TERMS STARTING WITH
required ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Require
requirement ::: n. --> The act of requiring; demand; requisition.
That which is required; an imperative or authoritative command; an essential condition; something needed or necessary; a need.
requirements analysis "project" The process of reviewing a business's processes to determine the business needs and {functional requirements} that a system must meet. (1996-08-01)
requirements analysis ::: (project) The process of reviewing a business's processes to determine the business needs and functional requirements that a system must meet. (1996-08-01)
requirements ::: (programming) The first stage of software development which defines what the potential users want the system to do. In modern methods these requirements common feature of nearly all software is that the requirements change during its lifetime.See software life-cycle. (1995-11-11)
requirements "programming" The first stage of software development which defines what the potential users want the system to do. In modern methods these requirements should be testable, and will usually be traceable in later development stages. A common feature of nearly all software is that the requirements change during its lifetime. See {software life-cycle}. (1995-11-11)
requirer ::: n. --> One who requires.
require ::: v. t. --> To demand; to insist upon having; to claim as by right and authority; to exact; as, to require the surrender of property.
To demand or exact as indispensable; to need.
To ask as a favor; to request.
Required-COBOL ::: A minimal subset of COBOL developed in 1961. It was later dropped entirely.[Sammet 1969, p. 339]. (1994-11-30)
Required-COBOL A minimal subset of {COBOL} developed in 1961. It was later dropped entirely. [Sammet 1969, p. 339]. (1994-11-30)
Required reserves - The reserves that a bank must, by law, keep either in currency or in deposits with the central bank.
Requirements Acquisition and Controlled Evolution ::: (programming, project) (RACE) A back to basics approach to requirements engineering. The method, is being pieced together through a series of Checkland and Wilson's Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) and this forms the core of the method. (1995-11-21)
Requirements Acquisition and Controlled Evolution "programming, project" (RACE) A "back to basics" approach to {requirements engineering}. The method, is being pieced together through a series of intermediate research studies. In essence, the approach has been to establish requirements for RACE, identify individual techniques that meet those requirements, experiment with the combined use of the techniques, and finally assemble the method. In practice, RACE has been influenced significantly by Checkland and Wilson's {Soft Systems Methodology} (SSM) and this forms the core of the method. (1995-11-21)
Requirements Engineering "programming" The task of capturing, structuring, and accurately representing the user's {requirements} so that they can be correctly embodied in systems which meet those requirements (i.e. are of good quality). {DOORS} is one product to help with this task. (1995-11-11)
Requirements Engineering ::: (programming) The task of capturing, structuring, and accurately representing the user's requirements so that they can be correctly embodied in systems which meet those requirements (i.e. are of good quality).DOORS is one product to help with this task. (1995-11-11)
TERMS ANYWHERE
1. The expenditure of something, such as time or labour, necessary for the attainment of a goal. Also fig. **2. The price paid or required for acquiring, producing, or maintaining something, usually measured in money, time, or energy; expense or expenditure; outlay. 3. **Suffering or sacrifice; loss; penalty.
1. THE PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS formalizes the use of the sentential connectives and, or, not, if . . . then. Various systems of notation are current, of which we here adopt a particular one for purposes of exposition. We use juxtaposition to denote conjunction ("pq" to mean "p and q"), the sign ∨ to denote inclusive disjunction ("p ∨ q" to mean ("p or q or both"), the sign + to denote exclusive disiunction ("p + q" to mean "p or q but not both"), the sign ∼ to denote negation ("∼p" to mean "not p"), the sign ⊃ to denote the conditional ("p ⊃ q" to mean "if p then q," or "not both p and not-q"), the sign ≡ to denote the biconditional ("p ≡ q" to mean "p if and only if q," or "either p and q or not-p and not-q"), and the sign | to denote alternative denial ("p | q" to mean "not both p and q"). -- The word or is ambiguous in ordinary English usage between inclusive disjunction and exclusive disjunction, and distinct notations are accordingly provided for the two meanings of the word, The notations "p ⊃ q" and "p ≡ q" are sometimes read as "p implies q" and "p is equivalent to q" respectively. These readings must, however, be used with caution, since the terms implication and equivalence are often used in a sense which involves some relationship between the logical forms of the propositions (or the sentences) which they connect, whereas the validity of p ⊃ q and of p ≡ q requires no such relationship. The connective ⊃ is also said to stand for "material implication," distinguished from formal implication (§ 3 below) and strict implication (q. v.). Similarly the connective ≡ is said to stand for "material equivalence."
2. In psychology, the act or process of exercising the mind, the faculty of connecting judgments; the power and fact of using reason; the thought-processes of discussion, debate, argumentation or inference; the manifestation of the discursive property of the mind; the actual use of arguments with a view to convince or persuade; the art and method or proving or demonstrating; the orderly development of thought with a view to, or the attainment of a conclusion believed to be valid. -- The origin, nature and value of reasoning are debated questions, with their answers ranging from spiritualism (reasoning as the exercise of a faculty of the soul) to materialism (reasoning as an epiphenomenon depending on the brain), with all the modern schools of psychology ordering themselves between them. A few points of agreement might be mentioned here: reasoning follows judgment and apprehension, whichever of the last two thought-processes comes first in our psychological development; reasoning proceeds according to four main types, namely deductive, inductive, presumptive and deceptive; reasoning assumes a belief in its own validity undisturbed by doubt, and implies various logical habits and methods which may be organized into a logical doctrine; reasoning requires a reference to some ultimate principles to justify its progress 3. In logic, Reasoning is the process of inference, it is the process of passing from certain propositions already known or assumed to be true, to another truth distinct from them but following from them; it is a discourse or argument which infers one proposition from another, or from a group of others having some common elements between them. The inference is necessary in the case of deductive reasoning; and contingent, probable or wrong, in the case of inductive, presumptive or deceptive reasoning respectively. -- There are various types of reasoning, and proper methods for each type. The definition, discussion, development and evaluation of these types and methods form an important branch of logic and its subdivisions. The details of the application of reasoning to the various sciences, form the subject of methodology. All these types are reducible to one or the other of the two fundamental processes or reasoning, namely deduction and induction. It must be added that the logical study of reasoning is normative logic does not analyze it simply in its natural development, but with a view to guide it towards coherence, validity or truth. -- T.G.
6502 "hardware" An eight-bit {microprocessor} designed by {MOS Technology} around 1975 and made by {Rockwell}. Unlike the {Intel 8080} and its kind, the 6502 had very few {registers}. It was an 8-bit processor, with 16-bit {address bus}. Inside was one 8-bit data register ({accumulator}), two 8-bit {index registers} and an 8-bit {stack pointer} (stack was preset from address 256 to 511). It used these index and stack registers effectively, with more {addressing modes}, including a fast zero-page mode that accessed memory locations from address 0 to 255 with an 8-bit address (it didn't have to fetch a second byte for the address). Back when the 6502 was introduced, {RAM} was actually faster than {CPU}s, so it made sense to optimise for RAM access rather than increase the number of registers on a chip. The 6502 was used in the {BBC Microcomputer}, {Apple II}, {Commodore}, {Apple Computer} and {Atari} {personal computers}. {Steve Wozniak} described it as the first chip you could get for less than a hundred dollars (actually a quarter of the {6800} price). The 6502's {indirect jump} instruction, JMP (xxxx), was {broken}. If the address was hexadecimal xxFF, the processor would not access the address stored in xxFF and xxFF + 1, but rather xxFF and xx00. The {6510} did not fix this bug, nor was it fixed in any of the other {NMOS} versions of the 6502 such as the {8502}. Bill Mensch at {Western Design Center} was probably the first to fix it, in the {65C02}. The 6502 also had undocumented instructions. The {65816} is an expanded version of the 6502. There is a 6502 {assembler} by Doug Jones "jones@cs.uiowa.edu" which supports {macros} and conditional features and can be used for linkage editing of object files. It requires {Pascal}. See also {cross-assembler}, {RTI}, {Small-C}. (2001-01-02)
6to4 "networking" A {protocol} for transitioning from {IPv4} to {IPv6}. Networks may use 6to4 (or other transitioning protocols) until they support native {dual-stack}. Because 6to4 is a form of {tunnelling}, it requires {encapsulation} by a {protocol converter}. This can cause performance problems due to increased {latency} and decreased {MTU} sizes, as described in {RFC 6343 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6343)}. {RFC 3056 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3056)}. (2012-12-24)
a1 "language" Address 1 code. An a1 code {interpreter}, by Matthew Newhook "matthew@engr.mun.ca" was used to test compiler output. It requires {gcc} 2.4.2 or higher and is portable to computers with {memory segment} protection. {(ftp://ftp.cs.mun.ca/pub/a1)}. (1994-07-19)
A3D "hardware" (Aureal 3-Dimensional?) A technology developed by {Aureal} that delivers sound with a three-dimensional effect through two speakers. Many modern {sound cards} and PC games now support this feature. A3D differs from the various forms of {surround sound} in that it only requires two speakers, while surround sound typically requires four or five. It is sometimes less convincing than surround sound but is supposedly better in {interactive} environments. For example, PC games in which sounds often move from one speaker to another favour A3D, while pre-recorded video favours surround sound. {(http://a3d.com/)}. (1999-01-26)
ABCL/1 "language" An Object-Based Concurrent Language. The language for the {ABCL} {MIMD} system, written by Akinori Yonezawa "matsu@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp" of Department of Information Science, {Tokyo University} in 1986. ABCL/1 uses {asynchronous} {message passing} to {objects}. It requires {Common Lisp}. Implementations in {KCL} and {Symbolics Lisp} are available from the author. {(ftp://camille.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/)}. E-mail: "abcl@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp". ["ABCL: An Object-Oriented Concurrent System", A. Yonezawa ed, MIT Press 1990]. (1990-05-23). (1995-02-09)
accurate ::: a. --> In exact or careful conformity to truth, or to some standard of requirement, the result of care or pains; free from failure, error, or defect; exact; as, an accurate calculator; an accurate measure; accurate expression, knowledge, etc.
Precisely fixed; executed with care; careful.
acidimetry ::: n. --> The measurement of the strength of acids, especially by a chemical process based on the law of chemical combinations, or the fact that, to produce a complete reaction, a certain definite weight of reagent is required.
A consistency proof evidently loses much of its significance unless the methods employed in the proof are in some sense less than, or less dubitable than, the methods of proof which the logistic system is intended to formalize. Hilbert required that the methods employed in a consistency proof should be finitary -- a condition more stringent than that of intuitionistic acceptability. See Intuitionism (mathematical).
ActiveX "programming" A type of {COM} component that can self-register, also known as an "ActiveX control". All COM objects implement the "IUnknown" interface but an ActiveX control usually also implements some of the standard interfaces for embedding, user interface, methods, properties, events, and persistence. ActiveX controls were originally called "{OLE} Controls", and were required to provide all of these interfaces but that requirement was dropped, and the name changed, to make ActiveX controls lean enough to be downloaded as part of a web page. Because ActiveX components can support the OLE embedding interfaces, they can be included in web pages. Because they are COM objects, they can be used from languages such as {Visual Basic}, {Visual C++}, {Java}, {VBScript}. ["Understanding ActiveX and OLE", David Chappell, MS Press, 1996]. {(http://microsoft.com/com/tech/activex.asp)}. (2002-04-19)
Adamakegen "tool" A program that generates {makefiles} for {Ada} programs. Adamakegen was written by Owen O'Malley "owen@schwartz-omalley.com". It requires {Icon} and runs under {Verdix} and {SunAda}. {Adamakegen Home (http://schwartz-omalley.com/people/owen/tools/adamakegen.html)}. (2004-08-21)
A Data Management System "software, tool" (ADAM) A suite of software tools intended to assist in the design and testing of military information processing systems. ADAM was developed by the {MITRE Corporation} in 1966. It consisted of 53 different programs which ran on an {IBM 7030} (STRETCH). It was targetted at systems that had to cope with large volumes of data with complex relationships with rapid response and increasing requirements. ADAM was part of the {Information Systems Tools and Software Techniques} project. [{"Evaluation of ADAM An Advanced Data Management System", R.A.J. Gildea, Aug 1967. (http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/661273.pdf)}]. (2015-08-14)
AD/Cycle "tool, product" Application Development cycle. A set of {SAA}-compatible {IBM}-sponsored products for program development, running on workstations accessing a central repository on a {mainframe}. The stages cover requirements, analysis and design, production of the application, building and testing and maintenance. Technologies used include code generators and {knowledge based systems} as well as languages and debuggers. (1994-10-24)
adequate ::: a. --> Equal to some requirement; proportionate, or correspondent; fully sufficient; as, powers adequate to a great work; an adequate definition.
To equalize; to make adequate.
To equal.
Aditi "database, project" The Aditi Deductive Database System. A multi-user {deductive database} system from the Machine Intelligence Project at the {University of Melbourne}. It supports base {relations} defined by {facts} (relations in the sense of {relational databases}) and {derived relations} defined by {rules} that specify how to compute new information from old information. Both base relations and the rules defining derived relations are stored on disk and are accessed as required during query evaluation. The rules defining derived relations are expressed in a {Prolog}-like language, which is also used for expressing queries. Aditi supports the full structured data capability of Prolog. Base relations can store arbitrarily nested terms, for example arbitrary length lists, and rules can directly manipulate such terms. Base relations can be indexed with {B-trees} or multi-level signature files. Users can access the system through a {Motif}-based query and database administration tool, or through a command line interface. There is also in interface that allows {NU-Prolog} programs to access Aditi in a transparent manner. Proper {transaction processing} is not supported in this release. The beta release runs on {SPARC}/{SunOS4}.1.2 and {MIPS}/{Irix}4.0. E-mail: "aditi@cs.mu.oz.au". (1992-12-17)
Advanced RISC Computing Specification "standard, hardware" (ARC, previously ARCS) The baseline hardware requirements for an {ACE}-compatible system. (1995-01-16)
Advanced RISC Machine "processor" (ARM, Originally {Acorn} RISC Machine). A series of low-cost, power-efficient 32-bit {RISC} {microprocessors} for embedded control, computing, {digital signal processing}, {games}, consumer {multimedia} and portable applications. It was the first commercial RISC microprocessor (or was the {MIPS R2000}?) and was licensed for production by {Asahi Kasei Microsystems}, {Cirrus Logic}, {GEC Plessey Semiconductors}, {Samsung}, {Sharp}, {Texas Instruments} and {VLSI Technology}. The ARM has a small and highly {orthogonal instruction set}, as do most RISC processors. Every instruction includes a four-bit code which specifies a condition (of the {processor status register}) which must be satisfied for the instruction to be executed. Unconditional execution is specified with a condition "true". Instructions are split into load and store which access memory and arithmetic and logic instructions which work on {registers} (two source and one destination). The ARM has 27 registers of which 16 are accessible in any particular processor mode. R15 combines the {program counter} and processor status byte, the other registers are general purpose except that R14 holds the {return address} after a {subroutine} call and R13 is conventionally used as a {stack pointer}. There are four processor modes: user, {interrupt} (with a private copy of R13 and R14), fast interrupt (private copies of R8 to R14) and {supervisor} (private copies of R13 and R14). The {ALU} includes a 32-bit {barrel-shifter} allowing, e.g., a single-{cycle} shift and add. The first ARM processor, the ARM1 was a prototype which was never released. The ARM2 was originally called the Acorn RISC Machine. It was designed by {Acorn Computers Ltd.} and used in the original {Archimedes}, their successor to the {BBC Micro} and {BBC Master} series which were based on the eight-bit {6502} {microprocessor}. It was clocked at 8 MHz giving an average performance of 4 - 4.7 {MIPS}. Development of the ARM family was then continued by a new company, {Advanced RISC Machines Ltd.} The {ARM3} added a {fully-associative} on-chip {cache} and some support for {multiprocessing}. This was followed by the {ARM600} chip which was an {ARM6} processor {core} with a 4-kilobyte 64-way {set-associative} {cache}, an {MMU} based on the MEMC2 chip, a {write buffer} (8 words?) and a {coprocessor} interface. The {ARM7} processor core uses half the power of the {ARM6} and takes around half the {die} size. In a full processor design ({ARM700} chip) it should provide 50% to 100% more performance. In July 1994 {VLSI Technology, Inc.} released the {ARM710} processor chip. {Thumb} is an implementation with reduced code size requirements, intended for {embedded} applications. An {ARM800} chip is also planned. {AT&T}, {IBM}, {Panasonic}, {Apple Coputer}, {Matsushita} and {Sanyo} either rely on, or manufacture, ARM 32-bit processor chips. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.sys.arm}. (1997-08-05)
aeroplane rule "convention" "Complexity increases the possibility of failure; a twin-engine aeroplane has twice as many engine problems as a single-engine aeroplane." By analogy, in both software and electronics, the implication is that simplicity increases robustness and that the right way to build reliable systems is to put all your eggs in one basket, after making sure that you've built a really *good* basket. While simplicity is a useful design goal, and twin-engine aeroplanes do have twice as many engine problems, the analogy is almost entirely bogus. Commercial passenger aircraft are required to have at least two engines (on different wings or nacelles) so that the aeroplane can land safely if one engine fails. As Albert Einstein said, "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler". See also {KISS Principle}. (1999-03-22)
aforethought ::: a. --> Premeditated; prepense; previously in mind; designed; as, malice aforethought, which is required to constitute murder. ::: n. --> Premeditation.
aggregation "programming" A composition technique for building a new {object} from one or more existing objects that support some or all of the new object's required interfaces. (1996-01-07)
Algorithmic Test Case Generation "programming" A computational method for identifying test cases from data, logical relationships or other software {requirements} information. (1996-05-10)
Al-Hafiz ::: The One who provides all requirements to preserve and maintain existence.
ALLOY "language" A language by Thanasis Mitsolides "mitsolid@cs.nyu.edu" which combines {functional programming}, {object-oriented programming} and {logic programming} ideas, and is suitable for {massively parallel} systems. Evaluating modes support serial or parallel execution, {eager evaluation} or {lazy evaluation}, {nondeterminism} or multiple solutions etc. ALLOY is simple as it only requires 29 primitives in all (half of which are for {object oriented programming} support). It runs on {SPARC}. {(ftp://cs.nyu.edu/pub/local/alloy/)}. ["The Design and Implementation of ALLOY, a Parallel Higher Level Programming Language", Thanasis Mitsolides "mitsolid@cs2.nyu.edu", PhD Thesis NYU 1990]. (1991-06-11)
Al-Muqsit ::: The One who applies justice, as the requirement of His Uluhiyya, by endowing every individual their due, based on their unique creation purpose.
A logistic system need not be given any meaning or interpretation, but may be put forward merely as a formal discipline of interest for its own sake; and in this case the words proof, theorem, valid inference, etc., are to be dissociated from their every-day meanings and taken purely as technical terms. Even when an interpretation of the system is intended, it is a requirement of rigor that no use shall be made of the interpretation (as such) in the determination whether a sequence of symbols is a formula, whether a sequence of formulas is a proof, etc.
altrices ::: n. pl. --> Nursers, -- a term applied to those birds whose young are hatched in a very immature and helpless condition, so as to require the care of their parents for some time; -- opposed to praecoces.
anaerobies ::: n. pl. --> Microorganisms which do not require oxygen, but are killed by it.
Analogy: Originally a mathematical term, Analogia, meaning equality of ratios (Euclid VII Df. 20, V. Dfs. 5, 6), which entered Plato's philosophy (Republic 534a6), where it also expressed the epistemological doctrine that sensed things are related as their mathematical and ideal correlates. In modern usage analogy was identified with a weak form of reasoning in which "from the similarity of two things in certain particulars, their similarity in other particulars is inferred." (Century Dic.) Recently, the analysis of scientific method has given the term new significance. The observable data of science are denoted by concepts by inspection, whose complete meaning is given by something immediately apprehendable; its verified theory designating unobservable scientific objects is expressed by concepts by postulation, whose complete meaning is prescribed for them by the postulates of the deductive theory in which they occur. To verify such theory relations, termed epistemic correlations (J. Un. Sc. IX: 125-128), are required. When these are one-one, analogy exists in a very precise sense, since the concepts by inspection denoting observable data are then related as are the correlated concepts by postulation designating unobservable scientific objects. -- F.S.C.N. Analogy of Pythagoras: (Gr. analogia) The equality of ratios, or proportion, between the lengths of the strings producing the consonant notes of the musical scale. The discovery of these ratios is credited to Pythagoras, who is also said to have applied the principle of mathematical proportion to the other arts, and hence to have discovered, in his analogy, the secret of beauty in all its forms. -- G.R.M.
Analyticity: See Meaning, Kinds of; Truth, semantical; Valid. Analytic Judgment: (Ger. analytisches Urteil) In Kant: A judgment in which the predicate concept is included within the subject concept, as analysis should or does disclose. Such a judgment does not require verification by experience; its sole criterion is the law of contradiction. (See Kantianism.) -- O.F.K.
Apple Attachment Unit Interface "hardware, networking" (AAUI) A 14-position, 0.050-inch-spaced ribbon contact connector. Early {Power Macs} and Quadras had an AAUI (Apple Attachment Unit Interface) {port} (rectangular shaped) for {Ethernet}, which requires a {transceiver}. To use {twisted pair} cabling, you would need to get a {twisted pair} transceiver for the computer with an AAUI port. Some {Power Mac} computers had both an AAUI and {RJ-45} port; you can use one or the other, but not both. The pin-out is: Pin Signal Name Signal Description ---- -------------- --------------------------------- 1 FN Pwr Power (+12V @ 2.1W or +5V @ 1.9W) 2 DI-A Data In circuit A 3 DI-B Data In circuit B 4 VCC Voltage Common 5 CI-A Control In circuit A 6 CI-B Control In circuit B 7 +5V +5 volts (from host) 8 +5V Secondary +5 volts (from host) 9 DO-A Data Out circuit A 10 DO-B Data Out circuit B 11 VCC Secondary Voltage Common 12 NC Reserved 13 NC Reserved 14 FN Pwr Secondary +12V @ 2.1W or +5V @ 1.9W Shell Protective Gnd Protective Ground AAUI signals have the same description, function, and electrical requirements as the {AUI} signals of the same name, as detailed in {IEEE 802.3}-1990 CSMA/CD Standard, section 7. (2000-02-10)
applet "web" A {Java} program which can be distributed as an attachment in a {web} document and executed by a Java-enabled {web browser} such as Sun's {HotJava}, {Netscape Navigator} version 2.0, or {Internet Explorer}. Navigator severely restricts the applet's file system and network access in order to prevent accidental or deliberate security violations. Full Java applications, which run outside of the browser, do not have these restrictions. Web browsers can also be extended with {plug-ins} though these differ from applets in that they usually require manual installation and are {platform}-specific. Various other languages can now be embedded within {HTML} documents, the most common being {JavaScript}. Despite Java's aim to be a "write once, run anywhere" language, the difficulty of accomodating the variety of browsers in use on the Internet has led many to abandon client-side processing in favour of {server}-side Java programs for which the term {servlet} was coined. Merriam Webster "Collegiate Edition" gives a 1990 definition: a short application program especially for performing a simple specific task. (2002-07-12)
application development "programming" Writing {computer programs} to meet specific {requirements}; the job of an Application Developer. Application development often includes responsibility for {requirements capture} and/or {testing} as well as actual {programming} (the more limited activity implied by the term {programmer}). (2013-08-15)
application lifecycle management "programming" (ALM) A combination of {software engineering}, {requirements management}, {architecture}, {coding}, {testing}, {tracking} and {release management}. (2009-06-10)
Arjuna "language" An {object-oriented programming} system developed by a team led by Professor Santosh Shrivastava at the {University of Newcastle}, implemented entirely in {C++}. Arjuna provides a set of tools for the construction of {fault-tolerant} {distributed} applications. It exploits features found in most object-oriented languages (such as {inheritance}) and only requires a limited set of system capabilities commonly found in conventional {operating systems}. Arjuna provides the programmer with {classes} that implement {atomic transactions}, {object level recovery}, {concurrency} control and {persistence}. The system is {portable}, modular and flexible; the system software has been available via FTP since 1992. {(http://arjuna.ncl.ac.uk/)}. (1995-03-06)
artificer ::: n. --> An artistic worker; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith.
One who makes or contrives; a deviser, inventor, or framer.
A cunning or artful fellow.
A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, carpenter, etc.; also, one who prepares the shells, fuses, grenades, etc., in a military
artificial intelligence "artificial intelligence" (AI) The subfield of computer science concerned with the concepts and methods of {symbolic inference} by computer and symbolic {knowledge representation} for use in making inferences. AI can be seen as an attempt to model aspects of human thought on computers. It is also sometimes defined as trying to solve by computer any problem that a human can solve faster. The term was coined by Stanford Professor {John McCarthy}, a leading AI researcher. Examples of AI problems are {computer vision} (building a system that can understand images as well as a human) and {natural language processing} (building a system that can understand and speak a human language as well as a human). These may appear to be modular, but all attempts so far (1993) to solve them have foundered on the amount of context information and "intelligence" they seem to require. The term is often used as a selling point, e.g. to describe programming that drives the behaviour of computer characters in a game. This is often no more intelligent than "Kill any humans you see; keep walking; avoid solid objects; duck if a human with a gun can see you". See also {AI-complete}, {neats vs. scruffies}, {neural network}, {genetic programming}, {fuzzy computing}, {artificial life}. {ACM SIGART (http://sigart.acm.org/)}. {U Cal Davis (http://phobos.cs.ucdavis.edu:8001)}. {CMU Artificial Intelligence Repository (http://cs.cmu.edu/Web/Groups/AI/html/repository.html)}. (2002-01-19)
asbestos cork award "humour" Once, long ago at {MIT}, there was a {flamer} so consistently obnoxious that another hacker designed, had made, and distributed posters announcing that said flamer had been nominated for the "asbestos cork award". (Any reader in doubt as to the intended application of the cork should consult the etymology under {flame}.) Since then, it is agreed that only a select few have risen to the heights of bombast required to earn this dubious dignity - but there is no agreement on *which* few. [{Jargon File}] (1996-02-06)
ask ::: v. t. --> To request; to seek to obtain by words; to petition; to solicit; -- often with of, in the sense of from, before the person addressed.
To require, demand, claim, or expect, whether by way of remuneration or return, or as a matter of necessity; as, what price do you ask?
To interrogate or inquire of or concerning; to put a question to or about; to question.
assigned numbers "standard" The {RFC} {STD 2} documenting the currently assigned values from several series of numbers used in network {protocol} implementations. This RFC is updated periodically and, in any case, current information can be obtained from the {Internet Assigned Numbers Authority} (IANA). If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, {socket}, {port}, protocol, etc., you should contact the IANA to receive a number assignment. (1996-08-19)
asynchronous logic "architecture" A {data-driven} circuit design technique where, instead of the components sharing a common {clock} and exchanging data on clock edges, data is passed on as soon as it is available. This removes the need to distribute a common clock signal throughout the circuit with acceptable {clock skew}. It also helps to reduce power dissipation in {CMOS} circuits because {gates} only switch when they are doing useful work rather than on every clock edge. There are many kinds of asynchronous logic. Data signals may use either "dual rail encoding" or "data bundling". Each dual rail encoded {Boolean} is implemented as two wires. This allows the value and the timing information to be communicated for each data bit. Bundled data has one wire for each data bit and another for timing. Level sensitive circuits typically represent a logic one by a high voltage and a logic zero by a low voltage whereas transition signalling uses a change in the signal level to convey information. A speed independent design is tolerant to variations in gate speeds but not to propagation delays in wires; a delay insensitive circuit is tolerant to variations in wire delays as well. The purest form of circuit is delay-insensitive and uses dual-rail encoding with transition signalling. A transition on one wire indicates the arrival of a zero, a transition on the other the arrival of a one. The levels on the wires are of no significance. Such an approach enables the design of fully delay-insensitive circuits and automatic layout as the delays introduced by the layout compiler can't affect the functionality (only the performance). Level sensitive designs can use simpler, stateless logic gates but require a "return to zero" phase in each transition. {(http://cs.man.ac.uk/amulet/async/)}. (1995-01-18)
attorney-general ::: n. --> The chief law officer of the state, empowered to act in all litigation in which the law-executing power is a party, and to advise this supreme executive whenever required.
ATX "hardware, standard" An {open} {PC} {motherboard} specification by {Intel}. ATX is a development of the {Baby AT} specification with the motherboard rotated 90 degrees in the chassis. The {CPU} and {SIMM} sockets have been relocated away from the {expansion card} slots meaning that all the slots support full-length cards. More {I/O} functions are integrated on the motherboard. As the longer edge of the board is now at the back of the chassis, there is more space for connectors; also, the I/O opening on the back panel of the chassis has been defined as double the previous height, allowing vendors to add extra on-board I/O functions over and above the standard. Most {Pentium Pro} boards use this {form factor}. As well as the motherboard size, layout, and placement, the ATX specification also includes requirements for power supply and fan specification and location. The full size ATX board measures 305mm wide by 244mm deep. There is also a Mini-ATX form factor, 284mm by 208mm. {Home (http://developer.intel.com/design/motherbd/atx.htm)}. (2001-07-16)
Aufklärung: In general, this German word and its English equivalent Enlightenment denote the self-emancipation of man from mere authority, prejudice, convention and tradition, with an insistence on freer thinking about problems uncritically referred to these other agencies. According to Kant's famous definition "Enlightenment is the liberation of man from his self-caused state of minority, which is the incapacity of using one's understanding without the direction of another. This state of minority is caused when its source lies not in the lack of understanding, but in the lack of determination and courage to use it without the assistance of another" (Was ist Aufklärung? 1784). In its historical perspective, the Aufklärung refers to the cultural atmosphere and contrlbutions of the 18th century, especially in Germany, France and England [which affected also American thought with B. Franklin, T. Paine and the leaders of the Revolution]. It crystallized tendencies emphasized by the Renaissance, and quickened by modern scepticism and empiricism, and by the great scientific discoveries of the 17th century. This movement, which was represented by men of varying tendencies, gave an impetus to general learning, a more popular philosophy, empirical science, scriptural criticism, social and political thought. More especially, the word Aufklärung is applied to the German contributions to 18th century culture. In philosophy, its principal representatives are G. E. Lessing (1729-81) who believed in free speech and in a methodical criticism of religion, without being a free-thinker; H. S. Reimarus (1694-1768) who expounded a naturalistic philosophy and denied the supernatural origin of Christianity; Moses Mendelssohn (1729-86) who endeavoured to mitigate prejudices and developed a popular common-sense philosophy; Chr. Wolff (1679-1754), J. A. Eberhard (1739-1809) who followed the Leibnizian rationalism and criticized unsuccessfully Kant and Fichte; and J. G. Herder (1744-1803) who was best as an interpreter of others, but whose intuitional suggestions have borne fruit in the organic correlation of the sciences, and in questions of language in relation to human nature and to national character. The works of Kant and Goethe mark the culmination of the German Enlightenment. Cf. J. G. Hibben, Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 1910. --T.G. Augustinianism: The thought of St. Augustine of Hippo, and of his followers. Born in 354 at Tagaste in N. Africa, A. studied rhetoric in Carthage, taught that subject there and in Rome and Milan. Attracted successively to Manicheanism, Scepticism, and Neo-Platontsm, A. eventually found intellectual and moral peace with his conversion to Christianity in his thirty-fourth year. Returning to Africa, he established numerous monasteries, became a priest in 391, Bishop of Hippo in 395. Augustine wrote much: On Free Choice, Confessions, Literal Commentary on Genesis, On the Trinity, and City of God, are his most noted works. He died in 430. St. Augustine's characteristic method, an inward empiricism which has little in common with later variants, starts from things without, proceeds within to the self, and moves upwards to God. These three poles of the Augustinian dialectic are polarized by his doctrine of moderate illuminism. An ontological illumination is required to explain the metaphysical structure of things. The truth of judgment demands a noetic illumination. A moral illumination is necessary in the order of willing; and so, too, an lllumination of art in the aesthetic order. Other illuminations which transcend the natural order do not come within the scope of philosophy; they provide the wisdoms of theology and mysticism. Every being is illuminated ontologically by number, form, unity and its derivatives, and order. A thing is what it is, in so far as it is more or less flooded by the light of these ontological constituents. Sensation is necessary in order to know material substances. There is certainly an action of the external object on the body and a corresponding passion of the body, but, as the soul is superior to the body and can suffer nothing from its inferior, sensation must be an action, not a passion, of the soul. Sensation takes place only when the observing soul, dynamically on guard throughout the body, is vitally attentive to the changes suffered by the body. However, an adequate basis for the knowledge of intellectual truth is not found in sensation alone. In order to know, for example, that a body is multiple, the idea of unity must be present already, otherwise its multiplicity could not be recognized. If numbers are not drawn in by the bodily senses which perceive only the contingent and passing, is the mind the source of the unchanging and necessary truth of numbers? The mind of man is also contingent and mutable, and cannot give what it does not possess. As ideas are not innate, nor remembered from a previous existence of the soul, they can be accounted for only by an immutable source higher than the soul. In so far as man is endowed with an intellect, he is a being naturally illuminated by God, Who may be compared to an intelligible sun. The human intellect does not create the laws of thought; it finds them and submits to them. The immediate intuition of these normative rules does not carry any content, thus any trace of ontologism is avoided. Things have forms because they have numbers, and they have being in so far as they possess form. The sufficient explanation of all formable, and hence changeable, things is an immutable and eternal form which is unrestricted in time and space. The forms or ideas of all things actually existing in the world are in the things themselves (as rationes seminales) and in the Divine Mind (as rationes aeternae). Nothing could exist without unity, for to be is no other than to be one. There is a unity proper to each level of being, a unity of the material individual and species, of the soul, and of that union of souls in the love of the same good, which union constitutes the city. Order, also, is ontologically imbibed by all beings. To tend to being is to tend to order; order secures being, disorder leads to non-being. Order is the distribution which allots things equal and unequal each to its own place and integrates an ensemble of parts in accordance with an end. Hence, peace is defined as the tranquillity of order. Just as things have their being from their forms, the order of parts, and their numerical relations, so too their beauty is not something superadded, but the shining out of all their intelligible co-ingredients. S. Aurelii Augustini, Opera Omnia, Migne, PL 32-47; (a critical edition of some works will be found in the Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, Vienna). Gilson, E., Introd. a l'etude de s. Augustin, (Paris, 1931) contains very good bibliography up to 1927, pp. 309-331. Pope, H., St. Augustine of Hippo, (London, 1937). Chapman, E., St. Augustine's Philos. of Beauty, (N. Y., 1939). Figgis, J. N., The Political Aspects of St. Augustine's "City of God", (London, 1921). --E.C. Authenticity: In a general sense, genuineness, truth according to its title. It involves sometimes a direct and personal characteristic (Whitehead speaks of "authentic feelings"). This word also refers to problems of fundamental criticism involving title, tradition, authorship and evidence. These problems are vital in theology, and basic in scholarship with regard to the interpretation of texts and doctrines. --T.G. Authoritarianism: That theory of knowledge which maintains that the truth of any proposition is determined by the fact of its having been asserted by a certain esteemed individual or group of individuals. Cf. H. Newman, Grammar of Assent; C. S. Peirce, "Fixation of Belief," in Chance, Love and Logic, ed. M. R. Cohen. --A.C.B. Autistic thinking: Absorption in fanciful or wishful thinking without proper control by objective or factual material; day dreaming; undisciplined imagination. --A.C.B. Automaton Theory: Theory that a living organism may be considered a mere machine. See Automatism. Automatism: (Gr. automatos, self-moving) (a) In metaphysics: Theory that animal and human organisms are automata, that is to say, are machines governed by the laws of physics and mechanics. Automatism, as propounded by Descartes, considered the lower animals to be pure automata (Letter to Henry More, 1649) and man a machine controlled by a rational soul (Treatise on Man). Pure automatism for man as well as animals is advocated by La Mettrie (Man, a Machine, 1748). During the Nineteenth century, automatism, combined with epiphenomenalism, was advanced by Hodgson, Huxley and Clifford. (Cf. W. James, The Principles of Psychology, Vol. I, ch. V.) Behaviorism, of the extreme sort, is the most recent version of automatism (See Behaviorism). (b) In psychology: Psychological automatism is the performance of apparently purposeful actions, like automatic writing without the superintendence of the conscious mind. L. C. Rosenfield, From Beast Machine to Man Machine, N. Y., 1941. --L.W. Automatism, Conscious: The automatism of Hodgson, Huxley, and Clifford which considers man a machine to which mind or consciousness is superadded; the mind of man is, however, causally ineffectual. See Automatism; Epiphenomenalism. --L.W. Autonomy: (Gr. autonomia, independence) Freedom consisting in self-determination and independence of all external constraint. See Freedom. Kant defines autonomy of the will as subjection of the will to its own law, the categorical imperative, in contrast to heteronomy, its subjection to a law or end outside the rational will. (Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, § 2.) --L.W. Autonomy of ethics: A doctrine, usually propounded by intuitionists, that ethics is not a part of, and cannot be derived from, either metaphysics or any of the natural or social sciences. See Intuitionism, Metaphysical ethics, Naturalistic ethics. --W.K.F. Autonomy of the will: (in Kant's ethics) The freedom of the rational will to legislate to itself, which constitutes the basis for the autonomy of the moral law. --P.A.S. Autonymy: In the terminology introduced by Carnap, a word (phrase, symbol, expression) is autonymous if it is used as a name for itself --for the geometric shape, sound, etc. which it exemplifies, or for the word as a historical and grammatical unit. Autonymy is thus the same as the Scholastic suppositio matertalis (q. v.), although the viewpoint is different. --A.C. Autotelic: (from Gr. autos, self, and telos, end) Said of any absorbing activity engaged in for its own sake (cf. German Selbstzweck), such as higher mathematics, chess, etc. In aesthetics, applied to creative art and play which lack any conscious reference to the accomplishment of something useful. In the view of some, it may constitute something beneficent in itself of which the person following his art impulse (q.v.) or playing is unaware, thus approaching a heterotelic (q.v.) conception. --K.F.L. Avenarius, Richard: (1843-1896) German philosopher who expressed his thought in an elaborate and novel terminology in the hope of constructing a symbolic language for philosophy, like that of mathematics --the consequence of his Spinoza studies. As the most influential apostle of pure experience, the posltivistic motive reaches in him an extreme position. Insisting on the biologic and economic function of thought, he thought the true method of science is to cure speculative excesses by a return to pure experience devoid of all assumptions. Philosophy is the scientific effort to exclude from knowledge all ideas not included in the given. Its task is to expel all extraneous elements in the given. His uncritical use of the category of the given and the nominalistic view that logical relations are created rather than discovered by thought, leads him to banish not only animism but also all of the categories, substance, causality, etc., as inventions of the mind. Explaining the evolution and devolution of the problematization and deproblematization of numerous ideas, and aiming to give the natural history of problems, Avenarius sought to show physiologically, psychologically and historically under what conditions they emerge, are challenged and are solved. He hypothesized a System C, a bodily and central nervous system upon which consciousness depends. R-values are the stimuli received from the world of objects. E-values are the statements of experience. The brain changes that continually oscillate about an ideal point of balance are termed Vitalerhaltungsmaximum. The E-values are differentiated into elements, to which the sense-perceptions or the content of experience belong, and characters, to which belongs everything which psychology describes as feelings and attitudes. Avenarius describes in symbolic form a series of states from balance to balance, termed vital series, all describing a series of changes in System C. Inequalities in the vital balance give rise to vital differences. According to his theory there are two vital series. It assumes a series of brain changes because parallel series of conscious states can be observed. The independent vital series are physical, and the dependent vital series are psychological. The two together are practically covariants. In the case of a process as a dependent vital series three stages can be noted: first, the appearance of the problem, expressed as strain, restlessness, desire, fear, doubt, pain, repentance, delusion; the second, the continued effort and struggle to solve the problem; and finally, the appearance of the solution, characterized by abating anxiety, a feeling of triumph and enjoyment. Corresponding to these three stages of the dependent series are three stages of the independent series: the appearance of the vital difference and a departure from balance in the System C, the continuance with an approximate vital difference, and lastly, the reduction of the vital difference to zero, the return to stability. By making room for dependent and independent experiences, he showed that physics regards experience as independent of the experiencing indlvidual, and psychology views experience as dependent upon the individual. He greatly influenced Mach and James (q.v.). See Avenarius, Empirio-criticism, Experience, pure. Main works: Kritik der reinen Erfahrung; Der menschliche Weltbegriff. --H.H. Averroes: (Mohammed ibn Roshd) Known to the Scholastics as The Commentator, and mentioned as the author of il gran commento by Dante (Inf. IV. 68) he was born 1126 at Cordova (Spain), studied theology, law, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy, became after having been judge in Sevilla and Cordova, physician to the khalifah Jaqub Jusuf, and charged with writing a commentary on the works of Aristotle. Al-mansur, Jusuf's successor, deprived him of his place because of accusations of unorthodoxy. He died 1198 in Morocco. Averroes is not so much an original philosopher as the author of a minute commentary on the whole works of Aristotle. His procedure was imitated later by Aquinas. In his interpretation of Aristotelian metaphysics Averroes teaches the coeternity of a universe created ex nihilo. This doctrine formed together with the notion of a numerical unity of the active intellect became one of the controversial points in the discussions between the followers of Albert-Thomas and the Latin Averroists. Averroes assumed that man possesses only a disposition for receiving the intellect coming from without; he identifies this disposition with the possible intellect which thus is not truly intellectual by nature. The notion of one intellect common to all men does away with the doctrine of personal immortality. Another doctrine which probably was emphasized more by the Latin Averroists (and by the adversaries among Averroes' contemporaries) is the famous statement about "two-fold truth", viz. that a proposition may be theologically true and philosophically false and vice versa. Averroes taught that religion expresses the (higher) philosophical truth by means of religious imagery; the "two-truth notion" came apparently into the Latin text through a misinterpretation on the part of the translators. The works of Averroes were one of the main sources of medieval Aristotelianlsm, before and even after the original texts had been translated. The interpretation the Latin Averroists found in their texts of the "Commentator" spread in spite of opposition and condemnation. See Averroism, Latin. Averroes, Opera, Venetiis, 1553. M. Horten, Die Metaphysik des Averroes, 1912. P. Mandonnet, Siger de Brabant et l'Averroisme Latin, 2d ed., Louvain, 1911. --R.A. Averroism, Latin: The commentaries on Aristotle written by Averroes (Ibn Roshd) in the 12th century became known to the Western scholars in translations by Michael Scottus, Hermannus Alemannus, and others at the beginning of the 13th century. Many works of Aristotle were also known first by such translations from Arabian texts, though there existed translations from the Greek originals at the same time (Grabmann). The Averroistic interpretation of Aristotle was held to be the true one by many; but already Albert the Great pointed out several notions which he felt to be incompatible with the principles of Christian philosophy, although he relied for the rest on the "Commentator" and apparently hardly used any other text. Aquinas, basing his studies mostly on a translation from the Greek texts, procured for him by William of Moerbecke, criticized the Averroistic interpretation in many points. But the teachings of the Commentator became the foundation for a whole school of philosophers, represented first by the Faculty of Arts at Paris. The most prominent of these scholars was Siger of Brabant. The philosophy of these men was condemned on March 7th, 1277 by Stephen Tempier, Bishop of Paris, after a first condemnation of Aristotelianism in 1210 had gradually come to be neglected. The 219 theses condemned in 1277, however, contain also some of Aquinas which later were generally recognized an orthodox. The Averroistic propositions which aroused the criticism of the ecclesiastic authorities and which had been opposed with great energy by Albert and Thomas refer mostly to the following points: The co-eternity of the created word; the numerical identity of the intellect in all men, the so-called two-fold-truth theory stating that a proposition may be philosophically true although theologically false. Regarding the first point Thomas argued that there is no philosophical proof, either for the co-eternity or against it; creation is an article of faith. The unity of intellect was rejected as incompatible with the true notion of person and with personal immortality. It is doubtful whether Averroes himself held the two-truths theory; it was, however, taught by the Latin Averroists who, notwithstanding the opposition of the Church and the Thomistic philosophers, gained a great influence and soon dominated many universities, especially in Italy. Thomas and his followers were convinced that they interpreted Aristotle correctly and that the Averroists were wrong; one has, however, to admit that certain passages in Aristotle allow for the Averroistic interpretation, especially in regard to the theory of intellect. Lit.: P. Mandonnet, Siger de Brabant et l'Averroisme Latin au XIIIe Siecle, 2d. ed. Louvain, 1911; M. Grabmann, Forschungen über die lateinischen Aristotelesübersetzungen des XIII. Jahrhunderts, Münster 1916 (Beitr. z. Gesch. Phil. d. MA. Vol. 17, H. 5-6). --R.A. Avesta: See Zendavesta. Avicehron: (or Avencebrol, Salomon ibn Gabirol) The first Jewish philosopher in Spain, born in Malaga 1020, died about 1070, poet, philosopher, and moralist. His main work, Fons vitae, became influential and was much quoted by the Scholastics. It has been preserved only in the Latin translation by Gundissalinus. His doctrine of a spiritual substance individualizing also the pure spirits or separate forms was opposed by Aquinas already in his first treatise De ente, but found favor with the medieval Augustinians also later in the 13th century. He also teaches the necessity of a mediator between God and the created world; such a mediator he finds in the Divine Will proceeding from God and creating, conserving, and moving the world. His cosmogony shows a definitely Neo-Platonic shade and assumes a series of emanations. Cl. Baeumker, Avencebrolis Fons vitae. Beitr. z. Gesch. d. Philos. d. MA. 1892-1895, Vol. I. Joh. Wittman, Die Stellung des hl. Thomas von Aquino zu Avencebrol, ibid. 1900. Vol. III. --R.A. Avicenna: (Abu Ali al Hosain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina) Born 980 in the country of Bocchara, began to write in young years, left more than 100 works, taught in Ispahan, was physician to several Persian princes, and died at Hamadan in 1037. His fame as physician survived his influence as philosopher in the Occident. His medical works were printed still in the 17th century. His philosophy is contained in 18 vols. of a comprehensive encyclopedia, following the tradition of Al Kindi and Al Farabi. Logic, Physics, Mathematics and Metaphysics form the parts of this work. His philosophy is Aristotelian with noticeable Neo-Platonic influences. His doctrine of the universal existing ante res in God, in rebus as the universal nature of the particulars, and post res in the human mind by way of abstraction became a fundamental thesis of medieval Aristotelianism. He sharply distinguished between the logical and the ontological universal, denying to the latter the true nature of form in the composite. The principle of individuation is matter, eternally existent. Latin translations attributed to Avicenna the notion that existence is an accident to essence (see e.g. Guilelmus Parisiensis, De Universo). The process adopted by Avicenna was one of paraphrasis of the Aristotelian texts with many original thoughts interspersed. His works were translated into Latin by Dominicus Gundissalinus (Gondisalvi) with the assistance of Avendeath ibn Daud. This translation started, when it became more generally known, the "revival of Aristotle" at the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century. Albert the Great and Aquinas professed, notwithstanding their critical attitude, a great admiration for Avicenna whom the Arabs used to call the "third Aristotle". But in the Orient, Avicenna's influence declined soon, overcome by the opposition of the orthodox theologians. Avicenna, Opera, Venetiis, 1495; l508; 1546. M. Horten, Das Buch der Genesung der Seele, eine philosophische Enzyklopaedie Avicenna's; XIII. Teil: Die Metaphysik. Halle a. S. 1907-1909. R. de Vaux, Notes et textes sur l'Avicennisme Latin, Bibl. Thomiste XX, Paris, 1934. --R.A. Avidya: (Skr.) Nescience; ignorance; the state of mind unaware of true reality; an equivalent of maya (q.v.); also a condition of pure awareness prior to the universal process of evolution through gradual differentiation into the elements and factors of knowledge. --K.F.L. Avyakta: (Skr.) "Unmanifest", descriptive of or standing for brahman (q.v.) in one of its or "his" aspects, symbolizing the superabundance of the creative principle, or designating the condition of the universe not yet become phenomenal (aja, unborn). --K.F.L. Awareness: Consciousness considered in its aspect of act; an act of attentive awareness such as the sensing of a color patch or the feeling of pain is distinguished from the content attended to, the sensed color patch, the felt pain. The psychologlcal theory of intentional act was advanced by F. Brentano (Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkte) and received its epistemological development by Meinong, Husserl, Moore, Laird and Broad. See Intentionalism. --L.W. Axiological: (Ger. axiologisch) In Husserl: Of or pertaining to value or theory of value (the latter term understood as including disvalue and value-indifference). --D.C. Axiological ethics: Any ethics which makes the theory of obligation entirely dependent on the theory of value, by making the determination of the rightness of an action wholly dependent on a consideration of the value or goodness of something, e.g. the action itself, its motive, or its consequences, actual or probable. Opposed to deontological ethics. See also teleological ethics. --W.K.F. Axiologic Realism: In metaphysics, theory that value as well as logic, qualities as well as relations, have their being and exist external to the mind and independently of it. Applicable to the philosophy of many though not all realists in the history of philosophy, from Plato to G. E. Moore, A. N. Whitehead, and N, Hartmann. --J.K.F. Axiology: (Gr. axios, of like value, worthy, and logos, account, reason, theory). Modern term for theory of value (the desired, preferred, good), investigation of its nature, criteria, and metaphysical status. Had its rise in Plato's theory of Forms or Ideas (Idea of the Good); was developed in Aristotle's Organon, Ethics, Poetics, and Metaphysics (Book Lambda). Stoics and Epicureans investigated the summum bonum. Christian philosophy (St. Thomas) built on Aristotle's identification of highest value with final cause in God as "a living being, eternal, most good." In modern thought, apart from scholasticism and the system of Spinoza (Ethica, 1677), in which values are metaphysically grounded, the various values were investigated in separate sciences, until Kant's Critiques, in which the relations of knowledge to moral, aesthetic, and religious values were examined. In Hegel's idealism, morality, art, religion, and philosophy were made the capstone of his dialectic. R. H. Lotze "sought in that which should be the ground of that which is" (Metaphysik, 1879). Nineteenth century evolutionary theory, anthropology, sociology, psychology, and economics subjected value experience to empirical analysis, and stress was again laid on the diversity and relativity of value phenomena rather than on their unity and metaphysical nature. F. Nietzsche's Also Sprach Zarathustra (1883-1885) and Zur Genealogie der Moral (1887) aroused new interest in the nature of value. F. Brentano, Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkenntnis (1889), identified value with love. In the twentieth century the term axiology was apparently first applied by Paul Lapie (Logique de la volonte, 1902) and E. von Hartmann (Grundriss der Axiologie, 1908). Stimulated by Ehrenfels (System der Werttheorie, 1897), Meinong (Psychologisch-ethische Untersuchungen zur Werttheorie, 1894-1899), and Simmel (Philosophie des Geldes, 1900). W. M. Urban wrote the first systematic treatment of axiology in English (Valuation, 1909), phenomenological in method under J. M. Baldwin's influence. Meanwhile H. Münsterberg wrote a neo-Fichtean system of values (The Eternal Values, 1909). Among important recent contributions are: B. Bosanquet, The Principle of Individuality and Value (1912), a free reinterpretation of Hegelianism; W. R. Sorley, Moral Values and the Idea of God (1918, 1921), defending a metaphysical theism; S. Alexander, Space, Time, and Deity (1920), realistic and naturalistic; N. Hartmann, Ethik (1926), detailed analysis of types and laws of value; R. B. Perry's magnum opus, General Theory of Value (1926), "its meaning and basic principles construed in terms of interest"; and J. Laird, The Idea of Value (1929), noteworthy for historical exposition. A naturalistic theory has been developed by J. Dewey (Theory of Valuation, 1939), for which "not only is science itself a value . . . but it is the supreme means of the valid determination of all valuations." A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936) expounds the view of logical positivism that value is "nonsense." J. Hessen, Wertphilosophie (1937), provides an account of recent German axiology from a neo-scholastic standpoint. The problems of axiology fall into four main groups, namely, those concerning (1) the nature of value, (2) the types of value, (3) the criterion of value, and (4) the metaphysical status of value. (1) The nature of value experience. Is valuation fulfillment of desire (voluntarism: Spinoza, Ehrenfels), pleasure (hedonism: Epicurus, Bentham, Meinong), interest (Perry), preference (Martineau), pure rational will (formalism: Stoics, Kant, Royce), apprehension of tertiary qualities (Santayana), synoptic experience of the unity of personality (personalism: T. H. Green, Bowne), any experience that contributes to enhanced life (evolutionism: Nietzsche), or "the relation of things as means to the end or consequence actually reached" (pragmatism, instrumentalism: Dewey). (2) The types of value. Most axiologists distinguish between intrinsic (consummatory) values (ends), prized for their own sake, and instrumental (contributory) values (means), which are causes (whether as economic goods or as natural events) of intrinsic values. Most intrinsic values are also instrumental to further value experience; some instrumental values are neutral or even disvaluable intrinsically. Commonly recognized as intrinsic values are the (morally) good, the true, the beautiful, and the holy. Values of play, of work, of association, and of bodily well-being are also acknowledged. Some (with Montague) question whether the true is properly to be regarded as a value, since some truth is disvaluable, some neutral; but love of truth, regardless of consequences, seems to establish the value of truth. There is disagreement about whether the holy (religious value) is a unique type (Schleiermacher, Otto), or an attitude toward other values (Kant, Höffding), or a combination of the two (Hocking). There is also disagreement about whether the variety of values is irreducible (pluralism) or whether all values are rationally related in a hierarchy or system (Plato, Hegel, Sorley), in which values interpenetrate or coalesce into a total experience. (3) The criterion of value. The standard for testing values is influenced by both psychological and logical theory. Hedonists find the standard in the quantity of pleasure derived by the individual (Aristippus) or society (Bentham). Intuitionists appeal to an ultimate insight into preference (Martineau, Brentano). Some idealists recognize an objective system of rational norms or ideals as criterion (Plato, Windelband), while others lay more stress on rational wholeness and coherence (Hegel, Bosanquet, Paton) or inclusiveness (T. H. Green). Naturalists find biological survival or adjustment (Dewey) to be the standard. Despite differences, there is much in common in the results of the application of these criteria. (4) The metaphysical status of value. What is the relation of values to the facts investigated by natural science (Koehler), of Sein to Sollen (Lotze, Rickert), of human experience of value to reality independent of man (Hegel, Pringle-Pattlson, Spaulding)? There are three main answers: subjectivism (value is entirely dependent on and relative to human experience of it: so most hedonists, naturalists, positivists); logical objectivism (values are logical essences or subsistences, independent of their being known, yet with no existential status or action in reality); metaphysical objectivism (values --or norms or ideals --are integral, objective, and active constituents of the metaphysically real: so theists, absolutists, and certain realists and naturalists like S. Alexander and Wieman). --E.S.B. Axiom: See Mathematics. Axiomatic method: That method of constructing a deductive system consisting of deducing by specified rules all statements of the system save a given few from those given few, which are regarded as axioms or postulates of the system. See Mathematics. --C.A.B. Ayam atma brahma: (Skr.) "This self is brahman", famous quotation from Brhadaranyaka Upanishad 2.5.19, one of many alluding to the central theme of the Upanishads, i.e., the identity of the human and divine or cosmic. --K.F.L.
authenticate ::: v. t. --> To render authentic; to give authority to, by the proof, attestation, or formalities required by law, or sufficient to entitle to credit.
To prove authentic; to determine as real and true; as, to authenticate a portrait.
automated testing "testing" Software testing assisted with software tools that require no operator input, analysis, or evaluation. (2001-05-20)
Automatic Mathematical TRANslation "mathematics, tool" (AMTRAN) A system developed by NASA in Huntsville in 1966 for the {IBM 1620}, based on the {Culler-Fried} System. It required a special terminal. ["AMTRAN: An Interactive Computing System", J. Reinfelds, Proc FJCC 37:537- 542, AFIPS (Fall 1970)]. (1995-11-14)
A vicious circle in definition (circulus in definiendo) occurs if A1 is used in defining A2, A2 in defining A3, . . . , An-1 in defining An, and finally An in defining A1. (The simplest case is that in which n = l, A1 being defined in terms of itself.) There is, of course, a fallacy if A1, A2, . . . , An are then used as defined absolutely. Apparent exceptions, such as definition by recursion (q.v.), require special justification, e.g., by finding an equivalent form of definition which is not circular.
Axiom of Choice "logic" (AC, or "Choice") An {axiom} of {set theory}: If X is a set of sets, and S is the union of all the elements of X, then there exists a function f:X -" S such that for all non-empty x in X, f(x) is an element of x. In other words, we can always choose an element from each set in a set of sets, simultaneously. Function f is a "choice function" for X - for each x in X, it chooses an element of x. Most people's reaction to AC is: "But of course that's true! From each set, just take the element that's biggest, stupidest, closest to the North Pole, or whatever". Indeed, for any {finite} set of sets, we can simply consider each set in turn and pick an arbitrary element in some such way. We can also construct a choice function for most simple {infinite sets} of sets if they are generated in some regular way. However, there are some infinite sets for which the construction or specification of such a choice function would never end because we would have to consider an infinite number of separate cases. For example, if we express the {real number} line R as the union of many "copies" of the {rational numbers}, Q, namely Q, Q+a, Q+b, and infinitely (in fact uncountably) many more, where a, b, etc. are {irrational numbers} no two of which differ by a rational, and Q+a == {q+a : q in Q} we cannot pick an element of each of these "copies" without AC. An example of the use of AC is the theorem which states that the {countable} union of countable sets is countable. I.e. if X is countable and every element of X is countable (including the possibility that they're finite), then the sumset of X is countable. AC is required for this to be true in general. Even if one accepts the axiom, it doesn't tell you how to construct a choice function, only that one exists. Most mathematicians are quite happy to use AC if they need it, but those who are careful will, at least, draw attention to the fact that they have used it. There is something a little odd about Choice, and it has some alarming consequences, so results which actually "need" it are somehow a bit suspicious, e.g. the {Banach-Tarski paradox}. On the other side, consider {Russell's Attic}. AC is not a {theorem} of {Zermelo Fränkel set theory} (ZF). Gödel and Paul Cohen proved that AC is independent of ZF, i.e. if ZF is consistent, then so are ZFC (ZF with AC) and ZF(~C) (ZF with the negation of AC). This means that we cannot use ZF to prove or disprove AC. (2003-07-11)
BABYLON "artificial intelligence" A {development environment} for {expert systems}. BABYLON includes {frames}, {constraints}, a {prolog}-like logic formalism and a description language for diagnostic applications. It requires {Common Lisp}. Version 2.3, 1994-06-22 included ports to {MCL}, {TI CL}, {Allegro CL}, {CLisp}, {CMU CL}. Contact: Juergen Walther, AI Research Division, {GMD}. {CMU AI archive (http://www-cgi.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/ai-repository/ai/areas/expert/systems/babylon/0.html)} (2019-05-27)
Basic Input/Output System "operating system" (BIOS, ROM BIOS) The part of the {system software} of the {IBM PC} and compatibles that provides the lowest level interface to {peripheral} devices and controls the first stage of the {bootstrap} process, including installing the {operating system}. The BIOS is stored in {ROM}, or equivalent, in every PC. Its main task is to load and execute the operating system which is usually stored on the computer's {hard disk}, but may be loaded from {CD-ROM} or {floppy disk} at install time. In order to provide acceptable performance (e.g. for screen display), some software vendors access the routines in the BIOS directly, rather than using the higher level operating system calls. Thus, the BIOS in the compatible computer must be 100% compatible with the IBM BIOS. As if that wasn't bad enough, many {application programs} bypass even the BIOS and address the screen hardware directly just as the BIOS does. Consequently, {register} level compatibility is required in the compatible's display electronics, which means that it must provide the same storage locations and identification as the original IBM hardware. (1999-06-09)
beam search "algorithm" An optimisation of the {best first search} {graph search algorithm} where only a predetermined number of paths are kept as candidates. The number of paths is the "width of the beam". If more paths than this are generated, the worst paths are discarded. This reduces the space requirements of best first search. (2007-11-03)
bedesman ::: n. --> A poor man, supported in a beadhouse, and required to pray for the soul of its founder; an almsman.
Same as Beadsman.
Berard Object and Class Specifier "tool, object-oriented, modeling" (BOCS) An {object-oriented} {CASE} tool released by US company, {Berard Software Engineering} on 1993-07-05. BOCS helps users document and model a system and its underlying objects. It includes libraries to manage {requirements}, object and {class} specifications and graphical models. [Computerworld, 1993-07-05, p63]. (2015-06-17)
best effort "networking" A classification of low priority network traffic, used especially the {Internet}. Different kinds of traffic have different priorities. {Videoconferencing} and other types of {real-time} communication, for example, require a certain minimum guaranteed {bandwidth} and {latency} and so must be given a high priority. {Electronic mail}, on the other hand, can tolerate an arbitrarily long delay and is classified as a "best-effort" service. [Scientific American, Nov. 1994, pp. 83-84]. (1995-04-04)
big-endian 1. "data, architecture" A computer {architecture} in which, within a given multi-{byte} numeric representation, the most significant byte has the lowest address (the word is stored "big-end-first"). Most processors, including the {IBM 370} family, the {PDP-10}, the {Motorola} {microprocessor} families, and most of the various {RISC} designs current in mid-1993, are big-endian. See {-endian}. 2. "networking, standard" A backward {electronic mail address}. The world now follows the {Internet} {hostname} {standard} (see {FQDN}) and writes e-mail addresses starting with the name of the computer and ending up with the {country code} (e.g. fred@doc.acme.ac.uk). In the United Kingdom the {Joint Networking Team} decided to do it the other way round (e.g. me@uk.ac.wigan.cs) before the {Internet} {domain} standard was established. Most {gateway sites} required {ad-hockery} in their {mailers} to handle this. By July 1994 this parochial idiosyncracy was on the way out and mailers started to reject big-endian addresses. By about 1996, people would look at you strangely if you suggested such a bizarre thing might ever have existed. [{Jargon File}] (1998-08-09)
Bigloo "language" A {Scheme} {interpreter}, {compiler} and {run-time system} by Manuel Serrano "Manuel.Serrano@inria.fr" which aims to deliver small, fast stand-alone {applications}. It supports {modules} and {optimisation}. Bigloo's features enable Scheme programs to be used where {C} or {C++} might usually be required. The Bigloo compiler produces {ANSI C} which is compiled into {stand-alone executables}, {JVM} {bytecode}, or .{NET bytecode}. Hence Bigloo enables Scheme programs to interwork with C, {Java} and {C
binary file "file format" Any {file format} for {digital} {data} that does not consist of a sequence of printable {characters} ({text}). The term is often used for executable {machine code}. All digital data, including characters, is actually binary data (unless it uses some (rare) system with more than two discrete levels) but the distinction between binary and text is well established. On modern {operating systems} a text file is simply a binary file that happens to contain only printable characters, but some older systems distinguish the two file types, requiring programs to handle them differently. A common class of binary files is programs in {machine language} ("{executable} files") ready to load into memory and execute. Binary files may also be used to store data output by a program, and intended to be read by that or another program but not by humans. Binary files are more efficient for this purpose because the data (e.g. numerical data) does not need to be converted between the binary form used by the {CPU} and a printable (ASCII) representation. The disadvantage is that it is usually necessary to write special purpose programs to manipulate such files since most general purpose utilities operate on text files. There is also a problem sharing binary numerical data between processors with different {endian}ness. Some communications {protocols} handle only text files, e.g. most {electronic mail} systems before {MIME} became widespread in about 1995. The {FTP} utility must be put into "binary" mode in order to copy a binary file since in its default "ascii" mode translates between the different {newline} characters used on the sending and receiving computers. Confusingly, some {word processor} files, and {rich text} files, are actually binary files because they contain non-printable characters and require special programs to view, edit and print them. (2005-02-21)
binary search "algorithm" A search {algorithm} which repeatedly divides an ordered {search space} in half according to how the required (key) value compares with the middle element. The following pseudo-{C} routine performs a binary search return the index of the element of vector "thing[first..last]" equal to "target": if (target " thing[first] || target " thing[last]) return NOT_FOUND; while (first " last) { mid = (first+last)/2; /* truncate to integer */ if (target == thing[mid]) return mid; if (target " thing[mid]) last = mid-1; else first = mid+1; } if (target == thing[last]) return last; return NOT_FOUND; (2003-01-14)
Binary Synchronous Transmission "protocol" (Bisynch) An {IBM} link {protocol}, developed in the 1960 and popular in the 1970s and 1980s. Binary Synchronous Transmission has been largely replaced in IBM environments with {SDLC}. Bisync was developed for {batch} communications between a {System 360} computer and the IBM 2780 and 3780 {Remote Job Entry} (RJE) {terminals}. It supports RJE and on-line terminals in the {CICS}/{VSE} environment. It operates with {EBCDIC} or {ASCII} {character sets}. It requires that every message be acknowledged ({ACK}) or negatively acknowledged ({NACK}) so it has high transmission overhead. It is typically character oriented and {half-duplex}, although some of the bisync protocol flavours or dialects support binary transmission and {full-duplex} operation. (1997-01-07)
bindery "networking" A {Novell Netware} database that contains definitions for entities such as users, groups, and {workgroups}. The bindery allows the network supervisor to design an organised and secure operating environment based on the individual requirements of each of these entities. The bindery has three components: objects, properties, and property data sets. Objects represent any physical or logical entity, including users, user groups, file servers. Properties are characteristics of each object (e.g. passwords, account restrictions, {internetwork addresses}). Property data sets are the values assigned to an entity's bindery properties. [Netware Version 3.11 "Concepts" documentation (a glossary of Netware-related terms)]. (1996-03-07)
Binocular Cues ::: Visual cues (convergence and retinal disparity) that require both eyes to perceive distance (as opposed to monocular cues)
bitblt /bit'blit/ [{BLT}] 1. Any of a family of closely related algorithms for moving and copying rectangles of bits between main and display memory on a {bit-mapped} device, or between two areas of either main or display memory (the requirement to do the {Right Thing} in the case of overlapping source and destination rectangles is what makes BitBlt tricky). 2. {blit}, {BLT}. [{Jargon File}]
bits per pixel "hardware, graphics" (bpp) The number of {bits} of information stored per {pixel} of an {image} or displayed by a {graphics adapter}. The more bits there are, the more colours can be represented, but the more memory is required to store or display the image. A colour can be described by the intensities of red, green and blue ({RGB}) components. Allowing 8 {bits} (1 {byte}) per component (24 bits per pixel) gives 256 levels for each component and over 16 million different colours - more than the human eye can distinguish. {Microsoft Windows} [and others?] calls this {truecolour}. An image of 1024x768 with 24 bpp requires over 2 MB of memory. "High colour" uses 16 bpp (or 15 bpp), 5 bits for blue, 5 bits for red and 6 bits for green. This reduced colour precision gives a slight loss of image quality at a 1/3 saving on memory. Standard {VGA} uses a {palette} of 16 colours (4 bpp), each colour in the palette is 24 bit. Standard {SVGA} uses a {palette} of 256 colours (8 bpp). Some graphics hardware and software support 32-bit colour depths, including an 8-bit "{alpha channel}" for transparency effects. (1999-08-01)
black hole 1. An expression which depends on its own value or a technique to detect such expressions. In graph reduction, when the reduction of an expression is begun, the root of the expression can be overwritten with a black hole. If the expression depends on its own value, e.g. x = x + 1 then it will try to evaluate the black hole which will usually print an error message and abort the program. A secondary effect is that, once the root of the expression has been black-holed, parts of the expression which are no longer required may be freed for garbage collection. Without black holes the usual result of attempting to evaluate an expression which depends on itself would be a stack overflow. If the expression is evaluated successfully then the black hole will be updated with the value. Expressions such as ones = 1 : ones are not black holes because the list constructor, : is lazy so the reference to ones is not evaluated when evaluating ones to WHNF. 2. Where an {electronic mail} message or {news} aritcle has gone if it disappears mysteriously between its origin and destination sites without returning a {bounce message}. Compare {bit bucket}. [{Jargon File}]
blocked records "storage" Several {records} written as a contiguous block on {magnetic tape} so that they may be accessed in a single I/O operation. Blocking increases the amount of data that may be stored on a tape because there are fewer {inter-block gaps}. It requires that the tape drive or processor have a sufficiently large buffer to store the whole block. (1995-04-13)
Blue A language proposed by Softech to meet the {DoD} {Ironman} requirements which led to {Ada}. ["On the BLUE Language Submitted to the DoD", E.W. Dijkstra, SIGPLAN Notices 13(10):10-15 (Oct 1978)].
Blue Screen of Death "humour" (BSOD) The infamous white-on-blue text screen which appears when {Microsoft Windows} crashes. BSOD is mostly seen on the 16-bit systems such as {Windows 3.1}, but also on {Windows 95} and apparently even under {Windows NT 4}. It is most likely to be caused by a {GPF}, although Windows 95 can do it if you've removed a required {CD-ROM} from the drive. It is often impossible to recover cleanly from a BSOD. The acronym BSOD is sometimes used as a verb, e.g. "{Windoze} just keeps BSODing on me today". (1998-09-08)
bordlode ::: n. --> The service formerly required of a tenant, to carry timber from the woods to the lord&
Both views require for their completion an exact account of the nature of the underlying logic, which, it would seem, can only be made by formalizing this logic as a logistic system (q. v,). Such a formalization of the underlying logic was employed from the beginning by Frege and by Russell, but has come into use in connection with the other -- postulational or axiomatic -- view only comparatively recently (with, perhaps, a partial exception in the case of Peano).
breadth-first search "algorithm" A {graph search algorithm} which tries all one-step extensions of current paths before trying larger extensions. This requires all current paths to be kept in memory simultaneously, or at least their end points. Opposite of {depth-first search}. See also {best first search}. (1996-01-05)
required ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Require
requirement ::: n. --> The act of requiring; demand; requisition.
That which is required; an imperative or authoritative command; an essential condition; something needed or necessary; a need.
requirer ::: n. --> One who requires.
require ::: v. t. --> To demand; to insist upon having; to claim as by right and authority; to exact; as, to require the surrender of property.
To demand or exact as indispensable; to need.
