who is not of his own species, and they have defined the love of God as consisting merely in obedience. Those who hold such views do not know what real religion is.
All Moslems are agreed that the love of God is a duty. God says concerning the
--
We come now to treat of love in its essential nature. Love may be defined as an inclination to that which is pleasant. This is apparent in the case of the five senses, each of which may be said to love that which gives it delight; thus the eye loves beautiful forms, the ear music, etc. This is a kind of love we share with the
[1. Koran.]
1.05 - Prayer, #Hymn of the Universe, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
bus Cordis tui. Atque ibi me define, excoque, ex-
purga, accende, ignifac, subUmti? ad putissimum
1.05 - Problems of Modern Psycho therapy, #The Practice of Psycho therapy, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
but who bring with them, besides their more or less clearly defined fields
of consciousness, an indefinitely extended sphere of non-consciousness.
1.05 - Some Results of Initiation, #Knowledge of the Higher Worlds, #Rudolf Steiner, #Theosophy
The exercises described in the preceding chapters, if practiced in the right way, involve certain changes in the organism of the soul (astral body). The latter is only perceptible to the clairvoyant, and may be compared to a cloud, psycho-spiritually luminous to a certain degree, in the center of which the physical body is discernible. (A description will be found in the author's book, Theosophy.) In this astral body desires, lusts, passions, and ideas become visible in a spiritual way. Sensual appetites, for instance, create the impression of a dark red radiance with a definite shape; a pure and noble thought finds its expression in a reddish-violet radiance; the clear-cut concept of the logical thinker is experienced as a yellowish figure with sharply defined outline; the confused thought of the muddled head appears as a figure with vague outline. The thoughts of a person with one-sided, queer views appear sharply outlined but immobile, while the
p. 133
1.05 - The Destiny of the Individual, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
2:But this unity is in its nature indefinable. When we seek to envisage it by the mind we are compelled to proceed through an infinite series of conceptions and experiences. And yet in the end we are obliged to negate our largest conceptions, our most comprehensive experiences in order to affirm that the Reality exceeds all definitions. We arrive at the formula of the Indian sages, neti neti, "It is not this, It is not that", there is no experience by which we can limit It, there is no conception by which It can be defined.
3:An Unknowable which appears to us in many states and attributes of being, in many forms of consciousness, in many activities of energy, this is what Mind can ultimately say about the existence which we ourselves are and which we see in all that is presented to our thought and senses. It is in and through those states, those forms, those activities that we have to approach and know the Unknowable. But if in our haste to arrive at a Unity that our mind can seize and hold, if in our insistence to confine the Infinite in our embrace we identify the Reality with any one definable state of being however pure and eternal, with any particular attri bute however general and comprehensive, with any fixed formulation of consciousness however vast in its scope, with any energy or activity however boundless its application, and if we exclude all the rest, then our thoughts sin against Its unknowableness and arrive not at a true unity but at a division of the Indivisible.
1.05 - THE HOSTILE BROTHERS - ARCHETYPES OF RESPONSE TO THE UNKNOWN, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
Acts once defined as evil are now merely considered the consequence of unjust familial, social or economic
structures (although this view is not as widespread as it once was). Alternatively, the commission of
--
thing can be clearly defined. Ideas about evil, however, do not form a proper set. They form a natural
category, containing diverse material just like ideas about the known or the unknown form such a
--
nature of the context in which it is manifested, just as the meaning of a given word is defined by the
sentence, the paragraph even the book or culture in which it appears. Evil is a living complex. Its nature
--
lies, defines his philosophy, in consequence, in the following terms (in Part One of Faust):
The spirit I, that endlessly denies.
--
determined, in the course of diligent effort. It is not necessary, to define truth, to have seen and heard
everything that would make truth itself something impossible. It is only necessary to have represented
--
information apprehended as anomalous on terms defined and valued by the individual doing the rejection.
That is to say: the liar chooses his own game, sets his own rules, and then cheats. This cheating is failure to
--
dangerous, intolerable, and powerful the associated dragon. It is in this manner that attitude comes to define
the world. Every attempt to wish any aspect of experience out of existence transforms it into an enemy.
--
that has familiar and defined features; is something that can be understood, first and foremost, as a
consequence of the imbalance of the constituent elements of reality. Adoption with the deceitful or
--
strength of a personality might be defined, in part, as its breadth of explored territory, its capacity to act
appropriately in the greatest number of circumstances. Such strength is evidently dependent upon prior
--
nave peace of mind.500 The image of the concentration camp guard, much as the inmate, defines the
modern individual. Hell is a bottomless pit, and why? Because nothing is ever so bad that we cannot make
--
Ideology confines human potential to a narrow and defined realm. Adaptation undertaken within that
realm necessarily remains insufficient, is destined to produce misery, as it is only relationship with the
--
authoritarian demand she has defined her capacity for violence as ethically unsuitable, and will regard it
as something forbidden and evil. This makes aggression something contaminated by the dragon of chaos,
--
orientation, because forced to serve a contemptible master; will be defined as evil, left undeveloped in
284
--
to define it and, in a more general sense, to define oneself. To avoid is to say that is too terrible, and
that means too terrible for me. The impossibility of a task is necessarily determined in relationship to
--
form of the list. A list of laws of moral rules straightforwardly and simply defines what constitutes
acceptable behavior and what does not. An explicit list serves as an admirable guide for the adolescent,
--
produced by conflict of duty to define acceptable behavior when the situation compels conflicting
behavioral response (when one listed moral prerequisite conflicts with another). The establishment of fixed
--
which he was unwilling to define, a priori, as meaningless with ideas generated by religious mystics from
a variety of primitive and sophisticated cultures, with a vast body of literary productions in the Eastern
--
still-too mortal condition. So they turned their attention to those aspects of the world that had been defined,
in accordance with prevailing morality, as unworthy of examination, as corrupt and contemptible.
--
would immediately become of overwhelming difficulty, if they were clearly apprehended. So we define
health as that state consisting of an absence of diseases or disorders and leave it at that as if the
--
however and desirable that leads us to define dominance by that state as disordered. The same might
be said for depression, for schizophrenia, for personality-disorders, etc., etc. Lurking in the background is
--
will have to define explicitly what that means. It would be surprising, indeed, if the ideal we come to posit
bore no relationship to that constructed painstakingly, over the course of centuries of effort, in the past.
--
representative of the inadmissible unknown as degraded, and defined it as corrupt, imperfect, and
demonic.
--
episodic experience, and our verbal we heretofore defined as impossible (despite their indisputable
existence). This integration means making behavioral potentialities previously disregarded available for
--
our individual competence, as presently construed the things or situations that define our limitations, and
that represent inferiority, failure, decomposition, weakness and death. This means that everything despised
--
A and b are defined in relation to one another, as two points define a line. The polarity between
the two determines the valence of the goal. The more polarity (that is, the more tension) between the two
points, the more worthwhile the enterprise. Good cannot be defined cannot exist in the absence of
evil. Value cannot exist in the absence of polarity. So, for the world to be worthwhile (that is, for the
--
Social and biological conditions define the boundaries of individual existence. The unfailing pursuit of
interest provides the subjective means by which these conditions can be met, and their boundaries
--
circumscribed by defined, logic, internally-consistent cognitive structures. From such a perspective, meaningful
experiences might be considered guideposts marking the path to a new mode of being. Any form of art that produces
--
Wittgenstein was driving at a general principle: an object is defined even perceived (categorized as a unity,
rather than a multiplicity) with regards to its utility as a means to a given end. In a basic sense, an object is a tool a
--
things defined in opposition to the known). For the purposes of the present manuscript, however, the precise
temporal/historical relationship of the various deities to one another is of secondary importance, compared to the fact
1.05 - THE NEW SPIRIT, #The Future of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
everything has a particular position defined by the develop-
ment (free or predetermined) of the entire system in movement.
