TERMS STARTING WITH
scaleback ::: n. --> Any one of numerous species of marine annelids of the family Polynoidae, and allies, which have two rows of scales, or elytra, along the back. See Illust. under Chaetopoda.
scalebeam ::: n. --> The lever or beam of a balance; the lever of a platform scale, to which the poise for weighing is applied.
A weighing apparatus with a sliding weight, resembling a steelyard.
scaleboard ::: n. --> A thin slip of wood used to justify a page.
A thin veneer of leaf of wood used for covering the surface of articles of furniture, and the like.
scaled ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Scale ::: a. --> Covered with scales, or scalelike structures; -- said of a fish, a reptile, a moth, etc.
Without scales, or with the scales removed; as, scaled herring.
scale factor: The ratio of sides of the image of an enlargement, to the pre-image.
scaleless ::: a. --> Destitute of scales.
scale ::: n. 1. A progressive or graduated series or classification. 2. An ascending or descending collection of pitches proceeding by a specified scheme of intervals. 3. A standard of measurement or judgment; a criterion. 4. Relative or proportionate size or extent; degree, proportion. slow-scaled. *v. 5. To climb; ascend; move upward; mount. *scales.
scalene ::: a. --> Having the sides and angles unequal; -- said of a triangle.
Having the axis inclined to the base, as a cone.
Designating several triangular muscles called scalene muscles.
Of or pertaining to the scalene muscles. ::: n.
scalene triangle: A triangle where no two sides are of equal length.
scalenohedral ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to a scalenohedron.
scalenohedron ::: n. --> A pyramidal form under the rhombohedral system, inclosed by twelve faces, each a scalene triangle.
scale ::: n. --> The dish of a balance; hence, the balance itself; an instrument or machine for weighing; as, to turn the scale; -- chiefly used in the plural when applied to the whole instrument or apparatus for weighing. Also used figuratively.
The sign or constellation Libra.
One of the small, thin, membranous, bony or horny pieces which form the covering of many fishes and reptiles, and some mammals, belonging to the dermal part of the skeleton, or dermoskeleton. See
scaler ::: n. --> One who, or that which, scales; specifically, a dentist&
scale-winged ::: a. --> Having the wings covered with small scalelike structures, as the Lepidoptera; scaly-winged.
Scalene triangle – A triangle in which none of the sides or angles are equal.
Scales of seven, ten, or twelve may be used to define this hierarchical structure. Using the denary scale as an example, we see that the hierarch of any given hierarchy is the lowest member of the immediately superior decad; while the lowest member of the same hierarchy is the hierarch of the immediately inferior decad, so that the scale is a scale of nine. This may explain the use of nine as a sacred number, the difference between ancient inclusive methods of counting and our present methods, and the principle of overlapping cycles. The generalized Greek pre-Christian hierarchy is: 1) divine hierarchies; 2) gods, or divine-spiritual; 3) demigods; 4) heroes; 5) men; 6) animals; 7) plants; 8) minerals; 9) elementals, to which may be added the supreme source as hyparxis of this hierarchy, which is itself the lowest member of the immediately preceding superdivine hierarchy. See also LOKA; TALA; CELESTIAL ORDER OF BEINGS
Scales: See: Libra.
TERMS ANYWHERE
abaction ::: n. --> Stealing cattle on a large scale.
Absolute Zero ::: Characteristic of a scale of measurement that contains a point where the scale has no value.
acipenser ::: n. --> A genus of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons, having the body armed with bony scales, and the mouth on the under side of the head. See Sturgeon.
Ada "language" (After {Ada Lovelace}) A {Pascal}-descended language, designed by Jean Ichbiah's team at {CII Honeywell} in 1979, made mandatory for Department of Defense software projects by the Pentagon. The original language was standardised as "Ada 83", the latest is "{Ada 95}". Ada is a large, complex, {block-structured} language aimed primarily at {embedded} applications. It has facilities for {real-time} response, {concurrency}, hardware access and reliable run-time error handling. In support of large-scale {software engineering}, it emphasises {strong typing}, {data abstraction} and {encapsulation}. The type system uses {name equivalence} and includes both {subtypes} and {derived types}. Both fixed and {floating-point} numerical types are supported. {Control flow} is fully bracketed: if-then-elsif-end if, case-is-when-end case, loop-exit-end loop, goto. Subprogram parameters are in, out, or inout. Variables imported from other packages may be hidden or directly visible. Operators may be {overloaded} and so may {enumeration} literals. There are user-defined {exceptions} and {exception handlers}. An Ada program consists of a set of packages encapsulating data objects and their related operations. A package has a separately compilable body and interface. Ada permits {generic packages} and subroutines, possibly parametrised. Ada support {single inheritance}, using "tagged types" which are types that can be extended via {inheritance}. Ada programming places a heavy emphasis on {multitasking}. Tasks are synchronised by the {rendezvous}, in which a task waits for one of its subroutines to be executed by another. The conditional entry makes it possible for a task to test whether an entry is ready. The selective wait waits for either of two entries or waits for a limited time. Ada is often criticised, especially for its size and complexity, and this is attributed to its having been designed by committee. In fact, both Ada 83 and Ada 95 were designed by small design teams to be internally consistent and tightly integrated. By contrast, two possible competitors, {Fortran 90} and {C++} have both become products designed by large and disparate volunteer committees. See also {Ada/Ed}, {Toy/Ada}. {Home of the Brave Ada Programmers (http://lglwww.epfl.ch/Ada/)}. {Ada FAQs (http://lglwww.epfl.ch/Ada/FAQ/)} (hypertext), {text only (ftp://lglftp.epfl.ch/pub/Ada/FAQ)}. {(http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/)}, {(ftp://ajpo.sei.cmu.edu/)}, {(ftp://stars.rosslyn.unisys.com/pub/ACE_8.0)}. E-mail: "adainfo@ajpo.sei.cmu.edu". {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.ada}. {An Ada grammar (ftp://primost.cs.wisc.edu/)} including a lex scanner and yacc parser is available. E-mail: "masticol@dumas.rutgers.edu". {Another yacc grammar and parser for Ada by Herman Fischer (ftp://wsmr-simtel20.army.mil/PD2:"ADA.EXTERNAL-TOOLS"GRAM2.SRC)}. An {LR parser} and {pretty-printer} for {Ada} from NASA is available from the {Ada Software Repository}. {Adamakegen} generates {makefiles} for {Ada} programs. ["Reference Manual for the Ada Programming Language", ANSI/MIL STD 1815A, US DoD (Jan 1983)]. Earlier draft versions appeared in July 1980 and July 1982. ISO 1987. [{Jargon File}] (2000-08-12)
Adaptive Digital Pulse Code Modulation "communications" (ADPCM) A {compression} technique which records only the difference between samples and adjusts the coding scale dynamically to accomodate large and small differences. ADPCM is simple to implement, but introduces much {noise}. [Used where? Does the {Sony} minidisk use ADPCM or {ATRAC}?] (1998-12-10)
alamire ::: n. --> The lowest note but one in Guido Aretino&
alburn ::: n. --> The bleak, a small European fish having scales of a peculiarly silvery color which are used in making artificial pearls.
alcoholmeter ::: n. --> An instrument for determining the strength of spirits, with a scale graduated so as to indicate the percentage of pure alcohol, either by weight or volume. It is usually a form of hydrometer with a special scale.
alepidote ::: a. --> Not having scales. ::: n. --> A fish without scales.
::: "All conscious being is one and indivisible in itself, but in manifestation it becomes a complex rhythm, a scale of harmonies, a hierarchy of states or movements.” The Upanishads
“All conscious being is one and indivisible in itself, but in manifestation it becomes a complex rhythm, a scale of harmonies, a hierarchy of states or movements.” The Upanishads
…all our spiritual and psychic experience bears affirmative witness, brings us always a constant and, in its main principles, an invariable evidence of the existence of higher worlds, freer planes of existence. Not having bound ourselves down, like so much of modern thought, to the dogma that only physical experience or experience based upon the physical sense is true, the analysis of physical experience by the reason alone verifiable, and all else only result of physical experience and physical existence and anything beyond this an error, self-delusion and hallucination, we are free to accept this evidence and to admit the reality of these planes.We see that they are, practically, different harmonies from the harmony of the physical universe; they occupy, as the word "plane" suggests, a different level in the scale of being and adopt a different system and ordering of its principles.
Ref: CWSA Vol. 21-22, Page: 818-19
::: ". . . all our spiritual and psychic experience bears affirmative witness, brings us always a constant and, in its main principles, an invariable evidence of the existence of higher worlds, freer planes of existence. Not having bound ourselves down, like so much of modern thought, to the dogma that only physical experience or experience based upon the physical sense is true, the analysis of physical experience by the reason alone verifiable, and all else only result of physical experience and physical existence and anything beyond this an error, self-delusion and hallucination, we are free to accept this evidence and to admit the reality of these planes. We see that they are, practically, different harmonies from the harmony of the physical universe; they occupy, as the word ‘plane" suggests, a different level in the scale of being and adopt a different system and ordering of its principles.” The Life Divine
“… all our spiritual and psychic experience bears affirmative witness, brings us always a constant and, in its main principles, an invariable evidence of the existence of higher worlds, freer planes of existence. Not having bound ourselves down, like so much of modern thought, to the dogma that only physical experience or experience based upon the physical sense is true, the analysis of physical experience by the reason alone verifiable, and all else only result of physical experience and physical existence and anything beyond this an error, self-delusion and hallucination, we are free to accept this evidence and to admit the reality of these planes. We see that they are, practically, different harmonies from the harmony of the physical universe; they occupy, as the word ‘plane’ suggests, a different level in the scale of being and adopt a different system and ordering of its principles.” The Life Divine
alt ::: a. & n. --> The higher part of the scale. See Alto.
Amal: “I suppose the phrase means cosmic powers that lead us into false perceptions, powers which, while seeming cosmic, are really our own selves whose image gets visioned on an enormous scale.”
Amdahl's Law "parallel" (Named after {Gene Amdahl}) If F is the fraction of a calculation that is sequential, and (1-F) is the fraction that can be parallelised, then the maximum {speedup} that can be achieved by using P processors is 1/(F+(1-F)/P). [Gene Amdahl, "Validity of the Single Processor Approach to Achieving Large-Scale Computing Capabilities", AFIPS Conference Proceedings, (30), pp. 483-485, 1967]. (2002-10-16)
Amulet "processor" An implementation or the {Advanced RISC Machine} {microprocessor} architecture using the {micropipeline} design style. In April 1994 the Amulet group in the Computer Science department of {Manchester University} took delivery of the AMULET1 {microprocessor}. This was their first large scale asynchronous circuit and the world's first implementation of a commercial microprocessor architecture (ARM) in {asynchronous logic}. Work was begun at the end of 1990 and the design despatched for fabrication in February 1993. The primary intent was to demonstrate that an asynchronous microprocessor can consume less power than a synchronous design. The design incorporates a number of concurrent units which cooperate to give instruction level compatibility with the existing synchronous part. These include an Address unit, which autonomously generates instruction fetch requests and interleaves ({nondeterministic}ally) data requests from the Execution unit; a {Register} file which supplies operands, queues write destinations and handles data dependencies; an Execution unit which includes a multiplier, a shifter and an {ALU} with data-dependent delay; a Data interface which performs byte extraction and alignment and includes an {instruction prefetch} buffer, and a control path which performs {instruction decode}. These units only synchronise to exchange data. The design demonstrates that all the usual problems of processor design can be solved in this asynchronous framework: backward {instruction set} compatibility, {interrupts} and exact {exceptions} for {memory faults} are all covered. It also demonstrates some unusual behaviour, for instance {nondeterministic} prefetch depth beyond a branch instruction (though the instructions which actually get executed are, of course, deterministic). There are some unusual problems for {compiler} {optimisation}, as the metric which must be used to compare alternative code sequences is continuous rather than discrete, and the {nondeterminism} in external behaviour must also be taken into account. The chip was designed using a mixture of custom {datapath} and compiled control logic elements, as was the synchronous ARM. The fabrication technology is the same as that used for one version of the synchronous part, reducing the number of variables when comparing the two parts. Two silicon implementations have been received and preliminary measurements have been taken from these. The first is a 0.7um process and has achieved about 28 kDhrystones running the standard {benchmark} program. The other is a 1 um implementation and achieves about 20 kDhrystones. For the faster of the parts this is equivalent to a synchronous {ARM6} clocked at around 20MHz; in the case of AMULET1 it is likely that this speed is limited by the memory system cycle time (just over 50ns) rather than the processor chip itself. A fair comparison of devices at the same geometries gives the AMULET1 performance as about 70% of that of an {ARM6} running at 20MHz. Its power consumption is very similar to that of the ARM6; the AMULET1 therefore delivers about 80 MIPS/W (compared with around 120 from a 20MHz ARM6). Multiplication is several times faster on the AMULET1 owing to the inclusion of a specialised asynchronous multiplier. This performance is reasonable considering that the AMULET1 is a first generation part, whereas the synchronous ARM has undergone several design iterations. AMULET2 (under development in 1994) was expected to be three times faster than AMULET1 and use less power. The {macrocell} size (without {pad ring}) is 5.5 mm by 4.5 mm on a 1 micron {CMOS} process, which is about twice the area of the synchronous part. Some of the increase can be attributed to the more sophisticated organisation of the new part: it has a deeper {pipeline} than the clocked version and it supports multiple outstanding memory requests; there is also specialised circuitry to increase the multiplication speed. Although there is undoubtedly some overhead attributable to the asynchronous control logic, this is estimated to be closer to 20% than to the 100% suggested by the direct comparison. AMULET1 is code compatible with {ARM6} and is so is capable of running existing {binaries} without modification. The implementation also includes features such as interrupts and memory aborts. The work was part of a broad {ESPRIT} funded investigation into low-power technologies within the European {Open Microprocessor systems Initiative} (OMI) programme, where there is interest in low-power techniques both for portable equipment and (in the longer term) to alleviate the problems of the increasingly high dissipation of high-performance chips. This initial investigation into the role {asynchronous logic} might play has now demonstrated that asynchronous techniques can be applied to problems of the scale of a complete {microprocessor}. {(http://cs.man.ac.uk/amulet)}. (1994-12-08)
analemma ::: n. --> An orthographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west point of the horizon.
An instrument of wood or brass, on which this projection of the sphere is made, having a movable horizon or cursor; -- formerly much used in solving some common astronomical problems.
A scale of the sun&
Analogy: Originally a mathematical term, Analogia, meaning equality of ratios (Euclid VII Df. 20, V. Dfs. 5, 6), which entered Plato's philosophy (Republic 534a6), where it also expressed the epistemological doctrine that sensed things are related as their mathematical and ideal correlates. In modern usage analogy was identified with a weak form of reasoning in which "from the similarity of two things in certain particulars, their similarity in other particulars is inferred." (Century Dic.) Recently, the analysis of scientific method has given the term new significance. The observable data of science are denoted by concepts by inspection, whose complete meaning is given by something immediately apprehendable; its verified theory designating unobservable scientific objects is expressed by concepts by postulation, whose complete meaning is prescribed for them by the postulates of the deductive theory in which they occur. To verify such theory relations, termed epistemic correlations (J. Un. Sc. IX: 125-128), are required. When these are one-one, analogy exists in a very precise sense, since the concepts by inspection denoting observable data are then related as are the correlated concepts by postulation designating unobservable scientific objects. -- F.S.C.N. Analogy of Pythagoras: (Gr. analogia) The equality of ratios, or proportion, between the lengths of the strings producing the consonant notes of the musical scale. The discovery of these ratios is credited to Pythagoras, who is also said to have applied the principle of mathematical proportion to the other arts, and hence to have discovered, in his analogy, the secret of beauty in all its forms. -- G.R.M.
"And if there is, as there must be in the nature of things, an ascending series in the scale of substance from Matter to Spirit, it must be marked by a progressive diminution of these capacities most characteristic of the physical principle and a progressive increase of the opposite characteristics which will lead us to the formula of pure spiritual self-extension. This is to say that they must be marked by less and less bondage to the form, more and more subtlety and flexibility of substance and force, more and more interfusion, interpenetration, power of assimilation, power of interchange, power of variation, transmutation, unification. Drawing away from durability of form, we draw towards eternity of essence; drawing away from our poise in the persistent separation and resistance of physical Matter, we draw near to the highest divine poise in the infinity, unity and indivisibility of Spirit.” The Life Divine
“And if there is, as there must be in the nature of things, an ascending series in the scale of substance from Matter to Spirit, it must be marked by a progressive diminution of these capacities most characteristic of the physical principle and a progressive increase of the opposite characteristics which will lead us to the formula of pure spiritual self-extension. This is to say that they must be marked by less and less bondage to the form, more and more subtlety and flexibility of substance and force, more and more interfusion, interpenetration, power of assimilation, power of interchange, power of variation, transmutation, unification. Drawing away from durability of form, we draw towards eternity of essence; drawing away from our poise in the persistent separation and resistance of physical Matter, we draw near to the highest divine poise in the infinity, unity and indivisibility of Spirit.” The Life Divine
anethol ::: n. --> A substance obtained from the volatile oils of anise, fennel, etc., in the form of soft shining scales; -- called also anise camphor.
anti-aliasing "graphics" A technique used on a {grey-scale} or colour {bitmap display} to make diagonal edges appear smoother by setting {pixels} near the edge to intermediate colours according to where the edge crosses them. The most common example is black characters on a white background. Without anti-aliasing, diagonal edges appear jagged, like staircases, which may be noticeable on a low {resolution} display. If the display can show intermediate greys then anti-aliasing can be applied. A pixel will be black if it is completely within the black area, or white if it is completely outside the black area, or an intermediate shade of grey according to the proportions of it which overlap the black and white areas. The technique works similarly with other foreground and background colours. "Aliasing" refers to the fact that many points (which would differ in the real image) are mapped or "aliased" to the same pixel (with a single value) in the digital representation. (1998-03-13)
artichoke ::: n. --> The Cynara scolymus, a plant somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, imbricated, and prickly involucre. The head (to which the name is also applied) is composed of numerous oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is much esteemed as an article of food.
See Jerusalem artichoke.
asura ::: (in the Veda) "the mighty Lord", an epithet of the supreme deva; a Titan (daitya); a kind of anti-divine being of the mentalised vital plane; the sixth of the ten types of consciousness (dasa-gavas) in the evolutionary scale: mind concentrated on the buddhi; (on page 1280) a being of a world of "might & glory".
audiometer ::: n. --> An instrument by which the power of hearing can be gauged and recorded on a scale.
aventurine ::: n. --> A kind of glass, containing gold-colored spangles. It was produced in the first place by the accidental (par aventure) dropping of some brass filings into a pot of melted glass.
A variety of translucent quartz, spangled throughout with scales of yellow mica.
balance ::: n. --> An apparatus for weighing.
Act of weighing mentally; comparison; estimate.
Equipoise between the weights in opposite scales.
The state of being in equipoise; equilibrium; even adjustment; steadiness.
An equality between the sums total of the two sides of an account; as, to bring one&
battlement ::: n. --> One of the solid upright parts of a parapet in ancient fortifications.
pl. The whole parapet, consisting of alternate solids and open spaces. At first purely a military feature, afterwards copied on a smaller scale with decorative features, as for churches.
beam ::: n. --> Any large piece of timber or iron long in proportion to its thickness, and prepared for use.
One of the principal horizontal timbers of a building or ship.
The width of a vessel; as, one vessel is said to have more beam than another.
The bar of a balance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended.
beeswing ::: n. --> The second crust formed in port and some other wines after long keeping. It consists of pure, shining scales of tartar, supposed to resemble the wing of a bee.
beneath ::: prep. --> Lower in place, with something directly over or on; under; underneath; hence, at the foot of.
Under, in relation to something that is superior, or that oppresses or burdens.
