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object:1.07 - THE GREAT EVENT FORESHADOWED - THE PLANETIZATION OF MANKIND
book class:The Future of Man
author class:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
subject class:Christianity
subject class:Science
class:chapter


CHAPTER 7

A GREAT EVENT

FORESHADOWED: THE

PLANETIZATION OF MANKIND



Argument

underlying all the surface changes of
present-day history, the reality and paramount im-
portance of a single basic event is becoming daily
more manifest: namely, the rise of the masses, with
its natural corollary, the socialization of Mankind.
The supreme interest and significance of this
process lies in the fact that, scientifically analyzed,
it may be seen to be irresistible in two ways: in the
planetary sense, because it is associated with the
closed shape of the earth, the mechanics of gener-
ation and the psychic properties of human matter;
and in the cosmic sense because it is the expres-
sion and prolongation of the primordial process
whereby, at the uttermost extreme from the disin-
tegrating atom, psychic force is born into the Uni-
verse and continuously grows, fostered by the ever
more complicated grouping of matter. Projected
forward, this law of recurrence makes it possible
for us to envisage a future state of the Earth in



118 THE FUTURE OF MAN

which human consciousness, reaching the climax of its evolution,
will have attained a maximum of complexity, and, as a result, of
concentration by total "reflexion" (or planetizatiori) of itself upon it-
self

Although our individualistic instincts may rebel against this
drive toward the collective, they do so in vain and wrongly. In vain,
because no power in the world can enable us to escape from what
is in itself the power of the world. And wrongly because the real
nature of this impulse that is sweeping us toward a state of super-
organization is such as to make us more completely personalized
and human.

The very fact of our becoming aware of this profound order-
ing of things will enable human collectivization to pass beyond the
enforced phase, where it now is, into the Jree phase: that in which
(men having at last understood that they are inseparably joined el-
ements of a converging Whole, and having learnt in consequence
to love the preordained forces that unite them) a natural union of
affinity and sympathy will supersede the forces of compulsion.



Preamble

IT HAS BECOME very difficult, in the world's present state of up-
heaval and distraction, to form any idea of the significance of what
is going on except by rising above the individual level. So many op-
posing forces (ideas, passions, institutions, peoples) meet and clash
around us that to the thinking person it may well appear that the
human ship is rudderless in the storm. Are we going ahead or
astern, or are we simply hove-to? No means of telling while we re-
main at sea level: the waves hide the horizon.

I can see only one way of escape from this state of uncertainty
which threatens to paralyze all positive action: we must rise above



A GREAT EVENT FORESHADOWED 119

the storm, the chaos of surface detail, and from a higher vantage-
point look for the outline of some great and significant phenome-
non. To rise up so as to see clearly is what I have tried to do, and
it has led me to accept, however improbable they may appear, the
reality and the consequences of the major cosmic process which,
for want of a better name, I have called "human planetization."

Despite appearances and a certain overlapping due to the vast-
ness of the subject (as we draw near to the Whole, physics, meta-
physics and religion strangely converge) I am prepared to maintain
that what I have to say does not anywhere go beyond the field of
scientific observation. What this essay claims to offer is not philo-
sophical speculation but an extension of our biological perspec-
tive — no more, and no less.



1. An Irresistible Physical Process:
The Collectivisation of Mankind

we might suppose, if we set out to examine the state of things
on the morrow of the most fearful convulsion that has ever shaken
the living strata of the Earth, that we should find the soil mined
and fissured to its depths. So great a shock must surely have ex-
posed all the points of weakness, unloosed all the forces of dis-
persal and divergence and left Mankind shattered within itself.
This is what we might expect to find.

But instead of this state of universal ruin, and if we disregard
the psychological haze of fatigue and resentment which, as I shall
show, is only a passing phase, what do we actually see?

Geographically, since 1939 a vast expanse of the earth, the re-
gion of the Pacific, hitherto on the fringe of civilization, has for
practical purposes entered irrevocably into the orbit of industrial-
ized nations. Mechanized masses of men have invaded the south-



120 THE FUTURE OF MAN

ern seas, and up-to-date airfields have been permanently installed
on what were until yesterday the poetically lost islands of Polyne-
sia.