--
should we not simply define Life as the specific property of Mat-
ter, the Stuff of the Universe, carried by evolution into the zone of
highest complexity? And why not define Time itself as precisely
the rise of the Universe into those high latitudes where complex-
--
as we have defined it, there comes into effect a harmonious and
fruitful conjunction between the two spheres of rational experi-
1.06 - Being Human and the Copernican Principle, #Preparing for the Miraculous, #George Van Vrekhem, #Integral Yoga
the mouthpiece of anti-religious rationalism, defined the
Principle as follows: The earth is one of the smaller planets
1.06 - Gestalt and Universals, #Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, #Norbert Wiener, #Cybernetics
defined one in Chapter II. This group defines several sub-groups
of transformations: the affine group, in which we consider
--
some appropriately defined sense. It will thus contain positions
as near to any we wish as may be desired. If these "positions,"
1.06 - LIFE AND THE PLANETS, #The Future of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
WE will define the "complexity" of a thing, if you allow, as the
quality the thing possesses of being composed
1.06 - MORTIFICATION, NON-ATTACHMENT, RIGHT LIVELIHOOD, #The Perennial Philosophy, #Aldous Huxley, #Philosophy
In the world, when people call anyone simple, they generally mean a foolish, ignorant, credulous person. But real simplicity, so far from being foolish, is almost sublime. All good men like and admire it, are conscious of sinning against it, observe it in others and know what it involves; and yet they could not precisely define it. I should say that simplicity is an uprightness of soul which prevents self-consciousness. It is not the same as sincerity, which is a much humbler virtue. Many people are sincere who are not simple. They say nothing but what they believe to be true, and do not aim at appearing anything but what they are. But they are for ever thinking about themselves, weighing their every word and thought, and dwelling upon themselves in apprehension of having done too much or too little. These people are sincere but they are not simple. They are not at their ease with others, nor others with them. There is nothing easy, frank, unrestrained or natural about them. One feels that one would like less admirable people better, who were not so stiff.
To be absorbed in the world around and never turn a thought within, as is the blind condition of some who are carried away by what is pleasant and tangible, is one extreme as opposed to simplicity. And to be self-absorbed in all matters, whether it be duty to God or man, is the other extreme, which makes a person wise in his own conceitreserved, self-conscious, uneasy at the least thing which disturbs his inward self-complacency. Such false wisdom, in spite of its solemnity, is hardly less vain and foolish than the folly of those who plunge headlong into worldly pleasures. The one is intoxicated by his outward surroundings, the other by what he believes himself to be doing inwardly; but both are in a state of intoxication, and the last is a worse state than the first, because it seems to be wise, though it is not really, and so people do not try to be cured. Real simplicity lies in a juste milieu equally free from thoughtlessness and affectation, in which the soul is not overwhelmed by externals, so as to be unable to reflect, nor yet given up to the endless refinements, which self-consciousness induces. That soul which looks where it is going without losing time arguing over every step, or looking back perpetually, possesses true simplicity. Such simplicity is indeed a great treasure. How shall we attain to it? I would give all I possess for it; it is the costly pearl of Holy Scripture.
1.06 - On remembrance of death., #The Ladder of Divine Ascent, #Saint John of Climacus, #unset
It is impossible, someone says, impossible to spend the present day devoutly unless we regard it as the last of our whole life. And it is truly astonishing how even the pagans2 have said something of the sort, since they define philosophy as meditation on death.
1 Justinian built a fort on Mount Sinai as well as a church and monastery (Procopius, De aedificiis, V, viii). Today the fort is represented by the actual monastery; cf. E. A. Sophocles, Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods (1887), Kastron, Clim. P.G., 88, 79A, 812B, now the Monastery of Mount Sinai.
1.06 - The Desire to be, #unset, #Anonymous, #Various
Now, for the being, to create himself means to appear. And to appear means to define himself, to become distinct, to affirm himself in the relativity. But what name are we to give to the principle of this distinctive affirmation and exclusive delimitation of the ego which is the foundation of all manifestation, of all relative creation?
The word, Thought, says too much and too little,too much if that conscient thought is meant which appears at the term of progressive evolution, and too little if it means a pure abstraction of the being previous to its coming into existence. This abstraction may very well define the essence of all its possibilities, but not its power to act and to become. To become implies not only pure thought, but tendency, effort, or, to express all in a single word, if that be possibledesire.
For desire represents in the being that first active form of Thought in which we must seek for the initial spring conscient or inconscient of its energies, the obscure genesis of its will and that first spontaneity of fundamental egoism by which the I of the relativity manifests.
--
And the progressive passage of this conditional and virtual form of movement to its concrete, objective, material forms defines the succession of the states of being from the first transcendences to the last realisations of the physical order of things.
In the domain of our comprehension the first desire was the first being; in the world of forms the first being was the first movement.
--
In the Absolute, outside the manifested world, all is; but all is indivisible, all is one. In the infinite nothing can be defined.
None of the terms, then, by which we designate and define being can be applied to the domain of the Absolute. And so too none of the characteristics of the Absolute can be applied to the cognizable universe.
To be in the cognizable universe is to be distinct, limited, finite. It follows that the universe is itself finite. Therefore it is capable of being a field for the pluralities of Time, Space and Number. However indefinitely number may increase, there is no infinite number; there is no number in the Infinite.
But this Finite itself must necessarily be relative. And it is only by an abstraction of the mind that we can conceive thus of the world at each moment of its progressive evolution. None of these moments exists in itself, no number is the last of numbers. Between the absolute Infinite and the perfect Finite, universal relativity defines itself progressively in the course of an indefinite manifestation.
If follows that at no moment does the world contain the total manifestation of the numberless virtualities of the Absolute, but at each moment it is the field of realisation for a new series of possibilities.
1.06 - The Four Powers of the Mother, #The Mother With Letters On The Mother, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
1:The four Powers of the Mother are four of her outstanding Personalities, portions and embodiments of her divinity through whom she acts on her creatures, orders and harmonises her creations in the worlds and directs the working out of her thousand forces. For the Mother is one but she comes before us with differing aspects; many are her powers and personalities, many her emanations and Vibhutis that do her work in the universe. The One whom we adore as the Mother is the divine Conscious Force that dominates all existence, one and yet so many-sided that to follow her movement is impossible even for the quickest mind and for the freest and most vast intelligence. The Mother is the consciousness and force of the Supreme and far above all she creates. But something of her ways can be seen and felt through her embodiments and the more seizable because more defined and limited temperament and action of the goddess forms in whom she consents to be manifest to her creatures.