Lower in rank, dignity, or excellence than; as, brutes are beneath man; man is beneath angels in the scale of beings. Hence: Unworthy of; unbecoming.
bit-paired keyboard "hardware" (Obsolete, or "bit-shift keyboard") A non-standard keyboard layout that seems to have originated with the {Teletype} {ASR-33} and remained common for several years on early computer equipment. The ASR-33 was a mechanical device (see {EOU}), so the only way to generate the character codes from keystrokes was by some physical linkage. The design of the ASR-33 assigned each character key a basic pattern that could be modified by flipping bits if the SHIFT or the CTRL key was pressed. In order to avoid making the thing more of a Rube Goldberg {kluge} than it already was, the design had to group characters that shared the same basic {bit pattern} on one key. Looking at the {ASCII} chart, we find: high low bits bits 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 010 ! "
Bletchley Park "body, history" A country house and grounds some 50 miles North of London, England, where highly secret work deciphering intercepted German military radio messages was carried out during World War Two. Thousands of people were working there at the end of the war, including a number of early computer pioneers such as {Alan Turing}. The nature and scale of the work has only emerged recently, with total secrecy having been observed by all the people involved. Throughout the war, Bletchley Park produced highly important strategic and tactical intelligence used by the Allies, (Churchill's "golden eggs"), and it has been claimed that the war in Europe was probably shortened by two years as a result. An exhibition of wartime code-breaking memorabilia, including an entire working {Colossus}, restored by Tony Sale, can be seen at Bletchley Park on alternate weekends. The {Computer Conservation Society} (CCS), a specialist group of the {British Computer Society} runs a museum on the site that includes a working {Elliot} {mainframe} computer and many early {minicomputers} and {microcomputers}. The CCS hope to have substantial facilities for storage and restoration of old artifacts, as well as archive, library and research facilities. Telephone: Bletchley Park Trust office +44 (908) 640 404 (office hours and open weekends). (1998-12-18)
blow-out ::: n. --> The cleaning of the flues of a boiler from scale, etc., by a blast of steam.
bogosity /boh-go's*-tee/ The degree to which something is "bogus" in the hackish sense of "bad". At CMU, bogosity is measured with a {bogometer}; in a seminar, when a speaker says something bogus, a listener might raise his hand and say "My bogometer just triggered". More extremely, "You just pinned my bogometer" means you just said or did something so outrageously bogus that it is off the scale, pinning the bogometer needle at the highest possible reading (one might also say "You just redlined my bogometer"). The agreed-upon unit of bogosity is the {microLenat}. Also, the potential field generated by a {bogon flux}; see {quantum bogodynamics}. See also {bogon flux}, {bogon filter}. (2002-04-14)
bonder ::: n. --> One who places goods under bond or in a bonded warehouse.
A bonding stone or brick; a bondstone.
A freeholder on a small scale.
bract ::: n. --> A leaf, usually smaller than the true leaves of a plant, from the axil of which a flower stalk arises.
Any modified leaf, or scale, on a flower stalk or at the base of a flower.
brigandine ::: n. --> A coast of armor for the body, consisting of scales or plates, sometimes overlapping each other, generally of metal, and sewed to linen or other material. It was worn in the Middle Ages.
broom rape ::: --> A genus (Orobanche) of parasitic plants of Europe and Asia. They are destitute of chlorophyll, have scales instead of leaves, and spiked flowers, and grow attached to the roots of other plants, as furze, clover, flax, wild carrot, etc. The name is sometimes applied to other plants related to this genus, as Aphyllon uniflorumand A. Ludovicianum.
brute force "programming" A primitive programming style in which the programmer relies on the computer's processing power instead of using his own intelligence to simplify the problem, often ignoring problems of scale and applying naive methods suited to small problems directly to large ones. The term can also be used in reference to programming style: brute-force programs are written in a heavy-handed, tedious way, full of repetition and devoid of any elegance or useful abstraction (see also {brute force and ignorance}). The {canonical} example of a brute-force algorithm is associated with the "{travelling salesman problem}" (TSP), a classical {NP-hard} problem: Suppose a person is in, say, Boston, and wishes to drive to N other cities. In what order should the cities be visited in order to minimise the distance travelled? The brute-force method is to simply generate all possible routes and compare the distances; while guaranteed to work and simple to implement, this algorithm is clearly very stupid in that it considers even obviously absurd routes (like going from Boston to Houston via San Francisco and New York, in that order). For very small N it works well, but it rapidly becomes absurdly inefficient when N increases (for N = 15, there are already 1,307,674,368,000 possible routes to consider, and for N = 1000 - well, see {bignum}). Sometimes, unfortunately, there is no better general solution than brute force. See also {NP-complete}. A more simple-minded example of brute-force programming is finding the smallest number in a large list by first using an existing program to sort the list in ascending order, and then picking the first number off the front. Whether brute-force programming should actually be considered stupid or not depends on the context; if the problem is not terribly big, the extra CPU time spent on a brute-force solution may cost less than the programmer time it would take to develop a more "intelligent" algorithm. Additionally, a more intelligent algorithm may imply more long-term complexity cost and bug-chasing than are justified by the speed improvement. When applied to {cryptography}, it is usually known as {brute force attack}. {Ken Thompson}, co-inventor of {Unix}, is reported to have uttered the epigram "When in doubt, use brute force". He probably intended this as a {ha ha only serious}, but the original {Unix} {kernel}'s preference for simple, robust and portable {algorithms} over {brittle} "smart" ones does seem to have been a significant factor in the success of that {operating system}. Like so many other tradeoffs in software design, the choice between brute force and complex, finely-tuned cleverness is often a difficult one that requires both engineering savvy and delicate aesthetic judgment. [{Jargon File}] (1995-02-14)
scaleback ::: n. --> Any one of numerous species of marine annelids of the family Polynoidae, and allies, which have two rows of scales, or elytra, along the back. See Illust. under Chaetopoda.
scalebeam ::: n. --> The lever or beam of a balance; the lever of a platform scale, to which the poise for weighing is applied.
A weighing apparatus with a sliding weight, resembling a steelyard.
scaleboard ::: n. --> A thin slip of wood used to justify a page.
A thin veneer of leaf of wood used for covering the surface of articles of furniture, and the like.
scaled ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Scale ::: a. --> Covered with scales, or scalelike structures; -- said of a fish, a reptile, a moth, etc.
Without scales, or with the scales removed; as, scaled herring.
scaleless ::: a. --> Destitute of scales.
scale ::: n. 1. A progressive or graduated series or classification. 2. An ascending or descending collection of pitches proceeding by a specified scheme of intervals. 3. A standard of measurement or judgment; a criterion. 4. Relative or proportionate size or extent; degree, proportion. slow-scaled. *v. 5. To climb; ascend; move upward; mount. *scales.
scalene ::: a. --> Having the sides and angles unequal; -- said of a triangle.
Having the axis inclined to the base, as a cone.
Designating several triangular muscles called scalene muscles.
Of or pertaining to the scalene muscles. ::: n.
scalenohedral ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to a scalenohedron.
scalenohedron ::: n. --> A pyramidal form under the rhombohedral system, inclosed by twelve faces, each a scalene triangle.
scale ::: n. --> The dish of a balance; hence, the balance itself; an instrument or machine for weighing; as, to turn the scale; -- chiefly used in the plural when applied to the whole instrument or apparatus for weighing. Also used figuratively.
The sign or constellation Libra.
One of the small, thin, membranous, bony or horny pieces which form the covering of many fishes and reptiles, and some mammals, belonging to the dermal part of the skeleton, or dermoskeleton. See
scaler ::: n. --> One who, or that which, scales; specifically, a dentist&
scale-winged ::: a. --> Having the wings covered with small scalelike structures, as the Lepidoptera; scaly-winged.
calibration ::: n. --> The process of estimating the caliber a tube, as of a thermometer tube, in order to graduate it to a scale of degrees; also, more generally, the determination of the true value of the spaces in any graduated instrument.
calliope ::: n. --> The Muse that presides over eloquence and heroic poetry; mother of Orpheus, and chief of the nine Muses.
One of the asteroids. See Solar.
A musical instrument consisting of a series of steam whistles, toned to the notes of the scale, and played by keys arranged like those of an organ. It is sometimes attached to steamboat boilers.
A beautiful species of humming bird (Stellula Calliope) of California and adjacent regions.
cameo ::: n. --> A carving in relief, esp. one on a small scale used as a jewel for personal adornment, or like.
Campanella, Tommaso: (1568-1639) A Dominican monk in revolt against Aristotelianism, and influenced by the naturalism of Telesio, he arrived at philosophic conclusions in some ways prophetic of Descartes. Distrusting both the reports of the senses and the results of reasoning as indications of the nature of Reality, he found nothing trustworthy except the fact of his own existence, and the inferences drawn from that fact. As certain as his awareness of his own existence was the awareness of an external world to which experience referred and by which it was caused. Again, since the nature of the part is representative of the nature of the whole to which it belongs, the Universe of which the self is part must, like the part, be possessed of knowledge, will, and power. Hence I may infer from my own existence the existence of a God. Again, I must infer other of the divine nature more or less perfect manifestations than myself descending from the hierarchy of angels above man to the form or structure of the world, the ultimate corporeal elements, and the sensible phenomena produced by these elements of the physical universe, below him in the scale of perfection.
cataphracted ::: a. --> Covered with a cataphract, or armor of plates, scales, etc.; or with that which corresponds to this, as horny or bony plates, hard, callous skin, etc.
cataphract ::: n. --> Defensive armor used for the whole body and often for the horse, also, esp. the linked mail or scale armor of some eastern nations.
A horseman covered with a cataphract.
The armor or plate covering some fishes.
celsius ::: n. --> The Celsius thermometer or scale, so called from Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, who invented it. It is the same as the centigrade thermometer or scale.
cerastes ::: n. --> A genus of poisonous African serpents, with a horny scale over each eye; the horned viper.
chaff ::: n. --> The glumes or husks of grains and grasses separated from the seed by threshing and winnowing, etc.
Anything of a comparatively light and worthless character; the refuse part of anything.
Straw or hay cut up fine for the food of cattle.
Light jesting talk; banter; raillery.
The scales or bracts on the receptacle, which subtend each flower in the heads of many Compositae, as the sunflower.
chaffy ::: a. --> Abounding in, or resembling, chaff.
Light or worthless as chaff.
Resembling chaff; composed of light dry scales.
Bearing or covered with dry scales, as the under surface of certain ferns, or the disk of some composite flowers.
Chip Scale Packaging "hardware" (CSP) A type of {surface mount} {integrated circuit} packaging that provides pre-speed-sorted, pre-tested and pre-packaged {die} without requiring special testing. An example is {Motorola}'s {Micro SMT} packaging. See also: {chip-on-board}, {flip chip}, {multichip module}, {known good die}, {ball grid array}. ["Chip scale packaging gains at SMI. (Surface Mount International)", Bernard Levine, Electronic News (1991), Sept 4, 1995 v41 n2081 p1(2)]. (2006-08-14)
chromatic ::: a. --> Relating to color, or to colors.
Proceeding by the smaller intervals (half steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale.
church modes ::: --> The modes or scales used in ancient church music. See Gregorian.
cinder ::: n. --> Partly burned or vitrified coal, or other combustible, in which fire is extinct.
A hot coal without flame; an ember.
A scale thrown off in forging metal.
The slag of a furnace, or scoriaceous lava from a volcano.
clef ::: n. --> A character used in musical notation to determine the position and pitch of the scale as represented on the staff.
clinker ::: n. --> A mass composed of several bricks run together by the action of the fire in the kiln.
Scoria or vitrified incombustible matter, formed in a grate or furnace where anthracite coal in used; vitrified or burnt matter ejected from a volcano; slag.
A scale of oxide of iron, formed in forging.
A kind of brick. See Dutch clinker, under Dutch.
coccus ::: n. --> One of the separable carpels of a dry fruit.
A genus of hemipterous insects, including scale insects, and the cochineal insect (Coccus cacti).
A form of bacteria, shaped like a globule.
commerce ::: 1. The buying and selling of goods, especially on a large scale, as between cities or nations. 2. Intellectual exchange or social interaction. 3. Intellectual or spiritual interchange; communion.
commerce ::: n. --> The exchange or buying and selling of commodities; esp. the exchange of merchandise, on a large scale, between different places or communities; extended trade or traffic.
Social intercourse; the dealings of one person or class in society with another; familiarity.
Sexual intercourse.
A round game at cards, in which the cards are subject to exchange, barter, or trade.
Communism: (Marxian) In its fullest sense, that stage of social development, which, following socialism (q.v.) is conceived to be characterized by an economy of abundance on a world wide scale in which the state as a repressive force (army, jails, police and the like) is considered unnecessary because irreconcilable class antagonisms will have disappeared, and it will be possible to apply the principle, "from each according to ability, to each according to need" (Marx "Gotha Program"). It is held that the release of productive potentialities resulting from socialized ownership of the means of production will create a general sufficiency of economic goods which in turn will afford the possibility of educational and cultural development for all, and that under such conditions people will learn to live in accordance with valued standards without the compulsion of physical force represented by a special apparatus of state power. It is considered that by intelligent planning, both economic and cultural, it will then be possible to eradicate the antagonism between town and country and the opposition between physical and mental labor. It is now considered in the U.S.S.R. that the principal features of communist society, with the exception of the "withering away" of the state, may be attained in one country of an otherwise capitalist world. Trotsky considered this a false version of Marxism. -- J.M.S.
complexity "algorithm" The level in difficulty in solving mathematically posed problems as measured by the time, number of steps or arithmetic operations, or memory space required (called time complexity, computational complexity, and space complexity, respectively). The interesting aspect is usually how complexity scales with the size of the input (the "{scalability}"), where the size of the input is described by some number N. Thus an {algorithm} may have computational complexity O(N^2) (of the order of the square of the size of the input), in which case if the input doubles in size, the computation will take four times as many steps. The ideal is a constant time algorithm (O(1)) or failing that, O(N). See also {NP-complete}. (1994-10-20)
complex programmable logic device "hardware" (CPLD) A programmable circuit similar to an {FPGA}, but generally on a smaller scale, invented by {Xilinx, Inc}. (1998-09-26)
Concurrent LISP "language" A {concurrent} version of {Lisp}. Sugimoto et al implemented an {interpreter} on a "large scale computer" and were planning to implement it on multiple {microprocessors}. ["A Multi-Processor System for Concurrent Lisp", S. Sugimoto et al, Proc 1983 Intl Conf parallel Proc, 1983 pp.135-143]. (2013-10-18)
consciousness in the scale of evolution where the demands of the body dominate.”
contractor ::: n. --> One who contracts; one of the parties to a bargain; one who covenants to do anything for another; specifically, one who contracts to perform work on a rather large scale, at a certain price or rate, as in building houses or making a railroad.
Coordinated Universal Time "time, standard" (UTC, World Time) The standard time common to every place in the world. UTC is derived from {International Atomic Time} (TAI) by the addition of a whole number of "leap seconds" to synchronise it with {Universal Time} 1 (UT1), thus allowing for the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, the rotational axis tilt (23.5 degrees), but still showing the Earth's irregular rotation, on which UT1 is based. Coordinated Universal Time is expressed using a 24-hour clock and uses the {Gregorian calendar}. It is used in aeroplane and ship navigation, where it also sometimes known by the military name, "Zulu time". "Zulu" in the phonetic alphabet stands for "Z" which stands for longitude zero. UTC was defined by the International Radio Consultative Committee ({CCIR}), a predecessor of the {ITU-T}. CCIR Recommendation 460-4, or ITU-T Recommendation X.680 (7/94), contains the full definition. The language-independent international abbreviation, UTC, is neither English nor French. It means both "Coordinated Universal Time" and "Temps Universel Coordonné". {BIPM (http://www.bipm.org/enus/5_Scientific/c_time/time_1.html)}. {The Royal Observatory Greenwich (http://rog.nmm.ac.uk/leaflets/time/time.html)}. {History of UTC and GMT (http://ecco.bsee.swin.edu.au/chronos/GMT-explained.html)}. {U.S. National Institute of Standards & Technology (http://its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-009/_1277.htm)}. {UK National Physical Laboratory (http://npl.co.uk/npl/ctm/time_scales.html)}. {US Naval Observatory (http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/systime.html)}. {International Telecommunications Union (http://itu.int/radioclub/rr/arts02.htm)}. {Earth's irregular rotation (/pub/misc/earth_rotation)}. (2001-08-30)
copperas ::: n. --> Green vitriol, or sulphate of iron; a green crystalline substance, of an astringent taste, used in making ink, in dyeing black, as a tonic in medicine, etc. It is made on a large scale by the oxidation of iron pyrites. Called also ferrous sulphate.
counterscale ::: n. --> Counterbalance; balance, as of one scale against another.
counterpoise ::: v. t. --> To act against with equal weight; to equal in weight; to balance the weight of; to counterbalance.
To act against with equal power; to balance. ::: n. --> A weight sufficient to balance another, as in the opposite scale of a balance; an equal weight.
CSP 1. "language" {Communicating Sequential Processes}. 2. "hardware" {Chip Scale Packaging}.
ctenoid ::: a. --> Having a comblike margin, as a ctenoid scale
Pertaining to the Ctenoidei. ::: n. --> A ctenoidean.
ctenoidei ::: n. pl. --> A group of fishes, established by Agassiz, characterized by having scales with a pectinated margin, as in the perch. The group is now generally regarded as artificial.
c ::: --> The keynote of the normal or "natural" scale, which has neither flats nor sharps in its signature; also, the third note of the relative minor scale of the same.
C after the clef is the mark of common time, in which each measure is a semibreve (four fourths or crotchets); for alla breve time it is written /.
The "C clef," a modification of the letter C, placed on any line of the staff, shows that line to be middle C.
cupola ::: n. --> A roof having a rounded form, hemispherical or nearly so; also, a ceiling having the same form. When on a large scale it is usually called dome.
A small structure standing on the top of a dome; a lantern.
A furnace for melting iron or other metals in large quantity, -- used chiefly in foundries and steel works.
A revolving shot-proof turret for heavy ordnance.
The top of the spire of the cochlea of the ear.
Cyc "artificial intelligence" A large {knowledge-based system}. Cyc is a very large, multi-contextual {knowledge base} and {inference engine}, the development of which started at the {Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation} (MCC) in Austin, Texas during the early 1980s. Over the past eleven years the members of the Cyc team, lead by {Doug Lenat}, have added to the knowledge base a huge amount of fundamental human knowledge: {facts}, rules of thumb, and {heuristics} for reasoning about the objects and events of modern everyday life. Cyc is an attempt to do symbolic {AI} on a massive scale. It is not based on numerical methods such as statistical probabilities, nor is it based on {neural networks} or {fuzzy logic}. All of the knowledge in Cyc is represented {declaratively} in the form of logical {assertions}. Cyc presently contains approximately 400,000 significant assertions, which include simple statements of fact, rules about what conclusions to draw if certain statements of fact are satisfied, and rules about how to reason with certain types of facts and rules. The {inference engine} derives new conclusions using {deductive reasoning}. To date, Cyc has made possible ground-breaking pilot applications in the areas of {heterogeneous} database browsing and integration, {captioned image retrieval}, and {natural language processing}. In January of 1995, a new independent company named Cycorp was created to continue the Cyc project. Cycorp is still in Austin, Texas. The president of Cycorp is {Doug Lenat}. The development of Cyc has been supported by several organisations, including {Apple}, {Bellcore}, {DEC}, {DoD}, {Interval}, {Kodak}, and {Microsoft}. {(http://cyc.com/)}. {Unofficial FAQ (http://robotwisdom.com/ai/cycfaq.html)}. (1999-09-07)
dasa-gavas (dasha-gavas; dashagava) ::: the ten rays; the ten types or dasa-gavas forms of consciousness in the evolutionary scale: the pasu, vanara, pisaca, pramatha, raks.asa, asura, deva, sadhyadeva (or siddhadeva), siddhadeva (or siddhasura) and satyadeva (or siddha purus.a or siddhadeva).
decimal ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to decimals; numbered or proceeding by tens; having a tenfold increase or decrease, each unit being ten times the unit next smaller; as, decimal notation; a decimal coinage. ::: n. --> A number expressed in the scale of tens; specifically, and almost exclusively, used as synonymous with a decimal fraction.
denary ::: a. --> Containing ten; tenfold; proceeding by tens; as, the denary, or decimal, scale. ::: n. --> The number ten; a division into ten.