Ethnically, during the same space of time, there has been a
vast and pitiless confusion of peoples, whole armies being removed
from one hemisphere to the other, and tens of thousands of
refugees being scattered across the world like seed borne on the
wind. Brutal and harsh though the circumstances have been, who
can fail to perceive the inevitable consequences of this new stirring
of the human dough?

And finally, during the same period, economically and psychi-
cally the entire mass of Mankind, under the inexorable pressure of
events and owing to the prodigious growth and speeding up of the
means of communication, has found itself seized in the mould of
a communal existence — large sections tightly encased in countless
international organizations, the most ambitious the world has ever
known; and the whole anxiously involved in the same passionate
upheavals, the same problems, the same daily news. ... Can any-
one seriously suppose that we shall be able to rid ourselves of
habits such as these?

No; during these six years, despite the unleashing of so much
hatred, the human block has not disintegrated. On the contrary, in
its most rigid organic depths it has further increased its viselike grip
upon us all. First 1914-1918, then 1939-1945 — two successive turns
of the screw. Every new war, embarked upon by the nations for the
purpose of detaching themselves from one another, merely results
in their being bound and mingled together in a more inextricable
knot. The more we seek to thrust each other away, the more do we
interpenetrate.

Indeed, how could it be otherwise?

Confined within the geometrically restricted surface of the
globe, which is steadily reduced as their own radius of activity in-



A GREAT EVENT FORESHADOWED 121

creases, the human particles do not merely multiply in numbers
every day at an increasing rate, but through contact with one an-
other automatically develop around themselves an ever denser tan-
gle of economic and social relationships. Moreover, being each
exposed at the core of their being to the countless spiritual influ-
ences emanating from the thought, the will and the passions of all
their fellow creatures they find themselves constantiy subjected in
spirit to an enforced rule of resonance. It must surely be clear that,
under the pressure of these relentless factors — relentless because
they are a part of the deepest and most generalized conditions of
the planetary structure — there is only one way in which the tide
can flow: the way of ever-increasing unification. In speculating on
the earthly destiny of Man we are accustomed to say that in the ul-
timate future nothing is certain, except that a day must come when
our planet will be uninhabitable. But for those who are not afraid
to look ahead, another thing awaits us that is no less certain. As the
Earth grows older, so does its living skin contract, and ever more
rapidly The last day of Man will coincide for Mankind with the
maximum of its tightening and in-folding upon itself.

I know that to see determinisms everywhere in history may be
to oversimplify and is certainly dangerous. Every so often authori-
tative voices are raised protesting that there is no fateful signifi-
cance in the rise of the masses, or the planned economy or the
growth of democracy. Where details and modalities are con-
cerned, these defenders of individual liberty are often right. But
they go astray, or will do so, if in their proper spirit of opposition
to everything that is passive and blind in the world they seek to
close their eyes, and ours, to the overriding superdeterminism
which irresistibly impels Mankind to converge upon itself.

Whether we like it or not, from the beginning of our history
and through all the interconnected forces of Matter and Spirit, the
process of our collectivization has ceaselessly continued, slowly or



122 THE FUTURE OF MAN

in jerks, gaining ground each day. That is the fact of the matter. It
is as impossible for Mankind not to unite upon itself as it is for
the human intelligence not to go on indefinitely deepening its
thought! . . . Instead of seeking, against all the evidence, to deny or
disparage the reality of this grand phenomenon, we do better to
accept it frankly. Let us look it in the face and see whether, using it
as an unassailable foundation, we cannot erect upon it a hopeful
edifice of joy and liberation.



2. The One Possible Interpretation:
A Superorgani^ation of the Matter Around Us

TO understand the significance of the world forces of col-
lectivization, and what it is that they so imperiously demand of us,
we need to look down from a great height and contemplate, in
their widest, most general aspect, the organic relationships linking
consciousness and complexity within the Universe.