To ask as a favor; to request.
broadcast quality video "communications, multimedia" Roughly, {video} with more than 30 frames per second at a {resolution} of 800 x 640 {pixels}. The quality of moving pictures and sound is determined by the complete chain from camera to receiver. Relevant factors are the colour temperature of the lighting, the balance of the red, green and blue vision pick-up tubes to produce the correct display colour temperature (which will be different) and the {gamma} pre-correction to cancel the non-linear characteristic of {cathode-ray tubes} in television receivers. The {resolution} of the camera tube and video coding system will determine the maximum number of {pixels} in the picture. Different colour coding systems have different defects. The NTSC system (National Television Systems Committee) can produce {hue} errors. The PAL system (Phase Alternation by Line) can produce {saturation} errors. Television modulation systems are specified by ITU CCIR Report 624. Low-resolution systems have {bandwidths} of 4.2 MHz with 525 to 625 lines per frame as used in the Americas and Japan. Medium resolution of 5 to 6.5 MHz with 625 lines is used in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australasia. {High-Definition Television} (HDTV) will require 8 MHz or more of bandwidth. A medium resolution (5.5 MHz in UK) picture can be represented by 572 lines of 402 pixels. Note the ratio of pixels to lines is not the same as the {aspect ratio}. A {VGA} display (480n lines of 640 pixels) could thus display 84% of the height of one picture frame. Most compression techniques reduce quality as they assume a restricted range of detail and motion and discard details to which the human eye is not sensitive. Broadcast quality implies something better than amateur or domestic video and therefore can't be retained on a domestic video recorder. Broadcasts use quadriplex or U-matic recorders. The lowest frame rate used for commercial entertainment is the 24Hz of the 35mm cinema camera. When broadcast on a 50Hz television system, the pictures are screened at 25Hz reducing the running times by 4%. On a 60Hz system every five movie frames are screened as six TV frames, still at the 4% increased rate. The six frames are made by mixing adjacent frames, with some degradation of the picture. A computer system to meet international standard reproduction would at least VGA resolution, an interlaced frame rate of 24Hz and 8 bits to represent the luminance (Y) component. For a component display system using red, green and blue (RGB) electron guns and phosphor dots each will require 7 bits. Transmission and recording is different as various coding schemes need less bits if other representations are used instead of RGB. Broadcasts use YUV and compression can reduce this to about 3.5 bits per pixel without perceptible degradation. High-quality video and sound can be carried on a 34 Mbaud channel after being compressed with {ADPCM} and {variable length coding}, potentially in real time. (1997-07-04)
BRUIN Brown University Interactive Language. A simple interactive language with {PL/I}-like {syntax}, for {IBM 360}. ["Meeting the Computational Requirements of the University, Brown University Interactive Language", R.G. Munck, Proc 24th ACM Conf, 1969]. (1995-02-14)
brute force "programming" A primitive programming style in which the programmer relies on the computer's processing power instead of using his own intelligence to simplify the problem, often ignoring problems of scale and applying naive methods suited to small problems directly to large ones. The term can also be used in reference to programming style: brute-force programs are written in a heavy-handed, tedious way, full of repetition and devoid of any elegance or useful abstraction (see also {brute force and ignorance}). The {canonical} example of a brute-force algorithm is associated with the "{travelling salesman problem}" (TSP), a classical {NP-hard} problem: Suppose a person is in, say, Boston, and wishes to drive to N other cities. In what order should the cities be visited in order to minimise the distance travelled? The brute-force method is to simply generate all possible routes and compare the distances; while guaranteed to work and simple to implement, this algorithm is clearly very stupid in that it considers even obviously absurd routes (like going from Boston to Houston via San Francisco and New York, in that order). For very small N it works well, but it rapidly becomes absurdly inefficient when N increases (for N = 15, there are already 1,307,674,368,000 possible routes to consider, and for N = 1000 - well, see {bignum}). Sometimes, unfortunately, there is no better general solution than brute force. See also {NP-complete}. A more simple-minded example of brute-force programming is finding the smallest number in a large list by first using an existing program to sort the list in ascending order, and then picking the first number off the front. Whether brute-force programming should actually be considered stupid or not depends on the context; if the problem is not terribly big, the extra CPU time spent on a brute-force solution may cost less than the programmer time it would take to develop a more "intelligent" algorithm. Additionally, a more intelligent algorithm may imply more long-term complexity cost and bug-chasing than are justified by the speed improvement. When applied to {cryptography}, it is usually known as {brute force attack}. {Ken Thompson}, co-inventor of {Unix}, is reported to have uttered the epigram "When in doubt, use brute force". He probably intended this as a {ha ha only serious}, but the original {Unix} {kernel}'s preference for simple, robust and portable {algorithms} over {brittle} "smart" ones does seem to have been a significant factor in the success of that {operating system}. Like so many other tradeoffs in software design, the choice between brute force and complex, finely-tuned cleverness is often a difficult one that requires both engineering savvy and delicate aesthetic judgment. [{Jargon File}] (1995-02-14)
bug-compatible Said of a design or revision that has been badly compromised by a requirement to be compatible with {fossils} or {misfeatures} in other programs or (especially) previous releases of itself. "{MS-DOS} 2.0 used \ as a path separator to be bug-compatible with some cretin's choice of / as an option character in 1.0." [{Jargon File}]
bus master "architecture" The device in a computer which is driving the {address bus} and bus control signals at some point in time. In a simple architecture only the (single) {CPU} can be bus master but this means that all communications between ("slave") I/O devices must involve the CPU. More sophisticated architectures allow other capable devices (or multiple CPUs) to take turns at controling the bus. This allows, for example, a {network controller} card to access a {disk controller} directly while the CPU performs other tasks which do not require the bus, e.g. fetching code from its {cache}. Note that any device can drive data onto the {data bus} when the CPU reads from that device, but only the bus master drives the {address bus} and control signals. {Direct Memory Access} is a simple form of bus mastering where the I/O device is set up by the CPU to read from or write to one or more contiguous blocks of memory and then signal to the CPU when it has done so. Full bus mastering (or "First Party DMA", "bus mastering DMA") implies that the I/O device is capable of performing more complex sequences of operations without CPU intervention (e.g. servicing a complete {NFS} request). This will normally mean that the I/O device contains its own processor or {microcontroller}. See also {distributed kernel}. (1996-08-26)
byte-code "file format, software" A {binary} file containing an {executable} program, consisting of a sequence of ({op code}, data) pairs. Byte-code op codes are most often fixed size {bit patterns}, but can be variable size. The data portion consists of zero or more {bits} whose format typically depends on the op code. A byte-code program is interpreted by a {byte-code interpreter}. The advantage of this technique compared with outputing {machine code} for some particular processor is that the same byte-code can be executed on any processor on which the byte-code interpreter runs. The byte-code may be compiled to machine code ("native code") for speed of execution but this usually requires significantly greater effort for each new taraget architecture than simply porting the interpreter. For example, {Java} is compiled to byte-code which runs on the {Java Virtual Machine}. (2006-05-29)
c2man "tool" An automatic {documentation} extraction tool by Graham Stoney. c2man extracts comments from {C} source code to generate functional interface documentation in the same format as sections 2 and 3 of the {Unix} Programmer's Manual. It looks for comments near the objects they document, rather than imposing a rigid {syntax} or requiring the programmer to use a typesetting language. Acceptable documentation can often be generated from existing code with no modifications. c2man supports both {K&R} and {ISO}/{ANSI C} coding styles. Output can be in {nroff} -man, {Texinfo} or {LaTeX} format. It {automagically} documents {enum} parameter and return values, it handles both {C} (/* */) and {C++} (//) style comments, but not C++ grammar (yet). It requires {yacc}, {byacc} or {bison} for syntax analysis; {lex} or {flex} for {lexical analysis} and {nroff}, {groff}, {texinfo} or {LaTeX} to format the output. It runs under {Unix}, {OS/2} and {MS-DOS}. Version 2.0 patchlevel 25 (1995-10-25). {Washington FTP (ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/usenet/comp.sources.reviewed/volume03/)}. {Stuttgart FTP (ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/archive/comp.sources/reviewed/)}. {Patches (ftp://lth.se/pub/netnews/sources.bugs/volume93/sep/)}. Patches posted to {Usenet} newsgroups {news:comp.sources.bugs} and {news:comp.sources.reviewed}. (2003-05-02)
cache coherency "storage" (Or "cache consistency") /kash koh-heer'n-see/ The synchronisation of data in multiple {caches} such that reading a memory location via any cache will return the most recent data written to that location via any (other) cache. Some {parallel processors} do not cache accesses to {shared memory} to avoid the issue of cache coherency. If caches are used with shared memory then some system is required to detect when data in one processor's cache should be discarded or replaced because another processor has updated that memory location. Several such schemes have been devised. (1998-11-10)
cache "memory management" /kash/ A small fast memory holding recently accessed data, designed to speed up subsequent access to the same data. Most often applied to processor-memory access but also used for a local copy of data accessible over a network etc. When data is read from, or written to, {main memory} a copy is also saved in the cache, along with the associated main memory address. The cache monitors addresses of subsequent reads to see if the required data is already in the cache. If it is (a {cache hit}) then it is returned immediately and the main memory read is aborted (or not started). If the data is not cached (a {cache miss}) then it is fetched from main memory and also saved in the cache. The cache is built from faster memory chips than main memory so a cache hit takes much less time to complete than a normal memory access. The cache may be located on the same {integrated circuit} as the {CPU}, in order to further reduce the access time. In this case it is often known as {primary cache} since there may be a larger, slower {secondary cache} outside the CPU chip. The most important characteristic of a cache is its {hit rate} - the fraction of all memory accesses which are satisfied from the cache. This in turn depends on the cache design but mostly on its size relative to the main memory. The size is limited by the cost of fast memory chips. The hit rate also depends on the access pattern of the particular program being run (the sequence of addresses being read and written). Caches rely on two properties of the access patterns of most programs: temporal locality - if something is accessed once, it is likely to be accessed again soon, and spatial locality - if one memory location is accessed then nearby memory locations are also likely to be accessed. In order to exploit spatial locality, caches often operate on several words at a time, a "{cache line}" or "cache block". Main memory reads and writes are whole {cache lines}. When the processor wants to write to main memory, the data is first written to the cache on the assumption that the processor will probably read it again soon. Various different policies are used. In a {write-through} cache, data is written to main memory at the same time as it is cached. In a {write-back} cache it is only written to main memory when it is forced out of the cache. If all accesses were writes then, with a write-through policy, every write to the cache would necessitate a main memory write, thus slowing the system down to main memory speed. However, statistically, most accesses are reads and most of these will be satisfied from the cache. Write-through is simpler than write-back because an entry that is to be replaced can just be overwritten in the cache as it will already have been copied to main memory whereas write-back requires the cache to initiate a main memory write of the flushed entry followed (for a processor read) by a main memory read. However, write-back is more efficient because an entry may be written many times in the cache without a main memory access. When the cache is full and it is desired to cache another line of data then a cache entry is selected to be written back to main memory or "flushed". The new line is then put in its place. Which entry is chosen to be flushed is determined by a "{replacement algorithm}". Some processors have separate instruction and data caches. Both can be active at the same time, allowing an instruction fetch to overlap with a data read or write. This separation also avoids the possibility of bad {cache conflict} between say the instructions in a loop and some data in an array which is accessed by that loop. See also {direct mapped cache}, {fully associative cache}, {sector mapping}, {set associative cache}. (1997-06-25)
Cache On A STick "architecture" (COAST) {Intel Corporation} attempt to's standardise the modular {L2 cache} subsystem in {Pentium}-based computers. A COAST module should be about 4.35" wide by 1.14" high. According to earlier specifications from {Motorola}, a module between 4.33" and 4.36" wide, and between 1.12" and 1.16" high is within the COAST standard. Some module vendors, including some major motherboard suppliers, greatly violate the height specification. Another COAST specification violated by many suppliers concerns clock distribution in synchronous modules. The specification requires that the clock tree to each synchronous chip be balanced, i.e. equal length from edge of the connector to individual chips. An unbalanced clock tree increases reflections and noise. For a 256 {kilobyte} cache module the standard requires the same clock be used for both chips but some vendors use separate clocks to reduce loading on the clock driver and hence increase the clock speed. However, this creates unbalanced loading in other motherboard configurations, such as motherboards with soldered caches in the system. (1996-06-10)
Calculus: The name calculus may be applied to any organized method of solving problems or drawing inferences by manipulation of symbols according to formal rules. Or an exact definition of a calculus may be provided by identifying it with a logistic system, (q.v.) satisfying the requirement of effectiveness.
calling convention "programming" The arrangement of {arguments} for a procedure or function call. Different programming languages may require arguments to be pushed onto a {stack} or entered in {registers} in left-to-right or right-to left order, and either the caller or the callee can be responsible for removing the arguments. The calling convention also determines if a variable number of arguments is allowed. (1995-11-11)
calorie ::: n. --> The unit of heat according to the French standard; the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram (sometimes, one gram) of water one degree centigrade, or from 0¡ to 1¡. Compare the English standard unit, Foot pound.
candygrammar "language" A programming-language grammar that is mostly {syntactic sugar}; a play on "candygram". {COBOL}, {Apple Computer}'s {Hypertalk} language, and many {4GLs} share this property. The intent is to be as English-like as possible and thus easier for unskilled people to program. However, {syntax} isn't what makes programming hard; it's the mental effort and organisation required to specify an {algorithm} precisely. Thus "candygrammar" languages are just as difficult to program in, and far more painful for the experienced hacker. {GLS} notes: The overtones from the 1977 Chevy Chase "Jaws" parody on Saturday Night Live should not be overlooked. Someone lurking outside an apartment door tries to get the occupant to open up, while ominous music plays in the background. The last attempt is a half-hearted "Candygram!" When the door is opened, a shark bursts in and chomps the poor occupant. There is a moral here for those attracted to candygrammars. [{Jargon File}] (2004-09-23)
Capability Maturity Model "software" (CMM) The {Software Engineering Institute}'s model of {software engineering} that specifies five levels of maturity of the processes of a software organisation. CMM offers a framework for evolutionary process improvement. Originally applied to software development (SE-CMM), it has been expanded to cover other areas including Human Resources and Software Acquitition. The levels - focii - and key process areas are: Level 1 Initial - Heroes - None. Level 2 Repeatable - Project Management - Software Project Planning, Software Project Tracking and Oversight, Software Subcontract Management, Software Quality Assurance, Software Configuration Management, Requirements Management. Level 3 Defined - Engineering Process - Organisation Process Focus, Organisation Process Definition, Peer Reviews, Training Program, Inter-group Coordination, Software Product Engineering, Integrated Software Management. Level 4 Managed - Product and Process Quality - Software Quality Management, Quantitative Process Management. Level 5 Optimising - Continuous Improvement - Process Change Management, Technology Change Management, Defect Prevention. {(http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmm/cmm.html)}. (2001-04-28)
Carl Friedrich Gauss "person" A German mathematician (1777 - 1855), one of all time greatest. Gauss discovered the {method of least squares} and {Gaussian elimination}. Gauss was something of a child prodigy; the most commonly told story relates that when he was 10 his teacher, wanting a rest, told his class to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100. Gauss did it in seconds, having noticed that 1+...+100 = 100+...+1 = (101+...+101)/2. He did important work in almost every area of mathematics. Such eclecticism is probably impossible today, since further progress in most areas of mathematics requires much hard background study. Some idea of the range of his work can be obtained by noting the many mathematical terms with "Gauss" in their names. E.g. {Gaussian elimination} ({linear algebra}); {Gaussian primes} (number theory); {Gaussian distribution} (statistics); {Gauss} [unit] (electromagnetism); {Gaussian curvature} (differential geometry); {Gaussian quadrature} (numerical analysis); {Gauss-Bonnet formula} (differential geometry); {Gauss's identity} ({hypergeometric functions}); {Gauss sums} ({number theory}). His favourite area of mathematics was {number theory}. He conjectured the {Prime Number Theorem}, pioneered the {theory of quadratic forms}, proved the {quadratic reciprocity theorem}, and much more. He was "the first mathematician to use {complex numbers} in a really confident and scientific way" (Hardy & Wright, chapter 12). He nearly went into architecture rather than mathematics; what decided him on mathematics was his proof, at age 18, of the startling theorem that a regular N-sided polygon can be constructed with ruler and compasses if and only if N is a power of 2 times a product of distinct {Fermat primes}. (1995-04-10)
CAS 8051 Assembler An experimental one-pass {assembler} for the 8051 with {C}-like syntax by Mark Hopkins. Most features of a modern assembler included except {macros} (soon to be added). Requires an {ANSI-C} compiler. Ported to {MS-DOS}, {Ultrix}, {Sun-4}. (July 1993). Version 1.2. Assembler/linker, disassembler, documentation, examples. {(ftp://lyman.pppl.gov/pub/8051/assem)}, {(ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/microprocs/MCS-51/csd4-archive/assem)}. {Other software tools and applications (ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/compilers/8051/)}. (1995-01-26)
case and paste "programming" (From "{cut and paste}") The addition of a new {feature} to an existing system by selecting the code from an existing feature and pasting it in with minor changes. This usually results in gross violation of the fundamental programming tenet, {Don't Repeat Yourself}. Common in telephony circles because most operations in a telephone switch are selected using "case" statements. Leads to {software bloat}. In some circles of {Emacs} users this is called "programming by Meta-W", because Meta-W is the Emacs command for copying a block of text to a {kill buffer} in preparation to pasting it in elsewhere. The term is condescending, implying that the programmer is acting mindlessly rather than thinking carefully about what is required to integrate the code for two similar cases. At {DEC}, this is sometimes called "clone-and-hack" coding. [{Jargon File}] (1996-03-01)
Categorical Abstract Machine Language "language" (Originally "CAML" - Categorical Abstract Machine Language) A version of {ML} by G. Huet, G. Cousineau, Ascander Suarez, Pierre Weis, Michel Mauny and others of {INRIA} and {ENS}. CAML is intermediate between {LCF ML} and {SML} [in what sense?]. It has {first-class} functions, {static type inference} with {polymorphic} types, user-defined {variant types} and {product types}, and {pattern matching}. It is built on a proprietary run-time system. The CAML V3.1 implementation added {lazy} and {mutable} data structures, a "{grammar}" mechanism for interfacing with the {Yacc} {parser generator}, {pretty-printing} tools, high-performance {arbitrary-precision} arithmetic, and a complete library. CAML V3 is often nicknamed "heavy CAML", because of its heavy memory and CPU requirements compared to {Caml Light}. in 1990 Xavier Leroy and Damien Doligez designed a new implementation called {Caml Light}, freeing the previous implementation from too many experimental high-level features, and more importantly, from the old Le_Lisp back-end. Following the addition of a {native-code} compiler and a powerful {module} system in 1995 and of the {object} and {class} layer in 1996, the project's name was changed to {Objective Caml}. ["The CAML Reference Manual", P. Weis et al, TR INRIA-ENS, 1989]. (2003-04-12)
cat "tool" (From "catenate") {Unix}'s command which copies one or more entire files to the screen or some other output sink without pause. See also {dd}, {BLT}. Among {Unix} fans, cat is considered an excellent example of user-interface design, because it delivers the file contents without such verbosity as spacing or headers between the files (the {pr} command can be used to do this), and because it does not require the files to consist of lines of text, but works with any sort of data. Among Unix haters, cat is considered the {canonical} example of *bad* user-interface design, because of its woefully unobvious name. It is far more often used to {blast} a file to standard output than to concatenate files. The name "cat" for the former operation is just as unintuitive as, say, LISP's {cdr}. Of such oppositions are {holy wars} made. (1994-11-29)
C-BC "language" A {strongly typed} version of {BC} by Mark Hopkins, with expanded {C}-like {syntax}, more base types and the ability to form {array} and {pointer} types of any dimension and to allocate/free arrays at {run time}. Most {POSIX-BC} features are supported, except that {functions} must be declared consistently and declared before first use. {String} handling is slightly different. It requires an {ANSI-C} compiler and runs under {MS-DOS} or {Unix}. Version: 1.1. Posted to {alt.sources} 1993-04-10. (1993-08-23)
CENELEC "body, standard" The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization. A body developing electrotechnical standards for the Single European Market / European Economic Area in order to reduce internal frontiers and trade barriers for electrotechnical products, systems and services. CENELEC's 19 member countries and 11 affiliate countries aim to adopt and implement the required standards, which are mostly identical to the {International Electrotechnical Commission} (IEC) standards. CENELEC works in co-operation with {Comité Européen de Normalisation} (CEN) and {European Telecommunications Standards Institute} (ETSI). (1999-09-28)
Certitude: Consists in the firmness, by which the mind adheres to any proposition, whereas evidence, besides the firmness of adhesion, implies also the quietude (or satisfaction) of the intellect in the thing known either because from a comparison. If the terms we immediately know the relation between a subject and predicate, or because, immediately, with the help of deduction we perceive an adequate reason for a thing. Hence for certitude to exist in the mind, it is sufficient that the cause from which it arises be of such a nature as to exclude all fear of the opposite, whereas for evidence, it is required that the intellect fully grasp that which it knows. -- H.G.
chaos "mathematics" A property of some {non-linear dynamic systems} which exhibit sensitive dependence on initial conditions. This means that there are initial states which evolve within some finite time to states whose separation in one or more dimensions of {state space} depends, in an average sense, exponentially on their initial separation. Such systems may still be completely {deterministic} in that any future state of the system depends only on the initial conditions and the equations describing the change of the system with time. It may, however, require arbitrarily high precision to actually calculate a future state to within some finite precision. ["On defining chaos", R. Glynn Holt "rgholt@voyager.jpl.nasa.gov" and D. Lynn Holt "lholt@seraph1.sewanee.edu". {(ftp://mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/etext/ippe/preprints/Phil_of_Science/Holt_and_Holt.On_Defining_Chaos)}] Fixed precision {floating-point} arithmetic, as used by most computers, may actually introduce chaotic dependence on initial conditions due to the accumulation of rounding errors (which constitutes a non-linear system). (1995-02-07)
character encoding "character" (Or "character encoding scheme") A mapping between {binary} data values and character {code positions} (or "code points"). Early systems stored characters in a variety of ways, e.g. four six-bit characters in a 24-bit word, but around 1960, eight-bit bytes started to become the most common data storage layout, with each character stored in one byte, typically in the {ASCII} character set. In the case of {ASCII}, the character encoding is an {identity} mapping: code position 65 maps to the byte value 65. This is possible because ASCII uses only code positions representable as single {bytes}, i.e., values between 0 and 255. ({US-ASCII} only uses values 0 to 127, in fact.) From the late 1990s, there was increased use of larger character sets such as {Unicode} and many {CJK} {coded character sets}. These can represent characters from many languages and more symbols. {Unicode} uses many more than the 256 code positions that can be represented by one byte. It thus requires more complex mappings: sometimes the characters are mapped onto pairs of bytes (see {DBCS}). In many cases, this breaks programs that assume a one-to-one mapping of bytes to characters, and so, for example, treat any occurrance of the byte value 13 as a {carriage return}. To avoid this problem, character encodings such as {UTF-8} were devised. (2015-11-29)
child process "operating system" A {process} created by another process (the {parent process}). Each process may create many child processes but will have only one parent process, except for the very first process which has no parent. The first process, called {init} in {Unix}, is started by the {kernel} at {boot time} and never terminates. A child process inherits most of its attributes, such as open files, from its parent. In fact in Unix, a child process is created (using {fork}) as a copy of the parent. The chid process can then overlay itself with a different program (using {exec}) as required. (1997-11-22)
Ch'iung li: Investigation of Reason of things to the utmost. A thing is considered by the Neo-Confucianists to be an event. A perfect understanding of an event can be obtained by investigating to the utmost the Reason underlying it. This does not require the investigation of the Reason of all things. When the Reason in one thing is extensively investigated, the Reason in other things can be understood. (Neo-Confucianism.) -- W.T.C.
CJK "character" In {internationalisation}, a collective term for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. The characters of these languages are all partly based on {Han characters} (i.e., "hanzi" or "{kanji}"), which require 16-bit {character encodings}. CJK character encodings should consist minimally of {Han characters} plus language-specific phonetic scripts such as pinyin, bopomofo, hiragana, hangul, etc. {CJKV} is CJK plus {Vietnamese}. {(ftp://ftp.ora.com/pub/examples/nutshell/ujip/doc/cjk.inf)}. (2001-01-01)
CJKV "character" {CJK} plus {Vietnamese}. Vietnamese, like the other three CJK languages, requires 16-bit {character encodings} but it does not use {Han characters}. ["CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing", Ken Lunde, pub. O'Reilly 1998, {(http://oreilly.com/catalog/cjkvinfo/)}]. (2001-03-18)
CLISP "language" 1. A {Common Lisp} implementation by {Bruno Haible (http://haible.de/bruno/)} of {Karlsruhe University} and {Michael Stoll (http://math.uni-duesseldorf.de/~stoll/)}. of {Munich University}, both in Germany. CLISP includes an {interpreter}, {bytecode compiler}, almost all of the {CLOS} {object system}, a {foreign language interface} and a {socket interface}. An {X11} interface is available through {CLX} and {Garnet}. Command line editing is provided by the {GNU} readline library. CLISP requires only 2 MB of {RAM}. The {user interface} comes in German, English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and Russian and can be changed at {run time}. CLISP is {Free Software} and distributed under the {GPL}. It runs on {microcomputers} ({OS/2}, {Microsoft Windows}, {Amiga}, {Acorn}) as well as on {Unix} workstations ({Linux}, {BSD}, {SVR4}, {Sun4}, {Alpha}, {HP-UX}, {NeXTstep}, {SGI}, {AIX}, {Sun3} and others). {Official web page (http://clisp.cons.org)}. {Mailing list (http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/clisp-list)}. (2003-08-04) 2. {Conversational LISP}. (2019-11-21)
COBOL fingers "jargon" /koh'bol fing'grz/ Reported from Sweden, a hypothetical disease one might get from coding in {COBOL}. The language requires code verbose beyond all reason (see {candygrammar}); thus it is alleged that programming too much in COBOL causes one's fingers to wear down to stubs by the endless typing. [{Jargon File}] (1994-12-22)
codewalker "programming, tool" A program component that analyses other programs. {Compilers} have codewalkers in their front ends; so do {cross-reference generators} and some database front ends. Other utility programs that try to do too much with source code may turn into codewalkers. As in "This new 'vgrind' feature would require a codewalker to implement." [{Jargon File}] (1994-12-23)
coke ::: n. --> Mineral coal charred, or depriver of its bitumen, sulphur, or other volatile matter by roasting in a kiln or oven, or by distillation, as in gas works. It is lagerly used where / smokeless fire is required. ::: v. t. --> To convert into coke.
command line option "software" (Or "option", "flag", "switch", "option switch") An argument to a command that modifies its function rather than providing data. Options generally start with "-" in {Unix} or "/" in {MS-DOS}. This is usually followed by a single letter or occasionally a digit. More recently, {GNU} software adopted the --longoptionname style, usually in addition to traditional, single-character, -x style equivalents. Some commands require each option to be a separate argument, introduced by a new "-" or "/", others allow multiple option letters to be concatenated into a single argument with a single "-" or "/", e.g. "ls -al". A few Unix commands (e.g. {ar}, {tar}) allow the "-" to be omitted. Some options may or must be followed by a value, e.g. "cc prog.c -o prog", sometimes with and sometimes without an intervening space. {getopt} and {getopts} are commands for parsing command line options. There is also a {C} library routine called getopt for the same purpose. (2007-02-18)
COmmon Business Oriented Language "language, business" /koh'bol/ (COBOL) A programming language for simple computations on large amounts of data, designed by the {CODASYL} Committee in April 1960. COBOL's {natural language} style is intended to be largely self-documenting. It introduced the {record} structure. COBOL was probably the most widely used programming language during the 1960s and 1970s. Many of the major programs that required repair or replacement due to {Year 2000} {software rot} issues were originally written in COBOL, and this was responsible for a short-lived increased demand for COBOL programmers. Even in 2002 though, new COBOL programs are still being written in some organisations and many old COBOL programs are still running in {dinosaur} shops. Major revisions in 1968 (ANS X3.23-1968), 1974 (ANS X3.23-1974) and 1985. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.cobol}. ["Initial Specifications for a Common Business Oriented Language" DoD, US GPO, Apr 1960]. (2002-02-21)
Common Command Set "storage, standard" (CCS) Additional requirements and features for direct-access {SCSI} devices. In 1985 when the first {SCSI} standard was being finalised as an {American National Standard}, the {X3T9.2} Task Group was approached by some manufacturers who wanted changes. Rather than delay the SCSI standard, X3T9.2 formed an ad hoc group to define CCS. [Spec? Status? "direct-access"?] (1997-03-23)
Common Gateway Interface "web" (CGI) A {standard} for running external {programs} from a {web} {HTTP} {server}. CGI specifies how to pass {arguments} to the program as part of the HTTP request. It also defines a set of {environment variables} that are made available to the program. The program generates output, typically {HTML}, which the web server processes and passes back to the {browser}. Alternatively, the program can request {URL redirection}. CGI allows the returned output to depend in any arbitrary way on the request. The CGI program can, for example, access information in a {database} and format the results as HTML. The program can access any data that a normal application program can, however the facilities available to CGI programs are usually limited for security reasons. Although CGI programs can be compiled programs, they are more often written in a (semi) {interpreted language} such as {Perl}, or as {Unix} {shell scripts}, hence the common name "CGI script". Here is a trivial CGI script written in Perl. (It requires the "CGI" module available from {CPAN}).
competent ::: a. --> Answering to all requirements; adequate; sufficient; suitable; capable; legally qualified; fit.
Rightfully or properly belonging; incident; -- followed by to.
complement ::: v. t. --> That which fills up or completes; the quantity or number required to fill a thing or make it complete.
That which is required to supply a deficiency, or to complete a symmetrical whole.
Full quantity, number, or amount; a complete set; completeness.
A second quantity added to a given quantity to make it equal to a third given quantity.
complete lattice A {lattice} is a {partial ordering} of a set under a relation where all finite subsets have a {least upper bound} and a {greatest lower bound}. A complete lattice also has these for infinite subsets. Every finite lattice is complete. Some authors drop the requirement for {greatest lower bounds}. (1994-12-02)
complexity "algorithm" The level in difficulty in solving mathematically posed problems as measured by the time, number of steps or arithmetic operations, or memory space required (called time complexity, computational complexity, and space complexity, respectively). The interesting aspect is usually how complexity scales with the size of the input (the "{scalability}"), where the size of the input is described by some number N. Thus an {algorithm} may have computational complexity O(N^2) (of the order of the square of the size of the input), in which case if the input doubles in size, the computation will take four times as many steps. The ideal is a constant time algorithm (O(1)) or failing that, O(N). See also {NP-complete}. (1994-10-20)
computational complexity "algorithm" The number of steps or arithmetic operations required to solve a computational problem. One of the three kinds of {complexity}. (1996-04-24)
computer vision "application" A branch of {artificial intelligence} and {image processing} concerned with computer processing of images from the real world. Computer vision typically requires a combination of low level {image processing} to enhance the image quality (e.g. remove noise, increase contrast), {pattern recognition} to recognise features such as lines, areas and colours and {image understanding} to translate these features into knowledge about the objects in the scene. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.ai.vision}. (2012-12-25)
connection-oriented "networking" (Or connection-based, stream-oriented). A type of {transport layer} data communication service that allows a {host} to send data in a continuous stream to another host. The transport service will guarantee that all data will be delivered to the other end in the same order as sent and without duplication. Communication proceeds through three well-defined phases: connection establishment, data transfer, connection release. The most common example is {Transmission Control Protocol} (TCP), another is {ATM}. The network nodes at either end needs to inform all intermediate nodes about their service requirements and traffic parameters in order to establish communication. Opposite of {connectionless}, {datagram}. See also {circuit switching}, {packet switching}, {virtual circuit}. (2014-11-27)
constant angular velocity "storage" (CAV) One of the two schemes for controlling the rate of rotation of the disk in a {disk drive}. Constant {angular velocity} keeps the rate of rotation constant. This means that the {linear velocity} of the disk under the head is larger when reading or writing the outer {tracks}. This in turn implies either a variation in the data rate to and from the heads or the bits per unit length along the track. The alternative, {constant linear velocity}, requires the rate of rotation of the disk to accelerate and decelerate according to the radial postion of the heads, increasing the energy use and vibration. (2014-07-16)
constraint satisfaction "application" The process of assigning values to {variables} while meeting certain requirements or "{constraints}". For example, in {graph colouring}, a node is a variable, the colour assigned to it is its value and a link between two nodes represents the constraint that those two nodes must not be assigned the same colour. In {scheduling}, constraints apply to such variables as the starting and ending times for tasks. The {Simplex} method is one well known technique for solving numerical constraints. The search difficulty of constraint satisfaction problems can be determined on average from knowledge of easily computed structural properties of the problems. In fact, hard instances of {NP-complete} problems are concentrated near an abrupt transition between under- and over-constrained problems. This transition is analogous to phase transitions in physical systems and offers a way to estimate the likely difficulty of a constraint problem before attempting to solve it with search. {Phase transitions in search (ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pub/dynamics/constraints.html)} (Tad Hogg, {XEROX PARC}). (1995-02-15)
Constructive Cost Model "programming" (COCOMO) A method for estimating the cost of a {software} package, proposed by Dr Barry Boehm. The Basic COCOMO Model estimates the effort required to develop software in three modes of development ({Organic Mode}, {Semidetached Mode}, or {Embedded Mode}) using only {DSIs} as an input. The Basic model is good for quick estimates. The Intermediate Model extends the Basic Model with an {Effort Adjustment Factor} (EAF) and different coefficients for the effort equation. The user supplies settings for cost drivers that determine the effort and duration of the software projects. It also allows DSI values and cost drivers to be chosen for individual components instead of for the system as a whole. The Detailed COCOMO Model uses effort multipliers for each phase of the project and provides a three-level product hierarchy and has some other capabilities such as a procedure for adjusting the phase distribution of the development schedule. ["Software Engineering Economics", B. Boehm, Prentice-Hall, 1981]. (1996-05-29)
consultant "job" A person who facilitates organisational change and/or provides subject matter expertise on technical, functional and business topics during development or implementation. Consultants perform {business requirements analysis}, recommend selection of packaged {software}, develop proposals for consulting services and manage implementation projects at client sites. They provides expert knowledge of products such as {SAP R/3}, {PeopleSoft}, {HRMS/Financials} and {SmartStream}. (2004-03-09)
contraindicate ::: v. t. --> To indicate, as by a symptom, some method of treatment contrary to that which the general tenor of the case would seem to require.
cookie monster "recreation" (From the children's TV program "Sesame Street") Any of a family of early (1970s) hacks reported on {TOPS-10}, {ITS}, {Multics} and elsewhere that would lock up either the victim's terminal (on a {time-sharing} machine) or the {console} (on a batch {mainframe}), repeatedly demanding "I WANT A COOKIE". The required responses ranged in complexity from "COOKIE" through "HAVE A COOKIE" and upward. See also {wabbit}. [{Jargon File}] (1997-02-12)
cooperative multitasking "parallel, operating system" A form of {multitasking} where it is the responsibility of the currently running task to give up the processor to allow other tasks to run. This contrasts with {pre-emptive multitasking} where the task {scheduler} periodically suspends the running task and restarts another. Cooperative multitasking requires the programmer to place calls at suitable points in his code to allow his task to be {deschedule}d which is not always easy if there is no obvious top-level {main loop} or some routines run for a long time. If a task does not allow itself to be descheduled all other tasks on the system will appear to "freeze" and will not respond to user action. The advantage of cooperative multitasking is that the programmer knows where the program will be descheduled and can make sure that this will not cause unwanted interaction with other processes. Under {pre-emptive multitasking}, the scheduler must ensure that sufficient state for each process is saved and restored that they will not interfere. Thus cooperative multitasking can have lower {overheads} than pre-emptive multitasking because of the greater control it offers over when a task may be descheduled. Cooperative multitasking is used in {RISC OS}, {Microsoft Windows} and {Macintosh} {System 7}. (1995-03-20)
copyleft "legal" /kop'ee-left/ (A play on "copyright") The {copyright} notice and {General Public License} applying to the works of the {Free Software Foundation}, granting reuse and reproduction rights to everyone. Typically copyrights take away freedoms; copyleft preserves them. It is a legal instrument that requires those who pass on a program to include the rights to use, modify, and redistribute the code; the code and the freedoms become legally inseparable. The copyleft used by the GNU Project combines a regular copyright notice and the "GNU General Public License" (GPL). The GPL is a copying license which basically says that you have the aforementioned freedoms. The license is included in each GNU source code distribution and manual. See also {General Public Virus}. [{Jargon File}] (1995-04-18)
copyright symbol "character, legal" "©" The internationally recognised symbol required to introduce a {copyright} notice, a letter C with a circle around it. This can be encoded in {ISO 8859-1} as character code decimal 169, hexadecimal A9, in {HTML} as ©, &
CORAL 1. {Class Oriented Ring Associated Language}. 2. A {deductive database} and {logic programming} system based on {Horn-clause} rules with extensions like {SQL}'s {group-by} and {aggregation} operators. CORAL was developed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It is implemented in C++ and has a {Prolog}-like {syntax}. Many evaluation techniques are supported, including {bottom-up fixpoint evaluation} and top-down {backtracking}. {Modules} are separately compiled; different evaluation methods can be used in different modules within a single program. Disk-resident data is supported via an interface to the {Exodus} storage manager. There is an on-line help facility. It requires {AT&T} {C++} 2.0 (or {G++} soon) and runs on {Decstation} and {Sun-4}. {(ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/)}. (1993-01-29)
crave ::: 1. To have an intense desire for. 2. To need urgently; require. 3. To beg earnestly for; implore. craves, craved, craving.
crave ::: v. t. --> To ask with earnestness or importunity; to ask with submission or humility; to beg; to entreat; to beseech; to implore.
To call for, as a gratification; to long for; hence, to require or demand; as, the stomach craves food. ::: v. i. --> To desire strongly; to feel an insatiable longing; as, a
crimper ::: n. --> One who, or that which, crimps
A curved board or frame over which the upper of a boot or shoe is stretched to the required shape.
A device for giving hair a wavy appearance.
A machine for crimping or ruffling textile fabrics.
critical mass In physics, the minimum amount of fissionable material required to sustain a chain reaction. Of a software product, describes a condition of the software such that fixing one bug introduces one plus {epsilon} bugs. (This malady has many causes: {creeping featurism}, ports to too many disparate environments, poor initial design, etc.) When software achieves critical mass, it can never be fixed; it can only be discarded and rewritten. [{Jargon File}] (1994-12-23)
critical section A non-{re-entrant} piece of code that can only be executed by one process at a time. It will usually terminate in bounded time and a process will only have to wait a bounded time to enter it. Some synchronisation mechanism is required at the entry and exit of the critical section to ensure exclusive use.
Critical Value ::: The value of a statistic required in order to consider the results significant.
crucible ::: n. --> A vessel or melting pot, composed of some very refractory substance, as clay, graphite, platinum, and used for melting and calcining substances which require a strong degree of heat, as metals, ores, etc.
A hollow place at the bottom of a furnace, to receive the melted metal.
A test of the most decisive kind; a severe trial; as, the crucible of affliction.
Cyclo "programming, tool" (Cyclomatic complexity tool) A {C} and {C++} code analysis tool by Roger D. Binns. It measures {cyclomatic complexity}, shows function calls, and can draw {flowgraphs} of {ANSI C} and {C++} code. It requires {Lex} and {C++}. Posted to {alt.sources}, 1993-06-28. (1993-06-28)
daemon "operating system" /day'mn/ or /dee'mn/ (From the mythological meaning, later rationalised as the acronym "Disk And Execution MONitor") A program that is not invoked explicitly, but lies dormant waiting for some condition(s) to occur. The idea is that the perpetrator of the condition need not be aware that a daemon is lurking (though often a program will commit an action only because it knows that it will implicitly invoke a daemon). For example, under {ITS} writing a file on the {LPT} spooler's directory would invoke the spooling daemon, which would then print the file. The advantage is that programs wanting files printed need neither compete for access to, nor understand any idiosyncrasies of, the {LPT}. They simply enter their implicit requests and let the daemon decide what to do with them. Daemons are usually spawned automatically by the system, and may either live forever or be regenerated at intervals. {Unix} systems run many daemons, chiefly to handle requests for services from other {hosts} on a {network}. Most of these are now started as required by a single real daemon, {inetd}, rather than running continuously. Examples are {cron} (local timed command execution), {rshd} (remote command execution), {rlogind} and {telnetd} (remote login), {ftpd}, {nfsd} (file transfer), {lpd} (printing). Daemon and {demon} are often used interchangeably, but seem to have distinct connotations (see {demon}). The term "daemon" was introduced to computing by {CTSS} people (who pronounced it /dee'mon/) and used it to refer to what {ITS} called a {dragon}. [{Jargon File}] (1995-05-11)
database administrator "job" A person responsible for the design and management of one or more {databases} and for the evaluation, selection and implementation of {database management systems}. In smaller organisations, the data administrator and database administrator are often one in the same; however, when they are different, the database administrator's function is more technical. The database administrator would implement the database software that meets the requirements outlined by the organisation's data administrator and {systems analysts}. Tasks might include controling an organisation's data resources, using {data dictionary} software to ensure {data integrity} and security, recovering corrupted data and eliminating data redundancy and uses tuning tools to improve database performance. (2004-03-11)
database management system "database" (DBMS) A suite of programs which typically manage large structured sets of persistent data, offering ad hoc query facilities to many users. They are widely used in business applications. A database management system (DBMS) can be an extremely complex set of software programs that controls the organisation, storage and retrieval of data (fields, records and files) in a database. It also controls the security and integrity of the database. The DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organisation's information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system. Data security prevents unauthorised users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of the database, called subschemas (pronounced "sub-skeema"). For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorised to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data. The DBMS can maintain the integrity of the database by not allowing more than one user to update the same record at the same time. The DBMS can keep duplicate records out of the database; for example, no two customers with the same customer numbers (key fields) can be entered into the database. {Query languages} and {report writers} allow users to interactively interrogate the database and analyse its data. If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases. However, it may not leave an audit trail of actions or provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organisation. These controls are only available when a set of application programs are customised for each data entry and updating function. A business information system is made up of subjects (customers, employees, vendors, etc.) and activities (orders, payments, purchases, etc.). Database design is the process of deciding how to organize this data into record types and how the record types will relate to each other. The DBMS should mirror the organisation's data structure and process transactions efficiently. Organisations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators. The three most common organisations are the {hierarchical database}, {network database} and {relational database}. A database management system may provide one, two or all three methods. Inverted lists and other methods are also used. The most suitable structure depends on the application and on the transaction rate and the number of inquiries that will be made. Database machines are specially designed computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Connected to one or more mainframes via a high-speed channel, database machines are used in large volume transaction processing environments. Database machines have a large number of DBMS functions built into the hardware and also provide special techniques for accessing the disks containing the databases, such as using multiple processors concurrently for high-speed searches. The world of information is made up of data, text, pictures and voice. Many DBMSs manage text as well as data, but very few manage both with equal proficiency. Throughout the 1990s, as storage capacities continue to increase, DBMSs will begin to integrate all forms of information. Eventually, it will be common for a database to handle data, text, graphics, voice and video with the same ease as today's systems handle data. See also: {intelligent database}. (1998-10-07)
database server A stand-alone computer in a local area network that holds and manages the database. It implies that database management functions, such as locating the actual record being requested, is performed in the server computer. Contrast with file server, which acts as a remote disk drive and requires that large parts of the database, for example, entire indexes, be transmitted to the user's computer where the real database management tasks are performed. First-generation personal computer database software was not designed for a network; thus, modified versions of the software released by the vendors employed the file server concept. Second-generation products, designed for local area networks, perform the management tasks in the server where they should be done, and consequently are turning the file server into a database server.
database transaction "database" A set of related changes applied to a {database}. The term typically implies that either all of the changes should be applied or, in the event of an error, none of them, i.e. the transaction should be {atomic}. Atomicity is one of the {ACID} properties a transaction can have, another is {isolation} - preventing interference between processes trying to access the database {cocurrently}. This is usually achieved by some form of {locking} - where one process takes exclusive control of a database {table} or {row} for the duration of the transaction, preventing other processes from accessing the locked data. The canonical example of a transaction is transferring money between two bank accounts by subtracting it from one and adding it to the other. Some {relational database management systems} require the user to explicitly start a transaction and then either commit it (if all the individual steps are successful) or roll it back (if there are any errors). (2013-06-03)
data model "database" The product of the {database} design process which aims to identify and organize the required data logically and physically. A data model says what information is to be contained in a database, how the information will be used, and how the items in the database will be related to each other. For example, a data model might specify that a customer is represented by a customer name and credit card number and a product as a product code and price, and that there is a one-to-many relation between a customer and a product. It can be difficult to change a database layout once code has been written and data inserted. A well thought-out data model reduces the need for such changes. Data modelling enhances application maintainability and future systems may re-use parts of existing models, which should lower development costs. A data modelling language is a mathematical formalism with a notation for describing data structures and a set of operations used to manipulate and validate that data. One of the most widely used methods for developing data models is the {entity-relationship model}. The {relational model} is the most widely used type of data model. Another example is {NIAM}. ["Principles of Database and Knowledge-Base Systems", J.D. Ullman, Volume I, Computer Science Press, 1988, p. 32]. (2000-06-24)
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification "communications, networking" (DOCSIS) {ITU}-approved interface requirements for {cable modems} involved in high-speed data distribution over a {cable television} network. DOCSIS compatible equipment uses a 6 MHz {carrier} band for {downstream}, using 64 and 256 {QAM} (ITU Annex B), and {QPSK} and 16 QAM for {upstream}, allowing up to 36 and 10 Mb/s, respectively for downstream and upstream channels. {CableLabs FAQ (http://cablemodem.com/FAQs.html)}. (2001-07-10)
dead code "programming" (Or "infeasible path") Any part of a {program} that can never be executed because no {control flow} path leads to it. This may be because it is guarded by a {control structure} that will always {transfer control} somewhere else, e.g. if (false) {
deadlock ::: n. --> A lock which is not self-latching, but requires a key to throw the bolt forward.
A counteraction of things, which produces an entire stoppage; a complete obstruction of action.
debugger "tool, programming" A {tool} used by a {programmer} to monitor and control a program he is trying to fix. The most important functions of a debugger are {tracing}, stepping, {breakpoints} and {watches}. Tracing displays a step-by-step report on what {statement} the program is currently executing, allowing the programmer to follow the {flow of control} through {if statements}, {loops (loop)}, {subroutine} calls, etc. {Breakpoints} and {watches} both pause execution of the program and return control to the debugger under certain conditions. A {breakpoint} triggers when execution reaches a particular {statement} in the program and a {watch} triggers whenever a specific variable is modified. Stepping is like a breakpoint on every statement, often with the option to step "into" or "over" a {subroutine}, i.e. continue stepping through the statements of the subroutine or just execute it without pausing and resume stepping when it returns. Whenever control returns to the debugger it lets the programmer ask to see the values of {variables}, and possibly modify them, before resuming execution. Some debuggers can be set to automatically perform some action like display a variable value and resume. A debugger can interact with the target program in different ways. Some debuggers require the program to be loaded into the debugger which may then modify or "instrument" the program for debugging. Others can "attach" to a program that is already running. Some are built into the normal program execution environment (e.g. an {interpreter}) and can be set to run under certain conditions, e.g. errors. Early debuggers such as {Unix}'s {adb} only knew about the compiled executable code so sometimes debugging had to be done at the level of {machine code} instructions and numerical memory locations. If you were lucky, the debugger could access the program's {symbol table} and display the original names of subroutines and variables. Sometimes this required the program to be "compiled for debugging". Since compiling every program for debugging would add significantly to the size of a {distribution} of a whole {operating system}, it is common for programs to be distributed without debugging support but for individual programs to be made available with it. A major advance in debuggers was source-level debugging. This gives the programmer a view of their {source code} annotated with breakpoints and a pointer to the statement currently being executed. Such a view is commonly part of an {integrated development environment} like {Visual Basic}. (2014-08-23)
debugging "programming" The process of attempting to determine the cause of the symptoms of malfunctions in a program or other system. These symptoms may be detected during {testing} or use by {real users}. Symptoms are often caused by factors outside the program, such as misconfiguration of the user's {operating system}, misunderstanding by the user (see {PEBCAK}) or failures in other external systems on which the program relies. Some of these are more in the realm of {technical support} but need to be eliminated. Debugging really starts when it has been established that the program is not behaving according to its specification (which may be formal or informal). It can be done by visual inspection of the {source code}, {debugging by printf} or using a {debugger}. The result may be that the program is actually behaving as specified but that the spec is wrong or the requirements on which it was based were deficient in some way (see {BAD}). Once a bug has been identified and a fix applied, the program must be tested to determine whether the bug is really fixed and what effects the changes have had on other aspects of the program's operation (see {regression testing}). The term is said to have been coined by {Grace Hopper}, based on the term "{bug}". (2006-11-27)
dedicated line "communications" A telephone line leased expressly for the purpose of connecting two users more-or-less permenantly.. Such lines may be "voice grade" which provides the {bandwidth} and {signal to noise ratio} of ordinary {public switched telephone network} circuits, or specified in ways which allow transport of suitably encoded digital signals at faster rates. In some cases, lines may be physical wires between the communicating parties. Over longer distances, it is common for the connection to be virtual, which means that although the two users can communicate only with each other, their signals and others are multiplexed, amplified, switched, scrambled, demultiplexed and so on in complex ways between the end points. This contrasts with a {dial-up} connection which is only opened when one end requires it. (1996-08-10)
Deduction: (Lat. deductio, a leading down) Necessary analytical inference. (a) In logic: inference in which a conclusion follows necessarily from one or more given premisses. Definitions given have usually required that the conclusion be of lesser generality than one of the premisses, and have sometimes explicitly excluded immediate inference; but neither restriction fits very well with the ordinary actual use of the word. (b) In psychology, analytical reasoning from general to particular or less general. The mental drawing of conclusions from given postulates. Deduction of the Categories: (In Kant: Deduktion der Kategorien) Transcendental deduction: An exposition of the nature and possibility of a priori forms and the explanation and justification of their use as necessary conditions of experience. Empirical deduction: Factual explanation of how concepts arise in experience and reflection. See Kantianism. -- O.F.K.
default ::: n. --> A failing or failure; omission of that which ought to be done; neglect to do what duty or law requires; as, this evil has happened through the governor&
defendant ::: a. --> Serving, or suitable, for defense; defensive.
Making defense. ::: n. --> One who defends; a defender.
A person required to make answer in an action or suit; -- opposed to plaintiff.
deficient ::: a. --> Wanting, to make up completeness; wanting, as regards a requirement; not sufficient; inadequate; defective; imperfect; incomplete; lacking; as, deficient parts; deficient estate; deficient strength; deficient in judgment.
degrees of freedom "robotics" The number of independent parameters required to specify the position and orientation of an object. Often used to classify {robot} arms. For example, an arm with six degrees of freedom could reach any position close enough and could orient it's end effector (grip or tool etc.) at any angle about the three perpendicular axes.
delta reduction "theory" In {lambda-calculus} extended with constants, delta reduction replaces a function applied to the required number of arguments (a {redex}) by a result. E.g. plus 2 3 --" 5. In contrast with {beta reduction} (the only kind of reduction in the {pure lambda-calculus}) the result is not formed simply by textual substitution of arguments into the body of a function. Instead, a delta redex is matched against the left hand side of all delta rules and is replaced by the right hand side of the (first) matching rule. There is notionally one delta rule for each possible combination of function and arguments. Where this implies an infinite number of rules, the result is usually defined by reference to some external system such as mathematical addition or the hardware operations of some computer. For other types, all rules can be given explicitly, for example {Boolean} negation: not True = False not False = True (1997-02-20)
demand driven A demand driven architecture/language performs computations when the result is required by some other computation. E.g. {Imperial College}'s {ALICE} running {HOPE}. See also {data flow}, {lazy evaluation}, {reduction}. (1995-02-16)
demand ::: n. 1. A formal claim. 2. An urgent requirement or need. demands. v. 3. To ask urgently or peremptorily, to claim as just or due. 4. To require as useful, just, proper, or necessary; call for. demands, demanded, demanding.
demand paging "memory management" A kind of {virtual memory} where a {page} of memory will be {paged in} if an attempt is made to access it and it is not already present in main memory. This normally involves a {memory management unit} which looks up the {virtual address} in a {page map} to see if it is paged in. If it is not then the {operating system} will page it in, update the page map and restart the failed access. This implies that the processor must be able to recover from and restart a failed memory access or must be suspended while some other mechanism is used to perform the paging. Paging in a page may first require some other page to be moved from main memory to disk ("paged out") to make room. If this page has not been modified since it was paged in, it can simply be reused without writing it back to disk. This is determined from the "modified" or "dirty" flag bit in the {page map}. A {replacement algorithm} or policy is used to select the page to be paged out, often this is the {least recently used} (LRU) {algorithm}. {Prepaging} is generally more efficient than demand paging. (1998-04-24)
demand ::: v. t. --> To ask or call for with authority; to claim or seek from, as by authority or right; to claim, as something due; to call for urgently or peremptorily; as, to demand a debt; to demand obedience.
To inquire authoritatively or earnestly; to ask, esp. in a peremptory manner; to question.
To require as necessary or useful; to be in urgent need of; hence, to call for; as, the case demands care.
To call into court; to summon.
demodulation "communications" To recover the {signal} from the {carrier}. For example, in a radio broadcast using {amplitude modulation} the audio signal is transmitted as the mean amplitude of a radio-frequency carrier so demodulation requires a circuit which measures the amplitude and filters out the carrier. There are many other kinds of {modulation} and corresponding demodulation. (1998-07-29)
demon 1. "operating system" (Often used equivalently to {daemon}, especially in the {Unix} world, where the latter spelling and pronunciation is considered mildly archaic). A program or part of a program which is not invoked explicitly, but that lies dormant waiting for some condition(s) to occur. At {MIT} they use "demon" for part of a program and "daemon" for an {operating system} process. Demons (parts of programs) are particularly common in {AI} programs. For example, a {knowledge}-manipulation program might implement {inference rules} as demons. Whenever a new piece of knowledge was added, various demons would activate (which demons depends on the particular piece of data) and would create additional pieces of knowledge by applying their respective inference rules to the original piece. These new pieces could in turn activate more demons as the inferences filtered down through chains of logic. Meanwhile, the main program could continue with whatever its primary task was. This is similar to the {triggers} used in {relational databases}. The use of this term may derive from "Maxwell's Demons" - minute beings which can reverse the normal flow of heat from a hot body to a cold body by only allowing fast moving molecules to go from the cold body to the hot one and slow molecules from hot to cold. The solution to this apparent thermodynamic paradox is that the demons would require an external supply of energy to do their work and it is only in the absence of such a supply that heat must necessarily flow from hot to cold. Walt Bunch believes the term comes from the demons in Oliver Selfridge's paper "Pandemonium", MIT 1958, which was named after the capital of Hell in Milton's "Paradise Lost". Selfridge likened neural cells firing in response to input patterns to the chaos of millions of demons shrieking in Pandemonium. 2. "company" {Demon Internet} Ltd. 3. A {program generator} for {differential equation} problems. [N.W. Bennett, Australian AEC Research Establishment, AAEC/E142, Aug 1965]. [{Jargon File}] (1998-09-04)
Descriptive Statistics ::: The branch of statistics that focuses on describing in numerical format what is happening now within a population. Descriptive statistics require that all subjects in the population (the entire class, all males in a school, all professors) be tested.
design "process" The approach that engineering (and some other) disciplines use to specify how to create or do something. A successful design must satisfies a (perhaps informal) {functional specification} (do what it was designed to do); conforms to the limitations of the target medium (it is possible to implement); meets implicit or explicit requirements on performance and resource usage (it is efficient enough). A design may also have to satisfy restrictions on the design process itself, such as its length or cost, or the tools available for doing the design. In the {software life-cycle}, design follows {requirements analysis} and is followed by implementation. ["Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications", 2nd ed., Grady Booch]. (1996-12-08)
desire ::: v. t. --> To long for; to wish for earnestly; to covet.
To express a wish for; to entreat; to request.
To require; to demand; to claim.
To miss; to regret.
The natural longing that is excited by the enjoyment or the thought of any good, and impels to action or effort its continuance or possession; an eager wish to obtain or enjoy.
An expressed wish; a request; petition.
Determination: (Lat. determinare, to limit) The limitation of a reality or thought to a narrower field than its original one. In a monistic philosophy the original, single principle must be considered as narrowed down to various genera and species, and eventually to individual existence if such be admitted, in order to introduce that differentiation of reality which is required in a multiple world. In Platonism, the Forms or Ideas are one for each type of thing but are "determined" to multiple existence by the addition of matter (Timaeus). Neo-Platonism is even more interested in real determination, since the One is the logical antecedent of the Many. Here determination is effected by the introduction of negations, or privations, into successive emanations of the One. With Boethius, mediaeval philosophy became concerned with the determination of being-in-general to an actual manifold of things. In Boethianism there is a fusion of the question of real determination with that of logical limitation of concepts. In modern thought, the problem is acute in Spinozism: universal substance (substantia, natura, Deus) must be reduced to an apparent manifold through attributes, modes to the individual. Determination is said to be by way of negation, according to Spinoza (Epist. 50), and this means that universal substance is in its perfect form indeterminate, but is thought to become determinate by a sort of logical loss of absolute perfection. The theory is brought to an almost absurd simplicity in the Ontology of Chr. Wolff, where being is pictured as successively determined to genera, species and individual. Determination is also an important factor in the developmental theories of Hegel and Bergson. -- V.J.B.
device independent bitmap "graphics, file format" (DIB) An {image} format in which the sequence and depth of {pixels} in the file is not specifically related to their layout in any particular device. This allows any device dependent bitmap (DDB) image to be converted to or DIB format without loss of information, and this can then later be converted to other DDB formats for, e.g., printing or display. Rather than requiring converters from each DDB format to all other formats, only converters to and from DIB are needed. DIB images are normally transferred in {metafiles}, {bmp} files, and the {clipboard}. Transferring colour bitmaps from one device to another was not possible in versions of {Microsoft Windows} earlier than 3.0. {Application programs} can build DIB images without any interaction with Windows. If Windows lacks a drawing primitive, the application can simulate it directly into the DIB instead of using the existing {graphics device interface} (GDI) primitives. Unfortunately, under Windows versions 3.0 and 3.1, {GDI} cannot perform output operations directly to a DIB. Conversion between DIB and DDB is performed by the {device driver}. Where the driver does not have this facility, the conversion is performed by GDI but only in monochrome. DIBs are slower to use than device dependent bitmaps due to the conversions required. (1996-09-20)
difficulty ::: n. --> The state of being difficult, or hard to do; hardness; arduousness; -- opposed to easiness or facility; as, the difficulty of a task or enterprise; a work of difficulty.
Something difficult; a thing hard to do or to understand; that which occasions labor or perplexity, and requires skill and perseverance to overcome, solve, or achieve; a hard enterprise; an obstacle; an impediment; as, the difficulties of a science; difficulties in theology.
digital audio "multimedia, file format" A sequence of discrete samples taken from a continuous sound ({audio}) waveform. Tens of thousands of samples are taken each second. Each sample represents the intensity of the sound pressure wave at that instant. Apart from the sampling frequency, the other parameter is the digital encoding of each sample including the number of {bits} used. The encoding may be linear, logarithmic or {mu-law}. Digital audio is typically created by taking 16-bit samples over a spectrum of 44.1 thousand cycles per second (kHz), this means that CD quality sound requires 1.4 million bits of data per second. Digital telephone systems use lower sample rates. {Filename extension}: .au ({Unix}), .snd ({MS-DOS}, {MS Windows}). See also {Audio IFF}, {MP3}, {wav}. {Usenet} newsgroups: alt.binaries.sounds.*. A {FAQ} on audio file formats is available. {Part 1 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/audio/AudioFormats.part1)}, {Part 2 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/audio/AudioFormats.part2)}. (1999-07-30)
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications "communications, standard" (DECT, formerly ".. European ..") A {standard} developed by the {European Telecommunication Standard Institute} from 1988, governing pan-European {digital mobile telephony}. DECT covers wireless {PBXs}, {telepoint}, residential {cordless telephones}, wireless access to the {public switched telephone network}, Closed User Groups (CUGs), {Local Area Networks}, and wireless {local loop}. DECT defines only the radio connection between two points and can be used for remote access to public and private networks. Other mobility standards, such as {GSM}, {TACS}, and {DCS 1800} add the necessary switching, signaling, and management functions that are not specified by DECT. The DECT Common Interface radio standard is a {multicarrier} {time division multiple access}, {time division duplex} (MC-TDMA-TDD) radio transmission technique using ten {radio frequency} channels from 1880 to 1930 MHz, each divided into 24 time slots of 10ms, and twelve {full-duplex} accesses per {carrier}, for a total of 120 possible combinations. A DECT base station (an RFP, Radio Fixed Part) can transmit all 12 possible accesses (time slots) simultaneously by using different frequencies or using only one frequency. All signaling information is transmitted from the RFP within a multiframe (16 frames). {Voice} signals are digitally encoded into a 32 kbit/s signal using {Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation}. The {handover} process is requested autonomously by the portable terminal and the Radio Fixed Parts, according to the carrier signal levels. A "Generic Access Profile" defines a minimum set of requirements for the support of speech telephony. {(http://italtel.it/catalog/data/inglese/capc_5.htm)}. (1999-04-13)
Digital Subscriber Line "communications, protocol" (DSL, or Digital Subscriber Loop, xDSL - see below) A family of {digital} {telecommunications} {protocols} designed to allow high speed data communication over the existing {copper} telephone lines between end-users and telephone companies. When two conventional {modems} are connected through the telephone system ({PSTN}), it treats the communication the same as voice conversations. This has the advantage that there is no investment required from the telephone company (telco) but the disadvantage is that the {bandwidth} available for the communication is the same as that available for voice conversations, usually 64 kb/s ({DS0}) at most. The {twisted-pair} copper cables into individual homes or offices can usually carry significantly more than 64 kb/s but the telco needs to handle the signal as digital rather than analog. There are many implementation of the basic scheme, differing in the communication {protocol} used and providing varying {service levels}. The {throughput} of the communication can be anything from about 128 kb/s to over 8 Mb/s, the communication can be either symmetric or asymmetric (i.e. the available bandwidth may or may not be the same {upstream} and {downstream}). Equipment prices and service fees also vary considerably. The first technology based on DSL was {ISDN}, although ISDN is not often recognised as such nowadays. Since then a large number of other protocols have been developed, collectively referred to as xDSL, including {HDSL}, {SDSL}, {ADSL}, and {VDSL}. As yet none of these have reached very wide deployment but wider deployment is expected for 1998-1999. {(http://cyberventure.com/~cedpa/databus-issues/v38n1/xdsl.html)}. {2Wire DSL provider lookup (http://2Wire.com/)}. ["Data Cooks, But Will Vendors Get Burned?", "Supercomm Spotlight On ADSL" & "Lucent Sells Paradine", Wilson & Carol, Inter@ctive Week Vol. 3
dimidiate ::: a. --> Divided into two equal parts; reduced to half in shape or form.
Consisting of only one half of what the normal condition requires; having the appearance of lacking one half; as, a dimidiate leaf, which has only one side developed.
Having the organs of one side, or half, different in function from the corresponding organs on the other side; as, dimidiate hermaphroditism.
Dining Philosophers Problem "parallel" (DPP) A problem introduced by {Dijkstra} concerning resource allocation between processes. The DPP is a model and universal method for testing and comparing theories on resource allocation. Dijkstra hoped to use it to help create a layered {operating system}, by creating a machine which could be consider to be an entirely {deterministic} {automaton}. The problem consists of a finite set of processes which share a finite set of resources, each of which can be used by only one process at a time, thus leading to potential {deadlock}. The DPP visualises this as a number of philosophers sitting round a dining table with a fork between each adjacent pair. Each philosopher may arbitrarily decide to use either the fork to his left or the one to his right but each fork may only be used by one philosopher at a time. Several potential solutions have been considered. Semaphores - a simple, but unfair solution where each resources is a {binary semaphore} and additional semaphores are used to avoid deadlock and/or {starvation}. Critical Regions - each processor is protected from interference while it exclusively uses a resource. Monitors - the process waits until all required resources are available then grabs all of them for use. The best solution allows the maximum parallelism for any number of processes (philosophers), by using an array to track the process' current state (i.e. hungry, eating, thinking). This solution maintains an array of semaphores, so hungry philosophers trying to acquire resources can block if the needed forks are busy. (1998-08-09)
Discrepancy: A difference from that which was expected or is required by some datum. -- C.A.B.
disposable ::: a. --> Subject to disposal; free to be used or employed as occasion may require; not assigned to any service or use.
distringas ::: n. --> A writ commanding the sheriff to distrain a person by his goods or chattels, to compel a compliance with something required of him.
dmake Required by {uC++}. {(ftp://plg.uwaterloo.ca/pub/dmake/dmake38.tar.Z)}. [What is it?] (1994-11-02)
DNA computing "architecture" The use of DNA molecules to encode computational problems. Standard operations of molecular biology can then be used to solve some {NP-hard} {search problems} in parallel using a very large number of molecules. The exponential scaling of NP-hard problems still remains, so this method will require a huge amount of DNA to solve large problems. [L. M. Adleman, "Molecular Computation of Solutions to Combinatorial Problems", Science 266:1021-1024, 1994]. (1997-02-11)
docking station "hardware" A {desktop} mains powered unit into which a {laptop} or other portable computer can be connected via fixed connectors at the rear of the computer to provide quick and convenient connection of {peripherals} not normally used with a laptop. These can include power supply, {expansion cards}, additional {storage}, an external {monitor}, {network card}, {CD-ROM}, full-size {keyboard}, {printer}, and {mouse}. The alternative would require each of the above to be connected to the laptop individually. (2000-04-10)
Do It Right the First Time "chat" (DIRFT) A programming approach that aims to avoid the overheads of debugging and testing incomplete or incorrect code by careful specification, design and implementation. DIRFT contrasts with {rapid prototyping} which emphasises the benefits of having running code as soon as possible, even if it is not perfect. DIRFT is appropriate in the rare cases where the requirements are well understood and unlikely to change, e.g. reimplementing exactly the same function in a different language. (2012-11-17)
Domain Architecture Model "systems analysis" A set of software architectures generic to a {domain} that define organising frameworks for constructing new application designs and implementations within the domain, consistent with the domain requirements model. (1997-12-26)
domain architecture "systems analysis" A generic, organisational structure or design for software systems in a {domain}. The domain architecture contains the designs that are intended to satisfy requirements specified in the {domain model}. A domain architecture can be adapted to create designs for software systems within a domain and also provides a framework for configuring {assets} within individual software systems. (1997-12-26)
domain engineering "systems analysis" 1. The development and evolution of {domain} specific knowledge and artifacts to support the development and evolution of systems in the domain. Domain engineering includes engineering of {domain models}, components, methods and tools and may also include {asset management}. 2. The engineering process of analysing and modelling a domain, designing and modelling a generic solution architecture for a product line within that domain, implementing and using reusable components of that architecture and maintaining and evolving the domain, architecture and implementation models. 3. A reuse-based approach to defining the scope ({domain definition}), specifying the structure ({domain architecture}) and building the Assets (requirements, designs, software code, documentation) for a class of systems, subsystems or applications. Domain engineering can include domain definition, domain analysis, developing the domain architecture domain implementation.
domain model "systems analysis" 1. A definition of the functions, objects, data, requirements, relationships and variations in a particular {domain}. 2. A product of {domain analysis} which provides a representation of the requirements of the domain. The domain model identifies and describes the structure of data, flow of information, functions, constraints and controls within the Domain that are included in software systems in the domain. The Domain Model describes commonalities and variabilities among requirements for software systems in the domain. (1997-12-26)
dongle cracker "security" Someone who enables software that has been written to require a {dongle} to run without it. (2007-06-11)
dongle-disk /don'gl disk/ (Or "key disk") A kind of {dongle} consisting of a special {floppy disk} that is required in order to perform some task. Some contain special coding that allows an application to identify it uniquely, others *are* special code that does something that normally-resident programs don't or can't. For example, {AT&T}'s "Unix PC" would only come up in {root mode} with a special boot disk. [{Jargon File}] (1998-12-13)
dongle "hardware" /dong'gl/ (From "dangle" - because it dangles off the computer?) 1. "security" A security or {copy protection} device for commercial {microcomputer} programs that must be connected to an {I/O port} of the computer while the program is run. Programs that use a dongle query the port at start-up and at programmed intervals thereafter, and terminate if it does not respond with the expected validation code. One common form consisted of a serialised {EPROM} and some drivers in a {D-25} connector shell. Dongles attempt to combat {software theft} by ensuring that, while users can still make copies of the program (e.g. for {backup}), they must buy one dongle for each simultaneous use of the program. The idea was clever, but initially unpopular with users who disliked tying up a port this way. By 1993 almost all dongles passed data through transparently while monitoring for their particular {magic} codes (and combinations of status lines) with minimal if any interference with devices further down the line. This innovation was necessary to allow {daisy-chained} dongles for multiple pieces of software. In 1998, dongles and other copy protection systems are fairly uncommon for {Microsoft Windows} software but one engineer in a print and {CADD} bureau reports that their {Macintosh} computers typically run seven dongles: After Effects, Electric Image, two for Media 100, Ultimatte, Elastic Reality and CADD. These dongles are made for the Mac's daisy-chainable {ADB} port. The term is used, by extension, for any physical electronic key or transferable ID required for a program to function. Common variations on this theme have used the {parallel port} or even the {joystick} port or a {dongle-disk}. An early 1992 advertisment from Rainbow Technologies (a manufacturer of dongles) claimed that the word derived from "Don Gall", the alleged inventor of the device. The company's receptionist however said that the story was a myth invented for the ad. [{Jargon File}] (1998-12-13) 2. A small adaptor cable that connects, e.g. a {PCMCIA} {modem} to a telephone socket or a PCMCIA {network card} to an {RJ45} {network cable}. (2002-09-29)
DOORS {Dynamic Object Oriented Requirements System}
DOS/360 "operating system" The {operating system} announced by {IBM} at the low end for the {System/360} in 1964 and delivered in 1965 or 1966. Following the failure of {OS}, IBM designed DOS for the low end machines, able to run in 16KB(?) and 64KB memory. DOS/360 used three {memory partitions}, but it had no serious {memory protection}. The three partitions were not specialised, but frequently one was used for {spooling} {punched cards} to {disk}, another one for {batch job} execution and another for spooling disk to printers. With DOS/VS, introduced in 1970, the number of partitions was increased, {virtual memory} was introduced and the minimum memory requirements increased. Later they released DOS/VSE and ESA/VSE. DOS/360 successors are still alive today (1997) though not as popular as in the late 1960s. Contrary to the Hacker's {Jargon File}, {GECOS} was not copied from DOS/360. (1997-09-22)
drawrod ::: n. --> A rod which unites the drawgear at opposite ends of the car, and bears the pull required to draw the train.
dread high bit disease "character" A condition endemic to {PRIME} (also known as "PR1ME") {minicomputers} that results in all the characters having their high bit (0x80, see {meta bit}) ON rather than OFF. This complicates transporting files to other systems and talking to true 8-bit devices. Folklore had it that PRIME adopted the convention in order to save 25 cents per {serial line} per machine; PRIME old-timers, on the other hand, claim they inherited the disease from {Honeywell} via customer NASA's compatibility requirements and struggled heroically to cure it. Whoever was responsible, this probably qualifies as one of the most cretinous design tradeoffs ever made. A few other machines have exhibited similar brain damage. [{Jargon File}] (2002-04-09)
due ::: a. --> Owed, as a debt; that ought to be paid or done to or for another; payable; owing and demandable.
Justly claimed as a right or property; proper; suitable; becoming; appropriate; fit.
Such as (a thing) ought to be; fulfilling obligation; proper; lawful; regular; appointed; sufficient; exact; as, due process of law; due service; in due time.
Appointed or required to arrive at a given time; as, the
dutiful ::: a. --> Performing, or ready to perform, the duties required by one who has the right to claim submission, obedience, or deference; submissive to natural or legal superiors; obedient, as to parents or superiors; as, a dutiful son or daughter; a dutiful ward or servant; a dutiful subject.
Controlled by, proceeding from, a sense of duty; respectful; deferential; as, dutiful affection.
Duty: (Ang-Fr. duete, what is due, Ger. Pflicht) Whatever is necessary or required; or whatever one is morally obliged to do, as opposed to what one may be pleased or inclined to do. Also, the moral obligation itself and the law or principle in which it is expressed. In ethics, duty is commonly associated with conscience, reason, rightness, moral law, and virtue.
DV cartridge "games" (Digital Video?) A plug-in circuit cartridge required by some games consoles in order to play {MPEG} video material. (1994-11-02)
Dynamic Object-Oriented Requirements System "programming, tool, product" (DOORS) A tool from {Quality Systems & Software Ltd.} for handling all kinds of {requirements} (in fact, any information at all) as modules containing trees of text objects, qualified by an arbitrary number of user-defined attributes, and cross-linked by directional links.
dynamic random-access memory "storage" (DRAM) A type of {semiconductor} memory in which the information is stored in {capacitors} on a {MOS} {integrated circuit}. Typically each {bit} is stored as an amount of electrical charge in a storage cell consisting of a capacitor and a {transistor}. Due to leakage the capacitor discharges gradually and the memory cell loses the information. Therefore, to preserve the information, the memory has to be refreshed periodically. Despite this inconvenience, the DRAM is a very popular memory technology because of its high density and consequent low price. The first commercially available DRAM chip was the {Intel 1103}, introduced in 1970. Early DRAM chips, containing up to a 16k x 1 (16384 locations of one bit each), needed 3 supply voltages (+5V, -5V and +12V). Beginning with the 64 kilobit chips, {charge pumps} were included on-chip to create the necessary supply voltages out of a single +5V supply. This was necessary to fit the device into a 16-pin {DIL} package, which was the preferred package at the time, and also made them easier to use. To reduce the pin count, thereby helping miniaturisation, DRAMs generally had a single data line which meant that a computer with an N bit wide {data bus} needed a "bank" of (at least) N DRAM chips. In a bank, the address and control signals of all chips were common and the data line of each chip was connected to one of the data bus lines. Beginning with the 256 kilobit DRAM, a tendency toward {surface mount} packaging arose and DRAMs with more than one data line appeared (e.g. 64k x 4), reducing the number of chips per bank. This trend has continued and DRAM chips with up to 36 data lines are available today. Furthermore, together with surface mount packages, memory manufacturers began to offer memory modules, where a bank of memory chips was preassembled on a little {printed circuit} board (SIP = Single Inline Pin Module, SIMM = Single Inline Memory Module, DIMM = Dual Inline Memory Module). Today, this is the preferred way to buy memory for {workstations} and {personal computers}. DRAM bit cells are arranged on a chip in a grid of rows and columns where the number of rows and columns are usually a power of two. Often, but not always, the number of rows and columns is the same. A one megabit device would then have 1024 x 1024 memory cells. A single memory cell can be selected by a 10-bit row address and a 10-bit column address. To access a memory cell, one entire row of cells is selected and its contents are transferred into an on-chip buffer. This discharges the storage capacitors in the bit cells. The desired bits are then read or written in the buffer. The (possibly altered) information is finally written back into the selected row, thereby refreshing all bits (recharging the capacitors) in the row. To prevent data loss, all bit cells in the memory need to be refreshed periodically. This can be done by reading all rows in regular intervals. Most DRAMs since 1970 have been specified such that one of the rows needs to be refreshed at least every 15.625 microseconds. For a device with 1024 rows, a complete refresh of all rows would then take up to 16 ms; in other words, each cell is guaranteed to hold the data for 16 ms without refresh. Devices with more rows have accordingly longer retention times. Many varieties of DRAM exist today. They differ in the way they are interfaced to the system - the structure of the memory cell itself is essentially the same. "Traditional" DRAMs have multiplexed address lines and separate data inputs and outputs. There are three control signals: RAS\ (row address strobe), CAS\ (column address strobe), and WE\ (write enable) (the backslash indicates an {active low} signal). Memory access procedes as follows: 1. The control signals initially all being inactive (high), a memory cycle is started with the row address applied to the address inputs and a falling edge of RAS\ . This latches the row address and "opens" the row, transferring the data in the row to the buffer. The row address can then be removed from the address inputs since it is latched on-chip. 2. With RAS\ still active, the column address is applied to the address pins and CAS\ is made active as well. This selects the desired bit or bits in the row which subsequently appear at the data output(s). By additionally activating WE\ the data applied to the data inputs can be written into the selected location in the buffer. 3. Deactivating CAS\ disables the data input and output again. 4. Deactivating RAS\ causes the data in the buffer to be written back into the memory array. Certain timing rules must be obeyed to guarantee reliable operation. 1. RAS\ must remain inactivate for a while before the next memory cycle is started to provide sufficient time for the storage capacitors to charge (Precharge Time). 2. It takes some time from the falling edge of the RAS\ or CAS\ signals until the data appears at the data output. This is specified as the Row Access Time and the Column Access Time. Current DRAM's have Row Access Times of 50-100 ns and Column Access Times of 15-40 ns. Speed grades usually refer to the former, more important figure. Note that the Memory Cycle Time, which is the minimum time from the beginning of one access to the beginning of the next, is longer than the Row Access Time (because of the Precharge Time). Multiplexing the address pins saves pins on the chip, but usually requires additional logic in the system to properly generate the address and control signals, not to mention further logic for refresh. Therefore, DRAM chips are usually preferred when (because of the required memory size) the additional cost for the control logic is outweighed by the lower price. Based on these principles, chip designers have developed many varieties to improve performance or ease system integration of DRAMs: PSRAMs (Pseudo Static Random Access Memory) are essentially DRAMs with a built-in address {multiplexor} and refresh controller. This saves some system logic and makes the device look like a normal {SRAM}. This has been popular as a lower cost alternative for SRAM in {embedded systems}. It is not a complete SRAM substitute because it is sometimes busy when doing self-refresh, which can be tedious. {Nibble Mode DRAM} can supply four successive bits on one data line by clocking the CAS\ line. {Page Mode DRAM} is a standard DRAM where any number of accesses to the currently open row can be made while the RAS signal is kept active. Static Column DRAM is similar to Page Mode DRAM, but to access different bits in the open row, only the column address needs to be changed while the CAS\ signal stays active. The row buffer essentially behaves like SRAM. {Extended Data Out DRAM} (EDO DRAM) can continue to output data from one address while setting up a new address, for use in {pipelined} systems. DRAM used for Video RAM ({VRAM}) has an additional long shift register that can be loaded from the row buffer. The shift register can be regarded as a second interface to the memory that can be operated in parallel to the normal interface. This is especially useful in {frame buffers} for {CRT} displays. These frame buffers generate a serial data stream that is sent to the CRT to modulate the electron beam. By using the shift register in the VRAM to generate this stream, the memory is available to the computer through the normal interface most of the time for updating the display data, thereby speeding up display data manipulations. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) adds a separate clock signal to the control signals. It allows more complex {state machines} on the chip and high speed "burst" accesses that clock a series of successive bits out (similar to the nibble mode). CDRAM (Cached DRAM) adds a separate static RAM array used for caching. It essentially combines main memory and {cache} memory in a single chip. The cache memory controller needs to be added externally. RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) changes the system interface of DRAM completely. A byte-wide bus is used for address, data and command transfers. The bus operates at very high speed: 500 million transfers per second. The chip operates synchronously with a 250MHz clock. Data is transferred at both rising and falling edges of the clock. A system with signals at such frequencies must be very carefully designed, and the signals on the Rambus Channel use nonstandard signal levels, making it incompatible with standard system logic. These disadvantages are compensated by a very fast data transfer, especially for burst accesses to a block of successive locations. A number of different refresh modes can be included in some of the above device varieties: RAS\ only refresh: a row is refreshed by an ordinary read access without asserting CAS\. The data output remains disabled. CAS\ before RAS\ refresh: the device has a built-in counter for the refresh row address. By activating CAS\ before activating RAS\, this counter is selected to supply the row address instead of the address inputs. Self-Refresh: The device is able to generate refresh cycles internally. No external control signal transitions other than those for bringing the device into self-refresh mode are needed to maintain data integrity. (1996-07-11)
dynamometer ::: n. --> An apparatus for measuring force or power; especially, muscular effort of men or animals, or the power developed by a motor, or that required to operate machinery.