A coin; the Anglicized form of denarius.
desquamate ::: v. i. --> To peel off in the form of scales; to scale off, as the skin in certain diseases.
desquamation ::: n. --> The separation or shedding of the cuticle or epidermis in the form of flakes or scales; exfoliation, as of bones.
deva ::: a god, a divinity; "a dynamic being manifested in Prakriti for the works of the plane to which he belongs"; any of the "cosmic godheads presiding over the action of cosmic principles", brahman "representing Itself in cosmic Personalities expressive of the one Godhead who, in their impersonal action, appear as the various play of the principles of Nature"; the Divine, the supreme and universal Deity (isvara, purus.a) "of whom all the gods are different Names and Powers"; the seventh of the ten types of consciousness (dasa-gavas) in the evolutionary scale: mind concentrated in vijñana, exceeding itself.
diagraph ::: n. --> A drawing instrument, combining a protractor and scale.
diapason ::: n. --> The octave, or interval which includes all the tones of the diatonic scale.
Concord, as of notes an octave apart; harmony.
The entire compass of tones.
A standard of pitch; a tuning fork; as, the French normal diapason.
One of certain stops in the organ, so called because they extend through the scale of the instrument. They are of several kinds,
diatonic ::: a. --> Pertaining to the scale of eight tones, the eighth of which is the octave of the first.
discriminative revelatory logistic ::: having the nature of revelatory logistis on its lowest scale (intuitive revelatory logistis), with discrimination taken up into the revelation. discriminative trik trikaladrsti
dome ::: n. --> A building; a house; an edifice; -- used chiefly in poetry.
A cupola formed on a large scale.
Any erection resembling the dome or cupola of a building; as the upper part of a furnace, the vertical steam chamber on the top of a boiler, etc.
A prism formed by planes parallel to a lateral axis which meet above in a horizontal edge, like the roof of a house; also, one of the planes of such a form.
dominant ::: a. --> Ruling; governing; prevailing; controlling; predominant; as, the dominant party, church, spirit, power. ::: n. --> The fifth tone of the scale; thus G is the dominant of C, A of D, and so on.
do ::: n. --> A syllable attached to the first tone of the major diatonic scale for the purpose of solmization, or solfeggio. It is the first of the seven syllables used by the Italians as manes of musical tones, and replaced, for the sake of euphony, the syllable Ut, applied to the note C. In England and America the same syllables are used by mane as a scale pattern, while the tones in respect to absolute pitch are named from the first seven letters of the alphabet.
Deed; act; fear.
d ::: --> The nominal of the second tone in the model major scale (that in C), or of the fourth tone in the relative minor scale of C (that in A minor), or of the key tone in the relative minor of F.
As a numeral D stands for 500. in this use it is not the initial of any word, or even strictly a letter, but one half of the sign / (or / ) the original Tuscan numeral for 1000.
Dual In-Line Package "hardware" (DIL, DIP) The most common type of package for small and medium scale {integrated circuits}, with up to about 48 pins. The pins hang vertically from the two long edges of the rectangular package, spaced at intervals of 0.1 inch. The pins fit through holes in the circuit board to which they are soldered or into a socket. [More than 48 pins?] (1995-02-06)
duodecimal ::: a. --> Proceeding in computation by twelves; expressed in the scale of twelves. ::: n. --> A twelfth part; as, the duodecimals of an inch.
A system of numbers, whose denominations rise in a scale of twelves, as of feet and inches. The system is used chiefly by
echometer ::: n. --> A graduated scale for measuring the duration of sounds, and determining their different, and the relation of their intervals.
e ::: --> E is the third tone of the model diatonic scale. E/ (E flat) is a tone which is intermediate between D and E. ::: pl. --> of Notopodium
effort ::: n. --> An exertion of strength or power, whether physical or mental, in performing an act or aiming at an object; more or less strenuous endeavor; struggle directed to the accomplishment of an object; as, an effort to scale a wall.
A force acting on a body in the direction of its motion. ::: v. t.
eidograph ::: n. --> An instrument for copying drawings on the same or a different scale; a form of the pantograph.
elaeagnus ::: n. --> A genus of shrubs or small trees, having the foliage covered with small silvery scales; oleaster.
e-la ::: n. --> Originally, the highest note in the scale of Guido; hence, proverbially, any extravagant saying.
elytrum ::: n. --> One of the anterior pair of wings in the Coleoptera and some other insects, when they are thick and serve only as a protection for the posterior pair.
One of the shieldlike dorsal scales of certain annelids. See Chaetopoda.
enscale ::: v. t. --> To cover with scales.
endysis ::: n. --> The act of developing a new coat of hair, a new set of feathers, scales, etc.; -- opposed to ecdysis.
enharmonical ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to that one of the three kinds of musical scale (diatonic, chromatic, enharmonic) recognized by the ancient Greeks, which consisted of quarter tones and major thirds, and was regarded as the most accurate.
Pertaining to a change of notes to the eye, while, as the same keys are used, the instrument can mark no difference to the ear, as the substitution of A/ for G/.
Pertaining to a scale of perfect intonation which
entropy ::: n. --> A certain property of a body, expressed as a measurable quantity, such that when there is no communication of heat the quantity remains constant, but when heat enters or leaves the body the quantity increases or diminishes. If a small amount, h, of heat enters the body when its temperature is t in the thermodynamic scale the entropy of the body is increased by h / t. The entropy is regarded as measured from some standard temperature and pressure. Sometimes called the thermodynamic function.
Equal Intervals ::: Characteristic of a scale of measurement where the individual units possess the qualities of equal intervals. The difference between each unit of measurement is exactly the same.
equilibrate ::: v. t. --> To balance two scales, sides, or ends; to keep even with equal weight on each side; to keep in equipoise.
escalade ::: v. t. --> A furious attack made by troops on a fortified place, in which ladders are used to pass a ditch or mount a rampart.
To mount and pass or enter by means of ladders; to scale; as, to escalate a wall.
escaloped ::: a. --> Cut or marked in the form of an escalop; scalloped.
Covered with a pattern resembling a series of escalop shells, each of which issues from between two others. Its appearance is that of a surface covered with scales.
Ethics. Any system of moral theory may be called Ethical Idealism, whether teleological or formal in principle, which accepts several of the following: a scale of values, moral principles, or rules of action; the axiological priority of the universal over the particular; the axiological priority of the spiritual or mental over the sensuous or material; moral freedom rather than psychological or natural necessity. In popular terminology a moral idealist is also identified with the doctrinaire, as opposed to the opportunist or realist; with the Utopian or visionary as opposed to the practicalist, with the altruist as opposed to the crass egoist.
exfoliate ::: v. i. --> To separate and come off in scales or laminae, as pieces of carious bone or of bark.
To split into scales, especially to become converted into scales at the result of heat or decomposition. ::: v. t. --> To remove scales, laminae, or splinters from the
exoskeleton ::: n. --> The hardened parts of the external integument of an animal, including hair, feathers, nails, horns, scales, etc.,as well as the armor of armadillos and many reptiles, and the shells or hardened integument of numerous invertebrates; external skeleton; dermoskeleton.
fahrenheit ::: a. --> Conforming to the scale used by Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit in the graduation of his thermometer; of or relating to Fahrenheit&
fa ::: n. --> A syllable applied to the fourth tone of the diatonic scale in solmization.
The tone F.
fish ::: n. --> A counter, used in various games.
A name loosely applied in popular usage to many animals of diverse characteristics, living in the water.
An oviparous, vertebrate animal usually having fins and a covering scales or plates. It breathes by means of gills, and lives almost entirely in the water. See Pisces.
The twelfth sign of the zodiac; Pisces.
The flesh of fish, used as food.
fixed-point "programming" A {number representation} scheme where a number, F is represented by an {integer} I such that F=I*R^-P, where R is the (assumed) {radix} of the representation and P is the (fixed) number of digits after the radix point. On computers with no {floating-point unit}, fixed-point calculations are significantly faster than floating-point as all the operations are basically integer operations. Fixed-point representation also has the advantage of having uniform density, i.e., the smallest resolvable difference of the representation is R^-P throughout the representable range, in contrast to {floating-point} representations. For example, in {PL/I}, FIXED data has both a {precision} and a scale-factor (P above). So a number declared as 'FIXED DECIMAL(7,2)' has a precision of seven and a scale-factor of two, indicating five integer and two fractional decimal digits. The smallest difference between numbers will be 0.01. (2006-11-15)
flake ::: n. --> A paling; a hurdle.
A platform of hurdles, or small sticks made fast or interwoven, supported by stanchions, for drying codfish and other things.
A small stage hung over a vessel&
FORM "mathematics, tool" A system written by Jos Vermaseren "t68@nikhefh.nikhef.nl" in 1989 for fast handling of very large-scale {symbolic mathematics} problems. FORM is a descendant of {Schoonschip} and is available for many {personal computers} and {workstations}. {(ftp://acm.princeton.edu/)}, {(ftp://nikhefh.nikhef.nl/)}. Mailing list: "form@can.nl". (1995-04-12)
For there is a continuous scale of the planes of consciousness, beginning with the psychical and other belts attached to and dependent on the earth plane and proceeding through the true independent vital and psychical worlds to the worlds of the gods and the highest supramental and spiritual planes of existence.
fourth generation computer "architecture" A computer built using {Very Large Scale Integration} (VLSI) {integrated circuits}, especially a {microcomputer} based on a {microprocesseor}, or a {parallel processor} containing two to thousands of {CPUs}. VLSI made it routine to fabricate an entire CPU, main memory, or similar device with a single integrated circuit that can be mass produced at very low cost. This has resulted in new classes of machines such as {personal computers}, and high performance parallel processors that contains thousands of CPUs. (1996-11-22)
fractal dimension "mathematics" A common type of fractal dimension is the Hausdorff-Besicovich Dimension, but there are several different ways of computing fractal dimension. Fractal dimension can be calculated by taking the limit of the quotient of the log change in object size and the log change in measurement scale, as the measurement scale approaches zero. The differences come in what is exactly meant by "object size" and what is meant by "measurement scale" and how to get an average number out of many different parts of a geometrical object. Fractal dimensions quantify the static *geometry* of an object. For example, consider a straight line. Now blow up the line by a factor of two. The line is now twice as long as before. Log 2 / Log 2 = 1, corresponding to dimension 1. Consider a square. Now blow up the square by a factor of two. The square is now 4 times as large as before (i.e. 4 original squares can be placed on the original square). Log 4 / log 2 = 2, corresponding to dimension 2 for the square. Consider a snowflake curve formed by repeatedly replacing ___ with _/\_, where each of the 4 new lines is 1/3 the length of the old line. Blowing up the snowflake curve by a factor of 3 results in a snowflake curve 4 times as large (one of the old snowflake curves can be placed on each of the 4 segments _/\_). Log 4 / log 3 = 1.261... Since the dimension 1.261 is larger than the dimension 1 of the lines making up the curve, the snowflake curve is a fractal. [sci.fractals FAQ].
fractal "mathematics, graphics" A fractal is a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a smaller copy of the whole. Fractals are generally self-similar (bits look like the whole) and independent of scale (they look similar, no matter how close you zoom in). Many mathematical structures are fractals; e.g. {Sierpinski triangle}, {Koch snowflake}, {Peano curve}, {Mandelbrot set} and {Lorenz attractor}. Fractals also describe many real-world objects that do not have simple geometric shapes, such as clouds, mountains, turbulence, and coastlines. {Benoit Mandelbrot}, the discoverer of the {Mandelbrot set}, coined the term "fractal" in 1975 from the Latin fractus or "to break". He defines a fractal as a set for which the {Hausdorff Besicovich dimension} strictly exceeds the {topological dimension}. However, he is not satisfied with this definition as it excludes sets one would consider fractals. {sci.fractals FAQ (ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/usenet-by-group/sci.fractals/)}. See also {fractal compression}, {fractal dimension}, {Iterated Function System}. {Usenet} newsgroups: {news:sci.fractals}, {news:alt.binaries.pictures.fractals}, {news:comp.graphics}. ["The Fractal Geometry of Nature", Benoit Mandelbrot]. [Are there non-self-similar fractals?] (1997-07-02)
fulcrum ::: n. --> A prop or support.
That by which a lever is sustained, or about which it turns in lifting or moving a body.
An accessory organ such as a tendril, stipule, spine, and the like.
The horny inferior surface of the lingua of certain insects.
One of the small, spiniform scales found on the front edge
full revelatory ::: having the nature of the highest scale of revelatory logistis, on its own plane as full revelatory ideality or acting in the mentality to form the highest revelatory mentality.
full revelatory ideality ::: the highest scale of revelatory logistis, also called the full dras.t.a luminous reason, whose three forms are described as (1) "revelation with interpretation but the front representative",(2) "the front interpretative with intuition involved in the drishti", and (3) "the whole drishti with the two other powers taken into the drishti"; these three forms are also referred to as the representative, interpretative and imperative elements of representative vijñana in the higher sense (highest representative ideality or logos vijñana). future trik trikaladrsti
Function Point Analysis "programming" (FPA) A standard metric for the relative size and complexity of a software system, originally developed by Alan Albrecht of {IBM} in the late 1970s. Functon points (FPs) can be used to estimate the relative size and complexity of software in the early stages of development - analysis and design. The size is determined by identifying the components of the system as seen by the end-user: the inputs, outputs, inquiries, interfaces to other systems, and logical internal files. The components are classified as simple, average, or complex. All of these values are then scored and the total is expressed in Unadjusted FPs (UFPs). Complexity factors described by 14 general systems characteristics, such as reusability, performance, and complexity of processing can be used to weight the UFP. Factors are also weighted on a scale of 0 - not present, 1 - minor influence, to 5 - strong influence. The result of these computations is a number that correlates to system size. Although the FP metric doesn't correspond to any actual physical attribute of a software system (such as {lines of code} or the number of subroutines) it is useful as a relative measure for comparing projects, measuring productivity, and estimating the amount a development effort and time needed for a project. See also {International Function Point Users Group}. (1996-05-16)
funny money Notional units of computing time and/or storage handed to students at the beginning of a computer course; also called "play money" or "purple money" (in implicit opposition to real or "green" money). In New Zealand and Germany the odd usage "paper money" has been recorded; in Germany, the particularly amusing synonym "transfer ruble" commemorates the funny money used for trade between COMECON countries back when the Soviet Bloc still existed. When your funny money ran out, your account froze and you needed to go to a professor to get more. Fortunately, the plunging cost of {time-sharing} cycles has made this less common. The amounts allocated were almost invariably too small, even for the non-hackers who wanted to slide by with minimum work. In extreme cases, the practice led to small-scale black markets in bootlegged computer accounts. By extension, phantom money or quantity tickets of any kind used as a resource-allocation hack within a system. [{Jargon File}]
f ::: v. t. --> The name of the fourth tone of the model scale, or scale of C. F sharp (F /) is a tone intermediate between F and G.
gamma correction "hardware" Adjustments applied during the display of a digital representation of colour on a screen in order to compensate for the fact that the {Cathode Ray Tubes} used in computer {monitors} (and televisions) produce a light intensity which is not proportional to the input {voltage}. The light intensity is actually proportional to the input voltage raised to the inverse power of some constant, called gamma. Its value varies from one display to another, but is usually around 2.5. Because it is more intuitive for the colour components (red, green and blue) to be varied linearly in the computer, the actual voltages sent to the monitor by the {display hardware} must be adjusted in order to make the colour component intensity on the screen proportional to the value stored in the computer's {display memory}. This process is most easily achieved by a dedicated module in the display hardware which simply scales the outputs of the {display memory} before sending them to the {digital-to-analogue converters}. More expensive {graphics cards} and {workstations} (particularly those used for {CAD} applications) will have a gamma correction facility. In combination with the "{white-point}" gamma correction is used to achieve precise colour matching. {Robert Berger's explanation of monitor gamma (http://cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/rwb/www/gamma.html)}. [{"Digital Imaging in C and the World Wide Web", W. David Schwaderer (http://itknowledge.com/)}]. (1999-02-01)
gamut ::: n. --> The scale.
gandharva (gandharva; gundharva) ::: a kind of supernatural being, traditionally a celestial musician, belonging to a world of beauty and enjoyment; in the evolutionary scale, a sub-type of the deva type, imparting grace and refinement to lower types with which it is combined. gandharva-pasu
ganoidei ::: n. pl. --> One of the subclasses of fishes. They have an arterial cone and bulb, spiral intestinal valve, and the optic nerves united by a chiasma. Many of the species are covered with bony plates, or with ganoid scales; others have cycloid scales.
ganoine ::: n. --> A peculiar bony tissue beneath the enamel of a ganoid scale.
Garnet 1. A graphical object editor and {Macintosh} environment. 2. A user interface development environment for {Common Lisp} and {X11} from The Garnet project team. It helps you create graphical, interactive user interfaces. Version 2.2 includes the following: a custom {object-oriented programming} system which uses a {prototype-instance model}. automatic {constraint} maintenance allowing properties of objects to depend on properties of other objects and be automatically re-evaluated when the other objects change. The constraints can be arbitrary Lisp expressions. Built-in, high-level input event handling. Support for {gesture recognition}. {Widgets} for multi-font, multi-line, mouse-driven text editing. Optional automatic layout of application data into lists, tables, trees or graphs. Automatic generation of {PostScript} for printing. Support for large-scale applications and data {visualisation}. Also supplied are: two complete widget sets, one with a {Motif} {look and feel} implemented in {Lisp} and one with a custom {look and feel}. Interactive design tools for creating parts of the interface without writing code: Gilt interface builder for creating {dialog box}es. Lapidary interactive tool for creating new {widgets} and for drawing application-specific objects. C32 {spreadsheet} system for specifying complex {constraints}. Not yet available: Jade automatic dialog box creation system. Marquise interactive tool for specifying behaviours. {(ftp://a.gp.cs.cmu.edu/usr/garnet/garnet)}. (1999-07-02)
gastrostege ::: n. --> One of the large scales on the belly of a serpent.
gazogene ::: n. --> A portable apparatus for making soda water or aerated liquids on a small scale.
g ::: --> G is the name of the fifth tone of the natural or model scale; -- called also sol by the Italians and French. It was also originally used as the treble clef, and has gradually changed into the character represented in the margin. See Clef. G/ (G sharp) is a tone intermediate between G and A.
ginglymodi ::: n. --> An order of ganoid fishes, including the modern gar pikes and many allied fossil forms. They have rhombic, ganoid scales, a heterocercal tail, paired fins without an axis, fulcra on the fins, and a bony skeleton, with the vertebrae convex in front and concave behind, forming a ball and socket joint. See Ganoidel.
glumelle ::: n. --> One of the pelets or inner chaffy scales of the flowers or spikelets of grasses.
glyptodon ::: n. --> An extinct South American quaternary mammal, allied to the armadillos. It was as large as an ox, was covered with tessellated scales, and had fluted teeth.
graduate ::: n. --> To mark with degrees; to divide into regular steps, grades, or intervals, as the scale of a thermometer, a scheme of punishment or rewards, etc.
To admit or elevate to a certain grade or degree; esp., in a college or university, to admit, at the close of the course, to an honorable standing defined by a diploma; as, he was graduated at Yale College.