It would seem that Man, observing it with curiosity, has always
been aware of the law of compensation whereby, in every circum-
stance of nature, the most highly spiritualized souls are associated
with the most corruptible and intricate bodies. But it has remained
for modern biology and biochemistry to disclose this contrast,
which lay observation could do no more than perceive, in all its
persistence and sharpness. We marvel, in the light of recent devel-
opments of microscopic and chemical analysis, at the formidable
edifice of atoms and varied mechanisms which are found to exist
in living creatures, the more living they are. How has it happened that,
faced by this constant balance between physical plurality and psy-
chic unity we have been so slow to grasp the possibility of a phys-
ical link of causality connecting them? Hints of the existence of
such a link are today beginning to crop up everywhere in scientific



A GREAT EVENT FORESHADOWED 123

works. Let me venture, in a schematic and personal way, to inter-
pret this line of inquiry which, explicitly or by implication, is grad-
ually attracting the notice of philosophers and scientists.

Before doing anything else we must dismiss from our picture of
the world the factitious barrier which, to ordinary perception, sep-
arates the so-called inanimate particles (atoms, molecules, etc.)
from living particles or bodies. That is to say, we must assume, on
the strength of their common behavior (multiplicity in similarity)
that all, in their varied degrees of complexity and magnitude, are
manifestations of a single, fundamental, granular structural prin-
ciple of the Universe — simply larger or smaller particles.

And having done this let us postulate in principle that con-
sciousness (like such phenomena as the variation of mass accord-
ing to speed, or radiation in relation to temperature) is a universal
property common to all the particles constituting the Universe, but
varying in proportion to the complexity of any particular mole-
cule: which amounts to saying that the degree of psychism, the
"within," of the different elements composing the world will be
small or great, according to the place of the element in the astro-
nomically extended scale of complexities at present known to us.

The effect of this double modification is to transform our per-
ception of things. Hitherto, in the eyes of a Science too much ac-
customed to constructing the world on one spatial axis extending in
a line from the infinitely small to the infinitely great, the larger mol-
ecules of organic chemistry, and still more the living cellular com-
posites, have existed without any defined position, like wandering
stars, in the general scheme of cosmic elements. Now however, sim-
ply by the introduction of another dimension, a new order and
definition become apparent. Traversing the rising axis from the in-
finitesimal to the immense another branch appears, rising through
Time from the infinitely simple to the supremely complicated. It is
on this branch that the consciousness-phenomenon has its place



124 THE FUTURE OF MAN

and eventually shows itself. There is first a long, obscure stretch
which seems dead but is in fact "imperceptibly alive." Then, at the
stage of particles reaching a million atoms in their complexity
(viruses), we come to the first flush heralding the dawn of Life.
Later, after the cell, there is a definite radiation growing richer and
more intense with the formation and gradual concentration of
nervous systems. And finally, at the extreme end of the known spec-
trum, comes the thinking incandescence of the human brain.

By this reordering of things, not only does Life, despite its ex-
treme rarity and localization in Space, show itself, in symmetry
with atomic disintegration, to be a fundamental universal current
(the current); not only does Man, with his billions of interacting ner-
vous cells, find a natural, cosmically enrooted place in this gener-
alized physical scheme; but something begins to take shape ahead
of Man. Once again we find ourselves confronted by the forces of
collectivization.

Owing to an inhibition, inherent in our mentality, which pre-
vents us from looking squarely at collectivity, "common sense" has
long refused to accept any but superficial analogies between the
"moral or artificial" sphere of human institutions and the "physi-
cal" sphere of organized Nature. Indeed, it is only very recently,
and as yet timidly, that sociology has ventured to set up the first
bridges between biology and itself. But once we have accepted the
general Law of Recurrence linking the growth of consciousness to
the advance of complexity within a process of universal evolution,
nothing can arrest the logical sequence in which two worlds which
we were accustomed to regard as being completely separate are
seen to approach and complement each other. We see Nature com-
bining molecules and cells in the living body to construct separate
individuals, and the same Nature, stubbornly pursuing the same
course but on a higher level, combining individuals in social or-