E1 "communications" A European {framing specification} for the transmission of 32 {DS0} (64 kb/s) data streams. By extension, it can also denote the transmission rate required (2.048 Mb/s = 2048 kb/s). Unlike {DS1} it is free of {bit-robbing}. (2002-03-22)
eager evaluation Any {evaluation strategy} where evaluation of some or all function arguments is started before their value is required. A typical example is {call-by-value}, where all arguments are passed evaluated. The opposite of eager evaluation is {call-by-need} where evaluation of an argument is only started when it is required. The term "{speculative evaluation}" is very close in meaning to eager evaluation but is applied mostly to parallel architectures whereas eager evaluation is used of both sequential and parallel evaluators. Eager evaluation does not specify exactly when argument evaluation takes place - it might be done fully speculatively (all {redex}es in the program reduced in parallel) or may be done by the caller just before the function is entered. The term "eager evaluation" was invented by Carl Hewitt and Henry Baker "hbaker@netcom.com" and used in their paper ["The Incremental Garbage Collection of Processes", Sigplan Notices, Aug 1977. {(ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/hb/hbaker/Futures.html)}]. It was named after their "eager beaver" evaluator. See also {conservative evaluation}, {lenient evaluation}, {strict evaluation}. (1994-12-22)
ECIP2 An {Esprit} project on the definition of a specification language at the requirement level.
Effort ::: The personal effort required is a triple labour of aspiration, rejection and surrender." And "rejection of the movements of the lower nature—rejection of the mind’s ideas, opinions,
references, habits, constructions, so that the true knowledge may find free room in a silent mind,—rejection of the vital nature’s desires . . .", etc.
Ref: CWSA Vol. 35, Page: 110
EIA-232 "communications, standard" (Formerly "RS-232") The most common {asynchronous} {serial line} {standard}. EIA-232 is the {EIA} equivalent of {ITU-T} {V.24}, and {V.28}. EIA-232 specifies the {gender} and pin use of connectors, but not their physical type. {RS-423} specifies the electrical signals. 25-way {D-type} connectors are common but often only three wires are connected - one ground (pin 7) and one for data in each direction. The other pins are primarily related to {hardware handshaking} between sender and receiver and to {carrier detection} on {modems}, inoperative circuits, busy conditions etc. The standard classifies equipment as either {Data Communications Equipment} (DCE) or {Data Terminal Equipment} (DTE). DTE receives data on pin 3 and transmits on pin 2 (TD). A DCE EIA-232 interface has a female connector. DCE receives data from DTE on pin 2 (TD) and sends that data out the analog line. Data received from the analog line is sent by the DCE on pin 3(RD). Originally DCE was a modem and DTE was a computer or terminal. The terminal or computer was connected (via EIA-232) to two modems, which were connected via a telephone line. The above arrangement allows a computer or terminal to be connected to a modem with a straight-through (2-2, 3-3) cable. It is common, however, to find equipment with the wrong sex connector or with pins two and three reversed, requiring the insertion of a cable or adaptor wired as a {gender mender} or {null modem}. Such an adaptor is also required when connecting a computer directly to a terminal or to another computer without the use of modems. (1999-12-28)
eighty-twenty rule "programming" The program-design version of the law of diminishing returns. The 80/20 rule says that roughly 80% of the problem can be solved with 20% of the effort that it would take to solve the whole problem. For example, parsing {e-mail addresses} in "From:" lines in e-mail messages is notoriously difficult if you follow the RFC 2822 specification. However, about 60% of actual "From:" lines are in the format "From: Their Name "user@host"", with a far more constrained idea of what can be in "user" or "host" than in RFC 2822. Another 25% just add double-quotes around "Their Name". Matching just those two patterns would thus cover 85% of "From:" lines, with a tiny portion of the code required to fully implement RFC2822. (Adding support for "From: user@host" and "From: user@host (Their Name) " brings coverage to almost 100%, leaving only really baroque things that RFC-2822 permits, like "From: Pete(A wonderful \) chap) "pete(his account)@silly.test(his host)" or the like.) It is an eternal question whether too much attention is paid to the 80/20 rule (leading to systems that are irrevocably broken for "unusual" cases), or too little (leading to systems that sacrifice usability in the typical case, just so that rare cases can work properly). Compare: {KISS Principle} (2003-11-17)
Electromagnetic Compatibility "hardware, testing" (EMC) The extent to which a piece of hardware will tolerate electrical interference from other equipment, and will interfere with other equipment. There are strict legal EMC requirements for the sale of any electrical or electronic hardware in most countries, although the actual standards differ. See, for example, {EMCNet (http://emcnet.com/)}. See also {Electrostatic Discharge}, {Radio Frequency Interference}. (1997-12-19)
Electronic Funds Transfer Point of Sale "business, real-time" A method of electronic payment which allows money to be transferred from the account of the shopper to the merchant in close-to real-time. Generally the shopper will give the merchant a credit or debit card, which will be swiped to obtain the account information. The shopper will then be required to either sign a receipt or enter a {PIN} via a keypad to authorise the transaction. (2003-06-22)
electronic mail address "messaging" (Usually "e-mail address") The string used to specify the source or destination of an {electronic mail} message. E.g. "john@doc.acme.ac.uk". The {RFC 822} standard is probably the most widely used on the {Internet}. {X.400} was once used in Europe and Canada. {UUCP}-style ({bang path}) addresses or other kinds of {source route} became virtually extinct in the 1990s. In the example above, "john" is the {local part} which is the name of a {mailbox} on the destination computer. If the sender and recipient use the same computer, or the same {LAN}, for electronic mail then the local part is usually all that is required. If they use different computers, e.g. they work at different companies or use different {Internet service providers}, then the "host part", e.g. "sales.acme.com" must be appended after an "@". This usually takes the form of a {fully qualified domain name} or, within a large organisation, it may be just the {hostname} part, e.g. "sales". The destination computer named by the host part is usually a {server} of some kind rather than an individual's {workstation} or {PC}. The user's mail is stored on the server and read later via {client} mail software running on the user's computer. Large organisations, such as universities will often set up a global {alias} directory which maps a simple user name such as "jsmith" to an address which contains more information such as "jsmith@london.bigcomp.co.uk". This hides the detailed knowledge of where the message will be delivered from the sender, making it much easier to redirect mail if a user leaves or moves to a different department for example. (2014-10-07)
Electrostatic Discharge "hardware, testing" (ESD) One kind of test that hardware usually has to pass to prove it is suitable for sale and use. The hardware must still work after is has been subjected to some level of electrostatic discharge. Some organisations have their own ESD requirements which hardware must meet before it will be considered for purchase. Different countries have different legal regulations about levels of ESD. See also {Radio Frequency Interference}, {Electromagnetic Compatibility}. (1997-12-19)
electro-tint ::: n. --> A style of engraving in relief by means of voltaic electricity. A picture is drawn on a metallic plate with some material which resists the fluids of a battery; so that, in electro-typing, the parts not covered by the varnish, etc., receive a deposition of metal, and produce the required copy in intaglio. A cast of this is then the plate for printing.
elevator controller An archetypal dumb embedded-systems application, like {toaster} (which superseded it). During one period (1983--84) in the deliberations of ANSI X3J11 (the C standardisation committee) this was the canonical example of a really stupid, memory-limited computation environment. "You can't require "printf(3)" to be part of the default run-time library - what if you're targeting an elevator controller?" Elevator controllers became important rhetorical weapons on both sides of several {holy wars}.
EMANATION. ::: An emanation of the Mother is something of her consciousness and power put forth from her which, so long as it is in play, is held in close connection with her and, when its play is no longer required, is withdrawn back into its source, but can always be put out and brought into play once more. But also the detaining thread of connection can be severed and loosened and that came iorth as am tTnanation can
Emanation ::: An emanation of the Mother is something of her consciousness and power put forth from her, which so long as it is in play is held in close connection with her and, when its play is no longer required, is withdrawn back into its source, but can always be put out and brought into play once more. But also the detaining thread of connection can be severed or loosened and that which came forth as an emanation can proceed on its way as an independent divine being with its own play in the world. All the Gods can put forth such emanations from their being, identical with them in essence of consciousness and power though not commensurate.
Ref: CWSA Vol. 35, Page: 105
Embedded Mode "programming" A term used by {COCOMO} to describe a project development that is characterised by tight, inflexible constraints and interface requirements. The product must operate within (is embedded in) a strongly coupled complex of hardware, software, regulations and operational procedures. An embedded mode project will require a great deal of innovation. An example would be a {real-time system} with timing constraints and customised hardware. (1996-05-29)
embedded system "computer" Hardware and software which forms a component of some larger system and which is expected to function without human intervention. A typical embedded system consists of a single-board {microcomputer} with software in {ROM}, which starts running some special purpose {application program} as soon as it is turned on and will not stop until it is turned off (if ever). An embedded system may include some kind of {operating system} but often it will be simple enough to be written as a single program. It will not usually have any of the normal {peripherals} such as a keyboard, monitor, serial connections, mass storage, etc. or any kind of user interface software unless these are required by the overall system of which it is a part. Often it must provide {real-time} response. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.arch.embedded}. (1995-04-12)
Empiricists: (Early English) By the beginning of the 17th century, the wave of search for new foundations of knowledge reached England. The country was fast growing in power and territory. Old beliefs seemed inadequate, and vast new information brought from elsewhere by merchants and scholars had to be assimilated. The feeling was in the air that a new, more practicable and more tangible approach to reality was needed. This new approach was attempted by many thinkers, among whom two, Bacon and Hobbes, were the most outstanding. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), despite his busy political career, found enough enthusiasm and time to outline requirements for the study of natural phenomena. Like Descartes, his younger contemporary in France, he felt the importance of making a clean sweep of countless unverified assumptions obstructing then the progress of knowledge. As the first pre-requisite for the investigation of nature, he advocated, therefore, an overthrow of the idols of the mind, that is, of all the preconceptions and prejudices prevalent in theories, ideas and even language. Only when one's mind is thus prepared for the study of phenomena, can one commence gathering and tabulating facts. Bacon's works, particularly Novum Organum, is full of sagacious thoughts and observations, but he seldom goes beyond general advice. As we realize it today, it was a gross exaggeration to call him "the founder of inductive logic". Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an empiricist of an entirely different kind. He did not attempt to work out an inductive method of investigation, but decided to apply deductive logic to new facts. Like Bacon, he keenly understood the inadequacy of medieval doctrines, particularly of those of "form" and "final cause". He felt the need for taking the study of nature anew, particularly of its three most important aspects, Matter, Man and the State. According to Hobbes, all nature is corporeal and all events have but one cause, motion. Man, in his natural state, is dominated by passion which leads him to a "war of all against all". But, contrary to animals, he is capable of using reason which, in the course of time, made him, for self-protection, to choose a social form of existence. The resulting State is, therefore, built on an implicit social contract. -- R.B.W.
enactment ::: n. --> The passing of a bill into a law; the giving of legislative sanction and executive approval to a bill whereby it is established as a law.
That which is enacted or passed into a law; a law; a decree; a statute; a prescribed requirement; as, a prohibitory enactment; a social enactment.
end-to-end solution "jargon" (E2ES) A term that suggests that the supplier of an {application program} or system will provide all the hardware and/or software components and resouces to meet the customer's requirement and no other supplier need be involved. Compare: {turn-key} solution. (2006-03-30)
Enterprise JavaBeans "specification, business, programming" (EJB) A {server}-side {component architecture} for writing reusable {business logic} and {portable} {enterprise} applications. EJB is the basis of {Sun}'s {Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition} (J2EE). Enterprise JavaBean components are written entirely in {Java} and run on any EJB compliant server. They are {operating system}, {platform}, and {middleware} independent, preventing vendor {lock-in}. EJB servers provide system-level services (the "plumbing") such as {transactions}, security, {threading}, and {persistence}. The EJB architecture is inherently transactional, {distributed}, {multi-tier}, {scalable}, secure, and {wire protocol} neutral - any {protocol} can be used: {IIOP}, {JRMP}, {HTTP}, {DCOM} etc. EJB 1.1 requires {RMI} for communication with components. EJB 2.0 is expected to require support for RMI/IIOP. EJB applications can serve assorted clients: {browsers}, Java, {ActiveX}, {CORBA} etc. EJB can be used to wrap {legacy systems}. EJB 1.1 was released in December 1999. EJB 2.0 is in development. Sun claims broad industry adoption. 30 vendors are shipping server products implementing EJB. Supporting vendors include {IBM}, {Fujitsu}, {Sybase}, {Borland}, {Oracle}, and {Symantec}. An alternative is Microsoft's MTS ({Microsoft Transaction Server}). {(http://java.sun.com/products/ejb/)}. {FAQ (http://java.sun.com/products/ejb/faq.html)}. (2000-04-20)
enterprise ::: n. --> That which is undertaken; something attempted to be performed; a work projected which involves activity, courage, energy, and the like; a bold, arduous, or hazardous attempt; an undertaking; as, a manly enterprise; a warlike enterprise.
Willingness or eagerness to engage in labor which requires boldness, promptness, energy, and like qualities; as, a man of great enterprise.
Enterprise Resource Planning "application, business" (ERP) Any {software} system designed to support and automate the business processes of medium and large businesses. This may include manufacturing, distribution, personnel, project management, payroll, and financials. ERP systems are accounting-oriented information systems for identifying and planning the {enterprise}-wide resources needed to take, make, distribute, and account for customer orders. ERP systems were originally extensions of {MRP II} systems, but have since widened their scope. An ERP system also differs from the typical MRP II system in technical requirements such as {relational database}, use of {object oriented programming} language, {computer aided software engineering} tools in development, {client/server} {architecture}, and {open system} {portability}. {JBOPS} are the major producers of ERP software. {"ERP Systems - Using IT to gain a competitive advantage", Shankarnarayanan S. (http://expressindia.com/newads/bsl/advant.htm)}. (1999-07-27)
entity-relationship model "data, database, specification" The most common kind of {data modelling}, proposed by {P. Chen} in 1976, in which a database is divided into "entities" and "relations". Part of capturing the {requirements} of an {application} is defining the entities involved and their relationships. Together, these form an entity-relationship model. Entities are the kinds of things or concepts the application deals with, e.g. products, customers, sales transactions. A relationship connects two entities and says how many instances of each participate in the relationship - one-to-one, one-to-many or many-to-many. Entities and some relationships correspond to database {tables}. A table corresponding to a relationship is also known as a "join table" after the {join} database operation. A model is represented graphically as an {entity-relationship diagram}. ["The entity-relationship model: toward a unified view of data", P.P. Chen, ACM Transactions on Database Systems 1:1 pp 9-36, 1976]. (2019-11-03)
Envoy {Motorola}'s integrated personal wireless communicator. Envoy is a {personal digital assistant} which incorporates two-way wireless and wireline communication. It was announced on 7 March 1994 and released in the third quarter of 1994. It runs {Genral Magic}'s {Magic Cap} {operating system} and Telescript(TM) communications language on Motorola's {Dragon} chip set. This includes the highly integrated {Motorola 68349} processor and a special purpose {application specific integrated circuit} (ASIC) referred to as Astro. This chip set was designed specifically for {Magic Cap} and {Telescript}. A user can write on the Envoy communicator with the accompanying stylus or a finger, to type and select or move objects on its screen. An on-screen keyboard can be used to input information, draw or write personal notations, or send handwritten messages and faxes. Envoy can send a wireless message to another Envoy, {PC} or fax; broadcast a message to a group, with each member of that group receiving the message in their preferred format; gather information based on your requirements; schedule a meeting and automatically invite attendees; screen, route and organise messages; send a business card to another Envoy across a conference room table; access real-time scheduling and pricing information for US airline flights, then order tickets via fax or {electronic mail}; keep track of contacts through an address book; receive daily news summaries and stock information; capture, organize and review business and personal expenses on-the-go; gather, edit and analyze information in spreadsheets and graphs compatible with {Lotus 1-2-3} and {Excel}; shop in an electronic mall. {(http://motorola.com/MIMS/WDG/Technology/Envoy/)}. [Was it released in Q3 '94?] (1995-01-18)
Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory "storage" (EPROM) A type of storage device in which the data is determined by electrical charge stored in an isolated ("floating") {MOS} {transistor} {gate}. The isolation is good enough to retain the charge almost indefinitely (more than ten years) without an external power supply. The EPROM is programmed by "injecting" charge into the floating gate, using a technique based on the tunnel effect. This requires higher voltage than in normal operation (usually 12V - 25V). The floating gate can be discharged by applying ultraviolet light to the chip's surface through a quartz window in the package, erasing the memory contents and allowing the chip to be reprogrammed. (1995-04-22)
escambio ::: n. --> A license formerly required for the making over a bill of exchange to another over sea.
etiquette ::: n. --> The forms required by good breeding, or prescribed by authority, to be observed in social or official life; observance of the proprieties of rank and occasion; conventional decorum; ceremonial code of polite society.
Euclid's Algorithm "algorithm" (Or "Euclidean Algorithm") An {algorithm} for finding the {greatest common divisor} (GCD) of two numbers. It relies on the identity gcd(a, b) = gcd(a-b, b) To find the GCD of two numbers by this algorithm, repeatedly replace the larger by subtracting the smaller from it until the two numbers are equal. E.g. 132, 168 -" 132, 36 -" 96, 36 -" 60, 36 -" 24, 36 -" 24, 12 -" 12, 12 so the GCD of 132 and 168 is 12. This algorithm requires only subtraction and comparison operations but can take a number of steps proportional to the difference between the initial numbers (e.g. gcd(1, 1001) will take 1000 steps). (1997-06-30)
execute ::: v. t. --> To follow out or through to the end; to carry out into complete effect; to complete; to finish; to effect; to perform.
To complete, as a legal instrument; to perform what is required to give validity to, as by signing and perhaps sealing and delivering; as, to execute a deed, lease, mortgage, will, etc.
To give effect to; to do what is provided or required by; to perform the requirements or stimulations of; as, to execute a decree, judgment, writ, or process.
EXE /eks'ee/ or /eek'see/ or /E-X-E/ An executable binary file. Some operating systems (notably {MS-DOS}, VMS, and TWENEX) use the extension .EXE to mark such files. This usage is also occasionally found among Unix programmers even though Unix executables don't have any required suffix. [{Jargon File}]
Extended Architecture "storage" (XA) A {CD-ROM} drive specification required by {Green Book CD-ROM} and {White Book CD-ROM} formats. Drives labelled "XA ready" may require a {firmware} upgrade. (1994-11-02)
Extensible HyperText Markup Language "hypertext, standard, web" (XHTML) A reformulation of {HTML} 4.01 in {XML}. Being XML means that XHTML can be viewed, edited, and validated with standard XML tools. At the same time, it operates as well as or better than HTML 4 in existing HTML 4 conforming user agents. The most important change is that all elements must be terminated, either with a closing tag or using the "tag.../" shorthand. So, instead of "input type=submit" you would write "input type="submit" /" The space before the "/" is required by some older browsers. Other differences are that tag and attribute names should be lower case and all attributes should be quoted. {XHTML Home (http://w3.org/TR/xhtml1/)}. {Quick Summary (http://technorealm.co.uk/design/html-to-xhtml-conversions.html)} (2006-01-19)
extrajudicial ::: a. --> Out of or beyond the proper authority of a court or judge; beyond jurisdiction; not legally required.
extranet "web" The extension of a company's {intranet} out onto the {Internet}, e.g. to allow selected customers, suppliers and mobile workers to access the company's private data and applications via the {web}. This is in contrast to, and usually in addition to, the company's public {website} which is accessible to everyone. The difference can be somewhat blurred but generally an extranet implies real-time access through a {firewall} of some kind. Such facilities require very careful attention to security but are becoming an increasingly important means of delivering services and communicating efficiently. [Did {Marc Andreessen} invent the term in September 1996?] (1997-12-17)
extrapolation "mathematics, algorithm" A mathematical procedure which estimates values of a {function} for certain desired inputs given values for known inputs. If the desired input is outside the range of the known values this is called extrapolation, if it is inside then it is called interpolation. The method works by fitting a "curve" (i.e. a function) to two or more given points and then applying this function to the required input. Example uses are calculating {trigonometric functions} from tables and audio waveform sythesis. The simplest form of interpolation is where a function, f(x), is estimated by drawing a straight line ("linear interpolation") between the nearest given points on either side of the required input value: f(x) ~ f(x1) + (f(x2) - f(x1))(x-x1)/(x2 - x1) There are many variations using more than two points or higher degree {polynomial} functions. The technique can also be extended to functions of more than one input. (2007-06-29)
ezd "graphics, tool" (Easy drawing) A graphics {server} that sits between an {application program} and an {X} server and allows both existing and new programs easy access to structured graphics. Ezd users have been able to have their programs produce interactive drawings within hours of reading the manual page. Ezd supports structured graphics - application defined graphical objects are ordered into drawings by the application. Unlike most X tools, ezd does not require any event handling by the application. The ezd server maintains the window contents. When an event occurs an application supplied {Scheme} expression is evaluated. {(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/ezd/)}. Contact: Joel Bartlett. (2000-03-25)
failure The inability of a system or system component to perform a required function within specified limits. A failure may be produced when a {fault} is encountered. (1996-05-13)
Fast Ethernet "networking" A version of {Ethernet} developed in the 1990s(?) which can carry 100 {Mbps} compared with standard Ethernet's 10 Mbps. It requires upgraded {network cards} and {hubs}. The relevant standards are {100BaseT}, {100BaseFX} and {100BaseVG}. (1998-03-23)
feasibility study "systems analysis" Part of the {systems develpment life cycle} which aims to determine whether it is sensible to develop some system. The most popular model of feasibility study is "TELOS", standing for Technical, Economic, Legal, Operational, Schedule. Technical Feasibility: does the technology exist to implement the proposed system? Is it a practical proposition? Economic Feasibility: is the system cost-effective? Do benefits outweigh costs? Legal Feasibility: is there any conflict between the proposed system and legal requirements, e.g. the {Data Protection Act}? Operational Feasibility: are the current work practices and procedures adequate to support the new system? Schedule Feasibility: can the system be developed in time? After the feasibility study, the {requirements analysis} should be carried out. (2006-07-11)
feasible "algorithm" A description of an {algorithm} that takes {polynomial} time (that is, for a problem set of size N, the resources required to solve the problem can be expressed as some polynomial involving N). Problems that are "feasible" are said to be "in P" where P is polynomial time. Problems that are "possible" but not "feasible" are said to be "in NP". (2001-04-12) "systems analysis" A description of a project or system for which a {feasibility study} gives a positive answer. (2006-07-11)
Federal Information Processing Standards "standard" (FIPS) United States Government technical {standards} published by the {National Institute of Standards and Technology} (NIST). NIST develops FIPS when there are compelling Federal government requirements such as for security and {interoperability} but no acceptable industry standards or solutions. Computer-related products bought by the US Government must conform to FIPS. (2003-06-04)
Fetch A {Macintosh} program by Jim Matthews "Fetch@Dartmouth.edu" for transferring files using {File Transfer Protocol} (FTP). Fetch requires a Mac 512KE, System 4.1, and either {KSP} 1.03 or {MacTCP}. Fetch is Copyright 1992, Trustees of Dartmouth College. {(ftp://ftp.Dartmouth.edu/pub/mac/Fetch_2.1.2.sit.hqx)}. {(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/systems/mac/info-mac/comm/tcp)}. (1994-11-30)
fetch-execute cycle "architecture, processor" The sequence of actions that a {central processing unit} performs to execute each {machine code} instruction in a program. At the beginning of each cycle the CPU presents the value of the {program counter} on the {address bus}. The CPU then fetches the instruction from {main memory} (possibly via a {cache} and/or a {pipeline}) via the {data bus} into the {instruction register}. From the instruction register, the data forming the instruction is decoded and passed to the {control unit} which sends a sequence of control signals to the relevant {function units} of the CPU to perform the actions required by the instruction such as reading values from {registers}, passing them to the {ALU} to add them together and writing the result back to a register. The program counter is then incremented to address the next instruction and the cycle is repeated. The fetch-execute cycle was first proposed by {John von Neumann}. (1998-06-25)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) A 100 Mbit/s {ANSI} {standard} {local area network} architecture, defined in X3T9.5. The underlying medium is {optical fibre} (though it can be copper cable, in which case it may be called {CDDI}) and the topology is a {dual-attached}, counter-rotating {token ring}. FDDI rings are normally constructed in the form of a "dual ring of trees". A small number of devices, typically infrastructure devices such as {routers} and {concentrators} rather than {host} computers, are connected to both rings - these are referred to as "{dual-attached}". Host computers are then connected as {single-attached} devices to the {routers} or {concentrators}. The dual ring in its most degenerate form is simply collapsed into a single device. In any case, the whole dual ring is typically contained within a computer room. This network topology is required because the dual ring actually passes through each connected device and requires each such device to remain continuously operational (the standard actually allows for optical bypasses but these are considered to be unreliable and error-prone). Devices such as {workstations} and {minicomputers} that may not be under the control of the {network managers} are not suitable for connection to the dual ring. As an alternative to a dual-attached connection, the same degree of resilience is available to a {workstation} through a {dual-homed} connection which is made simultaneously to two separate devices in the same FDDI ring. One of the connections becomes active while the other one is automatically blocked. If the first connection fails, the backup link takes over with no perceptible delay. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.dcom.lans.fddi}. (1994-12-13)
file compression "algorithm" The {compression} of data in a file, usually to reduce storage requirements. (1995-04-06)
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard "storage, standard" (FHS) A {standard} designed to be used by {Unix} {distribution} developers, {package} developers, and system implementors. FHS consists of a set of {requirements} and guidelines for file and directory placement under {UNIX}-like {operating systems}. The {guidelines} are intended to support interoperability of applications, system administration tools, development tools, and scripts. These systems should also be supported with greater documentation uniformity. The standard is primarily intended to be a reference and is not a tutorial on how to manage a Unix filesystem or directory hierarchy. {(http://pathname.com/fhs/)}. {RedHat deviation (http://redhat.com/corp/support/manuals/RHL-6.0-Manual/install-guide/manual/doc084.html)}. (2001-05-24)
finish ::: v. t. --> To arrive at the end of; to bring to an end; to put an end to; to make an end of; to terminate.
To bestow the last required labor upon; to complete; to bestow the utmost possible labor upon; to perfect; to accomplish; to polish. ::: v. i.
flow chart "programming" An archaic form of visual control-flow specification employing arrows and "speech balloons" of various shapes. Hackers never use flow charts, consider them extremely silly, and associate them with {COBOL} programmers, {card wallopers}, and other lower forms of life. This attitude follows from the observations that flow charts (at least from a hacker's point of view) are no easier to read than code, are less precise, and tend to fall out of sync with the code (so that they either obfuscate it rather than explaining it, or require extra maintenance effort that doesn't improve the code). See also {Program Design Language}. [{Jargon File}] (1994-12-01)
For brevity and simplicity in the preceding account we have ignored complications introduced by the theory of types, which are considerable and troublesome. Modifications are also required if the account is to be incorporated into the Zermelo set theory. -- A.C. G.
For particular examples of logistic systems (all of which satisfy the requirement of effectiveness) see the article logic, formal, especially §§1, 3, 9.
forthwith ::: adv. --> Immediately; without delay; directly.
As soon as the thing required may be done by reasonable exertion confined to that object.
fossil 1. In software, a misfeature that becomes understandable only in historical context, as a remnant of times past retained so as not to break compatibility. Example: the retention of {octal} as default base for string escapes in {C}, in spite of the better match of {hexadecimal} to ASCII and modern byte-addressable architectures. See {dusty deck}. 2. More restrictively, a feature with past but no present utility. Example: the force-all-caps (LCASE) bits in the V7 and {BSD} Unix tty driver, designed for use with monocase terminals. (In a perversion of the usual backward-compatibility goal, this functionality has actually been expanded and renamed in some later {USG Unix} releases as the IUCLC and OLCUC bits.) 3. The FOSSIL (Fido/Opus/Seadog Standard Interface Level) driver specification for serial-port access to replace the {brain-dead} routines in the IBM PC ROMs. Fossils are used by most {MS-DOS} {BBS} software in preference to the "supported" ROM routines, which do not support interrupt-driven operation or setting speeds above 9600; the use of a semistandard FOSSIL library is preferable to the {bare metal} serial port programming otherwise required. Since the FOSSIL specification allows additional functionality to be hooked in, drivers that use the {hook} but do not provide serial-port access themselves are named with a modifier, as in "video fossil". [{Jargon File}]
fragmentation 1. "networking" {segmentation}. 2. The process, or result, of splitting a large area of free memory (on disk or in main memory) into smaller non-contiguous blocks. This happens after many blocks have been allocated and freed. For example, if there is 3 kilobytes of free space and two 1k blocks are allocated and then the first one (at the lowest address) is freed, then there will be 2k of free space split between the two 1k blocks. The maximum size block that could then be allocated would be 1k, even though there was 2k free. The solution is to "compact" the free space by moving the allocated blocks to one end (and thus the free space to the other). As modern file systems are used and files are deleted and created, the total free space becomes split into smaller non-contiguous blocks (composed of "{clusters}" or "{sectors}" or some other unit of allocation). Eventually new files being created, and old files being extended, cannot be stored each in a single contiguous block but become scattered across the file system. This degrades performance as multiple {seek} operations are required to access a single fragmented file. Defragmenting consolidates each existing file and the free space into a continuous group of sectors. Access speed will be improved due to reduced seeking. The rate of fragmentation depends on the {algorithm} used to allocate space and the number and position of free sectors. A nearly-full file system will fragment more quickly. {MS-DOS} and {Microsoft Windows} use the simplest algorithm to allocate free clusters and so fragmentation occurs quickly. A disk should be defragmented before fragmentation reaches 10%. See {garbage collection}. (1997-08-29)
frame 1. "networking" A {data link layer} "packet" which contains the header and trailer information required by the physical medium. That is, {network layer} {packets} are encapsulated to become frames. See also {datagram}, {encapsulation}, {packet}, {Maximum Transmission Unit}. 2. "programming" (language implementation) See {activation record}. 3. "hardware" One complete scan of the active area of a {display screen}. Each frame consists of a number N of horizontal {scan lines}, each of which, on a computer display, consists of a number M of {pixels}. N is the {vertical resolution} of the display and M is the {horizontal resolution}. The rate at which the displayed image is updated is the {refresh rate} in frames per second. (2000-10-07)
frame rate "graphics" The number of {frames} of an {animation} which are displayed every second, measured in frames per second (fps). The higher the frame rate, the smoother the animation will appear but the more processing power and system {bandwidth} is required. At less than 30 fps, the human eye can see the new pictures coming onto the screen. (2000-02-02)
Frame Relay "communications" A {DTE}-{DCE} interface specification based on {LAPD} (Q.921), the {Integrated Services Digital Network} version of {LAPB} ({X.25} {data link layer}). A common specification was produced by a consortium of {StrataCom}, {Cisco}, {Digital}, and Northern Telecom. Frame Relay is the result of {wide area network}ing requirements for speed; {LAN}-{WAN} and LAN-LAN {internetworking}; "bursty" data communications; multiplicity of {protocols} and {protocol transparency}. These requirements can be met with technology such as {optical fibre} lines, allowing higher speeds and fewer transmission errors; intelligent network end devices ({personal computers}, {workstations}, and {servers}); standardisation and adoption of ISDN protocols. Frame Relay could connect dedicated lines and {X.25} to {ATM}, {SMDS}, {BISDN} and other "{fast packet}" technologies. Frame Relay uses the same basic {data link layer} {framing} and {Frame Check Sequence} so current {X.25} hardware still works. It adds addressing (a 10-bit {Data Link Connection Identifier} (DLCI)) and a few control bits but does not include retransmissions, link establishment, windows or error recovery. It has none of X.25's {session layer} but adds some simple interface management. Any {network layer} protocol can be used over the data link layer Frames. {Frame Relay Resource Center (http://alliancedatacom.com/framerelay.asp)}. (2000-07-14)
FreeBSD "operating system" A free {operating system} based on the {BSD 4.4-lite} release from {Computer Systems Research Group} at the {University of California at Berkeley}. FreeBSD requires an {ISA}, {EISA}, {VESA}, or {PCI} based computer with an {Intel 80386SX} to {Pentium} CPU (or compatible {AMD} or {Cyrix} CPU) with 4 megabytes of {RAM} and 60MB of disk space. Some of FreeBSD's features are: {preemptive multitasking} with dynamic priority adjustment to ensure smooth and fair sharing of the computer between applications and users. Multiuser access - {peripherals} such as printers and tape drives can be shared between all users. Complete {TCP/IP} networking including {SLIP}, {PPP}, {NFS} and {NIS}. {Memory protection}, {demand-paged virtual memory} with a merged {VM}/{buffer cache} design. FreeBSD was designed as a {32 bit operating system}. {X Window System} (X11R6) provides a {graphical user interface}. {Binary compatibility} with many programs built for {SCO}, {BSDI}, {NetBSD}, {386BSD}, and {Linux}. Hundreds of ready-to-run applications in the FreeBSD ports collection. FreeBSD is {source code compatible} with most popular commercial {Unix} systems and thus most applications require few, if any, changes to compile. {Shared libraries}. A full compliment of {C}, {C++}, {Fortran} and {Perl} development tools and many other languages. {Source code} for the entire system is available. Extensive on-line documentation. {(http://freebsd.org/)}. {(ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD)} or try your nearest {mirror site} listed at the home site or buy the {CD-ROM} from {Walnut Creek}. (1998-11-24)
friction feed "printer" A method some {printers} and {plotters} use to move paper by rotating one or both of a pair of spring-loaded rubber-coated rollers with the paper sandwiched between them. Friction feed printers are notorious for slipping when the rollers wear out, but can take standard typing paper. For printers with a {sheet feeder}, friction feed is more appropriate than {sprocket feed} which requires the holes in the paper to engage with the sprockets of the feed mechanism. (1997-07-09)
From the principle of the antilogism, together with obversion, simple conversion of E and I, and the fact that in the pairs, A and O, E and I, each proposition of the pair is equivalent to the negation of the other, all of the traditional valid moods of the syllogism may be derived except those which require a third (existential) premiss (see logic, formal, §§4, 5). With the further aid of subalternation the remaining valid moods may be derived.
froward ::: a. --> Not willing to yield or compIy with what is required or is reasonable; perverse; disobedient; peevish; as, a froward child.
fulfill ::: v. t. --> To fill up; to make full or complete.
To accomplish or carry into effect, as an intention, promise, or prophecy, a desire, prayer, or requirement, etc.; to complete by performance; to answer the requisitions of; to bring to pass, as a purpose or design; to effectuate.
full-custom Design of {integrated circuits} at the transistor or polygon level. This is in contrast to the use of libraries of components. Full-custom design requires considerable skill and experience and is usually only feasible for simple circuits, especially ones with much repetition, such as memory device, where a small saving in the size and power consumption of a component will yield a large overall saving. (1994-12-01)
full-duplex "communications" (fdx, from {telegraphy}) 1. A type of {duplex} communications channel which carries data in both directions at once. On purely {digital} connections, full-duplex communication requires two pairs of wires. On {analog} networks or in digital networks using carriers, it is achieved by dividing the {bandwidth} of the line into two frequencies, one for sending, and the other for receiving. 2. An obsolete term for {remote echo}. Compare {simplex}, {half-duplex}, {double-duplex}. (2001-07-21)
fully associative cache "memory management" A type of {cache} in which data from any address can be stored in any cache location. The whole address must be used as the tag (the value that identifies a block of data in the cache). All tags must be compared simultaneously (associatively) with the requested address and if one matches then its associated data is accessed. This requires an {associative memory} to hold the tags which makes this form of cache more expensive. It does however solve the problem of contention for cache locations ({cache conflict}) since a block need only be flushed when the whole cache is full and then the block to flush can be selected in a more efficient way. The alternatives are {direct mapped cache} or {set associative cache}. (2013-08-09)
fully qualified domain name "networking" (FQDN) The full name of a system, consisting of its local {hostname} and its {domain} name, including a {top-level domain} (tld). For example, "venera" is a hostname and "venera.isi.edu" is an FQDN. An FQDN should be sufficient to determine a unique {Internet address} for any host on the {Internet}. This process, called "name resolution", uses the {Domain Name System} (DNS). With the explosion of interest in the {Internet} following the advent of the {web}, domain names (especially the most significant two components, e.g. "sun.com", and especially in the ".com" tld) have become a valuable part of many companies' "brand". The allocation of these, overseen by {ICANN}, has therefore become highly political and is performed by a number of different registrars. There are different registries for the different tlds. A final dot on the end of a FQDN can be used to tell the DNS that the name is fully qualified and so needs no extra suffixes added, but it is not required. See also {network, the}, {network address}. (2005-06-09)
functional requirements "specification" What a system should be able to do, the functions it should perform. This term is used at both the {user requirements} analysis and {software requirements} specifications phases in the {software life-cycle}. An example of a non-functional requirement is an initialisation sequence incorporated into the software that is specific to a given customer. (2001-05-22)
functional programming "programming" (FP) A program in a functional language consists of a set of (possibly {recursive}) {function} definitions and an expression whose value is output as the program's result. Functional languages are one kind of {declarative language}. They are mostly based on the {typed lambda-calculus} with constants. There are no {side-effects} to expression evaluation so an expression, e.g. a function applied to certain arguments, will always evaluate to the same value (if its evaluation terminates). Furthermore, an expression can always be replaced by its value without changing the overall result ({referential transparency}). The order of evaluation of subexpressions is determined by the language's {evaluation strategy}. In a {strict} ({call-by-value}) language this will specify that arguments are evaluated before applying a function whereas in a non-strict ({call-by-name}) language arguments are passed unevaluated. Programs written in a functional language are generally compact and elegant, but have tended, until recently, to run slowly and require a lot of memory. Examples of purely functional languages are {Clean}, {FP}, {Haskell}, {Hope}, {Joy}, {LML}, {Miranda}, and {SML}. Many other languages such as {Lisp} have a subset which is purely functional but also contain non-functional constructs. See also {lazy evaluation}, {reduction}. {Lecture notes (ftp://ftp.cs.olemiss.edu/pub/tech-reports/umcis-1995-01.ps)}. or the same {in dvi-format (ftp://ftp.cs.olemiss.edu/pub/tech-reports/umcis-1995-01.dvi)}. {FAQ (http://cs.nott.ac.uk/Department/Staff/gmh/faq.html)}. {SEL-HPC Article Archive (http://lpac.ac.uk/SEL-HPC/Articles/)}. (2003-03-25)
functional testing "testing" (Or "black-box testing", "closed-box testing") The application of test data derived from {functional requirements} without regard to how the system is implemented. (1996-05-15)
garbage collection "programming" (GC) The process by which dynamically allocated storage is reclaimed during the execution of a program. The term usually refers to automatic periodic storage reclamation by the garbage collector (part of the {run-time system}), as opposed to explicit code to free specific blocks of memory. Automatic garbage collection is usually triggered during memory allocation when the amount free memory falls below some threshold or after a certain number of allocations. Normal execution is suspended and the garbage collector is run. There are many variations on this basic scheme. Languages like {Lisp} represent expressions as {graphs} built from {cells} which contain pointers and data. These languages use automatic {dynamic storage allocation} to build expressions. During the evaluation of an expression it is necessary to reclaim space which is used by subexpressions but which is no longer pointed to by anything. This reclaimed memory is returned to the free memory pool for subsequent reallocation. Without garbage collection the program's memory requirements would increase monotonically throughout execution, possibly exceeding system limits on {virtual memory} size. The three main methods are {mark-sweep garbage collection}, {reference counting} and {copying garbage collection}. See also the {AI koan} about garbage collection. (1997-08-25)
gasometer ::: n. --> An apparatus for holding and measuring of gas; in gas works, a huge iron cylinder closed at one end and having the other end immersed in water, in which it is made to rise or fall, according to the volume of gas it contains, or the pressure required.
GB "unit" {gigabytes} or {gigabits} - see {MB}. Giga stands for 10^9 - a US billion, or in computing for 2^30. The text of a thirty volume encyclopaedia would require about one gigabyte of {ASCII} storage. (1997-03-27)
GC 1. {garbage collection}. 2. A storage allocator with {garbage collection} by Hans-J. Boehm and Alan J. Demers. Gc is a plug-in replacement for {C}'s {malloc}. Since the collector does not require {pointers} to be tagged, it does not attempt to ensure that all inaccessible storage is reclaimed. Version 3.4 has been ported to {Sun-3}, {Sun-4}, {Vax}/{BSD}, {Ultrix}, {Intel 80386}/{Unix}, {SGI}, {Alpha}/{OSF/1}, {Sequent} (single threaded), {Encore} (single threaded), {RS/600}, {HP-UX}, {Sony News}, {A/UX}, {Amiga}, {NeXT}. {(ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pub/russell/gc3.4.tar.Z)}. (2000-04-19)
GCOS "operating system" /jee'kohs/ An {operating system} developed by {General Electric} from 1962; originally called GECOS (the General Electric Comprehensive Operating System). The GECOS-II operating system was developed by {General Electric} for the 36-bit {GE-635} in 1962-1964. Contrary to rumour, GECOS was not cloned from {System/360} [{DOS/360}?] - the GE-635 architecture was very different from the {IBM 360} and GECOS was more ambitious than DOS/360. GE Information Service Divsion developed a large special multi-computer system that was not publicised because they did not wish {time sharing} customers to challenge their bills. Although GE ISD was marketing {DTSS} - the first commercial time sharing system - GE Computer Division had no license from Dartmouth and GE-ISD to market it to external customers, so they designed a time-sharing system to sell as a standard part of GECOS-III, which replaced GECOS-II in 1967. GECOS TSS was more general purpose than DTSS, it was more a programmer's tool (program editing, e-mail on a single system) than a BASIC TSS. The {GE-645}, a modified 635 built by the same people, was selected by {MIT} and {Bell} for the {Multics} project. Multics' infancy was as painful as any infancy. Bell pulled out in 1969 and later produced {Unix}. After the buy-out of GE's computer division by {Honeywell}, GECOS-III was renamed GCOS-3 (General Comprehensive Operating System). Other OS groups at Honeywell began referring to it as "God's Chosen Operating System", allegedly in reaction to the GCOS crowd's uninformed and snotty attitude about the superiority of their product. [Can anyone confirm this?] GCOS won and this led in the orphaning and eventual death of Honeywell {Multics}. Honeywell also decided to launch a new product line called Level64, and later DPS-7. It was decided to mainatin, at least temporarily, the 36-bit machine as top of the line, because GCOS-3 was so successfull in the 1970s. The plan in 1972-1973 was that GCOS-3 and Multics should converge. This plan was killed by Honeywell management in 1973 for lack of resources and the inability of Multics, lacking {databases} and {transaction processing}, to act as a business operating system without a substantial reinvestment. The name "GCOS" was extended to all Honeywell-marketed product lines and GCOS-64, a completely different 32-bit operating system, significanctly inspired by Multics, was designed in France and Boston. GCOS-62, another different 32-bit low-end DOS level was designed in Italy. GCOS-61 represented a new version of a small system made in France and the new {DPS-6} 16-bit {minicomputer} line got GCOS-6. When the intended merge between GCOS-3 and Multics failed, the Phoenix designers had in mind a big upgrade of the architecture to introduce {segmentation} and {capabilities}. GCOS-3 was renamed GCOS-8, well before it started to use the new features which were introduced in next generation hardware. The GCOS licenses were sold to the Japanese companies {NEC} and {Toshiba} who developed the Honeywell products, including GCOS, much further, surpassing the {IBM 3090} and {IBM 390}. When Honeywell decided in 1984 to get its top of the range machines from NEC, they considered running Multics on them but the Multics market was considered too small. Due to the difficulty of porting the ancient Multics code they considered modifying the NEC hardware to support the Multics compilers. GCOS3 featured a good {Codasyl} {database} called IDS (Integrated Data Store) that was the model for the more successful {IDMS}. Several versions of transaction processing were designed for GCOS-3 and GCOS-8. An early attempt at TP for GCOS-3, not taken up in Europe, assumed that, as in {Unix}, a new process should be started to handle each transaction. IBM customers required a more efficient model where multiplexed {threads} wait for messages and can share resources. Those features were implemented as subsystems. GCOS-3 soon acquired a proper {TP monitor} called Transaction Driven System (TDS). TDS was essentially a Honeywell development. It later evolved into TP8 on GCOS-8. TDS and its developments were commercially successful and predated IBM {CICS}, which had a very similar architecture. GCOS-6 and GCOS-4 (ex-GCOS-62) were superseded by {Motorola 68000}-based {minicomputers} running {Unix} and the product lines were discontinued. In the late 1980s Bull took over Honeywell and Bull's management chose Unix, probably with the intent to move out of hardware into {middleware}. Bull killed the Boston proposal to port Multics to a platform derived from DPS-6. Very few customers rushed to convert from GCOS to Unix and new machines (of CMOS technology) were still to be introduced in 1997 with GCOS-8. GCOS played a major role in keeping Honeywell a dismal also-ran in the {mainframe} market. Some early Unix systems at {Bell Labs} used GCOS machines for print spooling and various other services. The field added to "/etc/passwd" to carry GCOS ID information was called the "{GECOS field}" and survives today as the "pw_gecos" member used for the user's full name and other human-ID information. [{Jargon File}] (1998-04-23)
GE-645 "computer" A computer built by {General Electric}, the successor to the {GE-635}, designed to provide the extra CPU features required by the {Multics} project. The GE-645 was designed in 1965 by John Couleur and Edward Glaser at MIT. It had several security levels and instructions for handling {virtual memory}. Addressing used an 18-bit segment in addition to the 18-bit address, dramatically increasing the theoretical memory size and making virtual memory easier to support. Design of the GE-645's successor, the {GE-655}, started in 1967. (2006-09-24)
General Public Virus "software, legal" A pejorative name for some versions of the {GNU} project {copyleft} or {General Public License} (GPL), which requires that any tools or {application programs} incorporating copylefted code must be source-distributed on the same terms as GNU code. Thus it is alleged that the copyleft "infects" software generated with GNU tools, which may in turn infect other software that reuses any of its code. {Copyright} law limits the scope of the GPL to "programs textually incorporating significant amounts of GNU code" so GPL is only passed on if actual GNU source is transmitted. This used to be the case with the {Bison} {parser} skeleton until its licence was fixed. {(http://org.gnu.de/manual/bison/html_chapter/bison_2.html
generic type variable "programming" (Or "schematic type variable") In typed programming languages, a generic type variable is a {type variable} that may be instantiated to different types in different occurrences in a type expression. Thus, in the expression let id x = x in (id True, id 1) id's type is (for all a: a -" a). The universal {quantifier} "for all a:" means that a is a generic type variable. For the two uses of id, a is instantiated to Bool and Int. Compare this with let id x = x in let f g = (g True, g 1) in f id This looks similar but f has no legal {Hindley-Milner type}. If we say f :: (a -" b) -" (b, b) this would permit g's type to be any specific instance of (a -" b) rather than requiring it to be at least as general as (a -" b). Furthermore, it constrains both instances of g to have the same result type whereas they can not. The type variables a and b in the above are implicitly quantified at the top level: f :: for all a: for all b: (a -" b) -" (b, b) so instantiating them (removing the {quantifiers}) can only be done once, at the top level. To correctly describe the type of f requires that they be locally quantified: f :: ((for all a: a) -" (for all b: b)) -" (c, d) which means that each time g is applied, a and b may be instantiated differently. f's actual argument must have a type at least as general as ((for all a: a) -" (for all b: b)), and may not be some less general instance of this type. Type variables c and d are still implicitly quantified at the top level and, now that g's result type is a generic type variable, any types chosen for c and d are guaranteed to be instances of it. This type for f does not express the fact that b only needs to be at least as general as the types c and d. For example, if c and d were both Bool then any function of type (for all a: a -" Bool) would be a suitable argument to f but it would not match the above type for f. (2017-12-13)
Geometry: Originally abstracted from the measurement of, and the study of relations of position among, material objects, geometry received in Euclid's Elements (c. 300 B.C.) a treatment which (despite, of course, certain defects by modern standards) became the historical model for the abstract deductive development of a mathematical discipline. The general nature of the subject of geometry may be illustrated by reference to the synthetic geometry of Euclid, and the analytic geometry which resulted from the introduction of coordinates into Euclidean geometry by Descartes (1637) (q.v.). In the mathematical usage of today the name geometry is given to any abstract mathematical discipline of a certain general type, as thus illustrated, without any requirement of applicability to spatial relations among physical objects or the like.
ghetto code "humour, programming" A particularly inelegant and obviously suboptimal section of {code} that still meets the original requirements. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2014-05-14)
GINA Generic Interactive Application. An {application framework} based on {Common Lisp} and {OSF}/{Motif}, designed to simplify the construction of graphical interactive applications. GINA consists of {CLM} - a language binding for {OSF}/{Motif} in {Common Lisp}; the GINA application framework - a {class library} in {CLOS}; the GINA interface builder - an interactive tool implemented with GINA to design {Motif} windows. Version 2.2 requires {OSF}/{Motif} 1.1 or better, {Common Lisp} with {CLX}, {CLOS}, {PCL} and processes. It runs with {Franz Allegro}, {Lucid}, {CMU CL} and {Symbolics} {Genera}. {Germany (ftp://ftp.gmd.de/gmd/gina)}. {N. America (ftp://export.lcs.mit.edu/contrib/)}. Mailing list: gina-users-request@gmdzi.gmd.de. (1994-11-02)
Given a formula A containing a free variable, say x, the process of forming a corresponding monadic function (q.v.) -- defined by the rule that the value of the function for an argument b is that which A denotes if the variable x is taken as denoting b -- is also called abstraction, or functional abstraction. In this sense, abstraction is an operation upon a formula A yielding a function, and is relative to a particular system of interpretation for the notations appearing in the formula, and to a particular variable, as x. The requirement that A shall contain x as a free variable is not essential: when A does not contain x as a free variable, the function obtained by abstraction relative to x may be taken to be the function whose value, the same for all arguments, is denoted by A.
Glasgow Haskell Compiler "language" (GHC) A {Haskell} 1.2 compiler written in Haskell by the AQUA project at {Glasgow University}, headed by Simon Peyton Jones "simonpj@dcs.glasgow.ac.uk" throughout the 1990's [started?]. GHC can generate either {C} or {native code} for {SPARC}, {DEC} {Alpha} and other platforms. It can take advantage of features of {gcc} such as global register variables and has an extensive set of optimisations. GHC features an extensible I/O system based on a "{monad}", in-line {C} code, fully fledged {unboxed} data types, incrementally-updatable {arrays}, {mutable reference types}, {generational garbage collector}, {concurrent} {threads}. Time and space {profiling} is also supported. It requires {GNU} gcc 2.1+ and {Perl}. GHC runs on {Sun-4}, {DEC Alpha}, {Sun-3}, {NeXT}, {DECstation}, {HP-PA} and {SGI}. {Glasgow FTP (ftp://ftp.dcs.glasgow.ac.uk/pub/haskell/glasgow/)}. {Yale (ftp://nebula.cs.yale.edu/pub/haskell/glasgow/)}. {Sweden (ftp://ftp.cs.chalmers.se/pub/haskell/glasgow/)}. {Papers (ftp://ftp.dcs.glasgow.ac.uk/pub/glasgow-fp)}. ["Imperative functional programming", Peyton Jones & Wadler, POPL '93]. ["Unboxed data types as first-class citizens", Peyton Jones & Launchbury, FPCA '91]. ["Profiling lazy functional languages", Sansom & Peyton Jones, Glasgow workshop '92]. ["Implementing lazy functional languages on stock hardware", Peyton Jones, Journal of Functional Programming, Apr 1992]. E-mail: "glasgow-haskell-request@dcs.glasgow.ac.uk". (1999-01-05)
Glish Glish is an interpretive language for building loosely-coupled distributed systems from modular, event-oriented programs. Written by Vern Paxson "vern@ee.lbl.gov". These programs are written in conventional languages such as C, C++, or Fortran. Glish scripts can create local and remote processes and control their communication. Glish also provides a full, array-oriented programming language (similar to {S}) for manipulating binary data sent between the processes. In general Glish uses a centralised communication model where interprocess communication passes through the Glish {interpreter}, allowing dynamic modification and rerouting of data values, but Glish also supports point-to-point links between processes when necessary for high performance. Version 2.4.1 includes an {interpreter}, {C++} {class} library and user manual. It requires C++ and there are ports to {SunOS}, {Ultrix}, an {HP/UX} (rusty). {(ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/glish/glish-2.4.1.tar.Z)}. ["Glish: A User-Level Software Bus for Loosely-Coupled Distributed Systems," Vern Paxson and Chris Saltmarsh, Proceedings of the 1993 Winter USENIX Conference, San Diego, CA, January, 1993]. (1993-11-01)
GMD Toolbox for Compiler Construction (Or Cocktail) A huge set of compiler building tools for {MS-DOS}, {Unix} and {OS/2}. parser generator (LALR -" C, Modula-2), documentation, parser generator (LL(1) -" C, Modula-2), tests, scanner generator (-" C, Modula-2), tests translator (Extended BNF -" BNF), translator (Modula-2 -" C), translator (BNF (yacc) -" Extended BNF), examples abstract syntax tree generator, attribute-evaluator generator, code generator The {MS-DOS} version requires DJ Delorie's DOS extender ({go32}) and the {OS/2} version requires the {emx} programming environment. {(ftp://ftp.karlsruhe.gmd.de/pub/cocktail/dos)}. {OS/2 FTP (ftp://ftp.eb.ele.tue.nl/pub/src/cocktail/dos-os2.zoo)}. Mailing list: listserv@eb.ele.tue.nl (subscribe to Cocktail). E-mail: Josef Grosch "grosch@karlsruhe.gmd.de", Willem Jan Withagen "wjw@eb.ele.tue.nl" (OS/2). (1992-01-01)
GNU BC A {GNU} version of {BC} which is self-contained and internally executes its own compiled code rather than acting as a {front-end} to {DC} like the standard {Unix} bc. Version 1.02 parser (yacc), interpreter, BC math library Philip A. Nelson "phil@cs.wwu.edu" FTP bc-1.02.tar.Z from a {GNU archive site}. requires: vsprintf and vfprintf routines ports: Unix (BSD, System V, MINIX, POSIX) Superset of POSIX BC (P10003.2/D11), with a POSIX-only mode.
GNU E A persistent C++ variant Version 2.3.3 compiler {(ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/exodus/E/)}. GNU E is a persistent, object oriented programming language developed as part of the Exodus project. GNU E extends C++ with the notion of persistent data, program level data objects that can be transparently used across multiple executions of a program, or multiple programs, without explicit input and output operations. GNU E's form of {persistence} is based on extensions to the C++ type system to distinguish potentially persistent data objects from objects that are always memory resident. An object is made persistent either by its declaration (via a new "persistent" storage class qualifier) or by its method of allocation (via persistent dynamic allocation using a special overloading of the new operator). The underlying object storage system is the Exodus storage manager, which provides concurrency control and recovery in addition to storage for persistent data. restriction: Copyleft; not all run-time sources are available (yet) requires: release 2.1.1 of the Exodus storage manager E-mail: "exodus@cs.wisc.edu". (1993-01-20)
GNU Free Documentation License "legal" (GFDL) The {Free Software Foundation}'s license designed to ensure the same freedoms for {documentation} that the {GPL} gives to {software}. This dictionary is distributed under the GFDL, see the copyright notice in the {Free On-line Dictionary of Computing} section (at the start of the source file). The full text follows. Version 1.1, March 2000 Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. 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TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See {here (http://gnu.org/copyleft/)}. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. End of full text of GFDL. (2002-03-09)
gondola ::: n. --> A long, narrow boat with a high prow and stern, used in the canals of Venice. A gondola is usually propelled by one or two oarsmen who stand facing the prow, or by poling. A gondola for passengers has a small open cabin amidships, for their protection against the sun or rain. A sumptuary law of Venice required that gondolas should be painted black, and they are customarily so painted now.
A flat-bottomed boat for freight.
govern ::: v. t. --> To direct and control, as the actions or conduct of men, either by established laws or by arbitrary will; to regulate by authority.
To regulate; to influence; to direct; to restrain; to manage; as, to govern the life; to govern a horse.
To require to be in a particular case; as, a transitive verb governs a noun in the objective case; or to require (a particular case); as, a transitive verb governs the objective case.
Grandfather, Father, Son "operating system" (GFS) A {backup rotation} scheme in which a "grandfather" backup is performed on the first Monday of each month, a "father" backup is performed on every other Monday and a "son" backup is performed on every other day of the week. Grandfather tapes are kept for a year, father tapes for a month and son tapes for a week. The exact schedule (and thus the number of tapes required) may vary, as may the choice of {full backup} or {incremental backup}, but the idea is that it should be possible to restore versions of any file of different ages: e.g. yesterday's, last week's or last year's version. (2004-10-11)
graphics adaptor "hardware, graphics" (Or "graphics adapter", "graphics card", "video adaptor", etc.) A circuit board fitted to a computer, especially an {IBM PC}, containing the necessary {video memory} and other electronics to provide a {bitmap display}. Adaptors vary in the {resolution} (number of {pixels}) and number of colours they can display, and in the {refresh rate} they support. These parameters are also limited by the {monitor} to which the adaptor is connected. A number of such {display standards}, e.g. {SVGA}, have become common and different {software} requires or supports different sets. (1996-09-16)
graphics "graphics" Any kind of visible output including {text}, {images}, {movies}, {line art} and {digital photographs}; stored in {bitmap} or {vector graphic} form. Most modern computers can display non-{text} data and most use a {graphical user interface} (GUI) for virtually all interaction with the user. Special {hardware}, typically some kind of {graphics adaptor}, is required to allow the computer to display graphics (as opposed to, say, printing text on a {teletype}) but since GUIs became ubiquitous this has become the default form of visual output. The most demanding applications for computer graphics are those where the computer actually generates moving images in {real time}, especially in {video games}. There are many kinds of {software} devoted to manipulating graphical data, including image editing (e.g. {Photoshop}), {drawing} (e.g. {Illustrator}), user interface toolkits (e.g. {X Window System}), {CAD}, {CGI}. (2009-06-24)
graphic workstation "graphics, computer" A {workstation} specifically configured for graphics works such as {image manipulation}, {bitmap graphics} ("paint"), and {vector graphics} ("draw") type applications. Such work requires a powerful {CPU} and a high {resolution} display. A graphic workstation is very similar to a {CAD} workstation and, given the typical specifications of personal computers currently available in 1999, the distinctions are very blurred and are more likely to depend on availability of specific {software} than any detailed hardware requirements. (1999-05-04)
gratuitous ::: a. --> Given without an equivalent or recompense; conferred without valuable consideration; granted without pay, or without claim or merit; not required by justice.
Not called for by the circumstances; without reason, cause, or proof; adopted or asserted without any good ground; as, a gratuitous assumption.
Gray code "hardware" A {binary} sequence with the property that only one {bit} changes between any two consecutive elements (the two codes have a {Hamming distance} of one). The Gray code originated when {digital logic} circuits were built from {vacuum tubes} and electromechanical {relays}. Counters generated tremendous power demands and noise spikes when many bits changed at once. E.g. when incrementing a register containing 11111111, the {back-EMF} from the relays' collapsing magnetic fields required copious noise suppression. Using Gray code counters, any increment or decrement changed only one bit, regardless of the size of the number. Gray code can also be used to convert the angular position of a disk to digital form. A radial line of sensors reads the code off the surface of the disk and if the disk is half-way between two positions each sensor might read its bit from both positions at once but since only one bit differs between the two, the value read is guaranteed to be one of the two valid values rather than some third (invalid) combination (a {glitch}). One possible {algorithm} for generating a Gray code sequence is to toggle the lowest numbered bit that results in a new code each time. Here is a four bit Gray code sequence generated in this way: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 The codes were patented in 1953 by Frank Gray, a {Bell Labs} researcher. {(http://nist.gov/dads/HTML/graycode.html)}. (2002-08-29)
greek 1. "text, graphics" To display text as abstract dots and lines in order to give a preview of layout without actually being legible. This is faster than drawing the characters correctly which may require scaling or other transformations. Greeking is particularly useful when displaying a reduced image of a document where the text would be too small to be legible on the display anyway. A related technique is {lorem ipsum}. (2006-09-18)
Green "language" A language proposed by Cii {Honeywell-Bull} to meet the DoD {Ironman} requirements which led to {Ada}. This language won in 1979. ["On the GREEN Language Submitted to the DoD", E.W. Dijkstra, SIGPLAN Notices 13(10):16-21 (Oct 1978)]. (1994-12-02)
Group-Sweeping Scheduling "storage, algorithm" (GSS) A disk scheduling strategy in which requests are served in cycles, in a round-robin manner. To reduce disk arm movements ("{seek}ing"), the set of streams is divided into groups that are served in fixed order. Streams within a group are served according to "{SCAN}". If all clients are assigned to one group, GSS reduces to SCAN, and if all clients are assigned to separate groups, GSS effectively becomes round-robin scheduling. The service order within one group is not fixed, and a stream may in fact be first in one cycle while last in the next. This variation has to be masked by extra buffering but whereas SCAN requires buffer space for all streams, GSS can reuse the buffer for each group and effect a trade-off between {seek optimisation} and buffer requirements. (1995-11-12)
Gunning Transceiver Logic "electronics, hardware, integrated circuit, standard" (GTL) A {standard} for electrical signals in {CMOS} circuits used to provide higher data transfer speeds with smaller voltage swings [compared with what?]. The GTL signal swings between 0.4 volts and 1.2 volts with a reference voltage of about 0.8 volts. Only a small deviation of 0.4 volts (or thereabouts) from the reference voltage is required to switch between on and off states. Therefore, a GTL signal is said to be a low voltage swing logic signal. Gunning Transceiver Logic has several advantages. The {resistive termination} of a GTL signal provides a clean signalling environment [what?]. Moreover, the low terminating voltage of 1.2 volts results in reduced voltage drops across the resistive elements. GTL has low power dissipation and can operate at high frequency and causes less {electromagnetic interference} (EMI). {GTL/BTL: A Low-Swing Solution for High-Speed Digital Logic (http://edtn.com/scribe/reference/appnotes/md003ecc.htm)}. (2000-01-16)
hair [back-formation from {hairy}] The complications that make something hairy. "Decoding {TECO} commands requires a certain amount of hair." Often seen in the phrase "infinite hair", which connotes extreme complexity. Also in "hairiferous" (tending to promote hair growth): "GNUMACS elisp encourages {lusers} to write complex editing modes." "Yeah, it's pretty hairiferous all right." (Or just: "Hair squared!")
HAKMEM "publication" /hak'mem/ MIT AI Memo 239 (February 1972). A legendary collection of neat mathematical and programming hacks contributed by many people at MIT and elsewhere. (The title of the memo really is "HAKMEM", which is a 6-letterism for "hacks memo".) Some of them are very useful techniques, powerful theorems, or interesting unsolved problems, but most fall into the category of mathematical and computer trivia. Here is a sampling of the entries (with authors), slightly paraphrased: Item 41 (Gene Salamin): There are exactly 23,000 prime numbers less than 2^18. Item 46 (Rich Schroeppel): The most *probable* suit distribution in bridge hands is 4-4-3-2, as compared to 4-3-3-3, which is the most *evenly* distributed. This is because the world likes to have unequal numbers: a thermodynamic effect saying things will not be in the state of lowest energy, but in the state of lowest disordered energy. Item 81 (Rich Schroeppel): Count the magic squares of order 5 (that is, all the 5-by-5 arrangements of the numbers from 1 to 25 such that all rows, columns, and diagonals add up to the same number). There are about 320 million, not counting those that differ only by rotation and reflection. Item 154 (Bill Gosper): The myth that any given programming language is machine independent is easily exploded by computing the sum of powers of 2. If the result loops with period = 1 with sign +, you are on a sign-magnitude machine. If the result loops with period = 1 at -1, you are on a twos-complement machine. If the result loops with period greater than 1, including the beginning, you are on a ones-complement machine. If the result loops with period greater than 1, not including the beginning, your machine isn't binary - the pattern should tell you the base. If you run out of memory, you are on a string or bignum system. If arithmetic overflow is a fatal error, some fascist pig with a read-only mind is trying to enforce machine independence. But the very ability to trap overflow is machine dependent. By this strategy, consider the universe, or, more precisely, algebra: Let X = the sum of many powers of 2 = ...111111 (base 2). Now add X to itself: X + X = ...111110. Thus, 2X = X - 1, so X = -1. Therefore algebra is run on a machine (the universe) that is two's-complement. Item 174 (Bill Gosper and Stuart Nelson): 21963283741 is the only number such that if you represent it on the {PDP-10} as both an integer and a {floating-point} number, the bit patterns of the two representations are identical. Item 176 (Gosper): The "banana phenomenon" was encountered when processing a character string by taking the last 3 letters typed out, searching for a random occurrence of that sequence in the text, taking the letter following that occurrence, typing it out, and iterating. This ensures that every 4-letter string output occurs in the original. The program typed BANANANANANANANA.... We note an ambiguity in the phrase, "the Nth occurrence of." In one sense, there are five 00's in 0000000000; in another, there are nine. The editing program TECO finds five. Thus it finds only the first ANA in BANANA, and is thus obligated to type N next. By Murphy's Law, there is but one NAN, thus forcing A, and thus a loop. An option to find overlapped instances would be useful, although it would require backing up N - 1 characters before seeking the next N-character string. Note: This last item refers to a {Dissociated Press} implementation. See also {banana problem}. HAKMEM also contains some rather more complicated mathematical and technical items, but these examples show some of its fun flavour. HAKMEM is available from MIT Publications as a {TIFF} file. {(ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/hb/hbaker)}. (1996-01-19)
halting problem The problem of determining in advance whether a particular program or {algorithm} will terminate or run forever. The halting problem is the {canonical} example of a {provably unsolvable} problem. Obviously any attempt to answer the question by actually executing the algorithm or simulating each step of its execution will only give an answer if the algorithm under consideration does terminate, otherwise the algorithm attempting to answer the question will itself run forever. Some special cases of the halting problem are partially solvable given sufficient resources. For example, if it is possible to record the complete state of the execution of the algorithm at each step and the current state is ever identical to some previous state then the algorithm is in a loop. This might require an arbitrary amount of storage however. Alternatively, if there are at most N possible different states then the algorithm can run for at most N steps without looping. A program analysis called {termination analysis} attempts to answer this question for limited kinds of input algorithm. (1994-10-20)
hard-coded "jargon" (By analogy with "{hard-wired}") Said of a data value or behaviour written directly into a program, possibly in multiple places, where it cannot be easily modified. There are several alternatives, depending on how often the value is likely to change. It may be replaced with a {compile-time} constant, such as a {C} "
heap 1. "programming" An area of memory used for {dynamic memory allocation} where blocks of memory are allocated and freed in an arbitrary order and the pattern of allocation and size of blocks is not known until {run time}. Typically, a program has one heap which it may use for several different purposes. Heap is required by languages in which functions can return arbitrary data structures or functions with {free variables} (see {closure}). In {C} functions {malloc} and {free} provide access to the heap. Contrast {stack}. See also {dangling pointer}. 2. "programming" A data structure with its elements partially ordered (sorted) such that finding either the minimum or the maximum (but not both) of the elements is computationally inexpensive (independent of the number of elements), while both adding a new item and finding each subsequent smallest/largest element can be done in O(log n) time, where n is the number of elements. Formally, a heap is a {binary tree} with a key in each {node}, such that all the {leaves} of the tree are on two adjacent levels; all leaves on the lowest level occur to the left and all levels, except possibly the lowest, are filled; and the key in the {root} is at least as large as the keys in its children (if any), and the left and right subtrees (if they exist) are again heaps. Note that the last condition assumes that the goal is finding the minimum quickly. Heaps are often implemented as one-dimensional {arrays}. Still assuming that the goal is finding the minimum quickly the {invariant} is heap[i] "= heap[2*i] and heap[i] "= heap[2*i+1] for all i, where heap[i] denotes the i-th element, heap[1] being the first. Heaps can be used to implement {priority queues} or in {sort} algorithms. (1996-02-26)
hello, world "programming" The canonical, minimal, first program that a programmer writes in a new {programming language} or {development environment}. The program just prints "hello, world" to {standard output} in order to verify that the programmer can successfully edit, compile and run a simple program before embarking on anything more challenging. Hello, world is the first example program in the {C} programming book, {K&R}, and the tradition has spread from there to pretty much every other language and many of their textbooks. Environments that generate an unreasonably large executable for this trivial test or which require a {hairy} compiler-linker invocation to generate it are considered bad. {Hello, World in over 400 programming languages (http://www.roesler-ac.de/wolfram/hello.htm)}. (2013-10-27)
hemihedral ::: a. --> Having half of the similar parts of a crystals, instead of all; consisting of half the planes which full symmetry would require, as when a cube has planes only on half of its eight solid angles, or one plane out of a pair on each of its edges; or as in the case of a tetrahedron, which is hemihedral to an octahedron, it being contained under four of the planes of an octahedron.
HEPnet An association concerned with networking requirements for high energy physicists.
High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line "communications, protocol" (HDSL) A form of {Digital Subscriber Line}, providing {T1} or {E1} connections over two or three {twisted-pair} copper lines, respectively. Unlike most other forms of DSL HDSL is not a typical consumer service, it's used mostly to replace traditional T1/E1 connections, such as connecting {PBXes} to {telco} offices. The advantage of HDSL over the {Alternate Mark Inversion} line coding scheme traditionally used on T1/E1 lines is that it requires about an order of magnitude lower bandwidth to carry the same traffic. (1998-05-18)
holohedral ::: a. --> Having all the planes required by complete symmetry, -- in opposition to hemihedral.
hop 1. "messaging" One point-to-point transmission in a series required to get a message from point A to point B on a {store and forward} network. On such networks (including {UUCPNET} and {FidoNet}), an important inter-machine metric is the hop count of the shortest path between them. This can be more significant than their geographical separation. Each {exclamation mark} in a {bang path} represents one hop. 2. "networking" One direct host-to-host connection forming part of the route between two hosts in a {routed} {network} such as the {Internet}. Some {protocols} place an upper limit on the hop count in order to detect routing loops. 3. "jargon, networking" To {log in} to a {remote} computer, especially via {rlogin} or {telnet}. "I'll hop over to foovax to FTP that." [{Jargon File}] (1997-06-25)
Hope "language" A {functional programming} language designed by R.M. Burstall, D.B. MacQueen and D.T. Sanella at {University of Edinburgh} in 1978. It is a large language supporting user-defined {prefix}, {infix} or {distfix} operators. Hope has {polymorphic} typing and allows {overloading} of operators which requires explicit type declarations. Hope has {lazy lists} and was the first language to use {call-by-pattern}. It has been ported to {Unix}, {Macintosh}, and {IBM PC}. See also {Hope+}, {Hope+C}, {Massey Hope}, {Concurrent Massey Hope}. {(ftp://brolga.cc.uq.oz.au/pub/hope)}. [R.M.Burstall, D.B.MacQueen, D.T.Sanella, "HOPE: An experimental applicative language", Proc. 1980 Lisp conf., Stanford, CA, p.136-143, Aug 1980]. ["A HOPE Tutorial", R. Bailey, BYTE Aug 1985, pp.235-258]. ["Functional Programming with Hope", R. Bailey, Ellis Horwood 1990]. (1992-11-27)
horizontal encoding "processor" An {instruction set} where each field (a bit or group of bits) in an instruction word controls some {functional unit} or {gate} directly, as opposed to {vertical encoding} where instruction fields are decoded (by {hard-wired} {logic} or {microcode}) to produce the control signals. Horizontal encoding allows all possible combinations of control signals (and therefore operations) to be expressed as instructions whereas vertical encoding uses a shorter instruction word but can only encode those combinations of operations built into the decoding logic. An {instruction set} may use a mixture of horizontal and vertical encoding within each instruction. Because an architecture using horizontal encoding typically requires more instruction word bits it is sometimes known as a {very long instruction word} (VLIW) architecture. (1995-04-23)
horse power ::: --> The power which a horse exerts.