To prepare gradually; to arrange, temper, or modify by
graduation ::: n. --> The act of graduating, or the state of being graduated; as, graduation of a scale; graduation at a college; graduation in color; graduation by evaporation; the graduation of a bird&
gray-scale "spelling" US spelling of "{grey-scale}".
grey-scale "graphics" (US "gray-scale") 1. Composed of (discrete) shades of grey. If the {pixels} of a grey-scale {image} have N {bits}, they may take values from zero, representing black up to 2^N-1, representing white with intermediate values representing increasingly light shades of grey. If N=1 the image is not called grey-scale but could be called {monochrome}. 2. A range of acurately known shades of grey printed out for use in calibrating those shades on a display or printer. (1995-03-17)
halftone "graphics" The reproducion of {greyscale} {images} using dots of a single shade but varying size to simulate the different shades of grey. {Laser printers} that cannot print different sized dots, halftones are produced by varying the numbers of dots in a given area. This process is also used to produce a black and white version of a colour original using shades of grey in place of colours. See also {device independent bitmap}. (1996-09-20)
hardness ::: n. --> The quality or state of being hard, literally or figuratively.
The cohesion of the particles on the surface of a body, determined by its capacity to scratch another, or be itself scratched;-measured among minerals on a scale of which diamond and talc form the extremes.
The peculiar quality exhibited by water which has mineral salts dissolved in it. Such water forms an insoluble compound with
help ::: v. t. --> To furnish with strength or means for the successful performance of any action or the attainment of any object; to aid; to assist; as, to help a man in his work; to help one to remember; -- the following infinitive is commonly used without to; as, "Help me scale yon balcony."
To furnish with the means of deliverance from trouble; as, to help one in distress; to help one out of prison.
To furnish with relief, as in pain or disease; to be of
hepatica ::: n. --> A genus of pretty spring flowers closely related to Anemone; squirrel cup.
Any plant, usually procumbent and mosslike, of the cryptogamous class Hepaticae; -- called also scale moss and liverwort. See Hepaticae, in the Supplement.
hepatic ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to the liver; as, hepatic artery; hepatic diseases.
Resembling the liver in color or in form; as, hepatic cinnabar.
Pertaining to, or resembling, the plants called Hepaticae, or scale mosses and liverworts.
hibernaculum ::: n. --> A winter bud, in which the rudimentary foliage or flower, as of most trees and shrubs in the temperate zone, is protected by closely overlapping scales.
A little case in which certain insects pass the winter.
Winter home or abiding place.
High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) High performance computing includes scientific workstations, supercomputer systems, high speed networks, special purpose and experimental systems, the new generation of large scale parallel systems, and application and systems software with all components well integrated and linked over a high speed network. ["Grand Challenges 1993: High Performance Computing and Communications", Committee on Physical, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences of the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering and Technology.]
historiette ::: n. --> Historical narration on a small scale; a brief recital; a story.
h ::: --> The seventh degree in the diatonic scale, being used by the Germans for B natural. See B.
IBM 701 "computer" ("Defense Calculator") The first of the {IBM 700 series} of computers. The IBM 701 was annouced internally on 1952-04-29 as "the most advanced, most flexible high-speed computer in the world". Known as the Defense Calculator while in development at {IBM Poughkeepsie Laboratory}, it went public on 1953-04-07 as the "IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machines" (plural because it consisted of eleven connected units). The 701 was the first IBM large-scale electronic computer manufactured in quantity and their first commercial {scientific computer}. It was the first IBM machine in which programs were stored in an internal, addressable, electronic memory. It was developed and produced in less than two years from "first pencil on paper" to installation. It was key to IBM's transition from {punched card} machines to electronic computers. It consisted of four {magnetic tape drives}, a {magnetic drum} memory unit, a {cathode-ray tube storage unit}, an L-shaped {arithmetic and control unit} with an operator's panel, a {punched card {reader}, a printer, a card punch and three power units. It performed more than 16,000 additions or subtractions per second, read 12,500 digits a second from tape, print 180 letters or numbers a second and output 400 digits a second from punched-cards. The IBM 701 ran the following languages and systems: {BACAIC}, {BAP}, {DOUGLAS}, {DUAL-607}, {FLOP}, {GEPURS}, {JCS-13}, {KOMPILER}, {LT-2}, {PACT I}, {QUEASY}, {QUICK}, {SEESAW}, {SHACO}, {SO 2}, {Speedcoding}, {SPEEDEX}. {IBM History (http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/701/701_intro.html)}. (2005-06-20)
IBM 7040 "computer" A scaled down version of the {IBM 7090}. (1997-02-23)
IBM 7090 "computer" A transistorised version of the {IBM 709} which was a very popular high end computer in the early 1960s. The 7090 had 32Kbytes of 36-bit {core} memory and a hardware {floating point unit}. {Fortran} was its most popular language, but it supported many others. It was later upgraded to the {IBM 7094}, and a scaled down version, the IBM 7040 was also introduced. IBM 7090s controlled the Mercury and Gemini space flights, the Balistic Missile Early Warning System (until well into the 1980s), and the {CTSS} {time sharing} system at {MIT}. The 7090 was not good at unit record I/O, so in small configurations an {IBM 1401} was used for {SPOOL} I/O and in large configurations (such as a 7090/94) a 7040/44 would be directly coupled and dedicated to handling printers and {card readers}. (See the film Dr Strangelove). (1999-01-19)
ichnography ::: n. --> A horizontal section of a building or other object, showing its true dimensions according to a geometric scale; a ground plan; a map; also, the art of making such plans.
imbricated ::: a. --> Bent and hollowed like a roof or gutter tile.
Lying over each other in regular order, so as to "break joints," like tiles or shingles on a roof, the scales on the leaf buds of plants and the cups of some acorns, or the scales of fishes; overlapping each other at the margins, as leaves in aestivation.
In decorative art: Having scales lapping one over the other, or a representation of such scales; as, an imbricated surface; an imbricated pattern.
impennate ::: a. --> Characterized by short wings covered with feathers resembling scales, as the penguins. ::: n. --> One of the Impennes.
index ::: n. --> That which points out; that which shows, indicates, manifests, or discloses.
That which guides, points out, informs, or directs; a pointer or a hand that directs to anything, as the hand of a watch, a movable finger on a gauge, scale, or other graduated instrument. In printing, a sign used to direct particular attention to a note or paragraph; -- called also fist.
A table for facilitating reference to topics, names, and the
Indian Aesthetics: Art in India is one of the most diversified subjects. Sanskrit silpa included all crafts, fine art, architecture and ornament, dancing, acting, music and even coquetry. Behind all these endeavors is a deeprooted sense of absolute values derived from Indian philosophy (q.v.) which teaches the incarnation of the divine (Krsna, Shiva, Buddha), the transitoriness of life (cf. samsara), the symbolism and conditional nature of the phenomenal (cf. maya). Love of splendour and exaggerated greatness, dating back to Vedic (q.v.) times mingled with a grand simplicity in the conception of ultimate being and a keen perception and nature observation. The latter is illustrated in examples of verisimilous execution in sculpture and painting, the detailed description in a wealth of drama and story material, and the universal love of simile. With an urge for expression associated itself the metaphysical in its practical and seemingly other-worldly aspects and, aided perhaps by the exigencies of climate, yielded the grotesque as illustrated by the cave temples of Ellora and Elephanta, the apparent barbarism of female ornament covering up all organic beauty, the exaggerated, symbol-laden representations of divine and thereanthropic beings, a music with minute subdivisions of scale, and the like. As Indian philosophy is dominated by a monistic, Vedantic (q.v.) outlook, so in Indian esthetics we can notice the prevalence of an introvert unitary, soul-centric, self-integrating tendency that treats the empirical suggestively and by way of simile, trying to stylize the natural in form, behavior, and expression. The popular belief in the immanence as well as transcendence of the Absolute precludes thus the possibility of a complete naturalism or imitation. The whole range of Indian art therefore demands a sharing and re-creation of absolute values glimpsed by the artist and professedly communicated imperfectly. Rules and discussions of the various aspects of art may be found in the Silpa-sastras, while theoretical treatments are available in such works as the Dasarupa in dramatics, the Nrtya-sastras in dancing, the Sukranitisara in the relation of art to state craft, etc. Periods and influences of Indian art, such as the Buddhist, Kushan, Gupta, etc., may be consulted in any history of Indian art. -- K.F.L.
indusium ::: n. --> A collection of hairs united so as to form a sort of cup, and inclosing the stigma of a flower.
The immediate covering of the fruit dots or sori in many ferns, usually a very thin scale attached by the middle or side to a veinlet.
A peculiar covering found in certain fungi.
infralabial ::: a. --> Below the lower lip; -- said of certain scales of reptiles and fishes.
inspired revelatory logistis ::: the second scale of revelatory logistis, in .74 which inspiration is taken up into revelation.
INTEGRAL YOGA ::: This yoga accepts the value of cosmic existence and holds it to be a reality; its object is to enter into a higher Truth-Consciousness or Divine Supramental Consciousness in which action and creation are the expression not of ignorance and imperfection, but of the Truth, the Light, the Divine Ānanda. But for that, the surrender of the mortal mind, life and body to the Higher Consciousnessis indispensable, since it is too difficult for the mortal human being to pass by its own effort beyond mind to a Supramental Consciousness in which the dynamism is no longer mental but of quite another power. Only those who can accept the call to such a change should enter into this yoga.
Aim of the Integral Yoga ::: It is not merely to rise out of the ordinary ignorant world-consciousness into the divine consciousness, but to bring the supramental power of that divine consciousness down into the ignorance of mind, life and body, to transform them, to manifest the Divine here and create a divine life in Matter.
Conditions of the Integral Yoga ::: This yoga can only be done to the end by those who are in total earnest about it and ready to abolish their little human ego and its demands in order to find themselves in the Divine. It cannot be done in a spirit of levity or laxity; the work is too high and difficult, the adverse powers in the lower Nature too ready to take advantage of the least sanction or the smallest opening, the aspiration and tapasyā needed too constant and intense.
Method in the Integral Yoga ::: To concentrate, preferably in the heart and call the presence and power of the Mother to take up the being and by the workings of her force transform the consciousness. One can concentrate also in the head or between the eye-brows, but for many this is a too difficult opening. When the mind falls quiet and the concentration becomes strong and the aspiration intense, then there is the beginning of experience. The more the faith, the more rapid the result is likely to be. For the rest one must not depend on one’s own efforts only, but succeed in establishing a contact with the Divine and a receptivity to the Mother’s Power and Presence.
Integral method ::: The method we have to pursue is to put our whole conscious being into relation and contact with the Divine and to call Him in to transform Our entire being into His, so that in a sense God Himself, the real Person in us, becomes the sādhaka of the sādhana* as well as the Master of the Yoga by whom the lower personality is used as the centre of a divine transfiguration and the instrument of its own perfection. In effect, the pressure of the Tapas, the force of consciousness in us dwelling in the Idea of the divine Nature upon that which we are in our entirety, produces its own realisation. The divine and all-knowing and all-effecting descends upon the limited and obscure, progressively illumines and energises the whole lower nature and substitutes its own action for all the terms of the inferior human light and mortal activity.
In psychological fact this method translates itself into the progressive surrender of the ego with its whole field and all its apparatus to the Beyond-ego with its vast and incalculable but always inevitable workings. Certainly, this is no short cut or easy sādhana. It requires a colossal faith, an absolute courage and above all an unflinching patience. For it implies three stages of which only the last can be wholly blissful or rapid, - the attempt of the ego to enter into contact with the Divine, the wide, full and therefore laborious preparation of the whole lower Nature by the divine working to receive and become the higher Nature, and the eventual transformation. In fact, however, the divine strength, often unobserved and behind the veil, substitutes itself for the weakness and supports us through all our failings of faith, courage and patience. It” makes the blind to see and the lame to stride over the hills.” The intellect becomes aware of a Law that beneficently insists and a Succour that upholds; the heart speaks of a Master of all things and Friend of man or a universal Mother who upholds through all stumblings. Therefore this path is at once the most difficult imaginable and yet in comparison with the magnitude of its effort and object, the most easy and sure of all.
There are three outstanding features of this action of the higher when it works integrally on the lower nature. In the first place, it does not act according to a fixed system and succession as in the specialised methods of Yoga, but with a sort of free, scattered and yet gradually intensive and purposeful working determined by the temperament of the individual in whom it operates, the helpful materials which his nature offers and the obstacles which it presents to purification and perfection. In a sense, therefore, each man in this path has his own method of Yoga. Yet are there certain broad lines of working common to all which enable us to construct not indeed a routine system, but yet some kind of Shastra or scientific method of the synthetic Yoga.
Secondly, the process, being integral, accepts our nature such as it stands organised by our past evolution and without rejecting anything essential compels all to undergo a divine change. Everything in us is seized by the hands of a mighty Artificer and transformed into a clear image of that which it now seeks confusedly to present. In that ever-progressive experience we begin to perceive how this lower manifestation is constituted and that everything in it, however seemingly deformed or petty or vile, is the more or less distorted or imperfect figure of some elements or action in the harmony of the divine Nature. We begin to understand what the Vedic Rishis meant when they spoke of the human forefathers fashioning the gods as a smith forges the crude material in his smithy.
Thirdly, the divine Power in us uses all life as the means of this integral Yoga. Every experience and outer contact with our world-environment, however trifling or however disastrous, is used for the work, and every inner experience, even to the most repellent suffering or the most humiliating fall, becomes a step on the path to perfection. And we recognise in ourselves with opened eyes the method of God in the world, His purpose of light in the obscure, of might in the weak and fallen, of delight in what is grievous and miserable. We see the divine method to be the same in the lower and in the higher working; only in the one it is pursued tardily and obscurely through the subconscious in Nature, in the other it becomes swift and selfconscious and the instrument confesses the hand of the Master. All life is a Yoga of Nature seeking to manifest God within itself. Yoga marks the stage at which this effort becomes capable of self-awareness and therefore of right completion in the individual. It is a gathering up and concentration of the movements dispersed and loosely combined in the lower evolution.
Key-methods ::: The way to devotion and surrender. It is the psychic movement that brings the constant and pure devotion and the removal of the ego that makes it possible to surrender.
The way to knowledge. Meditation in the head by which there comes the opening above, the quietude or silence of the mind and the descent of peace etc. of the higher consciousness generally till it envelops the being and fills the body and begins to take up all the movements.
Yoga by works ::: Separation of the Purusha from the Prakriti, the inner silent being from the outer active one, so that one has two consciousnesses or a double consciousness, one behind watching and observing and finally controlling and changing the other which is active in front. The other way of beginning the yoga of works is by doing them for the Divine, for the Mother, and not for oneself, consecrating and dedicating them till one concretely feels the Divine Force taking up the activities and doing them for one.
Object of the Integral Yoga is to enter into and be possessed by the Divine Presence and Consciousness, to love the Divine for the Divine’s sake alone, to be tuned in our nature into the nature of the Divine, and in our will and works and life to be the instrument of the Divine.
Principle of the Integral Yoga ::: The whole principle of Integral Yoga is to give oneself entirely to the Divine alone and to nobody else, and to bring down into ourselves by union with the Divine Mother all the transcendent light, power, wideness, peace, purity, truth-consciousness and Ānanda of the Supramental Divine.
Central purpose of the Integral Yoga ::: Transformation of our superficial, narrow and fragmentary human way of thinking, seeing, feeling and being into a deep and wide spiritual consciousness and an integrated inner and outer existence and of our ordinary human living into the divine way of life.
Fundamental realisations of the Integral Yoga ::: The psychic change so that a complete devotion can be the main motive of the heart and the ruler of thought, life and action in constant union with the Mother and in her Presence. The descent of the Peace, Power, Light etc. of the Higher Consciousness through the head and heart into the whole being, occupying the very cells of the body. The perception of the One and Divine infinitely everywhere, the Mother everywhere and living in that infinite consciousness.
Results ::: First, an integral realisation of Divine Being; not only a realisation of the One in its indistinguishable unity, but also in its multitude of aspects which are also necessary to the complete knowledge of it by the relative consciousness; not only realisation of unity in the Self, but of unity in the infinite diversity of activities, worlds and creatures.
Therefore, also, an integral liberation. Not only the freedom born of unbroken contact of the individual being in all its parts with the Divine, sāyujya mukti, by which it becomes free even in its separation, even in the duality; not only the sālokya mukti by which the whole conscious existence dwells in the same status of being as the Divine, in the state of Sachchidananda ; but also the acquisition of the divine nature by the transformation of this lower being into the human image of the divine, sādharmya mukti, and the complete and final release of all, the liberation of the consciousness from the transitory mould of the ego and its unification with the One Being, universal both in the world and the individual and transcendentally one both in the world and beyond all universe.
By this integral realisation and liberation, the perfect harmony of the results of Knowledge, Love and Works. For there is attained the complete release from ego and identification in being with the One in all and beyond all. But since the attaining consciousness is not limited by its attainment, we win also the unity in Beatitude and the harmonised diversity in Love, so that all relations of the play remain possible to us even while we retain on the heights of our being the eternal oneness with the Beloved. And by a similar wideness, being capable of a freedom in spirit that embraces life and does not depend upon withdrawal from life, we are able to become without egoism, bondage or reaction the channel in our mind and body for a divine action poured out freely upon the world.
The divine existence is of the nature not only of freedom, but of purity, beatitude and perfection. In integral purity which shall enable on the one hand the perfect reflection of the divine Being in ourselves and on the other the perfect outpouring of its Truth and Law in us in the terms of life and through the right functioning of the complex instrument we are in our outer parts, is the condition of an integral liberty. Its result is an integral beatitude, in which there becomes possible at once the Ānanda of all that is in the world seen as symbols of the Divine and the Ānanda of that which is not-world. And it prepares the integral perfection of our humanity as a type of the Divine in the conditions of the human manifestation, a perfection founded on a certain free universality of being, of love and joy, of play of knowledge and of play of will in power and will in unegoistic action. This integrality also can be attained by the integral Yoga.
Sādhanā of the Integral Yoga does not proceed through any set mental teaching or prescribed forms of meditation, mantras or others, but by aspiration, by a self-concentration inwards or upwards, by a self-opening to an Influence, to the Divine Power above us and its workings, to the Divine Presence in the heart and by the rejection of all that is foreign to these things. It is only by faith, aspiration and surrender that this self-opening can come.
The yoga does not proceed by upadeśa but by inner influence.
Integral Yoga and Gita ::: The Gita’s Yoga consists in the offering of one’s work as a sacrifice to the Divine, the conquest of desire, egoless and desireless action, bhakti for the Divine, an entering into the cosmic consciousness, the sense of unity with all creatures, oneness with the Divine. This yoga adds the bringing down of the supramental Light and Force (its ultimate aim) and the transformation of the nature.
Our yoga is not identical with the yoga of the Gita although it contains all that is essential in the Gita’s yoga. In our yoga we begin with the idea, the will, the aspiration of the complete surrender; but at the same time we have to reject the lower nature, deliver our consciousness from it, deliver the self involved in the lower nature by the self rising to freedom in the higher nature. If we do not do this double movement, we are in danger of making a tamasic and therefore unreal surrender, making no effort, no tapas and therefore no progress ; or else we make a rajasic surrender not to the Divine but to some self-made false idea or image of the Divine which masks our rajasic ego or something still worse.
Integral Yoga, Gita and Tantra ::: The Gita follows the Vedantic tradition which leans entirely on the Ishvara aspect of the Divine and speaks little of the Divine Mother because its object is to draw back from world-nature and arrive at the supreme realisation beyond it.
The Tantric tradition leans on the Shakti or Ishvari aspect and makes all depend on the Divine Mother because its object is to possess and dominate the world-nature and arrive at the supreme realisation through it.
This yoga insists on both the aspects; the surrender to the Divine Mother is essential, for without it there is no fulfilment of the object of the yoga.