2:There are three ways of being of the Mother of which you can become aware when you enter into touch of oneness with the Conscious Force that upholds us and the universe. Transcendent, the original supreme Shakti, she stands above the worlds and links the creation to the ever unmanifest mystery of the Supreme. Universal, the cosmic Mahashakti, she creates all these beings and contains and enters, supports and conducts all these million processes and forces. Individual, she embodies the power of these two vaster ways of her existence, makes them living and near to us and mediates between the human personality and the divine Nature.
1.06 - The Sign of the Fishes, #Aion, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
Pius IX in 1854, by the bull Ineffabilis Deus, her Assumption was not defined as
part of divine revelation until 1950.- Editors.]
1.06 - The Three Schools of Magick 1, #Magick Without Tears, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
There is today much misunderstanding of the meaning of the term "Magick." Many attempts have been made to define it, but perhaps the best for our present purpose of historical-ideological exposition will be this Magick is the Science of the Incommensurables.
This is one of the many restricted uses of the word; one suited to the present purpose.
--
Let us define this difference clearly.
Magick investigates the laws of Nature with the idea of making use of them. It only differs from "profane" science by always keeping ahead of it. As Fraser has shown, Magick is science in the tentative stage; but it may be, and often is, more than this. It is science which, for one reason or another, cannot be declared to the profane.
--
We are in possession of a certain mystical document*[AC13] which we may describe briefly, for convenience sake, as an Apocalypse of which we hold the keys, thanks to the intervention of the Master who has appeared at this grave conjuncture of Fate. This document consists of a series of visions, in which we hear the various Intelligences whose nature it would be hard to define, but who are at the very least endowed with knowledge and power far beyond anything that we are accustomed to regard as proper to the human race.
We must quote a passage from one of the most important of these documents. The doctrine is conveyed, as is customary among Initiates, in the form of a parable. Those who have attained even a mediocre degree of enlightenment are aware that the crude belief of the faithful, and the crude infidelity of the scoffer, with regard to matters of fact, are merely childish. Every incident in Nature, true or false, possesses a spiritual significance. It is this significance, and only this significance, that possesses any philosophical value to the Initiate.
1.06 - The Transformation of Dream Life, #Knowledge of the Higher Worlds, #Rudolf Steiner, #Theosophy
person toward the things of the spiritual world are very different from the feelings of the undeveloped person toward the things of the physical world. The latter feels himself to be at a particular place in the world of sense, and the surrounding objects to be external to him. The spiritually developed person feels himself to be united with, and as though in the interior of, the spiritual objects he perceives. He wanders, in fact, from place to place in spiritual space, and is therefore called the wanderer in the language of occult science. He has no home at first. Should he, however, remain a mere wanderer he would be unable to define any object in spiritual space. Just as objects and places in physical space are defined from a fixed point of departure, this, too, must be the case in the other world. He must seek out some place, thoroughly investigate it, and take spiritual possession of it. In this place he must establish his spiritual home and relate everything else to it. In physical life, too, a person sees everything in terms of his physical home. Natives of Berlin and Paris will involuntarily describe London in a different way. And yet there is a difference between the spiritual and the physical home. We are born into the latter
p. 198
1.07 - Bridge across the Afterlife, #Preparing for the Miraculous, #George Van Vrekhem, #Integral Yoga
The Britannica Concise Encyclopedia defines near-death
experience as follows: Mystical or transcendent experi-
--
sensations defined. And on the Wikipedia website we find
the following comment: Many view the NDE as the precur-
--
sign, defined by an Intelligence and worked out by It. Etc.
And all this ordered within a coherent system, valid before
--
from around 200 CE, defines her in terms which, if properly
understood, agree with those of the Vedantic scriptures:
1.07 - Medicine and Psycho therapy, #The Practice of Psycho therapy, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
anatomical and physiological phenomenon, and only to a lesser degreewith the human being psychically defined. But this precisely is the subject
of psycho therapy. When we direct our attention to the psyche from the
1.07 - The Farther Reaches of Human Nature, #Sex Ecology Spirituality, #Ken Wilber, #Philosophy
Numerous psychologists (Bruner, Flavell, Arieti, Cowan, Kramer, Commons, Basseches, Arlin, etc.) have pointed out that there is much evidence for a stage beyond Piaget's formal operational. It has been called "dialectical," "integrative," "creative synthetic," "integral-aperspectival," "postformal," and so forth. I, of course, am using the terms vision-logic or network-logic. But the conclusions are all essentially the same: "Piaget's formal operational is considered to be a problem-solving stage. But beyond this stage are the truly creative scientists and thinkers who define important problems and ask important questions. While Piaget's formal model is adequate to describe the cognitive structures of adolescents and competent adults, it is not adequate to describe the towering intellect of Nobel laureates, great statesmen and stateswomen, poets, and so on."5 True enough. But I would like to give a different emphasis to this structure, for while very few people might actually gain the "towering status of a Nobel laureate," the space of vision-logic (its worldspace or worldview) is available for any who wish to continue their growth and development. In other words, to progress through the various stages of growth does not mean that one has to extraordinarily master each and every stage, and demonstrate a genius comprehension at that stage before one can progress beyond it. This would be like saying that no individuals can move beyond the oral stage until they become gourmet cooks.
It is not even necessary to be able to articulate the characteristics of a particular stage (children progress beyond preop without ever being able to define it). It is merely necessary to develop an adequate competence at that stage, in order for it to serve just fine as a platform for the transcendence to the next stage. In order to transcend the verbal, it is not necessary to first become Shakespeare.
Likewise, in order to develop formal rationality, it is not necessary to learn calculus and propositional logic. Every time you imagine different outcomes, every time you see a possible future different from today's, every time you dream the dream of what might be, you are using formal operational awareness. And from that platform you can enter vision-logic, which means not that you have to become a Hegel or a Whitehead in order to advance, but only that you have to think globally, which is not so hard at all. Those who will master this stage, or any stage for that matter, will always be relatively few; but all are invited to pass through.
--
But for a more transcendental self to emerge, it has first to differentiate from the merely empirical self, and thus we find, with Broughton: "At level five the self as observer is distinguished from the self-concept as known." In other words, something resembling a pure observing Self (a transcendental Witness or Atman, which we will investigate in a moment) is beginning to be clearly distinguished from the empirical ego or objective self-it is a new interiority, a new going within that goes beyond, a new emergence that transcends but includes the empirical ego. This beginning transcendence of the ego we are, of course, calling the centaur (the beginning of fulcrum six, or the sixth major differentiation that we have seen so far in the development of consciousness).9 This is the realm of vision-logic leading to centauric integration, which is why at this stage, Broughton found that "reality is defined by the coherence of the interpretive framework."
This integrative stage comes to fruition at Broughton's last major level (late centauric), where "mind and body are both experiences of an integrated self," which is the phrase I have most often used to define the centauric or bodymind-integrated self. Precisely because awareness has differentiated from (or disidentified from, or transcended) an exclusive identification with body, persona, ego, and mind, it can now integrate them in a unified fashion, in a new and higher holon with each of them as junior partners. Physiosphere, biosphere, noosphere-exclusively identified with none of them, therefore capable of integrating all of them.