A GREAT EVENT FORESHADOWED 125

ganisms to obtain a higher order of psychic results. The processes
of chemistry and biology are continued without a break in the so-
cial sphere. This accounts for the tendency which has been insuf-
ficiently noted, of every living phylum (insect and vertebrate) to
group itself toward its latter end in socialized communities. Above
all, in the case of Man (the only living species in which the variety,
quality and intensity of individual relationships enables the phe-
nomenon to achieve its full extent) it explains the rapid psychic rise
accompanying socialization, which takes the following forms:

a the appearance of a collective memory in which a common
inheritance of Mankind is amassed in the form of accumulated
experience and passed on through education;

b the development, through the increasingly rapid transmis-
sion of thought, of what is in effect a generalized nervous system,
emanating from certain defined centers and covering the entire
surface of the globe;

c the emergence, through the interaction and ever-increasing
concentration of individual viewpoints, of a faculty of common vi-
sion penetrating beyond the continuous and static world of popu-
lar conception into a fantastic but still manageable world of
atomized energy.

All around us, tangibly and materially, the thinking envelope of
the Earth — the Noosphere — is adding to its internal fibers and
tightening its network; and at the same time its internal tempera-
ture is rising, and with this its psychic potential. These two associ-
ated portents allow of no misunderstanding. What is really going
on, under cover and in the form of human collectivization, is the



126 THE FUTURE OF MAN

superorganization of Matter upon itself, which as it continues to
advance produces its habitual, specific effect, the further liberation
of consciousness. It is all one and the same process. And, by very
reason of the elements involved, the process cannot achieve stabil-
ity until, over the entire globe, the human quantum has not merely
closed the circle upon itself (as it is doing at this moment, in a
penultimate phase) but has become organically totalized.

So what finally lies ahead of us is a planetary arrangement
of human mass and energy, coinciding with a maximal radiation
of thought — at once the external and internal "planetization" of
Mankind. That is what we are inexorably heading for, in the tight-
ening embrace of the social determinisms. The Earth could more
easily evade the pressures which cause it to contract upon itself, the
stars more readily escape from the spatial curve which holds them
on their headlong courses, than we men can resist the cosmic
forces of a converging universe!

And why should we seek to resist these unifying forces which
are essentially benevolent? Is it because we are afraid that in the
process of supercreation they will render us less human?

The basic characteristic of Man, the root of all his perfections,
is his gift of consciousness in the second degree. Man not only knows;
he knows that he knows. He reflects. But this power of reflection,
when restricted to the individual, is only partial and rudimentary.
As Nietzsche has rightly observed, although he put the wrong con-
struction on it, the individual, faced by himself alone, cannot know
himself exhaustively. It is only when opposed to other men that he
can discover his own depth and wholeness. However personal and
incommunicable it may be at its root and origin, Reflection can
only be developed in communion with others. It is essentially a so-
cial phenomenon. What can this mean except that its eventual
completion and wholeness must exactly coincide (in full accord



A GREAT EVENT FORESHADOWED 127

with the Law of Complexity) with what we have called the plane-
tization of Mankind?

Some hundreds of thousands of years ago Consciousness
achieved the stage of its own cenfration, and thus the power of
thought, in a brain that had reached the limit of nervous compli-
cation: this was the first stage in the hominization of Life on earth.

In due course, after the passage of further thousands or even
millions of years, it can, and it must, supercenter itself in the
bosom of a Mankind totally reflexive upon itself.

Instead of vainly opposing or meekly submitting to the cre-
ative forces of the planet which bears us, should we not rather let
our lives be illumined and broadened in the growing light of this
second stage of hominization?



3. The Only Permissible Inward Reaction:
The Spirit of Evolution

A remarkable change overtakes the process of zoological
evolution at the level of Man. Until that point was reached every
animal, feebly separated from its fellows, existed largely for the
purpose of preserving and developing its own species, so that for
the individual life was primarily a matter of propagation. But from
the time of Man a sort of internal granulation seems to attack the
Tree of Life, causing it to disintegrate at the top. With the dawn-
ing of Reflection each conscious unit isolates itself and, one would
say, tends increasingly to live only for itself, as though, by the fact
of hominization, the phylum were broken up into individuals; and
as though, in the hominized individual, the phyletk sense were sub-
merged until it finally vanishes.