Integral Yoga and Hatha-Raja Yogas ::: For an integral yoga the special methods of Rajayoga and Hathayoga may be useful at times in certain stages of the progress, but are not indispensable. Their principal aims must be included in the integrality of the yoga; but they can be brought about by other means. For the methods of the integral yoga must be mainly spiritual, and dependence on physical methods or fixed psychic or psychophysical processes on a large scale would be the substitution of a lower for a higher action. Integral Yoga and Kundalini Yoga: There is a feeling of waves surging up, mounting to the head, which brings an outer unconsciousness and an inner waking. It is the ascending of the lower consciousness in the ādhāra to meet the greater consciousness above. It is a movement analogous to that on which so much stress is laid in the Tantric process, the awakening of the Kundalini, the Energy coiled up and latent in the body and its mounting through the spinal cord and the centres (cakras) and the Brahmarandhra to meet the Divine above. In our yoga it is not a specialised process, but a spontaneous upnish of the whole lower consciousness sometimes in currents or waves, sometimes in a less concrete motion, and on the other side a descent of the Divine Consciousness and its Force into the body.
Integral Yoga and other Yogas ::: The old yogas reach Sachchidananda through the spiritualised mind and depart into the eternally static oneness of Sachchidananda or rather pure Sat (Existence), absolute and eternal or else a pure Non-exist- ence, absolute and eternal. Ours having realised Sachchidananda in the spiritualised mind plane proceeds to realise it in the Supramcntal plane.
The suprcfhe supra-cosmic Sachchidananda is above all. Supermind may be described as its power of self-awareness and W’orld- awareness, the world being known as within itself and not out- side. So to live consciously in the supreme Sachchidananda one must pass through the Supermind.
Distinction ::: The realisation of Self and of the Cosmic being (without which the realisation of the Self is incomplete) are essential steps in our yoga ; it is the end of other yogas, but it is, as it were, the beginning of outs, that is to say, the point where its own characteristic realisation can commence.
It is new as compared with the old yogas (1) Because it aims not at a departure out of world and life into Heaven and Nir- vana, but at a change of life and existence, not as something subordinate or incidental, but as a distinct and central object.
If there is a descent in other yogas, yet it is only an incident on the way or resulting from the ascent — the ascent is the real thing. Here the ascent is the first step, but it is a means for the descent. It is the descent of the new coosdousness attain- ed by the ascent that is the stamp and seal of the sadhana. Even the Tantra and Vaishnavism end in the release from life ; here the object is the divine fulfilment of life.
(2) Because the object sought after is not an individual achievement of divine realisation for the sake of the individual, but something to be gained for the earth-consciousness here, a cosmic, not solely a supra-cosmic acbievement. The thing to be gained also is the bringing of a Power of consciousness (the Supramental) not yet organised or active directly in earth-nature, even in the spiritual life, but yet to be organised and made directly active.
(3) Because a method has been preconized for achieving this purpose which is as total and integral as the aim set before it, viz., the total and integral change of the consciousness and nature, taking up old methods, but only as a part action and present aid to others that are distinctive.
Integral Yoga and Patanjali Yoga ::: Cilia is the stuff of mixed mental-vital-physical consciousness out of which arise the movements of thought, emotion, sensation, impulse etc.
It is these that in the Patanjali system have to be stilled altogether so that the consciousness may be immobile and go into Samadhi.
Our yoga has a different function. The movements of the ordinary consciousness have to be quieted and into the quietude there has to be brought down a higher consciousness and its powers which will transform the nature.
integrated circuit "electronics" (IC, or "chip") A microelectronic {semiconductor} device consisting of many interconnected transistors and other components. ICs are constructed ("fabricated") on a small rectangle (a "die") cut from a Silicon (or for special applications, Sapphire) wafer. This is known as the "substrate". Different areas of the substrate are "doped" with other elements to make them either "p-type" or "n-type" and polysilicon or aluminium tracks are etched in one to three layers deposited over the surface. The die is then connected into a package using gold wires which are welded to "pads", usually found around the edge of the die. Integrated circuits can be classified into analogue, digital and hybrid (both analogue and digital on the same chip). Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions of {logic gates} - {inverters}, {AND}, {OR}, {NAND} and {NOR} gates, {flip-flops}, {multiplexors} etc. on a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with board-level integration. The first integrated circuits contained only a few {transistors}. Small Scale Integration ({SSI}) brought circuits containing transistors numbered in the tens. Later, Medium Scale Integration ({MSI}) contained hundreds of transistors. Further development lead to Large Scale Integration ({LSI}) (thousands), and VLSI (hundreds of thousands and beyond). In 1986 the first one {megabyte} {RAM} was introduced which contained more than one million transistors. LSI circuits began to be produced in large quantities around 1970 for computer main memories and pocket calculators. For the first time it became possible to fabricate a {CPU} or even an entire {microprocesor} on a single integrated circuit. The most extreme technique is {wafer-scale integration} which uses whole uncut wafers as components. [Where and when was the term "chip" introduced?] (1997-07-03)
Intel 80186 "processor" A {microprocessor} developed by {Intel} circa 1982. The 80186 was an improvement on the {Intel 8086} and {Intel 8088}. As with the 8086, it had a 16-bit {external bus} and was also available as the {Intel 80188}, with an 8-bit external {data bus}. The initial {clock rate} of the 80186 and 80188 was 6 MHz. They were not used in many computers, but one notable exception was the {Mindset}, a very advanced computer for the time. They were used as {embedded processors}. One major function of the 80186/80188 series was to reduce the number of chips required. "To satisfy this market, we defined a processor with a significant performance increase over the 8086 that also included such common peripheral functions as software-controlled wait state and chip select logic, three timers, priority interrupt controller, and two channels of DMA (direct memory access). This processor, the 80186, could replace up to 22 separate VLSI (very large scale integration) and TTL (transistor-transistor logic) packages and sell for less than the cost of the parts it replaced." -- Paul Wells of Intel Corporation writing in Byte (reference below) New instructions were also introduced as follows: ENTER Make stcak frame for procedure parameters LEAVE High-level procedure exit PUSHA Push all general registers POPA Pop all general registers BOUND Check array index against bounds IMUL Signed (integer) multiply INS Input from port to string OUTS Output string to port ["The Evolution of the iAPX 286", Bob Greene, Intel Corporation, PC Tech Journal, December 1984, page 134]. ["The 80286 Microprocessor", Paul Wells, Intel Corporation, Byte, November 1984, p. 231]. (1999-05-10)
Interval Scale ::: Any scale of measurement possessing magnitude and equal intervals, but not an absolute zero.
intonate ::: v. i. --> To thunder.
To sound the tones of the musical scale; to practice the sol-fa.
To modulate the voice in a musical, sonorous, and measured manner, as in reading the liturgy; to intone. ::: v. t.
intonation ::: n. --> A thundering; thunder.
The act of sounding the tones of the musical scale.
Singing or playing in good tune or otherwise; as, her intonation was false.
Reciting in a musical prolonged tone; intonating, or singing of the opening phrase of a plain-chant, psalm, or canticle by a single voice, as of a priest. See Intone, v. t.
intranscalent ::: a. --> Impervious to heat; adiathermic.
intuitive revelatory logistis ::: the lowest scale of revelatory logistis, in which intuition is taken up into revelation. intuitive revelatory reason; intuitive revelatory vij ñana
iodine ::: n. --> A nonmetallic element, of the halogen group, occurring always in combination, as in the iodides. When isolated it is in the form of dark gray metallic scales, resembling plumbago, soft but brittle, and emitting a chlorinelike odor. Symbol I. Atomic weight 126.5. If heated, iodine volatilizes in beautiful violet vapors.
iron ::: n. --> The most common and most useful metallic element, being of almost universal occurrence, usually in the form of an oxide (as hematite, magnetite, etc.), or a hydrous oxide (as limonite, turgite, etc.). It is reduced on an enormous scale in three principal forms; viz., cast iron, steel, and wrought iron. Iron usually appears dark brown, from oxidation or impurity, but when pure, or on a fresh surface, is a gray or white metal. It is easily oxidized (rusted) by moisture, and is attacked by many corrosive agents. Symbol Fe (Latin
Joint Photographic Experts Group "image, body, file format, standard" (JPEG) The original name of the committee that designed the standard {image} {compression} {algorithm}. JPEG is designed for compressing either {full-colour} or {grey-scale} {digital} images of "natural", real-world scenes. It does not work so well on non-realistic images, such as cartoons or line drawings. JPEG does not handle compression of black-and-white (1 bit-per-pixel) images or {moving pictures}. Standards for compressing those types of images are being worked on by other committees, named {JBIG} and {MPEG}. {(http://jpeg.org/)}. {Filename extension}: .jpg, .jpeg. See also {PJPEG}. (2000-09-11)
JOVIAL "language" (Jule's Own Version of IAL) A version of {IAL} produced by Jules I. Schwartz in 1959-1960. JOVIAL was based on {ALGOL 58}, with extensions for large scale {real-time} programming. It saw extensive use by the US Air Force. The data elements were items, entries ({records}) and tables. Versions include JOVIAL I ({IBM 709}, 1960), JOVIAL II ({IBM 7090}, 1961) and JOVIAL 3 (1965). Dialects: {J3}, {JOVIAL J73}, {JS}, {JTS}. Ada/Jovial Newsletter, Dale Lange +1 (513) 255-4472. [CACM 6(12):721, Dec 1960]. (1996-07-19)
keeled ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Keel ::: a. --> Keel-shaped; having a longitudinal prominence on the back; as, a keeled leaf.
Having a median ridge; carinate; as, a keeled scale.
kent bugle ::: --> A curved bugle, having six finger keys or stops, by means of which the performer can play upon every key in the musical scale; -- called also keyed bugle, and key bugle.
kermes ::: n. --> The dried bodies of the females of a scale insect (Coccus ilicis), allied to the cochineal insect, and found on several species of oak near the Mediterranean. They are round, about the size of a pea, contain coloring matter analogous to carmine, and are used in dyeing. They were anciently thought to be of a vegetable nature, and were used in medicine.
A small European evergreen oak (Quercus coccifera) on which the kermes insect (Coccus ilicis) feeds.
keynote ::: n. --> The tonic or first tone of the scale in which a piece or passage is written; the fundamental tone of the chord, to which all the modulations of the piece are referred; -- called also key tone.
The fundamental fact or idea; that which gives the key; as, the keynote of a policy or a sermon.
knife-edge ::: n. --> A piece of steel sharpened to an acute edge or angle, and resting on a smooth surface, serving as the axis of motion of a pendulum, scale beam, or other piece required to oscillate with the least possible friction.
Knowledge Sharing Effort "project" An {ARPA} project developing techniques and methods for building large-scale {knowledge bases} which are sharable and reusable. {KQML} is part of it. (1999-09-28)
lac ::: n. --> Alt. of Lakh
A resinous substance produced mainly on the banyan tree, but to some extent on other trees, by the Coccus lacca, a scale-shaped insect, the female of which fixes herself on the bark, and exudes from the margin of her body this resinous substance.
lamella ::: n. --> a thin plate or scale of anything, as a thin scale growing from the petals of certain flowers; or one of the thin plates or scales of which certain shells are composed.
lamellarly ::: adv. --> In thin plates or scales.
lamellated ::: a. --> Composed of, or furnished with, thin plates or scales. See Illust. of Antennae.
lamelliferous ::: a. --> Bearing, or composed of, lamellae, or thin layers, plates, or scales; foliated.
lamelliform ::: a. --> Thin and flat; scalelike; lamellar.
lamina ::: n. --> A thin plate or scale; a layer or coat lying over another; -- said of thin plates or platelike substances, as of bone or minerals.
The blade of a leaf; the broad, expanded portion of a petal or sepal of a flower.
A thin plate or scale; specif., one of the thin, flat processes composing the vane of a feather.
laminate ::: a. --> Consisting of, or covered with, laminae, or thin plates, scales, or layers, one over another; laminated. ::: v. t. --> To cause to separate into thin plates or layers; to divide into thin plates.
To form, as metal, into a thin plate, as by rolling.
laminating ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Laminate ::: a. --> Forming, or separating into, scales or thin layers.
la ::: n. --> A syllable applied to the sixth tone of the scale in music in solmization.
The tone A; -- so called among the French and Italians. ::: interj. --> Look; see; behold; -- sometimes followed by you.
An exclamation of surprise; -- commonly followed by me;
largely ::: 1. Principally; to a great extent. 2. On a large scale or in a large manner.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory "body" (LLNL) A research organaisatin operated by the {University of California} under a contract with the US Department of Energy. LLNL was founded on 2 September 1952 at the site of an old World War II naval air station. The Lab employs researchers from many scientific and engineering disciplines. Some of its departments are the National Ignition Facility, the Human Genome Center, the ASCI Tera-Scale Computing partnership, the Computer Security Technology Center, and the Site 300 Experimental Test Facility. Other research areas are Astronomy and Astrophysics, Atmospheric Science, Automation and Robotics, Biology, Chemistry, Computing, Energy Research, Engineering, Environmental Science, Fusion, Geology and Geophysics, Health, Lasers and Optics, Materials Science, National Security, Physics, Sensors and Instrumentation, Space Science. LLNL also works with industry in research and licensing projects. At the end of fiscal year 1995, the lab had signed agreements for 193 cost-shared research projects involving 201 companies and worth nearly $600m. {(http://llnl.gov/)}. Address: Fremont, California, USA. (1996-10-30)
leaf ::: n. --> A colored, usually green, expansion growing from the side of a stem or rootstock, in which the sap for the use of the plant is elaborated under the influence of light; one of the parts of a plant which collectively constitute its foliage.
A special organ of vegetation in the form of a lateral outgrowth from the stem, whether appearing as a part of the foliage, or as a cotyledon, a scale, a bract, a spine, or a tendril.
Something which is like a leaf in being wide and thin and
lepidoganoid ::: n. --> Any one of a division (Lepidoganoidei) of ganoid fishes, including those that have scales forming a coat of mail. Also used adjectively.
lepidolite ::: n. --> A species of mica, of a lilac or rose-violet color, containing lithia. It usually occurs in masses consisting of small scales. See Mica.
lepidomelane ::: n. --> An iron-potash mica, of a raven-black color, usually found in granitic rocks in small six-sided tables, or as an aggregation of minute opaque scales. See Mica.
lepidoptera ::: n. pl. --> An order of insects, which includes the butterflies and moths. They have broad wings, covered with minute overlapping scales, usually brightly colored.
lepidoted ::: a. --> Having a coat of scurfy scales, as the leaves of the oleaster.
lepisma ::: n. --> A genus of wingless thysanurous insects having an elongated flattened body, covered with shining scales and terminated by seven unequal bristles. A common species (Lepisma saccharina) is found in houses, and often injures books and furniture. Called also shiner, silver witch, silver moth, and furniture bug.
leprose ::: a. --> Covered with thin, scurfy scales.
leprosity ::: n. --> The state or quality of being leprous or scaly; also, a scale.
lite "spelling" (Misspelling of "light", when used to mean "lightweight") A suffix denoting a scaled-down or crippled product, often designed to be distributed without charge, e.g. on a magazine {coverdisk}. An example is {pklite}. (1995-10-06)
litharge ::: n. --> Lead monoxide; a yellowish red substance, obtained as an amorphous powder, or crystallized in fine scales, by heating lead moderately in a current of air or by calcining lead nitrate or carbonate. It is used in making flint glass, in glazing earthenware, in making red lead minium, etc. Called also massicot.
lithargyrum ::: n. --> Crystallized litharge, obtained by fusion in the form of fine yellow scales.
lodicule ::: n. --> One of the two or three delicate membranous scales which are next to the stamens in grasses.
logic emulator A system of {FPGAs}, programmable interconnect and software which automatically configures itself into an operating prototype of a large-scale logic design, such as a {microprocessor}. An emulated design can be connected into the target system and really operated and tested before the design is made into an {integrated circuit}. {Quickturn} is the leading logic emulation system. (1994-11-29)
logistical ::: a. --> Logical.
Sexagesimal, or made on the scale of 60; as, logistic, or sexagesimal, arithmetic.
logistics ::: n. --> That branch of the military art which embraces the details of moving and supplying armies. The meaning of the word is by some writers extended to include strategy.
A system of arithmetic, in which numbers are expressed in a scale of 60; logistic arithmetic.
loral ::: n. --> Of or pertaining to the lores. ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to the lore; -- said of certain feathers of birds, scales of reptiles, etc.
lorication ::: n. --> The act of loricating; the protecting substance put on; a covering of scales or plates.
lumpfish ::: n. --> A large, thick, clumsy, marine fish (Cyclopterus lumpus) of Europe and America. The color is usually translucent sea green, sometimes purplish. It has a dorsal row of spiny tubercles, and three rows on each side, but has no scales. The ventral fins unite and form a ventral sucker for adhesion to stones and seaweeds. Called also lumpsucker, cock-paddle, sea owl.
Macrocosm: (vs. Microcosm) The universe as contrasted with some small part of it which epitomizes it in some respect under consideration or exhibits an analogous structure; any large "world" or complex or existent as contrasted with a miniature or small analogue of it, whether it be the physical expanse of the universe as against an atom, the whole of human society as against a community, district, or other social unit, or any other large scale existent as contrasted with a small scale representation, analogue, or miniature of it; sometimes God as against man, or the universe as against man; or God or the universe as against a monad, atom, or other small entity. -- M.T.K.
maggiore ::: a. --> Greater, in respect to scales, intervals, etc., when used in opposition to minor; major.
Magnitude ::: Characteristic of a scale of measurement where the individual units possess the qualities of greater than, equal to, or less than.
mailed ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Mail ::: a. --> Protected by an external coat, or covering, of scales or plates.
Spotted; speckled.
mail ::: flexible armor composed of small overlapping metal rings, loops of chain, or scales. mailed.
mainframe programmer/analyst "job" A peson who writes and maintains business applications. He develops and supports large-scale batch or high-volume transaction environments that require {IBM/MVS} {mainframe} processing power or equivalent. He programs in business-oriented languages such as {COBOL}, {CICS}, or {fourth-generation languages}. (2004-03-12)
makeweight ::: n. --> That which is thrown into a scale to make weight; something of little account added to supply a deficiency or fill a gap.
manis ::: n. --> A genus of edentates, covered with large, hard, triangular scales, with sharp edges that overlap each other like tiles on a roof. They inhabit the warmest parts of Asia and Africa, and feed on ants. Called also Scaly anteater. See Pangolin.
manufacture ::: n. 1. The making or producing of anything; generation; or the thing produced, product. 2. Fictitious invention, fabrication, concoction. manufactures. *v. 3. To make or produce by hand or machinery, especially on a large scale. *manufactured.
mascled ::: a. --> Composed of, or covered with, lozenge-shaped scales; having lozenge-shaped divisions.
massive ::: 1. Large or imposing, as in quantity, scope, degree, intensity, or scale. 2. Large in scale, amount or degree.
mass ::: n. 1. A body of coherent matter, usually of indefinite shape and often of considerable size. 2. A large amount or number, such as a great body of people. masses, flower-masses. 3. Bulk, size, expanse, or massiveness. 4. The main body, bulk, or greater part of anything. 5. Physics. A measure of the amount of matter contained in or constituting a physical body. adj. 6. Of, involving, composed of masses of people (or things) or the majority of people (or a society, group, etc.); done, made, etc., on a large scale. v. 7. To gather into or dispose in a mass or masses; assemble. massed.
Measurement, Scales of ::: Categories of data based on their numerical characteristics (See Ratio, Interval, Ordinal, and Nominal Scales)
mental ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to the chin; genian; as, the mental nerve; the mental region.
Of or pertaining to the mind; intellectual; as, mental faculties; mental operations, conditions, or exercise. ::: n. --> A plate or scale covering the mentum or chin of a fish or
merchant ::: n. --> One who traffics on a large scale, especially with foreign countries; a trafficker; a trader.