But everything is not sweetness and light with the centaur. As always, new and higher capacities bring with them the potential for new and higher pathologies. As vision-logic adds up all the possibilities given to the mind's eye, it eventually reaches a dismal conclusion: personal life is a brief spark in the cosmic void. No matter how wonderful it all might be now, we are still going to die: dread, as Heidegger said, is the au thentic response of the existential (centauric) being, a dread that calls us back from self-forgetting to self-presence, a dread that seizes not this or that part of me (body or persona or ego or mind), but rather the totality of my being-in-the-world. When I au thentically see my life, I see its ending, I see its death; and I see that my "other selves," my ego, my personas, were all sustained by inau thenticity, by an avoidance of the awareness of lonely death.
1.07 - THE GREAT EVENT FORESHADOWED - THE PLANETIZATION OF MANKIND, #The Future of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
posites, have existed without any defined position, like wandering
stars, in the general scheme of cosmic elements. Now however, sim-
--
emanating from certain defined centers and covering the entire
surface of the globe;
1.07 - The Literal Qabalah (continued), #A Garden of Pomegranates - An Outline of the Qabalah, #Israel Regardie, #Occultism
Keser has been defined as the Ego, the Monad, "the secret centre in the heart of every man ". Keser, hence, is our Transcendental Ego. To Binah, we found that
Kronos or Time was attri buted. Thus Binah links up with the Kantian category of Time. Thp Sphere of the Zodiac is a correspondence of Chokmah, and is, in a certain respect, a concretion of the idea of Space. We have, therefore, the whole Universe as the lower seven Sephiros, projected and existing in Time and Space, or Chokmah and Binah, which are the functions of the integrating faculty of the Ego or
1.07 - The Plot must be a Whole., #Poetics, #Aristotle, #Philosophy
Again, a beautiful object, whether it be a living organism or any whole composed of parts, must not only have an orderly arrangement of parts, but must also be of a certain magnitude; for beauty depends on magnitude and order. Hence a very small animal organism cannot be beautiful; for the view of it is confused, the object being seen in an almost imperceptible moment of time. Nor, again, can one of vast size be beautiful; for as the eye cannot take it all in at once, the unity and sense of the whole is lost for the spectator; as for instance if there were one a thousand miles long. As, therefore, in the case of animate bodies and organisms a certain magnitude is necessary, and a magnitude which may be easily embraced in one view; so in the plot, a certain length is necessary, and a length which can be easily embraced by the memory. The limit of length in relation to dramatic competition and sensuous presentment, is no part of artistic theory. For had it been the rule for a hundred tragedies to compete together, the performance would have been regulated by the water-clock,--as indeed we are told was formerly done. But the limit as fixed by the nature of the drama itself is this: the greater the length, the more beautiful will the piece be by reason of its size, provided that the whole be perspicuous. And to define the matter roughly, we may say that the proper magnitude is comprised within such limits, that the sequence of events, according to the law of probability or necessity, will admit of a change from bad fortune to good, or from good fortune to bad.
author class:Aristotle
1.07 - The Primary Data of Being, #unset, #Anonymous, #Various
It is only through desire as intermediary that a connection can be established between these relative categories and the category of the Absolute. For in the Absolute Space and Time have to be defined by contradictory terms, absolute Space being infinite and indivisible and absolute Time being permanence, immutability, pure duration, eternity without change or succession. For the manifested being Space is extent essentially divisible and Time is essential variability, continuous succession,it is in a word, becoming.
But if we refer the fundamental categories to the principle of desire, it is then possible to understand how they derive from the very character of that desire.
--
The manifested being is essentially differentiation and potential divisibility. This divisibility defines Space and distinguishes it from Time.
For Time translates into the manifested world the Absolutes character of unity, of identity. It is the category of the being in itself considered in its subjective unity apart from the potential multiplicity of its elements.
--
One might define these two groups of opposite categories as belonging the one to masculine activities abstract, synthetic, involutive, productive of transformation, the other to feminine passivities concrete, analytic, evolutionary, powerful for conservation.
From their union all relative objectivities are born.
1.07 - The Three Schools of Magick 2, #Magick Without Tears, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
The analysis of the philosophers of this School refers every phenomenon to the category of sorrow. It is quite useless to point out to them that certain events are accompanied with joy: they continue their ruthless calculations, and prove to your satisfaction, or rather dissatisfaction, that the more apparently pleasant an event is, the more malignantly deceptive is its fascination. There is only one way of escape even conceivable, and this way is quite simple, annihilation. (Shallow critics of Buddhism have wasted a great deal of stupid ingenuity on trying to make out that Nirvana or Nibbana means something different from what etymology, tradition and the evidence of the Classics combine to define it. The word means, quite simply, cessation: and it stands to reason that, if everything is sorrow, the only thing which is not sorrow is nothing, and that therefore to escape from sorrow is the attainment of nothingness.)
Western philosophy has on occasion approached this doctrine. It has at least asserted that no known form of existence is exempt from sorrow. Huxley says, in his Evolution and Ethics, "Suffering is the badge of all the tribe of sentient things."
--
A fairly pure example of the first stage of this type of thought is to be found in the Vedas, of the second stage, in the Upanishads. But the answer to the question, "How is the illusion of evil to be destroyed?", depends on another point of theory. We may postulate a Parabrahm infinitely good, etc. etc. etc., in which case we consider the destruction of the illusion of evil as the reuniting of the consciousness with Parabrahm. The unfortunate part of this scheme of things is that on seeking to define Parabrahm for the purpose of returning to Its purity, it is discovered sooner or later, that It possesses no qualities at all! In other words, as the farmer said, on being shown the elephant: There ain't no sich animile. It was Gautama Buddha who perceived the inutility of dragging in this imaginary pachyderm. Since our Parabrahm, he said to the Hindu philosophers, is actually nothing, why not stick to or original perception that everything is sorrow, and admit that the only way to escape from sorrow is to arrive at nothingness?
We may complete the whole tradition of the Indian peninsula very simply. To the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Tripitaka of the Buddhists, we have only to add the Tantras of what are called the Vamacharya Schools. Paradoxical as it may sound the Tantrics are in reality the most advanced of the Hindus. Their theory is, in its philosophical ultimatum, a primitive stage of the White tradition, for the essence of the Tantric cults is that by the performance of certain rites of Magick, one does not only escape disaster, but obtains positive benediction. The Tantric is not obsessed by the will-to-die. It is a difficult business, no doubt, to get any fun out of existence; but at least it is not impossible. In other words, he implicitly denies the fundamental proposition that existence is sorrow, and he formulates the essential postulate of the White School of Magick, that means exist by which the universal sorrow (apparent indeed to all ordinary observation) may be unmasked, even as at the initiatory rite of Isis in the ancient days of Khem. There, a Neophyte presenting his mouth, under compulsion, to the pouting buttocks of the Goat of Mendez, found himself caressed by the chaste lips of a virginal priestess of that Goddess at the base of whose shrine is written that No man has lifted her veil.