It is to this alarming course of psychic decomposition, and at the



128 THE FUTURE OF MAN

very moment when it seems to be reaching its crisis, that the prospect
of a human planetary fulfillment brings the appropriate remedy. If,
as we have shown, the social phenomenon is not merely a blind de-
terminism but the portent, the inception of a second phase of human
Reflexion (this time not merely individual but collective), then it must
mean that the phylum is reconstituting itself above our heads in a
new form, a new ramification, no longer of divergence but of con-
vergence; and consequently it is the Spirit of Evolution which, sup-
pressing the spirit of egoism, is of its own right springing to new life
in our hearts, and in such a way as to counteract those elements in the
forces of collectivization which are poisonous to life.

That the construction of superorganisms is a hazardous opera-
tion (like all Life's major transformations) is something of which we
find ample evidence in the study of animal colonies, or, where Man
is concerned, the spectacle afforded by recent totalitarian experi-
ments. We are alarmed by all forms of communized existence, and
not without reason, because they seem automatically to entail the
loss or mutilation of our individual personality. But may it not be
that our fear of a process of mechanization seemingly fatal to our
activities arises simply from the fact that we have left the most im-
portant element out of our reckoning? In the foregoing paragraphs
I have deliberately, for the sake of objectivity, looked only at the ex-
ternal or enforced aspect of human planetization. Thus far we have
taken no account of the internal reactions to be expected of plane-
tized matter. But what happens if we consider the "planetizing"
process as applied not merely to a passive substratum but to a hu-
man mass inspired with the Spirit of Evolution? What we then see
is a flood of sympathetic forces, spreading from the heart of the sys-
tem, which transforms the whole nature of the phenomenon: sym-
pathy in the first place (an act of quasi-adoration) on the part of all
the elements gathered together for the general impulse that carries
them along; and also the sympathy (this time fraternal) of each sep-



A GREAT EVENT FORESHADOWED 129

arate element for all that is most unique and incommunicable in
each of the coelements with which it converges in the unity, not
only of a single act of vision but of a single living subject. But to say
"love" is to say "liberty." There need be no fear of enslavement or
atrophy in a world so richly charged with charity!

Therefore, provided it be accompanied by a revival of the phyletic sense,
the collectivization of the Earth shows itself to be the true instru-
ment, not merely of cerebral superhominization but of complete
humanization. By interiorizing itself under the influence of the
Spirit of Evolution, planetization (as the theory of complexity would
lead us to expect) can physically have but one effect: it can only per-
sonalize us more and more, and eventually (as can be demonstrated
by following to their conclusion all the successive stages of its twofold
demand for wholeness and irreversibility) "divinize" us through ac-
cess to some Supreme Center of universal convergence.

But the question arises, will this universal Spirit of Evolution
(the necessary antidote and natural reaction to the growth of com-
plexity in a world that has reached the stage of Reflexion) come
when it is needed? Will it flower in time to ensure that, arrived at
the point of superhumanity, we avoid dehumanizing ourselves?
Theory may predict its imminent appearance: but have we in fact
specific reasons for believing that it will truly awaken at the ex-
pected moment in the hearts of our fellow men?



4. Deeper Than Our Present Discords:
Mankind in the Reshaping

although IN terms of its biological, economic and mental
determinisms the human earth, emerging from war, may be seen
to be more tightly fastened upon itself than ever before, in its other
and freer aspects it may give a first impression of growing disorder.



130 THE FUTURE OF MAN

As I said at the beginning, a thick fog of confusion and dissension
is at present drifting over the world. Indeed one might say that men
have never more vehemently rebuffed and detested one another
than they do now, when everything drives them closer together. Is
this state of moral chaos really to be reconciled with the idea and
the hope that we are advancing toward unanimity through the closer
contact of our bodies and minds?

Let us look at things more closely to see whether, even in those
troubled regions of the heart, there may not be gleams of light
heralding the planetization of Mankind.