A trading vessel; a merchantman.
One who keeps a store or shop for the sale of goods; a shopkeeper. ::: a.
message passing One of the two techniques for communicating between parallel processes (the other being {shared memory}). A common use of message passing is for communication in a {parallel computer}. A process running on one processor may send a message to a process running on the same processor or another. The actual transmission of the message is usually handled by the {run-time support} of the language in which the processes are written, or by the {operating system}. Message passing scales better than {shared memory}, which is generally used in computers with relatively few processors. This is because the total communications {bandwidth} usually increases with the number of processors. A message passing system provides primitives for sending and receiving messages. These primitives may by either {synchronous} or {asynchronous} or both. A synchronous send will not complete (will not allow the sender to proceed) until the receiving process has received the message. This allows the sender to know whether the message was received successfully or not (like when you speak to someone on the telephone). An asynchronous send simply queues the message for transmission without waiting for it to be received (like posting a letter). A synchronous receive primitive will wait until there is a message to read whereas an asynchronous receive will return immediately, either with a message or to say that no message has arrived. Messages may be sent to a named process or to a named {mailbox} which may be readable by one or many processes. Transmission involves determining the location of the recipient and then choosing a route to reach that location. The message may be transmitted in one go or may be split into {packets} which are transmitted independently (e.g. using {wormhole routing}) and reassembled at the receiver. The message passing system must ensure that sufficient memory is available to buffer the message at its destination and at intermediate nodes. Messages may be typed or untyped at the programming language level. They may have a priority, allowing the receiver to read the highest priority messages first. Some message passing computers are the {MIT J-Machine (http://ai.mit.edu/projects/cva/cva_j_machine.html)}, the {Illinois Concert Project (http://www-csag.cs.uiuc.edu/projects/concert.html)} and {transputer}-based systems. {Object-oriented programming} uses message passing between {objects} as a metaphor for procedure call. (1994-11-11)
microcrystalline ::: a. --> Crystalline on a fine, or microscopic, scale; consisting of fine crystals; as, the ground mass of certain porphyrics is microcrystalline.
mi ::: n. --> A syllable applied to the third tone of the scale of C, i. e., to E, in European solmization, but to the third tone of any scale in the American system.
miniature ::: being, or represented on a small scale; reduced.
miniature ::: v. --> Originally, a painting in colors such as those in mediaeval manuscripts; in modern times, any very small painting, especially a portrait.
Greatly diminished size or form; reduced scale.
Lettering in red; rubric distinction.
A particular feature or trait. ::: a.
mixolydian mode ::: --> The seventh ecclesiastical mode, whose scale commences on G.
MODEL "language" A {Pascal}-like language with extensions for large-scale system programming and interface with {Fortran} applications. MODEL includes {generic procedures}, and a "static" {macro}-like approach to {data abstraction}. It produces {P-code} and was used to implement the {DEMOS} {operating system} on the {Cray-1}. ["A Manual for the MODEL Programming Language", J.B. Morris, Los Alamos 1976]. (1996-05-29)
molybdenite ::: n. --> A mineral occurring in soft, lead-gray, foliated masses or scales, resembling graphite; sulphide of molybdenum.
monochrome "graphics" Literally "one colour". Usually used for a black and white (or sometimes green or orange) {monitor} as distinct from a color monitor. Normally, each {pixel} on the display will correspond to a single bit of {display memory} and will therefore be one of two intensities. A {grey-scale} display requires several bits per {pixel} but might still be called monochrome. Compare: {bitonal}. (1994-11-24)
MPEG-1 audio layer 1 "audio, compression, algorithm" (MP1) A simple 32-{subband} {audio compressor} using a {floating point} representation for subband samples. Resolution and scale factor are stored for groups of 12 subsamples. MP1 is only used for {Philips} DCC {Digital Compact cassette} with data rates of 384 kbps. (2001-12-02)
MPEG-1 audio layer 3 "music, file format" (MP3) A {digital audio} {compression algorithm} that acheives a compression factor of about twelve while preserving sound quality. It does this by optimising the compression according to the range of sound that people can actually hear. MP3 is currently (July 1999) the most powerful algorithm in a series of audio encoding standards developed under the sponsorship of the {Moving Picture Experts Group} (MPEG) and formalised by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). MP3 is very different from Layer 2, using an additional {MDCT} layer to increase frequency resolution. Its scale factor groups are more optimised for the human ear, and it uses nonlinear {sample quantisation} and {Huffman coding}. MP3 files ({filename extension} ".mp3") can be downloaded from many {website}s and can be played using software available for most {operating systems} (also downloadable), e.g. Winamp for {PC}, MacAmp for {Macintosh}, and mpeg123 for {Unix}. MP3 files are usually downloaded completely before playing but {streaming} MP3 is also possible. A program called a "ripper" can be used to copy a selection from a music {CD} onto your {hard disk} and another program called an encoder can convert it to an MP3 file. (2001-12-04)
muscales ::: n. pl. --> An old name for mosses in the widest sense, including the true mosses and also hepaticae and sphagna.
multiserial ::: a. --> Arranged in many rows, or series, as the scales of a pine cone, or the leaves of the houseleek.
mung /muhng/ (MIT, 1960) Mash Until No Good. Sometime after that the derivation from the {recursive acronym} "Mung Until No Good" became standard. 1. To make changes to a file, especially large-scale and irrevocable changes. See {BLT}. 2. To destroy, usually accidentally, occasionally maliciously. The system only mungs things maliciously; this is a consequence of {Finagle's Law}. See {scribble}, {mangle}, {trash}, {nuke}. Reports from {Usenet} suggest that the pronunciation /muhnj/ is now usual in speech, but the spelling "mung" is still common in program comments (compare the widespread confusion over the proper spelling of {kluge}). 3. The kind of beans of which the sprouts are used in Chinese food. (That's their real name! Mung beans! Really!) Like many early hacker terms, this one seems to have originated at {TMRC}; it was already in use there in 1958. Peter Samson (compiler of the original TMRC lexicon) thinks it may originally have been onomatopoeic for the sound of a relay spring (contact) being twanged. However, it is known that during the World Wars, "mung" was army slang for the ersatz creamed chipped beef better known as "SOS". [{Jargon File}] (1994-12-02)
n. 1. The horizontal line or plane in which anything is situated, with regard to its elevation. 2. A plane or position in a graded scale; position in a hierarchy. 3. On the same plane, on an equality (with). levels. *adj. 4.** *Having a surface without slope, tilt in which no part is higher or lower than another. 5. Height, position, strength, rank, plane, etc. Also fig. v. 6. Fig. To bring persons or things to an equal level; equalize. levelled, all-levelling.**
nail ::: n. --> the horny scale of plate of epidermis at the end of the fingers and toes of man and many apes.
The basal thickened portion of the anterior wings of certain hemiptera.
The terminal horny plate on the beak of ducks, and other allied birds.
A slender, pointed piece of metal, usually with a head, used for fastening pieces of wood or other material together, by being
nanotechnology /nan'-oh-tek-no"l*-jee/ Any fabrication technology in which objects are designed and built by the specification and placement of individual atoms or molecules or where at least one dimension is on a scale of {nanometers}. The first unequivocal nanofabrication experiments took place in 1990, for example with the deposition of individual xenon atoms on a nickel substrate to spell the logo of a certain very large computer company. {Richard P. Feynman's initial public discussion in 1959-12-29 (http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html)} lead to the {Feynman Prize for Nanotechnology (http://www.foresight.org/FI/fi_spons.html)}. Erik Drexler coined the term about 30 years later in his book "Engines of Creation", where he predicted that nanotechnology could give rise to replicating assemblers, permitting an exponential growth of productivity and personal wealth. See also {nanobot}. {(http://lucifer.com/~sean/Nano.html)}. (2008-01-14)
Nolini: “The image is that of the comoposition of an army or that of a mathematical series (e.g., arithmetical or geometrical progression). It is composed of regularised uits of different values (group of sums), but all measured and definite and precise—e.g.., in the case of an army—company, brigade, battalion, army—an ascending scale, the whole also forming one big unit, taken in at a single glance—that is the nature of overmind vision.
Nominal Scale ::: Any scale that contains no magnitude. Often nominal is thought of as name only, meaning that the variables of a nominal scale can be identified but not measured.
numeration ::: n. --> The act or art of numbering.
The act or art of reading numbers when expressed by means of numerals. The term is almost exclusively applied to the art of reading numbers written in the scale of tens, by the Arabic method.
octave ::: n. --> The eighth day after a church festival, the festival day being included; also, the week following a church festival.
The eighth tone in the scale; the interval between one and eight of the scale, or any interval of equal length; an interval of five tones and two semitones.
The whole diatonic scale itself.
The first two stanzas of a sonnet, consisting of four verses each; a stanza of eight lines.
ophiomorpha ::: n. pl. --> An order of tailless amphibians having a slender, wormlike body with regular annulations, and usually with minute scales imbedded in the skin. The limbs are rudimentary or wanting. It includes the caecilians. Called also Gymnophiona and Ophidobatrachia.
Ordinal Scale ::: Any scale that reflects only magnitude but does not contain equal intervals or an absolute zero
OS-9 "operating system" A {real-time} {operating system} written by {Microware Corporation}. The original version was written about 1978 for the {Motorola 6809} and has since been ported to the {Motorola 68000}, {Intel 80386}, {Intel 486}, and the {PowerPC}. The {kernel} of OS-9 is {ROMable}, modular, with a unified file system, allowing it to easily be scaled up or down as required. {FAQ (http://os9archive.rtsi.com/os9faq.html)}. {User Group (http://cs.wisc.edu/~pruyne/os9ugfaq.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.os.os9}. (1996-04-03)
ottrelite ::: n. --> A micaceous mineral occurring in small scales. It is characteristic of certain crystalline schists.
outline font "text" (Or "vector font") A {font} defined as a set of lines and curves as opposed to a {bitmap font}. An outline font (e.g. {PostScript}, {TrueType}, {RISC OS}) can be scaled to any size and otherwise transformed more easily than a bitmap font, and with more attractive results, though this requires a lot of numerical processing. The result of transforming a character in an outline font in a particular way is often saved as a bitmap in a {font cache} to avoid repeating the calculations if that character is to be drawn again. (1995-03-16)
overtone ::: n. --> One of the harmonics faintly heard with and above a tone as it dies away, produced by some aliquot portion of the vibrating sting or column of air which yields the fundamental tone; one of the natural harmonic scale of tones, as the octave, twelfth, fifteenth, etc.; an aliquot or "partial" tone; a harmonic. See Harmonic, and Tone.
oxanilic ::: a. --> Pertaining to, or derived from, oxalic acid and aniline; -- used to designate an acid obtained in white crystalline scales by heating these substances together.
palea ::: n. --> The interior chaff or husk of grasses.
One of the chaffy scales or bractlets growing on the receptacle of many compound flowers, as the Coreopsis, the sunflower, etc.
A pendulous process of the skin on the throat of a bird, as in the turkey; a dewlap.
pangolin ::: n. --> Any one of several species of Manis, Pholidotus, and related genera, found in Africa and Asia. They are covered with imbricated scales, and feed upon ants. Called also scaly ant-eater.
pantograph ::: n. --> An instrument for copying plans, maps, and other drawings, on the same, or on a reduced or an enlarged, scale.
pappus ::: n. --> The hairy or feathery appendage of the achenes of thistles, dandelions, and most other plants of the order Compositae; also, the scales, awns, or bristles which represent the calyx in other plants of the same order.
passenger ::: Passenger from life to life, from scale to scale,
pasu (pashu) ::: animal; the human animal; the lowest of the ten types pasu of consciousness (dasa-gavas) in the evolutionary scale: mind concentrated on the bodily life; "the animal power in the body", which "might be divinely used for the greater purposes of the divinised Purusha".
peal ::: n. --> A small salmon; a grilse; a sewin.
A loud sound, or a succession of loud sounds, as of bells, thunder, cannon, shouts, of a multitude, etc.
A set of bells tuned to each other according to the diatonic scale; also, the changes rung on a set of bells. ::: v. i.
pearlfish ::: n. --> Any fish whose scales yield a pearl-like pigment used in manufacturing artificial pearls, as the bleak, and whitebait.
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation ::: A correlation statistic used primarily for two sets of data that are of the ratio or interval scale. The most commonly used correlational technique.
penguin ::: n. --> Any bird of the order Impennes, or Ptilopteri. They are covered with short, thick feathers, almost scalelike on the wings, which are without true quills. They are unable to fly, but use their wings to aid in diving, in which they are very expert. See King penguin, under Jackass.
The egg-shaped fleshy fruit of a West Indian plant (Bromelia Pinguin) of the Pineapple family; also, the plant itself, which has rigid, pointed, and spiny-toothed leaves, and is used for
perigynium ::: n. --> Some unusual appendage about the pistil, as the bottle-shaped body in the sedges, and the bristles or scales in some other genera of the Sedge family, or Cyperaceae.
perula ::: n. --> One of the scales of a leaf bud.
A pouchlike portion of the perianth in certain orchides.
Picture Quality Scale "graphics" (PQS) A system for rating image quality based upon features of images that affect their perception by the human eye, rather than the traditional {signal-to-noise ratio} which examines differences for every single {pixel}. [Details?] (1995-01-12)
pinus ::: n. --> A large genus of evergreen coniferous trees, mostly found in the northern hemisphere. The genus formerly included the firs, spruces, larches, and hemlocks, but is now limited to those trees which have the primary leaves of the branchlets reduced to mere scales, and the secondary ones (pine needles) acicular, and usually in fascicles of two to seven. See Pine.
pip ::: n. --> A contagious disease of fowls, characterized by hoarseness, discharge from the nostrils and eyes, and an accumulation of mucus in the mouth, forming a "scale" on the tongue. By some the term pip is restricted to this last symptom, the disease being called roup by them.
A seed, as of an apple or orange.
One of the conventional figures or "spots" on playing cards, dominoes, etc.
pisaca (pishacha; pisacha) ::: demon; a kind of anti-divine being of the pisaca lower vital plane; the third of the ten types of consciousness (dasagavas) in the evolutionary scale: mind concentrated on the senses and concerned with the knowledge of bodily life.
pityriasis ::: n. --> A superficial affection of the skin, characterized by irregular patches of thin scales which are shed in branlike particles.
placoid ::: a. --> Platelike; having irregular, platelike, bony scales, often bearing spines; pertaining to the placoids. ::: n. --> Any fish having placoid scales, as the sharks.
One of the Placoides.
plagal ::: a. --> Having a scale running from the dominant to its octave; -- said of certain old church modes or tunes, as opposed to those called authentic, which ran from the tonic to its octave.
plot ::: n. --> A small extent of ground; a plat; as, a garden plot.
A plantation laid out.
A plan or draught of a field, farm, estate, etc., drawn to a scale.
Any scheme, stratagem, secret design, or plan, of a complicated nature, adapted to the accomplishment of some purpose, usually a treacherous and mischievous one; a conspiracy; an intrigue; as, the Rye-house Plot.
pomarine ::: a. --> Having the nostril covered with a scale.
portability "operating system, programming" The ease with which a piece of software (or {file format}) can be "ported", i.e. made to run on a new {platform} and/or compile with a new {compiler}. The most important factor is the language in which the software is written and the most portable language is almost certainly {C} (though see {Vaxocentrism} for counterexamples). This is true in the sense that C compilers are available for most systems and are often the first compiler provided for a new system. This has led several compiler writers to compile other languages to C code in order to benefit from its portability (as well as the quality of compilers available for it). The least portable type of language is obviously {assembly code} since it is specific to one particular (family of) {processor}(s). It may be possible to translate mechanically from one assembly code (or even {machine code}) into another but this is not really portability. At the other end of the scale would come {interpreted} or {semi-compiled} languages such as {LISP} or {Java} which rely on the availability of a portable {interpreter} or {virtual machine} written in a lower level language (often C for the reasons outlined above). The act or result of porting a program is called a "port". E.g. "I've nearly finished the {Pentium} port of my big bang simulation." Portability is also an attribute of {file formats} and depends on their adherence to {standards} (e.g. {ISO 8859}) or the availability of the relevant "viewing" software for different {platforms} (e.g. {PDF}). (1997-06-18)
Portable Network Graphics "file format" /ping/ (PNG) An extensible {file format} for the {lossless}, {portable}, well-compressed storage of {raster images}. PNG provides a patent-free replacement for {GIF} and can also replace many common uses of {TIFF}. {Indexed-colour}, {greyscale} and {truecolour} images are supported, plus an optional {alpha channel}. Sample depths range from 1 to 16 bits. PNG is designed for on-line viewing applications, such as the {World Wide Web}, so it is fully {streamable} with a {progressive display} option. PNG is robust, providing both full file {integrity checking} and simple detection of common transmission errors. Also, PNG can store {gamma correction} and {chromaticity} data for improved colour matching on heterogeneous {platforms}. {Filename extension}: .png. {RFC 2083}. {W3C PNG pages (http://w3.org/Graphics/PNG/)}. {PNG home page (http://wco.com/~png/)}. (1997-08-07)
postorbital ::: a. --> Situated behind the orbit; as, the postorbital scales of some fishes and reptiles. ::: n. --> A postorbital bone or scale.
PQS {Picture Quality Scale}
pramatha ::: a kind of being on the lower vital plane, related to the pisaca; the fourth of the ten types of consciousness (dasa-gavas) in the evolutionary scale: mind concentrated on the heart and the emotional and aesthetic part of the citta.
pratikalpa (pratikalpa; prati-kalpa; prati kalpa) ::: a period of a hundred caturyugas, one tenth of a kalpa, also divided into fourteen manvantaras of several caturyugas each; each pratikalpa corresponds to one of the ten types or forms of consciousness (dasa-gavas) in the evolutionary scale, the present pratikalpa being regarded as the sixth in the current kalpa, the pratikalpa of the asura in which mind is concentrated on the buddhi.
prefrontal ::: a. --> Situated in front of the frontal bone, or the frontal region of the skull; ectethmoid, as a certain bone in the nasal capsule of many animals, and certain scales of reptiles and fishes. ::: n. --> A prefrontal bone or scale.
preocular ::: a. --> Placed just in front of the eyes, as the antennae of certain insects. ::: n. --> One of the scales just in front of the eye of a reptile or fish.
Programmable Airline Reservation System "application" (PARS) An {IBM} proprietary large scale airline reservation application, executing under the control of IBM's {ACP} (and later its successor, {TPF}). In the early days of automated reservations systems in the 1960s and 1970s the combination of ACP and PARS provided unprecendented scale and performance from an on-line {real-time} system, and for a considerable period ranked among the largest networks and systems of the era. {IPARS} was the international version. (1999-01-18)
protract ::: v. t. --> To draw out or lengthen in time or (rarely) in space; to continue; to prolong; as, to protract an argument; to protract a war.
To put off to a distant time; to delay; to defer; as, to protract a decision or duty.
To draw to a scale; to lay down the lines and angles of, with scale and protractor; to plot.
To extend; to protrude; as, the cat can protract its
pruinose ::: a. --> Frosty; covered with fine scales, hairs, dust, bloom, or the like, so as to give the appearance of frost.
psoriasis ::: n. --> The state of being affected with psora.
A cutaneous disease, characterized by imbricated silvery scales, affecting only the superficial layers of the skin.