A unit of power, used in stating the power required to drive machinery, and in estimating the capabilities of animals or steam engines and other prime movers for doing work. It is the power required for the performance of work at the rate of 33,000 English units of work per minute; hence, it is the power that must be exerted in lifting 33,000 pounds at the rate of one foot per minute, or 550 pounds at the rate of one foot per second, or 55 pounds at the rate of ten feet per
IBM 1620 "computer" A computer built by {IBM} and released in late 1959. The 1620 cost from around $85,000(?) up to hundreds of thousands of dollars(?) according to the configuration. It was billed as a "small scientific computer" to distinguish it from the business-oriented {IBM 1401}. It was regarded as inexpensive, and many schools started out with one. It was either developed for the US Navy to teach computing, or as a replacement for the very successful {IBM 650} which did quite well in the low end scientific market. Rumour has it that the Navy called this computer the CADET - Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try. The {ALU} used lookup tables to add, subtract and multiply but it could do address increments and the like without the tables. You could change the number base by adjusting the tables, which were input during the boot sequence from {Hollerith} cards. The divide instruction required additional hardware, as did {floating point} operations. The basic machine had 20,000 decimal digits of {ferrite core memory} arranged as a 100 by 100 array of 12-bit locations, each holding two digits. Each digit was stored as four numeric bits, one flag bit and one parity bit. The numeric bits stored a decimal digit (values above nine were illegal). Memory was logically divided into fields. On the high-order digit of a field the flag bit indicated the end of the field. On the low-order digit it indicated a negative number. A flag bit on the low order of the address indicated {indirect addressing} if you had that option installed. A few "illegal" bit combinations were used to store things like record marks and "numeric blanks". On a {subroutine} call it stored the {return address} in the five digits just before the entry point to the routine, so you had to build your own {stack} to do {recursion}. The enclosure was grey, and the core was about four or five inches across. The core memory was kept cool inside a temperature-controlled box. The machine took a few minutes to warm up after power on before you could use it. If it got too hot there was a thermal cut-out switch that would shut it down. Memory could be expanded up to 100,000 digits in a second cabinet. The cheapest package used {paper tape} for I/O. You could also get {punched cards} and later models could be hooked up to a 1311 {disk drive} (a two-{megabyte} {washing machine}), a 1627 {plotter}, and a 1443 {line printer}. Because the 1620 was popular with colleges, IBM ran a clearing house of software for a nominal cost such as {Snobol}, {COBOL}, chess games, etc. The model II, released about three years later, could add and subtract without tables. The {clock period} decreased from 20 to 10 microseconds, instruction fetch sped up by a few cycles and it added {index registers} of some sort. Some of the model I's options were standard on the model II, like {indirect addressing} and the {console} {teletype} changed from a model C to a {Selectric}. Later still, IBM marketed the {IBM 1710}. A favorite use was to tune a FM radio to pick up the "interference" from the lights on the console. With the right delay loops you could generate musical notes. Hackers wrote {interpreters} that played music from notation like "C44". {IBM 1620 console (img:/pub/misc/IBM1620-console.jpg)} 1620 consoles were used as props to represent {Colossus} in the film "The Forbin Project", though most of the machines had been scrapped by the time the film was made. {A fully configured 1620 (http://uranus.ee.auth.gr/TMTh/exhibit.htm)}. {IBM 1620 at Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA (/pub/misc/IBM1620-Tuck1960s.jpg)} (Thanks Victor E. McGee, pictured). ["Basic Programming Concepts and the IBM 1620 Computer", Leeson and Dimitry, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962]. (2018-09-11)
IBM 3270 "hardware" A class of {terminals} made by {IBM} known as "Display Devices", normally used to talk to {IBM} {mainframes}. The 3270 attempts to minimise the number of {I/O} {interrupts} required by accepting large blocks of data, known as datastreams, in which both text and control (or formatting functions) are interspersed allowing an entire screen to be "painted" as a single output operation. The concept of "formatting" in these devices allows the screen to be divided into clusters of contiguous character cells for which numerous attributes (color, highlighting, {character set}, protection from modification) can be set. Further, using a technique known as 'Read Modified' the changes from any number of formatted fields that have been modified can be read as a single input without transferring any other data, another technique to enhance the terminal throughput of the CPU. The 3270 had twelve, and later twenty-four, special Programmed Function Keys, or PF keys. When one of these keys was pressed, it would cause the device to generate an I/O {interrupt} and present a special code identifying which key was pressed. {Application program} functions such as termination, page-up, page-down or help could be invoked by a single key-push, thereby reducing the load on very busy processors. A version of the {IBM PC} called the "3270 PC" was released in October 1983. It included 3270 {terminal emulation}. {tn3270} is modified version of {Telnet} which acts as a 3270 {terminal emulator} and can be used to connect to an IBM computer over a network. See also {broken arrow}. (1995-02-07)
IBM 704 "computer" A large, scientific computer made by {IBM} and used by the largest commercial, government and educational institutions. The IBM 704 had 36-bit memory words, 15-bit addresses and instructions with one address. A few {index register} instructions had the infamous 15-bit decrement field in addition to the 15-bit address. The 704, and {IBM 709} which had the same basic architecture, represented a substantial step forward from the {IBM 650}'s {magnetic drum} storage as they provided random access at electronic speed to {core storage}, typically 32k words of 36 bits each. [Or did the 704 actually come *before* the 650?] A typical 700 series installation would be in a specially built room of perhaps 1000 to 2000 square feet, with cables running under a raised floor and substantial air conditioning. There might be up to eight {magnetic tape} transports, each about 3 x 3 x 6 feet, on one or two "channels." The 1/2 inch tape had seven tracks and moved at 150 inches per second, giving a read/write speed of 15,000 six bit characters (plus parity) per second. In the centre would be the operator's {console} consisting of cabinets and tables for storage of tapes and boxes of cards; and a {card reader}, a {card punch}, and a {line printer}, each perhaps 4 x 4 x 5 feet in dimension. Small {jobs} could be entered via {punched cards} at the console, but as a rule the user jobs were transferred from cards to {magnetic tape} by {off-line} equipment and only control information was entered at the console (see {SPOOL}). Before each job, the {operating system} was loaded from a read-only system tape (because the system in {core} could have been corrupted by the previous user), and then the user's program, in the form of card images on the input tape, would be run. Program output would be written to another tape (typically on another channel) for printing off-line. Well run installations would transfer the user's cards to tape, run the job, and print the output tape with a turnaround time of one to four hours. The processing unit typically occupied a position symmetric but opposite the operator's console. Physically the largest of the units, it included a glass enclosure a few feet in dimension in which could be seen the "core" about one foot on each side. The 36-bit word could hold two 18-bit addresses called the "Contents of the Address Register" ({CAR}) and the "Contents of the Decrement Register" ({CDR}). On the opposite side of the floor from the tape drives and operator's console would be a desk and bookshelves for the ever-present (24 hours a day) "field engineer" dressed in, you guessed it, a grey flannel suit and tie. The maintenance of the many thousands of {vacuum tubes}, each with limited lifetime, and the cleaning, lubrication, and adjustment of mechanical equipment, was augmented by a constant flow of {bug} reports, change orders to both hardware and software, and hand-holding for worried users. The 704 was oriented toward scientific work and included {floating point} hardware and the first {Fortran} implementation. Its hardware was the basis for the requirement in some programming languages that loops must be executed at least once. The {IBM 705} was the business counterpart of the 704. The 705 was a decimal machine with a circular register which could hold several variables (numbers, values) at the same time. Very few 700 series computers remained in service by 1965, but the {IBM 7090}, using {transistors} but similar in logical structure, remained an important machine until the production of the earliest {integrated circuits}. [Was the 704 scientific, business or general purpose? Difference between 704 and 709?] (1996-01-24)
IBM PC "computer" International Business Machines Personal Computer. IBM PCs and compatible models from other vendors are the most widely used computer systems in the world. They are typically single user {personal computers}, although they have been adapted into multi-user models for special applications. Note: "IBM PC" is used in this dictionary to denote IBM and compatible personal computers, and to distinguish these from other {personal computers}, though the phrase "PC" is often used elsewhere, by those who know no better, to mean "IBM PC or compatible". There are hundreds of models of IBM compatible computers. They are based on {Intel}'s {microprocessors}: {Intel 8086}, {Intel 8088}, {Intel 80286}, {Intel 80386}, {Intel 486} or {Pentium}. The models of IBM's first-generation Personal Computer (PC) series have names: IBM PC, {IBM PC XT}, {IBM PC AT}, Convertible and Portable. The models of its second generation, the Personal System/2 ({PS/2}), are known by model number: Model 25, Model 30. Within each series, the models are also commonly referenced by their {CPU} {clock rate}. All IBM personal computers are software compatible with each other in general, but not every program will work in every machine. Some programs are time sensitive to a particular speed class. Older programs will not take advantage of newer higher-resolution {display standards}. The speed of the {CPU} ({microprocessor}) is the most significant factor in machine performance. It is determined by its {clock rate} and the number of bits it can process internally. It is also determined by the number of bits it transfers across its {data bus}. The second major performance factor is the speed of the {hard disk}. {CAD} and other graphics-intensive {application programs} can be sped up with the addition of a mathematics {coprocessor}, a chip which plugs into a special socket available in almost all machines. {Intel 8086} and {Intel 8088}-based PCs require {EMS} (expanded memory) boards to work with more than one megabyte of memory. All these machines run under {MS-DOS}. The original {IBM PC AT} used an {Intel 80286} processor which can access up to 16 megabytes of memory (though standard {MS-DOS} applications cannot use more than one megabyte without {EMS}). {Intel 80286}-based computers running under {OS/2} can work with the maximum memory. Although IBM sells {printers} for PCs, most printers will work with them. As with display hardware, the software vendor must support a wide variety of printers. Each program must be installed with the appropriate {printer driver}. The original 1981 IBM PC's keyboard was severely criticised by typists for its non-standard placement of the return and left shift keys. In 1984, IBM corrected this on its AT keyboard, but shortened the backspace key, making it harder to reach. In 1987, it introduced its Enhanced keyboard, which relocated all the function keys and placed the control key in an awkward location for touch typists. The escape key was relocated to the opposite side of the keyboard. By relocating the function keys, IBM made it impossible for software vendors to use them intelligently. What's easy to reach on one keyboard is difficult on the other, and vice versa. To the touch typist, these deficiencies are maddening. An "IBM PC compatible" may have a keyboard which does not recognize every key combination a true IBM PC does, e.g. shifted cursor keys. In addition, the "compatible" vendors sometimes use proprietary keyboard interfaces, preventing you from replacing the keyboard. The 1981 PC had 360K {floppy disks}. In 1984, IBM introduced the 1.2 megabyte floppy disk along with its AT model. Although often used as {backup} storage, the high density floppy is not often used for interchangeability. In 1986, IBM introduced the 720K 3.5" microfloppy disk on its Convertible {laptop computer}. It introduced the 1.44 megabyte double density version with the PS/2 line. These disk drives can be added to existing PCs. Fixed, non-removable, {hard disks} for IBM compatibles are available with storage capacities from 20 to over 600 megabytes. If a hard disk is added that is not compatible with the existing {disk controller}, a new controller board must be plugged in. However, one disk's internal standard does not conflict with another, since all programs and data must be copied onto it to begin with. Removable hard disks that hold at least 20 megabytes are also available. When a new peripheral device, such as a {monitor} or {scanner}, is added to an IBM compatible, a corresponding, new controller board must be plugged into an {expansion slot} (in the bus) in order to electronically control its operation. The PC and XT had eight-bit busses; the AT had a 16-bit bus. 16-bit boards will not fit into 8-bit slots, but 8-bit boards will fit into 16-bit slots. {Intel 80286} and {Intel 80386} computers provide both 8-bit and 16-bit slots, while the 386s also have proprietary 32-bit memory slots. The bus in high-end models of the PS/2 line is called "{Micro Channel}". {EISA} is a non-IBM rival to Micro Channel. The original IBM PC came with {BASIC} in {ROM}. Later, Basic and BasicA were distributed on floppy but ran and referenced routines in ROM. IBM PC and PS/2 models PC range Intro CPU Features PC Aug 1981 8088 Floppy disk system XT Mar 1983 8088 Slow hard disk XT/370 Oct 1983 8088 IBM 370 mainframe emulation 3270 PC Oct 1983 8088 with 3270 terminal emulation PCjr Nov 1983 8088 Floppy-based home computer PC Portable Feb 1984 8088 Floppy-based portable AT Aug 1984 286 Medium-speed hard disk Convertible Apr 1986 8088 Microfloppy laptop portable XT 286 Sep 1986 286 Slow hard disk PS/2 range Intro CPU Features Model 1987-08-25 8086 PC bus (limited expansion) Model 1987-04-30 8086 PC bus Model 30 1988-09-286 286 PC bus Model 1987-04-50 286 Micro Channel bus Model 50Z Jun 1988 286 Faster Model 50 Model 55 SX May 1989 386SX Micro Channel bus Model 1987-04-60 286 Micro Channel bus Model 1988-06-70 386 Desktop, Micro Channel bus Model P1989-05-70 386 Portable, Micro Channel bus Model 1987-04-80 386 Tower, Micro Channel bus IBM PC compatible specifications CPU CPU Clock Bus Floppy Hard bus speed width RAM disk disk OS bit Mhz bit byte inch byte Mbyte 8088 16 4.8-9.5 8 1M* 5.25 360K 10-40 DOS 3.5 720K 3.5 1.44M 8086 16 6-12 16 1M* 20-60 286 16 6-25 16 1-8M* 5.25 360K 20-300 DOS 5.25 1.2M OS/2 386 32 16-33 32 1-16M** 3.5 720K Unix 3.5 1.44M 40-600 386SX 32 16-33 16 1-16M** 40-600 *Under DOS, RAM is expanded beyond 1M with EMS memory boards **Under DOS, RAM is expanded beyond 1M with normal "extended" memory and a memory management program. See also {BIOS}, {display standard}. (1995-05-12)
I-Comm "tool, web" A graphical {web browser} for {IBM PCs} with a {window system} ({Windows 95}, {Windows NT} or {OS/2}). I-Comm does NOT require a {SLIP} or {PPP} connection, just a {modem}. It is available as a {shareware} program. Version: 1.15 Beta1. {(http://talentcom.com/icomm/icomm.htm)}, {mirror (http://best.com:80/~icomm/icomm/icomm.htm)}. {FTP netcom.com (ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/ic/icomm/)}, {FTP best.com (ftp://ftp.best.com/pub/icomm/icomm/)}. E-Mail: "icomm@talentcom.com". (1996-03-22)
IEEE Floating Point Standard "standard, mathematics" (IEEE 754) "{IEEE} Standard for Binary {Floating-Point} Arithmetic (ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985)" or {IEC} 559: "Binary floating-point arithmetic for microprocessor systems". A {standard}, used by many {CPUs} and {FPUs}, which defines formats for representing floating-point numbers; representations of special values (e.g. {infinity}, very small values, {NaN}); five {exceptions}, when they occur, and what happens when they do occur; four {rounding modes}; and a set of floating-point operations that will work identically on any conforming system. IEEE 754 specifies formats for representing floating-point values: single-precision (32-bit) is required, double-precision (64-bit) is optional. The standard also mentions that some implementations may include single-extended precision (80-bit) and double-extended precision (128-bit) formats. [On-line document?] (2003-06-17)
If we make the minimum extension of the system of rational numbers which will render the order continuous, the system of real numbers results. Addition and multiplication of real numbers are uniquely determined by the meanings already given to addition and multiplication of rational numbers and the requirement that addition of, or multiplication by, a fixed real number (on right or left) shall be a continuous function (see continuity). Subtraction and division may be introduced as inverses of addition and multiplication respectively.
Ignoratio elenchi: The fallacy of irrelevance, i.e., of proving a conclusion which is other than that required or which does not contradict the thesis which it was undertaken to refute. -- A.C.
image recognition "graphics, artificial intelligence" The identification of objects in an {image}. This process would probably start with {image processing} techniques such as {noise removal}, followed by (low-level) {feature extraction} to locate lines, regions and possibly areas with certain textures. The clever bit is to interpret collections of these shapes as single objects, e.g. cars on a road, boxes on a conveyor belt or cancerous cells on a microscope slide. One reason this is an {AI} problem is that an object can appear very different when viewed from different angles or under different lighting. Another problem is deciding what features belong to what object and which are background or shadows etc. The human visual system performs these tasks mostly unconsciously but a computer requires skillful programming and lots of processing power to approach human performance. (1997-07-20)
immodest ::: a. --> Not limited to due bounds; immoderate.
Not modest; wanting in the reserve or restraint which decorum and decency require; indecent; indelicate; obscene; lewd; as, immodest persons, behavior, words, pictures, etc.
imperative language "language" Any {programming language} that specifies explicit manipulation of the state of the computer system, not to be confused with a {procedural language}, which specifies an explicit sequence of steps to perform. An example of an imperative (but non-procedural) language is a {data manipulation language} for a {relational database management system}. This specifies changes to the database but does not necessarily require anyone to specify a sequence of steps. Both contrast with {declarative languages}, which specify neither explicit state manipulation nor a sequence of steps. (2007-10-02)
imperative ::: n. 1. An action, etc. involving or expressing a command; a command. 2. Something that demands attention or action; an unavoidable obligation or requirement; necessity. 3. The verbal mood (or any form belonging to it) which expresses a command, request, or exhortation. adj. **4. Absolutely necessary or required; unavoidable. 5. Of the nature of or expressing a command; commanding. imperatives.**
importune ::: a. --> To request or solicit, with urgency; to press with frequent, unreasonable, or troublesome application or pertinacity; hence, to tease; to irritate; to worry.
To import; to signify. ::: v. i. --> To require; to demand.
indirect address "processor" An {addressing mode} found in many processors' {instruction sets} where the instruction contains the address of a memory location which contains the address of the operand (the "{effective address}") or specifies a {register} which contains the effective address. In the first case (indirection via memory), accessing the operand requires two memory accesses - one to fetch the effective address and another to read or write the actual operand. Register indirect addressing requires only one memory access. An indirect address may be indicated in {assembly language} by an operand in parentheses, e.g. in {Motorola 68000} assembly MOV D0,(A0) writes the contents of register D0 to the location pointed to by the address in register A0. Indirect addressing is often combined with pre- or post- increment or decrement addressing, allowing the address of the operand to be increased or decreased by one (or some specified number) either before or after using it. (1994-11-07)
inelegant ::: a. --> Not elegant; deficient in beauty, polish, refinement, grave, or ornament; wanting in anything which correct taste requires.
Inferential Statistics ::: The branch of statistics that focuses on describing in numerical format what might be happening or what might happen (estimation) in the future (probability). Inferential statistics required the testing of only a sample of the population. (Example: 100 students rather than all students).
In formulating the pure propositional calculus the primitive formulas may (if desired) be reduced to a finite number, e.g., to the seven listed above with A, B, C taken to be the particular variables p, q, r. A second primitive rule of inference, the rule of substitution is then required, allowing the inference from a formula A to the formula obtained from A by substituting a formula B for a particular variable in A (the same formula B must be substituted for all occurrences of that variable in A). The definition of a theorem is then given in the same way as before, allowing for the additional primitive rule, the definition of a valid inference must, however, be modified.
initialise "programming" To give a {variable} its first value. This may be done automatically by some languages or it may require explicit code by the programmer. Some languages allow initialisation to be combined with variable definition, e.g. in {C}: int i = 0; Failing to initialise a variable before using it is a common programming error, but one which compilers and automatic checkers like {lint} can easily detect. (1997-06-08)
injunction ::: n. --> The act of enjoining; the act of directing, commanding, or prohibiting.
That which is enjoined; an order; a mandate; a decree; a command; a precept; a direction.
A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, and, insome cases, under statutes, by a court of law,whereby a party is required to do or to refrain from doing certain acts, according to the exigency of the writ.
In order to appreciate fully the meaning of the universe, man must comprehend Reason. This can be done by "investigating things to the utmost" (ko wu), that is, by "investigating the Reason of things to the utmost (ch'iung li)." When sufficient effort is made, and understanding naturally comes, one's nature will be realized and his destiny will be fulfilled, since "the exhaustive investigation of Reason, the full realization of one's nature, and the fulfillment of destiny are simultaneous." When one understands Reason, he will find that "All people are brothers and sisters, and all things are my companions," because all men have the same Reason in them. Consequently one should not entertain any distinction between things and the ego. This is the foundation of the Neo-Confucian ethics of jen, true manhood, benevolence or love. Both the understanding of Reason and the practice of jen require sincerity (ch'eng) and seriousness (ching) which to the Neo-Confucians almost assumed religious significance. As a matter of fact these have a certain correspondence with the Buddhist dhyana and prajna or meditation and insight. Gradually the Neo-Confucian movement became an inward movement, the mind assuming more and more importance.
In order to set the calculus up formally as a logistic system, we suppose that we have given four lists of symbols, as follows: an infinite list of individual variables x, y, z, t, x', y', z', t', x'', . . . , which denote ambiguously any individual; a list of propositional variables p, q, r, s, p', . . . , representing ambiguously any proposition of a certain appropriate class; a list of functional variables F1, G1, H1, . . . , F2, G2, H2, . . . , F3, G3, H3, . . . , a variable with subscript n representing ambiguously any n-adic propositional function of individuals; a list of functional constants, which denote particular propositional functions of individuals. There shall be an effective notational criterion associating with each functional constant a positive integer n, the functional constant denoting an n-adic propositional function of individuals. One or more of the lists (2), (3), (4) may be empty, but not both (3) and (4) shall be empty. The list (1) is required to be infinite, and the remaining lists may, some or all of them, be infinite. Finally, no symbol shall be duplicated either by appearing twice in the same list or by appearing in two different lists; and no functional constant shall contain braces [ ] (or either a left brace or a right brace) as a constituent part of the symbol.
inspection "testing" A formal evaluation technique in which software {requirements}, design, or code are examined in detail by a person or group other than the author to detect faults, violations of development standards, and other problems. (1996-05-22)
installer "operating system" A {utility program} to ease the installation of another, probably larger, {application}. It is also possible for {hardware} to have an installer accompany it, to install any low level {device drivers} required. The installer commonly asks the user to enter desired configuration options for the main program or hardware, and sets up various initialisation files accordingly, as well as copying the main program to a {hard disc}. Some badly designed operating systems require applications to provide an {uninstaller} because of the number of different files modified or created during the installation process. (1998-02-09)
insufficient ::: not sufficient; lacking in what is necessary or required. insufficiency.
integer "mathematics" (Or "whole number") One of the numbers in the set ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... There are an {infinite} number of integers, though each one is {finite}. An {inductive definition} of an integer is a number that is either zero or an integer plus or minus one. An integer has no {fractional} part. If written as a {real} number, e.g. 42.0, the part after the decimal point will be zero. A {natural number} is a non-negative integer. Computers usually store integers in {binary}. Natural numbers can be stored as {unsigned integers} and integers that may be negative require a {sign bit} and typically use {twos complement} representation. Other representations have been used, such as {binary-coded decimal}. Computers are particularly fast when operating on integers as the operations are built into the {central processing unit}, in contrast to {floating point} numbers, which typically require the use of a separate {floating-point unit}. (2019-08-31)
INTEGRAL YOGA ::: This yoga accepts the value of cosmic existence and holds it to be a reality; its object is to enter into a higher Truth-Consciousness or Divine Supramental Consciousness in which action and creation are the expression not of ignorance and imperfection, but of the Truth, the Light, the Divine Ānanda. But for that, the surrender of the mortal mind, life and body to the Higher Consciousnessis indispensable, since it is too difficult for the mortal human being to pass by its own effort beyond mind to a Supramental Consciousness in which the dynamism is no longer mental but of quite another power. Only those who can accept the call to such a change should enter into this yoga.
Aim of the Integral Yoga ::: It is not merely to rise out of the ordinary ignorant world-consciousness into the divine consciousness, but to bring the supramental power of that divine consciousness down into the ignorance of mind, life and body, to transform them, to manifest the Divine here and create a divine life in Matter.
Conditions of the Integral Yoga ::: This yoga can only be done to the end by those who are in total earnest about it and ready to abolish their little human ego and its demands in order to find themselves in the Divine. It cannot be done in a spirit of levity or laxity; the work is too high and difficult, the adverse powers in the lower Nature too ready to take advantage of the least sanction or the smallest opening, the aspiration and tapasyā needed too constant and intense.
Method in the Integral Yoga ::: To concentrate, preferably in the heart and call the presence and power of the Mother to take up the being and by the workings of her force transform the consciousness. One can concentrate also in the head or between the eye-brows, but for many this is a too difficult opening. When the mind falls quiet and the concentration becomes strong and the aspiration intense, then there is the beginning of experience. The more the faith, the more rapid the result is likely to be. For the rest one must not depend on one’s own efforts only, but succeed in establishing a contact with the Divine and a receptivity to the Mother’s Power and Presence.
Integral method ::: The method we have to pursue is to put our whole conscious being into relation and contact with the Divine and to call Him in to transform Our entire being into His, so that in a sense God Himself, the real Person in us, becomes the sādhaka of the sādhana* as well as the Master of the Yoga by whom the lower personality is used as the centre of a divine transfiguration and the instrument of its own perfection. In effect, the pressure of the Tapas, the force of consciousness in us dwelling in the Idea of the divine Nature upon that which we are in our entirety, produces its own realisation. The divine and all-knowing and all-effecting descends upon the limited and obscure, progressively illumines and energises the whole lower nature and substitutes its own action for all the terms of the inferior human light and mortal activity.
In psychological fact this method translates itself into the progressive surrender of the ego with its whole field and all its apparatus to the Beyond-ego with its vast and incalculable but always inevitable workings. Certainly, this is no short cut or easy sādhana. It requires a colossal faith, an absolute courage and above all an unflinching patience. For it implies three stages of which only the last can be wholly blissful or rapid, - the attempt of the ego to enter into contact with the Divine, the wide, full and therefore laborious preparation of the whole lower Nature by the divine working to receive and become the higher Nature, and the eventual transformation. In fact, however, the divine strength, often unobserved and behind the veil, substitutes itself for the weakness and supports us through all our failings of faith, courage and patience. It” makes the blind to see and the lame to stride over the hills.” The intellect becomes aware of a Law that beneficently insists and a Succour that upholds; the heart speaks of a Master of all things and Friend of man or a universal Mother who upholds through all stumblings. Therefore this path is at once the most difficult imaginable and yet in comparison with the magnitude of its effort and object, the most easy and sure of all.
There are three outstanding features of this action of the higher when it works integrally on the lower nature. In the first place, it does not act according to a fixed system and succession as in the specialised methods of Yoga, but with a sort of free, scattered and yet gradually intensive and purposeful working determined by the temperament of the individual in whom it operates, the helpful materials which his nature offers and the obstacles which it presents to purification and perfection. In a sense, therefore, each man in this path has his own method of Yoga. Yet are there certain broad lines of working common to all which enable us to construct not indeed a routine system, but yet some kind of Shastra or scientific method of the synthetic Yoga.
Secondly, the process, being integral, accepts our nature such as it stands organised by our past evolution and without rejecting anything essential compels all to undergo a divine change. Everything in us is seized by the hands of a mighty Artificer and transformed into a clear image of that which it now seeks confusedly to present. In that ever-progressive experience we begin to perceive how this lower manifestation is constituted and that everything in it, however seemingly deformed or petty or vile, is the more or less distorted or imperfect figure of some elements or action in the harmony of the divine Nature. We begin to understand what the Vedic Rishis meant when they spoke of the human forefathers fashioning the gods as a smith forges the crude material in his smithy.
Thirdly, the divine Power in us uses all life as the means of this integral Yoga. Every experience and outer contact with our world-environment, however trifling or however disastrous, is used for the work, and every inner experience, even to the most repellent suffering or the most humiliating fall, becomes a step on the path to perfection. And we recognise in ourselves with opened eyes the method of God in the world, His purpose of light in the obscure, of might in the weak and fallen, of delight in what is grievous and miserable. We see the divine method to be the same in the lower and in the higher working; only in the one it is pursued tardily and obscurely through the subconscious in Nature, in the other it becomes swift and selfconscious and the instrument confesses the hand of the Master. All life is a Yoga of Nature seeking to manifest God within itself. Yoga marks the stage at which this effort becomes capable of self-awareness and therefore of right completion in the individual. It is a gathering up and concentration of the movements dispersed and loosely combined in the lower evolution.
Key-methods ::: The way to devotion and surrender. It is the psychic movement that brings the constant and pure devotion and the removal of the ego that makes it possible to surrender.
The way to knowledge. Meditation in the head by which there comes the opening above, the quietude or silence of the mind and the descent of peace etc. of the higher consciousness generally till it envelops the being and fills the body and begins to take up all the movements.
Yoga by works ::: Separation of the Purusha from the Prakriti, the inner silent being from the outer active one, so that one has two consciousnesses or a double consciousness, one behind watching and observing and finally controlling and changing the other which is active in front. The other way of beginning the yoga of works is by doing them for the Divine, for the Mother, and not for oneself, consecrating and dedicating them till one concretely feels the Divine Force taking up the activities and doing them for one.
Object of the Integral Yoga is to enter into and be possessed by the Divine Presence and Consciousness, to love the Divine for the Divine’s sake alone, to be tuned in our nature into the nature of the Divine, and in our will and works and life to be the instrument of the Divine.
Principle of the Integral Yoga ::: The whole principle of Integral Yoga is to give oneself entirely to the Divine alone and to nobody else, and to bring down into ourselves by union with the Divine Mother all the transcendent light, power, wideness, peace, purity, truth-consciousness and Ānanda of the Supramental Divine.
Central purpose of the Integral Yoga ::: Transformation of our superficial, narrow and fragmentary human way of thinking, seeing, feeling and being into a deep and wide spiritual consciousness and an integrated inner and outer existence and of our ordinary human living into the divine way of life.
Fundamental realisations of the Integral Yoga ::: The psychic change so that a complete devotion can be the main motive of the heart and the ruler of thought, life and action in constant union with the Mother and in her Presence. The descent of the Peace, Power, Light etc. of the Higher Consciousness through the head and heart into the whole being, occupying the very cells of the body. The perception of the One and Divine infinitely everywhere, the Mother everywhere and living in that infinite consciousness.
Results ::: First, an integral realisation of Divine Being; not only a realisation of the One in its indistinguishable unity, but also in its multitude of aspects which are also necessary to the complete knowledge of it by the relative consciousness; not only realisation of unity in the Self, but of unity in the infinite diversity of activities, worlds and creatures.
Therefore, also, an integral liberation. Not only the freedom born of unbroken contact of the individual being in all its parts with the Divine, sāyujya mukti, by which it becomes free even in its separation, even in the duality; not only the sālokya mukti by which the whole conscious existence dwells in the same status of being as the Divine, in the state of Sachchidananda ; but also the acquisition of the divine nature by the transformation of this lower being into the human image of the divine, sādharmya mukti, and the complete and final release of all, the liberation of the consciousness from the transitory mould of the ego and its unification with the One Being, universal both in the world and the individual and transcendentally one both in the world and beyond all universe.
By this integral realisation and liberation, the perfect harmony of the results of Knowledge, Love and Works. For there is attained the complete release from ego and identification in being with the One in all and beyond all. But since the attaining consciousness is not limited by its attainment, we win also the unity in Beatitude and the harmonised diversity in Love, so that all relations of the play remain possible to us even while we retain on the heights of our being the eternal oneness with the Beloved. And by a similar wideness, being capable of a freedom in spirit that embraces life and does not depend upon withdrawal from life, we are able to become without egoism, bondage or reaction the channel in our mind and body for a divine action poured out freely upon the world.
The divine existence is of the nature not only of freedom, but of purity, beatitude and perfection. In integral purity which shall enable on the one hand the perfect reflection of the divine Being in ourselves and on the other the perfect outpouring of its Truth and Law in us in the terms of life and through the right functioning of the complex instrument we are in our outer parts, is the condition of an integral liberty. Its result is an integral beatitude, in which there becomes possible at once the Ānanda of all that is in the world seen as symbols of the Divine and the Ānanda of that which is not-world. And it prepares the integral perfection of our humanity as a type of the Divine in the conditions of the human manifestation, a perfection founded on a certain free universality of being, of love and joy, of play of knowledge and of play of will in power and will in unegoistic action. This integrality also can be attained by the integral Yoga.
Sādhanā of the Integral Yoga does not proceed through any set mental teaching or prescribed forms of meditation, mantras or others, but by aspiration, by a self-concentration inwards or upwards, by a self-opening to an Influence, to the Divine Power above us and its workings, to the Divine Presence in the heart and by the rejection of all that is foreign to these things. It is only by faith, aspiration and surrender that this self-opening can come.
The yoga does not proceed by upadeśa but by inner influence.
Integral Yoga and Gita ::: The Gita’s Yoga consists in the offering of one’s work as a sacrifice to the Divine, the conquest of desire, egoless and desireless action, bhakti for the Divine, an entering into the cosmic consciousness, the sense of unity with all creatures, oneness with the Divine. This yoga adds the bringing down of the supramental Light and Force (its ultimate aim) and the transformation of the nature.
Our yoga is not identical with the yoga of the Gita although it contains all that is essential in the Gita’s yoga. In our yoga we begin with the idea, the will, the aspiration of the complete surrender; but at the same time we have to reject the lower nature, deliver our consciousness from it, deliver the self involved in the lower nature by the self rising to freedom in the higher nature. If we do not do this double movement, we are in danger of making a tamasic and therefore unreal surrender, making no effort, no tapas and therefore no progress ; or else we make a rajasic surrender not to the Divine but to some self-made false idea or image of the Divine which masks our rajasic ego or something still worse.
Integral Yoga, Gita and Tantra ::: The Gita follows the Vedantic tradition which leans entirely on the Ishvara aspect of the Divine and speaks little of the Divine Mother because its object is to draw back from world-nature and arrive at the supreme realisation beyond it.
The Tantric tradition leans on the Shakti or Ishvari aspect and makes all depend on the Divine Mother because its object is to possess and dominate the world-nature and arrive at the supreme realisation through it.
This yoga insists on both the aspects; the surrender to the Divine Mother is essential, for without it there is no fulfilment of the object of the yoga.
Integral Yoga and Hatha-Raja Yogas ::: For an integral yoga the special methods of Rajayoga and Hathayoga may be useful at times in certain stages of the progress, but are not indispensable. Their principal aims must be included in the integrality of the yoga; but they can be brought about by other means. For the methods of the integral yoga must be mainly spiritual, and dependence on physical methods or fixed psychic or psychophysical processes on a large scale would be the substitution of a lower for a higher action. Integral Yoga and Kundalini Yoga: There is a feeling of waves surging up, mounting to the head, which brings an outer unconsciousness and an inner waking. It is the ascending of the lower consciousness in the ādhāra to meet the greater consciousness above. It is a movement analogous to that on which so much stress is laid in the Tantric process, the awakening of the Kundalini, the Energy coiled up and latent in the body and its mounting through the spinal cord and the centres (cakras) and the Brahmarandhra to meet the Divine above. In our yoga it is not a specialised process, but a spontaneous upnish of the whole lower consciousness sometimes in currents or waves, sometimes in a less concrete motion, and on the other side a descent of the Divine Consciousness and its Force into the body.
Integral Yoga and other Yogas ::: The old yogas reach Sachchidananda through the spiritualised mind and depart into the eternally static oneness of Sachchidananda or rather pure Sat (Existence), absolute and eternal or else a pure Non-exist- ence, absolute and eternal. Ours having realised Sachchidananda in the spiritualised mind plane proceeds to realise it in the Supramcntal plane.
The suprcfhe supra-cosmic Sachchidananda is above all. Supermind may be described as its power of self-awareness and W’orld- awareness, the world being known as within itself and not out- side. So to live consciously in the supreme Sachchidananda one must pass through the Supermind.
Distinction ::: The realisation of Self and of the Cosmic being (without which the realisation of the Self is incomplete) are essential steps in our yoga ; it is the end of other yogas, but it is, as it were, the beginning of outs, that is to say, the point where its own characteristic realisation can commence.
It is new as compared with the old yogas (1) Because it aims not at a departure out of world and life into Heaven and Nir- vana, but at a change of life and existence, not as something subordinate or incidental, but as a distinct and central object.
If there is a descent in other yogas, yet it is only an incident on the way or resulting from the ascent — the ascent is the real thing. Here the ascent is the first step, but it is a means for the descent. It is the descent of the new coosdousness attain- ed by the ascent that is the stamp and seal of the sadhana. Even the Tantra and Vaishnavism end in the release from life ; here the object is the divine fulfilment of life.
(2) Because the object sought after is not an individual achievement of divine realisation for the sake of the individual, but something to be gained for the earth-consciousness here, a cosmic, not solely a supra-cosmic acbievement. The thing to be gained also is the bringing of a Power of consciousness (the Supramental) not yet organised or active directly in earth-nature, even in the spiritual life, but yet to be organised and made directly active.
(3) Because a method has been preconized for achieving this purpose which is as total and integral as the aim set before it, viz., the total and integral change of the consciousness and nature, taking up old methods, but only as a part action and present aid to others that are distinctive.
Integral Yoga and Patanjali Yoga ::: Cilia is the stuff of mixed mental-vital-physical consciousness out of which arise the movements of thought, emotion, sensation, impulse etc.
It is these that in the Patanjali system have to be stilled altogether so that the consciousness may be immobile and go into Samadhi.
Our yoga has a different function. The movements of the ordinary consciousness have to be quieted and into the quietude there has to be brought down a higher consciousness and its powers which will transform the nature.
Integrated Services Digital Network "communications" (ISDN) A set of communications {standards} allowing a single wire or {optical fibre} to carry voice, digital network services and video. ISDN is intended to eventually replace the {plain old telephone system}. ISDN was first published as one of the 1984 {ITU-T} {Red Book} recommendations. The 1988 {Blue Book} recommendations added many new features. ISDN uses mostly existing {Public Switched Telephone Network} (PSTN) switches and wiring, upgraded so that the basic "call" is a 64 kilobits per second, all-digital end-to-end channel. {Packet} and {frame} modes are also provided in some places. There are different kinds of ISDN connection of varying bandwidth (see {DS level}): DS0 = 1 channel PCM at 64 kbps T1 or DS1 = 24 channels PCM at 1.54 Mbps T1C or DS1C = 48 channels PCM at 3.15 Mbps T2 or DS2 = 96 channels PCM at 6.31 Mbps T3 or DS3 = 672 channels PCM at 44.736 Mbps T4 or DS4 = 4032 channels PCM at 274.1 Mbps Each channel here is equivalent to one voice channel. DS0 is the lowest level of the circuit. T1C, T2 and T4 are rarely used, except maybe for T2 over microwave links. For some reason 64 kbps is never called "T0". A {Basic Rate Interface} (BRI) is two 64K "bearer" channels and a single "delta" channel ("2B+D"). A {Primary Rate Interface} (PRI) in North America and Japan consists of 24 channels, usually 23 B + 1 D channel with the same physical interface as T1. Elsewhere the PRI usually has 30 B + 1 D channel and an {E1} interface. A {Terminal Adaptor} (TA) can be used to connect ISDN channels to existing interfaces such as {EIA-232} and {V.35}. Different services may be requested by specifying different values in the "Bearer Capability" field in the call setup message. One ISDN service is "telephony" (i.e. voice), which can be provided using less than the full 64 kbps bandwidth (64 kbps would provide for 8192 eight-bit samples per second) but will require the same special processing or {bit diddling} as ordinary PSTN calls. Data calls have a Bearer Capability of "64 kbps unrestricted". ISDN is offered by local telephone companies, but most readily in Australia, France, Japan and Singapore, with the UK somewhat behind and availability in the USA rather spotty. (In March 1994) ISDN deployment in Germany is quite impressive, although (or perhaps, because) they use a specifically German signalling specification, called {1.TR.6}. The French {Numeris} also uses a non-standard protocol (called {VN4}; the 4th version), but the popularity of ISDN in France is probably lower than in Germany, given the ludicrous pricing. There is also a specifically-Belgian V1 experimental system. The whole of Europe is now phasing in {Euro-ISDN}. See also {Frame Relay}, {Network Termination}, {SAPI}. {FAQ (ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/news-info/comp.dcom.isdn/)}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.dcom.isdn}. (1998-03-29)
integration testing "testing" A type of {testing} in which {software} and/or {hardware} components are combined and tested to confirm that they interact according to their requirements. Integration testing can continue progressively until the entire system has been integrated. (2003-09-24)
Intel 487SX "processor" A version of the {Intel 486DX} {microprocessor} with an extra pin, for use in the {coprocessor} socket of an {Intel 486SX} system. The 487SX provides the {FPU} which is missing in the 486SX. Although the 486SX is completely disabled when you install a 487SX, the 487SX design requires that you leave the 486SX in your PC [why?], rather than use it elsewhere. Intel admits that in some systems you can unplug the 486SX and fit a 487SX in its place but they don't guarantee that it will always work. See {Intel 486}. (1995-05-10)
Intel 80186 "processor" A {microprocessor} developed by {Intel} circa 1982. The 80186 was an improvement on the {Intel 8086} and {Intel 8088}. As with the 8086, it had a 16-bit {external bus} and was also available as the {Intel 80188}, with an 8-bit external {data bus}. The initial {clock rate} of the 80186 and 80188 was 6 MHz. They were not used in many computers, but one notable exception was the {Mindset}, a very advanced computer for the time. They were used as {embedded processors}. One major function of the 80186/80188 series was to reduce the number of chips required. "To satisfy this market, we defined a processor with a significant performance increase over the 8086 that also included such common peripheral functions as software-controlled wait state and chip select logic, three timers, priority interrupt controller, and two channels of DMA (direct memory access). This processor, the 80186, could replace up to 22 separate VLSI (very large scale integration) and TTL (transistor-transistor logic) packages and sell for less than the cost of the parts it replaced." -- Paul Wells of Intel Corporation writing in Byte (reference below) New instructions were also introduced as follows: ENTER Make stcak frame for procedure parameters LEAVE High-level procedure exit PUSHA Push all general registers POPA Pop all general registers BOUND Check array index against bounds IMUL Signed (integer) multiply INS Input from port to string OUTS Output string to port ["The Evolution of the iAPX 286", Bob Greene, Intel Corporation, PC Tech Journal, December 1984, page 134]. ["The 80286 Microprocessor", Paul Wells, Intel Corporation, Byte, November 1984, p. 231]. (1999-05-10)
Intel 80386 "processor" (Commonly abbreviated to "386", trademark "Intel386") The successor to the {Intel 80286} {microprocessor}. It was the first Intel processor with 32-bit data and address {buss}es. It can address four {gigabytes} (2^32 bytes) of memory; however, 16 megabytes is a typical maximum in {IBM PCs}. The 386 allows multiple {application programs} to run at the same time (when running under 386-specific {operating systems}) using "{protected mode}". The first {IBM compatible} to use the 386 was the {Compaq} 386, before {IBM} used it in high-end models of their {PS/2} series. It is also used in {HP}'s {RS} series and many others. It does not require special {EMS} memory boards to expand {MS-DOS} memory limits. With the 386, the EMS standard can be simulated in normal {extended memory}, and many DOS add-ons provide this "Expanded Memory Manager" feature. See also {Intel 80386SX}, {BSD386}. (1995-02-21)
Intel 8080 "processor" The successor to the {Intel 8008}. The 8080 had a 16-bit {address bus} and an 8-bit {data bus}. It had seven 8-bit {registers} (six which could also be combined as three 16-bit registers), a 16-bit {stack pointer} to memory which replaced the 8008's internal stack and a 16-bit {program counter}. It also had 256 I/O ports (so I/O devices could be connected without needing to allocate any addressing space as is required for {memory mapped} devices) and a signal pin that allowed the {stack} to occupy a separate bank of memory. Shortly after the 8080, the {Motorola 6800} was introduced. [Date?] (1994-10-31)
Intel 8086 "processor" A sixteen bit {microprocessor} chip used in early {IBM PCs}. The {Intel 8088} was a version with an eight-bit external data bus. The Intel 8086 was based on the design of the {Intel 8080} and {Intel 8085} (it was {source compatible} with the 8080) with a similar {register set}, but was expanded to 16 bits. The Bus Interface Unit fed the instruction stream to the Execution Unit through a 6 byte {prefetch} queue, so fetch and execution were concurrent - a primitive form of {pipelining} (8086 instructions varied from 1 to 4 bytes). It featured four 16-bit general {registers}, which could also be accessed as eight 8-bit registers, and four 16-bit {index registers} (including the {stack pointer}). The data registers were often used implicitly by instructions, complicating {register allocation} for temporary values. It featured 64K 8-bit I/O (or 32K 16 bit) ports and fixed {vectored interrupts}. There were also four {segment registers} that could be set from index registers. The segment registers allowed the CPU to access 1 meg of memory in an odd way. Rather than just supplying missing bytes, as most segmented processors, the 8086 actually shifted the segment registers left 4 bits and added it to the address. As a result, segments overlapped, and it was possible to have two pointers with the same value point to two different memory locations, or two pointers with different values pointing to the same location. Most people consider this a {brain damaged} design. Although this was largely acceptable for {assembly language}, where control of the segments was complete (it could even be useful then), in higher level languages it caused constant confusion (e.g. near/far pointers). Even worse, this made expanding the address space to more than 1 meg difficult. A later version, the {Intel 80386}, expanded the design to 32 bits, and "fixed" the segmentation, but required extra modes (suppressing the new features) for compatibility, and retains the awkward architecture. In fact, with the right assembler, code written for the 8008 can still be run on the most recent {Intel 486}. The {Intel 80386} added new {op codes} in a kludgy fashion similar to the {Zilog Z80} and {Zilog Z280}. The {Intel 486} added full {pipelines}, and {clock doubling} (like the {Zilog Z280}). So why did {IBM} chose the 8086 series when most of the alternatives were so much better? Apparently IBM's own engineers wanted to use the {Motorola 68000}, and it was used later in the forgotten {IBM Instruments} 9000 Laboratory Computer, but IBM already had rights to manufacture the 8086, in exchange for giving Intel the rights to its {bubble memory} designs. Apparently IBM was using 8086s in the IBM {Displaywriter} {word processor}. Other factors were the 8-bit {Intel 8088} version, which could use existing {Intel 8085}-type components, and allowed the computer to be based on a modified 8085 design. 68000 components were not widely available, though it could use {Motorola 6800} components to an extent. {Intel} {bubble memory} was on the market for a while, but faded away as better and cheaper memory technologies arrived. (1994-12-23)
Intelligent Input/Output "architecture" /i:-too-oh/ (I2O) A specification which aims to provide an {I/O} {device driver} architecture that is independent of both the specific device being controlled and the host {operating system}. The Hardware Device Module (HDM) manages the device and the OS Services Module (OSM) interfaces to the host operating system. The HDM is portable across multiple operating systems, processors and busses. The HDM and OSM communicate via a two layer {message passing} {protocol}. A Message Layer sets up a communications session and runs on top of a Transport Layer which defines how the two parties share information. I2O is also designed to facilitate intelligent I/O subsystems, with support for {message passing} between multiple independent processors. By relieving the host of {interrupt} intensive I/O tasks required by the various layers of a driver architecture, the I2O intelligent I/O architecture greatly improves I/O performance. I2O systems will be able to more efficiently deliver the I/O throughput required by a wide range of high bandwidth applications, such as networked {video}, {groupware} and {client-server} processing. I2O does not restrict where the layered modules execute, providing support for single processor, {multiprocessor}, and {clustered} systems. I2O is not intended to replace the driver architectures currently in existence. Rather, the objective is to provide an open, standards-based approach, which is complementary to existing drivers, and provides a framework for the rapid development of a new generation of portable, intelligent I/O. {(http://i2osig.org/)}. (1997-11-04)
Interface Definition Language (IDL) 1. An {OSF} standard for defining {RPC} stubs. [Details?] 2. Part of an effort by {Project DOE} at {SunSoft, Inc.} to integrate distributed {object} technology into the {Solaris} {operating system}. IDL provides the standard interface between objects, and is the base mechanism for object interaction. The {Object Management Group}'s {CORBA} 1.1 (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) specifies the interface between objects. IDL (Interface Definition Language) is the base mechanism for object interaction. The SunSoft OMG IDL CFE (Compiler Front End) version 1.2 provides a complete framework for building CORBA 1.1-compliant preprocessors for OMG IDL. To use it you write a back-end. A complete compiler of IDL would translate IDL into {client} side and {server} side routines for remote communication in the same manner as {Sun}'s current {RPCL} compiler. The IDL compiler front end allows integration of new back ends which can translate IDL to various programming languages. Several companies including Sunsoft are building back ends to the CFE which translate IDL into target languages, e.g. {Pascal} or {C++}, in the context of planned CORBA-compliant products. IDL requires C++ 2.1. Not to be confused with any of the other {IDLs}. E-mail: "idl-cfe@sun.com". {(ftp://omg.org/pub/omg_idl_cfe.tar.Z)}, {(ftp://omg.org/pub/OMG_IDL_CFE_1.2/)}. Telephone: Mache Creeger, SunSoft, Inc. +1 (415) 336 5884. (1993-05-04)
internationalisation "programming" (i18n, globalisation, enabling, software enabling) The process and philosophy of making software portable to other {locales}. For successful {localisation}, products must be technically and culturally neutral. Effective internationalisation reduces the time and resources required for localisation, improving time-to-market abroad and allowing {simultaneous shipment}. In orther words, internationalisation abstracts out local details, localisation specifies those details for a particular locale. Technically this may include allowing {double-byte character sets} such as {unicode} or Japanese, local numbering, date and currency formats, and other local format conventions. It also includes the separation of {user interface} text e.g. in {dialog boxes} and {menus}. All the text used by an application may be kept in a separate file or directory, so that it can be translated all at once. User interfaces may require more screen space for text in other languages. The simplest form of internationalisation may be to make use of {operating system} calls that format time, date and currency values according to the operating system's configuration. The abbreviation i18n means "I - eighteen letters - N". (1999-06-28)
internetworking The interconnection of two or more {networks}, usually {local area networks} so that data can pass between {hosts} on the different networks as though they were one network. This requires some kind of {router} or {gateway}. (1994-11-30)
interpreter "programming" A program which executes other programs. This is in contrast to a {compiler} which does not execute its input program (the "{source code}") but translates it into executable "{machine code}" (also called "{object code}") which is output to a file for later execution. It may be possible to execute the same source code either directly by an interpreter or by compiling it and then executing the {machine code} produced. It takes longer to run a program under an interpreter than to run the compiled code but it can take less time to interpret it than the total required to compile and run it. This is especially important when prototyping and testing code when an edit-interpret-debug cycle can often be much shorter than an edit-compile-run-debug cycle. Interpreting code is slower than running the compiled code because the interpreter must analyse each statement in the program each time it is executed and then perform the desired action whereas the compiled code just performs the action. This run-time analysis is known as "interpretive overhead". Access to variables is also slower in an interpreter because the mapping of identifiers to storage locations must be done repeatedly at run time rather than at compile time. There are various compromises between the development speed when using an interpreter and the execution speed when using a compiler. Some systems (e.g. some {Lisps}) allow interpreted and compiled code to call each other and to share variables. This means that once a routine has been tested and debugged under the interpreter it can be compiled and thus benefit from faster execution while other routines are being developed. Many interpreters do not execute the source code as it stands but convert it into some more compact internal form. For example, some {BASIC} interpreters replace {keywords} with single byte tokens which can be used to {index} into a {jump table}. An interpreter might well use the same {lexical analyser} and {parser} as the compiler and then interpret the resulting {abstract syntax tree}. There is thus a spectrum of possibilities between interpreting and compiling, depending on the amount of analysis performed before the program is executed. For example {Emacs Lisp} is compiled to "{byte-code}" which is a highly compressed and optimised representation of the Lisp source but is not machine code (and therefore not tied to any particular hardware). This "compiled" code is then executed (interpreted) by a {byte code interpreter} (itself written in {C}). The compiled code in this case is {machine code} for a {virtual machine} which is implemented not in hardware but in the byte-code interpreter. See also {partial evaluation}. (1995-01-30)
interrupt handler "software" A routine which is executed when an {interrupt} occurs. Interrupt handlers typically deal with low-level events in the hardware of a computer system such as a character arriving at a {serial port} or a tick of a {real-time clock}. Special care is required when writing an interrupt handler to ensure that either the interrupt which triggered the handler's execution is masked out (inhibitted) until the handler exits, or the handler is {re-entrant} so that multiple concurrent invocations will not interfere with each other. If interrupts are masked then the handler must execute as quickly as possible so that important events are not missed. This is often arranged by splitting the processing associated with the event into "upper" and "lower" halves. The lower part is the interrupt handler which masks out further interrupts as required, checks that the appropriate event has occurred (this may be necessary if several events share the same interrupt), services the interrupt, e.g. by reading a character from a {UART} and writing it to a {queue}, and re-enabling interrupts. The upper half executes as part of a user process. It waits until the interrupt handler has run. Normally the {operating system} is responsible for reactivating a process which is waiting for some low-level event. It detects this by a shared {flag} or by inspecting a shared queue or by some other synchronisation mechanism. It is important that the upper and lower halves do not interfere if an interrupt occurs during the execution of upper half code. This is usually ensured by disabling interrupts during {critical sections} of code such as removing a character from a queue. (2002-07-24)
Intersil 6100 "programming" (IMS 6100) A single chip design of the {DEC} {PDP-8} {minicomputer}. The old PDP-8 design was very strange, and if it hadn't been popular, an awkward {CPU} like the 6100 would never been designed. The 6100 was a 12-bit processor, which had three {registers}: the {PC}, AC (accumulator), and MQ. All 2-operand instructions read AC and MQ and wrote back to AC. It had a 12-bit {address bus}, limiting {RAM} to only 4K. Memory references were 7-bit, offset either from address 0, or from the PC page base address (PC AND 7600 oct). It had no {stack}. Subroutines stored the {PC} in the first word of the subroutine code itself, so {recursion} required fancy programming. 4K RAM was pretty much hopeless for general purpose use. The 6102 support chip (included in the 6120) added 3 address lines, expanding memory to 32K the same way that the PDP-8/E expanded the PDP-8. Two registers, IFR and DFR, held the page for instructions and data respectively (IFR was always used until a data address was detected). At the top of the 4K page, the PC wrapped back to 0, so the last instruction on a page had to load a new value into the IFR if execution was to continue. (2003-04-04)
interstice ::: n. --> That which intervenes between one thing and another; especially, a space between things closely set, or between the parts which compose a body; a narrow chink; a crack; a crevice; a hole; an interval; as, the interstices of a wall.
An interval of time; specifically (R. C. Ch.), in the plural, the intervals which the canon law requires between the reception of the various degrees of orders.
In the Frege-Russell derivation of arithmetic from logic (see the article Mathematics) necessity for the postulates of Peano is avoided. If based on the theory of types, however, this derivation requires some form of the axiom of infinity -- which may be regarded as a residuum of the Peano postulates.
In the rationalistic tradition, Descartes introduces a distinction between finite and infinite substance. To conceive of substance is to conceive an existing thing which requires nothing but itself in order to exist. Strictly speaking, God alone is substance. Created or finite substances are independent in the sense that they need only the concurrence of God in order to exist. 'Everything in which there resides immediately, as in a subject, or by means of which there exists anything that we perceive, i.e., any property, quality, or attribute, of which we have a real idea, is called a Substance." (Reply to Obj. II, Phil. Works, trans, by Haldane and Ross, vol. II, p. 53, see Prin. of Phil. Pt. I, 51, 52). Substance is that which can exist by itself without the aid of any other substance. Reciprocal exclusion of one another belongs to the nature of substance. (Reply to Obj. IV). Spinoza brings together medieval Aristotelian meanings and the Cartesian usage, but rejects utterly the notion of finite substance, leaving only the infinite. The former is, in effect, a contradiction in terms, according to him. Spinoza further replaces the Aristotelian distinction between substance and accident with that between substance and mode. (See Wolfson, The Phil. of Spinoza, vol. I, ch. 3). "By substance, I understand that which is in itself and is conceived through itself; in other words that, the conception of which does not need the conception of another thing from which it must be formed." (Ethics, I, Def. III). Substance is thus ultimate being, self-caused or from itself (a se), and so absolutely independent being, owing its being to itself, and eternally self-sustaining. It is in itself (in se), and all things are within it. Substance is one and there can be but one substance; God is this substance. For Descartes, every substance has a principal attribute, an unchangeable essential nature, without which it can neither be nor be understood. The attribute is thus constitutive of substance, and the latter is accessible to mind only through the former. By virtue of having different constitutive essences or attributes, substances are opposed to one another. Spinoza, rejecting the idea of finite substance, necessarily rejects the possibility of a plurality of substances. The attributes of the one substance are plural and are constitutive. But the plurality of attributes implies that substance as such cannot be understood by way of any one attribute or by way of several. Accordingly, Spinoza declares that substance is also per se, i.e., conceived through itself. The infinite mode of an attribute, the all pervasive inner character which defines an attribute in distinction from another, is Spinoza's adaptation of the Cartesian constitutive essence.
intransitive ::: a. --> Not passing farther; kept; detained.
Not transitive; not passing over to an object; expressing an action or state that is limited to the agent or subject, or, in other words, an action which does not require an object to complete the sense; as, an intransitive verb, e. g., the bird flies; the dog runs.
Intuitive: Requires two things: (1) that it result from the proper species, or the proper image of the object itself, impressed upon the mind by the object or by God, and (2) that it bear upon an object that is really present with the greatest clearness and certitude. Our knowledge of the sun is intuitive while we are looking at the sun, and that knowledge which the blessed have of God is intuitive.
Ironman HOLWG, DoD, Jan 1977, revised Jul 1977. Fourth of the series of DoD requirements that led to Ada. "Department of Defense Requirements for High Order Computer Programming Languages", SIGPLAN Notices 12(12):39-54 (Dec 1977). "Revised Ironman Requirements for High Order Computer Programming Languages", US Dept of Defense, Jul 1977. (See Strawman, Woodenman, Tinman, Steelman).
ISO 9000 A set of international {standards} for both quality management and quality assurance that has been adopted by over 90 countries worldwide. The ISO 9000 standards apply to all types of organisations, large and small, and in many industries. The standards require: standard language for documenting quality processes; system to manage evidence that these practices are instituted throughout an organisation; and third-party auditing to review, certify, and maintain certification of organisations. The ISO 9000 series classifies products into generic product categories: hardware, software, processed materials, and services. Documentation is at the core of ISO 9000 conformance. In fact, the standards have been paraphrased as: "Say what you do. Do what you say. Write it down." In Britain it is associated with BS5750 which may become obsolete. ["The ISO 9000 Guide," c. 1993 Interleaf, Inc]. (1995-01-30)
isochronous "communications" /i:-sok'rn-*s/ A form of {multiplexing} that guarantees to provide a certain minimum {data rate}, as required for time-dependent data such as {video} or {audio}. Isochronous transmission transmits asynchronous data over a synchronous data link so that individual characters are only separated by a whole number of bit-length intervals. This is in contrast to {asynchronous} transmission, in which the characters may be separated by arbitrary intervals, and with {synchronous} transmission [which does what?]. An isochronous message protocol assigns each data source a fixed amount of time to transmit (its "slot") within each cycle through the sources. That guarantees that each source will have regular opportunities to transmit the latest information. If a source has no more data to transmit, then the rest of its time slot is wasted. If it has more to send than will fit in its slot, it has to either store the excess data and transmit it in its next slot, or discard it. Note that whether messages are isochronous or asynchronous is independent of whether the transmision of individual bits is {synchronous} or {asynchronous}. Isochronous communication suits applications where a steady data stream is more important than completeness and accuracy, e.g. {video conferencing}. {Asynchronous Transfer Mode} and {High Performance Serial Bus} can provide isochronous service. Compare: {plesiochronous}. [ANIXTER, LAN Magazine 7.93] (2006-06-13)
It is customary to distinguish between the nature of truth and the tests for truth. There are three traditional theories as to the nature of truth, each finding virious expression in the works of different exponents. According to the correspondence theory, a proposition (or meaning) is true if there is a fact to which it corresponds. if it expresses what is the case. For example, "It is raining here now" is true if it is the case that it is raining here now; otherwise it is false. The nature of the relation of correspondence between fact and true proposition is variously described by different writers, or left largely undescribed. Russell in The Problems of Philosophy speaks of the correspondence as consisting of an identity of the constituents of the fact and of the proposition. According to the coherence theory (see H. H. Joachim: The Nature of Truth), truth is systematic coherence. This is more than logical consistency. A proposition is true insofar is it is a necessary constituent of a systematically coherent whole. According to some (e.g., Brand Blanshard, The Nature of Truth), this whole must be such that every element in it necessitates, indeed entails, every other element. Strictly, on this view, truth, in its fullness, is a characteristic of only the one systematic coherent whole, which is the absolute. It attaches to propositions as we know them and to wholes as we know them only to a degree. A proposition has a degree of truth proportionate to the completeness of the systematic coherence of the system of entities to which it belongs. According to the pragmatic theory of truth, a proposition is true insofar as it works or satisfies, working or satisfying being described variously by different exponents of the view. Some writers insist that truth chiracterizes only those propositions (ideas) whose satisfactory working has actually verified them; others state that only verifiability through such consequences is necessary. In either case, writers differ as to the precise nature of the verifying experiences required. See Pragmatism. --C.A.B. Truth, semantical: Closely connected with the name relation (q.v.) is the property of a propositional formula (sentence) that it expresses a true proposition (or if it has free variables, that it expresses a true proposition for all values of these variables). As in the case of the name relation, a notation for the concept of truth in this sense often cannot be added, with its natural properties, to an (interpreted) logistic system without producing contradiction. A particular system may, however, be made the beginning of a hierarchy of systems each containing the truth concept appropriate to the preceding one.
It is usually to be required that a logistic system shall provide an effective criterion for recognizing formulas, proofs, and proofs as a consequence of a set of formulas; i.e., it shall be a matter of direct observation, and of following a fixed set of directions for concrete operations with symbols, to determine whether a given finite sequence of primitive symbols is a formula, or whether a given finite sequence of formulas is a proof, or is a proof as a conseqence of a given set of formulas. If this requirement is not satisfied, it may be necessary -- e.g. -- given a particular finite sequence of formulas, to seek by some argument adapted to the special case to prove or disprove that it satisfies the conditions to be a proof (in the technical sense); i.e., the criterion for formal recognition of proofs then presupposes, in actual application, that we already know what a valid deduction is (in a sense which is stronger than that merely of the ability to follow concrete directions in a particular case). See further on this point logic, formal, § 1.
Java Development Kit "language, compiler" (JDK) A free {Sun Microsystems} product which provides the {environment} required for programming in {Java}. The JDK is available for a variety of {platforms}, but most notably {Sun Solaris} and {Microsoft Windows}. {(http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.1/index.html)}. [Version?] (1997-09-04)
Java Run-Time Environment "language" (JRE) The part of the {Java Development Kit} required to run Java programs. The JRE consists of the {Java Virtual Machine}, the {Java} platform core {classes} and supporting files. It does not include the compiler, debugger or other tools present in the JDK. The JRE is the smallest set of executables and files that constitute the standard Java platform. (1998-11-30)
jiffy 1. The duration of one {tick} of the computer's {system clock}. Often one AC cycle time (1/60 second in the US and Canada, 1/50 most other places), but more recently 1/100 sec has become common. 2. Confusingly, the term is sometimes also used for a 1-millisecond {wall time} interval. Even more confusingly, physicists semi-jokingly use "jiffy" to mean the time required for light to travel one foot in a vacuum, which turns out to be close to one *nanosecond*. [{Jargon File}] (2002-03-02)
Job Entry System "operating system" (JES) An {IBM} {mainframe} term. There are really two JESs. JES2 is smaller and simpler, and can handle 99.99% of most jobs that run on IBM's {MVS} {operating system}. JES3 is much bigger and requires really {big iron} to run. (1996-03-23)
John Dewey prefers to call his philosophy experimentalism, or even instrumentalism, but the public continues to regard him as the leading exponent of pragmatism. Dewey's pragmatism (like that of Peirce and James), is (1) a theory of meaning, and of truth or "warranted assertibihty", and (2) a body of fairly flexible philosophical doctrines. The connection between (1) and (2) requires analysis. Joseph Ratner (editor of volumes of Dewey's philosophy), claims that if Dewey's analysis of experimentalism is accepted almost everything that is fundamental in his philosophy follows (Intelligence in the Modern World, John Dewey's Philosophy, ed. Joseph Ratner, N. Y., 1939), but on the other hand it might also be claimed that Dewey's method, whatever name is given to it, can be practiced by philosophers who have important doctrinal differences.
just ::: 1. Guided by truth, reason, justice, and fairness. 2. Done or made according to principle; equitable; proper. 3. Based on right; rightful; lawful. 4. In keeping with truth or fact; true; correct. 5. Given or awarded rightly; deserved, as a sentence, punishment, or reward. 6. In accordance with standards or requirements; proper or right. 7. Only or merely.
just ::: a. --> Conforming or conformable to rectitude or justice; not doing wrong to any; violating no right or obligation; upright; righteous; honest; true; -- said both of persons and things.
Not transgressing the requirement of truth and propriety; conformed to the truth of things, to reason, or to a proper standard; exact; normal; reasonable; regular; due; as, a just statement; a just inference.
Rendering or disposed to render to each one his due;
kain ::: n. --> Poultry, etc., required by the lease to be paid in kind by a tenant to his landlord.
kit "jargon" ({Usenet}, possibly from {DEC}) Slang for a full software distribution, as opposed to a {patch} or upgrade. A source software distribution that has been packaged in such a way that it can (theoretically) be unpacked and installed according to a series of steps using only standard {Unix} tools, and entirely documented by some reasonable chain of references from the top-level {README file}. The more general term {distribution} may imply that special tools or more stringent conditions on the host environment are required. [{Jargon File}] (1994-11-18)
knife-edge ::: n. --> A piece of steel sharpened to an acute edge or angle, and resting on a smooth surface, serving as the axis of motion of a pendulum, scale beam, or other piece required to oscillate with the least possible friction.
Kvikkalkul "language" /kveek`kahl-kool'/ A deliberately cryptic programming language said to have been devised by the Swedish Navy in the 1950s as part of their abortive attempt at a nuclear weapons program. What little is known about it comes from a series of an anonymous posts to {Usenet} in 1994. The poster described the language, saying that he had programmed in Kvikkalkul when he worked for the Swedish Navy in the 1950s. It is an open question whether the posts were a {troll}, a subtle parody or truth stranger than fiction could ever be. Assuming it existed, Kvikkalkul is so much a {bondage-and-discipline language} that it is, in its own ways, even more bizarre than the deliberate parody language {INTERCAL}. Among its notable "features", all symbols in Kvikkalkul, including variable names and program labels, can consist only of digits. Operators consist entirely of the punctuation symbols (, ), -, and :. Kvikkalkul allows no {comments} - they might not correspond with the code. Kvikkalkul's only data type is the signed fixed-point fractional number, i.e. a number between (but not including) -1 and 1. Dealings with the {Real World} that require numbers outside that range are done with functions that notionally map that range to a larger range (e.g., -16383 to -16383) and back. Kvikkalkul had a probabilistic jump operator which, if given a negative probability, would act like a {COME FROM}. This was, sadly, deleted in later versions of the language. {(http://prefect.com/home24/kvikkalkul/)}. (1998-11-14)
laborer ::: n. --> One who labors in a toilsome occupation; a person who does work that requires strength rather than skill, as distinguished from that of an artisan.
labor ::: n. --> Physical toil or bodily exertion, especially when fatiguing, irksome, or unavoidable, in distinction from sportive exercise; hard, muscular effort directed to some useful end, as agriculture, manufactures, and like; servile toil; exertion; work.
Intellectual exertion; mental effort; as, the labor of compiling a history.
That which requires hard work for its accomplishment; that which demands effort.
lazy evaluation "reduction" An {evaluation strategy} combining {normal order evaluation} with updating. Under normal order evaluation (outermost or call-by-name evaluation) an expression is evaluated only when its value is needed in order for the program to return (the next part of) its result. Updating means that if an expression's value is needed more than once (i.e. it is shared), the result of the first evaluation is remembered and subsequent requests for it will return the remembered value immediately without further evaluation. This is often implemented by graph reduction. An unevaluated expression is represented as a {closure} - a data structure containing all the information required to evaluate the expression. Lazy evaluation is one {evaluation strategy} used to implement non-{strict} functions. Function arguments may be infinite data structures (especially lists) of values, the components of which are evaluated as needed. According to Phil Wadler the term was invented by Jim Morris. Opposite: {eager evaluation}. A partial kind of lazy evaluation implements lazy data structures or especially {lazy lists} where function arguments are passed evaluated but the arguments of data constructors are not evaluated. {Full laziness} is a {program transformation} which aims to optimise lazy evaluation by ensuring that all subexpressions in a function body which do not depend on the function's arguments are only evaluated once. (1994-12-14)
L. Couturat, Ilme Congres de Philosophie, Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale, vol. 12 (1904), see p. 1042. Logistic system: The formal construction of a logistic system requires: a list of primitive symbols (these are usually taken as marks but may also be sounds or other things --they must be capable of instances which are, recognizably, the same or different symbols, and capable of utterance in which instances of them arc put forth or arranged in an order one after another); a determination of a class of formulas, each formula being a finite sequence of primitive symbols, or, more exactly, each formula being capable of instances which are finite sequences of instances of primitive symbols (generalizations allowing two-dimensional arrays of primitive symbols and the like are non-essential); a determination of the circumstances under which a finite sequence of formulas is a proof of the last formula in the sequence, this last formula being then called a theorem (again we should more exactly speak of proofs as having instances which are finite sequences of instances of formulas); a determination of the circumstances under which a finite sequence of formulas is a proof of the last formula of the sequence as a consequence of a certain set of formulas (when there is a proof of a formula B as a consequence of the set of formulas A1, A2, . . . , An, we say that the inference from the premisses A1, A2, . . . , An to the conclusion B is a valid inference of the logistic system). It is not excluded that the class of proofs in the sense of (3) should be empty. But every proof of a formula B as a consequence of an empty set of formulas, in the sense of (4), must also be a proof of B in the sense of (3), and conversely. Moreover, if to the proof of a formula B as a consequence of A1, A2, . . . , An are prefixed in any order proofs of A1, A2, . . . , An, the entire resulting sequence of formulas must be a proof of B; more generally, if to the proof of a formula B as a consequence of A1, A2, . . . , An are prefixed in any order proofs of a subset of A1, A2, . . . , An as consequences of the remainder of A1, A2, . . . , An, the entire resulting sequence must be a proof of B as a consequence of this remainder.
legalese Dense, pedantic verbiage in a language description, product specification, or interface standard; text that seems designed to obfuscate and requires a {language lawyer} to {parse} it. Though hackers are not afraid of high information density and complexity in language (indeed, they rather enjoy both), they share a deep and abiding loathing for legalese; they associate it with deception, {suits}, and situations in which hackers generally get the short end of the stick.
legitimate ::: a. --> Accordant with law or with established legal forms and requirements; lawful; as, legitimate government; legitimate rights; the legitimate succession to the throne; a legitimate proceeding of an officer; a legitimate heir.
Lawfully begotten; born in wedlock.
Authorized; real; genuine; not false, counterfeit, or spurious; as, legitimate poems of Chaucer; legitimate inscriptions.