Traced in broad outline the "psychic" map of the world would
show on its surface a mosaic of vertically separated compartments
(ethnical, political, religious) whereas in depth a loosening surface,
symbolizing class-antagonism, would separate the human mass
into two thicknesses over its entire planetary extent. Such is the
tangled skein which the war has inevitably thrown into relief.
Along these ancient or recent lines of division, the tightening up of
the world could not fail to introduce play into the structure of the
Noosphere and cause it to burst open. But what effect has it had in
younger and more elastic zones?

A new substance has recently appeared in the heart of the
thinking "magma" — a new element, not yet catalogued but of
supreme importance: We might call it Homo progressivus, that is to
say, the man to whom the terrestrial future matters more than the
present. A new type of man indeed, when we consider that, less
than two hundred years ago, the notion of an organic evolution of
the World in Time had acquired neither form nor substance in the
human mind. When we come to look for them, men of this sort are
easily recognizable. They are scientists, thinkers, airmen and so
on — all those possessed by the demon (or the angel) of Research.
Let us try to plot their statistical distribution on our imaginary
map. The diagram turns out to have some remarkable features.



A GREAT EVENT FORESHADOWED 131

In the first place, points denoting this new human type will be
found to be scattered more or less all over the thinking face of the
globe. Although more numerous among the white peoples, and as
one goes lower down the social scale, they will appear, at least oc-
casionally, in every compartment into which the human race is di-
vided. Their emergence is clearly related to some phenomenon of
a noospheric kind.

Secondly, some apparent attraction draws these scattered ele-
ments together and causes them to unite among themselves. You
have only to take two men, in any gathering, endowed with this
mysterious sense of the future. They will gravitate instinctively
toward one another in the crowd; they will recognize one another.

But the third characteristic, the most noteworthy of all, is that
this meeting and grouping together is not confined to individuals
belonging to the same category or having the same origins, that is
to say, belonging to the same compartment within the Noosphere.
No racial, social or religious barrier seems to be effective against
this force of attraction. I myself have experienced this a hundred
times, and anyone who chooses can do the same. Regardless of the
country, creed or social status of the person I approach, provided
the same flame of expectation burns in us both, there is a profound,
definitive and total contact instantly established between us. It mat-
ters nothing that differences of education or training cause us to ex-
press our hopes in different ways. We feel that we are of the same
kind, and we find that our very differences are a common armor, as
though there were a dimension of life in which all striving makes
for nearness, not only within a corporate body but heart to heart.

I believe that these various characteristics can be accounted for
in only one way. We have to accept that, accelerated by the succes-
sive intellectual and social upheavals that have shaken the world
during the past century and a half, a radical process of differentia-
tion and segregation is taking place within the human mass. And it



132 THE FUTURE OF MAN

is following precisely the course we would expect: the spontaneous
individualization and separation of that which moves and rises
from that which remains immobile; the irresistible multiplication
and aggregation, over the whole extent of the globe, of elements
activated by a (hominized) reawakening of the phyletic sense; the
gradual formation and emergence, at variance with most former
categories, of a new noospheric zone in which human collectiviza-
tion, hitherto enforced, is at last entering its sympathetic phase under
the influence of the newly manifest Spirit of Evolution.

It would seem, then, that the grand phenomenon which we are
now witnessing represents a new and possibly final division of Man-
kind, based no longer on wealth but on belief in progress.

The old Marxist conflict between producers and exploiters be-
comes out-dated — at the best a misplaced approximation. What fi-
nally divides the men of today into two camps is not class but an
attitude of mind — the spirit of movement. On the one hand there
are those who simply wish to make the world a comfortable
dwelling place; on the other hand, those who can only conceive of
it as a machine for progress — or better, an organism that is pro-
gressing. On the one hand the "bourgeois spirit" in its essence, and
on the other the true "toilers of the Earth," those of whom we may
safely predict that, without violence or hatred, simply by biological
predominance, they will tomorrow constitute the human race. On
the one hand the castoffs; on the other, the agents and elements of
plane tization.

PEKING, DECEMBER 25, 1945. CAHIERS DU MONDE NOUVEAU,

AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 1946.



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