Psychic yvorld ; The psychic being stands behind mind, life and body, supporting them ; so also the psychic world is not one world in the scale like the mental, vital or physical worlds, but stands behind all these and it is there that the souls evolving here retire for the time between life and life. It is a plane where it (evolutionary being) retires into itself for rest, for a spiritual assimilation of what it has experienced and for a replunging into its own fundamental consciousness and psychic nature.
purus.a (purusha) ::: man; person; soul; spirit; the Self (atman) "as purusa originator, witness, support and lord and enjoyer of the forms and works of Nature" (prakr.ti); the conscious being, universal or individual, observing and upholding the activity of Nature on any plane of existence; the infinite divine Person (purus.ottama), "the Existent who .. transcends all definition by personality and yet is always that which is the essence of personality"; any of the ten types of consciousness (dasa-gavas) in the evolutionary scale. purusa purus
purus.a (siddha purusha) ::: a term for the highest of the ten types (dasa-gavas) in the evolutionary scale, also called siddhadeva or satyadeva.
pycnaspidean ::: a. --> Having the posterior side of the tarsus covered with small irregular scales; -- said of certain birds.
pycnodontini ::: n. pl. --> An extinct order of ganoid fishes. They had a compressed body, covered with dermal ribs (pleurolepida) and with enameled rhomboidal scales.
quality assurance "testing" (QA) A planned and systematic pattern of all actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that the product optimally fulfils customers' expectations, i.e. that it is problem-free and well able to perform the task it was designed for. The QA of a commercial product usually involves {alpha testing}, where an early version of the product is tested at the developer's site, and is then improved accordingly. Then, an almost complete version of the product is made available for {beta testing} by (selected) real users. Faults identified during beta testing should be fixed before the product is released for full scale manufacturing and distribution. (2001-04-21)
quintal ::: n. --> A hundredweight, either 112 or 100 pounds, according to the scale used. Cf. Cental.
A metric measure of weight, being 100,000 grams, or 100 kilograms, equal to 220.46 pounds avoirdupois.
rascaless ::: n. --> A female rascal.
radiosity "graphics" A method for rendering a view of a three-dimensional scene that provides realistic lighting effects, such as interobject reflections and {color bleeding}. Radiosity methods are computationally intense, due to the use of linear systems of equations and the spatial complexity of large scenes. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.graphics}. [Is radiosity more accurate than {ray tracing}? Does it take more computing power? How does compute time scale with scene complexity?] (2003-06-01)
raks.asa (rakshasa) ::: same as raks.as; giant, ogre; a kind of anti-divine raksasa being of the middle vital plane; the fifth of the ten types of consciousness (dasa-gavas) in the evolutionary scale: mind concentrated on the thinking manas (sensational mind). It is the raks.asa "who first begins really to think, but his thought is . . . egoistic & turned towards sensation", seeking "a gross egoistic satisfaction in all the life of the mind, prana & body"; the "divine use of the Rakshasa force" would come when it is "changed from a nervous egoism to a sort of powerful dynamic utility on that plane".
ramenta ::: n. pl. --> Thin brownish chaffy scales upon the leaves or young shoots of some plants, especially upon the petioles and leaves of ferns.
raster subsystem "graphics" The part of a graphics system concerned with an {image} after it has been transformed and scaled to screen coordinates. It includes scan conversion and display. (1995-03-22)
Ratio Scale ::: Any scale of measurement possessing magnitude, equal intervals, and an absolute zero
re ::: --> A syllable applied in solmization to the second tone of the diatonic scale of C; in the American system, to the second tone of any diatonic scale.
reaumur ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur; conformed to the scale adopted by Reaumur in graduating the thermometer he invented. ::: n. --> A Reaumur thermometer or scale.
receptacular ::: a. --> Pertaining to the receptacle, or growing on it; as, the receptacular chaff or scales in the sunflower.
reptilia ::: n. pl. --> A class of air-breathing oviparous vertebrates, usually covered with scales or bony plates. The heart generally has two auricles and one ventricle. The development of the young is the same as that of birds.
retiped ::: n. --> A bird having small polygonal scales covering the tarsi.
rhomboganoid ::: n. --> A ganoid fish having rhombic enameled scales; one of the Rhomboganoidei.
rhombohedral ::: a. --> Related to the rhombohedron; presenting the form of a rhombohedron, or a form derivable from a rhombohedron; relating to a system of forms including the rhombohedron and scalenohedron.
ringworm ::: n. --> A contagious affection of the skin due to the presence of a vegetable parasite, and forming ring-shaped discolored patches covered with vesicles or powdery scales. It occurs either on the body, the face, or the scalp. Different varieties are distinguished as Tinea circinata, Tinea tonsurans, etc., but all are caused by the same parasite (a species of Trichophyton).
RiscPC "computer" The final addition to {Acorn}'s {Archimedes} family of {personal computers}, released in April 1994. The RiscPC allowed a second processor, e.g. an {Intel 486} or a second {ARM}, to share the {bus}, memory and {peripherals} with the main processor. It also had full 24-bit colour graphics support. The Risc PC 600 (the first to be launched) had the new {ARM600} processor and {RISC OS} 3.5. The RiscPC 700 had an {ARM710} processor and RISC OS 3.6, and the SA had the {StrongARM} processor and RISC OS 3.7. {Castle Technology Ltd} later introduced the {IYONIX pc} with the 32-bit {X-Scale} processor and {USB} sockets. USB and StrongArm can also be retrofitted to earlier RiscPCs. RiscPCs are among the most energy efficient home computers. {Acorn Computer Museum (http://pages.zoom.co.uk/acorn.computer/riscpc.html)}. (2004-09-21)
rondle ::: n. --> A rondeau.
A round mass, plate, or disk; especially (Metal.), the crust or scale which forms upon the surface of molten metal in the crucible.
roscoelite ::: n. --> A green micaceous mineral occurring in minute scales. It is essentially a silicate of aluminia and potash containing vanadium.
rotate ::: a. --> Having the parts spreading out like a wheel; wheel-shaped; as, a rotate spicule or scale; a rotate corolla, i.e., a monopetalous corolla with a flattish border, and no tube or a very short one. ::: v. i. --> To turn, as a wheel, round an axis; to revolve.
To perform any act, function, or operation in turn, to
rudd ::: n. --> A fresh-water European fish of the Carp family (Leuciscus erythrophthalmus). It is about the size and shape of the roach, but it has the dorsal fin farther back, a stouter body, and red irises. Called also redeye, roud, finscale, and shallow. A blue variety is called azurine, or blue roach.
rugine ::: n. --> An instrument for scraping the periosteum from bones; a raspatory. ::: v. t. --> To scrape or rasp, as a bone; to scale.
sadhyadeva ::: a term for the eighth of the ten types of consciousness (dasa-gavas) in the evolutionary scale, also called siddhadeva: mind raised to the plane of ananda.
sat-purus.a (sat-purusha; sat purusha) ::: the spirit in its poise of pure sat-purusa existence; the highest form of consciousness in the evolutionary scale.
satyadeva ::: literally "true god"; a term used for the highest of the ten types of consciousness (dasa-gavas) in the evolutionary scale, also called siddhadeva or siddha purus.a: mind raised to the plane of sat.
scabbard plane ::: --> See Scaleboard plane, under Scaleboard.
scabrous ::: a. --> Rough to the touch, like a file; having small raised dots, scales, or points; scabby; scurfy; scaly.
Fig.: Harsh; unmusical.
scalability How well a solution to some problem will work when the size of the problem increases. For example, a central {server} of some kind with ten {clients} may perform adequately but with a thousand clients it might fail to meet response time requirements. In this case, the average response time probably scales linearly with the number of clients, we say it has a {complexity} of O(N) ("order N") but there are problems with other complexities. E.g. if we want N nodes in a network to be able to communicate with each other, we could connect each one to a central exchange, requiring O(N) wires or we could provide a direct connection between each pair, requiring O(N^2) wires (the exact number or formula is not usually so important as the highest power of N involved). (1995-03-29)
scalable ::: a. --> Capable of being scaled.
Scalable Processor ARChitecture "computer" (SPARC) An {instruction set architecture} designed by {Sun Microsystems} for their own use in 1985. Sun was a maker of {680x0}-based {Unix} {workstations}. Research versions of {RISC} processors had promised a major step forward in speed but existing manufacturers were slow to introduce a RISC type processor, so Sun went ahead and developed its own, based on the {University of California at Berkley}'s {RISC I} and {RISC II} 1980-2. In keeping with their open philosophy, they licenced it to other companies, rather than manufacture it themselves. The evolution and standardisation of SPARC is now directed by the non-profit consortium {SPARC International, Inc.} SPARC was not the first {RISC} processor. The {AMD 29000} came before it, as did the {MIPS R2000} (based on {Stanford}'s design) and {Hewlett-Packard} {Precision Architecture} {CPU}, among others. The SPARC design was radical at the time, even omitting multiple cycle multiply and divide instructions (like a few others), while most RISC CPUs are more conventional. SPARC implementations usually contain 128 or 144 {registers}, ({CISC} designs typically had 16 or less). At each time 32 registers are available - 8 are global, the rest are allocated in a "window" from a stack of registers. The window is moved 16 registers down the stack during a function call, so that the upper and lower 8 registers are shared between functions, to pass and return values, and 8 are local. The window is moved up on return, so registers are loaded or saved only at the top or bottom of the register stack. This allows functions to be called in as little as 1 cycle. Like some other RISC processors, reading global register zero always returns zero and writing it has no effect. SPARC is {pipelined} for performance, and like previous processors, a dedicated {condition code register} holds comparison results. SPARC is "scalable" mainly because the register stack can be expanded (up to 512, or 32 windows), to reduce loads and saves between functions, or scaled down to reduce {interrupt} or {context switch} time, when the entire register set has to be saved. Function calls are usually much more frequent, so the large register set is usually a plus. SPARC is not a chip, but a specification, and so there are various implementations of it. It has undergone revisions, and now has multiply and divide instructions. Most versions are 32 bits, but there are designs for 64-bit and {superscalar} versions. SPARC was submitted to the {IEEE} society to be considered for the {P1754} microprocessor standard. SPARC(R) is a registered trademark of SPARC International, Inc. in the United States and other countries. [The SPARC Architecture Manual, v8, ISBN 0-13-825001-4]. (1994-11-01)
Scalene triangle – A triangle in which none of the sides or angles are equal.
scaling ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Scale ::: a. --> Adapted for removing scales, as from a fish; as, a scaling knife; adapted for removing scale, as from the interior of a steam boiler; as, a scaling hammer, bar, etc.
Serving as an aid in clambering; as, a scaling ladder,
scaly ::: a. --> Covered or abounding with scales; as, a scaly fish.
Resembling scales, laminae, or layers.
Mean; low; as, a scaly fellow.
Composed of scales lying over each other; as, a scaly bulb; covered with scales; as, a scaly stem.
scaly-winged ::: a. --> Scale-winged.
scaphocerite ::: n. --> A flattened plate or scale attached to the second joint of the antennae of many Crustacea.
scincoidian ::: n. --> Any one of numerous species of lizards of the family Scincidae or tribe Scincoidea. The tongue is not extensile. The body and tail are covered with overlapping scales, and the toes are margined. See Illust. under Skink.
scleroderm ::: n. --> One of a tribe of plectognath fishes (Sclerodermi) having the skin covered with hard scales, or plates, as the cowfish and the trunkfish.
One of the Sclerodermata.
Hardened, or bony, integument of various animals.
scurf ::: n. --> Thin dry scales or scabs upon the body; especially, thin scales exfoliated from the cuticle, particularly of the scalp; dandruff.
Hence, the foul remains of anything adherent.
Anything like flakes or scales adhering to a surface.
Minute membranous scales on the surface of some leaves, as in the goosefoot.
scutate ::: a. --> Buckler-shaped; round or nearly round.
Protected or covered by bony or horny plates, or large scales.
scutellated ::: a. --> Formed like a plate or salver; composed of platelike surfaces; as, the scutellated bone of a sturgeon.
Having the tarsi covered with broad transverse scales, or scutella; -- said of certain birds.
scutellation ::: n. --> the entire covering, or mode of arrangement, of scales, as on the legs and feet of a bird.
scutelliplantar ::: a. --> Having broad scutella on the front, and small scales on the posterior side, of the tarsus; -- said of certain birds.
scutellum ::: n. --> A rounded apothecium having an elevated rim formed of the proper thallus, the fructification of certain lichens.
The third of the four pieces forming the upper part of a thoracic segment of an insect. It follows the scutum, and is followed by the small postscutellum; a scutella. See Thorax.
One of the transverse scales on the tarsi and toes of birds; a scutella.
scute ::: n. --> A small shield.
An old French gold coin of the value of 3s. 4d. sterling, or about 80 cents.
A bony scale of a reptile or fish; a large horny scale on the leg of a bird, or on the belly of a snake.
scutiped ::: a. --> Having the anterior surface of the tarsus covered with scutella, or transverse scales, in the form of incomplete bands terminating at a groove on each side; -- said of certain birds.
SDL Specification and Design Language. Defined by the {ITU-T} (recommendation Z100) to provide a tool for unambiguous specification and description of the behaviour of telecommunications systems. The area of application also includes process control and real-time applications. SDL provides a Graphic Representation (SDL/GR) and a textual Phrase Representation (SDL/PR), which are equivalent representations of the same semantics. A system is specified as a set of interconnected {abstract machines} which are extensions of the {Finite State Machine} (FSM). 1. System Software Development Language. System software for the B1700. "System Software Development Language Reference Manual", 1081346, Burroughs Corp (Dec 1974). 2. Specification and Description Language. {ITU-T}. Specification language with both graphical and character-based syntaxes for defining interacting extended finite state machines. Used to specify discrete interactive systems such as industrial process control, traffic control, and telecommunication systems. Proc Plenary Assembly, Melbourne 14-1988-11-25, Fasc X.1, CCITT. "Telecommunications Systems Engineering Using SDL", R. Saracco et al, N-H 1989. Available from Verilog, MD. (See XDL). 3. Shared Dataspace Language. "A Shared Dataspace Language Supporting Large-Scale Concurrency", G. Roman et al, Proc 8th Intl Conf Distrib Comp Sys, IEEE 1988, pp.265-272. 4. Structure Definition Language. Used internally by DEC to define and generate the symbols used for VAX/VMS internal data structures in various languages. 5. System Description Language. language used by the Eiffel/S implementation of Eiffel to assemble clusters into a system. (see Lace).
sea orange ::: --> A large American holothurian (Lophothuria Fabricii) having a bright orange convex body covered with finely granulated scales. Its expanded tentacles are bright red.
sector ::: n. --> A part of a circle comprehended between two radii and the included arc.
A mathematical instrument, consisting of two rulers connected at one end by a joint, each arm marked with several scales, as of equal parts, chords, sines, tangents, etc., one scale of each kind on each arm, and all on lines radiating from the common center of motion. The sector is used for plotting, etc., to any scale.
An astronomical instrument, the limb of which embraces a
semitone ::: n. --> Half a tone; -- the name commonly applied to the smaller intervals of the diatonic scale.
sensitive ::: a. --> Having sense of feeling; possessing or exhibiting the capacity of receiving impressions from external objects; as, a sensitive soul.
Having quick and acute sensibility, either to the action of external objects, or to impressions upon the mind and feelings; highly susceptible; easily and acutely affected.
Having a capacity of being easily affected or moved; as, a sensitive thermometer; sensitive scales.
sericite ::: n. --> A kind of muscovite occuring in silky scales having a fibrous structure. It is characteristic of sericite schist.
shagreened ::: a. --> Made or covered with the leather called shagreen.
Covered with rough scales or points like those on shagreen.
shive ::: n. --> A slice; as, a shive of bread.
A thin piece or fragment; specifically, one of the scales or pieces of the woody part of flax removed by the operation of breaking.
A thin, flat cork used for stopping a wide-mouthed bottle; also, a thin wooden bung for casks.
si ::: --> A syllable applied, in solmization, to the note B; more recently, to the seventh tone of any major diatonic scale. It was added to Guido&
siddhadeva ::: literally "perfect god"; one of the ten types of consciousness (dasa-gavas) in the evolutionary scale (considered variously to be the eighth, ninth or tenth in this scale).
siddhasura ::: the ninth of the ten types (dasa-gavas) in the evolusiddhasura tionary scale, also called siddhadeva: mind raised to the plane of tapas.
sinter ::: n. --> Dross, as of iron; the scale which files from iron when hammered; -- applied as a name to various minerals.
skall ::: v. t. --> To scale; to mount.
skink ::: n. --> Any one of numerous species of regularly scaled harmless lizards of the family Scincidae, common in the warmer parts of all the continents.
Drink; also, pottage. ::: v. t. --> To draw or serve, as drink.
slow-scaled ::: see scale.
snowplough ::: n. --> An implement operating like a plow, but on a larger scale, for clearing away the snow from roads, railways, etc.
society ::: 1. The body of human beings generally, associated or viewed as members of a community. 2. A highly structured system of human organization for large-scale community living that normally furnishes protection, continuity, security, and a national identity for its members. societies.
sol-fa ::: v. i. --> To sing the notes of the gamut, ascending or descending; as, do or ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do, or the same in reverse order. ::: n. --> The gamut, or musical scale. See Tonic sol-fa, under Tonic, n.
solfeggio ::: n. --> The system of arranging the scale by the names do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, by which singing is taught; a singing exercise upon these syllables.
sol ::: n. --> The sun.
Gold; -- so called from its brilliancy, color, and value.
A syllable applied in solmization to the note G, or to the fifth tone of any diatonic scale.
The tone itself.
A sou.
A silver and gold coin of Peru. The silver sol is the unit of value, and is worth about 68 cents.
sonometer ::: n. --> An instrument for exhibiting the transverse vibrations of cords, and ascertaining the relations between musical notes. It consists of a cord stretched by weight along a box, and divided into different lengths at pleasure by a bridge, the place of which is determined by a scale on the face of the box.
An instrument for testing the hearing capacity.
spearfish ::: n. --> A large and powerful fish (Tetrapturus albidus) related to the swordfish, but having scales and ventral fins. It is found on the American coast and the Mediterranean.
The carp sucker.
Spearman&
squama ::: n. --> A scale cast off from the skin; a thin dry shred consisting of epithelium.
squamata ::: n. pl. --> A division of edentates having the body covered with large, imbricated horny scales. It includes the pangolins.
squamella ::: n. --> A diminutive scale or bractlet, such as those found on the receptacle in many composite plants; a palea.
squamellate ::: a. --> Furnished or covered with little scales; squamulose.
squame ::: n. --> A scale.
The scale, or exopodite, of an antenna of a crustacean.
squamiform ::: a. --> Having the shape of a scale.
squamigerous ::: a. --> Bearing scales.
squamipen ::: n. --> Any one of a group of fishes having the dorsal and anal fins partially covered with scales.
squamoid ::: a. --> Resembling a scale; also, covered with scales; scaly.
squamosal ::: a. --> Scalelike; squamous; as, the squamosal bone.
Of or pertaining to the squamosal bone. ::: n. --> The squamous part of the temporal bone, or a bone correspondending to it, under Temporal.
squamous ::: --> Covered with, or consisting of, scales; resembling a scale; scaly; as, the squamose cones of the pine; squamous epithelial cells; the squamous portion of the temporal bone, which is so called from a fancied resemblance to a scale.
Of or pertaining to the squamosal bone; squamosal.
squamula ::: n. --> One of the little hypogynous scales found in the flowers of grasses; a lodicule.
squamulose ::: a. --> Having little scales; squamellate; squamulate.
squarrose ::: a. --> Ragged or full of lose scales or projecting parts; rough; jagged
Consisting of scales widely divaricating; having scales, small leaves, or other bodies, spreading widely from the axis on which they are crowded; -- said of a calyx or stem.
Divided into shreds or jags, raised above the plane of the leaf, and not parallel to it; said of a leaf.