Conforming to known principles, or accepted rules; as,
LINCtape "storage" A formatted, block-oriented, high-reliability, {random access} tape system used on the {Laboratory Instrument Computer}. The tape was 3/4" wide. The funny {DECtape} is actually a variant of the original LINCtape. According to {Wesley Clark}, DEC tried to "improve" the LINCtape system, which mechanically, was wonderfully simple and elegant. The DEC version had pressure fingers and tape guides to force alignment as well as huge {DC} servo motors and complex control circuitry. These literally shredded the tape to bits if not carefully adjusted, and required frequent cleaning to remove all the shedded tape oxide. That was amazing, because the tape had a micro-thin plastic layer OVER the oxide to protect it. What happened was that all the forced alignment stuff caused shredding at the edge. An independent company, Computer Operations[?], built LINCtape drives for use in nuclear submarines. This was based on the tape system's high reliability. Correspondent Brian Converse has a picture of himself holding a LINCtape punched full of 1/4" holes. It still worked! (1999-03-29)
linear address space A memory addressing scheme used in processors where the whole memory can be accessed using a single address that fits in a single register or instruction. This contrasts with a {segmented memory} architecture, such as that used on the {Intel 8086}, where an address is given by an offset from a base address held in one of the "segment registers". Linear addressing greatly simplifies programming at the {assembly language} level but requires more instruction word bits to be allocated for an address. (1995-02-16)
linear type 1. "theory, programming" An attribute of values which are used exactly once: they are neither duplicated nor destroyed. Such values require no {garbage collection}, and can safely be updated in place, even if they form part of a data structure. Linear types are related to the {linear logic} of J.-Y Girard. They extend Schmidt's notion of {single threading}, provide an alternative to Hudak and Bloss' {update analysis}, and offer a practical complement to Lafont and Holmström's elegant {linear languages}. ['Use-Once' Variables and Linear Objects - Storage Management, Reflection and Multi-Threading, Henry Baker. {(http://home.pipeline.com/~hbaker1/Use1Var.html)}]. ["Linear types can change the world!", Philip Wadler, "Programming Concepts and Methods", April 1990, eds. M. Broy, C. Jones, pub. North-Holland, IFIP TC2 Working Conference on Programming Concepts and Methods, Sea of Galilee, Israel]. (1995-03-03)
Link State Routing Protocol "networking, communications" A {routing} {protocol} such as {OSPF} which permits routers to exchange information with one another about the reachability of other networks and the cost or metric to reach the other networks. The cost/metric is based on number of {hops}, link speeds, traffic congestion, and other factors as determined by the network designer. Link state routers use {Dijkstra's algorithm} to calculate shortest (lowest cost) paths, and normally update other routers with whom they are connected only when their own routing tables change. Link state routing is an improvement over {distance-vector routing} protocols such as {RIP} which normally use only a single metric (such as hop count) and which exchange all of their table information with all other routers on a regular schedule. Link state routing normally requires more processing but less transmission overhead. (2000-03-14)
liquid crystal display "hardware" (LCD) An electro-optical device used to display digits, characters or images, commonly used in digital watches, calculators, and portable computers. The heart of the liquid crystal display is a piece of {liquid crystal} material placed between a pair of transparent {electrodes}. The liquid crystal changes the phase of the light passing through it and this phase change can be controlled by the {voltage} applied between the electrodes. If such a unit is placed between a pair of {plane polariser} plates then light can pass through it only if the correct voltage is applied. Liquid crystal displays are formed by integrating a number of such cells, or more usually, by using a single liquid crystal plate and a pattern of electrodes. The simplest kind of liquid crystal displays, those used in digital watches and calculators, contain a common electrode plane covering one side and a pattern of electrodes on the other. These electrodes can be individually controlled to produce the appropriate display. Computer displays, however, require far too many pixels (typically between 50,000 and several millions) to make this scheme, in particular its wiring, feasible. The electrodes are therefore replaced by a number of row electrodes on one side and column electrodes on the other. By applying voltage to one row and several columns the {pixels} at the intersections are set. The pixels being set one row after the other, in {passive matrix} displays the number of rows is limited by the ratio of the setting and fading times. In the setup described above (known as "{twisted nematic}") the number of rows is limited to about 20. Using an alternative "{supertwisted nematic}" setup {VGA} quality displays (480 rows) can be easily built. As of 1995 most {notebook computers} used this technique. Fading can be slowed by putting an active element, such as a {transistor}, on the top of each pixel. This "remembers" the setting of that pixel. These {active matrix} displays are of much better quality (as good as {CRTs}) but are much more expensive than the passive matrix displays. LCDs are slimmer, lighter and consume less power than the previous dominant display type, the {cathode ray tube}, hence their importance for {portable computers}. (1995-12-09)
LL "grammar" A class of language {grammars}, which can be {parse}d without {backtrack}ing. The first L stands for Left-to-right scan, the second for Leftmost derivation. Often found in the form LL(k) where k is the number of {tokens} of {look-ahead} required when parsing a sentence of the language. In particular, LL(1) is a fairly restrictive class of grammar, but allows simple {top-down} parsing (e.g. {recursive-descent}) to be used without wasteful {backtracking}. A number of programming languages are LL(1) (or close). (1995-10-30)
localisation "programming" (l10n) Adapting a product to meet the language, cultural and other requirements of a specific target market "{locale}". Localisation includes the translation of the {user interface}, {on-line help} and {documentation}, and ensuring the images and concepts are culturally appropriate and sensitive. There may be subtle cross-cultural considerations, e.g. do the icons make sense in other parts of the world? {Internationalisation} is the process that occurs during application development that makes localisation easier by separating the details that differ between locales from the rest of the program that stays the same. If internationalisation is thorough, localisation will require no programming. The abbreviation l10n means "L - 10 letters - N". (1999-06-09)
logarithmus dualis "mathematics" (ld) Latin for {logarithm} base two. More commonly written as "log" with a subscript "2". Roughly the number of {bits} required to represent an {integer}. (1999-03-19)
logogriph ::: n. --> A sort of riddle in which it is required to discover a chosen word from various combinations of its letters, or of some of its letters, which form other words; -- thus, to discover the chosen word chatter form cat, hat, rat, hate, rate, etc.
Look Ahead Left-to-right parse, Rightmost-derivation "algorithm" (LALR, Look ahead LR) A type of {LR parser} that can deal with more {context-free grammars} than {SLR parsers} but less than {LR[1]} parsers. LALR parsers are popular because they give a good trade-off between the number of grammars they can deal with and the size of the {parsing table} required. {Compiler compilers} like {yacc} and {Bison} generate LALR parsers. {Wikipedia (http://wikipedia.org/wiki/LALR_parser)}. (2003-05-13)
loop-and-a-half "programming" A {loop} structure with its termination test in the middle. This contrasts with the more common {while loop} which has the test at the beginning or a {repeat loop} which has it at the end. A generic example gets a value, tests it then processes it: while (true) { value = get(); if (isTerminal(value)) break; process(value); } Alternatives require either an extra get() before the loop: value = get(); while (! isTerminal(value)) process(value); value = get(); } or an extra test for termination: do { value = get(); done = isTerminal(value); if (! done) process(value); } while (! done); The structure is discussed, though not named as such, in [Donald Knuth, "Structured programming with goto statements", Computing Surveys, December 1974]. A good summary is presented in [Eric S. Roberts, "Loop Exits and Structured Programming: Reopening the Debate", ACM SIGCSE, March 1995]. (2019-09-03)
loose bytes Commonwealth hackish term for the padding bytes or {shims} many compilers insert between members of a {record} or {structure} to cope with alignment requirements imposed by the machine architecture.
low earth orbit "communications" (LEO) The kind of orbit used by communications satellites that will offer high {bandwidth} for {video on demand}, television, and {Internet} communications. A satellite in LEO, in contrast to one in a {geostationary orbit}, is not in a fixed position relative to the Earth's surface so several satellites are required to provide continuous service. [Ovum report, "Applications for the superhighway", John Moroney]. (1996-02-06)
Low Voltage Differential "hardware" (LVD) A method of driving {SCSI} cables that will be formalised in the {SCSI-3} specifications. LVD uses less power than the current differential drive ({HVD}), is less expensive and will allow the higher speeds of {Ultra-2 SCSI}. LVD requires 3.3 Volts DC instead of 5 Volts DC for HVD. (1999-02-16)
magnesium ::: n. --> A light silver-white metallic element, malleable and ductile, quite permanent in dry air but tarnishing in moist air. It burns, forming (the oxide) magnesia, with the production of a blinding light (the so-called magnesium light) which is used in signaling, in pyrotechny, or in photography where a strong actinic illuminant is required. Its compounds occur abundantly, as in dolomite, talc, meerschaum, etc. Symbol Mg. Atomic weight, 24.4. Specific gravity, 1.75.
manipulate ::: v. t. --> To treat, work, or operate with the hands, especially when knowledge and dexterity are required; to manage in hand work; to handle; as, to manipulate scientific apparatus.
To control the action of, by management; as, to manipulate a convention of delegates; to manipulate the stock market; also, to manage artfully or fraudulently; as, to manipulate accounts, or election returns.
Mean: In general, that which in some way mediates or occupies a middle position among various things or between two extremes. Hence (especially in the plural) that through which an end is attained; in mathematics the word is used for any one of various notions of average; in ethics it represents moderation, temperance, prudence, the middle way. In mathematics: The arithmetic mean of two quantities is half their sum; the arithmetic mean of n quantities is the sum of the n quantities, divided by n. In the case of a function f(x) (say from real numbers to real numbers) the mean value of the function for the values x1, x2, . . . , xn of x is the arithmetic mean of f(x1), f(x2), . . . , f(xn). This notion is extended to the case of infinite sets of values of x by means of integration; thus the mean value of f(x) for values of x between a and b is ∫f(x)dx, with a and b as the limits of integration, divided by the difference between a and b. The geometric mean of or between, or the mean proportional between, two quantities is the (positive) square root of their product. Thus if b is the geometric mean between a and c, c is as many times greater (or less) than b as b is than a. The geometric mean of n quantities is the nth root of their product. The harmonic mean of two quantities is defined as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of their reciprocals. Hence the harmonic mean of a and b is 2ab/(a + b). The weighted mean or weighted average of a set of n quantities, each of which is associated with a certain number as weight, is obtained by multiplying each quantity by the associated weight, adding these products together, and then dividing by the sum of the weights. As under A, this may be extended to the case of an infinite set of quantities by means of integration. (The weights have the role of estimates of relative importance of the various quantities, and if all the weights are equal the weighted mean reduces to the simple arithmetic mean.) In statistics, given a population (i.e., an aggregate of observed or observable quantities) and a variable x having the population as its range, we have: The mean value of x is the weighted mean of the values of x, with the probability (frequency ratio) of each value taken as its weight. In the case of a finite population this is the same as the simple arithmetic mean of the population, provided that, in calculating the arithmetic mean, each value of x is counted as many times over as it occurs in the set of observations constituting the population. In like manner, the mean value of a function f(x) of x is the weighted mean of the values of f(x), where the probability of each value of x is taken as the weight of the corresponding value of f(x). The mode of the population is the most probable (most frequent) value of x, provided there is one such. The median of the population is so chosen that the probability that x be less than the median (or the probability that x be greater than the median) is ½ (or as near ½ as possible). In the case of a finite population, if the values of x are arranged in order of magnitude --repeating any one value of x as many times over as it occurs in the set of observations constituting the population --then the middle term of this series, or the arithmetic mean of the two middle terms, is the median. --A.C. In cosmology, the fundamental means (arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic) were used by the Greeks in describing or actualizing the process of becoming in nature. The Pythagoreans and the Platonists in particular made considerable use of these means (see the Philebus and the Timaeus more especially). These ratios are among the basic elements used by Plato in his doctrine of the mixtures. With the appearance of the qualitative physics of Aristotle, the means lost their cosmological importance and were thereafter used chiefly in mathematics. The modern mathematical theories of the universe make use of the whole range of means analyzed by the calculus of probability, the theory of errors, the calculus of variations, and the statistical methods. In ethics, the 'Doctrine of the Mean' is the moral theory of moderation, the development of the virtues, the determination of the wise course in action, the practice of temperance and prudence, the choice of the middle way between extreme or conflicting decisions. It has been developed principally by the Chinese, the Indians and the Greeks; it was used with caution by the Christian moralists on account of their rigorous application of the moral law. In Chinese philosophy, the Doctrine of the Mean or of the Middle Way (the Chung Yung, literally 'Equilibrium and Harmony') involves the absence of immoderate pleasure, anger, sorrow or joy, and a conscious state in which those feelings have been stirred and act in their proper degree. This doctrine has been developed by Tzu Shu (V. C. B.C.), a grandson of Confucius who had already described the virtues of the 'superior man' according to his aphorism "Perfect is the virtue which is according to the mean". In matters of action, the superior man stands erect in the middle and strives to follow a course which does not incline on either side. In Buddhist philosophy, the System of the Middle Way or Madhyamaka is ascribed more particularly to Nagarjuna (II c. A.D.). The Buddha had given his revelation as a mean or middle way, because he repudiated the two extremes of an exaggerated ascetlsm and of an easy secular life. This principle is also applied to knowledge and action in general, with the purpose of striking a happy medium between contradictory judgments and motives. The final objective is the realization of the nirvana or the complete absence of desire by the gradual destruction of feelings and thoughts. But while orthodox Buddhism teaches the unreality of the individual (who is merely a mass of causes and effects following one another in unbroken succession), the Madhyamaka denies also the existence of these causes and effects in themselves. For this system, "Everything is void", with the legitimate conclusion that "Absolute truth is silence". Thus the perfect mean is realized. In Greek Ethics, the doctrine of the Right (Mean has been developed by Plato (Philebus) and Aristotle (Nic. Ethics II. 6-8) principally, on the Pythagorean analogy between the sound mind, the healthy body and the tuned string, which has inspired most of the Greek Moralists. Though it is known as the "Aristotelian Principle of the Mean", it is essentially a Platonic doctrine which is preformed in the Republic and the Statesman and expounded in the Philebus, where we are told that all good things in life belong to the class of the mixed (26 D). This doctrine states that in the application of intelligence to any kind of activity, the supreme wisdom is to know just where to stop, and to stop just there and nowhere else. Hence, the "right-mean" does not concern the quantitative measurement of magnitudes, but simply the qualitative comparison of values with respect to a standard which is the appropriate (prepon), the seasonable (kairos), the morally necessary (deon), or generally the moderate (metrion). The difference between these two kinds of metretics (metretike) is that the former is extrinsic and relative, while the latter is intrinsic and absolute. This explains the Platonic division of the sciences into two classes: those involving reference to relative quantities (mathematical or natural), and those requiring absolute values (ethics and aesthetics). The Aristotelian analysis of the "right mean" considers moral goodness as a fixed and habitual proportion in our appetitions and tempers, which can be reached by training them until they exhibit just the balance required by the right rule. This process of becoming good develops certain habits of virtues consisting in reasonable moderation where both excess and defect are avoided: the virtue of temperance (sophrosyne) is a typical example. In this sense, virtue occupies a middle position between extremes, and is said to be a mean; but it is not a static notion, as it leads to the development of a stable being, when man learns not to over-reach himself. This qualitative conception of the mean involves an adaptation of the agent, his conduct and his environment, similar to the harmony displayed in a work of art. Hence the aesthetic aspect of virtue, which is often overstressed by ancient and neo-pagan writers, at the expense of morality proper. The ethical idea of the mean, stripped of the qualifications added to it by its Christian interpreters, has influenced many positivistic systems of ethics, and especially pragmatism and behaviourism (e.g., A. Huxley's rule of Balanced Excesses). It is maintained that it is also involved in the dialectical systems, such as Hegelianism, where it would have an application in the whole dialectical process as such: thus, it would correspond to the synthetic phase which blends together the thesis and the antithesis by the meeting of the opposites. --T.G. Mean, Doctrine of the: In Aristotle's ethics, the doctrine that each of the moral virtues is an intermediate state between extremes of excess and defect. -- O.R.M.
measurement ::: n. --> The act or result of measuring; mensuration; as, measurement is required.
The extent, size, capacity, amount. or quantity ascertained by measuring; as, its measurement is five acres.
mesolabe ::: n. --> An instrument of the ancients for finding two mean proportionals between two given lines, required in solving the problem of the duplication of the cube.
micro-geology ::: n. --> The part of geology relating to structure and organisms which require to be studied with a microscope.
midshipman ::: n. --> Formerly, a kind of naval cadet, in a ship of war, whose business was to carry orders, messages, reports, etc., between the officers of the quarter-deck and those of the forecastle, and render other services as required.
In the English naval service, the second rank attained by a combatant officer after a term of service as naval cadet. Having served three and a half years in this rank, and passed an examination, he is eligible to promotion to the rank of lieutenant.
Missing definition "introduction" First, this is an (English language) __computing__ dictionary. It includes lots of terms from related fields such as mathematics and electronics, but if you're looking for (or want to submit) words from other subjects or general English words or other languages, try {(http://wikipedia.org/)}, {(http://onelook.com/)}, {(http://yourdictionary.com/)}, {(http://www.dictionarist.com/)} or {(http://reference.allrefer.com/)}. If you've already searched the dictionary for a computing term and it's not here then please __don't tell me__. There are, and always will be, a great many missing terms, no dictionary is ever complete. I use my limited time to process the corrections and definitions people have submitted and to add the {most frequently requested missing terms (missing.html)}. Try one of the sources mentioned above or {(http://techweb.com/encyclopedia/)}, {(http://whatis.techtarget.com/)} or {(http://google.com/)}. See {the Help page (help.html)} for more about missing definitions and bad cross-references. (2014-09-20)! {exclamation mark}!!!Batch "language, humour" A daft way of obfuscating text strings by encoding each character as a different number of {exclamation marks} surrounded by {question marks}, e.g. "d" is encoded as "?!!!!?". The language is named after the {MSDOS} {batch file} in which the first converter was written. {esoteric programming languages} {wiki entry (http://esolangs.org/wiki/!!!Batch)}. (2014-10-25)" {double quote}
monogenesis ::: n. --> Oneness of origin; esp. (Biol.), development of all beings in the universe from a single cell; -- opposed to polygenesis. Called also monism.
That form of reproduction which requires but one parent, as in reproduction by fission or in the formation of buds, etc., which drop off and form new individuals; asexual reproduction.
The direct development of an embryo, without metamorphosis, into an organism similar to the parent organism; --
More explicitly: -- Let "context" be used to mean a set of events such that events of the same kind and in the same relations recur "nearly uniformly." Let a be an event such that the complex event a + b would be a context of character C. Let it be granted that a certain utterance (or expectation) is caused jointly by the occurrence of a and residual traces in the speaker of previous adaptations to contexts of character C. Then that event which, in conjunction with a constitutes a context of character C is called the i of the utterance in question. (This covers only true utterances. The 'referents' of false expectations and general beliefs require a separate account). See Ogden and Richards, Meaning of Meaning, passim.
More general kinds of definition by recursion allow sets of recursion equations of various forms, the essential requirement being that the equations specify the value of the function being introduced (or the values of the functions being introduced), for any given set of arguments, either absolutely, or in terms of the value (values) for preceding sets of arguments. The word preceding here may refer to the natural order or order of magnitude of the non-negative integers, or it may refer to some other method of ordering arguments or sets of arguments, but the method of ordering shall be such that infinite descending sequences ot sets of arguments (in which each set of arguments is preceded by the next set) are impossible.
must ::: v. i. / auxiliary --> To be obliged; to be necessitated; -- expressing either physical or moral necessity; as, a man must eat for nourishment; we must submit to the laws.
To be morally required; to be necessary or essential to a certain quality, character, end, or result; as, he must reconsider the matter; he must have been insane. ::: n.
Naturalism: Naturalism, challenging the cogency of the cosmological, teleological, and moral arguments, holds that the universe requires no supernatural cause and government, but is self-existent, self-explanatory, self-operating, and self-directing, that the world-process is not teleological and anthropocentric, but purposeless, deterministic (except for possible tychistic events), and only incidentally productive of man; that human life, physical, mental, moral and spiritual, is an ordinary natural event attributable in all respects to the ordinary operations of nature; and that man's ethical values, compulsions, activities, and restraints can be justified on natural grounds, without recourse to supernatural sanctions, and his highest good pursued and attained under natural conditions, without expectation of a supernatural destiny. -- B.A.G.F.
need ::: n. --> A state that requires supply or relief; pressing occasion for something; necessity; urgent want.
Want of the means of subsistence; poverty; indigence; destitution.
That which is needful; anything necessary to be done; (pl.) necessary things; business.
Situation of need; peril; danger.
To be in want of; to have cause or occasion for; to lack; to
Normally the more physical work the body has lo do the more food it needs. On the other hand mental work requires no increase of food.
Note on the Indian Sign-Language. Certain general principles concerning gesture speech may be established, by considering the sign-language of the North American Indian which seems to be the most developed. A sign-language is established when equally powerful tribes of different tongues come into contact. Better gestures are composed and undesirable ones are weeded out, partly as a result of tribal federations and partly through the development of technical skills and crafts. Signs come into being, grow and die, according to the needs of the time and to the changes in practical processes. Stimulus of outside intercourse is necessary to keep alive the interest required for the maintenance and growth of a gesture speech; without it, the weaker tribe is absorbed in the stronger, and the vocal language most easily acquired prevails. Sign-languages involve a basic syntax destined to convey the fundamental meanings without refinement and in abbreviated form. Articles, prepositions and conjunctions are omitted; adjectives follow nouns; verbs are used in the present tense; nouns and verbs are used in the singular, while the idea of plurality is expressed in some other way. The use of signals with the smoke, the pony, the mirror, the blanket and the drum (as is also the case with the African tam-tams) may be considered as an extension of the sign-language, though they are related more directly to the general art of signalling. -- T.G.
obedience ::: n. --> The act of obeying, or the state of being obedient; compliance with that which is required by authority; subjection to rightful restraint or control.
Words or actions denoting submission to authority; dutifulness.
A following; a body of adherents; as, the Roman Catholic obedience, or the whole body of persons who submit to the authority of the pope.
Objective test: Any test, whether standardized or not, which meets the requirements of a measuring instrument, permitting no reasonable doubt as to the correctness or incorrectness of the answers given. -- J.E.B.
occasional ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to an occasion or to occasions; occuring at times, but not constant, regular, or systematic; made or happening as opportunity requires or admits; casual; incidental; as, occasional remarks, or efforts.
Produced by accident; as, the occasional origin of a thing.
occasionally ::: adv. --> In an occasional manner; on occasion; at times, as convenience requires or opportunity offers; not regularly.
omission ::: n. --> The act of omitting; neglect or failure to do something required by propriety or duty.
That which is omitted or is left undone.
outfit ::: n. --> A fitting out, or equipment, as of a ship for a voyage, or of a person for an expedition in an unoccupied region or residence in a foreign land; things required for equipment; the expense of, or allowance made for, equipment, as by the government of the United States to a diplomatic agent going abroad.
overweight ::: n. --> Weight over and above what is required by law or custom.
Superabundance of weight; preponderance. ::: a. --> Overweighing; excessive.
peirameter ::: n. --> A dynamometer for measuring the force required to draw wheel carriages on roads of different constructions.
Petitio principii, or begging the question, is a fallacy involving the assumption as premisses of one or more propositions which are identical with (or in a simple fashion equivalent to) the conclusion to be proved, or which would require the conclusion for their proof, or which are stronger than the conclusion and contain it as a particular case or otherwise as an immediate consequence. There is a fallacy, however, only if the premisses assumed (without proof) are illegitimate for some other reason than merely their relation to the conclusion -- e.g., if they are not among the avowed presuppositions of the argument, or if they are not admitted by an opponent in a dispute. -- A.C.
piacle ::: n. --> A heinous offense which requires expiation.
pirameter ::: n. --> A dynamometer for ascertaining the power required to draw carriages over roads.
plexus ::: pl. --> of Plexus ::: n. --> A network of vessels, nerves, or fibers.
The system of equations required for the complete expression of the relations which exist between a set of quantities.
plus ::: a. --> More, required to be added; positive, as distinguished from negative; -- opposed to minus.
Hence, in a literary sense, additional; real; actual.
prerequire ::: v. t. --> To require beforehand.
prerequisite ::: a. --> Previously required; necessary as a preliminary to any proposed effect or end; as, prerequisite conditions of success. ::: n. --> Something previously required, or necessary to an end or effect proposed.
privation ::: n. --> The act of depriving, or taking away; hence, the depriving of rank or office; degradation in rank; deprivation.
The state of being deprived or destitute of something, especially of something required or desired; destitution; need; as, to undergo severe privations.
The condition of being absent; absence; negation.
Probability: In general Chance, possibility, contingency, likelihood, likehness, presumption. conjecture, prediction, forecast, credibility, relevance; the quality or state of being likely true or likely to happen; a fact or a statement which is likely true, real, operative or provable by future events; the conditioning of partial or approximate belief or assent; the motive of a presumption or prediction; the conjunction of reasonable grounds for presuming the truth of a statement or the occurrence of an event; the field of knowledge between complete ignorance and full certitude; an approximation to fact or truth; a qualitative or numerical value attached to a probable inference, and by extension, the systematic study of chances or relative possibilities as forming the subject of the theory of probability. A. The Foundation of Probability. We cannot know everything completely and with certainty. Yet we desire to think and to act as correctly as possible hence the necessity of considering methods leading to reasonable approximations, and of estimating their results in terms of the relative evidence available in each case. In D VI-VII (infra) only, is probability interpreted as a property of events or occurrences as such: whether necessary or contingent, facts are simply conditioned by other facts, and have neither an intelligence nor a will to realize their certainty or their probability. In other views, probability requires ultimately a mind to perceive it as such it arises from the combination of our partial ignorance of the extremely complex nature and conditions of the phenomena, with the inadequacy of our means of observation, experimentation and analysis, however searching and provisionally satisfactory. Thus it may be said that probability exists formally in the mind and materially in the phenomena as related between themselves. In stressing the one or the other of these two aspects, we obtain (1) subjectize probability, when the psychological conditions of the mind cause it to evaluate a fact or statement with fear of possible error; and (2) objective probability, when reference is made to that quality of facts and statements, which causes the mind to estimate them with a conscious possibility of error. Usually, methods can be devised to objectify technically the subjective aspect of probability, such as the rules for the elimination of the personal equation of the inquirer. Hence the methods established for the study and the interpretation of chances can be considered independently of the state of mind as such of the inquirer. These methods make use of rational or empirical elements. In the first case, we are dealing with a priori or theoretical probability, which considers the conditions or occurrences of an event hypothetically and independently of any direct experience. In the second case, we are dealing with inductive or empirical probability. And when these probabilities are represented with numerals or functions to denote measures of likelihood, we are concerned with quantitative or mathematical probability. Methods involving the former cannot be assimilated with methods involving the latter, but both can be logically correlated on the strength of the general principle of explanation, that similar conjunctions of moral or physical facts demand a general law governing and justifying them.
problem ::: n. --> A question proposed for solution; a matter stated for examination or proof; hence, a matter difficult of solution or settlement; a doubtful case; a question involving doubt.
Anything which is required to be done; as, in geometry, to bisect a line, to draw a perpendicular; or, in algebra, to find an unknown quantity.
procrustes ::: n. --> A celebrated legendary highwayman of Attica, who tied his victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, either stretched or cut of their legs to adapt them to its length; -- whence the metaphorical phrase, the bed of Procrustes.
promt ::: superl. --> Ready and quick to act as occasion demands; meeting requirements readily; not slow, dilatory, or hesitating in decision or action; responding on the instant; immediate; as, prompt in obedience or compliance; -- said of persons.
Done or rendered quickly, readily, or immediately; given without delay or hesitation; -- said of conduct; as, prompt assistance.
Easy; unobstructed.
publishment ::: n. --> The act or process of making publicly known; publication.
A public notice of intended marriage, required by the laws of some States.
puritanical ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to the Puritans, or to their doctrines and practice.
Precise in observance of legal or religious requirements; strict; overscrupulous; rigid; -- often used by way of reproach or contempt.
qualify ::: v. t. --> To make such as is required; to give added or requisite qualities to; to fit, as for a place, office, occupation, or character; to furnish with the knowledge, skill, or other accomplishment necessary for a purpose; to make capable, as of an employment or privilege; to supply with legal power or capacity.
To give individual quality to; to modulate; to vary; to regulate.
To reduce from a general, undefined, or comprehensive
quirboilly ::: n. --> Leather softened by boiling so as to take any required shape. Upon drying, it becomes exceedingly hard, and hence was formerly used for armor.
REJECTION. ::: The jjersonal effort required is a itficdon of the movements of the lower nature — rejection of the mind’s ideas, opinions, preferences, habits, constructions, so that the true knowledge may find free room in a silent mind ; rejection of
remember ::: v. t. --> To have ( a notion or idea) come into the mind again, as previously perceived, known, or felt; to have a renewed apprehension of; to bring to mind again; to think of again; to recollect; as, I remember the fact; he remembers the events of his childhood; I cannot remember dates.
To be capable of recalling when required; to keep in mind; to be continually aware or thoughtful of; to preserve fresh in the memory; to attend to; to think of with gratitude, affection,
requere ::: v. t. --> To require.
requirable ::: a. --> Capable of being required; proper to be required.
requiring ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Require
requisite ::: n. --> That which is required, or is necessary; something indispensable. ::: a. --> Required by the nature of things, or by circumstances; so needful that it can not be dispensed with; necessary; indispensable.
resiliency ::: n. --> The act of resiling, springing back, or rebounding; as, the resilience of a ball or of sound.
The mechanical work required to strain an elastic body, as a deflected beam, stretched spring, etc., to the elastic limit; also, the work performed by the body in recovering from such strain.
returnable ::: a. --> Capable of, or admitting of, being returned.
Legally required to be returned, delivered, given, or rendered; as, a writ or precept returnable at a certain day; a verdict returnable to the court.
rockaway ::: --> Formerly, a light, low, four-wheeled carriage, with standing top, open at the sides, but having waterproof curtains which could be let down when occasion required; now, a somewhat similar, but heavier, carriage, inclosed, except in front, and having a door at each side.
rusticate ::: v. i. --> To go into or reside in the country; to ruralize. ::: v. t. --> To require or compel to reside in the country; to banish or send away temporarily; to impose rustication on.
sackbut ::: n. --> A brass wind instrument, like a bass trumpet, so contrived that it can be lengthened or shortened according to the tone required; -- said to be the same as the trombone.
Same and Other: One of the "persistent problems" of philosophy which goes back at least to Parmenides and Heraclitus (q.v.). In its most general form it raises the question: Is reality explicable in terms of one principle, ultimately the same in all things (monism), or is reality ultimately heterogeneous, requiring a plurality of first principles (pluralism)? Plato really developed the problem (in the Sophist, Parmenides and Timaeus) by suggesting that both sameness and otherness are required for a complete explanation of things. It is closely related to the problems of One and Many, Identity and Difference, of Universal and Individual in Mediaeval Scholasticism. With Hegel and Fichte the problem becomes fused with that of Spirit and Matter, or of Self and Not-self. -- V.J.B.
scrape ::: v. t. --> To rub over the surface of (something) with a sharp or rough instrument; to rub over with something that roughens by removing portions of the surface; to grate harshly over; to abrade; to make even, or bring to a required condition or form, by moving the sharp edge of an instrument breadthwise over the surface with pressure, cutting away excesses and superfluous parts; to make smooth or clean; as, to scrape a bone with a knife; to scrape a metal plate to an even surface.
scumbling ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Scumble ::: n. --> A mode of obtaining a softened effect, in painting and drawing, by the application of a thin layer of opaque color to the surface of a painting, or part of the surface, which is too bright in color, or which requires harmonizing.
seer ::: “The seer does not need the aid of thought in its process as a means of knowledge, but only as a means of representation and expression,—thought is to him a lesser power and used for a secondary purpose. If a further extension of knowledge is required, he can come at it by new seeing without the slower thought processes that are the staff of support of the mental search and its feeling out for truth,—even as we scrutinise with the eye to find what escaped our first observation” The Synthesis of Yoga
self-evidence ::: evidence which requires no proof or explanation.
Self-Evidence: That property of a proposition by which its truth is open to direct inspection and requires no appeal to other evidence. See Intuition. -- A.C.B.
serf ::: a member of the lowest feudal class, attached to the land owned by a lord and required to perform labor in return for certain legal or customary rights; one in bondage or servitude.
shame ::: n. --> A painful sensation excited by a consciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of having done something which injures reputation, or of the exposure of that which nature or modesty prompts us to conceal.
Reproach incurred or suffered; dishonor; ignominy; derision; contempt.
The cause or reason of shame; that which brings reproach, and degrades a person in the estimation of others; disgrace.
The parts which modesty requires to be covered; the private
shortage ::: n. --> Amount or extent of deficiency, as determined by some requirement or standard; as, a shortage in money accounts.
sinecure ::: n. --> An ecclesiastical benefice without the care of souls.
Any office or position which requires or involves little or no responsibility, labor, or active service. ::: v. t. --> To put or place in a sinecure.
Sometimes it is convenient to drop the condition that the value of a function is unique and to require rather that an ordered set of arguments shall determine a set of values of the function. In this case one speaks of a many-valued function.
sortilege ::: (on page 44) divination by the random selection of playingcards; (elsewhere) a method of receiving guidance and predictions from texts found seemingly by chance (as by opening a book at random) and interpreted by the faculties of jñana; also, a text found in this way and subjected to this kind of interpretation. Sri Aurobindo listed sortileges among the "external means" that can provide "data for a past and future knowledge" (see trikaladr.s.t.i); although some sortileges required "a very figurative & even fanciful interpretation", he took the results he obtained by this method to be signs of "an intelligent, omniscient & all-combining Mind at work which uses everything in the world as its instrument & is superior to the system of relations & connections already fixed in this world".
Sri Aurobindo, Avatar and Poet Supreme, has enriched Savitri, his magnum opus, with words from a number of languages. In fact he has also coined words when no word would suffice to convey the mantric power and meaning required.
Sri Aurobindo: *"The seer does not need the aid of thought in its process as a means of knowledge, but only as a means of representation and expression, — thought is to him a lesser power and used for a secondary purpose. If a further extension of knowledge is required, he can come at it by new seeing without the slower thought processes that are the staff of support of the mental search and its feeling out for truth, — even as we scrutinise with the eye to find what escaped our first observation” The Synthesis of Yoga
standpipe ::: n. --> A vertical pipe, open at the top, between a hydrant and a reservoir, to equalize the flow of water; also, a large vertical pipe, near a pumping engine, into which water is forced up, so as to give it sufficient head to rise to the required level at a distance.
A supply pipe of sufficient elevation to enable the water to flow into the boiler, notwithstanding the pressure of the steam.
strict ::: 1. Stringent or exacting in rules, requirements, obligations, etc. 2. Extremely defined or conservative; narrowly or carefully limited.
stringent ::: a. --> Binding strongly; making strict requirements; restrictive; rigid; severe; as, stringent rules.
Supererogation: (Lat. super, above; and erogare, to spend public funds) The act or condition of doing more than is strictly required by law; in Catholic moral terminology, an act of supererorogation consists in doing more than one's duty, a practice of special virtue. -- V.J.B.
Supernatural: That which surpasses the active and exactive powers of nature -- or that which natural causes can neither avail to produce nor require from God as the compliment of their kind. -- H.G.
tact ::: n. --> The sense of touch; feeling.
The stroke in beating time.
Sensitive mental touch; peculiar skill or faculty; nice perception or discernment; ready power of appreciating and doing what is required by circumstances.
tempering ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Temper ::: n. --> The process of giving the requisite degree of hardness or softness to a substance, as iron and steel; especially, the process of giving to steel the degree of hardness required for various purposes, consisting usually in first plunging the article, when heated
The addition to the functional calculus of first order of individual constants (denoting particular individuals) is not often made -- unless symbols for functions from individuals to individuals (so-called "mathematical" or "descriptive" functions) are to be added at the same time. Such an addition is, however, employed in the two following sections as a means of representing certain forms of inference of traditional logic. The addition is really non-essential, and requires only minor changes in the definition of a formula and the list of primitive formulas (allowing the alternative of individual constants at certain places where the above given formulation calls for free individual variables).
The assertion sign was adopted by Russell, and by Whitehead and Russell in Principia Mathematica, in approximately Frege's sense of 1879, and it is from this source that it has come into general use. Some recent writers omit the assertion sign, either as understood, or on the ground that the Frege-Russell distinction between asserted and unasserted propositions is illusory. Others use the assertion sign in a syntactical sense, to express that a formula is a theorem of a logistic system (q.v.); this usage differs from that of Frege and Russell in that the latter requires the assertion sign to be followed by a formula denoting a proposition, or a truth value, while the former requires it to be followed by the syntactical name of such a formula.
The requirement of effectiveness does not compel the lists of primitive symbols, primitive formulas, and primitive rules of inference to be finite. It is sufficient if there are effective criteria for recognizing formulas, for recognizing primitive formulas, for recognizing applications of primitive rules of inference, and (if separately needed) for recognizing such restricted applications of the primitive rules of inference as are admitted in proofs as a consequence of a given set of formulas.
The requirement of effectiveness plays an important role in connection with logistic systems, but the necessity of the requirement depends on the purpose in hand and it may for some purposes be abandoned. Various writers have proposed non-effective, or non-constructive, logistic systems; in some of these the requirement of finiteness of length of formulas is also abandoned and certain infinite sequences of primitive symbols are admitted as formulas.
The employment of definition by recursion in the development of arithmetic from Peano's postulates, or in the Frege-Russell derivation of arithmetic from logic, requires justification, which most naturallv takes the form of finding a method of replacing a definition by recursion by a nominal definition, or a contextual definition, serving the same purpose. In particular it is possible, by a method due to Dedekind or by any one of a number of modifications of it, to prove the existence of a function f satisfying the conditions expressed by an admissible set of recursion equations, and f may then be given a definition employing descriptions as the function f such that the recursion equations, with suitable quantifiers prefixed, hold. See the paper of Kalmar cited below.
The explicit definition of analyticity (etc.) for a particular language of course requires statement of the c-rules. Actually, in the case of his "Language II," Carnap prefers to define analytic and contradictory first, and consequence in terms of these.
The ideal sadhaka in this kind is one who if required to live poorly can so live and no sense of want will affect him or inter- fere with the full inner play of the divine consciousaess, and If he is required to live richly, can so live and never for a moment fall into desire or attachment to his wealth or to the tbmss that he uses or servitude to self-indulgence or a weak bondage to the habits that the possession of ricBes creates.
theme ::: n. --> A subject or topic on which a person writes or speaks; a proposition for discussion or argument; a text.
Discourse on a certain subject.
A composition or essay required of a pupil.
A noun or verb, not modified by inflections; also, that part of a noun or verb which remains unchanged (except by euphonic variations) in declension or conjugation; stem.
That by means of which a thing is done; means; instrument.
The Method of Statistics. The basic principle of statistical method is that of simplification, which makes possible a concise and comprehensive knowledge of a mass of isolated facts by correlating them along definite lines. The various stages of this method are: precise definition of the problem or field of inquiry; collection of material required by the problem; tabulation and measurement of material in a manner satisfying the purpose of the problem; clear presentation of the significant features of tabulated material (by means of charts, diagrams, symbols, graphs, equations and the like), selection of mathematical methods for application to the material obtained; necessary conclusion from the facts and figures obtained; general interpretation within the limits of the problem and the procedure used. The special methods of treating statistical data are: collecting, sampling, selecting, tabulating, classifying, totaling or aggregating, measuring, averaging, relating and correlating, presenting symbolically. Each one of these methods uses specialized experimental or mathematical means in its actual application. The special methods of interpreting statistical data already treated are: analyzing, estimiting, describing, comparing, explaining, applying and predicting. In order to be conclusive, the various stages and types of the statistical method must avoid loose definitions, cross divisions resulting ftom conflicting interpretations of the problem, data which are not simultaneous or subject to similar conditions, conclusions from poor oi incomplete data, prejudices in judging, even when there is no conuption of evidence. The philosophy of statistics is concerned in general with the discussion and evaluation of the mathematical principles, methods and results of this science; and in particular with a critical analysis of the fitness of biological, psychological, educational, economic and sociological materials, for various types of statistical treatment. The purpose of such an inquiry is to integrate its results into the general problems and schemes of philosophy proper. Cf.. Richard von Mises, Statistics, Probability, and Truth.
The name immediate inference is given to certain inferences involving propositions A, E, I, O. These include obversion of A, E, I, or O, simple conversion of E or I, conversion per accidens of A, subalternation of A, E. The three last require the additional premiss (Ex)S(x). Other immediate inferences (for which the terminology is not wholly uniform among different writers) may be obtained by means of sequences of these: e.g., given that all men are mortal we may take the obverse of the converse of the obverse and so infer that all immortals are non-men (called by some the contrapositive, by others the obverted contrapositive).
The personal effort required Is a triple labour of aspiration, rejection and surrender ; an aspiration vigilant, constant, un- ceasing — the mind’s will, the heart's seeking, the assent of the vital being, the will to open and make plastic the physical consciousness and nature ; rejection of the movements of the lower nature — rejection of the mind’s ideas, opinions, prefer- ences, habits, constructions, so that the true knowledge may find room in a silent mind, — rejection of the vital nature’s desires, demands, cravings, sensations, passions, selfishness, pride, arro- gance, lust, greed, jealousy, envy, hostility to the Truth, so that the true power and joy may pour from above into a calm, large, strong and consecrated vital being, — rejection of the physical nature’s stupidity, doubt, disbelief, obscurity, obstinacy, pettiness, laziness, unwillingness to change, tamas, so that the true stability of Light, Power, Ananda may establish itself in a body growing always more divine ; surrender of oneself and all one is and has and every plane of the consciousness and every movement to the Divine and the ShaUi.
The Platonic philosophy of art and aesthetics stresses, as might be expected, the value of the reasonable imitation of Ideal realities rather than the photographic imitation of sense things and individual experiences. All beautiful things participate in the Idea of beauty (Symposium and Phaedrus). The artist is frequently described as a man carried away by his inspiration, akin to the fool; yet art requires reason and the artist must learn to contemplate the world of Ideas. Fine art is not radically distinguished from useful art. In both the Republic and the Laws, art is subordinated to the good of the state, and those forms of art which are effeminate, asocial, inimical to the morale of the citizens, are sternly excluded from the ideal state.
The Platonic theory of education is based on a drawing out (educatio) of what is already dimly known to the learner. (Meno, Repub. II-VII, Theaetetus, Laws.) The training of the philosopher-ruler, outlined in the Republic, requires the selection of the most promising children in their infancy and a rigorous disciplining of them in gymnastic, music (in the Greek sense of literary studies), mathematics and dialectic (the study of the Ideas). This training was to continue until the students were about thirty-five years of age; then fifteen years of practical apprenticeship in the subordinate offices of the state were required; finally, at the age of fifty, the rulers were advised to return to the study of philosophy. It should be noted that this program is intended only for an intellectual elite; the military class was to undergo a shorter period of training suited to its functions, and the masses of people, engaged in production, trading, and like pursuits, were not offered any special educational schedule.
The precipitates of the propaedeutical effort are to be found, for Spinoza, in the definitions, axioms, postulates, and within the structural plan expressed in the geometrical ordering. It is highly probable that Spinoza would have admitted the tentative character of at least some of the definitions, axioms, and postulates formulated by him. He doubtless saw the possibility that the process of inquiry, revising, augmenting, and re-coordinating the fund of knowledge, might demand alteration in the structural bases of systematic expression as well as in the knowledge to be ordered. Such changes, however, would occur within limits set by the propaedeutical disclosures and the general framework. Advance might require the abandonment of an older metaphysical element, and the substitution of a new one. But with equal likelihood, the advance of knowledge would make possible a richer and deeper apprehension of the content of fixed principles. To illustrate: The first definition of the Ethica, that of Causa sui, might well be for Spinoza a principle that awakened reason must accept, a truth whose priority and validity could not be undermined. He might regard it as a minimal definition of reality, of the nature of the ultimate object of inquiry. On the other hand, Spinoza, it may be conjectured, would not claim for every element of his system a similar finality. Just as he recognizes the role of hypothesis in science, in a similar way, he would recognize the tentative character of some metaphysical and theological elements.
The remembrancer of the city of London is parliamentary solicitor to the corporation, and is bound to attend all courts of aldermen and common council when required. Pull. Laws & Cust. Lond. 122. from Black’s Law Dictionary.
There were at one time three clerks of the remembrance, styled King’s Remembrancer, Lord Treasurer’s Remembrancer and Remembrancer of First-Fruits. In England, the latter two offices have become extinct, that of remembrancer of first-fruits by the diversion of the fund (Queen Anne’s Bounty Act 1838), and that of Lord Treasurer’s Remembrancer on being merged in the office of King’s Remembrancer in 1833. By the Queen’s Remembrancer Act 1859 the office ceased to exist separately, and the queen’s remembrancer was required to be a master of the court of exchequer. The Judicature Act 1873 attached the office to the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court of Judicature (Officers) Act 1879 transferred it to the central office of the Supreme Court. By section 8 of that Act, the king’s remembrancer is a master of the Supreme Court, and the office is usually filled by the senior master. The king’s remembrancer department of the central office is now amalgamated with the judgments and married women acknowledgments department. The king’s remembrancer still assists at certain ceremonial functions relics of the former importance of the office such as the nomination of sheriffs, the swearing-in of the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the Trial of the Pyx and the acknowledgments of homage for crown lands.
The structural problem stated in terms of the antithesis between subjective and objective is rather too vague for the purposes of epistemology and a more precise analysis of the knowledge-situation and statement of the issues involved is required. The perceptual situation -- and this analysis may presumably be extended with appropriate modifications to memory, imagination and other modes of cognition -- consists of a subject (the self, or pure act of perceiving), the content (sense data) and the object (the physical thing perceived). In terms of this analysis, two issues may be formulated Are content and object identical (epistemological monism), or are they numerically distinct (epistemological dualism)? and Does the object exist independently of the knowing subject (epistemological idealism) or is it dependent upon the subject (epistemological realism)? (h) The problem of truth is perhaps the culmination of epistemological enquiry -- in any case it is the problem which brings the enquiry to the threshold of metaphysics. The traditional theories of the nature of truth are: the correspondence theory which conceives truth as a relation between an "idea" or a proposition and its object --the relation has commonly been regarded as one of resemblance but it need not be so considered (see Correspondence theory of truth); the Coherence theory which adopts as the criterion of truth, the logical consistency of a proposition with a wider system of propositions (see Coherence theory of truth), and the intrinsic theory which views truth as an intrinsic property of the true proposition. See Intrinsic theory of truth. --L-W. Bibliography:
The term "empiricism" has been used with extreme looseness and confused with numerous related propositions, practices, and attitudes. Many definitions here listed are themselves ambiguous, but to remove their ambiguity would require misrepresentation of usage of the term. See also Scepticism, Sensationalism, Pluralism, Phenomenalism, Pragmatism, Positivism, Intuitionalism, Nativism, Rationalism, A Priorism, Intellectualism, Idealism, Transcendentalism, Scientific Empiricism. -- M.T.K.
This categorical necessity or obligation is regarded by the moralists in question as something peculiar. It is not to be identified with physical, causal, or metaphysical necessity. It is compatible with and even requires freedom to do otherwise. It is a "moral" necessity. "Duty", says Kant, "is the necessity of acting from resepect for the (moral) law." It is a unique and indefinable kind of necessity, and the relational structure which is involved cannot be explained in any other terms, it must be intuited to be understood (T. Reid, Sidgwick, W. D. Ross). See Ethics, Value, Sanctions. -- W.K.F.
This representation does not reproduce faithfully all particulars of the traditional account. The fact is that the traditional doctrine, having grown up from various sources and under an inadequate formal analysis, is not altogether what seems to be the best representation, and simply note the four following points of divergence: We have defined the connectives ⊃x and ∧x in terms of universal and existential quantification, whereas the traditional account might be thought to be more closely reproduced if they were taken as primitive notations. (It would, however, not be difficult to reformulate the functional calculus of first order so that these connectives would be primitive and the usual quantifiers defined in terms of them.) The traditional account associates the negation in E and O with the copula (q. v.), whereas the negation symbol is here prefixed to the sub-formula P(x). (Notice that this sub-formula represents ambiguously a proposition and that, in fact, the notation of the functional calculus of first order provides for applying negation only to propositions.) The traditional account includes under A and E respectively, also (propositions denoted by) P(A) and ∼P(A), where A is an individual constant. These singular propositions are ignored in our account of opposition and immediate inference, but will appear in § 5 as giving variant forms of certain syllogisms. Some aspects of the traditional account require that A and E be represented as we have here, others that they be represented by [(Ex)S(x)][S(x) ⊃x P(x)] and [(Ex)S(x)][S(x) ⊃x ∼P(x)] respectively. The question concerning the choice between these two interpretations is known as the problem of existential import of propositions. We prefer to introduce (Ex)S(x) as a separate premiss at those places where it is required. Given a fixed subject S and a fixed predicate P, we have, according to the square of opposition, that A and O are contradictory, E and I are contradictory, A and E are contrary, I and O are subcontrary, A and I are subaltern, E and O are subaltern. The two propositions in a contradictory pair cannot be both true and cannot be both false (one is the exact negation of the other). The two propositions in a subaltern pair are so related that the first one, together with the premiss (Ex)S(x), implies the second (subalternation). Under the premiss (Ex)S(x), the contrary pair, A, E, cannot be both true, and the subcontrary pair, I, O, cannot be both false.
transitive ::: a. --> Having the power of making a transit, or passage.
Effected by transference of signification.
Passing over to an object; expressing an action which is not limited to the agent or subject, but which requires an object to complete the sense; as, a transitive verb, for example, he holds the book.
trigonometry ::: n. --> That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations of the sides and angles of triangles, which the methods of deducing from certain given parts other required parts, and also of the general relations which exist between the trigonometrical functions of arcs or angles.
A treatise in this science.
turn ::: v. **1. To cause to move around an axis or center; cause to rotate or revolve. 2. To direct or set one"s course toward, away from, or in a particular direction. 3. To change direction, as at a bend or curve. 4. To direct the face or gaze toward or away from someone or something. 5. To channel one"s attention, interest, or thought toward or away from something. 6. To direct one"s thought, attention, interest, desire, effort, etc. toward or away from someone or something. 7. To change the position (esp. the body) from side to side or back and forth. 8. To change or cause to change one"s attitude so as to become hostile or to retaliate. 9. To direct or bring to bear in the way of opposition; to proceed to use against. 10. To cause to go in a specific direction; direct. 11. To change or convert or be changed or converted to change or convert or be changed or converted; transform. 12. To apply to some use or purpose; to make use of, employ. 13. To twist, bend, or distort in shape. turns, turned, turning, fate-turned.* *n. 14. The act of turning or the condition of being turned; rotation or revolution. 15. An act or instance of changing or reversing the course or direction, or a place or point at which such a change occurs. 16. Course; direction. 17. Requirement, need, exigency; purpose, use, convenience. 18. A change in affairs, conditions, or circumstances; vicissitude; revolution; esp. a change for better or worse, or the like, at a crisis; hence, sometimes, the time at which such a change takes place. Often fig. 19. A propensity or adeptness. 20. The place, point, or time or occasion at which a deviation or change occurs. turns.
tyrannize ::: v. i. --> To act the tyrant; to exercise arbitrary power; to rule with unjust and oppressive severity; to exercise power others not permitted by law or required by justice, or with a severity not necessary to the ends of justice and government; as, a prince will often tyrannize over his subjects; masters sometimes tyrannize over their servants or apprentices. ::: v. t.
unbusied ::: a. --> Not required to work; unemployed; not busy.
uncalled-for ::: a. --> Not called for; not required or needed; improper; gratuitous; wanton.
underdose ::: n. --> A dose which is less than required; a small or insufficient dose. ::: v. t. & i. --> To give an underdose or underdoses to; to practice giving insufficient doses.
underlayer ::: n. --> One who, or that which, underlays or is underlaid; a lower layer.
A perpendicular shaft sunk to cut the lode at any required depth.
Unlike the ramified theory of types, the simple theory of types and the Zermelo set theory both require the distinction (first made by Ramsey) between the paradoxes which involve use of the name relation (q.v.) or the semantical concept of truth (q.v.), and those which do not. The paradoxes of the first kind (Epimenides, Grelling's, König's, Richard's) are solved by the supposition that notations for the name relation and for truth (having the requisite formal properties) do not occur in the logistic system set up -- and in principle, it is held, ought not to occur. The paradoxes of the second kind (Burali-Forti's, Russell's) are solved in each case in another way. -- Alonzo Church
unnesessary ::: a. --> Not necessary; not required under the circumstances; unless; needless; as, unnecessary labor, care, or rigor.
VII. Probability as a Physical Magnitude determined by Axioms.. This theory, which is favoured mainly by the Intuitionist school of mathematics, considers probability as a physical constant of which frequencies are measures. Thus, any frequency is an approximate measure of one physical constant attached to an event and to a set of trials: this constant is the probability of that event over the set of trials. As the observed frequencies differ little for large numbers of trials from their corresponding probabilities, some obvious properties of frequencies may be extended to probabilities. This is done without proceeding to the limit, but through general approximation as in the case of physical magnitudes. These properties are not constructed (as in the axiomatization of Mises), but simply described as such, they form a set of axioms defining probability. The classical postulates involved in the treatises of Laplace, Bertrand or Poincare have been modified in this case, under the joint influence of the discovery of measure by Borei, and of the use of abstract sets. Their new form has been fully stated by Kolmogoroff and interpreted by Frechet who proposes to call this latest theory the 'modernized axiomatic definition' of probability. Its interpretation requires that it should be preceded by an inductive synthesis, and followed by numerical verifications.
viveka. ::: wisdom; discrimination between the Real and the unreal, between the Self and the non-Self, between the permanent and the impermanent; right intuitive discrimination; one of the four prerequisites for qualification as a spiritual aspirant of vedanta; the foremost quality required for a fruitful enquiry
Volkelt, Johannes: (1848-1930) Waa influenced by the traditions of German idealism since Kant. His most imported work consisted in the analysis of knowledge which, he contended, had a double source; for it requires, first of all, empirical data, insofar as there can be no real knowledge of the external world apart from consciousness, and also logical thinking, insofar as it elaborates the crude material of perception. Consequently, knowledge may be described as the product of rational operations on the material of pure experience. Thus he arrived at the conclusion that reality is "trans-subjective", that is to say, it consists neither of mere objects nor of mere data of consciousness, but is rather a synthesis of both elements of existence. -- R.B.W.
water barometer ::: --> A barometer in which the changes of atmospheric pressure are indicated by the motion of a column of water instead of mercury. It requires a column of water about thirty-three feet in height.
while ::: n. --> Space of time, or continued duration, esp. when short; a time; as, one while we thought him innocent.
That which requires time; labor; pains. ::: v. t. --> To cause to pass away pleasantly or without irksomeness or disgust; to spend or pass; -- usually followed by away.
whist ::: interj. --> Be silent; be still; hush; silence. ::: n. --> A certain game at cards; -- so called because it requires silence and close attention. It is played by four persons (those who sit opposite each other being partners) with a complete pack of fifty-two cards. Each player has thirteen cards, and when these are
Yerkes-Dodson Law ::: Theory arguing that for performance to be optimal, the amount of arousal required must be optimized. Too much or too little stimulation will result in a poorer performance.
KEYS (10k)
2 Sri Ramana Maharshi
1 Wu Hsin
1 Tao Te Ching
1 Steve Pavlina
1 Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne
1 Rodney Collin
1 Robert Burton
1 Ramesh Balsekar
1 Phil Hine
1 Maya Angelou
1 Marcus Aurelius
1 Henry David Thoreau
1 George MacDonald
1 Crosby
1 Antoine the Healer: "Revelations"
1 Andrew Black
1 The Mother
1 Sri Ramakrishna
1 Saint Thomas Aquinas
1 Saint Teresa of Avila
1 Adyashanti
NEW FULL DB (2.4M)
22 Anonymous
15 Mahatma Gandhi
12 Henry David Thoreau
10 Mokokoma Mokhonoana
10 Mehmet Murat ildan
8 Sri Ramana Maharshi
7 Bren Brown
7 Aristotle
6 Mark Twain
6 Jane Austen
6 Haruki Murakami
5 Seth Godin
5 Seneca the Younger
5 Rick Riordan
5 Ovid
5 Libba Bray
5 John C Maxwell
5 George Eliot
5 Friedrich Nietzsche
5 Deepak Chopra
1:All great achievements require time.
~ Maya Angelou,#KEYS
2:I require of you no more than to look. ~ Saint Teresa of Avila, #KEYS
3:This is the great truth of Magic; the more one learns about it, the less they require of it to make their will a reality
~ Andrew Black,#KEYS
4:All the knowledge one can require emanates from this love ~ Antoine the Healer: "Revelations", the Eternal Wisdom #KEYS
5:God does not require an intermediary.
Mind your business and all will be well. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, Talks, 594,#KEYS
6:He has told you, O man, what is good; and what does the Lord require of youbut to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God? ~ Anonymous, The Bible, Micah, 6:8, #KEYS
7:The practice of the beatitudes does not require acts of heroism, but the simple and humble acceptance of the various trials that a person goes through. ~ Saint Padre Pio of Pietrelcina, #KEYS
8:Some become drunk on a small glass of wine, others require more. Some are satisfied by a glimpse of God, others must meet God face to face ~ Sri Ramakrishna, #KEYS
9:Complete surrender does require that you have no desire of your own. You must be satisfied with whatever God gives you. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, By As You Are, #KEYS
10:The sentiment of unity is not sufficient to create unity; we require also the practice of unity. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Bande Mataram - I, Shall India Be Free? - Unity and British Rule, #KEYS
11:One of two things must be done, either surrender because you admit your inability and require a higher power to help you, or investigate the cause of misery by going to the source and merging into the Self. Either way you will be free from misery. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, #KEYS
12:Some people consider the practice of love and compassion is only related to religious practice and if they are not interested in religion they neglect these inner values. But love and compassion are qualities that human beings require just to live together. ~ Dalai Lama, #KEYS
13:Being aware of being aware is the essence of meditation. It is the only form of meditation that does not require the directing, focusing or controlling of the mind." ~ Rupert Spira, (b.1960) international teacher of Advaita Vedanta. From "Being Aware of Being Aware, (2017)., #KEYS
14:One of two things must be done. Either surrender because you admit your inability and require a higher power to help you, or investigate the cause of misery by going to the source and merging into the Self. Either way you will be free from misery. God never forsakes one who has surrendered. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, Surpassing Love and Grace, #KEYS
15:A thousand questions can be asked about anything whatsoever, but to answer would require a volume, and even then the mind would understand nothing. It is only by a growth in the consciousness itself that you can get some direct perception of these things. But for that the mind must be quiet and a direct feeling and intuition take its place.
~ Sri Aurobindo, Letters On Yoga - IV,#KEYS
16:Q: Is it intentional in AD&D that the Haste spell (causing magical aging) should require a system shock roll, risking death?
Gary: the system shock check was included so DMs has something to use to prevent abuse of the spell, such as when a PC drank a potion of speed and then had a haste spell cast on him. My players knew better that to try to get cutsy like that when I was the DM. ~ Gary Gygax, Dragonsfoot, Q&A with Gary Gygax, 2005,#KEYS
17:The thunderbolt (vajra) is one of the major symbols in Buddhist iconography, signifying the spiritual power of Buddhahood (indestructible enlightenment) which shatters the illusory realities of the world. The Absolute, or Adi Buddha, is represented in the images of Tibet as Vajra-Dhara (Tibetan: Dorje-Chang) "Holder of the Adamantine Bolt.
...
We know also that among primitive peoples warriors may speak of their weapons as thunderbolts. Sicut in coelo et in terra: the initiated warrior is an agent of the divine will; his training is not only in manual but also in spiritual skills. Magic (the supernatural power of the thunderbolt), as well as physical force and chemical poison, gives the lethal energy to his blows. A consummate master would require no physical weapon at all; the power of his magic word would suffice. ~ Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces,#KEYS
18:The propensity to excessive simplification is indeed natural to the mind of man, since it is only by abstraction and generalisation, which necessarily imply the neglect of a multitude of particulars, that he can stretch his puny faculties so as to embrace a minute portion of the illimitable vastness of the universe. But if the propensity is natural and even inevitable, it is nevertheless fraught with peril, since it is apt to narrow and falsify our conception of any subject under investigation. To correct it partially - for to correct it wholly would require an infinite intelligence - we must endeavour to broaden our views by taking account of a wide range of facts and possibilities; and when we have done so to the utmost of our power, we must still remember that from the very nature of things our ideas fall immeasurably short of the reality. ~ James George Frazer, The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, Part 1, #KEYS
19:He told me that in 1886 he had invented an original system of numbering and that in a very few days he had gone beyond the twenty-four-thousand mark. He had not written it down, since anything he thought of once would never be lost to him. His first stimulus was, I think, his discomfort at the fact that the famous thirty-three gauchos of Uruguayan history should require two signs and two words, in place of a single word and a single sign. He then applied this absurd principle to the other numbers. In place of seven thousand thirteen he would say (for example) Maximo Pérez; in place of seven thousand fourteen, The Railroad; other numbers were Luis Melian Lafinur, Olimar, sulphur, the reins, the whale, the gas, the caldron, Napoleon, Agustin de Vedia. In place of five hundred, he would say nine. Each word had a particular sign, a kind of mark; the last in the series were very complicated...~ Jorge Luis Borges, Labyrinths, Selected Stories and Other Writings, #KEYS
20:How can faith be increased?
Through aspiration, I suppose. Some have it spontaneously... You see, it is difficult to pray if one doesn't have faith, but if one can make prayer a means of increasing one's faith, or aspiring, having an aspiration, having an aspiration to have faith... Most of these qualities require an effort. If one does not have a thing and wants to have it, well, it needs great, great, great sustained efforts, a constant aspiration, an unflagging will, a sincerity at each moment; then one is sure, it will come one day - it can come in a second. There are people who have it, and then they have contrary movements which come and attack. These people, if their will is sincere, can shield their faith, repel the attacks. There are others who cultivate doubt because it is a kind of dilettantism - that, there's nothing more dangerous than that. It is as though one were letting the worm into the fruit: it eventually eats it up completely. This means that when a movement of this sort comes - it usually comes first into the mind - the first thing to do is to be very determined and refuse it. Surely one must not enjoy looking on just to see what is going to happen; that kind of curiosity is terribly dangerous.
It is perhaps more difficult for intellectuals to have faith than for those who are simple, sincere, who are straightforward, without intellectual complications. But I think that if an intellectual person has faith, then that becomes very powerful, a very powerful thing which can truly work miracles. ~ The Mother, Question and Answers, Volume-6, page no.121),#KEYS
21:For invincible reasons of homogeneity and coherence, the fibers of cosmogenesis require to be prolonged in ourselves far more deeply than flesh and bone. We are not being tossed about and drawn along in the vital current merely by the material surface of our being. But like a subtle fluid, space-time, having drowned our bodies, penetrates our soul. It fills it and impregnates it. It mingles with its powers, until the soul soon no longer knows how to distinguish space-time from its own thoughts. Nothing can escape this flux any longer, for those who know how to see, even though it were the summit of our being, because it can only be defined in terms of increases of consciousness. For is not the very act by which the fine point of our mind penetrates the absolute a phenomenon of emergence? In short, recognized at first in a single point of things, then inevitably having spread to the whole of the inorganic and organic volume of matter, whether we like it or not evolution is now starting to invade the psychic zones of the world.... The human discovers that, in the striking words of Julian Huxley, we are nothing else than evolution become conscious of itself. It seems to me that until it is established in this perspective, the modern mind...will always be restless. For it is on this summit and this summit alone that a resting place and illumination await us.... All evolution becomes conscious of itself deep within us.... Not only do we read the secret of its movements in our slightest acts, but to a fundamental extent we hold it in our own hands: responsible for its past and its future. ~ Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man, #KEYS
22:The madman.-
Have you not heard of that madman who lit a lantern in the bright morning hours, ran to the market place. and cried incessantly: "I seek God! I seek God!" -As many of those who did not believe in God were standing around just then, he provoked much laughter. Has he got lost? asked one. Did he lose his way like a child? asked another. Or is he hiding? Is he afraid of us? Has he gone on a voyage? emigrated? -Thus they yelled and laughed.
The madman jumped into their midst and pierced them with his eyes. "Whither is God?" he cried; "I will tell you. We have killed him-you and I. All of us are his murderers. But how did we do this? How could we drink up the sea? Who gave us the sponge to wipe away the entire horizon? What were we doing when we unchained this earth from its sun? Whither is it moving now? Whither are we moving? Away from all suns? Are we not plunging continually? Backward, sideward. forward. in all directions? be there still any up or down? Are we not straying as through an infinite nothing? Do we not feel the breath of empty space? Has it not become colder? Is not night continually closing in on us? Do we not need to light lanterns in the morning? Do we hear nothing as yet of the noise of the gravediggers who are burying God? Do we smell nothing as yet of the divine decomposition? Gods, too. decompose. God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him.
"How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under our knives: who will wipe this blood off us? What water is there for us to clean ourselves? What festivals of atonement, what sacred games shall we have to invent? Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us? Must we ourselves not become gods simply to appear worthy of it? There has never been a greater deed; and whoever is born after us-for the sake of this deed he will belong to a higher history than all history hitherto."