--
The Egyptian tradition of Osiris is not dissimilar. The central idea of the White School is that, admitted that "everything is sorrow" for the profane, the Initiate has the means of transforming it to "Everything is joy." There is no question of any ostrich-ignoring of fact, as in Christian Science. There is not even any more or less sophisticated argument about the point of view altering the situation as in Vedantism. We have, on the contrary, and attitude which was perhaps first of all, historically speaking, defined by Zoroaster, "nature teaches us, and the Oracles also affirm, that even the evil germs of Matter may alike become useful and good." "Stay not on the precipice with the dross of Matter; for there is a place for thine Image in a realm ever splendid." "If thou extend the Fiery Mind to the work of piety, thou wilt preserve the fluxible body."*[AC19]
It appears that the Levant, from Byzantium and Athens to Damascus, Jerusalem, Alexandria and Cairo, was preoccupied with the formulation of this School in a popular religion, beginning in the days of Augustus Caesar. For there are elements of this central idea in the works of the Gnostics, in certain rituals of what Frazer conveniently calls the Asiatic God, as in the remnants of the Ancient Egyptian cult. The doctrine became abominably corrupted in committee, so to speak, and the result was Christianity, which may be regarded as a White ritual overlaid by a mountainous mass of Black doctrine, like the baby of the mother that King Solomon non-suited.
We may define the doctrine of the White School in its purity in very simple terms.
Existence is pure joy. Sorrow is caused by failure to perceive this fact; but this is not a misfortune. We have invented sorrow, which does not matter so much after all, in order to have the exuberant satisfaction of getting rid of it. Existence is thus a sacrament.
Adepts of the White School regard their brethren of the Black very much as the aristocratic English Sahib (of the days when England was a nation) regarded the benighted Hindu. Nietzsche expresses the philosophy of this School to that extent with considerable accuracy and vigour. The man who denounces life merely defines himself as the man who is unequal to it. The brave man rejoices in giving and taking hard knocks, and the brave man is joyous. The Scandinavian idea of Valhalla may be primitive, but it is manly. A heaven of popular concert, like the Christian; of unconscious repose, like the Buddhist; or even of sensual enjoyment, like the Moslem, excites his nausea and contempt. He understands that the only joy worth while is the joy of continual victory, and victory itself would become as tame as croquet if it were not spiced by equally continual defeat.
The purest documents of the White School are found in the Sacred Books of Thelema. The doctrine is given in excellent perfection both in the book of the Heart Girt with the Serpent and the book of Lapis Lazuli. A single passage is adequate to explain the formula.
1.083 - Choosing an Object for Concentration, #The Study and Practice of Yoga, #Swami Krishnananda, #Yoga
Dea bandha cittasya dhra (III.1). Tatra pratyaya ekatnat dhynam (III.2). These two sutras at the commencement of the Vibhuti Pada of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali define the processes of concentration and meditation. The fixing of the attention of the mind on a particular objective is called concentration, and the continuous flow of the mind uninterruptedly for a protracted period in respect of that objective is called meditation. This fixing of the mind on the objective is itself a very difficult task, and the very fact that so much preparation had to be done in the form of yamas, niyamas, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, etc. for getting into this mood of concentration should prove the nature of the difficulty. The mind will not agree to concentration on anything exclusively because the structure of the mind is like a web which has its warps and woofs and is not a compact substance like a piece of diamond. It is a fabric constituted of various individual and isolated functions which get together into a so-called compactness and create the appearance of there being such a thing as a self-identical mind.
The mind is constituted, to some extent, in a way similar to the structure of the physical body. That means to say, even as the body is not a compact indivisible whole and is constituted of many, many minute parts, down to the most minute called cells and organisms, and yet the body appears to be a single concrete substance, so is the case with the mind. It is constituted of functions vrittis, as they are called and yet it appears to be a single entity. This singleness of its existence is an appearance, not a substantiality or reality, even as the single concrete presentation of the physical body is only an appearance. It is not there really. The peculiar structure of the mind namely, its internal disparity of character prevents it from focusing itself wholly on any objective. What is it that prevents the concentration of the mind on any one thing continuously? It is the mind itself. The nature of the mind is averse to the requisitions of concentration. Concentration is the flow of a single vritti, one continuous idea hammering itself upon an object that is presented before it. But the mind is not made up of a single idea. The mind has hundreds and thousands of ideas hidden within it, and it is made up of these ideas, like a cloth is made up of threads. Because of this composite character of the mind, which is made up of fine elements inside in the form of these vrittis, it becomes difficult for it to gather its forces into a single focus.
--- Overview of verb define
The verb define has 5 senses (first 4 from tagged texts)
1. (20) specify, define, delineate, delimit, delimitate ::: (determine the essential quality of)
2. (13) define ::: (give a definition for the meaning of a word; "Define `sadness'")
3. (9) define ::: (determine the nature of; "What defines a good wine?")
4. (2) define, delineate ::: (show the form or outline of; "The tree was clearly defined by the light"; "The camera could define the smallest object")
5. specify, set, determine, define, fix, limit ::: (decide upon or fix definitely; "fix the variables"; "specify the parameters")
Wikipedia - ACP 131 -- Defines Allied Military brevity codes
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Wikipedia - Affine variety -- Algebraic variety defined within an affine space
Wikipedia - Algebraic curve -- Curve defined as zeros of polynomials
Wikipedia - Anocracy -- Form of government loosely defined as part democracy and part autocracy
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Wikipedia - Attribute (computing) -- Metadata which defines a property
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Wikipedia - Barycentric coordinate system -- Coordinate system that is defined by points instead of vectors
Wikipedia - Binary relation -- Relationship between two sets, defined by a set of ordered pairs
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Wikipedia - Bioregion -- Ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a biogeographical realm, but larger than an ecoregion or an ecosystem
Wikipedia - Body shape -- General shape of a person defined by the molding of skeletal structures and the distribution of muscles and fat
Wikipedia - Boolean algebras canonically defined
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Wikipedia - Category:Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters
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Wikipedia - Category:Commons category link is defined as the pagename
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Wikipedia - Category:Commons link is defined as the pagename
Wikipedia - Category:Commons link is locally defined
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Wikipedia - Cauchy principal value -- Method for assigning values to certain improper integrals which would otherwise be undefined
Wikipedia - Census-designated place -- Statistical concentration of population defined by the United States Census Bureau
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Wikipedia - Class (set theory) -- Collection of sets in mathematics that can be defined based on a property of its members
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Wikipedia - Coastline paradox -- Counterintuitive observation that the coastline of a landmass does not have a well-defined length
Wikipedia - Code of Points (artistic gymnastics) -- Rulebook that defines the scoring system in artistic gymnastics
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Wikipedia - Common Intermediate Language -- Intermediate representation defined within the CLI specification
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Wikipedia - Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America -- 1991 book
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Wikipedia - Define
Wikipedia - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) -- Number of independent parameters that define the configuration or state of a mechanical system.
Wikipedia - Delivery (commerce) -- Process of transporting goods from a source location to a predefined destination
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Wikipedia - IETF language tag -- abbreviated language code defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Wikipedia - Lithosphere -- The rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties
Wikipedia - Lolita (term) -- Term used to define a young girl as "precociously seductive...without connotations of victimization".