Having scales spreading every way, or standing upright,
SSI 1. "electronics" {small scale integration}. 2. "computer" A kind of {PDP-11}(?). [What kind?] 3. "web" {server-side include}. (1996-09-08)
Standard ML "language" (SML) Originally an attempt by Robin Milner "rm@lfcs.edinburgh.ac.uk" ca. 1984 to unify the dialects of {ML}, SML has evolved into a robust general-purpose language. Later versions have been maintained by D. B. MacQueen, Lal George "george@research.att.com", and J. H. Reppy "jhr@research.att.com" at AT&T, and A. W. Appel "appel@princeton.edu". SML is {functional}, with {imperative programming} features. It is environment based and {strict}. It adds to ML the {call-by-pattern} of {Hope}, {recursive data types}, {reference types}, typed {exceptions}, and {modules}. (The "core" language excludes the modules). Standard ML is {polymorphic}ally typed and its module system supports flexible yet secure large-scale programming. {Standard ML of New Jersey} is an optimising {native-code compiler} for Standard ML that is written in Standard ML. It runs on a wide range of architectures. The distribution also contains: an extensive library - The Standard ML of New Jersey Library, including detailed documentation; {Concurrent ML} (CML); {eXene} - an elegant interface to {X11} (based on {CML}); {SourceGroup} - a {separate compilation} and "{make}" facility. Implementations: {SML/NJ}, {POPLOG ML}, {Poly/ML}, {Edinburgh SML}, {ANU ML}, {Micro ML}, {lazy sml2c}. {sml2c} compiles to {C}. See also {ML Kit}. Version 0.93 runs on {68000}, {SPARC}, {MIPS}, {HPPA}, {RS/6000}, {Intel 386}, {Intel 486} and {Macintosh}. {Manual (http://dcs.napier.ac.uk/course-notes/sml/manual.html)}. {FTP from ATT (ftp://research.att.com/dist/ml/)}. {FTP from Suny SB (ftp://sbcs.sunysb.edu/)}. Mailing list: sml-request@cs.cmu.edu. ["A Proposal for Standard ML", R. Milner, ACM Symp on LISP and Functional Prog 1984, pp. 184-197]. (1995-12-24)
sticcado ::: n. --> An instrument consisting of small bars of wood, flat at the bottom and rounded at the top, and resting on the edges of a kind of open box. They are unequal in size, gradually increasing from the smallest to the largest, and are tuned to the diatonic scale. The tones are produced by striking the pieces of wood with hard balls attached to flexible sticks.
stratosphere ::: 1. The region of the Earth"s atmosphere extending from the tropopause to about 50 km (31 mi) above the Earth"s surface. The stratosphere is characterized by the presence of ozone gas (in the ozone layer) and by temperatures which rise slightly with altitude, due to the absorption of ultraviolet radiation. 2. An extremely high or the highest point or degree on a ranked scale.
subconscience ::: “Matter, the medium of all this evolution, is seemingly inconscient and inanimate; but it so appears to us only because we are unable to sense consciousness outside a certain limited range, a fixed scale or gamut to which we have access. Below us there are lower ranges to which we are insensible and these we call subconscience or inconscience. Above us are higher ranges which are to our inferior nature an unseizable superconscience.” Essays Divine and Human
subconscience ::: Sri Aurobindo: "Matter, the medium of all this evolution, is seemingly inconscient and inanimate; but it so appears to us only because we are unable to sense consciousness outside a certain limited range, a fixed scale or gamut to which we have access. Below us there are lower ranges to which we are insensible and these we call subconscience or inconscience. Above us are higher ranges which are to our inferior nature an unseizable superconscience.” Essays Divine and Human
sudra (Shudra, Sudra) ::: [a member of the last of the four orders (caturvarna) ]: the more undeveloped type of man, not yet fit for the other steps of the scale, but only for unskilled labour and service; (symbolic idea) : the Divine as service in man.
Sympathy: On psychological levels, a participation in and feeling for other living beings in adversity or other emotional phases, not always painful, which may or may not lead to participating or alleviating action, explained naturalistically as a general instinct inherent in all creatures, ethically sometimes as an original altruism, sociologically as acquired in the civilisatory process through needs of co-operation, mutual aid, and fellow-feeling in family and group action. Stressed particularly in Hinduism, fostered along with pity (q.v.) in Christianity, discussed and recommended as a shrewd social expedient by such men as Hobbes, Bentham, and Adam Smith, Schopenhauer raised sympathy Mitleid), as an equivalent to love, into an ethical principle which Nietzsche repudiated because to him it increases suffering and through weakness hinders development. Sympathy, as a cultural force, becomes progressively more evident in the increasing establishment of benevolent institutions, such as hospitals, asylums, etc., a more general altruism and ejection (Clifford), an extension of kindness even to animals (first taught by Buddhism, see Ahimsa), reform and relief movements of all kinds, etc. Still regarded highly as a praiseworthy virtue, it has been gradually rid of its dependence on individual ethical culture by scientific conditioning in social planning on a huge scale. See v. Orelli, Die philosophischen Auffassungen des Mttleids (1912); Scheler, Wesen und Formen der Sympathie (1926). -- K.F.L.
symphonies ::: 1. Harmonies, especially of sound or color. 2. Extended large-scale orchestral compositions, usually with several movements. 3. Anything characterized by a harmonious combination of elements.
tamarisk ::: n. --> Any shrub or tree of the genus Tamarix, the species of which are European and Asiatic. They have minute scalelike leaves, and small flowers in spikes. An Arabian species (T. mannifera) is the source of one kind of manna.
tarpum ::: n. --> A very large marine fish (Megapolis Atlanticus) of the Southern United States and the West Indies. It often becomes six or more feet in length, and has large silvery scales. The scales are a staple article of trade, and are used in fancywork. Called also tarpon, sabalo, savanilla, silverfish, and jewfish.
tatouay ::: n. --> An armadillo (Xenurus unicinctus), native of the tropical parts of South America. It has about thirteen movable bands composed of small, nearly square, scales. The head is long; the tail is round and tapered, and nearly destitute of scales; the claws of the fore feet are very large. Called also tatouary, and broad-banded armadillo.
taxaspidean ::: a. --> Having the posterior tarsal scales, or scutella, rectangular and arranged in regular rows; -- said of certain birds.
tetrachord ::: n. --> A scale series of four sounds, of which the extremes, or first and last, constituted a fourth. These extremes were immutable; the two middle sounds were changeable.
TeX "publication" /tekh/ An extremely powerful {macro}-based text formatter written by {Donald Knuth}, very popular in academia, especially in the computer-science community (it is good enough to have displaced {Unix} {troff}, the other favoured formatter, even at many {Unix} installations). The first version of TeX was written in the programming language {SAIL}, to run on a {PDP-10} under Stanford's {WAITS} {operating system}. Knuth began TeX because he had become annoyed at the declining quality of the typesetting in volumes I-III of his monumental "Art of Computer Programming" (see {Knuth}, also {bible}). In a manifestation of the typical hackish urge to solve the problem at hand once and for all, he began to design his own typesetting language. He thought he would finish it on his sabbatical in 1978; he was wrong by only about 8 years. The language was finally frozen around 1985, but volume IV of "The Art of Computer Programming" has yet to appear as of mid-1997. (However, the third edition of volumes I and II have come out). The impact and influence of TeX's design has been such that nobody minds this very much. Many grand hackish projects have started as a bit of {toolsmithing} on the way to something else; Knuth's diversion was simply on a grander scale than most. {Guy Steele} happened to be at Stanford during the summer of 1978, when Knuth was developing his first version of TeX. When he returned to {MIT} that fall, he rewrote TeX's {I/O} to run under {ITS}. TeX has also been a noteworthy example of free, shared, but high-quality software. Knuth offers monetary awards to people who find and report a bug in it: for each bug the award is doubled. (This has not made Knuth poor, however, as there have been very few bugs and in any case a cheque proving that the owner found a bug in TeX is rarely cashed). Though well-written, TeX is so large (and so full of cutting edge technique) that it is said to have unearthed at least one bug in every {Pascal} system it has been compiled with. TeX fans insist on the correct (guttural) pronunciation, and the correct spelling (all caps, squished together, with the E depressed below the baseline; the mixed-case "TeX" is considered an acceptable {kluge} on {ASCII}-only devices). Fans like to proliferate names from the word "TeX" - such as TeXnician (TeX user), TeXhacker (TeX programmer), TeXmaster (competent TeX programmer), TeXhax, and TeXnique. Several document processing systems are based on TeX, notably {LaTeX} Lamport TeX - incorporates document styles for books, letters, slides, etc., {jadeTeX} uses TeX as a backend for printing from {James' DSSSL Engine}, and {Texinfo}, the {GNU} document processing system. Numerous extensions to TeX exist, among them {BibTeX} for bibliographies (distributed with LaTeX), {PDFTeX} modifies TeX to produce {PDF} and {Omega} extends TeX to use the {Unicode} character set. For some reason, TeX uses its own variant of the {point}, the {TeX point}. See also {Comprehensive TeX Archive Network}. {(ftp://labrea.stanford.edu/tex/)}. E-mail: "tug@tug.org" (TeX User's group, Oregon, USA). (2002-03-11)
thermometrical ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to a thermometer; as, the thermometrical scale or tube.
Made, or ascertained, by means of a thermometer; as, thermometrical observations.
*The substance of knowledge is the same [in the higher mind and the illumined mind], but the higher mind gives only the substance and form of knowledge in thought and word—in the illumined mind there begins to be a peculiar light and energy and ananda of knowledge which grows as one rises higher in the scale or else as the knowledge comes from a higher and higher source. This light etc. are still rather diluted and diffused in the illumined mind; it becomesmore and more intense, clearly defined, dynamic and effective on the higher planes, so much so as to change always the character and power of the knowledge.
Ref: CWSA Vol.28, Letters on Yoga-I, Page: 164
The working class, in coming to power, is seen to establish its own state form, based upon the dictatorship of the proletariat, which is maintained so long as a state is necessary, and which is considered to extend democracy to the majority by establishing collective ownership of the means of production. This first stage is defined as socialism, the economic principle of which is, "from each according to ability, to each according to work performed". The second stage is defined as communism, the economic principle of which is, "from each according to ability, to each according to need" (Marx "Gotha Program"). In its fullest sense, on a world wide scale, this stage is considered to include an economy of abundance made possible by social utilization of unrestricted production, a disappearance of the antagonism between town and country and that between mental and physical labor, and, because irreconcilable class conflicts will ha\e ceased to exist, a "withering away" (Engels: Anti-Dühring) of the state as an apparatus of force. What will remain will be a state-less '"administration of things."
thinolite ::: n. --> A calcareous tufa, in part crystalline, occurring on a large scale as a shore deposit about the Quaternary lake basins of Nevada.
third generation computer "architecture" A computer built with small-scale integration {integrated circuits}, designed after the mid-1960s. Third generation computers use {semiconductor} memories in addition to, and later instead of, {ferrite core memory}. The two main types of semiconductor memory are {Read-Only Memory} (ROM) and read-and-write memories called {random-access memory} (RAM). A technique called {microprogramming} became widespread and simplified the design of the {CPUs} and increased their flexibility. This also made possible the development of {operating systems} as {software} rather than as hard-wiring. A variety of techniques for improving processing efficiency were invented, such as {pipelining}, (parallel operation of {functional units} processing a single instruction), and {multiprocessing} (concurrent execution of multiple programs). As the execution of a program requires that program to be in memory, the concurrent running of several programs requires that all programs be in memory simultaneously. Thus the development of techniques for concurrent processing was matched by the development of {memory management} techniques such as {dynamic memory allocation}, {virtual memory}, and {paging}, as well as {compilers} producing {relocatable code}. The {LILLIAC IV} is an example of a third generation computer. The CTSS ({Compatible Time-Sharing System}) was developed at {MIT} in the early 1960s and had a considerable influence on the design of subsequent timesharing operating systems. An interesting contrasting development in this generation was the start of mass production of small low-cost "{minicomputers}".
thuja ::: n. --> A genus of evergreen trees, thickly branched, remarkable for the distichous arrangement of their branches, and having scalelike, closely imbricated, or compressed leaves.
thuringite ::: n. --> A mineral occurring as an aggregation of minute scales having an olive-green color and pearly luster. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia and iron.
tierce ::: n. --> A cask whose content is one third of a pipe; that is, forty-two wine gallons; also, a liquid measure of forty-two wine, or thirty-five imperial, gallons.
A cask larger than a barrel, and smaller than a hogshead or a puncheon, in which salt provisions, rice, etc., are packed for shipment.
The third tone of the scale. See Mediant.
A sequence of three playing cards of the same suit. Tierce
To arrive at full possession of the powers of the dream-state, it is necessary first to exclude the attack of the sights, sounds etc. of the outer world upon the physical organs. It is quite possible indeed to be aware in the dream-trance of the outer physical world through the subtle senses which belong to the subtle body ; one may be aware of them just so far as one chooses and on a much wider scale than In the waking condition ; for the subtle senses have a far more powerful range than the gross physical organs, a range which may be made practically unlimited. But this awareness of the phj-sical world through the subtle senses is something quite different from our normal awareness of it through the physical organs ; the latter is incompatible with the settled state of trance, for the pressure of the physical senses breaks the Samadhi and calls back the mind to live in their normal field where alone they have power. But the subtle senses have power both upon their own planes and upon the physical world, though this is to them more remote than their own world of being. In Yoga various devices are used to seal up the doors of the physical sense, some of them physical devices ; but the one all-sufficient means is a force of concentration by which the mind is drawn inward to depths where the call of physical things can no longer easily attain to it. A second necessity is to get rid of the intervention of physical sleep. The ordinary habit of the mind when it goes in away from contact with physical things is to fall into the torpor of sleep or its dreams, and therefore when called in for the purposes of Samadhi, it gives or lends to give, at the first chance, by sheer force of habit, not the response demanded, but its usual response of ph)sical slumber. This habit of the mind has to be got rid of ; the mind has to Icam to be awake in the dream-stale, in possession of itself, not with the outgoing, but with an ingathered wakefulness in which, though immersed in itself, it exercises all its powers.
Tone: (Music) The larger intervals in diatonic scale.
tourmaline ::: n. --> A mineral occurring usually in three-sided or six-sided prisms terminated by rhombohedral or scalenohedral planes. Black tourmaline (schorl) is the most common variety, but there are also other varieties, as the blue (indicolite), red (rubellite), also green, brown, and white. The red and green varieties when transparent are valued as jewels.
Tower Technology Corporation A company, established in 1992 by the merger of two {OOT} companies, with the intention of supplying high performance {Eiffel} compilation systems. Tower provides development tools, reusable {class} libraries, and services supporting large scale system development. {(http://cm.cf.ac.uk/Tower/)}. E-mail: "tower@twr.com" (orders and inquiries), "outlook@twr.com" (The Eiffel Outlook Journal). Telephone: +1 (512) 452 9455 (8:30 to 5:30 CST business days). Fax: +1 (512) 452 1721. Sales +1 (800) 285-5124 (Free, USA and Canada only). Address: Tower Technology, 1501 W. Koenig Lane, Austin, TX 78756, USA. (1994-12-12)
transcalency ::: n. --> The quality or state of being transcalent.
transcalent ::: a. --> Pervious to, or permitting the passage of, heat.
traverser ::: n. --> One who, or that which, traverses, or moves, as an index on a scale, and the like.
One who traverses, or denies.
A traverse table. See under Traverse, n.
trichome ::: n. --> A hair on the surface of leaf or stem, or any modification of a hair, as a minute scale, or star, or gland. The sporangia of ferns are believed to be of the nature of trichomes.
triple-tail ::: n. --> An edible fish (Lobotes Surinamensis) found in the warmer parts of all the oceans, and common on the southern and middle coasts of the United States. When living it is silvery gray, and becomes brown or blackish when dead. Its dorsal and anal fins are long, and extend back on each side of the tail. It has large silvery scales which are used in the manufacture of fancy work. Called also, locally, black perch, grouper, and flasher.
trombone ::: n. --> A powerful brass instrument of the trumpet kind, thought by some to be the ancient sackbut, consisting of a tube in three parts, bent twice upon itself and ending in a bell. The middle part, bent double, slips into the outer parts, as in a telescope, so that by change of the vibrating length any tone within the compass of the instrument (which may be bass or tenor or alto or even, in rare instances, soprano) is commanded. It is the only member of the family of wind instruments whose scale, both diatonic and chromatic, is
trumpet ::: n. --> A wind instrument of great antiquity, much used in war and military exercises, and of great value in the orchestra. In consists of a long metallic tube, curved (once or twice) into a convenient shape, and ending in a bell. Its scale in the lower octaves is limited to the first natural harmonics; but there are modern trumpets capable, by means of valves or pistons, of producing every tone within their compass, although at the expense of the true ringing quality of tone.
A trumpeter.
trunkfish ::: n. --> Any one of several species of plectognath fishes, belonging to the genus Ostracion, or the family Ostraciontidae, having an angular body covered with a rigid integument consisting of bony scales. Some of the species are called also coffer fish, and boxfish.
unscale ::: v. t. --> To divest of scales; to remove scales from.
Uncertainty principle: A principle of quantum mechanics (q.v.), according to which complete quantitative measurement of certain states and processes in terms of the usual space-time coordinates is impossible. Macroscopically negligible, the effect becomes of importance on the electronic scale. In particular, if simultaneous measurements of the position and the momentum of an electron are pressed beyond a certain degree of accuracy, it becomes impossible to increase the accuracy of either measurement except at the expense of a decrease in the accuracy of the other more exactly, if a is the uncertaintv of the measurement of one of the coordinates of position of the electron and b is the uncertainty of the measurement of the corresponding component of momentum, the product ab (on principle) cannot be less than a certain constant h (namely Planck's constant, q.v.). On the basis that quantities in principle unobservable are not to be considered physically real, it is therefore held by quantum theorists that simultaneous ascription of an exact position and an exact momentum to an electron is memingless. This has been thought to have a bearing on, or to limit or modify the principle of determinism in physics. -- A.C.
University of London Computing Centre "body, education" (ULCC) One of the UK's national high performance computing centres. It provides networking services and large-scale computing facilities which are used by researchers from all over the UK. ULCC was founded in 1968 to provide a service for education and research. It has been at the forefront of advanced research computing since its foundation, initially providing large-scale {CDC}-based facilities, then from 1982 to 1991 a national {Cray} {vector} supercomputing service. Its high performance computing facilities are now centred on a 6 processor, 4 Gbyte {Convex C3860} {supercomputer} (Neptune) with a Convex C3200 front-end (Pluto). ULCC is the main site for national and international network connections in the UK. They run the {Network Operations and Service Centre} for the {JANET Internet Protocol Service} (JIPS), the largest of the {JANET} {NOCs} and various international links and relays on behalf of {UKERNA}. ULCC's pilot {National Data Repository} service provides a network-accessible digital archive and filestore, based on a robotic tape system with 6 terabytes of storage. Although the data is stored on tape, you can access it very quickly, as if it were on-line. It is made available to you via high-speed links to the {JANET} and {SuperJANET} networks. {(http://ulcc.ac.uk/)}. (1994-11-29)
ut ::: n. --> The first note in Guido&
Values, Hierarchy of: (in Max Scheler) A scale of values and of personal value-types, based on "essences" (saint, genius, hero, leading spirit, and virtuoso of the pleasures of life, in descending scale). -- P.A.S.
vanara ::: ape; "man with the Ape nature"; the second of the ten vanara types of consciousness (dasa-gavas) in the evolutionary scale: mind concentrated on the pran.a.
VAX MIPS "benchmark" (Or VAX Unit of Performance, VUP) The processing power normally attributed to a {Digital Equipment Corporation} {VAX} 11/780. Future VAX systems were rated according to this scale (e.g. VAX 8350's being 2.7 VUPs per CPU). A {MicroVAX} II is normally associated with 0.9 VUPs and at a later time the MicroVUP was coined to rate VAX {workstations}. The use of the VUP by Digital Equipment Corporation has been replaced with more standard benchmarks ({SPECint} and {SPECfp}) in the {DEC Alpha} processor systems. (1996-08-22)
vendition ::: n. --> The act of vending, or selling; sale. <[01;31m[Kh1[m[K>Moved Permanently
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