Here the madman fell silent and looked again at his listeners; and they, too, were silent and stared at him in astonishment. At last he threw his lantern on the ground, and it broke into pieces and went out. "I have come too early," he said then: "my time is not yet. This tremendous event is still on its way, still wandering; it has not yet reached the ears of men. Lightning and thunder require time; the light of the stars requires time; deeds, though done, still require time to be seen and heard. This deed is still more distant from them than the most distant stars-and yet they have done it themselves... It has been related further that on the same day the madman forced his way into several churches and there struck up his reqttiem aeternam deo. Led out and called to account, he is said always to have replied nothing but: "What after all are these churches now if they are not the tombs and sepulchers of God? ~ Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science, trans. Kaufmann,#KEYS
*** WISDOM TROVE ***
1:Big results require big ambitions. ~ heraclitus, @wisdomtrove 2:A thousand ills require a thousand cures. ~ ovid, @wisdomtrove 3:Great men never require experience. ~ benjamin-disraeli, @wisdomtrove 4:Letters of friendship require no study. ~ george-washington, @wisdomtrove 5:You will attract everything that you require. ~ rhonda-byrne, @wisdomtrove 6:Mistrust all enterprises that require new clothes. ~ e-m-forster, @wisdomtrove 7:Happiness does not require anything external ~ neale-donald-walsch, @wisdomtrove 8:The poet's labors are a work of joy, and require peace of mind. ~ ovid, @wisdomtrove 9:Hard times require furious dancing. Each of us is proof. ~ alice-walker, @wisdomtrove 10:The Way is basically perfect. It doesn't require perfecting. ~ bodhidharma, @wisdomtrove 11:The extraordinary business does not require good management. ~ warren-buffet, @wisdomtrove 12:Life doesn't require ideals. It requires standards of action. ~ haruki-murakami, @wisdomtrove 13:Vengeance and retribution require a long time; it is the rule. ~ charles-dickens, @wisdomtrove 14:God doesn't require us to succeed, he only requires that you try. ~ mother-teresa, @wisdomtrove 15:The instinct to produce great work doesn't require a fancy notebook. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 16:But to appear happy when I am so miserable — Oh! who can require it? ~ jane-austen, @wisdomtrove 17:The ocean does not require that the waves are still to be more ocean-like. ~ mooji, @wisdomtrove 18:God does not require that we be successful only that we be faithful. ~ mother-teresa, @wisdomtrove 19:As long as we require someone else to make us happy, we are slaves. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove 20:Life doesn't require that we be the best, only that we try our best. ~ h-jackson-brown-jr, @wisdomtrove 21:Blindness is an unfortunate handicap but true vision does not require the eyes. ~ hellen-keller, @wisdomtrove 22:Extraordinary observations require extraordinary evidence to make them believable. ~ carl-sagan, @wisdomtrove 23:I require only three things of a man. He must be handsome, ruthless and stupid. ~ dorothy-parker, @wisdomtrove 24:All human things do require to have an ideal in them; to have some soul in them. ~ thomas-carlyle, @wisdomtrove 25:An authentic life does not require anyone else's approval for your creative choices. ~ alan-cohen, @wisdomtrove 26:Manage by exception.Only require reporting when there is a deviation from the plan. ~ brian-tracy, @wisdomtrove 27:The gifts we are given in life require the best of us, not merely our best intentions. ~ les-brown, @wisdomtrove 28:We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if mankind is to survive. ~ albert-einstein, @wisdomtrove 29:A tyrant is always stirring up some war or other, in order that the people may require a leader. ~ plato, @wisdomtrove 30:If you don't require the journey to be easy or comfortable or safe, you can change the world. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 31:True belonging doesn't require you to change who you are; it requires you to be who you are. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 32:Good relationships require a lot of hard work, education, and willingness to meet each other’s needs. ~ joyce-meyer, @wisdomtrove 33:That we must love one God only is a thing so evident that it does not require miracles to prove it. ~ blaise-pascal, @wisdomtrove 34:Schemes to subvert the liberties of a great community require time to mature them for execution. ~ alexander-hamilton, @wisdomtrove 35:The great mass of our citizens require only to understand matters rightly, to form right decisions. ~ george-washington, @wisdomtrove 36:For years I've been stressing with regard to UFOs that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. ~ carl-sagan, @wisdomtrove 37:I believe that the extraordinary should be pursued. But extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. ~ carl-sagan, @wisdomtrove 38:Sometimes problems don't require a solution to solve them; instead they require maturity to outgrow them. ~ steve-maraboli, @wisdomtrove 39:Some may be helped by images, some may not. Some require an image outside, others one inside the brain. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove 40:We seldom require more to the happiness of the present hour than to surpass him that stands next before us. ~ samuel-johnson, @wisdomtrove 41:The Lord so constituted everybody that no matter what color you are you require the same amount of nourishment. ~ will-rogers, @wisdomtrove 42:More and more people now have jobs that require them to confront the risk of appearing stupid on a regular basis. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 43:Downsizing trends and the changing global market require people to reinvent themselves and think like entrepreneurs. ~ les-brown, @wisdomtrove 44:There would be no accumulation of strength inside if the choices that you make did not require disipline and intention. ~ gary-zukav, @wisdomtrove 45:Our most constant relationships, like marriage, require our most constant deposits into the Emotional Bank Account. ~ stephen-r-covey, @wisdomtrove 46:You will attract everything you require - money, people, connections.. PAY ATTENTION to what's being set in front of you. ~ rhonda-byrne, @wisdomtrove 47:Ask God to fill your mouth with the words you need to say today. No issue is so small that it doesn't require God's wisdom. ~ joyce-meyer, @wisdomtrove 48:One must require from each one the duty which each one can perform. Accepted authority rests first of all on reason. ~ antoine-de-saint-exupery, @wisdomtrove 49:What does God require of us? Our part is to believe. Our work is to trust the Lord. His requirement is that we let go and let God. ~ joyce-meyer, @wisdomtrove 50:My meditation is simple. It does not require any complex practices. It is simple. It is singing. It is dancing. It is sitting silently ~ rajneesh, @wisdomtrove 51:The greatest things in life all require commitment, sacrifice, some struggle and hardship. It's not easy. But absolutely worth it. ~ robin-sharma, @wisdomtrove 52:Unlike statements of fact, which require no further work on our part, lies must be continually protected from collisions with reality. ~ sam-harris, @wisdomtrove 53:I think it [getting a gun] should be like getting a pilot's license. I think you should require training to get a license to have a gun. ~ sam-harris, @wisdomtrove 54:To require God to prove that He is able and willing to fulfill His promises would be proof positive that one does not trust Him. ~ charles-r-swindoll, @wisdomtrove 55:All interpretation, all psychology, all attempts to make things comprehensible, require the medium of theories, mythologies, and lies. ~ hermann-hesse, @wisdomtrove 56:I am persuaded, you will permit me to observe, that the path of true piety is so plain as to require but little political direction. ~ george-washington, @wisdomtrove 57:What is it about sleep that makes you so thirsty? Do dreams require liquid? It's not like I'm running a marathon, I'm just lying there. ~ jerry-seinfeld, @wisdomtrove 58:Unnatural to expect that learning to be happy should be any easier than, say, learning to play the violin or require any less practice. ~ alain-de-botton, @wisdomtrove 59:Faith is opening and surrendering to God. The spiritual journey does not require going anywhere because God is already with us and in us. ~ thomas-keating, @wisdomtrove 60:Three hours of writing require twenty hours of preparation. Luckily I have learned to dream about the work, which saves me some working time. ~ john-steinbeck, @wisdomtrove 61:What is it men in women do require? The lineaments of Gratified Desire.What is it women do in men require? The lineaments of Gratified Desire. ~ william-blake, @wisdomtrove 62:What is it men in women do require: The lineaments of gratified desire. What is it women do in men require: The lineaments of gratified desire. ~ william-blake, @wisdomtrove 63:Fund consultants like to require style boxes such as "long-short," "macro," "international equities." At Berkshire our only style box is "smart." ~ warren-buffet, @wisdomtrove 64:The world is in an extremely dangerous situation, and serious diseases often require the risk of a dangerous cure like the Pasteur serum for rabies. ~ alan-watts, @wisdomtrove 65:The evidence, so far at least and laws of Nature aside, does not require a Designer. Maybe there is one hiding, maddeningly unwilling to be revealed. ~ carl-sagan, @wisdomtrove 66:You succeed because you've chosen to be confident. It's not really useful to require yourself to be successful before you're able to become confident. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 67:There are not a few among the disciples of charity who require, in their vocation, scarcely less excitement than the votaries of pleasure in theirs. ~ charles-dickens, @wisdomtrove 68:If we want to make friends, let’s put ourselves out to do things for other people – things that require time, energy, unselfishness and thoughtfulness. ~ dale-carnegie, @wisdomtrove 69:The movement for equality and justice can only be a success if it has both a mass and militant character; the barriers to be overcome require both. ~ martin-luther-king, @wisdomtrove 70:As an investor with small capital, one should prefer businesses that have high returns on capital and that require little incremental investment to grow. ~ warren-buffet, @wisdomtrove 71:Every man holds his property subject to the general right of the community to regulate its use to whatever degree the public welfare may require it. ~ theodore-roosevelt, @wisdomtrove 72:It is modest of the nightingale not to require anyone to listen to it; but it is also proud of the nightingale not to care whether any one listens to it or not. ~ soren-kierkegaard, @wisdomtrove 73:Our goal is to create a beloved community," said Dr. King, "and this will require a qualitative change in our souls as well as a quantitative change in our lives. ~ martin-luther-king, @wisdomtrove 74:So long as you are still worried about what others think of you, you are owned by them. Only when you require no approval from outside yourself can you own yourself. ~ neale-donald-walsch, @wisdomtrove 75:The demands of Jesus are difficult just because they require us to do something extraordinary. At the same time he asks us to regard these as something usual, ordinary. ~ albert-schweitzer, @wisdomtrove 76:Morality is character and conduct such as is required by the circle or community in which the man's life happens to be placed. It shows how much good men require of us. ~ henry-ward-beecher, @wisdomtrove 77:I have never been able to sleep with anyone. I require a full-size bed so that I can lie in the middle of it and extend my arms spreadeagle on both sides without being obstructed. ~ mae-west, @wisdomtrove 78:The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize combined energy ~ sun-tzu, @wisdomtrove 79:And that the Scriptures, though not everywhere Free from corruption, or entire, or clear, Are uncorrupt, sufficient, clear, entire In all things which our needful faith require. ~ john-dryden, @wisdomtrove 80:The power of creating new funds upon new objects of taxation, by its own authority, would enable the national government to borrow as far as its necessities might require. ~ alexander-hamilton, @wisdomtrove 81:For the mind does not require filling like a bottle, but rather, like wood, it only requires kindling to create in it an impulse to think independently and an ardent desire for the truth. ~ plutarch, @wisdomtrove 82:Hope doesn't require a massive chain where heavy links of logic hold it together. A thin wire will do... just strong enough to get us through the night until the winds die down. ~ charles-r-swindoll, @wisdomtrove 83:I am too tired, I must try to rest and sleep, otherwise I am lost in every respect. What an effort to keep alive! Erecting a monument does not require an expenditure of so much strength. ~ franz-kafka, @wisdomtrove 84:Life does not require you to sacrifice or compromise your joy to get what you want. Joy is what you want, so when you choose in harmony with it, you are fulfilling your purpose in living. ~ alan-cohen, @wisdomtrove 85:Mutual caring relationships require kindness and patience, tolerance, optimism, joy in the other's achievements, confidence in oneself, and the ability to give without undue thought of gain. ~ fred-rogers, @wisdomtrove 86:Speak but little, and that little only when thy own purposes require it. Heaven has given thee two ears but only one tongue, which means: listen to two things, but be not the first to propose one. ~ hafez, @wisdomtrove 87:we both fitted. If our corners were not rubbed off they were at least pulled in. But deep in us both was something that made us require more for happiness. I didn't know what I wanted ~ f-scott-fitzgerald, @wisdomtrove 88:And in that Ocean of Mind there is an infinite store of energy, from which may be drawn that which the human centres of consciousness and power require, when they learn the secret. ~ william-walker-atkinson, @wisdomtrove 89:Fitting in is about assessing a situation and becoming who you need to be to be accepted. Belonging, on the other hand, doesn’t require us to change who we are; it requires us to be who we are. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 90:when my office would require me to either violate my conscience or violate the national interest, then I would resign the office; and I hope any conscientious public servant would do the same. ~ john-f-kennedy, @wisdomtrove 91:Blushing is the most peculiar and the most human of all expressions. Monkeys redden from passion, but it would require an overwhelming amount of evidence to make us believe that any animal could blush. ~ charles-darwin, @wisdomtrove 92:Adjusting to a new path and a new direction will require new qualities and strengths, and these qualities are always exactly what we need to acquire in order to accomplish the great things ahead in our life. ~ rhonda-byrne, @wisdomtrove 93:Empathy doesn't require that we have the exact same experiences as the person sharing their story with us... Empathy is connecting with the emotion that someone is experiencing, not the event or the circumstance. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 94:I don't require myself or anyone to go beyond what they feel they can do. I just do suggest - for their own eventual happiness - that they go as far as they can. They can usually go much further than they think. ~ alice-walker, @wisdomtrove 95:The basis of self-government and freedom requires the development of character and self-restraint and perseverance and the long view. And these are qualities which require many years of training and education. ~ john-f-kennedy, @wisdomtrove 96:World peace, like community peace, does not require that each man love his neighbor - it requires only that they live together with mutual tolerance, submitting their disputes to a just and peaceful settlement. ~ john-f-kennedy, @wisdomtrove 97:It takes time to build a corporate work of art. It takes time to build a life. And it takes time to develop and grow. So give yourself, your enterprise, and your family the time they deserve and the time they require. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove 98:A man doesn't require the approval of others. He's willing to follow his heart wherever it leads him. When a man is following his heart-centered path, it's of little consequence if the entire world is against him. ~ steve-pavlina, @wisdomtrove 99:The Way is basically perfect. It doesn't require perfecting. The Way has no form or sound. It's subtle and hard to perceive. It's like when you drink water: you know how hot or cold it is, but you can't tell others. ~ bodhidharma, @wisdomtrove 100:I know that she deserves the best and purest love the heart of man can offer," said Mrs. Maylie; "I know that the devotion and affection of her nature require no ordinary return, but one that shall be deep and lasting. ~ charles-dickens, @wisdomtrove 101:The people alone have an incontestable, unalienable, and indefeasible right to institute government and to reform, alter, or totally change the same when their protection, safety, prosperity, and happiness require it. ~ alexander-hamilton, @wisdomtrove 102:When you do not require a person to show up as you imagine you need them to be, then you can drop expectation. Then you love them exactly as they are. Yet this can only happen when you love your Self exactly as you are. ~ neale-donald-walsch, @wisdomtrove 103:Education is one of the subjects which most essentially require to be considered by various minds, and from a variety of points of view. For, of all many-sided subjects, it is the one which has the greatest number of sides. ~ john-stuart-mill, @wisdomtrove 104:Courage doesn't always involve physical heroism in the face of death. It doesn't always require giant leaps worthy of celebration. Sometimes, courage is the willingness to speak the truth about what you see and to own what you say. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 105:Changing the world doesn't require much money. Again, think in terms of empowerment and not charity. How much were Gandhi's teachers paid? How much did it cost to give Dr. Martin Luther King the books that catalyzed his mind and actions? ~ tim-ferris, @wisdomtrove 106:It is explained that all relationships require a little give and take. This is untrue. Any partnership demands that we give and give and give and at the last, as we flop into our graves exhausted, we are told that we didn't give enough. ~ quentin-crisp, @wisdomtrove 107:Always go with the choice that scares you the most, because that's the one that is going to require the most from you. Do you really want to look back on your life and see how wonderful it could have been had you not been afraid to live it? ~ caroline-myss, @wisdomtrove 108:What counts is not what sounds plausible, not what we would like to believe, not what one or two witnesses claim, but only what is supported by hard evidence rigorously and skeptically examined. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. ~ carl-sagan, @wisdomtrove 109:Always go with the choice that scares you the most, because that's the one that is going to require the most from you. Do you really want to look back on your life and see how wonderful it could have been had you not been afraid to live it? ~ norman-vincent-peale, @wisdomtrove 110:Financial success, or any other kind of success, does not require hard work or action, but it does require alignment of thought. You simply cannot offer negative thought about things that you desire and then make up for it with action or hard work. ~ esther-hicks, @wisdomtrove 111:One of the great tragedies of mankind is that morality has been hijacked by religion. So now people assume that religion and morality have a necessary connection. But the basis of morality is really very simple and doesn't require religion at all. ~ arthur-c-carke, @wisdomtrove 112:Criticism - however valid or intellectually engaging - tends to get in the way of a writer who has anything personal to say. A tightrope walker may require practice, but if he starts a theory of equilibrium he will lose grace (and probably fall off). ~ j-r-r-tolkien, @wisdomtrove 113:If religious belief be indeed so necessary to mankind, as we are continually assured that it is, there is great reason to lament, that the intellectual grounds of it should require to be backed by moral bribery or subornation of the understanding. ~ john-stuart-mill, @wisdomtrove 114:Our minds are susceptible to the influence of external voices telling us what we require to be satisfied, voices that may drown out the faint sounds emitted by our souls and distract us from the careful, arduous task of accurately naming our priorities. ~ alain-de-botton, @wisdomtrove 115:A business owner is the boss, but it's a job, a place that is stable and profitable. An entrepreneur is an artist of sorts, throwing his/herself into impossible situations and seeking out problems that require heart and guts to solve. Both are fine, but choose. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 116:If anything had or could have a value equal to gold and silver, it would require no tender law; and if it had not that value it ought not to have such a law; and, therefore, all tender laws are tyrannical and unjust and calculated to support fraud and oppression. ~ thomas-paine, @wisdomtrove 117:It is true that there is a thing crudely called charity, which means charity to the deserving poor; but charity to the deserving is not charity at all, but justice. It is the undeserving who require it, and the ideal either does not exist at all, or exists wholly for them. ~ g-k-chesterton, @wisdomtrove 118:University President: Why is it that you physicists always require so much expensive equipment? Now the Department of Mathematics requires nothing but money for paper, pencils, and erasers . . . and the Department of Philosophy is better still. It doesn't even ask for erasers. ~ isaac-asimov, @wisdomtrove 119:If you're interested in matching your mind with the most intelligent kind of beast I have ever encountered, get yourself a Scotty dog. He'll get bored very fast, and it will require all of your personal power and intelligence to keep up with him. You might find a good friend. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove 120:It doesn't require expropriation or confiscation of private property or business to impose socialism on a people. What does it mean whether you hold the deed or the title to your business or property if the government holds the power of life and death over that business or property? ~ ronald-reagan, @wisdomtrove 121:every secret of a writer's soul, every experience of his life, every quality of his mind is written large in his works, yet we require critics to explain the one and biographers to expound the other. That time hangs heavy on people's hands is the only explanation of the monstrous growth. ~ virginia-woolf, @wisdomtrove 122:Spirituality does not require that you work hard toward achieving a result in the future as much as it requires you to be fully present, sincere and committed now, with absolute honesty and willingness to uncover and let go of any illusions that come between you and the realization of Reality. ~ adyashanti, @wisdomtrove 123:The reputations of the Lord's people should be very precious in our sight... We may ourselves one of these dark days need forbearance and silence from our brethren, let us render it cheerfully to those who require it now. Be this our family rule, and our personal bond: Speak evil of no man. ~ charles-spurgeon, @wisdomtrove 124:A free people ought not only to be armed, but disciplined; to which end a uniform and well-digested plan is requisite; and their safety and interest require that they should promote such manufactories as tend to render them independent of others for essential, particularly military, supplies. ~ george-washington, @wisdomtrove 125:To invest successfully over a lifetime does not require a stratospheric IQ, unusual business insights, or inside information. What's needed is a sound intellectual framework for making decisions and the ability to keep emotions from corroding that framework. You must supply the emotional discipline. ~ warren-buffet, @wisdomtrove 126:I have always liked running, so it wasn't particularly difficult to make it a habit. All you need is a pair of running shoes and you can do it anywhere. It does not require anybody to do it with, and so I found the sport perfectly fits me as a person who tends to be independent and individualistic. ~ haruki-murakami, @wisdomtrove 127:Those who desire to remain intoxicated by Reality do not require artificial intoxicants. Indulging in false things will only increase falsity, for every direction is indeed infinite. Those who desire the truly genuine Thing proceed of themselves with great intensity so as to progress in their sadhana. ~ anandamayi-ma, @wisdomtrove 128:It is a rare person who can pierce the veil between ordinarly life, consumed with matters of physical survival, and pursuit of the empowered path of purpose and meaning unless he or she is motivated by a crisis. Most often we require the failure of some system of power that we rely on before we take action. ~ caroline-myss, @wisdomtrove 129:It is a rare person who can pierce the veil between ordinarly life, consumed with matters of physical survival, and pursuit of the empowered path of purpose and meaning unless he or she is motivated by a crisis. Most often we require the failure of some system of power that we rely on before we take action. ~ norman-vincent-peale, @wisdomtrove 130:Nobody can tell you who you are. It would just be another concept, so it would not change you. Who you are requires no belief. In fact, every belief is an obstacle. It does not even require your realization since you already are who you are. But without realization, who you are does not shine forth into the world. ~ eckhart-tolle, @wisdomtrove 131:First, what does truth require? It requires us to face the facts as they are, not to involve ourselves in self-deception; to refuse to think merely in slogans. If we are to work for the future of the city, let us deal with the realities as they actually are, not as they might have been, and not as we wish they were. ~ john-f-kennedy, @wisdomtrove 132:Science arouses a soaring sense of wonder. But so does pseudoscience. Sparse and poor popularizations of science abandon ecological niches that pseudoscience promptly fills. If it were widely understood that claims to knowledge require adequate evidence before they can be accepted, there would be no room for pseudoscience. ~ carl-sagan, @wisdomtrove 133:Our progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education. Our requirements for world leadership, our hopes for economic growth, and the demands of citizenship itself in an era such as this all require the maximum development of every young American's capacity. The human mind is our fundamental resource. ~ john-f-kennedy, @wisdomtrove 134:It's a very simple example to show that if you miss one step in a process in can cost you an enormous amount of time and money to fix. With a checklist, you can write it down and give it some someone else for them to do successfully. Checklists require discipline and organization, which is something internet marketers have to master. ~ brian-tracy, @wisdomtrove 135:True belonging is the spiritual practice of believing in and belonging to yourself so deeply that you can share your most authentic self with the world and find sacredness in both being a part of something and standing alone in the wilderness. True belonging doesn’t require you to change who you are; it requires you to be who you are. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 136:It is a long time,' repeated his wife; & 137:For years to come the debris of a convulsed world will beset our steps. It will require a purpose stronger than any man and worthy of all men to calm and inspirit us. A sane society whose riches are happy children, men and women, beautiful with peace and creative activity, is not going to be ordained for us. We must make it ourselves. ~ hellen-keller, @wisdomtrove 138:Those who are marginal in the world are central in the Church, and that is how it is supposed to be! Thus we are called as members of the Church to keep going to the margins of our society. The homeless, the starving, parentless children, people with AIDS, our emotionally disturbed brothers and sisters - they require our first attention. ~ henri-nouwen, @wisdomtrove 139:All manifest life seems to require a period of sleep, of calm, in which to gain added strength, renewed vigour, for the next manifestation, or awakening to activity. Thus is the march of all progress, of all manifest life - in waves, successive waves, [of] activity and repose. Waves succeed each other in an endless chain of progression. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove 140:First, what does truth require? It requires us to face the facts as they are, not to involve ourselves in self-deception; to refuse to think merely in slogans. If we are to work for the future of the city, let us deal with the realities as they actually are, not as they might have been, and not as we wish they were. [... ] The truth doesn't die. ~ john-f-kennedy, @wisdomtrove 141:When he whom I love travels with me or sits a long while holding me by the hand, … Then I am charged with untold and untellable wisdom, I am silent, I require nothing further, I cannot answer the question of appearances or that of identity beyond the grave, But I walk or sit indifferent, I am satisfied, He ahold of my hand has completely satisfied me. ~ walt-whitman, @wisdomtrove 142:William James once made an acute point about the relationship between happiness and expectation. He argued that satisfaction with ourselves does not require us to succeed in every endeavour. We are not always humiliated by failing; we are humiliated only if we first invest our pride and sense of worth in a given achievement and then do not reach it. ~ alain-de-botton, @wisdomtrove 143:If it were only that people have diversities of taste, that is reason enough for not attempting to shape them all after one model. But different persons also require different conditions for their spiritual development, and can no more exist healthily in the same moral, than all the varieties of plants can in the same physical, atmosphere and climate. ~ john-stuart-mill, @wisdomtrove 144:I foresee the time when industry shall no longer denude the forests which require generations to mature, nor use up the mines which were ages in making, but shall draw its raw material largely from the annual produce of the fields. I am convinced that we shall be able to get out of yearly crops most of the basic materials which we now get from forest and mine. ~ henry-ford, @wisdomtrove 145:Facing personal truths and purging yourself of addictions or manipulative habits require strength, courage, humility, faith, and other qualities of a soul with stamina, because you are not just changing yourself; you are changing your universe. Your soul is a compass. Change one coordinate in your spiritual compass and you change your entire life's direction. ~ caroline-myss, @wisdomtrove 146:If you are committed to creating value and if you aren't afraid of hard times; obstacles become utterly unimportant. A nuisance perhaps; but with no real power. The world respects creation; people will get out of your way. - Candice Carpenter Always go with the choice that scares you the most, because that's the one that is going to require the most from you. ~ caroline-myss, @wisdomtrove 147:Should any American soldier be so base and infamous as to injure any Canadian or Indian in his person or property, I do most earnestly enjoin you to bring him to such severe and exemplary punishment, as the enormity of the crime may require. Should it extend to death itself, it shall not be disproportioned to its guilt, at such a time and in such a cause. ~ george-washington, @wisdomtrove 148:Most Americans are born drunk, and really require a little wine or beer to sober them. They have a sort of permanent intoxication from within, a sort of invisible champagne. Americans do not need to drink to inspire them to do anything, though they do sometimes, I think, need a little for the deeper and more delicate purpose of teaching them how to do nothing. ~ g-k-chesterton, @wisdomtrove 149:Facing personal truths and purging yourself of addictions or manipulative habits require strength, courage, humility, faith, and other qualities of a soul with stamina, because you are not just changing yourself; you are changing your universe. Your soul is a compass. Change one coordinate in your spiritual compass and you change your entire life's direction. ~ norman-vincent-peale, @wisdomtrove 150:If you are committed to creating value and if you aren't afraid of hard times; obstacles become utterly unimportant. A nuisance perhaps; but with no real power. The world respects creation; people will get out of your way. - Candice Carpenter Always go with the choice that scares you the most, because that's the one that is going to require the most from you. ~ norman-vincent-peale, @wisdomtrove 151:The continual whine of lamenting the burden of taxes, however successfully it may be practiced in mixed governments, is inconsistent with the sense and spirit of a republic. If taxes are necessary, they are of course advantageous, but if they require an apology, the apology itself implies an impeachment. Why, then, is man imposed upon, or why does he impose upon himself? ~ thomas-paine, @wisdomtrove 152:The problem with clich√©s is not that they contain false ideas, but rather that they are superficial articulations of very good ones... If... we are obliged to create our own language, it is because there are dimensions to ourselves absent from clich√©s, which require us to flout etiquette in order to convey with greater accuracy the distinctive timbre of our thought. ~ alain-de-botton, @wisdomtrove 153:Wisdom comes most easily to those who have the courage to embrace life without judgment and are willing to not know, sometimes for a long time. It requires us to be more fully and simply alive than we have been taught to be. It may require us to suffer. But ultimately, we will be more than we were when we began. There is the seed of a greater wholeness in everyone. ~ rachel-naomi-remen, @wisdomtrove 154:If you want to nourish a bird, you should let it live any way it chooses. Creatures differ because they have different likes and dislikes. Therefore the sages never require the same ability from all creatures. . . concepts of right should be founded on what is suitable. The true saint leaves wisdom to the ants, takes a cue from the fishes, and leaves willfulness to the sheep. ~ zhuangzi, @wisdomtrove 155:So, you want to be like Christ? Me too. But that kind of godliness won't just happen by hanging around a church or thinking lofty thoughts three or four times a day or learning a few verses of Scripture. It will take more - much more. Disciplining ourselves will require the same kind of focused thinking and living that our Master modeled during His brief life on earth. ~ charles-r-swindoll, @wisdomtrove 156:One of the biggest surprises in this research was learning that fitting in and belonging are not the same thing. In fact, fitting in is one of the greatest barriers to belonging. Fitting in is about assessing a situation and becoming who you need to be in order to be accepted. Belonging, on the other hand, doesn’t require us to change who we are; it requires us to be who we are. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 157:Forgiveness does not mean that we have to continue to relate to those who have done us harm. In some cases the best practice may be to end our connection, to never speak to or be with a harmful person again. Sometimes in the process of forgiveness a person who hurts or betrayed us may wish to make amends, but even this does not require us to put ourselves in the way of further harm. ~ jack-kornfield, @wisdomtrove 158:I have long been an ardent believer in the science of Homeopathy and I feel happy that it has got now a greater hold in India than even in the land of its origin. It is not merely a collection of a few medicines but a real science with a rational philosophy at its base. We require more scientific interest and inquiry into the matter with special stress upon the Indian environment ~ rabindranath-tagore, @wisdomtrove 159:Men are naturally lazy, and require some great stimulus to goad their flagging ambitions and enable them to overcome the inertia which comes from ease and the consciousness of inherited wealth. Whatever lessens in a young man the feeling that he must make his way in the world cripples his chance of success. Poverty has ever been the priceless spur that has goaded man up to his own loaf. ~ orison-swett-marden, @wisdomtrove 160:If every sensation, thought, or emotion passed entirely from the mind the moment it ceased to be present, then it would be as if it had not been; and it could not be recognized or named should it happen to return. Such an one would not only be without knowledge,—without experience gathered from the past,—but without purpose, aim, or plan regarding the future, for these imply knowledge and require memory. ~ william-walker-atkinson, @wisdomtrove 161:Dear brethren, this is exactly what we have to do, we have to pawn the present for the future. We must be satisfied to give up anything which Christ may require of us for the sake of that which is to come. Our inheritance is not on this side of Jordan. Our joy is yet to be revealed. I grant you that we have much thrown in, for the Lord is a good paymaster; but on the road to heaven he gives us only our spending money. ~ charles-spurgeon, @wisdomtrove 162:I am thinking; therefore I exist. (... ) I was a substance whose whole essence or nature is solely to think, and which does not require any place, or depend on any material thing, in order to exist. Accordingly, this & 163:It is no limitation upon property rights or freedom of contract to require that when men receive from government the privilege of doing business under corporate form... they shall do so under absolutely truthful representations... Great corporations exist only because they were created and safeguarded by our institutions; and it is therefore our right and duty to see that they work in harmony with these institutions. ~ theodore-roosevelt, @wisdomtrove 164:Perhaps the chief cause which has retarded the progress of poetry in America, is the want of that exclusive cultivation, which so noble a branch of literature would seem to require. Few here think of relying upon the exertion of poetic talent for a livelihood, and of making literature the profession of life. The bar or the pulpit claims the greater part of the scholar's existence, and poetry is made its pastime. ~ henry-wadsworth-longfellow, @wisdomtrove 165:Desire is a powerful force that can be used to make things happen. Yet do not confuse desire with expectation, or with need. Desire has an entirely different quality to it. You can desire something without needing or requiring it. That little difference makes everything work. That little difference is the whole trick. Desire, do not Require. To desire propels. To require compels. Life will not be compelled, but it can be coaxed. ~ neale-donald-walsch, @wisdomtrove 166:Satan frequently steals the will of God from us due to reasoning. The Lord may direct us to do a certain thing, but if it does not make sense - if it is not logical - we may be tempted to disregard it. What God leads a person to do does not always make logical sense to his mind. His spirit may affirm it and His mind reject it, especially if it would be out of the ordinary or unpleasant or if it would require personal sacrifice or discomfort. ~ joyce-meyer, @wisdomtrove 167:All the greatest and most important problems in life are fundamentally insoluble … They can never be solved, but only outgrown. This “outgrowing” proves on further investigation to require a new level of consciousness. Some higher or wider interest appeared on the horizon and through this broadening of outlook, the insoluble lost its urgency. It was not solved logically in its own terms, but faded when confronted with a new and stronger life urge. ~ carl-jung, @wisdomtrove 168:Freedom is as frightening now as it was thousands of years ago. It will always require a willingness to sacrifice what is most familiar for what is most true. To be free we may need to act from integrity, on trust, sometimes for a very long time. Few of us will reach our promised land in a day. But perhaps the most important part of the story is that God does not delegate this task. Whenever anyone moves toward freedom, God Himself is there. ~ rachel-naomi-remen, @wisdomtrove 169:At this point in our global ecological crisis, the survival of humanity will require a fundamental shift in our attitude toward nature: from finding out how we can dominate and manipulate nature to how we can learn from her. In this brilliant and hopeful book, Jay Harman shows us how far the new field of Biomimicry has already progressed toward this goal. The Shark's Paintbrush makes for fascinating and joyful reading - much needed in these dark times. ~ fritjof-capra, @wisdomtrove 170:Tell a devout Christian that his wife is cheating on him, or that frozen yogurt can make a man invisible, and he is likely to require as much evidence as anyone else, and to be persuaded only to the extent that you give it. Tell him that the book he keeps by his bed was written by an invisible deity who will punish him with fire for eternity if he fails to accept its every incredible claim about the universe, and he seems to require no evidence what so ever. ~ sam-harris, @wisdomtrove 171:There are solutions to the major problems of our time; some of them even simple. But they require a radical shift in our perceptions, our thinking, our values. And, indeed, we are now at the beginning of such a fundamental change of worldview in science and society, a change of paradigms as radical as the Copernican revolution. Unfortunately, this realization has not yet dawned on most of our political leaders, who are unable to connect the dots, to use a popular phrase. ~ fritjof-capra, @wisdomtrove 172:Life does not require us to be consistent, cruel, patient, helpful, angry, rational, thoughtless, loving, rash, open-minded, neurotic, careful, rigid, tolerant, wasteful, rich, downtrodden, gentle, sick, considerate, funny, stupid, healthy, greedy, beautiful, lazy, responsive, foolish, sharing, pressured, intimate, hedonistic, industrious, manipulative, insightful, capricious, wise, selfish, kind or sacrificed. Life does, however, require us to live with the consequences of our choices. ~ richard-bach, @wisdomtrove 173:If the Universe came to an end every time there was some uncertainty about what had happened in it, it would never have got beyond the first picosecond. And many of course don't. It's like a human body, you see. A few cuts and bruises here and there don't hurt it. Not even major surgery if it's done properly. Paradoxes are just the scar tissue. Time and space heal themselves up around them and people simply remember a version of events which makes as much sense as they require it to make. ~ douglas-adams, @wisdomtrove 174:It win be a device that will permit communication without any time interval between two points in space. The device will not transmit messages, of course; simultaneity is identity. But to our perceptions, that simultaneity will function as a transmission, a sending. So we will be able to use it to talk between worlds, without the long waiting for the message to go and the reply to return that electromagnetic impulses require. It is really a very simple matter. Like a kind of telephone. ~ ursula-k-le-guin, @wisdomtrove 175:Require nothing unreasonable of your officers and men, but see that whatever is required be punctually complied with. Reward and punish every man according to his merit, without partiality or prejudice; hear his complaints; if well founded, redress them; if otherwise, discourage them, in order to prevent frivolous ones. Discourage vice in every shape, and impress upon the mind of every man, from the first to the lowest, the importance of the cause, and what it is they are contending for. ~ george-washington, @wisdomtrove 176:Billy Pilgrim had a theory about diaries. Women were more likely than men to think that their lives had sufficient meaning to require recording on a daily basis. It was not for the most part a God-is-leading-me-on-a-wondrous-journey kind of meaning, but more an I've-gotta-be-me-but-nobody-cares sentimentalism that passed for meaning, and they usually stopped keeping a diary by the time they hit thirty, because by then they didn't want to ponder the meaning of life anymore because it scared the crap out of them. ~ dean-koontz, @wisdomtrove 177:I wanted to experience both. I wanted worldly enjoyment and divine transcendence. I wanted what the Greeks called kalos kai agathos, the singular balance of the good and the beautiful. I'd been missing both during these last hard years, because both pleasure and devotion require a stress-free space in which to flourish and I'd been living in a giant trash compactor of nonstop anxiety. As for how to balance the urge for pleasure against the longing for devotion... well, surely there was a way to learn that trick. ~ elizabeth-gilbert, @wisdomtrove 178:The Anarchists are right in everything; in the negation of the existing order, and in the assertion that, without authority, there could not be worse violence than that of authority under existing conditions. They are mistaken only in thinking that Anarchy can be instituted by a revolution. "To establish Anarchy." "Anarchy will be instituted." But it will be instituted only by there being more and more people who do not require protection from governmental power, and by there being more and more people who will be ashamed of applying this power. ~ leo-tolstoy, @wisdomtrove 179:It is with great satisfaction that I have signed into law the Social Security Amendments of 1961. They represent an additional step toward eliminating many of the hardships resulting from old age, disability, or the death of the family wage-earner. A nation's strength lies in the well-being of its people. The Social Security program plays an important part in providing for families, children, and older persons in time of stress, but it cannot remain static. Changes in our population, in our working habits, and in our standard of living require constant revision. ~ john-f-kennedy, @wisdomtrove 180:It is with great satisfaction that I have signed into law the Social Security Amendments of 1961. They represent an additional step toward eliminating many of the hardships resulting from old-age, disability, or the death of the family wage earner. . . . A Nation's strength lies in the well being of its people. The social security program plays an important part in providing for families, children, and older persons in time of stress, but it cannot remain static. Changes in our population, in our working habits, and in our standard of living require constant revision. ~ john-f-kennedy, @wisdomtrove 181:In the depths of the Ocean of Mind there is quiet and calm and peace— the embodiment of latent power and potential energy. On its surface are ripples, waves, great movements of energy, currents, whirlpools, eddies— phases of fierce tempest alternating with phases of calm and quiet. And from the depths of that Ocean of Mind, all mental and physical power emerges— and to its bosom all must return. And in that Ocean of Mind there is an infinite store of energy, from which may be drawn that which the human centres of consciousness and power require, when they learn the secret. ~ william-walker-atkinson, @wisdomtrove *** NEWFULLDB 2.4M ***
1:Lies require commitment. ~ Veronica Roth, #NFDB
2:No matter; I didn’t require ~ Gail Honeyman, #NFDB
3:big plans require big action ~ Greg Behrendt, #NFDB
4:Happiness doesn't require words. ~ Eric Weiner, #NFDB
5:New ideas require new structures. ~ Leroy Hood, #NFDB
6:Big results require big ambitions. ~ Heraclitus, #NFDB
7:A thousand ills require a thousand cures. ~ Ovid, #NFDB
8:Beginnings imply and require endings. ~ Ann Leckie, #NFDB
9:All great acheivements require time. ~ Maya Angelou, #NFDB
10:All great achievements require time. ~ Maya Angelou, #NFDB
11:Being a lady does not require silence. ~ Betty Ford, #NFDB
12:Different times require different wisdom. ~ Ken Liu, #NFDB
13:Great dreams require great courage. ~ Erwin McManus, #NFDB
14:Serious times require strong leadership. ~ Jeb Bush, #NFDB
15:require prints. Banks, retailers, people ~ Lee Child, #NFDB
16:Direct threats require decisive action. ~ Dick Cheney, #NFDB
17:Excellence does not require perfection. ~ Henry James, #NFDB
18:Feelings do not require justification. ~ Wendy Walker, #NFDB
19:A kiss should never require explanation, ~ Sara Rosett, #NFDB
20:All great achievements require time.
~ Maya Angelou,#NFDB
21:Hard roads require will of steel! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan, #NFDB
22:unity does not require uniformity. ~ Rachel Held Evans, #NFDB
23:We in middle age require adventure. ~ Carolyn Heilbrun, #NFDB
24:Great men never require experience. ~ Benjamin Disraeli, #NFDB
25:Stolen kisses require an accomplice. ~ Texas Bix Bender, #NFDB
26:Financial crises require governments. ~ Timothy Geithner, #NFDB
27:Pretending doesn't require expensive toys. ~ Fred Rogers, #NFDB
28:All governments require enemy governments. ~ Edward Abbey, #NFDB
29:All things require skill but an appetite. ~ George Herbert, #NFDB
30:Fulfilling your purpose will require passion. ~ Paul Tsika, #NFDB
31:It's going to require numerous IRA agents. ~ George W Bush, #NFDB
32:Endless stairs require endless effort! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan, #NFDB
33:Heroism does not require spiritual maturity. ~ Abel Hermant, #NFDB
34:I am no more humble than my talents require. ~ Oscar Levant, #NFDB
35:Letters of friendship require no study. ~ George Washington, #NFDB
36:You will attract everything that you require ~ Rhonda Byrne, #NFDB
37:Good manners require space and time. ~ Alphonse de Lamartine, #NFDB
38:If the day did not require an AK then it was good ~ Ice Cube, #NFDB
39:I really don't require a whole lot in life. ~ Jeff Foxworthy, #NFDB
40:I require of you no more than to look. ~ St. Teresa of Avila, #NFDB
41:You will attract everything that you require. ~ Rhonda Byrne, #NFDB
42:Be firm or mild as the occasion may require. ~ Cato the Elder, #NFDB
43:Bold objects require conservative engineering. ~ James E Webb, #NFDB
44:Hope does not always require probability. ~ John Perry Barlow, #NFDB
45:All effective actions require the passport of morality. ~ Saul, #NFDB
46:Desperate affairs require desperate measures. ~ Horatio Nelson, #NFDB
47:Long-term career plans require long-term thinking. ~ Tim Grahl, #NFDB
48:Why must duty require me to break my own heart? ~ Rachel Hauck, #NFDB
49:All systems require myths for their longevity. ~ Nikki Giovanni, #NFDB
50:But art should require no instrument but memory. ~ Paul Theroux, #NFDB
51:I require of you no more than to look. ~ Saint Teresa of Avila, #NFDB
52:To die with dignity does not require company ~ Jon Lee Anderson, #NFDB
53:Global challenges require collective responses. ~ Hassan Rouhani, #NFDB
54:Mistrust all enterprises that require new clothes. ~ E M Forster, #NFDB
55:Who said to kill does not require gentleness? ~ Nawal El Saadawi, #NFDB
56:Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
57:I do not require your trust. Only your obedience. ~ Charles Soule, #NFDB
58:It does not require many words to speak the truth. ~ Chief Joseph, #NFDB
59:Strategy requires thought, tactics require observation ~ Max Euwe, #NFDB
60:Tolerance and human rights require each other. ~ Simon Wiesenthal, #NFDB
61:Why does love always seem to require sacrifice? ~ Nicholas Sparks, #NFDB
62:It must require bravery to be honest all the time. ~ Veronica Roth, #NFDB
63:Women, perhaps even require a little hypocrisy. ~ Honore de Balzac, #NFDB
64:Writers don't need love; all they require is money. ~ John Osborne, #NFDB
65:Desperate affairs require desperate remedies. ~ Carl von Clausewitz, #NFDB
66:Resolutions require only words. Results take action. ~ Tony Robbins, #NFDB
67:Working and making a fire doth discretion require. ~ George Herbert, #NFDB
68:Employers are like horses — they require management. ~ P G Wodehouse, #NFDB
69:Nature does require her times of preservation. ~ William Shakespeare, #NFDB
70:Sins may be forgiven. Crimes require punishment. ~ George R R Martin, #NFDB
71:Humility is a virtue Scotsmen require to be taught. ~ Dorothy Dunnett, #NFDB
72:Surviving dangerous times require a sense of humor. ~ Robert Ferrigno, #NFDB
73:Iraq will require US occupation of undetermined length. ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
74:It's not weakness to require help, or a protector. ~ Alexandra Bracken, #NFDB
75:The poet's labors are a work of joy, and require peace of mind. ~ Ovid, #NFDB
76:Big results require big ambitions. ~ B L Norris Heraclitus ~ B L Norris, #NFDB
77:Fairness does not require the redistribution of wealth; ~ Felix Rohatyn, #NFDB
78:Hard times require furious dancing. Each of us is proof. ~ Alice Walker, #NFDB
79:If you want more, you have to require more from yourself. ~ Phil McGraw, #NFDB
80:Man is almost always as wicked as his needs require. ~ Giacomo Leopardi, #NFDB
81:Exceptional claims, require exceptional evidence. ~ Christopher Hitchens, #NFDB
82:Happiness does not require an expanding economy ~ John Kenneth Galbraith, #NFDB
83:Happiness seems to require a modicum of external prosperity. ~ Aristotle, #NFDB
84:And he didn't require any nuzzling, thank you. He had a dog. ~ Tessa Dare, #NFDB
85:Beware of all enterprises that require new clothes. ~ Henry David Thoreau, #NFDB
86:Every gun sold should require a background check, period. ~ Gary Ackerman, #NFDB
87:I will punish you when you require it, and it will be painful. ~ E L James, #NFDB
88:Men more frequently require to be reminded than informed. ~ Samuel Johnson, #NFDB
89:Tak does not require we think of him, only that we think ~ Terry Pratchett, #NFDB
90:The Way is basically perfect. It doesn't require perfecting. ~ Bodhidharma, #NFDB
91:Being a decent human being will require effort and energy… ~ David Nicholls, #NFDB
92:Extraordinary allegations require extraordinary evidence. ~ Lance Armstrong, #NFDB
93:Great blessings require great commitment and determination. ~ Bryant McGill, #NFDB
94:I require distance from the past in order to grasp the future. ~ Sylvia Day, #NFDB
95:It does not require money to be neat, clean and dignified. ~ Mahatma Gandhi, #NFDB
96:The ride does not require an explanation, just participants. ~ Sonny Barger, #NFDB
97:Schemes are like fruit, they require a certain ripening. ~ George R R Martin, #NFDB
98:You only require two things in life: your sanity and your wife. ~ Tony Blair, #NFDB
99:Beware of all enterprises that require new clothes.” —Thoreau ~ Kurt Vonnegut, #NFDB
100:The extraordinary business does not require good management. ~ Warren Buffett, #NFDB
101:Understanding and love require a wisdom that comes only with age. ~ Rollo May, #NFDB
102:Being given shit doesn't require me to accept it," she said. ~ Kate Canterbary, #NFDB
103:Nonviolence does not require any outside or outward training. ~ Mahatma Gandhi, #NFDB
104:Some of us should learn to ask for bold things that require God. ~ Sam Roberts, #NFDB
105:Good relationships require kindness, commitment, and appreciation. ~ Jane Green, #NFDB
106:If you knew what to demand of me you would not require my help. ~ Nick Harkaway, #NFDB
107:Investment success does not require glamour stocks or bull markets. ~ John Neff, #NFDB
108:It does not require money, to live neat, clean and dignified.. ~ Mahatma Gandhi, #NFDB
109:Leaps of innovation require a bravery that borders on absurdity. ~ Astro Teller, #NFDB
110:Life doesn't require ideals. It requires standards of action. ~ Haruki Murakami, #NFDB
111:Life doesn’t require ideals. It requires standards of action. ~ Haruki Murakami, #NFDB
112:Love should require both partners to be very best at all times. ~ Gillian Flynn, #NFDB
113:One must require from each one the duty which each one can perform, ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
114:That's the thing about happiness. It doesn't require justification. ~ Lang Leav, #NFDB
115:Truly different behaviors require truly distinct situations. ~ Joshua Meyrowitz, #NFDB
116:Document preparation systems will also require large screen displays. ~ Bill Joy, #NFDB
117:The multitude who require to be led, still hate their leaders. ~ William Hazlitt, #NFDB
118:Vengeance and retribution require a long time; it is the rule. ~ Charles Dickens, #NFDB
119:But some women only require an emergency to make them fit for one. ~ Thomas Hardy, #NFDB
120:Children require long, uniterrupted periods of play and exploration ~ Jean Piaget, #NFDB
121:God doesn't require us to succeed, he only requires that you try. ~ Mother Teresa, #NFDB
122:Hope provides comfort, and hope does not always require probability. ~ John Perry, #NFDB
123:Love shouldn’t require Windex to be clear. It either is or it isn’t. ~ Mandy Hale, #NFDB
124:Loyalty to your country should never require you to lie about it. ~ Joseph Sobran, #NFDB
125:The instinct to produce great work doesn't require a fancy notebook. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
126:But to appear happy when I am so miserable — Oh! who can require it? ~ Jane Austen, #NFDB
127:For a woman's words to wound would require a man to listen first! ~ Meredith Duran, #NFDB
128:I think sometimes people really require the satisfaction of closure. ~ Diablo Cody, #NFDB
129:Keeping the human race in check must require a lot of multitasking. ~ Paul McAuley, #NFDB
130:Manners require time, and nothing is more vulgar than haste. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson, #NFDB
131:The ocean does not require that the waves are still to be more ocean-like. ~ Mooji, #NFDB
132:Do you now have all the information you require?’ ‘No.’ ‘I envy you. ~ John le Carr, #NFDB
133:Husbands are an inferior class of men, who require keeping in order. ~ George Eliot, #NFDB
134:husbands are an inferior class of men, who require keeping in order. ~ George Eliot, #NFDB
135:Some things need to be said. And sometimes they require strong words. ~ Jessi Kirby, #NFDB
136:There's no pain on earth that doesn't require a benevolent witness. ~ Sue Monk Kidd, #NFDB
137:God does not require that we be successful only that we be faithful. ~ Mother Teresa, #NFDB
138:Kidding yourself doesn’t require that you have a sense of humor. But ~ Carrie Fisher, #NFDB
139:Love should require both partners to be their very best at all times ~ Gillian Flynn, #NFDB
140:products that require a high degree of behavior change are doomed to fail ~ Nir Eyal, #NFDB
141:All great things worth having require great sacrifice worth giving. ~ Paullina Simons, #NFDB
142:Good thing loving someone doesn't require caring about their parents. ~ Ellen Hopkins, #NFDB
143:Love does not require you to make believe you are something you are not. ~ Alan Cohen, #NFDB
144:None. Life doesn’t require ideals. It requires standards of action. ~ Haruki Murakami, #NFDB
145:There was no text. “Real” poems do not “really” require words. I ~ Layli Long Soldier, #NFDB
146:Whatever your desire, use Cosmic Ordering to get what you require! ~ Stephen Richards, #NFDB
147:Blasphemy has always seemed to require taking things very seriously. ~ Donna J Haraway, #NFDB
148:But then, I am always being overwhelmed. I require it to sustain life. ~ Everett Ruess, #NFDB
149:Children require guidance and sympathy far more than instruction. ~ Anne Sullivan Macy, #NFDB
150:it will require a struggle to try to make America reality-based again. ~ Kurt Andersen, #NFDB
151:New weapons require new tactics. Never put new wine into old bottles. ~ Heinz Guderian, #NFDB
152:Tears are a form of communication - like speech - and require a listener. ~ Erica Jong, #NFDB
153:The human soul can always use a new tradition. Sometimes we require them. ~ Pat Conroy, #NFDB
154:You know how to stop abortion? Require that each one occur with a gun. ~ Rush Limbaugh, #NFDB
155:As long as we require someone else to make us happy, we are slaves. ~ Swami Vivekananda, #NFDB
156:mastering your memory is going to require a different kind of thinking. ~ Kevin Horsley, #NFDB
157:The British people, being subject to fogs, require grave statesmen. ~ Benjamin Disraeli, #NFDB
158:There are some things that require no work, and healing is one of them. ~ Deepak Chopra, #NFDB
159:Do not tell the blind about the light - they will require proof of your sight. ~ Unknown, #NFDB
160:If you find you require willpower, you aren't ready to lose weight. ~ Augusten Burroughs, #NFDB
161:I love the place; the magnificent books; I require books as I require air. ~ Sholem Asch, #NFDB
162:Trees are a miracle in themselves; they do not require God to be miraculous. ~ Ned Hayes, #NFDB
163:We often find that even the little things in life still require faith, ~ John Paul Davis, #NFDB
164:What I will say to people is what you require are rules and not prejudices. ~ Tony Blair, #NFDB
165:Constant contact is what people require these days. Its tough on artists. ~ Emily Robison, #NFDB
166:His eloquence . . . seemed to require opposition to give it its full force. ~ Ron Chernow, #NFDB
167:I strongly believe the DREAM Act should require the completion of a degree. ~ Joe Manchin, #NFDB
168:Life doesn't require that we be the best, only that we try our best. ~ H Jackson Brown Jr, #NFDB
169:Making your dreams come true is going to require a whole serial killer setup. ~ C D Reiss, #NFDB
170:my love cannot negate the words of my mouth and the righteousness I require. ~ Kay Arthur, #NFDB
171:Preparing our city to achieve its destiny will require strong leadership. ~ Thomas Menino, #NFDB
172:The truest tales require time and familiarity to become what they are. ~ Erin Morgenstern, #NFDB
173:Your supply will arrive if you require less and welcome all that shows up. ~ Wayne W Dyer, #NFDB
174:Carl Sagan put it best: Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. ~ Chris Impey, #NFDB
175:good friendships require complementary personalities, not identical ones. ~ William Landay, #NFDB
176:It doesn’t cost money to light a room correctly—but it does require culture. ~ Meik Wiking, #NFDB
177:Large-scale public projects require the agreement of large numbers of people. ~ Thom Mayne, #NFDB
178:You know," the kid said, "the thing about plans is, they require more cookies. ~ Vic James, #NFDB
179:You were going to make me earn it. You would require a reason to trust me. ~ Jamie McGuire, #NFDB
180:All things can be repaired, Peyton. Some simply require more time than others. ~ A G Riddle, #NFDB
181:Difficulties are inevitable,” I said. “Major projects require persistence. ~ Graeme Simsion, #NFDB
182:Half gods are worshipped in wine and flowers. Real gods require blood. ~ Zora Neale Hurston, #NFDB
183:If any person should meddle with my cause, I require them to judge the best'. ~ Anne Boleyn, #NFDB
184:I might be short, chubby, and require a B-cup manzier, but I was still a man. ~ John Corwin, #NFDB
185:Irina’s smile disappeared. “I don’t require all of the princess, huntsman.” A ~ C J Redwine, #NFDB
186:I warn people, your 40s will require massive amounts of humor and humility. ~ Henry Rollins, #NFDB
187:Penance does not require hair shirts today; our neighbors are hair shirts. ~ Fulton J Sheen, #NFDB
188:Wanting to do one thing can require that you take on other interests. ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson, #NFDB
189:I require three things in a man: he must be handsome, ruthless, and stupid. ~ Dorothy Parker, #NFDB
190:Never exact of a friend in adversity what you would require in prosperity. ~ Joseph Smith Jr, #NFDB
191:Religions are like fireflies. They require darkness in order to shine. ~ Arthur Schopenhauer, #NFDB
192:We shall see but a little way if we require to understand what we see. ~ Henry David Thoreau, #NFDB
193:Absolute rules are for unthinking people. Sheep require fences—humans do not. ~ Brian Herbert, #NFDB
194:All the knowledge one can require emanates from this love ~ Antoine the Healer: “Revelations”, #NFDB
195:Half Gods are worshipped with wine and Flowers. Real Gods require Blood. ~ Zora Neale Hurston, #NFDB
196:Ideas, and even the detection of errors, require more than care and caution. ~ Ernest Gellner, #NFDB
197:I didn't know crushing on a guy would require me to up my calorie intake. ~ Miranda Kenneally, #NFDB
198:I feel like all comedy does require a lack of vanity, but multi-cam, especially. ~ Anna Faris, #NFDB
199:Most things worth having require some sacrifice, usually more than you expect. ~ Albert Ellis, #NFDB
200:Require... electoral votes to be allocated in proportion to the popular votes ~ Robert A Dahl, #NFDB
201:The truth. The dead want nothing else. It is the only thing that they require. ~ Anne Enright, #NFDB
202:Blindness is an unfortunate handicap but true vision does not require the eyes. ~ Helen Keller, #NFDB
203:but good friendships require complementary personalities, not identical ones. ~ William Landay, #NFDB
204:Healthy relationships require transformed hearts, not just transformed brains. ~ Steve Corbett, #NFDB
205:…the only thing we require to be good philosophers is the faculty of wonder… ~ Jostein Gaarder, #NFDB
206:Extraordinary observations require extraordinary evidence to make them believable. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
207:I don't require all your attention but I do need some of it.
(Wicked) ~ Gregory Maguire,#NFDB
208:It is not the possessions but the desires of mankind which require to be equalized. ~ Aristotle, #NFDB
209:Simple systems are not feasible because they require infinite testing. ~ Norman Ralph Augustine, #NFDB
210:The problem with popular thinking is that it doesn’t require you to think at all. ~ Kevin Myers, #NFDB
211:The protection of our citizens, the spirit and honor of our country, require ~ Thomas Jefferson, #NFDB
212:The purpose or calling of your life will require all of you—a wholeheartedness. ~ Gary Barkalow, #NFDB
213:why did i so passionately require the truth? because all great fiction is true ~ Kinky Friedman, #NFDB
214:Why did loving people so frequently require ripping one’s soul completely open? ~ Melinda Leigh, #NFDB
215:I require only three things of a man. He must be handsome, ruthless and stupid. ~ Dorothy Parker, #NFDB
216:That which doesn't kill you will just require many stitches."
-Caillen ~ Sherrilyn Kenyon,#NFDB
217:… the only thing we require to be good philosophers is the faculty of wonder … ~ Jostein Gaarder, #NFDB
218:All human things do require to have an ideal in them; to have some soul in them. ~ Thomas Carlyle, #NFDB
219:Apparently you didn't require air when you were a teenager. You made your own air. ~ Meg Wolitzer, #NFDB
220:Apparently you didn’t require air when you were a teenager. You made your own air. ~ Meg Wolitzer, #NFDB
221:I can't be my own person if I constantly require someone else to hold me together. ~ Tahereh Mafi, #NFDB
222:I don't require movies to be about good people, and I don't reject screen violence. ~ Roger Ebert, #NFDB
223:If any of my characters require me to blacken my beard I do it, otherwise I don't. ~ Akshay Kumar, #NFDB
224:I require myself not to be equal to the best, but to be better then the bad. ~ Seneca the Younger, #NFDB
225:Laws that require equal protections reinforce the moral imperative of equality. ~ Hillary Clinton, #NFDB
226:most effortful forms of slow thinking are those that require you to think fast. ~ Daniel Kahneman, #NFDB
227:One of the reasons empathy works so well is because it does not require a solution. ~ John Medina, #NFDB
228:Tak does not require that you think of him, but he does require that you think, ~ Terry Pratchett, #NFDB
229:That a guardian should require another guardian to take care of him is ridiculous indeed. ~ Plato, #NFDB
230:The14th Amendment does not require birthright citizenship. It doesn't mention it. ~ Rush Limbaugh, #NFDB
231:The future may require not so much having a new idea as stopping having an old idea. ~ Edwin Land, #NFDB
232:this cold-blooded walk to his destruction would require a different kind of bravery ~ J K Rowling, #NFDB
233:You don't have to be a big name to do big things. Shine does not require recognition. ~ T F Hodge, #NFDB
234:Being original doesn’t require being first. It just means being different and better. ~ Adam Grant, #NFDB
235:Bringing countries together above their conflicts require great minds and great hearts. ~ Amit Ray, #NFDB
236:I can’t be my own person, if i constantly require someone else to hold me together. ~ Tahereh Mafi, #NFDB
237:If skydiving were safe, the parachute center would not require you to sign a waiver. ~ Dan Poynter, #NFDB
238:I have two dogs and a parrot, so they require a lot of attention. They deserve it. ~ Cassie Steele, #NFDB
239:No. Simplicity and justice require that thought and deed not be carelessly elided. ~ Richard Russo, #NFDB
240:Often times in order to capture your dreams, it will require you to chase your fears. ~ Neil Patel, #NFDB
241:The oldest, shortest words— "yes" and "no"— are those which require the most thought. ~ Pythagoras, #NFDB
242:To get over drinking will require a transformation of thought and attitude. ~ Alcoholics Anonymous, #NFDB
243:We are free only when we no longer require health, however much we may prefer it. ~ Arthur W Frank, #NFDB
244:All I require of a religion is that it be tolerant of those who do not agree with it. ~ Roger Ebert, #NFDB
245:encouraged me to follow his lead. Selby encouraged (but didn’t require) his students to ~ J D Vance, #NFDB
246:India unarmed would not require to be destroyed through poison gas or bombardment. ~ Mahatma Gandhi, #NFDB
247:Repetition, especially for things that require teamwork, creates trust and transparency. ~ Gene Kim, #NFDB
248:The constant project of our girl selves seeming to require odd and precise attentions. ~ Emma Cline, #NFDB
249:... the only thing we require to be good philosophers is the faculty of wonder... ~ Jostein Gaarder, #NFDB
250:We are unhappy because we think that love is something we require from someone else. ~ Arthur Japin, #NFDB
251:We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if mankind is to survive. ~ Albert Einstein, #NFDB
252:Anything that is worth pursuing is going to require us to suffer, just a little bit. ~ Chris Burkard, #NFDB
253:Debates require a lot of hard work and preparation. If you try to wing it, it shows. ~ Mark McKinnon, #NFDB
254:Ideas that require people to reorganize their picture of the world provoke hostility. ~ James Gleick, #NFDB
255:Our books still do not require batteries. But I am no fool. It is a slender advantage. ~ Robin Sloan, #NFDB
256:Small thoughts fit easily into a closed mind, but big thoughts require an open one. ~ Roy H Williams, #NFDB
257:The oldest, shortest words - 'yes' and 'no' - are those which require the most thought. ~ Pythagoras, #NFDB
258:THE ONLY THING WE REQUIRE TO BE GOOD PHILOSOPHERS IS THE FACULTY OF WONDER. Babies ~ Jostein Gaarder, #NFDB
259:Why does turning on a TV these days require three remotes with ninety buttons? Why? ~ Helen Fielding, #NFDB
260:Forgiveness does not require us to close our eyes but rather to truly open them. ~ Richard Paul Evans, #NFDB
261:It does require maturity to realize that models are to be used, but not to be believed. ~ Henri Theil, #NFDB
262:I've been trying for some time to develop a lifestyle that doesn't require my presence. ~ G B Trudeau, #NFDB
263:Little jobs require little men, and it's the little jobs that keep a kingdom running. ~ David Eddings, #NFDB
264:The most effortful forms of slow thinking are those that require you to think fast. ~ Daniel Kahneman, #NFDB
265:... both pleasure and devotion require a stress-free space in which to flourish... ~ Elizabeth Gilbert, #NFDB
266:If right were ultimately right, its differentiation from not-right would require no debate. ~ Zhuangzi, #NFDB
267:If we require more perfection from women than from ourselves, it is doing them honor. ~ Samuel Johnson, #NFDB
268:Never put your faith in a Prince. When you require a miracle, trust in a Witch. ~ Catherynne M Valente, #NFDB
269:Some men so needfully require complication, they find themselves defending their enemies. ~ Adam Levin, #NFDB
270:You know, to address crowds and make promises does not require very much brains. ~ Eduard Shevardnadze, #NFDB
271:Being a sport star and a chef both require passion, commitment, work and natural ability. ~ Paul Rankin, #NFDB
272:HUMANITY IS GOING TO REQUIRE A SUBSTANTIALLY NEW WAY OF THINKING IF IT IS TO SURVIVE. ~ Albert Einstein, #NFDB
273:The ultimate for me would be to do a feature that didn't require any narrative structure. ~ Johnny Depp, #NFDB
274:"We always require an outside point to stand on, in order to apply the lever of criticism." ~ Carl Jung, #NFDB
275:Well, thinking about what’s not supposed to require thinking, that is philosophy, no? ~ Samuel R Delany, #NFDB
276:A programming language is low level when its programs require attention to the irrelevant. ~ Alan Perlis, #NFDB
277:Good ideas never require guns; and if an idea requires guns, it is not a good idea! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan, #NFDB
278:I have done almost every human activity inside a taxi which does not require main drainage. ~ Alan Brien, #NFDB
279:It was that I worried their presence might require an explanation and I did not have one. ~ Katie Heaney, #NFDB
280:This, I confess, hurts my feelings, and if it obtains credit will require a contradiction, ~ Ron Chernow, #NFDB
281:Writing doesn't require drive. It's like saying a chicken has to have drive to lay an egg. ~ John Updike, #NFDB
282:Green jobs - those are jobs that feel like new economy jobs; they do require some training. ~ Hanna Rosin, #NFDB
283:"... love and compassion are qualities that human beings require just to live together." ~ Dalai Lama XIV, #NFDB
284:Low goals don’t require extraordinary actions so they rarely lead to extraordinary results. ~ Gary Keller, #NFDB
285:True belonging doesn't require you to change who you are; it requires you to be who you are. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
286:True belonging doesn’t require you to change who you are; it requires you to be who you are. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
287:Trust and love require freedom, and if they’re forced, then they’re not trust and love. ~ Michael Gaitley, #NFDB
288:Uncommon men require no common trust; give him but scope and he will set the bounds. ~ Friedrich Schiller, #NFDB
289:Unity, I thought, implies the possibility of disunity. Beginnings imply and require endings. ~ Ann Leckie, #NFDB
290:Unshed tears of an unrequited desire for vengeance are exhausting and require privacy. ~ Ng g wa Thiong o, #NFDB
291:40. "Wisdom and deep intelligence require an honest appreciation of mystery."~ Thomas Moore ~ Thomas Moore, #NFDB
292:And that's my point: all great things worth having require great sacrifice worth giving. ~ Paullina Simons, #NFDB
293:If you don't require the journey to be easy or comfortable or safe, you can change the world. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
294:Living your purpose will require a HUGE amount of faith, courage, tenacity and perseverance. ~ Mastin Kipp, #NFDB
295:Management of outcomes may not be any more than a skill. It does not require knowledge. ~ W Edwards Deming, #NFDB
296:Mitt Romney, happens to have the exact skill set that the next president's going to require. ~ Artur Davis, #NFDB
297:Smoking must be harder than not smoking. For the latter does not require any action. ~ Mokokoma Mokhonoana, #NFDB
298:Ask God to show you specific areas in your life that require his special “renewing” attention. ~ Max Lucado, #NFDB
299:A tyrant... is always stirring up some war or other, in order that the people may require a leader. ~ Plato, #NFDB
300:Challenges are something that can only be tackled in the present moment and require action. ~ Eckhart Tolle, #NFDB
301:Empathy works so well because it does not require a solution. It requires only understanding. ~ John Medina, #NFDB
302:For small businesses to thrive, they require an environment that is conducive for growth. ~ Nydia Velazquez, #NFDB
303:I require a hierarchy of priorities after protecting Shira and Malkah and the small felines. ~ Marge Piercy, #NFDB
304:It is necessary to me, not simply to be but to utter, and I require utterance of my friends. ~ George Eliot, #NFDB
305:Patriotism would require standing up to what I had seen, not standing alongside it in silence. ~ Dan Rather, #NFDB
306:The Lord does not require us to wear a [cassock] — He wants us to be good and kind. ~ Thaddeus of Vitovnica, #NFDB
307:there is more than one way to poison a person’s heart, and it doesn’t even require a meal. ~ Maria V Snyder, #NFDB
308:Things happen to you they happen. They dont ask first. They dont require your permission. ~ Cormac McCarthy, #NFDB
309:To even get feedback from our integration process would require twenty-four to thirty-six hours. ~ Gene Kim, #NFDB
310:A computer shall not waste your time or require you to do more work than is strictly necessary. ~ Jef Raskin, #NFDB
311:I have made as much out of myself as could be made of the stuff, and no man should require more. ~ Jean Paul, #NFDB
312:I knew then that to come up in life you require talent, hard work, aggression and connections. ~ Sudha Murty, #NFDB
313:It is simply economically impossible to require controls that even approach zero emissions. ~ Barry Commoner, #NFDB
314:Preservation of one's own culture does not require contempt or disrespect for other cultures. ~ Cesar Chavez, #NFDB
315:Proposing an immigration policy that serves America’s interests should not require an apology. ~ Ann Coulter, #NFDB
316:Renewed friendships require more care than those that have never been broken. ~ Francois de La Rochefoucauld, #NFDB
317:The natural economic, humanitarian and social integration, do not require any armed forces. ~ Vladimir Putin, #NFDB
318:We all require and want respect, man or woman, black or white. It's our basic human right. ~ Aretha Franklin, #NFDB
319:We cannot conceive of matter being formed of nothing, since things require a seed to start from. ~ Lucretius, #NFDB
320:You're humoring me," he said with the hint of a grin.
"You require a lot of coddling. ~ Leigh Bardugo,#NFDB
321:Leaps of greatness require the combined problem-solving ability of people who trust each other. ~ Simon Sinek, #NFDB
322:Most Americans are born drunk, and really require a little wine or beer to sober them. ~ Gilbert K Chesterton, #NFDB
323:Women don't require motives that are comprehensible to my intellectual processes.
(Nero Wolfe) ~ Rex Stout,#NFDB
324:All of our deeply held dreams and aspirations require us to build on our common bonds. ~ Arnold Schwarzenegger, #NFDB
325:Most Beethoven symphonies require 80 or more instruments, and the late romantics even more. ~ Neville Marriner, #NFDB
326:Require the immortality of the individual is wanting to perpetuate an error to infinity. ~ Arthur Schopenhauer, #NFDB
327:Do we really require so many gardening programmes, makeover programmes or celebrity chefs? ~ David Attenborough, #NFDB
328:The greatest happiness you can have is knowing that you do not necessarily require happiness. ~ William Saroyan, #NFDB
329:The mark of a great shiphandler is never getting into situations that require great shiphandling. ~ Ernest King, #NFDB
330:True fragrance speaks for itself. It does not require to be pointed out by the bearer. ~ Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi, #NFDB
331:Great marriages require a constant infusion of commitment, tears, and lots and lots of forgiveness. ~ Levi Lusko, #NFDB
332:The problem with popular thinking is that it doesn’t require you to think at all.” —Kevin Myers ~ John C Maxwell, #NFDB
333:we must guard against a tendency to require monolithic thought as imposed by political correctness. ~ Ben Carson, #NFDB
334:What answer to the meaning of existence should one require beyond the right to exercise one's gifts? ~ W H Auden, #NFDB
335:When I see a large group of people, I wonder how many of them will eventually require autopsies. ~ George Carlin, #NFDB
336:But sometimes it's the things that require a leap of faith that we need to believe in most of all. ~ Lisa Wingate, #NFDB
337:Nations as well as men require time to learn, whatever may be their intelligence or zeal. ~ Alexis de Tocqueville, #NFDB
338:The great can protect themselves, but the poor and humble require the arm and shield of the law. ~ Andrew Jackson, #NFDB
339:If our species is to survive, our future will probably require outposts beyond our own planet. ~ Lawrence M Krauss, #NFDB
340:If we want abusers to change, we will have to require them to give up the luxury of exploitation. ~ Lundy Bancroft, #NFDB
341:Manners require showing consideration of all human beings, not just the ones to whom one is close. ~ Judith Martin, #NFDB
342:That’s why liberals are constantly discovering new crises that require more government solutions. ~ Jonah Goldberg, #NFDB
343:We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if mankind is to survive.” —Albert Einstein ~ Richard Bard, #NFDB
344:Being human means yearning for more than subsistence. As much as food or shelter, we require hope. ~ Jessica Bruder, #NFDB
345:But it seems there is more than one way to poison a person's heart, and it doesn't require a meal. ~ Maria V Snyder, #NFDB
346:Crime and vice generally require darkness for prowling. They disappear when light plays upon them. ~ Mahatma Gandhi, #NFDB
347:Good relationships require a lot of hard work, education, and willingness to meet each other’s needs. ~ Joyce Meyer, #NFDB
348:My favorite piece of technical writing: Assembly of Japanese bicycle require great peace of mind. ~ Robert M Pirsig, #NFDB
349:States created markets. Markets require states. Neither could continue without the other, at least, ~ David Graeber, #NFDB
350:That we must love one God only is a thing so evident that it does not require miracles to prove it. ~ Blaise Pascal, #NFDB
351:The heart is like a musical instrument of many strings, all the chords of which require putting in harmony. ~ Saadi, #NFDB
352:The pain is necessary. Sometimes pain is the teacher we require, a hidden gift of healing and hope. ~ Janet Jackson, #NFDB
353:To get to forgiveness, we first have to work through the painful experiences that require it. ~ Christiane Northrup, #NFDB
354:A lot of these industries are having difficulty finding reliable workers with the skills they require. ~ Jerry Rubin, #NFDB
355:American ideals do not require to be changed so much as they require to be understood and applied. ~ Calvin Coolidge, #NFDB
356:as though "the Truth" were such an innocent and incompetent creature as to require protectors! ~ Friedrich Nietzsche, #NFDB
357:Belonging, on the other hand, doesn’t require us to change who we are; it requires us to be who we are. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
358:Even the most creative skills—especially the most creative skills—require long periods of clumsiness. ~ Daniel Coyle, #NFDB
359:God does not require an intermediary.
Mind your business and all will be well. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, Talks, 594,#NFDB
360:Hip-hop gave a generation a common ground that didn't require either race to lose anything; everyone gained. ~ Jay Z, #NFDB
361:I have teenage boys and I think teenage boys require a father to have eyeballs on them at all times. ~ Miguel Ferrer, #NFDB
362:I require you, if you mean what you say about helping, to be a young ass in Aleppo, not Zakynthos. ~ Dorothy Dunnett, #NFDB
363:It would require constant vigilance to not replace each person with my own fictional version of them. ~ Miranda July, #NFDB
364:Forgiveness doesn't require approval," she said. "God never approves of sin, but he still forgives us. ~ Sarah Sundin, #NFDB
365:Schemes to subvert the liberties of a great community require time to mature them for execution. ~ Alexander Hamilton, #NFDB
366:The origin and the operation of the universe do not require any violations of the laws of physics. ~ Victor J Stenger, #NFDB
367:Ugly problems often require ugly solutions. Solving an ugly problem in a pure manner is bloody hard. ~ Rasmus Lerdorf, #NFDB
368:Awareness does not require emotion, because emotion and awareness are mediated by different brain regions. ~ Alex Korb, #NFDB
369:Can you think of any need you have that would require more strength than god exercised to raise the dead? ~ Beth Moore, #NFDB
370:I think that peace will require two states, a Palestinian state that recognizes the Jewish state. ~ Benjamin Netanyahu, #NFDB
371:Some people have a love of their fellow man in their hearts, and others require a light anesthetic. ~ Garrison Keillor, #NFDB
372:All creative people—which is everyone—require commitment and time and courage to grow into their insights. ~ Gary Zukav, #NFDB
373:I am ready,' I replied.
'How do you know you can do it?'
'Because you require it,' I answered. ~ George MacDonald,#NFDB
374:I say beware of all enterprises that require new clothes, and not rather a new wearer of clothes. ~ Henry David Thoreau, #NFDB
375:Nor does this understanding require a prolonged grounding in the not yet established laws of psychology. ~ Gilbert Ryle, #NFDB
376:Take note, complaining is not the same as prayer. It doesn’t require any spiritual insight to grumble. ~ Brother Andrew, #NFDB
377:The great mass of our citizens require only to understand matters rightly, to form right decisions. ~ George Washington, #NFDB
378:The study of economics does not seem to require any specialised gifts of an unusually high order. ~ John Maynard Keynes, #NFDB
379:You don't get to choose what the world would require of you. You got to choose only how you responded. ~ Patrick Carman, #NFDB
380:For years I've been stressing with regard to UFOs that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
381:How does gravity work? And if it were to cease suddenly, would certain restaurants still require a jacket? ~ Woody Allen, #NFDB
382:important achievements require a clear focus, all-out effort, and a bottomless trunk full of strategies. ~ Carol S Dweck, #NFDB
383:I say, beware of all enterprises that require new clothes, and not rather a new wearer of clothes. ~ Henry David Thoreau, #NFDB
384:One must require of each what each is able to give. Authority rests first of all upon reason. ~ Antoine de Saint Exup ry, #NFDB
385:The boldness of asking deep questions may require unforeseen flexibility if we are to accept the answers. ~ Brian Greene, #NFDB
386:The writer should never be ashamed of staring. There is nothing that does not require his attention. ~ Flannery O Connor, #NFDB
387:This is that law of the Gospel; whatsoever you require that others should do to you, that do ye to them. ~ Thomas Hobbes, #NFDB
388:Those born into poverty or on the margins of society require our extra support to realize their dreams. ~ Novak Djokovic, #NFDB
389:Unbelievably, a goldfish can kill a gorilla. However, it does require a substantial element of surprise. ~ George Carlin, #NFDB
390:What you treasure will ultimately require you die for it, Jesus is the only treasure that died for you. ~ Timothy Keller, #NFDB
391:Circumstances sometimes require, that rights the most unquestionable should be advanced with delicacy. ~ Thomas Jefferson, #NFDB
392:I believe that the extraordinary should be pursued. But extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
393:Is it really faith if it doesn't require you to stretch yourself beyond the rational? Past your questions? ~ Kennedy Ryan, #NFDB
394:once an idea gets into your head, it will probably require way too much evidence to get it out again. ~ Eliezer Yudkowsky, #NFDB
395:We will never accomplish anything worthwhile in life if we require the guarantee of success at the onset. ~ Sherry Thomas, #NFDB
396:Africans require, want, the franchise on the basis of one man one vote. They want political independence. ~ Nelson Mandela, #NFDB
397:A truly confident person does not require arrogance, which is nothing more than a smoke screen for insecurity. ~ Amy Cuddy, #NFDB
398:Death is a certain refuge, never to be feared”; “Strong diseases require strong remedies”, writes Montaigne ~ Stefan Zweig, #NFDB
399:Does one require proof of one's own being? Only remain aware of yourself and all else will be known. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, #NFDB
400:It quickly becomes clear that having a child in France doesn't require choosing a parenting philsophy. ~ Pamela Druckerman, #NFDB
401:Open your heart. Friendships and love require risk, but nothing is more precious. It’s worth it. I promise. ~ Nancy Naigle, #NFDB
402:Peace doesn't require two people; it requires only one. It has to be you. The problem begins and ends there. ~ Byron Katie, #NFDB
403:Sometimes problems don’t require a solution to solve them; instead they require maturity to outgrow them. ~ Steve Maraboli, #NFDB
404:Testing is done in scarce integration test environments, which often require weeks to obtain and configure. The ~ Gene Kim, #NFDB
405:We often feel that a clever aphorism captures a truth that would require pages to defend in any other way. ~ Steven Pinker, #NFDB
406:We were taught to be God-fearing,” my mother said. “One who loves does not brandish fear or require it. ~ Richard Wagamese, #NFDB
407:Whatever behavior modifications you require from me are a trivial price to pay for have you as my partner ~ Graeme Simsion, #NFDB
408:But I am not those people. I am just the biologist; I don’t require any of this to have a deeper meaning. ~ Jeff VanderMeer, #NFDB
409:Evolution and creationism both require faith. It's just a matter of where you choose to place that faith. ~ Benjamin Carson, #NFDB
410:Some may be helped by images, some may not. Some require an image outside, others one inside the brain. ~ Swami Vivekananda, #NFDB
411:To me the work is so much more interesting, the parts that don't require you just to take your shirt off. ~ Morris Chestnut, #NFDB
412:Why did the two most important things in her life have to require her attention at exactly the same time? ~ Rachel Spangler, #NFDB
413:All great relationships, the ones that last over time, require productive conflict in order to grow. This ~ Patrick Lencioni, #NFDB
414:In seasons of tumult and discord bad men have most power; mental and moral excellence require peace and quietness. ~ Tacitus, #NFDB
415:There is only one element missing,” he said. “It would require the PKK to entirely end its fight against Turkey. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
416:To do what you imply would require nothing short of divine intervention. You must change man, not systems. ~ Rafael Sabatini, #NFDB
417:Transcendent Oneness does not require self-examination, self-help, or self-work. It requires self-loss. ~ Barbara Ehrenreich, #NFDB
418:We seem to be our own worst enemies. We should require critical U.S. infrastructure to remain in U.S. hands. ~ Duncan Hunter, #NFDB
419:We seldom require more to the happiness of the present hour than to surpass him that stands next before us. ~ Samuel Johnson, #NFDB
420:You will perform better, make better decisions, and have a better body when you get the sleep you require. ~ Shawn Stevenson, #NFDB
421:By yielding results as it goes, the walker does not require its clients to wait for an entire tree to be scanned. ~ Mark Lutz, #NFDB
422:Certain people do need to stay in character the whole time, and that's just what they require as a person. ~ Michael Angarano, #NFDB
423:Customers require the effective integration of technologies to simplify their workflow and boost efficiency. ~ Anne M Mulcahy, #NFDB
424:Restraining orders work best, however, with the sort of person who would never require a restraining order. ~ Jordan Peterson, #NFDB
425:Stories are "how we organize the chaos of experience into the order we require just a carry-on." Joan Gideon ~ Rick Perlstein, #NFDB
426:The mobile phone... is a tool for those whose professions require a fast response, such as doctors or plumbers. ~ Umberto Eco, #NFDB
427:We are defined by those things we lack: the things we strive for and the things we require to make us whole. ~ Raymond Bolton, #NFDB
428:You're both treated fairly," she said, "but sometimes people require different things for true fairness. ~ Christopher Barzak, #NFDB
429:All calls for justice require that victims feel avenged, and revenge is never just if it’s disproportionate. ~ Thane Rosenbaum, #NFDB
430:But the standard churchy spirituality doesn't require any real action, courage, or sacrifice from its attendees. ~ Alan Hirsch, #NFDB
431:Capital and labor are both wild forces which require intelligent legislation to hold them in restriction. ~ John D Rockefeller, #NFDB
432:Doing something does not require discipline. It creates its own discipline - with a little help from caffeine. ~ Annie Dillard, #NFDB
433:Getting anything off the ground is going to require a little bit of risk. That risk starts with sharing the idea. ~ Max Carver, #NFDB
434:If freedom once required a secular critique of religion, it can also require a religious critique of the secular. ~ Harvey Cox, #NFDB
435:Informed by our sad experience of history, we require nothing short of a foundation for lasting democracy. ~ Ibrahim Babangida, #NFDB
436:More and more people now have jobs that require them to confront the risk of appearing stupid on a regular basis. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
437:Still, there are many things we can toss at them that don't require magic at all. Acid. Hot oil. Bookshelves. ~ Aprilynne Pike, #NFDB
438:...to become exceptional, a Cartier-Bresson, a Capa or a Brandt, would require toil, rejection & struggle ~ David Nicholls, #NFDB
439:We live in a culture eager to make truth a boutique experience as malleable as our personal tastes require. ~ Charles J Chaput, #NFDB
440:Caught in a lip-lock that I thought might require the expertise of the mountain rescue team to break apart'. ~ Rachel Hawthorne, #NFDB
441:Dissection and surgical instruction, like meat-eating, require a carefully maintained set of illusions and denial. ~ Mary Roach, #NFDB
442:Long prayers either consist of repetitions or of unnecessary explanations which God does not require. ~ Charles Haddon Spurgeon, #NFDB
443:Mostly I’ve been in the office, trying to inflict a paper cut on myself serious enough to require medical leave. ~ Abigail Roux, #NFDB
444:Preventing the new generation from changing in any deep way is what most societies require of their educators. ~ George Leonard, #NFDB
445:Pundits are used to analyzing the gap between what our ideals suggest and what our security interests require. ~ Elliott Abrams, #NFDB
446:Restraining orders work best, however, with the sort of person who would never require a restraining order. ~ Jordan B Peterson, #NFDB
447:Simple tasks like filling the kettle require more effort, the exhaustion of being alive when someone you love isn’t. ~ Ali Land, #NFDB
448:There is no such thing as a weird human being, It's just that some people require more understanding than others. ~ Tom Robbins, #NFDB
449:...to be some exceptional, a Cartier-Bresson, a Capa or a Brandt, would require toil, rejection & struggle ~ David Nicholls, #NFDB
450:He does not trust her: she will claim to be in a bad mood when she is not, and then require him to be kind to her. ~ Lydia Davis, #NFDB
451:Human needs rules and penalties.
Lessons require heroes and villains.