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Wikipedia - Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub -- Habitat defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature
Wikipedia - Meiobenthos -- A group of marine and fresh water organisms defined by their small size
Wikipedia - Metafont -- Description language used to define rastertype fonts
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Wikipedia - Mispronunciation -- |Mispronunciation is defined as "incorrect or inaccurate pronunciation", though the matter of what is or is not mispronunciation is a contentious one
Wikipedia - Mitchell's embedding theorem -- Abelian categories, while abstractly defined, are in fact concrete categories of modules
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Wikipedia - Montane grasslands and shrublands -- Biome defined by the World Wildlife Fund
Wikipedia - Musselman's theorem -- About a common point of certain circles defined by an arbitrary triangle
Wikipedia - Named-entity recognition -- Extraction of named entity mentions in unstructured text into pre-defined categories
Wikipedia - National memory -- Form of collective memory defined by shared experiences and culture
Wikipedia - Normed vector space -- Vector space on which a distance is defined
Wikipedia - Origins of rock and roll -- Music genre that emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early 1950s
Wikipedia - Patrician (post-Roman Europe) -- Post-Roman European social class; a formally defined class no of governing upper classes found in metropolitan Italian cities and Free cities of Germany
Wikipedia - Philosophy of self -- Defines, among other things, the conditions of identity that make one subject of experience distinct from all others
Wikipedia - Phobia -- Anxiety disorder defined by a persistent and excessive fear of an object or situation
Wikipedia - Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum -- An empirical relationship that defines the distribution of energy with frequency within the ocean
Wikipedia - Polygon mesh -- Set of vertices, edges and faces that define the shape of a 3D model
Wikipedia - Ponce metropolitan area -- United States Census Bureau defined Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in south central Puerto Rico
Wikipedia - Prime Meridian -- A line of longitude, at which longitude is defined to be 0M-BM-0
Wikipedia - Primitive notion -- Concept that is not defined in terms of previously defined concepts
Wikipedia - Prosigns for Morse code -- Predefined Morse code patterns with meanings distinct from the letters the patterns normally represent
Wikipedia - Puerto Rico governmental line of succession -- Defines who may become or act as Governor of Puerto Rico
Wikipedia - Puerto Rico statistical areas -- Defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget
Wikipedia - Pythagorean addition -- Defined for two real numbers as the square root of the sum of their squares
Wikipedia - Rapidity -- Physical quantity, defined as the hyperbolic arctangent of ratio of a given speed to the speed of light)
Wikipedia - RaunkiM-CM-&r plant life-form -- Types of plant form as defined by Christen RaunkiM-CM-&r
Wikipedia - Real estate -- Subset of land that has been legally defined and the improvements to it made by human efforts
Wikipedia - Reciprocal Fibonacci constant -- Mathematical constant defined as the sum of the reciprocals of the Fibonacci numbers
Wikipedia - Regional Agreement for the Medium Frequency Broadcasting Service in Region 2 -- International treaty that defines standards for AM radio stations in the western hemisphere
Wikipedia - Region -- Two or three-dimensionally defined space, mainly in terrestrial and astrophysics sciences
Wikipedia - Representational state transfer -- Software architectural style that defines a set of constraints to be used for creating Web services
Wikipedia - Royal commission -- Formal body created for public inquiry into a defined issue in some Commonwealth monarchies
Wikipedia - Rubber hose animation -- Style defined with "rubber hose limbs" that are typically simple, flowing curves, without articulation
Wikipedia - Sail components -- Features that define a (ship) sail's shape and function
Wikipedia - San German-Cabo Rojo metropolitan area -- US Census Bureau defined Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in southwestern Puerto Rico
Wikipedia - SD-WAN -- Software-defined networking in a wide area network
Wikipedia - Self-adjoint operator -- Densely defined operator on a Hilbert space whose domain coincides with that of its adjoint and which equals its adjoint; symmetric operator whose adjoint's domain equals its own domain
Wikipedia - Semialgebraic set -- Subset of n-space defined by a finite sequence of polynomial equations and inequalities
Wikipedia - Shakespearean comedy -- theatrical genre defined by William Shakespeare's comedic plays
Wikipedia - Sheaf (mathematics) -- Tool to track locally defined data attached to the open sets of a topological space
Wikipedia - SI base unit -- One of the seven units of measurement that define the Metric System
Wikipedia - Siegel's theorem on integral points -- Finitely many for a smooth algebraic curve of genus > 0 defined over a number field
Wikipedia - Sinc function -- Special mathematical function defined as sin(x)/x
Wikipedia - Smart casual -- Ambiguously defined Western dress code
Wikipedia - Software-defined networking
Wikipedia - Software Defined Perimeter
Wikipedia - Software-defined radio -- radio communication system implemented in software
Wikipedia - Span and div -- HTML elements used to define parts of a document
Wikipedia - Spatial database -- Database optimized for storing and querying data that represents objects defined in a geometric space
Wikipedia - Special drawing rights -- Supplementary foreign exchange reserve assets defined and maintained by the International Monetary Fund
Wikipedia - Special Protection Area -- Type of protected areas in the European Union defined by the Birds Directive
Wikipedia - Special radio service -- Internationally defined service via radio
Wikipedia - Standard atmosphere (unit) -- Unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa
Wikipedia - Standard atomic weight -- Relative atomic mass as defined by IUPAC (CIAAW)
Wikipedia - Strand plain -- A broad belt of sand along a shoreline with a surface exhibiting well-defined parallel or semi-parallel sand ridges separated by shallow swales
Wikipedia - Sustainable Development Goals and Australia -- Set of 17 global development goals defined by the United Nations for the year 2030
Wikipedia - Sustainable Development Goals and Ghana -- Set of 17 global development goals defined by the United Nations for the year 2030
Wikipedia - Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria -- Set of 17 global development goals defined by the United Nations for the year 2030
Wikipedia - Sustainable Development Goals -- Set of 17 global development goals defined by the United Nations for the year 2030
Wikipedia - Tarski's undefinability theorem -- The theorem that arithmetical truth cannot be defined in arithmetic
Wikipedia - Task (project management) -- Activity that needs to be accomplished within a defined period of time
Wikipedia - Television system -- Canadian term for group of television stations not defined as a network
Wikipedia - Thermostad -- A homogeneous layer of oceanic waters in terms of temperature, it is defined as a relative minimum of the vertical temperature gradient
Wikipedia - Tibetan Buddhist canon -- A loosely defined list of sacred texts recognized by various schools of Tibetan Buddhism
Wikipedia - Trafficking of children -- Form of human trafficking and is defined as the "recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, and/or receipt" of a child for the purpose of exploitation
Wikipedia - Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands -- Terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature
Wikipedia - Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests -- Habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature
Wikipedia - Type site -- Archaeological site that defines a culture
Wikipedia - Undefined behavior
Wikipedia - Underwire bra -- Brassiere with curved wire inserts to support and define the breasts
Wikipedia - Unicode font -- Computer font that maps glyphs to code points defined in the Unicode Standard
Wikipedia - Unit of measurement -- Definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same kind of quantity
Wikipedia - Universal Coded Character Set -- Standard set of characters defined by ISO/IEC 10646
Wikipedia - Universal Software Radio Peripheral -- Product family of software-defined radios
Wikipedia - Use-define chain -- Data structure that tracks variable use and definitions
Wikipedia - User-defined function
Wikipedia - User defined type
Wikipedia - User error -- Term used by computer technicians as a 'joke' for to define when a computer error exists between the keyboard and chair
Wikipedia - User exit -- Software extension that executes after a predefined event
Wikipedia - Utilitarian genocide -- One of five forms of genocide categorized and defined by Vahakn Dadrian
Wikipedia - Vector graphics -- Computer graphics images defined by points, lines and curves
Wikipedia - Wall -- Vertical structure, usually solid, that defines and sometimes protects an area
Wikipedia - War Crimes Act of 1996 -- United States Law that defines a war crime to include a "grave breach of the Geneva Conventions"
Wikipedia - Weak topology -- Topology where convergence of points is defined by the convergence of their image under continuous linear functionals
Wikipedia - Wedge (geometry) -- Polyhedron defined by two triangles and three trapezoid faces
Wikipedia - Well-defined
Wikipedia - Winkel tripel projection -- Compromise map projection defined as the arithmetic mean of the equirectangular projection and the Aitoff projection
Wikipedia - Yauco metropolitan area -- United States Census Bureau defined Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in Puerto Rico
Of 472 civilian occupations defined by the Department of Commerce, only six are majority immigrant (legal and illegal). These six occupations account for 1 percent of the total U.S. workforce. Many jobs often thought to be overwhelmingly done by immigrants are in fact majority native-born: 51 percent of maids are U.S.-born, as are 63 percent of butchers and meat processors, and 73 percent of janitors.