Ignore them, then welcome to the jungle. ~ Toba Beta,#NFDB
452:I don’t require participation in order to be enjoying myself. Company and interesting input. That’s all I need. ~ Becky Chambers, #NFDB
453:I suppose you have already informed God that you will require at least three sons to ensure the Tremore line? ~ Laura Lee Guhrke, #NFDB
454:No theory of reality compatible with quantum theory can require spatially separate events to be independent. ~ John Stewart Bell, #NFDB
455:Rationalism doesn't require "belief," only observation. The real, measurable world doesn't care what you believe. ~ Joe Haldeman, #NFDB
456:Some adventures require nothing more than a willing heart and the ability to trip over the cracks in the world. ~ Seanan McGuire, #NFDB
457:the best ideas require significant change. They fly in the face of the status quo, and inertia is a powerful force. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
458:The good thing about the laws of physics is that they require no law enforcement agencies to maintain them ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson, #NFDB
459:The rule says that favors are to be met with favors; it does not require that tricks be met with favors. A ~ Robert B Cialdini, #NFDB
460:We know that urban farms require less fuel for tractors and transport, but community gardens don't plant themselves. ~ Van Jones, #NFDB
461:awareness may require only minimal attention, but it does require some attention. Nothing happens quite automatically ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
462:Bullshit is unavoidable whenever circumstance require someone to talk without knowing what he is talking about. ~ Harry Frankfurt, #NFDB
463:Childcare is a huge issue for young women whose work may require them to leave their families for weeks at a time. ~ Sylvia Earle, #NFDB
464:Children and bored adults need to be entertained. Grown men living with purpose require time and quiet and energy. ~ Kennedy Ryan, #NFDB
465:I'd basically have trouble with any job that doesn't require me to wear silly clothes and talk in funny voices. ~ Natalie Portman, #NFDB
466:I don't require lust, sex, or classic beauty; I require trust, respect, and honesty. All else builds from there. ~ Oscar Peterson, #NFDB
467:If the big publishers are doing so well, why do they require writers to send return postage with their manuscripts? ~ Dan Poynter, #NFDB
468:I think that understanding man's place in nature is going to require integration of the psychedelic experience. ~ Terence McKenna, #NFDB
469:Jobs that require a suit upset me. They displease me much, as our world is rife with such superficial conformity. ~ Nick Offerman, #NFDB
470:Not many composers have ideas. Far more of them know how to use strange instruments which do not require ideas. ~ George Gershwin, #NFDB
471:Reducing the nuclear danger will require a universal, consistent opposition to all forms of weapons development ~ David Cortright, #NFDB
472:The most important dance you’ll have in your life is one that does not require music. Alex Winslow, Broken Hearts Blvd ~ L J Shen, #NFDB
473:All good partnerships ought to require both people to take turns being the damsel, like a team-building exercise. ~ Hailey Edwards, #NFDB
474:I can live alone, if self-respect, and circumstances require me so to do. I need not sell my soul to buy bliss. ~ Charlotte Bront, #NFDB
475:If there is a god, I think he has a sense of humour. He does not require human beings to protect him from satire. ~ James K Morrow, #NFDB
476:institutional facts in general require language because the language is partly constitutive of the facts. But ~ John Rogers Searle, #NFDB
477:It may require courage to say what they said, but were they really able to take responsibility for the consequences? ~ Osamu Dazai, #NFDB
478:I usually get up at 3 A.M. I don't require a lot of sleep, and if I get tired, I'll take a powernap during the day. ~ Dolly Parton, #NFDB
479:My imagination doesn't require anything more of the book than to provide a framework within which it can wander. ~ Alphonse Daudet, #NFDB
480:Pakistan produces people of extraordinary bravery. But no nation should ever require its citizens to be that brave. ~ Nadeem Aslam, #NFDB
481:So think before you complain, especially about things that require some sacrifice. Complaining is the sign of a loser. ~ Lou Holtz, #NFDB
482:To reach the Land of Calmness, you must pass through the Land of Storms! All heavens require hard struggling! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan, #NFDB
483:When time and need require, we should resist with all our might, and prefer death to slavery and disgrace. ~ Marcus Tullius Cicero, #NFDB
484:You can improve your experience of the situation by recognizing that your opinion does not require his validation. ~ Steven Stosny, #NFDB
485:Your kids require you most of all to love them for who they are, not to spend your whole time trying to correct them. ~ Bill Ayers, #NFDB
486:A man will answer you straight up. Truth is truth. It doesn’t require time to manufacture and it never changes, ~ Ashley Antoinette, #NFDB
487:And our security will require all Americans to be forward-looking and resolute, to be ready for pre-emptive action. ~ George W Bush, #NFDB
488:Artificial intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men. ~ Marvin Minsky, #NFDB
489:Beseech me;
I require no contest
Embrace me;
I shall not wince away
Proclaim me;
I will forever stay ~ Nely Cab,#NFDB
490:Bullshit is unavoidable whenever circumstance require someone to talk without knowing what he is talking about. ~ Harry G Frankfurt, #NFDB
491:Fear and faith have a lot in common. Both of these emotions require that you believe in something that you can't see. ~ Bob Proctor, #NFDB
492:How in the world could you ever imagine a life of faith that does not require risk? Faith and risk are inseparable. ~ Erwin McManus, #NFDB
493:I believe that the extraordinary should certainly be pursued. But extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
494:I'm lucky with my skin - it doesn't require a lot of attention, so I keep things simple. And I drink a lot of water. ~ Arizona Muse, #NFDB
495:It is not our criminal actions that require courage to confess, but those which are ridiculous and foolish. ~ Jean Jacques Rousseau, #NFDB
496:Transformations require that we let go of familiar ways of doing things, without yet knowing what we will do next. ~ Sheldon B Kopp, #NFDB
497:Doubtless, the life of an Irregular is hard; but the interests of the Greater Number require that it shall be hard. ~ Edwin A Abbott, #NFDB
498:Holy crap. I hate dealing with people. Elected officials should require an IQ test. Or maybe a comprehension test? ~ William D Arand, #NFDB
499:I long so much to make beautiful things. But beautiful things require effort and disappointment and perseverance. ~ Vincent Van Gogh, #NFDB
500:And you require no answers", Foamfollower was laughing in his gladness, "You are sufficient to every question". ~ Stephen R Donaldson, #NFDB
501:Economic activity is carried out by individuals in organisations that require a high degree of social co-operation ~ Francis Fukuyama, #NFDB
502:I am sure the House will agree that given these circumstances, my final judgment will require the wisdom of Solomon. ~ Jeffrey Archer, #NFDB
503:Long prayers either consist of repetitions, or else of unnecessary explanations which God does not require; ~ Charles Haddon Spurgeon, #NFDB
504:No
Is a complete sentence.
It does not require any explanation
or justification.
Only, a just because. ~ Sahndra Fon Dufe,#NFDB
505:No one will stop to help you when you are in need, but everyone forces opinions upon you that you do not require. ~ Franz Grillparzer, #NFDB
506:She had been prepared to die for her convictions, but now she realized it might require more courage to live for them. ~ Jeff Wheeler, #NFDB
507:Violet frees the snaps. “I was a Girl Scout,” she says as though her skills in cup removal require an explanation. ~ Corinne Michaels, #NFDB
508:Always go with the choice that scares you the most, because that's the one that is going to require the most from you. ~ Caroline Myss, #NFDB
509:"And you require no answers", Foamfollower was laughing in his gladness, "You are sufficient to every question". ~ Stephen R Donaldson, #NFDB
510:Awareness requires only that we pay attention and see things as they are. It doesn't require that we change anything. ~ Jon Kabat Zinn, #NFDB
511:No picture, no footage, no story. The people these days require some visual evidence in order to believe what they read. ~ Nick Denton, #NFDB
512:Probably because your boobs are too big and require too much oxygen to fuel your brain like most normal human beings. ~ Lani Lynn Vale, #NFDB
513:Real friends require honesty, openness, and even vulnerability. They also require attention and simple acts of kindness. ~ Mary Pipher, #NFDB
514:Roughly one of three college graduates is in jobs the Labor Department says require less than a bachelor’s degree. ~ Charles C W Cooke, #NFDB
515:Shallow ideas can be assimilated; ideas that require people to reorganize their picture of the world provoke hostility. ~ James Gleick, #NFDB
516:Why is it that we understand playing the cello will require work, but we attribute writing to the magic of inspiration? ~ Ann Patchett, #NFDB
517:You don't sit around looking for reasons to do the right thing; it's the bad decisions that require creative reasoning. ~ Andy Stanley, #NFDB
518:For the human experience, life in the natural world seems to require the application of meaning, in order to evoke purpose. ~ T F Hodge, #NFDB
519:It is too ironical to bear, but I give you my word that valorous people require far more protec-tion than meets the eye. ~ J D Salinger, #NFDB
520:Jesus Pietro wasn't used to dealing with ghosts. It would require brand new techniques. Grimly he set out to evolve them. ~ Larry Niven, #NFDB
521:Some prisons don't require bars to keep people locked inside. All it takes is their perception that they belong there. ~ Lysa TerKeurst, #NFDB
522:I don't require sex for happiness - I need companionship. I need a partner I can depend on, that I can love and grow with. ~ Erykah Badu, #NFDB
523:the end of each of these brainstorming sessions I require myself to formally record the results, by hand, on a dated page. ~ Cal Newport, #NFDB
524:The twenty first century will require a re-affirmation and re-definition of our alliances and international organisations. ~ Chuck Hagel, #NFDB
525:You will attract everything you require - money, people, connections.. PAY ATTENTION to what's being set in front of you. ~ Rhonda Byrne, #NFDB
526:As an astronaut, you have a very defined set of tasks to do. Those tasks may require you to work 60, 70 or 80 hours a week. ~ Mae Jemison, #NFDB
527:Big branches in the decision tree require extra caution. These are the forks in the road that leave us with no way back. ~ Garry Kasparov, #NFDB
528:not only do genes and environment cooperate as we develop, but genes require input from the environment to work properly. ~ Carol S Dweck, #NFDB
529:Our tendency to create heroes rarely jibes with the reality that most nontrivial problems require collective solutions. ~ Warren G Bennis, #NFDB
530:The natural state of a start-up is to die; most start-ups require multiple miracles in their early days to escape this fate. ~ Sam Altman, #NFDB
531:There is in every miracle a silent chiding of the world, and a tacit reprehension of them who require, or who need miracles. ~ John Donne, #NFDB
532:Why is it that we understand that playing the cello will require work but we relegate writing to the magic of inspiration? ~ Ann Patchett, #NFDB
533:8: A programming language is low level when its programs require attention to the irrelevant. ~ Alan Perlis, Epigrams on Programming, 1982, #NFDB
534:Don’t just be a taker; healthy relationships require balance. Give with your words and be extra generous with your deeds. ~ Steve Maraboli, #NFDB
535:Spoons and skimmers you can be undistinguishably together; but vases and statues require each a pedestal for itself. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson, #NFDB
536:This is the great truth of Magic; the more one learns about it, the less they require of it to make their will a reality
~ Andrew Black,#NFDB
537:"We always require an outside point to stand on . . . I understand England only when I see where I, as a Swiss, do not fit in." ~ Carl Jung, #NFDB
538:We don't require luck," said Will, "we have a heavenly mandate, after all. With God on your side, what does luck matter? ~ Cassandra Clare, #NFDB
539:Any successful long-term strategy will require that the green wave fully and passionately embrace the principles of eco-equity. ~ Van Jones, #NFDB
540:A woman has to be intelligent, have charm, a sense of humor, and be kind. It's the same qualities I require from a man. ~ Catherine Deneuve, #NFDB
541:Favor moves that increase options; shy from moves that end well but require cutting off choices; work from strong positions ~ Stewart Brand, #NFDB
542:Hegemonic theory focuses on the ideology producing institutions which require that ideologies become self-evident assumptions. ~ Mark Dice, #NFDB
543:Impossible," said Mary, relapsing into her usual tone; "husbands are an inferior class of men, who require keeping in order. ~ George Eliot, #NFDB
544:In our quest to become minimalists, we want to reduce the amount of things in our homes that require our care and attention. ~ Francine Jay, #NFDB
545:It does not require a majority to prevail, but rather an irate, tireless minority keen to set brush fires in people's minds. ~ Samuel Adams, #NFDB
546:No man is born wise; but wisdom and virtue require a tutor; though we can easily learn to be vicious without a master. ~ Seneca the Younger, #NFDB
547:The more I know of the world, the more I am convinced that I shall never see a man whom I can really love. I require so much! ~ Jane Austen, #NFDB
548:T[he rules of writing] require that the episodes in a tale shall be necessary parts of the tale, and shall help to develop it. ~ Mark Twain, #NFDB
549:To rob God of nothing; to refuse Him nothing; to require of Him nothing; this is great perfection. ~ Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon, #NFDB
550:We cannot conceive of matter being formed of nothing, since things require a seed to start from.” William Shakespeare ~ William Shakespeare, #NFDB
551:As any gardener will tell you, the cycles of nature require patience...Even a fast-growing vegetable like a radish requires time. ~ M J Ryan, #NFDB
552:Each scar serves as a permanent reminder to me that that which doesn’t kill you will just require many stitches.” Caillen ~ Sherrilyn Kenyon, #NFDB
553:Fanaticism and bigotry require any food but common sense and reason, which would break the charm of those spellbound fanatics. ~ Anne Royall, #NFDB
554:For a few moments, Liesel said nothing. It was one of those conversations that require some time to elapse between exchanges. ~ Markus Zusak, #NFDB
555:Sleep is for the weak! Real A players only need four to five hours! Great accomplishments require great sacrifice! Bull. Shit. ~ Jason Fried, #NFDB
556:Small natures require despotism to exercise their sinews, as great souls thirst for equality to give play to their heart. ~ Honore de Balzac, #NFDB
557:Stories are medicine. They have such power; they do not require that we do, be, act anything - we need only listen. ~ Clarissa Pinkola Estes, #NFDB
558:Complete surrender does require that you have no desire of your own. You must be satisfied with whatever God gives you. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, #NFDB
559:Keeping up with him would require running, and there is no dignity in running after any man for any reason, injured or not. ~ Suzanne Johnson, #NFDB
560:Like all forms of collective security, multilateral sanctions require a unanimity rarely achieved in international politics. ~ Elliott Abrams, #NFDB
561:Most arts require long study and application, but the most useful art of all, that of pleasing, requires only the desire. ~ Lord Chesterfield, #NFDB
562:My meditation is simple. It does not require any complex practices. It is simple. It is singing. It is dancing. It is sitting silently ~ Osho, #NFDB
563:To consciously evolve, we require clear vision of a compassionate future that draws out our enthusiastic participation in life. ~ Duane Elgin, #NFDB
564:Until then, there is joy, which by the way does not, as was once thought, require contrast with fear and pain to keep its zing. ~ Dean Koontz, #NFDB
565:WE LIVE IN A STRANGE AND wonderful universe. Its age, size, violence, and beauty require extraordinary imagination to appreciate. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
566:Wit, like money, bears an extra value when rung down immediately it is wanted. Men pay severely who require credit. ~ Douglas William Jerrold, #NFDB
567:access readers that require supposedly unique fingerprints have been fooled by forged fingerprints pressed into Gummy Bear candy, ~ P W Singer, #NFDB
568:Also, journeys require endpoints, otherwise you're not Frodo, you're just a homeless guy wandering around with stolen jewelry. ~ Matthew Inman, #NFDB
569:Developing a kind heart, a feeling of closeness for all beings, does not require following a conventional religious practice. ~ Dalai Lama XIV, #NFDB
570:If it comes easy, if it doesn’t require extraordinary effort, you’re not pushing hard enough: It’s supposed to hurt like hell. ~ Dean Karnazes, #NFDB
571:I live in New York City, so there's so much stimulation when you walk outside, it does not require a television in the home. ~ Jesse Eisenberg, #NFDB
572:Intuition is a spiritual faculty high above the reasoning mind, but on that path is all that you desire or require. In ~ Florence Scovel Shinn, #NFDB
573:...racial caste systems do not require racial hostility or overt bigotry to thrive. They need only racial indifference... ~ Michelle Alexander, #NFDB
574:Some arguments require a knife if you’re to cut to the quick, others require the breaking of heads with a philosopher’s stone. ~ Mark Lawrence, #NFDB
575:The gods are nothing more than the creations of humans who require something to blame for their problems," the Hunter scoffed. ~ Andy Peloquin, #NFDB
576:The story of El Centro’s creation and flourishing reminds us that civic power may not require a plan—but it does require a purpose. ~ Eric Liu, #NFDB
577:The things we use fall apart and require constant maintenance. The things we abandon don't get used and they last forever. ~ John Joseph Adams, #NFDB
578:You never require a teacher to lead you into the wrong path, but you do require a kindly word to conduct you aright. ~ Charles Haddon Spurgeon, #NFDB
579:Doctrines like Christianity or Islam or Marxism require unanimity of belief. One dissenter casts doubt on the creed of millions. ~ Edward Abbey, #NFDB
580:If it comes easy, if it doesn’t require extraordinary effort, you’re not pushing hard enough. It’s supposed to hurt like hell. ~ Dean Karnazes, #NFDB
581:I write songs because I have to write them, and if I didn't I'd be doing some other kind of music that didn't require a song. ~ John Frusciante, #NFDB
582:More often than not, what animals require our protection from is not hurricanes or fires, but abuse at the hands of other people". ~ Julie Klam, #NFDB
583:One must require from each one the duty which each one can perform. Accepted authority rests first of all on reason. ~ Antoine de Saint Exupery, #NFDB
584:One must require from each one the duty which each one can perform. Accepted authority rests first of all on reason. ~ Antoine de Saint Exup ry, #NFDB
585:The world should not be organized to require heroines, and when one is required but fails to appear, we should not judge. ~ Ann Marie MacDonald, #NFDB
586:It occurred to me, not for the first time, that if Britain is ever to sort itself out, it is going to require a lot of euthanasia. ~ Bill Bryson, #NFDB
587:It took Britain half the resources of the planet to achieve its prosperity; how many planets will a country like India require? ~ Mahatma Gandhi, #NFDB
588:Kidding yourself doesn’t require that you have a sense of humor. But a sense of humor comes in handy for almost everything else. ~ Carrie Fisher, #NFDB
589:People are generally amazed that I would take an interest in any form that would require me to stop talking for three hours. ~ Henry A Kissinger, #NFDB
590:Sometimes a sign or a quote is simply interesting by itself and does not require anything beyond being framed on a page. ~ Stephen Vincent Benet, #NFDB
591:The cure for capitalism's failing would require that a government would have to rise above the interests of one class alone. ~ Robert Heilbroner, #NFDB
592:The trick, I suppose, is to find someone with a touch of the pathology you require, but not so much that it will destroy you. But, ~ Tim Kreider, #NFDB
593:We all have ambivalent feelings toward work ... We try to avoid it, and yet we seem to require it for our emotional well-being. ~ Samuel Florman, #NFDB
594:...we should all read and forever remember Revelation 2:10 - here's what I require of you, that you should 'be faithful unto death. ~ Nik Ripken, #NFDB
595:Chien was careful to avoid debates over science and faith. To him, wonder was wonder and did not require further complications. ~ Scott Nicholson, #NFDB
596:doesn’t require very complicated math. One guy told me that if you just designed a clean data display, people were amazed. ~ Kim Stanley Robinson, #NFDB
597:Important achievements require a clear focus, all-out effort, and a bottomless trunk full of strategies. Plus allies in learning. ~ Carol S Dweck, #NFDB
598:It is only the first baby that takes up the whole of a woman's time.Five or six do not require nearly so much attention as one. ~ Jerome K Jerome, #NFDB
599:Long-term travel doesn't require a massive bundle of cash; it requires only that we walk through the world in a more deliberate way. ~ Rolf Potts, #NFDB
600:My meditation is simple. It does not require any complex practices. It is simple. It is singing. It is dancing. It is sitting silently ~ Rajneesh, #NFDB
601:Simplicity and elegance are unpopular because they require hard work and discipline to achieve and education to be appreciated. ~ Edsger Dijkstra, #NFDB
602:The greatest things in life all require commitment, sacrifice, some struggle and hardship. It's not easy. But absolutely worth it. ~ Robin Sharma, #NFDB
603:The necessities of our condition require a thousand offices of tenderness, which mere regard for the species will never dictate. ~ Samuel Johnson, #NFDB
604:Wife, I require supper. I am hungry, as the mental effort required to digest politics is quite taxing. You would not understand. ~ Rivers Solomon, #NFDB
605:I am a professional photographer because it is the best way I know to earn the money I require to take care of my wife and children. ~ Irving Penn, #NFDB
606:If a relationship is going to work, it will require compromise and, even then, it is not always going to end the way you want it to. ~ John Legend, #NFDB
607:I neither require nor desire your gratitude, mistress. I want nothing in these worlds save your death."
Volusian to Eugenie ~ Richelle Mead,#NFDB
608:Looking in will require of us great subtlety & great courage nothing less than complete shift in our attitude to life and to the mind ~ Sogyal, #NFDB
609:Making scary movies and creating tension is very technical and it require a lot of coverage. It requires the stretching of time. ~ Franck Khalfoun, #NFDB
610:Reforming is about curbing government power. It is a self-imposed revolution; it will require real sacrifice, and it will be painful. ~ Li Keqiang, #NFDB
611:The captain has said too much or he has said too little, and I'm bound to say that I require an explanation of his words. ~ Robert Louis Stevenson, #NFDB
612:There are some wives who require but a sentence. There are some who require a book. You, Miss Clarke, would require volumes. ~ Sally Cabot Gunning, #NFDB
613:Yes, Jenna, I love you with all my heart. And with my atoms and molecules and electrons and whatever further breakdown you require. ~ Sharon Shinn, #NFDB
614:All I require of a translator is that he or she be a more gifted writer than I am, and in at least two languages, one of them mine. ~ Kurt Vonnegut, #NFDB
615:God wants to bless us in many ways that require faith. We must trust that He is answering our prayers even when we can’t see it. ~ Stormie Omartian, #NFDB
616:I believe the choice to be excellent begins with aligning your thoughts and words with the intention to require more from yourself. ~ Oprah Winfrey, #NFDB
617:...if I die suddenly, my gravestone might appropriately offer this insight into my departure: "God got tired." I require lots of work. ~ Beth Moore, #NFDB
618:Increasing creativeness doesn’t require anything more than increasing your observations: become more aware of possible combinations. ~ Scott Berkun, #NFDB
619:In my opinion," said Lydgate, "legal training only makes a man more incompetent in questions that require knowledge of another kind. ~ George Eliot, #NFDB
620:I require something so horrifically alcoholic that it makes livers tremble with fear and run for their lives when its name is uttered. ~ Mira Grant, #NFDB
621:Muscles require a constant source of energy just to maintain their mass, so the more muscle you have, the more calories you burn. ~ David Zinczenko, #NFDB
622:The great thing about fiscal policy is that it has a direct impact and doesn't require you to bind the hands of future policymakers. ~ Paul Krugman, #NFDB
623:There will always be stories that require a feature-length format, and there will always be stories that will be told in short-form. ~ Andreas Deja, #NFDB
624:They require a diagnosis for her unlikability in order to tolerate her. The simplest explanation, of Mavis as human, will not suffice. ~ Roxane Gay, #NFDB
625:Thus my faith grew that my beautiful dream for the future would become reality after all, even though this might require long years. ~ Adolf Hitler, #NFDB
626:Time travel is real, and does not require any speculative physics. It just requires a culture with clearly defined market segments. ~ Brian Awehali, #NFDB
627:Unlike statements of fact, which require no further work on our part, lies must be continually protected from collisions with reality. ~ Sam Harris, #NFDB
628:A novel determines its own size and shape and I've never tried to stretch an idea beyond the frame and structure it seemed to require. ~ Don DeLillo, #NFDB
629:Creating fake facts does require a measure of haphazard research, insofar as they need to not just be possible, but also interesting. ~ John Hodgman, #NFDB
630:Even more then long hours in the kitchen, fine meals require ingenious organization and experience which is a pleasure to acquire. ~ Elizabeth David, #NFDB
631:I can at any moment convert my time into money, but I do not require more of the latter than is sufficient for necessary purposes. ~ Michael Faraday, #NFDB
632:It’s not manly to hurt others or belittle them. Respect and kindness require more courage because people take advantage of those. ~ Sherrilyn Kenyon, #NFDB
633:My greatest management discovery through the transition was that peacetime and wartime require radically different management styles. ~ Ben Horowitz, #NFDB
634:NO” is a complete sentence. It does not require an explanation to follow. You can truly answer someone’s request with a simple No. ~ Sharon E Rainey, #NFDB
635:Sometimes the Lord wants us to fight, but sometimes he wants us to surrender. Surrender can require a lot more courage than fighting. ~ Sarah Sundin, #NFDB
636:Strong communities ... embrace change. New discoveries require us to think differently and approach things differently, to think anew. ~ Tom Vilsack, #NFDB
637:the exhaustion of thinking about it is what prevented me from wearing anything that would require thinking in the first place. ~ Heather B Armstrong, #NFDB
638:The fundamental dilemma faced by climatologists is that global warming is a long-term problem that might require a near-term solution. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
639:To impose taxes when the public exigencies require them is an obligation of the most sacred character, especially with a free people. ~ James Monroe, #NFDB
640:A government does not desire its powers to be strictly defined, but the subjects require the line to be drawn with increasing precision. ~ Lord Acton, #NFDB
641:chickens are not well endowed and require the discerning eye of specialists to assess their sex and thus their value in the marketplace. ~ Ty Tashiro, #NFDB
642:Finding any semblance of unity would require extraordinary pattern-recognition skills, a keen imagination, and a hearty sense of humor ~ Paul Halpern, #NFDB
643:I feel the need to chastise myself. A movie that's a partial musical, full-on melodrama, should require a tremendous amount of planning. ~ Guy Maddin, #NFDB
644:I think it [getting a gun] should be like getting a pilot's license. I think you should require training to get a license to have a gun. ~ Sam Harris, #NFDB
645:Once upon a time, when I was young, his forgetting might have rendered my memory meaningless. I no longer require so much from life. ~ Abigail Thomas, #NFDB
646:Those who consume far more resources than they require destroy the life chances of those whose survival depends upon consuming more. ~ George Monbiot, #NFDB
647:To do research on the fundamental laws that govern the universe would require a commitment of time that most people don’t have; the ~ Stephen Hawking, #NFDB
648:To require God to prove that He is able and willing to fulfill His promises would be proof positive that one does not trust Him. ~ Charles R Swindoll, #NFDB
649:What other species now require of us is our attention. Otherwise, we are entering a narrative of disappearing intelligences. ~ Terry Tempest Williams, #NFDB
650:All interpretation, all psychology, all attempts to make things comprehensible, require the medium of theories, mythologies, and lies. ~ Hermann Hesse, #NFDB
651:because personal power is infinite and does not require us to in any way control someone else, we don’t have a sense of scarcity about it. ~ Amy Cuddy, #NFDB
652:Certain barriers do require a critical mass of action at the right time to overcome the inertia that is greater than incremental change. ~ David Jaber, #NFDB
653:high-level reasoning requires very little computation, but low-level sensorimotor skills require enormous computational resources. ~ Erik Brynjolfsson, #NFDB
654:Independence of vision is a good thing,” Dorrin said. “So is thinking. But speaking and acting well require reflection—consideration. ~ Elizabeth Moon, #NFDB
655:it may require ongoing and intensive support from teachers and other practitioners to remind you to keep applying these interventions. ~ Shinzen Young, #NFDB
656:Reading is a discipline, and all disciplines require self-discipline, and self-discipline is the one thing our sinful flesh will resist. ~ Tony Reinke, #NFDB
657:Successful adult relationships, whether between lovers or friends, require a significant degree of vulnerability, trust, and openness. ~ Susan Forward, #NFDB
658:The problem with most pastors and theologians was that the way they went about their business did not require the existence of God. ~ Stanley Hauerwas, #NFDB
659:To free "God" from his quotation marks would require nothing less than to free him from metaphysics, hence from the Being of beings. ~ Jean Luc Marion, #NFDB
660:You are not going to see me puffing around the pitch. There is a saying in Bulgaria that great quality doesn’t require much effort. ~ Dimitar Berbatov, #NFDB
661:A complex system, contrary to what people believe, does not require complicated systems and regulations and intricate policies. ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
662:Any time you see signs or labels added to a device, it is an indication of bad design: a simple lock should not require instructions. ~ Donald A Norman, #NFDB
663:Even though we require flexibility to negotiate our changing circumstances, we are rather built to anxiously turn away from alternatives. ~ Eric Maisel, #NFDB
664:God does not require us to achieve any of the good tasks that humanity must pursue. What God requires of us is that we not stop trying. ~ Bayard Rustin, #NFDB
665:I require something so horrifically alcoholic that it makes livers tremble with fear and run for their lives when its name is uttered. ~ Seanan McGuire, #NFDB
666:It could always be worse, they say. They don't like to say that it could always be better, because that would require redress. Ranking ~ Sarah Kendzior, #NFDB
667:There are only two creatures of value on the face of the earth: those with the commitment, and those who require the commitment of others. ~ John Adams, #NFDB
668:I am persuaded, you will permit me to observe, that the path of true piety is so plain as to require but little political direction. ~ George Washington, #NFDB
669:It doesn't require much for misfortune to strike in the King's Gambit - one incautious move, and Black can be on the edge of the abyss. ~ Anatoly Karpov, #NFDB
670:It’s not about how easy or hard they are to manage. It’s about keeping out people who require management. I prefer a drama-free existence. ~ Chloe Neill, #NFDB
671:our lives become less and less genuine, we require bigger and bigger thrills to scare us, for just a moment, into feeling human again. ~ Johnny B Truant, #NFDB
672:Prayer had fortified him. It would require an almost superhuman strength of purpose, an absolute resolve, to save my brother from himself. ~ Ron McLarty, #NFDB
673:Real love … true love … the kind that could last a lifetime would require a guy who loved God more than life, a guy who could lead her ~ Karen Kingsbury, #NFDB
674:Soldiers in foreign camps, so far from being missionaries for good, require missionaries themselves, more than the natives. Andrew Carnegie ~ H W Brands, #NFDB
675:Success on the Web require high-level corporate understanding of the Internet's capabilities and support of early test-and-invest projects. ~ Bill Gates, #NFDB
676:The purpose of a chronicler of moods and deeds does not require him to express his personal views upon the grave controversy above given. ~ Thomas Hardy, #NFDB
677:A new language requires a new technique. If what you're saying doesn't require a new language, then what you're saying probably isn't new. ~ Philip Glass, #NFDB
678:FEBRUARY 1 FOLLOW ME ONE STEP AT A TIME. That is all I require of you. In fact, that is the only way to move through this space/time world. ~ Sarah Young, #NFDB
679:Unnatural to expect that learning to be happy should be any easier than, say, learning to play the violin or require any less practice. ~ Alain de Botton, #NFDB
680:Dictators require the assistance of the people they rule, without which they cannot secure and maintain the sources of political power. These ~ Gene Sharp, #NFDB
681:Duty does not require any person to submit to the destruction of his personal ambitions and the right to live his own life in his own way. ~ Napoleon Hill, #NFDB
682:The truth does not require a majority to prevail, ladies and gentlemen. The truth is its own power. The truth will out. Never forget that. ~ Rush Limbaugh, #NFDB
683:All of us realize that war requires action. What is sometimes harder for us to realize is that peace and neutrality also require action. ~ Lyndon B Johnson, #NFDB
684:How do you become an adult in a society that doesn’t ask for sacrifice? How do you become a man in a world that doesn’t require courage? ~ Sebastian Junger, #NFDB
685:I fucking missed you,” he murmured against Dash’s mouth, and he didn’t seem to require an answer since he went back to taking Dash’s kisses. He ~ S E Jakes, #NFDB
686:I won't be wronged. I won't be insulted. I won't be laid a-hand on. I don't do these things to other people, and I require the same from them. ~ John Wayne, #NFDB
687:Nature does require her time of preservation, which perforce, I her frail son amongst my brethren mortal, must give my attendance to. ~ William Shakespeare, #NFDB
688:The most familiar and intimate habitudes, connections, friendships, require a degree of good-breeding both to preserve and cement them. ~ Lord Chesterfield, #NFDB
689:Therefore, do not fear your limitations or measure the day’s demands against your strength. What I require of you is to stay connected to Me, ~ Sarah Young, #NFDB
690:8He has shown you, O man, what is good; And what does the LORD require of you But to do justly, To love mercy, And to walk humbly with your God? ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
691:Equally, we require a collective past - hence the endless reinterpretations of history, frequently to suit the perceptions of the present. ~ Penelope Lively, #NFDB
692:Extroverts get their energy from being around a lot of people, but introverts find large groups draining and require time alone to recharge ~ Sophia Amoruso, #NFDB
693:God does not merely require our petitions but our selves, and no one who begins the hard, lifelong trek of prayer knows yet who they are. ~ Timothy J Keller, #NFDB
694:Humans are designed to be with other humans, even those with mixed blood. They need each other's laughter. They require each other's sorrows. ~ Kathi Appelt, #NFDB
695:I am a man of many talents.” I grinned, arranged my plate on the raised surface. “And apparently some of them don’t require nudity.” “Har-har. ~ Chloe Neill, #NFDB
696:I do what I do without hope of reward or fear of punishment. I do not require Heaven or Hell to bribe or scare me into acting decently. ~ Mary Doria Russell, #NFDB
697:Presence may require that we move both our neural and our mental sides of experience flexibly toward the open plane of possibility. Rather ~ Daniel J Siegel, #NFDB
698:Since both knowledge and virtue require the concept of transcendence, they are really obnoxious to those committed to material standards… ~ Richard M Weaver, #NFDB
699:The third revolution comes from the democratization of manufacturing, wherein a new car design does not require a new plant to be built. ~ Peter H Diamandis, #NFDB
700:Complete surrender does require that you have no desire of your own. You must be satisfied with whatever God gives you. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, By As You Are, #NFDB
701:Good decisions require far more than factual knowledge. They are made using self-knowledge and emotional mastery when they’re needed most. ~ Travis Bradberry, #NFDB
702:Princes give mee sufficiently, if they take nothing from me, and doe me much good, if they doe me no hurt: it is all I require of them. ~ Michel de Montaigne, #NFDB
703:Scientists require apparatus, but mathists splendidly require only writing tools and erasers. Better, philosophers do not even need erasers ~ Gregory Benford, #NFDB
704:The extreme positions of the Crossfire Syndrome require extreme simplification - framing the debate in terms which ignore the real issues. ~ Michael Crichton, #NFDB
705:Women that can work a camera with ease often work men just as effortlessly for both require the same commitment to vanity and manipulation. ~ Tiffany Madison, #NFDB
706:Celibacy is not natural to men or to women; all bodily needs require their legitimate satisfaction, and celibacy is a disregard of natural law. ~ Annie Besant, #NFDB
707:For as good habits of the people require good laws to support them, so laws, to be observed, need good habits on the part of the people. ~ Niccolo Machiavelli, #NFDB
708:I can love him, but i can´t depend on him to be my backbone. I can´t be my own person if I constantly require someone else to hold me together. ~ Tahereh Mafi, #NFDB
709:I enjoy people, I enjoy a good conversation and doing something together, but I don’t require it in my week. I do need several hours of quiet. ~ Dee Henderson, #NFDB
710:Living, breathing creatures did not require a life force, or vital essence, to evolve but an extraordinary level of cooperation between molecules. ~ M A Nowak, #NFDB
711:Most green-collar jobs are middle-skill jobs. That means they require more education that a high-school diploma, but less than a four-year degree. ~ Van Jones, #NFDB
712:There’s one thing the Brothers Grimm got very, very wrong: There’s no such thing as “ever after.” That would require that the story ever end. ~ Seanan McGuire, #NFDB
713:Three hours of writing require twenty hours of preparation. Luckily I have learned to dream about the work, which saves me some working time. ~ John Steinbeck, #NFDB
714:But understanding will always require some effort. You probably wouldn't admire a friend who was good at everything if it cost her no effort. ~ Jostein Gaarder, #NFDB
715:He has shown you, O mortal, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
716:I cannot listen to Beethoven or Mahler or Chopin or Bach when I write because those composers require you stop what you are doing and listen. ~ Antonio Damasio, #NFDB
717:In a hyper-connected world where average is over, there is one thing we know absolutely for sure: Every good job will require more education. ~ Thomas Friedman, #NFDB
718:Moving on was going to require leaving the woods and getting a friend set that didn’t have gray hairs, hip replacements and a few false teeth. ~ Rebecca Brooks, #NFDB
719:Trees do not require you to make certain sounds to be understood. They are simply present and ready for you to climb at any time. Trees are easier. ~ Ned Hayes, #NFDB
720:We require from buildings two kinds of goodness: first, the doing their practical duty well: then that they be graceful and pleasing in doing it. ~ John Ruskin, #NFDB
721:What is it men in women do require: The lineaments of gratified desire. What is it women do in men require: The lineaments of gratified desire. ~ William Blake, #NFDB
722:You can make a lot of mistakes, as long as you try to tune in to how your cat understands that you love her. It does require paying attention. ~ Thomas McNamee, #NFDB
723:A need is what you believe your customers require to solve a problem, and the product or business becomes the mechanism to fulfill that requirement. ~ Pat Flynn, #NFDB
724:It is a truth universally acknowledge that there will always be a gentleman to dance with, except at just the moment when you require one most. ~ Anna Godbersen, #NFDB
725:Love is to us what sunshine and water are to a growing flower. Anyone who believes that he does not require the love of others is self-deceived. ~ Frank Hammond, #NFDB
726:Don’t worry, Jet. Just as long as we don’t get into any situations that require grenades, we’ll be fine.” Indy said this like she wasn’t joking. ~ Kristen Ashley, #NFDB
727:For long rides, I require a stimulating conversation partner with deep reservoirs of cultural references upon which my metaphors can find purchase…. ~ Tim Dorsey, #NFDB
728:He has shown you, O man, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you? But to act justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
729:How do you become an adult in a society that doesn’t ask for sacrifice? How do you become a man in a world that doesn’t require courage? Those ~ Sebastian Junger, #NFDB
730:Living the rest of your life for the glory of God will require a change in your priorities, your schedule, your relationships, and everything else. ~ Rick Warren, #NFDB
731:products that require a high degree of behavior change are doomed to fail even if the benefits of using the new product are clear and substantial. For ~ Nir Eyal, #NFDB
732:Progress does not compel us to settle centuries-long debates about the role of government for all time, but it does require us to act in our time. ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
733:The world is in an extremely dangerous situation, and serious diseases often require the risk of a dangerous cure like the Pasteur serum for rabies. ~ Alan Watts, #NFDB
734:We require a philosophy that puts our aspirations and values once again in charge of our daily experience, all the while dethroning primal whims... ~ Cal Newport, #NFDB
735:All he could think of was how all people require attention. All people require respect. All people require acknowledgment. All people require love. ~ Tavis Smiley, #NFDB
736:Biofuels such as ethanol require enormous amounts of cropland and end up displacing either food crops or natural wilderness, neither of which is good. ~ Elon Musk, #NFDB
737:Environments of uncertainty, ambiguity, and change require exploration, invention, experimentation, and adaptation, all of which require learning. ~ Edward D Hess, #NFDB
738:Fund consultants like to require style boxes such as "long-short," "macro," "international equities." At Berkshire our only style box is "smart." ~ Warren Buffett, #NFDB
739:Grief sounds like a bad thing,” I said, frowning. “Why don’t you and Naha and Mama get rid of it?” “That would require removing love from existence. ~ N K Jemisin, #NFDB
740:I'm nearly six foot tall and have biggish breasts, as well as being a sexual know-it-all. Yes, loving me does require a certain level of confidence. ~ Dian Hanson, #NFDB
741:jobs that require employees to display (positive) emotions that they may not actually be feeling can be psychologically demanding and stressful. ~ Jeffrey Pfeffer, #NFDB
742:Nobody looks at the moon in the afternoon, and this is the moment when it would most require our attention, since its existence is still in doubt. ~ Italo Calvino, #NFDB
743:Rebuilding our communities where the police and citizens all see themselves as being on the same side will require contributions from all of us. ~ Hillary Clinton, #NFDB
744:Significant change might require those who are now high in the hierarchy to move downward many steps. This seems to them undesirable and is resisted. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
745:The evidence, so far at least and laws of Nature aside, does not require a Designer. Maybe there is one hiding, maddeningly unwilling to be revealed. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
746:The great artists represent you. The great products represent you. They don't tell you who you are. But with them, you require less verbiage. ~ Andrew Loog Oldham, #NFDB
747:The Supper is a gracious communion with a forgiving God; but it is also a supper we eat with one another, and that too will require forgiveness. ~ James K A Smith, #NFDB
748:Your way of being present to your community may require times of absence, prayer, writing, or solitude. These too are times for your community. ~ Henri J M Nouwen, #NFDB
749:Creating ideas that spread and connecting the disconnected are the two pillars of our new society, and both of them require the posture of the artist. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
750:Herbal tea,” she said. “You should ask for a cup. It soothes the nerves.”
Cass had problems that were going to require more than herbal tea to fix. ~ Fiona Paul,#NFDB
751:If it were widely understood that claims to knowledge require adequate evidence before they can be accepted, there would be no room for pseudoscience. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
752:Sometimes, of course, the war required that he be cruel, but what cause worth fighting for did not require cruelty of its champions once in a while? ~ Clive Barker, #NFDB
753:Special children require very patient parents. Anybody can lose it with a normal pre-teenager, let alone one who needs extra help and guidance. ~ Michelle Stimpson, #NFDB
754:The Democrats have pretty much given up on the white working class. That would require a commitment to economic issues and that's not their concern. ~ Noam Chomsky, #NFDB
755:The difference between science and the fuzzy subjects is that science requires reasoning while those other subjects merely require scholarship. ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
756:The prosperity of a nation requires the protection of a senate. Hereafter a national senate may require the protection of a national army. ~ Thomas Francis Meagher, #NFDB
757:Today, India consumes about 682 watts per capita, far lesser than developed nations. As India develops, it will definitely require a lot more energy. ~ Abdul Kalam, #NFDB
758:You succeed because you've chosen to be confident. It's not really useful to require yourself to be successful before you're able to become confident. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
759:8He hath shewed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth the LORD require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God? ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
760:A bachelor May thrive by observation on a little, A single life's no burthen: but to draw In yokes is chargeable, and will require A double maintenance. ~ John Ford, #NFDB
761:Classical plays require more imagination and more general training to be able to do. That's why I like playing Shakespeare better than anything else. ~ Vivien Leigh, #NFDB
762:Doesn’t certainty about a universal negative require omniscience? Don’t you have to have knowledge of everywhere to know that there is no X anywhere? ~ Peter Kreeft, #NFDB
763:I believe that there are parts to human nature that cannot be reached by either legislation or education, but require the power of God to deal with. ~ Stephen Covey, #NFDB
764:If I have learned anything great in this life it was unconditional love that didn't require reciprocation because giving always completed me more. ~ Shannon L Alder, #NFDB
765:In yoga practice, over time you use fewer muscles more efficiently. Expansion does require energy, but it should not require a great deal of effort. ~ Brenda Strong, #NFDB
766:I was never a Certified Public Accountant. I just had a degree in accounting. It would require passing a test, which I would not have been able to do. ~ Bob Newhart, #NFDB
767:Music, in the best sense, does not require novelty; nay, the older it is, and the more we are accustomed to it, the greater its effect. ~ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, #NFDB
768:To be a fully functioning moral agent, one cannot passively accept moral principles handed down by fiat. Moral principles require moral reasoning. ~ Michael Shermer, #NFDB
769:have programs for the “gifted.” Elite universities often require that students take an intelligence test (such as the American Scholastic Aptitude ~ Malcolm Gladwell, #NFDB
770:it is difficult to see why the Resurrection Hypothesis is extraordinarily ad hoc. It seems to require only one new supposition: that God exists. ~ William Lane Craig, #NFDB
771:Understand that great accomplishments require great effort. If a goal is achieved without effort, it is no accomplishment but a mere happening. ~ Richelle E Goodrich, #NFDB
772:Use me then, my Saviour for whatever purpose and whatever way thou mayest require. Here is my poor heart, and empty vessel; fill it with Thy Grace. ~ Dwight L Moody, #NFDB
773:Your objective of being in love with each other will require both you and your spouse to focus your attention on the other's most important needs. ~ Willard F Harley, #NFDB
774:Because we are social animals, ideas seem more believable when more people believe them. They require social proof before they gain general acceptance. ~ Joel Fuhrman, #NFDB
775:everyone, no matter what they do, because life isn't a competition. It doesn't require that one person lose because another one wins. We can all win. Six ~ Kim Holden, #NFDB
776:Focus on creating Forms of Value that require the least end-user effort to get the best possible End Result—they will have the highest perceived value. ~ Josh Kaufman, #NFDB
777:I believe that there are parts to human nature that cannot be reached by either legislation or education, but require the power of God to deal with. ~ Stephen R Covey, #NFDB
778:If there can be a better way for the real world to include the one of images, it will require an ecology not only of real things but of images as well. ~ Susan Sontag, #NFDB
779:Magic doesn’t require beauty,’ she said. 'Easy magic is pretty. Great magic asks that you trouble the waters. It requires a disruption, something new. ~ Leigh Bardugo, #NFDB
780:Magic doesn’t require beauty,” she said. “Easy magic is pretty. Great magic asks that you trouble the waters. It requires a disruption, something new. ~ Leigh Bardugo, #NFDB
781:Music and religion are as intimately related as poetry and love; the deepest emotions require for their civilized expression the most emotional of arts. ~ Will Durant, #NFDB
782:There are not a few among the disciples of charity who require, in their vocation, scarcely less excitement than the votaries of pleasure in theirs. ~ Charles Dickens, #NFDB
783:We may, without offending any laws of good taste, require of an architect, as we do of a novelist, that he should be not only correct, but entertaining. ~ John Ruskin, #NFDB
784:All of those art-based fields are similar in that they're all hard to make a living in and they all require an intense amount of training and discipline. ~ Alicia Witt, #NFDB
785:But what do we do when the level of complexity actually does require a “very high degree of education”? Can democracy still function effectively? ~ Shawn Lawrence Otto, #NFDB
786:If we want to make friends, let’s put ourselves out to do things for other people – things that require time, energy, unselfishness and thoughtfulness. ~ Dale Carnegie, #NFDB
787:I hate the habit of calling women high-maintenance, as if they were cars or appliances. As if women, in general, require care in a way that men do not. ~ Laura Lippman, #NFDB
788:We can fail to know because we do not want to know - because what would be known would require us to believe and act in ways contrary to what we want. ~ Dallas Willard, #NFDB
789:Yeah, but Dean and I were both hungry again by the time the restaurant closed. Don’t you have guy friends? You should know that we require constant feeding. ~ R S Grey, #NFDB
790:Children don’t require of their parents a past and they find something faintly unbelievable, almost embarrassing, in parental claims to a prior existence. ~ Kate Morton, #NFDB
791:If you want to make friends, go out of your way to do things for other people--things that require time, energy, unselfishness, and thoughtfulness. ~ Lawrence G Lovasik, #NFDB
792:I`m running for president because I want to change the direction of this country, and it will require me for the time being to miss some votes in the U.S. ~ Marco Rubio, #NFDB
793:I require and enforce as non-interrupted a state of living as you can get in America right now without going off to live by yourself in the mountains. ~ Michael Ventura, #NFDB
794:States created markets. Markets require states. Neither could continue without the other, at least, in anything like the forms we would recognize today. ~ David Graeber, #NFDB
795:What humans require in our ascent is purpose and realism. Purpose, you could say, is like passion with boundaries. Realism is detachment and perspective. ~ Ryan Holiday, #NFDB
796:Why do you still care about those people, Frieda?’ he asked. ‘Do they care about you?’ ‘Wolf, I’m a doctor. I do not require my commitment to be reciprocal. ~ Ben Elton, #NFDB
797:21 “When you make a vow to the LORD your God, you shall not delay to pay it; for the LORD your God will surely require it of you, and it would be sin to you. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
798:All the reasons which require the subjection of a believer to the brethren of a particular church require his subjection to all his brethren in the Lord. ~ Charles Hodge, #NFDB
799:Children don’t require of their parents a past, and they find something faintly unbelievable, almost embarrassing, in parental claims to a prior existence. ~ Kate Morton, #NFDB
800:Every man holds his property subject to the general right of the community to regulate its use to whatever degree the public welfare may require it. ~ Theodore Roosevelt, #NFDB
801:It doesn’t require a majority to prevail, but rather an irate, tireless minority keen to set brush fires to people’s minds.” —Samuel Adams Naumann ~ Michael Z Williamson, #NFDB
802:It is precisely because the unknowns are so great and dangerous that we require some manner of faith to choose our path and to give us courage. ~ Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, #NFDB
803:We require rules, standards, values— alone and together. We’re pack animals, beasts of burden. We must bear a load, to justify our miserable existence. ~ Jordan Peterson, #NFDB
804:Absence of noise is not a natural condition; all human senses require some input. If they are deprived of it, the mind manufactures its own substitutes. ~ Arthur C Clarke, #NFDB
805:As an investor with small capital, one should prefer businesses that have high returns on capital and that require little incremental investment to grow. ~ Warren Buffett, #NFDB
806:A strategy would be how do we mobilize support for the remnants of the Syrian Free Army, and it might require combat troops to inspire an international effort. ~ Jeb Bush, #NFDB
807:Complete surrender does require that you have no desire of your own, that God’s desire alone is your desire and that you have no desire of your own. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, #NFDB
808:If there's one single thing that I do every single time, it's require references and, ideally, at least one reference from every company they've worked at. ~ Ivanka Trump, #NFDB
809:I think many people need, even require, a narrative version of their life. I seem to be one of them. Writing memoir is, in some ways, a work of wholeness. ~ Sue Monk Kidd, #NFDB
810:Bardot, Byron, Hitler, Hemingway, Monroe, Sade: we do not require our heroes to be subtle, just to be big. Then we can depend on someone to make them subtle. ~ D J Enright, #NFDB
811:But the truth is, I’ve found people to be much more receptive to the gospel when they know becoming a Christian doesn’t require becoming a know-it-all. ~ Rachel Held Evans, #NFDB
812:I considered going off grid, but where was “off grid” anymore that didn’t require me to know how to kill an elephant seal and live off its blubber? ~ Jeremy Robert Johnson, #NFDB
813:Inclusive economic institutions require secure property rights and economic opportunities not just for the elite but for a broad cross-section of society. ~ Daron Acemo lu, #NFDB
814:Perhaps, like real currency, rumour even keeps things liquid, because it does not always require you to commit to an opinion or to modify your views. ~ Samanth Subramanian, #NFDB
815:So it was flawed in that it didn't require California to have a first claim on the power plants. It deregulated part of the market, but not all of the market. ~ Gray Davis, #NFDB
816:The movement for equality and justice can only be a success if it has both a mass and militant character; the barriers to be overcome require both. ~ Martin Luther King Jr, #NFDB
817:The realities of the modern global economy require government to play a substantial role in ensuring the national and economic security of the people. ~ Matthew Continetti, #NFDB
818:The second reason rewards pose a danger for habits is that they require a decision. A habit, by my definition, is something we do without decision making. ~ Gretchen Rubin, #NFDB
819:The trouble with good manners is that people are persuaded that you are all right, require no protection, are perfectly capable of looking after yourself. ~ Anita Brookner, #NFDB
820:Those who are still in a state to require being taken care of by others, must be protected against their own actions as well as against external injury. ~ John Stuart Mill, #NFDB
821:To compare books to computers, I mean, computers are the way to get books. That is the medium for distributing text because it doesn't require paper. ~ Nicholas Negroponte, #NFDB
822:We require rules, standards, values— alone and together. We’re pack animals, beasts of burden. We must bear a load, to justify our miserable existence. ~ Jordan B Peterson, #NFDB
823:8 He has told you, O man, what is good; and f what does the LORD require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, [2] and to g walk humbly with your God? ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
824:A life based on reason will always require to be balanced by an occasional bout of violent and irrational emotion, for instinctual drives must be satisfied ~ Cyril Connolly, #NFDB
825:But never delude yourself into believing that you require someone else’s blessing (or even their comprehension) in order to make your own creative work. ~ Elizabeth Gilbert, #NFDB
826:He has told you, O man, what is good; and what does the LORD require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God? Micah 6:8 ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
827:It is not the hysterical alone for whom the great dash of cold water is good.
All who dream life, instead of living it,
require some similar shock. ~ George MacDonald,#NFDB
828:The letter I received said you had need of my particular talents, but I must confess that I have so many talents that I am not sure which one you require. ~ Cassandra Clare, #NFDB
829:The spirit and the body carry different loads and require different attentions. Too often we put the saddlebags on Jesus and let the donkey run loose in the pasture. ~ Rumi, #NFDB
830:This journey will require you to make some tough sacrifices, but I’ve come to look at this process as embracing healthy choices rather than denying myself. ~ Lysa TerKeurst, #NFDB
831:To heed such advice would require a certain contrarian streak, as it entails rejecting a life course mapped out by others as obligatory and inevitable. ~ Matthew B Crawford, #NFDB
832:We can do better. Everyone can learn. We can all cultivate our character. People of action require a sound mind and a strong will as much as a healthy body. ~ Eric Greitens, #NFDB
833:We shouldn't require our politicians to be movie stars. Then again, we're all influenced by charisma. It's hard not to be. We all collectively fall for it. ~ Julianne Moore, #NFDB
834:A wise person should be learning more all the time, which will require him to develop new ideas and opinions, even if they contradict ones he had in the past. ~ Scott Berkun, #NFDB
835:Calculus required continuity, and continuity was supposed to require the infinitely little; but nobody could discover what the infinitely little might be. ~ Bertrand Russell, #NFDB
836:MIC 6.8 He hath shewed thee, O man, what [is] good; and what doth the LORD require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God? ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
837:Oh, thank me again!” said the count; “tell me till you are weary, that I have restored you to happiness; you do not know how much I require this assurance. ~ Alexandre Dumas, #NFDB
838:Our ability to make a decision about the declaration is hampered by the British government being reluctant to give us the clarification which we require. ~ Martin McGuinness, #NFDB
839:Questions [about our healthcare system] are not hard because the answers are complicated, they are hard because they require that we be honest with ourselves. ~ Rebecca Onie, #NFDB
840:Theoretical considerations require that what is to-day the object of a phobia must at one time in the past have been the source of a high degree of pleasure. ~ Sigmund Freud, #NFDB
841:There is not a good work which the hand of man has ever undertaken, which his heart has ever conceived, which does not require a good education for its helper. ~ Horace Mann, #NFDB
842:And spirituality or what you call “religion” is mainly to understand this: that you don’t require anything, you are a part of the totality, or reality. ~ Nisargadatta Maharaj, #NFDB
843:Democracy is grinding work. Whereas family businesses and army squadrons may be ruled by fiat, democracies require negotiation, compromise, and concessions. ~ Steven Levitsky, #NFDB
844:He has showed you, O man, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God. Micah 6:8. ~ Hallee Bridgeman, #NFDB
845:Many books require no thought from those who read them, and for a very simple reason; they made no such demand upon those who wrote them. ~ Charles Caleb Colton, Lacon, 1820., #NFDB
846:Might I require protection, Wyvern?"
"Not at the moment, no, but if you do acquire another pistol, I could always be persuaded to disarm you again. ~ Tracy Anne Warren,#NFDB
847:No longer do we look outside of ourselves for solutions. We have seen where the path lies. All we require are the skillful means that will help us walk it. ~ Joseph Goldstein, #NFDB
848:Only contingent rewards—if you do this, then you’ll get that—had the negative effect. Why? “If-then” rewards require people to forfeit some of their autonomy. ~ Daniel H Pink, #NFDB
849:Whatever the Benefits of Fortune are , they yet require a Palate fit to relish and taste them; 'Tis Fruition, and not Possession, that renders us Happy. ~ Michel de Montaigne, #NFDB
850:- I can't make choices like that without knowing who I am. Without knowing all the implications.
- You can't ever know in advance. Big decisions require faith. ~ Doug Dorst,#NFDB
851:India knows that the subject of Land is not with the Central Government and the Centre does not require lands. All rights relating to land are with the states. ~ Narendra Modi, #NFDB
852:Lightning and thunder require time, the light of the stars requires time, deeds require time even after they are done, before they can be seen and heard. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche, #NFDB
853:Many books require no thought from those who read them, and for a very simple reason; they made no such demand upon those who wrote them. ~ Charles Caleb Colton, Lacon (1820)., #NFDB
854:Most of us discover early on that it's safer to hide behind prayers that can't be measured, petitions so nebulous they don't require intervention from God. ~ Margaret Feinberg, #NFDB
855:Only the foolish and the uncaring make guarantees. Circumstances change, the world moves on, While wisdom, and sometimes decency, Require constant adjustments. ~ Jack McDevitt, #NFDB
856:Ryan, I require something so horrifically alcoholic that it makes livers tremble with fear and run for their lives when its name is uttered,” I said solemnly. ~ Seanan McGuire, #NFDB
857:scholars and academics invited for conferences or seminars require security clearance before they will be given visas. Corporate executives and businessmen do not. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
858:The beauty and the tragedy of the modern world is that it eliminates many situations that require people to demonstrate a commitment to the collective good. ~ Sebastian Junger, #NFDB
859:The existence of the EPA regulation will require large carbon polluters to look at their hole cards, and some of them have decided that they much prefer legislation. ~ Al Gore, #NFDB
860:We bear responsibility for our tempers, most especially when someone is harmed by accident. Shorter tempers require greater care from those burdened with them. ~ Dot Hutchison, #NFDB
861:We have to put reduction of health inequalities at the centre of our public health strategy and that will require action on the social determinants of health. ~ Michael Marmot, #NFDB
862:Every phase of your life and career will require a different you. Using the Rule, you’ll become the person you’re meant to become in this next phase of your life. ~ Mel Robbins, #NFDB
863:He has shown you, O mortal, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God.” —Micah 6:8 ~ Brennan Manning, #NFDB
864:I think it’s because as our lives become less and less genuine, we require bigger and bigger thrills to scare us, for just a moment, into feeling human again. ~ Johnny B Truant, #NFDB
865:I wasn't aware that hope require a reason, any more than love. In case you have forgotten - I have no talent for hoping. I don't hope. I know. I believe. I expect. ~ Tessa Dare, #NFDB
866:Methods and conclusions formed by half the race only, must necessarily require revision as the other half of humanity rises into conscious responsibility. ~ Elizabeth Blackwell, #NFDB
867:Our goal is to create a beloved community and
this will require a qualitative change in our souls
as well as a quantitative change in our lives. ~ Martin Luther King Jr,#NFDB
868:somehow at parties at which one stays standing up one seems to require to be more concentratedly intelligent than one does at those at which one can sit down. ~ Elizabeth Bowen, #NFDB
869:Dealing with a simple burglary can require 1000 process steps and 70 forms to be completed as a case goes through the Criminal Justice System. That can't be right. ~ Theresa May, #NFDB
870:Education of youth is not a bow for every man to shoot in that counts himself a teacher; but will require sinews almost equal to those which Homer gave to Ulysses. ~ John Milton, #NFDB
871:I say, beware of all enterprises that require new clothes, and not rather a new wearer of clothes. If there is not a new man, how can the new clothes be made to fit? ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
872:Novels are more difficult simply because they are longer and require more juggling, but short stories are closer to perfection, if you can get the language right. ~ Colum McCann, #NFDB
873:She supported a deal that didn't even require this murderous regime to return a cop killer, JoAnne Chesimard, to face justice. See I know about this personally. ~ Chris Christie, #NFDB
874:The shift to a cleaner energy economy wont happen overnight, and it will require tough choices along the way. But the debate is settled. Climate change is a fact. ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
875:The stage play is a trial, not a deed of violence. The soul is opened, like the combination of a safe, by means of a word. You don't require an acetylene torch. ~ Jean Giraudoux, #NFDB
876:to know the future absolutely is to be trapped into that future absolutely. It collapses time. Present becomes future. I require more freedom than that.” Jessica ~ Frank Herbert, #NFDB
877:As a general rule, the longer a man's fame is likely to last, the later it will be in coming; for all excellent products require time for their development. ~ Arthur Schopenhauer, #NFDB
878:Inclusive economic institutions require secure property rights and economic opportunities not just for the elite but for a broad cross-section of society. Secure ~ Daron Acemo lu, #NFDB
879:Martial arts are art forms and require a great deal of discipline and dedication. I so admire people who focus their lives on it, because it's not an easy thing to do. ~ Lucy Liu, #NFDB
880:Mathematics is the cheapest science. Unlike physics or chemistry, it does not require any expensive equipment. All one needs for mathematics is a pencil and paper. ~ George P lya, #NFDB
881:Mathematics is the cheapest science. Unlike physics or chemistry, it does not require any expensive equipment. All one needs for mathematics is a pencil and paper. ~ George Polya, #NFDB
882:Now listen, Jack, will you? I am somewhat given to lying: my occasions require it from time to time.
But I do not choose to have any man alive tell me of it. ~ Patrick O Brian,#NFDB
883:Rage is pure, eloquent, and I can weave it into a tool. Sadness, loneliness, anguish - none of them require a partner.
Love? Love is a crack in my armour. ~ Dawn Kurtagich,#NFDB
884:Reading, reflection and time have convinced me that the interests of society require the observation of those moral precepts only in which all religions agree. ~ Thomas Jefferson, #NFDB
885:Social Security must be preserved and strengthened. But we need to be candid about the costs and willing to make the tough choices that real reform will require. ~ Lindsey Graham, #NFDB
886:But why was marriage so much work? It didn’t used to be. And if it did require such effort, shouldn’t the fruit of that labor be a stronger, more satisfying union? ~ Camille Pag n, #NFDB
887:I think this conflict [against terrorism] is going to require a suspension of freedom and rights unlike anything we have ever seen, at least since World War II. ~ Marlin Fitzwater, #NFDB
888:Obedience and humility require courage and strength of character. Weakness and fear cause one to fall back on his or her pride, which results in a vicious cycle ~ Sienna McQuillen, #NFDB
889:Perhaps it would be an idea to require developers to live on their own estates for five years, as a demonstration of their superb liveability. It’s just a thought. I ~ Bill Bryson, #NFDB
890:The sentiment of unity is not sufficient to create unity; we require also the practice of unity. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Bande Mataram - I, Shall India Be Free? - Unity and British Rule, #NFDB
891:They need a social mechanism to make us require conformity of one other, and the best way to do that is to provide a mechanism to make us punish our own deviants. ~ Charles Stross, #NFDB
892:As people around the world become more affluent, they are demanding diets richer in animal protein, which will require ever more robust feed crop yields to sustain. ~ Nina Fedoroff, #NFDB
893:Disputing the commonsense notion that all events require the prior existence of some underlying matter or substance. There is no antecedent static cabinet. ~ Alfred North Whitehead, #NFDB
894:Further, the dignity of the science itself seems to require that every possible means be explored for the solution of a problem so elegant and so celebrated. ~ Carl Friedrich Gauss, #NFDB
895:I feel like I am wlaking down into a porn movie" V mutteres as they took the steps with care.
"Wouldn't that require more black candles for you", Zsadist cracked..... ~ J R Ward,#NFDB
896:It is modest of the nightingale not to require anyone to listen to it; but it is also proud of the nightingale not to care whether any one listens to it or not. ~ Soren Kierkegaard, #NFDB
897:It is modest of the nightingale not to require anyone to listen to it; but it is also proud of the nightingale not to care whether any one listens to it or not. ~ S ren Kierkegaard, #NFDB
898:One can even say that we require at all times a certain quantity of care or sorrow or want, as a ship requires ballast, in order to keep on a straight course. ~ Arthur Schopenhauer, #NFDB
899:The agreements that come from fear require us to expend a lot of energy, but the agreements that come from love help us to conserve energy and even gain extra energy. ~ Miguel Ruiz, #NFDB
900:think what you like, hate who you like, because that’s between you and God, but you will act as the community requires, or the community will no longer require you. ~ Karen Traviss, #NFDB
901:You can't change who you are, can you? That would require changing the people who made you along the way. That would mean discrediting everything they ever gave you. ~ Rose Christo, #NFDB
902:All areas of a person’s life, whether it is work, marriage, or raising children, require outward effort, and it is the effort itself that brings about happiness. ~ Tom Butler Bowdon, #NFDB
903:burgeoning technologies require outlaw zones, that Night City wasn’t there for its inhabitants, but as a deliberately unsupervised playground for technology itself. ~ William Gibson, #NFDB
904:I'm who takes care of anything you crave, want, or require, You cry, my shirt gets wet. You scream, my eardrums bleed. You come, my dick's squeezed. All of it, everything ~ S E Hall, #NFDB
905:On horseback he seemed to require as many hands as a Hindu god, at least four for clutching the reins, and two more for patting the horse soothingly on the neck. ~ Hector Hugh Munro, #NFDB
906:The principle elements of a puzzle all require the application of energy and persistence, which are the virtues of youth. Mysteries demand experience and insight. ~ Malcolm Gladwell, #NFDB
907:What does God require?” the vicar asked. He answered his own question: “To do justice, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with God,” he quoted from the prophet. This ~ Melvin R Starr, #NFDB
908:And as ensemblists start being asked to do more things that require an insane skill set, that inherent value will, I hope, be held up where it deserves to be. ~ Nikka Graff Lanzarone, #NFDB
909:Any transition serious enough to alter your definition of self will require not just small adjustments in your way of living and thinking but a full-on metamorphosis. ~ Martha N Beck, #NFDB
910:As Nietzsche said, ‘that which doesn’t kill you– ’(Alexion) Will only require brief hospitalization. And if you’re a Dark-Hunter, just a good day’s sleep. (Danger) ~ Sherrilyn Kenyon, #NFDB
911:I’m who takes care of anything you crave, want, or require. You cry, my shirt gets wet. You scream, my eardrums bleed. You come, my dick’s squeezed. All of it, everything. ~ S E Hall, #NFDB
912:Nothing makes God unhappy. You cannot believe this because it would require you to believe in a God without need or judgment, and you cannot imagine such a God. ~ Neale Donald Walsch, #NFDB
913:Belief is a toxic and dangerous attitude toward reality. After all, if it's there it doesn't require your belief- and if it's not there why should you believe in it? ~ Terence McKenna, #NFDB
914:Defeating ISIS. If we do not defeat them abroad, we will be facing more and more of a threat at home. This does not require an occupation or an enduring ground operation. ~ Lee Zeldin, #NFDB
915:Grass that is here today and gone tomorrow does not require much time to mature. A giant oak tree that lasts for generations requires much more time to grow strong. ~ Henry T Blackaby, #NFDB
916:On a shrunken planet where nearly every mountain bears bootprints and every mile of river has been run, being 'first' tends to require creative task definition" (111). ~ Jo Deurbrouck, #NFDB
917:The manifesto of the dealmaker is simple: Reality is negotiable. Outside of science and law, all rules can be bent or broken, and it doesn’t require being unethical. ~ Timothy Ferriss, #NFDB
918:was happiest finding my own way and did not require a liaison man. It had been my intention to stay on the train, without bothering about arriving anywhere; sightseeing ~ Paul Theroux, #NFDB
919:A good problem should be more than a mere exercise; it should be challenging and not too easily solved by the student, and it should require some "dreaming" time. ~ Howard Whitley Eves, #NFDB
920:Certainly solitude is dangerous for active minds. We require around us men who can think and talk. When we are alone for a long time, we people space with phantoms. ~ Guy de Maupassant, #NFDB
921:He has told you, O man, what is good; and what does the Lord require of youbut to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God? ~ Anonymous, The Bible, Micah 6:8, #NFDB
922:I am Pestilence the Conqueror, the first of the Four Horsemen come to claim your world. I am eternal, and my task, unwavering. I do not require anything to sustain me. ~ Laura Thalassa, #NFDB
923:Lord, I am willing
To receive what You give.
To lack what You withhold.
To relinquish what You take,
To suffer what You inflict,
To be what you require. ~ Jerry Bridges,#NFDB
924:Not to hurt our humble brethren is our first duty to them, but to stop there is not enough. We have a higher mission: to be of service to them whenever they require it. ~ Sy Montgomery, #NFDB
925:One can know oneself only with one’s own eye of knowledge, and not with somebody else’s. Does he who is Rama require the help of a mirror to know that he is Rama? ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, #NFDB
926:Public emergencies may require the hand of severity to fall heavily on those who are not personally guilty, but compassion prompts, and ever urges to milder methods ~ Mercy Otis Warren, #NFDB
927:Therefore, if the gods are immortal and eternal, what need is there of the other sex, when they themselves do not require succession, since they are always about to exist? ~ Lactantius, #NFDB
928:What this means for parents is that you never know what your child’s “sex education” class may entail. Only fourteen states require that sex ed be medically accurate. ~ Peggy Orenstein, #NFDB
929:Being your slave what should I do but tend, Upon the hours, and times of your desire? I have no precious time at all to spend; Nor services to do till you require. ~ William Shakespeare, #NFDB
930:I am a true adorer of life, and if I can't reach as high as the face of it, I plant my kiss somewhere lower down. Those who understand will require no further explanation. ~ Saul Bellow, #NFDB
931:If bringing down the wall would require you to fly, you must believe you can fly. Otherwise, when the decisive moment comes, you will surely discover you ahve no wings. ~ Patrick Carman, #NFDB
932:Success is processional. It's the result of a series of small disciplines that lead us into habitual patterns of success that no longer require consistent will or effort. ~ Tony Robbins, #NFDB
933:Tyler seriously considered fabricating an outbreak of salmonella in the hors d’oeuvres and an impending locust plague, either of which would require everyone to leave now. ~ Joey W Hill, #NFDB
934:We cultivate a very small field for Christ, but we love it, knowing that God does not require great achievements but a heart that holds back nothing for self. ~ Rose Philippine Duchesne, #NFDB
935:As Nietzsche said, ‘that which doesn’t kill you– ’(Alexion)
Will only require brief hospitalization. And if you’re a Dark-Hunter, just a good day’s sleep. (Danger) ~ Sherrilyn Kenyon,#NFDB
936:I resolved to stop using physical means to fight battles that require spiritual remedies, using instead the power of prayer to do what it’s always been designed to do. ~ Priscilla Shirer, #NFDB
937:It would require a singularly stupid man to go hang around in narrow tunnels and cramped spaces alongside a threat like that. "And I, Harry Dresden, am that man," I stated. ~ Jim Butcher, #NFDB
938:One of the first lessons one learns is that the mind is a powerful factor in everything you do, including those exercises that seem to require a maximum of physical strength. ~ Joe Hyams, #NFDB
939:Our goal is to create a beloved community," said Dr. King, "and this will require a qualitative change in our souls as well as a quantitative change in our lives. ~ Martin Luther King Jr, #NFDB
940:So I was in my LeLane’s uniform of polo, khakis, and Converse (though, LeLane’s didn’t require Converse, that was my nod to style because everyone knew Converse rocked). ~ Kristen Ashley, #NFDB
941:The people of your century no longer require the service of composers. A composer is as useful to a person in a jogging suit as a dinsoaur turd in the middle of his runway. ~ Frank Zappa, #NFDB
942:Thus, a believer may ask four questions: What does God’s law require? How can I gain godly character? How can I find God’s path for me? How can I gain wisdom and discernment? ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
943:But at three, four, five, and even six years the childish nature will require sports; now is the time to get rid of self-will in him, punishing him, but not so as to disgrace him. ~ Plato, #NFDB
944:I long for the slightest evidence of it that doesn’t require me to relinquish reason, because a natural mystery and reason to face it make the happiest combination of all. ~ Edgar Cantero, #NFDB
945:Moreover, I, on my side, require of every writer, first or last, a simple and sincere account of his own life, and not merely what he has heard of other men's lives; ~ Henry David Thoreau, #NFDB
946:Much has been accomplished during the last year in the campaign against terrorism. This struggle will require vigilance, perseverance and sacrifice for many years to come. ~ Paul Cellucci, #NFDB
947:My films require that the spectator ask the big existential questions. If you're not interested of turning inwards for answers, my films won't fulfill their whole purpose. ~ Lisa Langseth, #NFDB
948:So long as you are still worried about what others think of you, you are owned by them. Only when you require no approval from outside yourself can you own yourself. ~ Neale Donald Walsch, #NFDB
949:What are you going to do about it? I believe in the power of positive thinking—but change and freedom also require positive action. Anything we practice, we become better at. ~ Edith Eger, #NFDB
950:Being an entrepreneur does require commitment. It is hard work, but it is also highly rewarding. So when you can look back and see yourself building a successful company. ~ Anousheh Ansari, #NFDB
951:Frankly I don't listen to lyrics (a problem in that I apparently work in musical theatre) I just want a good tune that doesn't require the use of too much grey matter. ~ Christian Campbell, #NFDB
952:Let us here observe, that a religion that does not require the sacrifice of all things, never has power sufficient to produce the faith necessary unto life and salvation. ~ Joseph Smith Jr, #NFDB
953:Reading aloud with children is known to be the single most important activity for building the knowledge and skills they will eventually require for learning to read. ~ Marilyn Jager Adams, #NFDB
954:Success is processional. It’s the result of a series of small disciplines that lead us into habitual patterns of success that no longer require consistent will or effort. ~ Anthony Robbins, #NFDB
955:The demands of Jesus are difficult just because they require us to do something extraordinary. At the same time he asks us to regard these as something usual, ordinary. ~ Albert Schweitzer, #NFDB
956:The only thing I was fit for was to be a writer, and this notion rested solely on my suspicion that I would never be fit for real work, and that writing didn't require any. ~ Russell Baker, #NFDB
957:You can’t make a reusable framework until you first make a usable framework. Reusable frameworks require that you build them in concert with several reusing applications. ~ Robert C Martin, #NFDB
958:Don't assume that your personal moral compass, however admirable it may be, will always give you the right answer to complicated questions that require in-depth analysis. ~ Joseph Badaracco, #NFDB
959:From that day on, I resolved to bring as many hidden problems as possible to light, a process that would require what might seem like an uncommon commitment to self-assessment. ~ Ed Catmull, #NFDB
960:In public administration good sense would seem to require that public expectation be kept at the lowest possible level in order to minimize eventual disappointment. ~ John Kenneth Galbraith, #NFDB
961:I read everywhere. It's like a bodily function. I don't need quiet. I write and read with the TV on. I follow the TV show while I read. TV doesn't require a lot of brainpower. ~ Chris Abani, #NFDB
962:Morality is character and conduct such as is required by the circle or community in which the man's life happens to be placed. It shows how much good men require of us. ~ Henry Ward Beecher, #NFDB
963:Our ancient laws expressly declare that those who are but delegates themselves shall not delegate to others powers which require judgment and integrity in their exercise. ~ Thomas Jefferson, #NFDB
964:The investment banks should either choose to be regulated as banks or should arrange to conduct their affairs to not require the stop-gap support of the Federal Reserve. ~ Kenneth C Griffin, #NFDB
965:To require a citizen to sign a loyalty oath is to destroy some of the loyalty he could otherwise claim, since any subsequent loyal behavior may then be attributed to the oath. ~ B F Skinner, #NFDB
966:Bitter words normally evaporate with the moisture of breath, after a quarrel. In order to become permanent, they require transcribers, reporters, complicit black hearts. ~ Barbara Kingsolver, #NFDB
967:I've observed a few things about the few really great people I've had a chance to meet and cover...They need to be around people. You and I require sleep. They require people. ~ David Brooks, #NFDB
968:I won't be wronged. I won't be insulted. I won't be laid a-hand on. I don't do these things to other people, and I require the same from them.” ~ John WayneJohn Bernard Books ~ John Wayne, #NFDB
969:I would recommend all men in choosing a profession to avoid any that may require an apology at every turn; either an apology or else a somewhat violent assertion of right. ~ Anthony Trollope, #NFDB
970:Real love … true love … the kind that could last a lifetime would require a guy who loved God more than life, a guy who could lead her and laugh with her and listen to her. ~ Karen Kingsbury, #NFDB
971:The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize combined energy ~ Sun Tzu, #NFDB
972:The kind of adventure Jesus has invited us on doesn’t require an application or prerequisites. It’s just about deciding to take up the offer made by a father who wants us to come. ~ Bob Goff, #NFDB
973:You do not have to sit outside in the dark. If, however, you want to look at the stars, you will find that darkness is necessary. But the stars neither require nor demand it. ~ Annie Dillard, #NFDB
974:And that the Scriptures, though not everywhere Free from corruption, or entire, or clear, Are uncorrupt, sufficient, clear, entire In all things which our needful faith require. ~ John Dryden, #NFDB
975:Cities give not the human senses room enough. We go out daily and nightly to feed the eyes on the horizon, and require so much scope, just as we need water for our bath. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson, #NFDB
976:I don't write on topics that require a lot of urgency. But in 'Stiff,' I wanted to change people's hearts about organ donation. Whenever I get a chance, I try to talk about that. ~ Mary Roach, #NFDB
977:When your garden is finished I hope it will be more beautiful that you anticipated, require less care than you expected, and have cost only a little more than you had planned. ~ Thomas Church, #NFDB
978:climate change contains none of the clear signals that we require to mobilize our inbuilt sense of threat and that it is remarkably and dangerously open to misinterpretation. ~ George Marshall, #NFDB
979:Cricket is an art. Like all arts it has a technical foundation. To enjoy it does not require technical knowledge, but analysis that is not technically based is mere impressionism ~ C L R James, #NFDB
980:Intermittency [in availability for wind and solar] changes the economics, particularly this requirement that the power company at all times be able to require power. That's large. ~ Bill Gates, #NFDB
981:Some kinds of nails, such as those used for defending the soles of coarse shoes, called hobnails, require a particular form of the head, which is made by the stroke of a die. ~ Charles Babbage, #NFDB
982:The power of creating new funds upon new objects of taxation, by its own authority, would enable the national government to borrow as far as its necessities might require. ~ Alexander Hamilton, #NFDB
983:A British traveler remarked, 'There are [fashions in Guatemala] which it would require more than common charity to speak of with respect...'"