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https://familypedia.wikia.org/wiki/Forum:'''Warning:'''_More_than_one_default_form_is_defined_for_this_page."
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https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Anglicanism#Anglicanism_defined
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon#Early_Proto-Orthodox_Attempts_to_Define_the_Canon
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auromere - states-of-self-realization-defined-in-the-gita
Integral World - Who Defines the Question? Andreas Freund
Integral World - Who defines "Who"?, Reply to Freund, Andy Smith
Albert Murray Defines Art
selforum - plato defines justice as harmony of
Dharmapedia - We_or_Our_Nationhood_Defined
https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/PredefinedMessages
https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/VideoGame/TouhouSeirensenUndefinedFantasticObject
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https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Define
https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Defines
Osomatsu-kun (1988) (1988 - 1989) - Meet the Osomatsu boyssextuplets who look, speak, dress and talk like the same. They only add to the hyper eccentric residents of the town who easily break any boundaries defined by common sense. Check your logical thinking and reason at the door and immerse yourself in everyday lives of unique cha...
Flubber(1997) - Although "flub" is defined as "to make a mess of," the word "flubber" is a contraction from "flying rubber." In this remake of the 1961 comedy-fantasy The Absent Minded Professor, Robin Williams takes on the role created by Fred MacMurray and later executed by Harry Anderson on television, while the...
Brink!(1998) - Andy "Brink" Brinker is an inline-skater who hangs with a group of friends who go by the moniker of "Soul-Skaters". This group skates as a way to kick back, not to define who they are. Everything becomes even harder for Brink when he finds out that his parents are caught in some financial issues. So...
Divine Madness(1980) - Self-defined diva Bette Midler performs her take on comedy and perverse pop music in this unforgettable concert performance, filmed live at Pasadena's Civic Auditorium. Rotating between comic monologues and energetic musical numbers, DIVINE MADNESS proves why Midler has such a dedicated legion of fa...
Dilbert ::: TV-PG | 30min | Animation, Comedy | TV Series (19992000) -- Cubicle denizen Dilbert toils away at Path-E-Tech which makes undefined products. The focus is on his survival amongst a moronic boss, hostile co-workers and his malevolent pet, Dogbert. Creators:
Happythankyoumoreplease (2010) ::: 6.8/10 -- R | 1h 40min | Comedy, Drama, Romance | 3 March 2011 (Israel) -- Captures a generational moment - young people on the cusp of truly growing up, tiring of their reflexive cynicism, each in their own ways struggling to connect and define what it means to love and be loved. Director: Josh Radnor Writer:
Jackie (2016) ::: 6.7/10 -- R | 1h 40min | Biography, Drama, History | 2 December 2016 (USA) -- Following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy fights through grief and trauma to regain her faith, console her children, and define her husband's historic legacy. Director: Pablo Larran Writer:
Nine Lives (2005) ::: 6.7/10 -- R | 1h 55min | Drama | 2 September 2005 (Italy) -- Captives of the very relationships that define and sustain them, nine women resiliently meet the travails and disappointments of life. Director: Rodrigo Garca Writer: Rodrigo Garca Stars:
Pirate Radio (2009) ::: 7.4/10 -- The Boat That Rocked (original title) -- Pirate Radio Poster -- A band of rogue DJs that captivated Britain, playing the music that defined a generation and standing up to a government that wanted classical music, and nothing else, on the airwaves. Director: Richard Curtis Writer:
The Good Place ::: TV-PG | 22min | Comedy, Drama, Fantasy | TV Series (20162020) -- Four people and their otherworldly frienemy struggle in the afterlife to define what it means to be good. Creator: Michael Schur
The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017) ::: 7.0/10 -- PG | 1h 44min | Biography, Comedy, Drama | 22 November 2017 (USA) -- The journey that led to Charles Dickens' creation of "A Christmas Carol," a timeless tale that would redefine Christmas. Director: Bharat Nalluri Writers: Susan Coyne, Les Standiford (based on "The Man Who Invented Christmas"
Words on Bathroom Walls (2020) ::: 7.0/10 -- PG-13 | 1h 50min | Drama, Romance | 21 August 2020 (USA) -- Diagnosed with a mental illness halfway through his senior year of high school, a witty, introspective teen struggles to keep it a secret while falling in love with a brilliant classmate who inspires him to not be defined by his condition. Director: Thor Freudenthal Writers:
https://dreamfiction.fandom.com/wiki/Touhou_12:_Undefined_Fantastic_Object_(Drillimation)
https://github.com/Wikia/unified-platform/tree/master/extensions/fandom/NSDefine
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https://wowwiki-archive.fandom.com/wiki/User_defined_macros
3-gatsu no Lion 2nd Season -- -- Shaft -- 22 eps -- Manga -- Drama Game Seinen Slice of Life -- 3-gatsu no Lion 2nd Season 3-gatsu no Lion 2nd Season -- Now in his second year of high school, Rei Kiriyama continues pushing through his struggles in the professional shogi world as well as his personal life. Surrounded by vibrant personalities at the shogi hall, the school club, and in the local community, his solitary shell slowly begins to crack. Among them are the three Kawamoto sisters—Akari, Hinata, and Momo—who forge an affectionate and familial bond with Rei. Through these ties, he realizes that everyone is burdened by their own emotional hardships and begins learning how to rely on others while supporting them in return. -- -- Nonetheless, the life of a professional is not easy. Between tournaments, championships, and title matches, the pressure mounts as Rei advances through the ranks and encounters incredibly skilled opponents. As he manages his relationships with those who have grown close to him, the shogi player continues to search for the reason he plays the game that defines his career. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Aniplex of America -- 283,096 9.00
Atomic World -- -- - -- 1 ep -- Original -- Dementia Music -- Atomic World Atomic World -- Yoshiki Imazu's graduation work at Musashino Art University. -- Movie - ??? ??, 2009 -- 220 N/A -- -- New Tokyo Ondo -- -- - -- 1 ep -- - -- Dementia -- New Tokyo Ondo New Tokyo Ondo -- For this nonsensical animation,30 pictures per second were produced with only pencil tool.A man stretches out his arm and grasp the night view of a distant city NEW TOKYO. He and female companion rush down the length of his arm toward the city lights.The work is defined by a speedy style and comical pictures that express the sense of omnipotence derived from coming into a large sum of money and folly of letting happiness slip through your hands. -- -- Short film by nuQ (Misaki Uwabo). -- -- (Source: Official Page) -- Movie - ??? ??, 2013 -- 218 N/A -- -- Aru Apartment no Isshitsu -- -- - -- 1 ep -- Original -- Dementia -- Aru Apartment no Isshitsu Aru Apartment no Isshitsu -- (No synopsis yet.) -- Movie - ??? ??, ???? -- 213 N/A -- -- Fast Week -- -- - -- 1 ep -- Original -- Dementia -- Fast Week Fast Week -- The genesis of fast food. -- ONA - Feb 15, 2015 -- 213 5.40
Kanojo ga Flag wo Oraretara -- -- Hoods Entertainment -- 13 eps -- Light novel -- Comedy Harem Romance School -- Kanojo ga Flag wo Oraretara Kanojo ga Flag wo Oraretara -- In visual novels, an imaginary flag is defined as an event that serves as a turning point for the whole story. A player triggering the romance flag for a heroine will proceed to her route, or a death flag will signify that a certain character will die afterwards. -- -- High school student Souta Hatate can see these flags above a person's head, and has the ability to bring them down to stop certain events from happening. Using this power, he has prevented other people's deaths. But, after a past accident with him as a sole survivor, he ended up believing that only misfortune will befall those who are near him, and has refrained from making friends or having relationships ever since. -- -- However, everything starts to change after transferring to a new school. After toppling another death flag, his classmate Nanami Knight Bladefield notices his powers and tries to learn more about him, promising that she will remain at his side no matter what may happen. Thus begins Souta's journey as he meets new friends and acquaintances while uncovering the mysteries of his ability... which might run deeper than what anyone expects. -- -- TV - Apr 7, 2014 -- 159,162 6.43
Sakura Quest -- -- P.A. Works -- 25 eps -- Original -- Slice of Life Comedy -- Sakura Quest Sakura Quest -- Tired of her rural home, recent college graduate Yoshino Koharu is desperate to lead a more exciting life in Tokyo. After a fruitless job hunt, she finally receives a part-time offer as queen of the bizarre "Kingdom of Chupakabura," a rundown mini-attraction in the small agricultural town of Manoyama. However, Yoshino discovers upon her arrival in Manoyama that she was mistaken for a celebrity and the job offer was a mistake. Left with no other options, Yoshino reluctantly agrees to take on the role and aid the Board of Tourism in their efforts to revitalize Manoyama. Determined to bring excitement to the dying town with the help of local residents, the queen enacts a series of projects to highlight the beauty and charm of Manoyama's culture. -- -- Sakura Quest delves into the story of a tight-knit community that is struggling to balance change while also maintaining the rich traditions and bonds which define their identity. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- 124,144 7.40
Urusei Yatsura Movie 1: Only You -- -- Studio Pierrot -- 1 ep -- Manga -- Action Adventure Comedy Romance Drama Sci-Fi -- Urusei Yatsura Movie 1: Only You Urusei Yatsura Movie 1: Only You -- Lum doesn't need much assistance going ballistic when everyone in Tomobiki gets an invitation to Ataru's wedding -- and she's not listed as the bride! It seems that some 11 years ago, Ataru played "Shadow Tag" with a young girl named Elle and won. Unfortunately, Elle was yet another Alien Princess; and on her planet, if a boy steps on a girl's shadow, they have to marry. -- When Elle's emissary comes to make arrangements, Lum redefines the term "the atmosphere was electric," but to no avail: a force-field now protects Ataru from her high voltage love-zaps. Lum's friend Benten suggests a pre-emptive wedding, and they proceed to abduct Ataru and all of the wedding guests, and the stage is set for the shotgun wedding of all time! -- -- (Source: AniDB) -- -- Licensor: -- AnimEigo, Discotek Media -- Movie - Feb 13, 1983 -- 7,693 7.07
Zero no Tsukaima: Princesses no Rondo -- -- J.C.Staff -- 12 eps -- Light novel -- Action Adventure Harem Comedy Magic Romance Ecchi Fantasy School -- Zero no Tsukaima: Princesses no Rondo Zero no Tsukaima: Princesses no Rondo -- Following his brave sacrifice in the war against Albion, Saito Hiraga is knighted and treated as an aristocrat, something that proves difficult for Louise Françoise Le Blanc de La Vallière. With their relationship no longer defined as the mighty Void mage and clueless familiar, she wonders what exactly this means for them. -- -- While venturing to a castle, Louise is ambushed by a powerful mage named Sheffield. Battling alone, the young mage nearly faces defeat until Saito makes his appearance. The mystical and unknown nature of Void magic seems to be at work in the battle, and Louise begins to believe in the possibility of another Void user. Moreover, she realizes that Saito's magical rune is fading, and so a new adventure begins as they search for the elf who revived Saito in the past. The relationship between former master and servant faces a new challenge as they work to restore the runes and redefine the bond which holds them together. -- -- 377,294 7.38
Zero no Tsukaima: Princesses no Rondo -- -- J.C.Staff -- 12 eps -- Light novel -- Action Adventure Harem Comedy Magic Romance Ecchi Fantasy School -- Zero no Tsukaima: Princesses no Rondo Zero no Tsukaima: Princesses no Rondo -- Following his brave sacrifice in the war against Albion, Saito Hiraga is knighted and treated as an aristocrat, something that proves difficult for Louise Françoise Le Blanc de La Vallière. With their relationship no longer defined as the mighty Void mage and clueless familiar, she wonders what exactly this means for them. -- -- While venturing to a castle, Louise is ambushed by a powerful mage named Sheffield. Battling alone, the young mage nearly faces defeat until Saito makes his appearance. The mystical and unknown nature of Void magic seems to be at work in the battle, and Louise begins to believe in the possibility of another Void user. Moreover, she realizes that Saito's magical rune is fading, and so a new adventure begins as they search for the elf who revived Saito in the past. The relationship between former master and servant faces a new challenge as they work to restore the runes and redefine the bond which holds them together. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- 377,294 7.38
Boolean algebras canonically defined
Chemically defined medium
Data defined storage
Defined benefit pension plan
Defined by Struggle
Defined contribution health benefits
Defined contribution plan
Defined daily dose
Definers Public Affairs
Define the Great Line
Densely defined operator
European Secure Software-defined Radio
Glory Defined
GNSS software-defined receiver
Help:Cite errors/Cite error empty references define
Help:List-defined references
Homer Defined
Liberty Defined
List of ICD-9 codes 780799: symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions
Notional Defined Contributions
Pridefine
Redefine
Redefine (Soil album)
Redefine the Enemy Rarities and B-Side Compilation 19921999
Self defined ethnicity
Sequence-defined polymer
Software-defined
Software-defined infrastructure
Software-defined mobile network
Software-defined networking
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