FILL IN YOUR OWN GRIPES! ;-) ~ Paul Theroux,#NFDB
984:as Gilbert Gottlieb, an eminent neuroscientist, put it, not only do genes and environment cooperate as we develop, but genes require input from the environment to work properly. ~ Carol S Dweck, #NFDB
985:Calvin insisted that friendship did not require agreement on every point and invited Melanchthon to be free with his criticism, a custom he shared with his friends – to some extent. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
986:Christmas it seems to me is a necessary festival; we require a season when we can regret all the flaws in our human relationships: it is the feast of failure, sad but consoling. ~ Graham Greene, #NFDB
987:Cricket is an art. Like all arts it has a technical foundation. To enjoy it does not require technical knowledge, but analysis that is not technically based is mere impressionism. ~ C L R James, #NFDB
988:Honeybees depend not only on physical contact with the colony, but also require it's social companionship and support. Isolate a honeybee from her sisters and she will soon die. ~ Sue Monk Kidd, #NFDB
989:I guess the more serious you play something, if the context is funny, then it will be funny and it doesn't really require you to be necessarily, explicitly humorous, or silly. ~ Jesse Eisenberg, #NFDB
990:In California, I guess you belong to the state; you don't even belong to your parents. It's an old Spanish law. It doesn't require your parents to swear out a complaint; anybody can. ~ Bo Derek, #NFDB
991:It would require a singularly stupid man to go hang around in narrow tunnels and cramped spaces alongside a threat like that.
"And I, Harry Dresden, am that man," I stated. ~ Jim Butcher,#NFDB
992:She was so nice to look at that Joe twice stabbed his left foot when he thought he was spearing a bit of litter, though neither wound was serious enough to require a tetanus shot. ~ Dean Koontz, #NFDB
993:The best morning rituals are activities that don’t have to happen and certainly don’t have to happen at a specific hour. These are activities that require internal motivation. ~ Laura Vanderkam, #NFDB
994:The things that are indispensable require no elaborate pains for their acquisition; it is only the luxuries that call for labour. Follow nature, and you will need no skilled craftsmen. ~ Seneca, #NFDB
995:as normally solved by engineers, would require any number of perfectly reasonable but aesthetically displeasing approximations. Lawrence’s solution would provide exact results. ~ Neal Stephenson, #NFDB
996:My lifetime’s memories are what I have brought home from the trip. I will require them for eternity no more than that little souvenir of the Eiffel Tower I brought home from Paris. ~ Roger Ebert, #NFDB
997:Our liturgy has beauties, which not even a careless, slovenly style of reading can destroy; but it has also redundancies and repetitions, which require good reading not to be felt. ~ Jane Austen, #NFDB
998:The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick out the right men and to utilise combined energy. ~ Sun Tzu, #NFDB
999:the result will require that the U.S.A. and the United Kingdom should exert all their influence to get Russia to act moderately and sensibly and not to flout world opinion. ~ Winston S Churchill, #NFDB
1000:You find your refuge in conventions and tell yourself that the bargains you have struck are morally sound, because they are socially sanctioned. Only the weak require such a refuge. ~ Tracy Rees, #NFDB
1001:8 He has showed you, O man, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you but to do justly, and to love kindness and mercy, and to humble yourself and walk humbly with your God? ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1002:Braintrust meetings require giving candid notes, but they do a great deal more than that. The most productive creative sessions allow for the exploration of myriad trains of thought. ~ Ed Catmull, #NFDB
1003:I really think that martial arts and music are very close to each other and both require a lot of focus and improvisation because you don't know where or when you're going to get kicked! ~ Hiromi, #NFDB
1004:it’s never too late to reinvent themselves and their careers. It might require learning some new tricks, like social media, and getting used to being overqualified, but it’s worth it. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1005:Not to hurt our humble brethren is our first duty to them, but to stop there is not enough. We have a higher mission - to be of service to them whenever they require it. ~ Saint Francis of Assisi, #NFDB
1006:The 18-minute rule isn’t simply a good exercise to learn discipline. It’s critical to avoid overloading your audience. Remember, constrained presentations require more creativity. ~ Carmine Gallo, #NFDB
1007:The reasons for our prolific understating are not hard to discover: our strict prohibitions on earnestness, gushing, emoting and boasting require almost constant use of understatement. ~ Kate Fox, #NFDB
1008:To truly pull off proper apathy about the stuff (money) would require so much energy, such contrived ideological zealotry, that the indifference would amount to a kind of caring. ~ Lionel Shriver, #NFDB
1009:A man's truest self realizations might require him, above all, to learn to close his eyes: to let himself be taken unawares, to follow his dark angel, to risk his illegal instincts. ~ Jean Cocteau, #NFDB
1010:First kisses didn’t necessarily require darkness and alcohol, they could happen in the open air, with the sun warm on your face and everything around you honest and real and true. ~ Liane Moriarty, #NFDB
1011:In our relationship, we don't have that situation. I don't require what he needs, and he doesn't require what I need. I know what I do; I have an amazing life that nobody knows about. ~ John Oates, #NFDB
1012:It's the reason we say "pork" and "beef" instead of "pig" and "cow." Dissection and surgical instruction, like meat-eating, require a carefully maintained set of illusions and denial. ~ Mary Roach, #NFDB
1013:The one who tries to catch the Moon by jumping up has more chance to reach the moon than the one who just sits and does nothing to reach it because all targets require action! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan, #NFDB
1014:XXI. But Arnold Bros (est. 1905) said, This is the Sign I give you:
XXII. If You Do Not See What You Require, Please Ask.
From The Book of Nome, Regulations v. XXI-XXII ~ Terry Pratchett,#NFDB
1015:You must match your energy, your vibration, with that of the universe, bringing it to a higher frequency where it synchronizes with the object, person, or situation you require. ~ Stephen Richards, #NFDB
1016:Adventure novels tend to be larger than life. They involve lots of wham-bam and don’t usually require a lot of extra thinking on the reader’s part the way a mystery or thriller might. ~ Emlyn Chand, #NFDB
1017:Bunter came with me in the role of a friend. A role he has always played to perfection."
"It does not require dissimulation, my lord," said Bunter.
"Thank you," said Peter. ~ Jill Paton Walsh,#NFDB
1018:Hope doesn't require a massive chain where heavy links of logic hold it together. A thin wire will do...just strong enough to get us through the night until the winds die down. ~ Charles R Swindoll, #NFDB
1019:In energy, you have to plan and do research way in advance, sometimes decades in advance to get a new system that's safer, doesn't require us to go around the world to get all our oil. ~ Bill Gates, #NFDB
1020:One of the few downsides to being awakened is that we no longer require sleep; therefore we also no longer dream. It's a shame, because if I could dream, I know I'd dream about you. ~ Richelle Mead, #NFDB
1021:require participants to cultivate different emotions produce consistent activations that overlap significantly with one another. 2 It is tempting to assume that this lack of specificity ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1022:Stories are medicine. I have been taken with stories since I heard my first. They have such power; they do not require that we do, be, act, anything -- we need only listen. ~ Clarissa Pinkola Est s, #NFDB
1023:These are the days that require discipline, when exercise is pure duty and the good feeling only comes later, consisting solely of self-congratulations for having done the job at all. ~ Sue Grafton, #NFDB
1024:A little girl's fantasies are one thing, and literature is another; just as numbers require rules to give them human meaning, words, too, demand a form to turn them into literature. ~ Benjamin Moser, #NFDB
1025:Congress would make it mandatory, absolutely require, that, every five years, people in Medicare have a required counseling session that will tell them how to end their life sooner ~ Betsy McCaughey, #NFDB
1026:Federal rules require the national rail network to have an operating PTC system by the end of the year, though many lawmakers have endorsed rail industry appeals for more time to comply. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1027:For the mind does not require filling like a bottle, but rather, like wood, it only requires kindling to create in it an impulse to think independently and an ardent desire for the truth. ~ Plutarch, #NFDB
1028:God’s grace does not require a condition to abound. However to obtain the promises of his blessings, you have to strive for it, fight for it, work hard for it and insist upon it. ~ Israelmore Ayivor, #NFDB
1029:I learned two basic lessons on Everest. First, just because something has worked in the past does not mean it will work today. Second, different challenges require different mindsets. ~ Lewis Gordon, #NFDB
1030:Marriage and the up-bringing of children in the home require as well-trained a mind and as well-disciplined a character as any other occupation that might be considered a career. ~ Eleanor Roosevelt, #NFDB
1031:Paradoxes are just the scar tissue. Time and space heal themselves up around them and people simply remember a version of events which makes as much sense as they require it to make. ~ Douglas Adams, #NFDB
1032:That the state of knowledge in any country will exert a directive influence on the general system of instruction adopted in it, is a principle too obvious to require investigation. ~ Charles Babbage, #NFDB
1033:The bully mind is not capable of loving or respecting others nor can it love or respect itself. Life's subtleties and the means of survival require its pretense of both these qualities. ~ Rick Stein, #NFDB
1034:The lifting up of the woman does not require the tearing down of the man. In fact, a strong woman appreciates a strong man. Conversely, a strong man is not intimidated by a strong woman. ~ T D Jakes, #NFDB
1035:T[he rules of writing] require that the personages in a tale shall be alive, except in the case of corpses, and that always the reader shall be able to tell the corpses from the others. ~ Mark Twain, #NFDB
1036:Beauty, unlike the rest of the gifts handed out at birth, does not require dedication, patience and hard work to pay off. But it's also the only gift that does not keep on giving. ~ Paulina Porizkova, #NFDB
1037:Gratitude was never meant to be an excuse for giving up on the obstacles God has put before you. Some of the most magical things he can bring us require faith and a lot of planning. ~ Shannon L Alder, #NFDB
1038:He didn't require some eighteen-year-old to make his cock hard. He wanted a woman, one with lines in her face that said she'd done some living and had learned to cry. And to laugh. ~ Cherise Sinclair, #NFDB
1039:It must require an inordinate share of vanity and presumption, too, after enjoying so much that is good and beautiful on earth, to ask the Lord for immortality in addition to it all. ~ Heinrich Heine, #NFDB
1040:Making a movie about one group of people isolates the larger majority. That's what I require of the projects that I'm involved with. I would not ever make a movie strictly for Latinos. ~ George Lopez, #NFDB
1041:Politeness doesn’t require actual humanity. It’s just cultural ritual...
Politeness is fancy curtains in your front window. Kindness is the home-cooked meal on your dinner table. ~ Karen Kilgariff,#NFDB
1042:Redistribution of wealth would require enormous amounts of investment. The only time an elite has accepted this has been during crises, such as in America in the 1930s under Roosevelt. ~ Susan George, #NFDB
1043:That is not an adequate response, faerie,” he growled. His Power lay in the room, a heavy brooding presence. “I require a series of words strung together that make coherent sentences. ~ Thea Harrison, #NFDB
1044:There is little doubt that a significant part of any serious solution will require advances of technology, but that can only be part of the solution. Other major changes are necessary. ~ Noam Chomsky, #NFDB
1045:There's no expert on this planet who says that the government telling people what to do actually does any good with this issue, this is going to require an effort on everyone's part. ~ Michelle Obama, #NFDB
1046:You must learn that it is not important for you to ask questions. Nobody needs for you to ask questions. Your job is to follow procedure. Following procedure does not require questions. ~ Noah Cicero, #NFDB
1047:All collective undertakings require trust. From the games that children play to complex social institutions, humans cannot work together unless they suspend their judgments of one another. ~ Tony Judt, #NFDB
1048:Could there be a snare in too much beauty? Could there be too much expectation of good, and too much fiath?
Could ever there be too much love?
And could love require lies? ~ C J Cherryh,#NFDB
1049:Foreign policy will require a strategic agility that, whenever possible, gets ahead of problems, strengthens U.S. security and alliances, and promotes American interests and credibility. ~ Chuck Hagel, #NFDB
1050:Future public education will require involvement and collaboration among various local, civic, private and nonprofit entities, a concept I like to refer to as community entrepreneurship. ~ Donald Bren, #NFDB
1051:I am too tired, I must try to rest and sleep, otherwise I am lost in every respect. What an effort to keep alive! Erecting a monument does not require an expenditure of so much strength. ~ Franz Kafka, #NFDB
1052:If we could understand and love the infinity of agonies which languish around us, all the lives which are hidden deaths, we should require as many hearts as there are suffering beings. ~ Emil M Cioran, #NFDB
1053:I require every Taipei student to swim; if they can't pass the test they won't graduate. Why do I do that? Because I think that is very, very important integral part of their education. ~ Ma Ying jeou, #NFDB
1054:...I tell you this: think what you like, hate who you like, because that's between you and God, but you will act as the community requires, or the community will no longer require you. ~ Karen Traviss, #NFDB
1055:Let me propose that if your beliefs or convictions matter more to you than people—if they require you to act as though you were a worse person than you are—you may have lost perspective. ~ Tim Kreider, #NFDB
1056:The question is whether you can bear freedom. At present the vast majority of men, whether white or black, require the discipline of labor which enslaves them for their own good. ~ Henry David Thoreau, #NFDB
1057:What is it that affectionate parents require of their Children; for all their care, anxiety, and toil on their accounts? Only that they would be wise and virtuous, Benevolent and kind. ~ Abigail Adams, #NFDB
1058:Climate change does not respect border; it does not respect who you are - rich and poor, small and big. Therefore, this is what we call global challenges, which require global solidarity. ~ Ban Ki moon, #NFDB
1059:Education topped her list of ideals; it was the surest hedge against a world that would require more of her children than white children, and attempt to give them less in return. ~ Margot Lee Shetterly, #NFDB
1060:If we do not pursue the Lord “with fear and trembling,” our desires will dishonor Him in some way. We will be tempted to forget that even sinful thoughts require repentance (Matt. 5:21–30). ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1061:I have a serious girls’ night question for you,” said Kami. “I know you’re new to this, but I will require an answer quickly. Are you prepared to eat at least five éclairs tonight? ~ Sarah Rees Brennan, #NFDB
1062:Negotiations over a shrinking pie are especially difficult because they require an allocation of losses. People tend to be much more easygoing when they bargain over an expanding pie. ~ Daniel Kahneman, #NFDB
1063:Saints cannot exist without a community, as they require, like all of us, nurturance by a people who, while often unfaithful, preserve the habits necessary to learn the story of God. ~ Stanley Hauerwas, #NFDB
1064:The Democratic Party does not want anybody to have a photo ID because that would have a very negative impact on cheating! If you require a photo ID, that pretty much shuts out cheating. ~ Rush Limbaugh, #NFDB
1065:Whether weapons exist in Iraq, Saddam Hussein or post-Saddam Hussein, it is a serious enough issue that require that we continue to go and make sure that Iraq does not have weapons. ~ Mohamed ElBaradei, #NFDB
1066:Wool, cotton, and the odd bits of silk and cashmere are the only acceptable materials for Prep clothes. They look better. They require professional maintenance. They are more expensive. ~ Lisa Birnbach, #NFDB
1067:As we have seen, drugs regulators don't require that new drugs are particularly good, or an improvement on what came before; they don't even require that drugs are particularly effective. ~ Ben Goldacre, #NFDB
1068:Consider scheduling a daily meeting with your new executive. Require them to bring a comprehensive set of questions about everything they heard that day but did not completely understand. ~ Ben Horowitz, #NFDB
1069:I’m told finance doesn’t require very complicated math. One guy told me that if you just designed a clean data display, people were amazed. So it’s more just advanced programming, ~ Kim Stanley Robinson, #NFDB
1070:My husband and I collaborated on a novel and we didn’t fight. We fought more while “collaborating” on the assembly of an IKEA baby crib (that crib almost did require marriage counseling). ~ Tom Franklin, #NFDB
1071:racial caste systems do not require racial hostility or overt bigotry to thrive. They need only racial indifference, as Martin Luther King Jr. warned more than forty-five years ago. ~ Michelle Alexander, #NFDB
1072:RISK: If risks are known, good decisions require logic and statistical thinking. UNCERTAINTY: If some risks are unknown, good decisions also require intuition and smart rules of thumb. ~ Gerd Gigerenzer, #NFDB
1073:She [Evelina] is not, indeed, like most modern young ladies; to be known in half an hour; her modest worth, and fearful excellence, require both time and encouragement to show themselves. ~ Fanny Burney, #NFDB
1074:The demands of Jesus are difficult because they require us to do something extraordinary. At the same time He asks us to regard these [acts of goodness] as something usual, ordinary. ~ Albert Schweitzer, #NFDB
1075:The evidence, so far at least and laws of Nature aside, does not require a Designer. Maybe there is one hiding, maddeningly unwilling to be revealed. Sometimes it seems a very slender hope. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
1076:The word of God can require something of me today that it did not require yesterday; this means that, if I am to hear this challenge, I must be fundamentally open and listening. ~ Hans Urs von Balthasar, #NFDB
1077:When you require something of me, I will seek to provide it. When you need my support, you will have it. I will speak only your praises in public, and I will ever strive to serve you loyally. ~ Kel Kade, #NFDB
1078:You do not have to sit outside in the dark. If, however, you want to look at the stars, you will find that darkness is required. The stars neither require it nor demand it. ANNIE DILLARD ~ Philip Yancey, #NFDB
1079:(Abortion is so safe that patients very rarely require hospitalization; doctors working in outpatient abortion clinics contribute little to hospitals in the way of new “revenue streams.”) ~ Willie Parker, #NFDB
1080:Almost every situation we encounter in life presents possibilities for growth...But these transformations require that a person be prepared to perceive unexpected opportunities. ~ Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, #NFDB
1081:I hate the thought that you might forget and remember, forget and remember. I think that must be exhausting. You have my phone number, any time you require me to carry you home in a storm. ~ Cath Crowley, #NFDB
1082:I require your assistance, Source Karish,” she announced.
He bowed. “How may I serve you, Your Majesty?”
Careful, Karish. She isn’t about to ask you to pick a daisy for her. ~ Moira J Moore,#NFDB
1083:she would never look away, not ever, no matter how much it hurt me, because in looking away, she said, we would lose ourselves so thoroughly that our loss would require another name. So, ~ Affinity Konar, #NFDB
1084:Still, object embedding, and design patterns based upon it, can be a very good fit when embedded objects require more limited interaction with the container than direct customization implies. ~ Mark Lutz, #NFDB
1085:to the many, witticisms not only require to be explained, like riddles, but are also like new shoes, which people require to wear many times before they get accustomed to them. ~ Letitia Elizabeth Landon, #NFDB
1086:Very many and very meritorious were the worthy patriots who assisted in bringing back our government to its republican tack. To preserve it in that, will require unremitting vigilance. ~ Thomas Jefferson, #NFDB
1087:when my office would require me to either violate my conscience or violate the national interest, then I would resign the office; and I hope any conscientious public servant would do the ~ John F Kennedy, #NFDB
1088:You can not become a scientist if you require that every question has an answer because its the very questions that have no answer that attract you to a laboratory every single day. ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson, #NFDB
1089:A religious person is devout in the sense that he has no doubt of the significance of those super-personal objects and goals which neither require nor are capable of rational foundation. ~ Albert Einstein, #NFDB
1090:In liberal societies we don't typically require citizens to rearrange their activities, their lives, the way they go about their business, to make it easy for the police to do their work. ~ Edward Snowden, #NFDB
1091:Just doing as well as you did last time is not good enough. I think of it as the "Try to get what you can" mentality. It doesn't require you to stretch, to grow. I don't believe in that. ~ Michael Jackson, #NFDB
1092:Let me propose that if your beliefs or convictions matter more to you than people - if they require you to act as though you were a worse person than you are - you may have lost perspective. ~ Tim Kreider, #NFDB
1093:Mutual caring relationships require kindness and patience, tolerance, optimism, joy in the other's achievements, confidence in oneself, and the ability to give without undue thought of gain. ~ Fred Rogers, #NFDB
1094:Never be offended that your new circumstances require you to change. Be humble and receptive. Rather than simply going where you need to go, be willing to become who you need to become. ~ Benjamin P Hardy, #NFDB
1095:Operations of thought are like cavalry charges in a battle—they are strictly limited in number, they require fresh horses, and must only be made at decisive moments. —ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD ~ Ray Kurzweil, #NFDB
1096:Speak but little, and that little only when thy own purposes require it. Heaven has given thee two ears but only one tongue, which means: listen to two things, but be not the first to propose one. ~ Hafez, #NFDB
1097:The prominence of causal intuitions is a recurrent theme in this book because people are prone to apply causal thinking inappropriately, to situations that require statistical reasoning. ~ Daniel Kahneman, #NFDB
1098:we both fitted. If our corners were not rubbed off they were at least pulled in. But deep in us both was something that made us require more for happiness. I didn't know what I wanted ~ F Scott Fitzgerald, #NFDB
1099:When we require that all people must say the same words or subscribe to the same creeds in order to experience God, we underestimate the scope and power of God’s activity in the world. ~ Rachel Held Evans, #NFDB
1100:Why seek to embarrass [the artist] with vanities foreign to his quietness? Know you not that certain sciences require the whole man, leaving no part of him at leisure for your trifles? ~ Leonardo da Vinci, #NFDB
1101:You will attract everything that you require. If it's money you need... you'll attract it. If it's people you need... you'll attract it. If it's a certain book you need... you'll attract it. ~ Bob Proctor, #NFDB
1102:A religious person is devout in the sense that he has no doubt about the significance of those superpersonal objects and goals which neither require nor are capable of rational foundation ~ Albert Einstein, #NFDB
1103:Do not require a description of the countries towards which you sail. The description does not describe them to you, and to- morrow you arrive there, and know them by inhabiting them. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson, #NFDB
1104:How much rationality and higher protection there is in such self-deception, and how much falseness I still require in order to allow myself again and again the luxury of my sincerity. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche, #NFDB
1105:Humility does not necessarily require me to agree and comply with everyone else’s position, but it does demand that I be willing to understand and respect the many sides of every issue. ~ Joan D Chittister, #NFDB
1106:I don't think there's any need to have essays advocating selfishness among human beings; I don't know what your impression has been, but some things require no further reinforcement. ~ Christopher Hitchens, #NFDB
1107:Later in life, I learnt that many things one may require have to be weighed against one’s dignity, which can be an insuperable barrier against advancement in almost any direction. However, ~ Anthony Powell, #NFDB
1108:Paradoxically, preserving liberty may require the rule of a single leader-a dictator-willing to use those dreaded 'extraordinary measures, which few know how, or are willing, to employ.' ~ Michael A Ledeen, #NFDB
1109:Paradox is not suited to burials, nor to weddings or births, in fact. Sinister — or grotesque — events require commonplaces; the terrible, like the painful,
accommodates only the cliché. ~ Emil M Cioran,#NFDB
1110:Trial and error are keys to growth and self-knowledge. Reinvention may require being reintroduced to yourself. Self-discovery may not be a requirement for reinvention, but it may be the payoff. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1111:Fitting in is about assessing a situation and becoming who you need to be to be accepted. Belonging, on the other hand, doesn’t require us to change who we are; it requires us to be who we are. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
1112:Health systems usually deal with the consequences of violence. We normally, in the health system, don't have the tools to prevent it, because these require policy interventions in every arena. ~ Julio Frenk, #NFDB
1113:He believed that surgical intervention into the brain to treat psychological disorders did not require the extensive surgical training that neurosurgeons spent years acquiring. Though ~ Kate Clifford Larson, #NFDB
1114:humankind’s fundamental understanding of the nature of reality. If an observer could alter the universe by his observation, then didn’t the universe require consciousness to even exist? ~ Douglas E Richards, #NFDB
1115:I close my eyes and dream, because wishes are out of my reach. They require hope. Dreams do not; they are fueled by the unreal, the forbidden, the things that will not ever exist in this world. ~ Sarah Fine, #NFDB
1116:Jesus doesn’t participate in the rat race. He’s into the slower rhythms of life, like abiding, delighting, and dwelling — all words that require us to trust Him with our place and our pace. ~ Lysa TerKeurst, #NFDB
1117:The affect heuristic speaks to your basic sensibilities about risk and reward while neglecting the big picture and the dangers of complex systems that require study and deeper understanding. ~ David McRaney, #NFDB
1118:We are creative and imaginative, not mechanical and precise. Machines require precision and accuracy; people don’t. And we are particularly bad at providing precise and accurate inputs. So ~ Donald A Norman, #NFDB
1119:But it will depend on young people like you being open to new ideas and new possibilities. And it will require young people like you never to stereotype or assume the worst about other people. ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
1120:Free will is a powerful thing, Riley. Sometimes it's the only way to realize your true destiny, though it does require a fair bit if trust–in yourself, in the universe–as I'm sure you now know. ~ Alyson Noel, #NFDB
1121:I say half jokingly that photography is the most difficult of the arts. It does require a certain arrogance to see and to choose. I feel myself walking on a tightrope instead of on the ground. ~ Walker Evans, #NFDB
1122:Male egos require constant stroking. Every task is an achievement, every success epic. That is why women cook, but men are chefs: we make cheese on toast, they produce pain de fromage. ~ Belle de Jour, #NFDB
1123:relieved no one of the obligation to judge right from wrong. But it did require subjecting the past to skepticism, to look to beginnings not to justify ends, but to question them—with evidence. ~ Jill Lepore, #NFDB
1124:This is why Musashi and most martial arts practitioners focus on mental training as much as on physical training. Both are equally important—and require equally vigorous exercise and practice. ~ Ryan Holiday, #NFDB
1125:To escape boredom, man works either beyond what his usual needs require, or else he invents play, that is, work that is designed to quiet no need other than that for working in general. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche, #NFDB
1126:Weren’t the revolutionary times we were living in an imperative to stand up for yourself? Did this not require women to change their attitudes not only toward their husbands but, indeed, all men? ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1127:Healing the wounds of the earth and its people does not require saintliness or a political party, only gumption and persistence. It is not a liberal or conservative activity; it is a sacred act. ~ Paul Hawken, #NFDB
1128:mechanical watches partake of what my friend John Clute calls the Tamagotchi Gesture. They’re pointless in a peculiarly needful way; they’re comforting precisely because they require tending. ~ William Gibson, #NFDB
1129:Never be offended that your new circumstances require you to change. Be humble and receptive. Rather than simply going where you need to go, be willing to become who you need to become. You ~ Benjamin P Hardy, #NFDB
1130:That would require faith. I do not beliebe in faith. I believe it exists but I do not believe it works. I don't know what the rules are here; I can't risk throwing everything away on a long shot. ~ Iain Banks, #NFDB
1131:The degree of leverage now being reversed is on a staggering scale, and the underlying global imbalances – notably between the savers and the spenders – will require long and painful adjustment. ~ Vince Cable, #NFDB
1132:There are many who appear to be very mighty in prayer, wondrous in supplications, but they require God to do what they can do themselves. Therefore, God does nothing at all for them. ~ Charles Haddon Spurgeon, #NFDB
1133:This would require an e-book reader that is as easy to read as a traditional book, durable to abuse as much as we abuse paperbacks and cheap enough that when you lose it, you can buy another one ~ John Scalzi, #NFDB
1134:Entertaining doesn’t need to be a difficult or daunting process. Throwing an unforgettable party doesn’t require a ton of time or money; it just requires a little thought, creativity, and heart. ~ Maury Ankrum, #NFDB
1135:It was a huge zoo, spread over numberless acres, big enough to require a train to explore it, though it seemed to get smaler as I grew older, train included. Now it's so small it fits in my head. ~ Yann Martel, #NFDB
1136:I want to make all Europe and America know it - I want to make England feel her weakness if she refuses to give the justice we the Irish require - the restoration of our domestic parliament. ~ Daniel O Connell, #NFDB
1137:Thinking is like exercise, it requires consistency and rigor. Like barbells in a weightlifting room, the classics force us to either put them down or exert our minds. They require us to think. ~ Oliver DeMille, #NFDB
1138:When a place gets crowded enough to require ID's, social collapse is not far away. It is time to go elsewhere. The best thing about space travel is that it made it possible to go elsewhere. ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
1139:When a place gets crowded enough to require ID’s, social collapse is not far away. It is time to go elsewhere. The best thing about space travel is that it made it possible to go elsewhere. ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
1140:Bureaucrats do not, as a whole, like to make decisions. Decisions require a degree of courage and responsibility, qualities in short supply among public servants on both sides of the Great Divide. ~ Kati Marton, #NFDB
1141:But Julia hasn’t a bit of tact; and men, I find, require a great deal. They purr if you rub them the right way and spit if you don’t. (That isn’t a very elegant metaphor. I mean it figuratively.) ~ Jean Webster, #NFDB
1142:Deep-rooted happiness may require a sense of purpose. If I don't feel that I am in some small way contributing to the greater good, holding on to happiness is like carrying water in my hands. ~ Paula Poundstone, #NFDB
1143:He helped the Librarian up. There was a red glow in the ape's eyes. It had tried to steal his books. This was probably the best proof any wizard could require that the trolleys were brainless. ~ Terry Pratchett, #NFDB
1144:Just a bit of advice,” I mutter. “That sort of physical contact with Chloe Murphy should require a full body condom, lest you contract something extremely difficult—if not impossible—to get rid of. ~ Kim Holden, #NFDB
1145:Like NASCAR race drivers or PGA golfers, why not require each of the [US presidential] candidates to cover their clothing, briefcases and staff with the logo patches of their corporate sponsors? ~ Jim Hightower, #NFDB
1146:Revolutions require work, revolutions require sacrifice, revolutions, and our own included, require a certain amount of rationing, a certain amount of calluses, a certain amount of sacrifice ~ Lee Harvey Oswald, #NFDB
1147:Success will require the studied lack of sophistication of a Ronald Reagan and the casual dishonesty of an FDR. The president must appear to be not very bright yet be able to lie convincingly. ~ George Friedman, #NFDB
1148:The thorough analysis of even simple problems in arithmetic may require the application of advanced mathematics. ~ Lloyd Motz & Jefferson Hane Weaver, Conquering Mathematics: From Arithmetic to Calculus (1991)., #NFDB
1149:Creating thoughts, holding onto thoughts, recalling thoughts, generating emotions, controlling emotions, and disciplining powerful inner drives, all require a tremendous expenditure of energy. ~ Michael A Singer, #NFDB
1150:In the United States, you might say every county has got its own separate system. There's not even one kind of ballot that you use all over the United States. We require that in a foreign country. ~ Jimmy Carter, #NFDB
1151:The pleasures of love are really quite wonderful--though I suspect they are rather a luxury and require a certain level of socioeconomic stability to be anything other than a mode of suffering. ~ Samuel R Delany, #NFDB
1152:We should kiss now," he says.
"Thomas, please."
"No, I mean it. Circumstances require it. Plus, it's the second thing on my bucket list: Kiss a bald girl. You can't say no. ~ Kristen Lippert Martin,#NFDB
1153:As strange as this may sound, I very seldom read fiction. Because my novels require so much research, almost everything I read is non - fiction - histories, biographies, translations of ancient texts. ~ Dan Brown, #NFDB
1154:Elections officials here in California are concerned that having 247 candidates would require a ballot so long it would be difficult to count. Today in Florida they said, 'What? You count the ballots?' ~ Jay Leno, #NFDB
1155:Forgotten were the elementary rules of logic, that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence and that what can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence. ~ Christopher Hitchens, #NFDB
1156:I don't do passion, and I sure don't do love. I f*ck. And that doesn't require a whole lot of demonstrative hoo-hah. Just technique. Which I have plenty of.
-Roman Masterson of Cousins ~ Lisa Lang Blakeney,#NFDB
1157:Is there anything else ye require, aside from yer freedom and a coach with four white horses to carry ye away from here?”
“The horses don’t have to be white,” she returned. “I’m not particular. ~ Suzanne Enoch,#NFDB
1158:It may be argued again that dissatisfaction with our life's endeavor springs in some degree from dulness. We require higher tasks, because we do not recognise the height of those we have. ~ Robert Louis Stevenson, #NFDB
1159:My dissatisfaction with television as a medium has nothing to do with the audience or the fact that you don't require as much time to do it as you do a movie, but with its technical limitations. ~ Charlton Heston, #NFDB
1160:The palimpsests of molecules need not be overwritten, for machines make once-ephemeral words persist: they collect in gutters; they pile up and require sweeping; they hang in air like morning fog. ~ Dexter Palmer, #NFDB
1161:The present times require the vigor and the activity of the prime of life; but I feel the increasing infirmities of age to such a degree, that I am conscious I cannot serve you to advantage. ~ Christopher Gadsden, #NFDB
1162:The school was meant to set apart, to break bonds that were better off broken, confined to childhood. Sarah and David accepted this as the sort of poignant rite their exceptional lives would require. ~ Susan Choi, #NFDB
1163:We will also require that follow-up reviews take place on a regular basis determined by the sensitive nature of the security involved. The review will be very much exact and recommended by experts. ~ Donald Trump, #NFDB
1164:When the tyrant has disposed of foreign enemies by conquest or treaty and there is nothing to fear from them then he is always stirring up some wary or other in order that the people may require a leader. ~ Plato, #NFDB
1165:Artificial intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men ~ Marvin Minsky (1968) quoted by: Blay Whitby (1996) Reflections on Artificial Intelligence. p. 20, #NFDB
1166:But in a nation that had nearly spent its way into bankruptcy, sturdy locks and a perimeter alarm were the preferred form of security, because they didn’t require salaries, health care, and pensions. ~ Dean Koontz, #NFDB
1167:French is one of the most familiar languages to an English speaker when it comes to its written form, because it has more cognates that don’t require any spelling alterations than any other language. ~ Benny Lewis, #NFDB
1168:Governments cannot require individuals, they cannot require the public as a body, and they cannot require corporations to make investigation and law enforcement easy for them in a liberal society. ~ Edward Snowden, #NFDB
1169:The compassionate person does not require other people to be stupid, in order to be intelligent. Their intelligence is for everyone, so as to have a world in which there is less ignorance. (118) ~ Jean Yves Leloup, #NFDB
1170:The impulse to investigate can only be set free if you stop pretending to know answers that you don't. Because the incentives to pretend are so strong, this may require some bravery on your part. ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
1171:There can be no doubt that Samuel Marchbanks is one of the choice and master spirits of this age. If there were such a volume as Who Really Ought To Be Who his entry would require several pages. ~ Robertson Davies, #NFDB
1172:Paradoxes are just the scar tissue of the universe. Time and space heal themselves around up them and people simply remember a version of events which makes as much sense as they require it to make. ~ Douglas Adams, #NFDB
1173:We have all been injured, profoundly. We require regeneration, not rebirth, and the possibilities for our reconstitution include the utopian dream of the hope for a monstrous world without gender. ~ Donna J Haraway, #NFDB
1174:A slow smile had curved St. Vincent's lips. 'Wives are a different case altogether. They require a great deal of effort but the rewards are substantial. I highly recommend wives. Especially one's own. ~ Lisa Kleypas, #NFDB
1175:Fitting in is about assessing a situation and becoming who you need to be in order to be accepted. Belonging, on the other hand, doesn’t require us to change who we are; it requires us to be who we are. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
1176:He was determined to tell his problems, but not to solve them. He wanted an easy solution, not the truth, which was that it would require a lot of hard work and time to overcome the adversity he faced. ~ David Estes, #NFDB
1177:Leyla sat in the middle of the floor performing yoga or meditation. I couldn't remember if they were actually different things. I thought meditation was the one that didn't require special pants. ~ Maggie Stiefvater, #NFDB
1178:No people anywhere in the world would accept being expelled en masse from their own country; how can anyone require the people of Palestine to accept a punishment which nobody else would tolerate? ~ Bertrand Russell, #NFDB
1179:Of course, we also are soberly aware that historical problems remain in cross-strait relations, and that there will be issues in the future that will require time, patience and joint efforts to resolve. ~ Xi Jinping, #NFDB
1180:That din of applause was currently manifest in a mediated form online. “Inside those cubes of the virtual,” thought Albrecht, “is a vaulting collection of hungry ids. All they require is discipline. ~ Kane X Faucher, #NFDB
1181:The desperate things seem to require attention, the lovely things seem to elicit celebration. If I had to choose, I would go to the awful in the hope that doing something could yield a happier result. ~ Jenny Holzer, #NFDB
1182:Times of upheaval require not just more leadership but more leaders. People at all organizational levels, whether anointed or self-appointed, must be empowered to share leadership responsibilities. ~ Rosalynn Carter, #NFDB
1183:All gods who receive homage are cruel. All gods dispense suffering without reason. Otherwise they would not be worshipped... Half gods are worshipped in wine and flowers. Real gods require blood. ~ Zora Neale Hurston, #NFDB
1184:at this point, the analysis of gene expression in the brain isn't prectical because current (and foreseeable)techniques require that we analyze a piece of brain tissue. Most people find that unpleasant. ~ Matt Ridley, #NFDB
1185:Fossils do not require long ages to form. In fact, they must form quickly, otherwise the organism’s softer tissues and even bones suffer decay (shells or teeth enamel naturally take longer to disintegrate). ~ Ken Ham, #NFDB
1186:If society gave everything that a poor person could possibly require in order to live comfortably, that would scarcely reduce the numbers of poor people, but would rather increase them considerably. ~ Stefan Molyneux, #NFDB
1187:...I had always believed prayer ought to be conducted on our feet rather than on our knees, since God seems in all other departments of life to require us to stand upright and account for ourselves. ~ Charles Frazier, #NFDB
1188:I'm sure that Zhang Lanxin could be an outstanding action movie actress. For one thing, she wouldn't require a stand-in. As for Yao Xingtong, she might be an excellent action performer in her next life. ~ Jackie Chan, #NFDB
1189:Internal or external, in my experience startup teams require three structural attributes: scarce but secure resources, independent authority to develop their business, and a personal stake in the outcome. ~ Eric Ries, #NFDB
1190:Manage the remarkable balance between acting from your heart and close to your gifts with completing the obligations that your labor and tasks require of you. Leverage opportunity AND seize joy. ~ Mary Anne Radmacher, #NFDB
1191:The general systems of money management [today] require people to pretend to do something they can't do and like something they don't. It's a terrible way to spend your life, but it's very well paid. ~ Charlie Munger, #NFDB
1192:The two things I understand best are stand-up comedy and martial arts. And those things require an ultimate grasp of the truth. You have to be objective about your skills and abilities to compete in both. ~ Joe Rogan, #NFDB
1193:We shall see but little if we require to understand what we see. How few things can a man measure with the tape of his understanding! How many greater things might he be seeing in the meanwhile! ~ Henry David Thoreau, #NFDB
1194:but make the self grow? To fill free time with activities that require concentration, that increase skills, that lead to a development of the self, is not the same as killing time by watching ~ Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, #NFDB
1195:I do not betray the confidence of friends and I require you to respect that fact and admire me for it. Enormously and all the time. Where secrets are concerned, compared to me, the grave is a chatterbox ~ John le Carr, #NFDB
1196:In this life, we need the second touch of Christ. Indeed, we require a third, fourth, fifth, and continual touch. Though the scales are removed from our eyes, we still need to be led by the hand of Jesus. ~ R C Sproul, #NFDB
1197:It's hard to know what to say when your best friend serenades an amphibian. On one hand, Miss Lana likes me to be sensitive. On the other hand, the Colonel says most situations don't require my input. ~ Sheila Turnage, #NFDB
1198:Being an executive does not require very developed frontal lobes, but rather a combination of charisma, a capacity to sustain boredom, and the ability to shallowly perform on harrying schedules. ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
1199:Blushing is the most peculiar and the most human of all expressions. Monkeys redden from passion, but it would require an overwhelming amount of evidence to make us believe that any animal could blush. ~ Charles Darwin, #NFDB
1200:I love the outdoors, I love climbing mountains. But I also like to walk down the street in New York in the fall and go to a bar. So what I require of a jacket is different, but it still has that heritage. ~ Sam Heughan, #NFDB
1201:There are many members of parliament present here who know as well as I do that, if a man has not already been converted, it will require a great deal more than a letter of appeal to achieve conversion. ~ Fredrik Bajer, #NFDB
1202:To be an outstanding musician, you have to be very attentive to the smallest detail and willing to have infinite patience in the pursuit of your ideal. You require absolute control and professionalism. ~ Yehudi Menuhin, #NFDB
1203:When you warned me that you would test me from time to time, I thought you meant spiking my food. But it seems there is more than one way to poison a person’s heart, and it doesn’t even require a meal. ~ Maria V Snyder, #NFDB
1204:...did that require such a leap of the imagination? Perhaps affectation can be so thoroughgoing, so authentic in its details, that it stops being pretense… and becomes, for all practical purposes, real. ~ Alison Bechdel, #NFDB
1205:Plank to base. I require urgent backup. Repeat. Urgent backup. Am knackered. Repeat. Knackered. And can you pick me up a bag of ready salted crisps on the way? Repeat. Ready salted crisps. Urgent. Over. ~ David Walliams, #NFDB
1206:Superforecasting does require minimum levels of intelligence, numeracy, and knowledge of the world, but anyone who reads serious books about psychological research probably has those prerequisites. So ~ Philip E Tetlock, #NFDB
1207:Criticism is, for me, like essay writing, a wonderful way of relaxation; it doesn't require a heightened and mediated voice, like prose fiction, but rather a calm, rational, even conversational voice. ~ Joyce Carol Oates, #NFDB
1208:even though clients require us to be competent enough to meet their needs, it is ultimately our honesty, humility, and selflessness that will endear us to them and allow them to trust and depend on us. ~ Patrick Lencioni, #NFDB
1209:If I have a clear spot in my schedule, I like to tackle the heavy scenes that require the heightened emotion and focus of a long writing session. Otherwise, I have daily obligations that can't be ignored. ~ Eden Robinson, #NFDB
1210:Part of the problem was that EES hadn’t done much more than guess at the energy loads its customers would require. Part of it was those faulty price curves, with their excessively optimistic assumptions. ~ Bethany McLean, #NFDB
1211:All good things require effort. That which is worth having will cost part of your physical being, your intellectual power and your soul power. Let us ever keep in mind that life is largely what we make it. ~ David O McKay, #NFDB
1212:Nobody here wants Competition,' Ives LeSpark re-entering, shaking his head gravely. 'All wish but to name their Price, and maintain it, without the extra work and worry all these damn'd Up-starts require. ~ Thomas Pynchon, #NFDB
1213:Selection is both revolutionary and disturbing for the same reason: it explains apparent design in nature by a purely materialistic process that doesn't require creation or guidance by supernatural forces. ~ Jerry A Coyne, #NFDB
1214:There is a need for the ‘visible hand’ of planning, as many problems involving expansion and modification of the resource base require farsighted action which are beyond the decision horizon of private actors. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1215:Writing, playing, composing, painting, reading, listening, looking-all require that we submit to being swept away by Eros, to a transformation of self of the kind that happens when we fall in love. ~ Stephen Nachmanovitch, #NFDB
1216:Adjusting to a new path and a new direction will require new qualities and strengths, and these qualities are always exactly what we need to acquire in order to accomplish the great things ahead in our life. ~ Rhonda Byrne, #NFDB
1217:Every goal that you will ever pursue will require a plan of action. Whether you are pursuing your life’s destiny or striving to obtain a particular goal, you must be able to see things as you desire them to be. ~ T D Jakes, #NFDB
1218:I took piano lessons when I was younger and I've been trying to learn how to play the guitar recently. I'd really like to learn how to play the drums. They're a lot of fun and they require a lot of focus. ~ Vanessa Hudgens, #NFDB
1219:It will require more than a few hours of fasting and prayer to cast out such demons as selfishness, worldliness, and unbelief. Repentance, to be of any avail, must work a change of heart and of conduct. ~ Theodore L Cuyler, #NFDB
1220:She had her house in London, her town society, and her father. And, inasmuch as the change for her would be much greater than it would be for him, it was natural that she should require some small delay. ~ Anthony Trollope, #NFDB
1221:They call it self-sacrifice when parents fight for their children, but really they’re protecting themselves, the ones who have been cloned. And that doesn’t require any moral courage; it’s just genetic egotism. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1222:Healthy projects require a single checkout to obtain the whole codebase, and the code can be placed in any directory on your build machine. Do not rely on multiple checkout steps, or code in hardcoded locations. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1223:I know now why God gave us babies. They require constant attention, of course. They make messes and disturb the peace, but their cuteness and smiles are something the only reminder of God we have in the house. ~ Ann Rinaldi, #NFDB
1224:Jason had joked that dust bunnies under the bed were pets he didn't mind keeping: they never whined for food and didn't require a litter box. They also didn't wake you up at night by barking at passing raccoons. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1225:Some song ideas absolutely require a kind of rigid discipline, and others require absolute chaotic abandon. The form is only valid if you know how to un-form it. I don't mean to sound like an intellectual here! ~ John Lydon, #NFDB
1226:Time travel may be achieved one day, or it may not. But if it is, it should not require any fundamental change in world-view, at least for those who broadly share the world view I am presenting in this book. ~ David Deutsch, #NFDB
1227:We expect professional and financial success to require time and effort. Why do we take success in our relationships for granted? Why should we expect harmony to come naturally just because we are in love? ~ Eknath Easwaran, #NFDB
1228:I like games that are simple. Not games that are trivial, but also not games that require you to invest a week or to relearn something. I like games that you can just pick up, sit down in front of, and get going. ~ Sid Meier, #NFDB
1229:I won't be wronged, I won't be insulted, and I won't be laid a hand on. I don't do these things to other people, and I require the same from them."
- J.B Books in The Shootist 1976, directed by Don Siegel ~ John Wayne,#NFDB
1230:Man is unique in that he has plans, purpose and goals which require the need for criteria of choice. The need for ethical value is within man whose future may largely be determined by the choice he make ~ George Bernard Shaw, #NFDB
1231:Mara, it’s not an easy life. It breaks you down, builds you up again, and crushes you flat. Great works require great sacrifice. It can be addicting as all hell and I can’t imagine anything more satisfying. But ~ Eliot Peper, #NFDB
1232:Science cannot be “true” in the absolute sense, and that is why a society based on science alone cannot survive, for the people require absolute truths. Symbolic uncertainty is the downfall of civilization. ~ L E Modesitt Jr, #NFDB
1233:There is no reason to expect a generic AI to be motivated by love or hate or pride or other such common human sentiments: these complex adaptations would require deliberate expensive effort to recreate in AIs. ~ Nick Bostrom, #NFDB
1234:To literalize a myth or symbol and require its worship is the oldest of religious sins: idolatry. The mystery the image once contained is now lost and one worships an empty shell no longer worthy of adoration. ~ James Hollis, #NFDB
1235:A newspaper is an adviser who does not require to be sought, but who comes of his own accord, and talks to you briefly every day of the common wealth, without distracting you from your private affairs. ~ Alexis de Tocqueville, #NFDB
1236:Empathy doesn't require that we have the exact same experiences as the person sharing their story with us...Empathy is connecting with the emotion that someone is experiencing, not the event or the circumstance. ~ Brene Brown, #NFDB
1237:I think on some level, role models are overrated If you require a role model who looks just like you to be something you wanna be and you can't find one, is that a reason to not be what you wanna be? No! ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson, #NFDB
1238:It is hard for people outside the White House to understand the constant daily problems and issues that come up that require the president's attention, but he can not let himself get too personally involved. ~ Fred F Fielding, #NFDB
1239:It will require you to forsake nearly everything that it means to be a Jedi. But you have already begun down that path, I think. Your grief over the deaths of the Krim family does not speak of nonattachment. ~ Christie Golden, #NFDB
1240:Most television shows are going to require an actor sign up from four to six years, but an anthology show really amounts to five or six months at the most. I thought serious actors might be attracted to that. ~ Nic Pizzolatto, #NFDB
1241:There are really only two ways to teach. You can inspire the student to voluntarily and enthusiastically choose to do the hard work necessary to get a great education, or you can attempt to require it of him. ~ Oliver DeMille, #NFDB
1242:What do you require to exchange your ideas for mine?” “You think my convictions are for sale?” “Why not?” came the cold response. “Isn’t that your business, buying and selling?” “Only at a profit,” said Mallow, ~ Isaac Asimov, #NFDB
1243:Any woman can be both the perfect housewife and an accomplished assassin, because both functions require the same qualities: creativity; a never-say-die attitude; and an attention to details, no matter how small… ~ Josie Brown, #NFDB
1244:Every new book I read comes to be a part of that overall and unitary book that is the sum of my readings...if you need little to set the imagination going, I require even less: the promise of reading is enough. ~ Italo Calvino, #NFDB
1245:I didn’t believe in spiritual homelands, and found God as readily in a strip mall as in a mosque. My faith did not require beauty or belonging--the deeper I went into my practice, the less it required at all. ~ G Willow Wilson, #NFDB
1246:I don't require myself or anyone to go beyond what they feel they can do. I just do suggest - for their own eventual happiness - that they go as far as they can. They can usually go much further than they think. ~ Alice Walker, #NFDB
1247:I would replace the quality of sincerity with honesty, since one can hold a conviction sincerely without examining it, while honesty would require that one subject one's convictions to frequent scrutiny. ~ Christopher Phillips, #NFDB
1248:One wonders, in fact, why marriage is a legal issue at all - apart from its relevance to immigration and property laws. Why would something so integral to human nature require such vigilant legal protection? ~ Christopher Ryan, #NFDB
1249:The basis of self-government and freedom requires the development of character and self-restraint and perseverance and the long view. And these are qualities which require many years of training and education. ~ John F Kennedy, #NFDB
1250:There comes a moment when the things one has written, even a traveler's memories, stand up and demand a justification. They require an explanation. They query, 'Who am I? What is my name? Why am I here? ~ Anne Morrow Lindbergh, #NFDB
1251:You can’t get enough of your favorite meal until, in the next moment, you find you are so stuffed as to nearly require the attention of a surgeon—and yet, by some quirk of physics, you still have room for dessert. ~ Sam Harris, #NFDB
1252:After 9/11, the amount of applicants the FBI received increased exponentially. Whereas you used to require a college degree, and it was a small group of people who were just out of college, after 9/11, it changed. ~ Aaron Tveit, #NFDB
1253:At the moment, the extremists have significant financial popular and theological backing in the Middle East. And that is an enduring phenomenon. And it's one that is going to require a long, ideological war to win. ~ Chuck Todd, #NFDB
1254:I'm just scared of crowds. I just think people require things of me whenever there's a screaming crowd, and I always think I won't be able to provide what they want, so that's why I look scared all the time. ~ Robert Pattinson, #NFDB
1255:We require routine and tradition. That’s order. Order can become excessive, and that’s not good, but chaos can swamp us, so we drown— and that is also not good. We need to stay on the straight and narrow path. ~ Jordan Peterson, #NFDB
1256:What distinguishes people who are ten times more effective than the norm is not that they work ten times as hard; it’s that they use their creativity to come up with solutions that require one-tenth of the effort. ~ Jason Fried, #NFDB
1257:Why do you voluntarily deceive yourself and require to be told now for the first time what fate it is that you have long been labouring under? Take my word for it: since the day you were born you are being led thither. ~ Seneca, #NFDB
1258:World peace, like community peace, does not require that each man love his neighbor - it requires only that they live together with mutual tolerance, submitting their disputes to a just and peaceful settlement. ~ John F Kennedy, #NFDB
1259:“Human beings, having originated
in the Garden, require contact
with nature. Even a palace grows
unwholesome to one who is too
long confined within its walls.”
-THE BOOK OF THE ETERNAL ROSE ~ Fiona Paul,#NFDB
1260:It takes time to build a corporate work of art. It takes time to build a life. And it takes time to develop and grow. So give yourself, your enterprise, and your family the time they deserve and the time they require. ~ Jim Rohn, #NFDB
1261:The memories and the pains, all of them—yours, other people’s—from start to finish, they require you. Today they will not let up: you must go to them. It hurts and it will hurt more, but you’re on the right path. ~ Sof a Segovia, #NFDB
1262:...good relationships are based on kindness. On putting the person you love before yourself. On thinking of what you can do to make that person happy. Good relationships require kindness, commitment, and appreciation ~ Jane Green, #NFDB
1263:There is not one kind of food for all men. You must and you will feed those faculties which you exercise. The laborer whose body is weary does not require the same food with the scholar whose brain is weary. ~ Henry David Thoreau, #NFDB
1264:The Way is basically perfect. It doesn't require perfecting. The Way has no form or sound. It's subtle and hard to perceive. It's like when you drink water: you know how hot or cold it is, but you can't tell others. ~ Bodhidharma, #NFDB
1265:We require routine and tradition. That’s order. Order can become excessive, and that’s not good, but chaos can swamp us, so we drown— and that is also not good. We need to stay on the straight and narrow path. ~ Jordan B Peterson, #NFDB
1266:Hey,” said Locke, scratching his stubble absently with his quill. “That sounds suspiciously like wisdom, damn your eyes. Why must you always flounce about being wiser than me?” “Doesn’t require much conscious effort. ~ Scott Lynch, #NFDB
1267:I can be tolerant of traffic jams and disorganization, faulty technology, miserable weather, and bland foods. People, however, require more than the cold, grudging favor of being tolerated. They require love. ~ Richelle E Goodrich, #NFDB
1268:In 2008 two Carnegie Mellon professors calculated that a reasonable reading of all the privacy policies that one encounters in a year would require 76 full workdays at a national opportunity cost of $781 billion. ~ Shoshana Zuboff, #NFDB
1269:I want to tell stories which require something of an audience, by way of thought, argument, emotion, because I'm more often in an audience than I am a maker of films, and that's the kind of movie I want to see. ~ Anthony Minghella, #NFDB
1270:There's an old folk saying that goes: whenever you delete a sentence from your NaNoWriMo novel, a NaNoWriMo angel loses its wings and plummets, screaming, to the ground. Where it will likely require medical attention. ~ Chris Baty, #NFDB
1271:These dilemmas present perhaps the most enduring conundrum of human history: can people derive their identity primarily by positive association or does life's meaning also require negative comparison to others? ~ William J Clinton, #NFDB
1272:We don't have a right to ask whether we're going to succeed or not. The only question we have a right to ask is what's the right thing to do? What does this earth require of us if we want to continue to live on it? ~ Wendell Berry, #NFDB
1273:We were convinced that the people need and require this faith. We have therefore undertaken the fight against the atheistic movement, and that not merely with a few theoretical declarations; we have stamped it out. ~ Adolf Hitler, #NFDB
1274:What is it about conformity itself that causes us all to require it of our neighbors and of our artists and then, with consummate fickleness, to forget those who fall into line and eternally celebrate those who do not? ~ Ben Shahn, #NFDB
1275:When innocent people find themselves in situations that require the presence and protection of people like me, their reaction more often than not is as much bewilderment as fear. Mortality is tough to process. But ~ Jeffery Deaver, #NFDB
1276:Wooing one’s wife might require more effort than he’d originally anticipated, but the hunt invigorated him. He might have to continue the abduction tradition even after she was fully his. Keep things interesting. ~ Karen Witemeyer, #NFDB
1277:Eventually, computers and robots will run things. Humans will manage those machines, but that doesn't require courage or strength, or any characteristics like those. In fact, men are outliving their usefulness ~ Robert James Waller, #NFDB
1278:I don't seem to require a lot of sleep. I just - if I get four, five good hours, I'm fine. But sleeping is sort of dull. There's a lot of other good stuff that you can do without just lying down and closing your eyes. ~ Betty White, #NFDB
1279:In the ordinary affairs of life we do not require nor expect demonstrative evidence, because it is inconsistent with the nature of matters of fact, and to insist on its production would be unreasonable and absurd. ~ Simon Greenleaf, #NFDB
1280:I thought cryptography was a technique that did not require your trusting other people-that if you encrypted your files, you would have the control to make the choice as to whether you would surrender your files. ~ Whitfield Diffie, #NFDB
1281:People who espouse Intelligent Design believe nature is so complex as to require an intelligent designer-God. Similarly, liberals believe the economy is so complex as to require an intelligent designer-government. ~ Michael Shermer, #NFDB
1282:We cannot conceive of matter being formed of nothing, since things require a seed to start from... Therefore there is not anything which returns to nothing, but all things return dissolved into their elements. ~ William Shakespeare, #NFDB
1283:We imperatively require a perception of and a homage to beauty in our companions. Other virtues are in request in the field and workyard, but a certain degree of taste is not to be spared in those we sit with. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson, #NFDB
1284:12“aNow, Israel, what does the LORD your God require from you, but to 1fear the LORD your God, to walk in all His ways and blove Him, and to serve the LORD your God with call your heart and with all your soul,† ~ John F MacArthur Jr, #NFDB
1285:All that children can properly require of their parents is that they tolerate their own muddled spectrum - that they neither insist on the lie of perfect happiness nor lapse into the slipshod brutality of giving up. ~ Andrew Solomon, #NFDB
1286:But he also saw a certain sense in the notion that burgeoning technologies require outlaw zones, that Night City wasn’t there for its inhabitants, but as a deliberately unsupervised playground for technology itself. ~ William Gibson, #NFDB
1287:God said that when a man and a woman are married, the two will become one flesh, but He never said it would be easy. Good relationships require a lot of hard work, education, and willingness to meet each other’s needs. ~ Joyce Meyer, #NFDB
1288:Great things only require to be simply told, for they are spoiled by emphasis; but little things should be clothed in lofty language, as they are only kept up by expression, tone of voice, and style of delivery. ~ Jean de la Bruyere, #NFDB
1289:I like the detail work of telling a story in small pieces, as is done in movie-making, and also the long leap of faith needed to see a theatre performance through each night. Both require focus and self-discipline. ~ Viggo Mortensen, #NFDB
1290:It is not uncommon to suppose that the free exchange of property in markets and capitalism are one and the same. They are not. While capitalism operates through the free market, free markets don't require capitalism. ~ Jeremy Rifkin, #NFDB
1291:It is the more diverse, irregular, superficially haphazard bodies-like the human-that require more detailed assembly instructions. Symmetry emerges as the default structure when information and resources are limited. ~ Frank Wilczek, #NFDB
1292:Just breathing in and out suddenly seemed to require a series of massive, separately considered decisions, as if each small action of mine had abruptly become huge compared to all the ones the dead man was not taking. ~ Sarah Graves, #NFDB
1293:Mattie loves to read. Was born to read. I love to listen to Mattie read. The way her voice rises two octaves above everyone else's. The way the words collide-an endless train of sounds that doesn't require breath. ~ Carmen Rodrigues, #NFDB
1294:What all these lofty and vague phrases boil down to is that the court can impose things that the voters don't want and the Constitution does not require, but which are in vogue in circles to which the court responds. ~ Thomas Sowell, #NFDB
1295:Whatever I was writing at the time, I knew there was no market for it and never would be, because there’s never a market for true art, so my main concern was always to have a job that didn’t require me to write or think. ~ Nell Zink, #NFDB
1296:It won't do away with hierarchy totally, but the principal leader will be the person who most exemplifies the kind of organization and behavior required who is best able to create the conditions such organizations require. ~ Dee Hock, #NFDB
1297:No Keynesian has ever proposed a measure designed to make the individual more productive; for that would require institutional means for enabling him to acquire ownership of the nonhuman factor of production: capital. ~ Louis O Kelso, #NFDB
1298:That is really not much different from the search engines that are being constructed today for users throughout the entire world to allow them to search through databases to access the information that they require. ~ Stephen Cambone, #NFDB
1299:Did it ever occur to you that this might require a modicum of concentration?” snapped Myfanwy in irritation, breaking out of her trance. “Did the dramatic pose and the look of profound focus not tip you off?” “Sorry, ~ Daniel O Malley, #NFDB
1300:I never was much of an oyster eater, nor can I relish them 'in naturalibus' as some do, but require a quantity of sauces, lemons, cayenne peppers, bread and butter, and so forth, to render them palatable. ~ William Makepeace Thackeray, #NFDB
1301:I started off in architecture, and I just couldn't fit into the vibe there. I just felt more at home in the Art Department, so I just ended up there. But I would be an architect if it didn't require so much engineering. ~ Larkin Grimm, #NFDB
1302:Jeremy’s mother doesn’t read horror novels. She doesn’t like ghost stories or unexplained phenomena or even the kind of phenomena that require excessively technical explanations. For example: microwaves, airplanes. ~ John Joseph Adams, #NFDB
1303:People of all ages, but especially young people, require work that as meaning, or social value. Since they're not getting the kind of long-term guarantees of yore, they're willing to job hop to find the right fit. ~ Stewart D Friedman, #NFDB
1304:Who doubts that there may be great goodness, and great happiness, and great affection under the absolute government of a good man? Meanwhile, laws and institutions require to be adapted, not to good men, but to bad. ~ John Stuart Mill, #NFDB
1305:As long as we see abusers as victims, or as out-of-control monsters, they will continue getting away with ruining lives. If we want abusers to change, we will have to require them to give up the luxury of exploitation. ~ Lundy Bancroft, #NFDB
1306:books The Dance of the Dissident Daughter and When the Heart Waits were narratives of my spiritual experience. I think many people need, even require, a narrative version of their life. I seem to be one of them. Writing ~ Sue Monk Kidd, #NFDB
1307:My daily sins require daily distribution of God's grace. In that sense, it never ceases to surprise me because I don't deserve any of it. I mean, I deserve to be locked in a cage and for God to throw away the key. ~ Tullian Tchividjian, #NFDB
1308:Net neutrality would require that every search engine produce an equal number of results that satisfy every disagreement about the issue... Just think of it as Fairness Doctrine for the Internet. I'm not making this up. ~ Rush Limbaugh, #NFDB
1309:Objects mimic in a material dimension what we require in a psychological one. We need to rearrange our minds but are lured towards new shelves. We buy a cashmere cardigan as a substitute for the counsel of friends. We ~ Alain de Botton, #NFDB
1310:Then Cotton quotes Luke 12:48. “To whom much is given, of him God will require the more.” Of course there’s a catch, Spider-Man. When God is the landlord, Cotton says, “defraud him not of his rent.” The price? Obedience. ~ Sarah Vowell, #NFDB
1311:The unleashed power of the atom has changed everything except our thinking. Thus, we are drifting toward catastrophe beyond conception. We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if mankind is to survive. ~ Albert Einstein, #NFDB
1312:I feel dead inside anyway. Cara made me feel alive. Maybe that's why I can't let her go. I don't want to feel dead anymore. What I think is, I need a way to feel alive that doesn't require someone else to make it happen. ~ Ellen Hopkins, #NFDB
1313:If the Gospel of Jesus is relational, that is, if our brokenness will be fixed not by our understanding of theology but by God telling us who we are, then this would require a kind of intimacy of which only Heaven knows. ~ Donald Miller, #NFDB
1314:I know that she deserves the best and purest love the heart of man can offer," said Mrs. Maylie; "I know that the devotion and affection of her nature require no ordinary return, but one that shall be deep and lasting. ~ Charles Dickens, #NFDB
1315:it attempts to show that the necessary conditions of logical and mathematical reasoning, which undergird the natural sciences as a human activity, require the rejection of all broadly materialist worldviews. Reppert ~ William Lane Craig, #NFDB
1316:She knew there was enormous penalty for what they had done to her - but she could not conceive of that, did not require that: she only wanted a little comfort, a bit of charity; with the awfulness, the unknowable, removed. ~ John Hawkes, #NFDB
1317:But most mindfulness activities require you to tune into the present moment for just a few minutes, making these habits some of the easiest you will ever undertake. Again, the key is remembering to do them throughout the day. ~ S J Scott, #NFDB
1318:Current intelligence-testing practices require examinees to answer but not to pose questions. In requiring only the answering of questions, these tests are missing a vital half of intelligence- the asking of questions. ~ Robert Sternberg, #NFDB
1319:Depopulation should be the highest priority of foreign policy towards the third world, because the US economy will require large and increasing amounts of minerals from abroad, especially from less developed countries ~ Henry A Kissinger, #NFDB
1320:Discipline is the basic set of tools we require to solve life’s problems. Without discipline we can solve nothing. With only some discipline we can solve only some problems. With total discipline we can solve all problems. ~ M Scott Peck, #NFDB
1321:Each man forms his duty according to his predominant characteristic; the stern require an avenging judge; the gentle, a forgiving father. Just so the pygmies declared that Jove himself was a pygmy. ~ Edward Bulwer Lytton 1st Baron Lytton, #NFDB
1322:Just as the senses require sensible objects to stimulate them, so our powers of observation, recollection, and imagination do not work spontaneously, but are set in motion by the demands set up by current social occupations. ~ John Dewey, #NFDB
1323:nihilism represents the ultimate logical conclusion of our great values and ideals—because we must experience nihilism before we can find out what value these "values" really had.'— We require, sometime, new values. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche, #NFDB
1324:One less desirable aspect of democracy is that it seems to require serious demonization of the enemy if the nation and public opinion are to be galvanized sufficiently to pay a serious price in blood or treasure at war. ~ Graham E Fuller, #NFDB
1325:Through indiscriminate suffering men know fear and fear is the most divine emotion. It is the stones for altars and the beginning of wisdom. Half gods are worshipped in wine and flowers. Real gods require blood. Mrs. ~ Zora Neale Hurston, #NFDB
1326:Different themes inevitably require different methods of expression. This does not imply either evolution or progress; it is a matter of following the idea one wants to express and the way in which one wants to express it. ~ Pablo Picasso, #NFDB
1327:The people alone have an incontestable, unalienable, and indefeasible right to institute government and to reform, alter, or totally change the same when their protection, safety, prosperity, and happiness require it. ~ Alexander Hamilton, #NFDB
1328:There are trials in life that feel as tremendous as a quest to slay dragons. These trials are daunting. They require hard work, determination, and courage. But when the dragon is finally slain, the relief is immense. ~ Richelle E Goodrich, #NFDB
1329:9. Prepare thoroughly before you begin: Have everything you need at hand before you start. Assemble all the papers, information, tools, work materials, and numbers you might require so that you can get started and keep going. ~ Brian Tracy, #NFDB
1330:I can hardly conceive of any educated man believing in God at all without believing that God contains in Himself every perfection including eternal joy; and does not require the solar system to entertain Him like a circus. ~ G K Chesterton, #NFDB
1331:If you require love, try to realize that the only way to get love is by giving it, that the more you give the more you will get, and the only way you can give it is to fill yourself up with it, until you become a magnet. ~ Charles F Haanel, #NFDB
1332:I had learned this lesson so many times before. It was the great inner truth that didn't require the support of logic. Every time I loved, I lost, and I was diminished. I wondered how much of me would be left after tomorrow. ~ Lisa Kleypas, #NFDB
1333:It isn't the big troubles in life that require character. Anybody can rise to a crisis and face a crushing tragedy with courage, but to meet the petty hazards of the day with a laugh—I really think that requires SPIRIT. It's ~ Jean Webster, #NFDB
1334:Peace and harmony do not require perfection. Thank goodness for that—because life so often seems to be an itch here, a glitch there, a mess waiting to happen. Harmony is flexible. It bends with imperfection. So should you. ~ Jerry Spinelli, #NFDB
1335:The Oscars are this Sunday. Host Neil Patrick Harris said he hopes the broadcast will include a 'Kanye moment.' Unfortunately a Kanye moment may not be possible because that would require a black person to be at the Oscars. ~ Conan O Brien, #NFDB
1336:Victory may now require a level of force deemed objectionable by civilized peoples, meaning that some, for justifiable reasons, may be reluctant to pursue it. But victory has not become an ossified concept altogether. ~ Victor Davis Hanson, #NFDB
1337:Change is a journey and the journey is always about change. And if there is no change, why bother with the journey? And the best journeys require lots of space of one sort or another. So for great journeys - just open space. ~ Harrison Owen, #NFDB
1338:Discipline is the basic set of tools we require to solve life’s problems. Without discipline we can solve nothing. With only some discipline we can solve only some problems. With total discipline we can solve all problems. ~ M Scott Peck, #NFDB
1339:Rather than managing by clarifying events, the creative process may require raising the level of uncertainty. Sometimes this can be done by issuing a creative challenge that has resonance in that it inspires the team to activity. ~ John Kao, #NFDB
1340:Thee mustn't speak evil of thy rulers, Simeon," said his father, gravely. "The Lord only gives us our worldly goods that we may do justice and mercy; if our rulers require a price of us for it, we must deliver it up. ~ Harriet Beecher Stowe, #NFDB
1341:The modern theory of evolution does not require gradual change. It in fact, the operation of Darwinian processes should yield exactly what we see in the fossil record. It is gradualism that we must reject, not Darwinism. ~ Stephen Jay Gould, #NFDB
1342:There is a need for financial reform along ethical lines that would produce in its turn an economic reform to benefit everyone. This would nevertheless require a courageous change of attitude on the part of political leaders. ~ Pope Francis, #NFDB
1343:Time spent researching varies from book to book. Some novels require months, even years of research, others very little. I try to do most of my research before I begin but inevitably questions emerge during the writing. ~ Jonathan Kellerman, #NFDB
1344:When you do not require a person to show up as you imagine you need them to be, then you can drop expectation. Then you love them exactly as they are. Yet this can only happen when you love your Self exactly as you are ~ Neale Donald Walsch, #NFDB
1345:Big results require big ambitions. Aim high. Behave honorably. Prepare to be alone at times, and to endure failure. Persist! The world needs all you can give. To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. —ALFRED LORD TENNYSON ~ Bob Proctor, #NFDB
1346:Dissection and surgical instruction, like meat-eating, require a carefully maintained set of illusions and denial. Physicians and anatomy students must learn to think of cadavers as wholly unrelated to the people they once were. ~ Mary Roach, #NFDB
1347:If you have suffered more than your fair share of difficulties in life, perhaps you are being prepared to serve some greater purpose that will require you to be equipped with the wisdom you have acquired through your trials. ~ Robin S Sharma, #NFDB
1348:If you want a long-term relationship that doesn't require a lot of work, I say, get a dog. They love you no matter what. But when it comes to humans, there's no secret; you really have to appreciate the person every single day. ~ Denis Leary, #NFDB
1349:I know for my family, the only question that we will be answering is how many people are in our home. We won't be answering any information beyond that, because the Constitution doesn't require any information beyond that. ~ Michele Bachmann, #NFDB
1350:Independence is an important, even vital, value and achievement. The problem is, we live in an interdependent reality, and our most important accomplishments require interdependency skills well beyond our present abilities. ~ Stephen R Covey, #NFDB
1351:It isn't the big troubles in life that require character. Anybody can rise to a crisis and face a crushing tragedy with courage, but to meet the petty hazards of the day with a laugh—I really think that requires spirit! ~ Jean Webster, #NFDB
1352:Nor does this understanding require a prolonged grounding in the not yet established laws of psychology. Following the moves made by a chess-player is not doing anything remotely resembling problematic psychological diagnosis. ~ Gilbert Ryle, #NFDB
1353:Playing good girls in the '30s was difficult, when the fad was to play bad girls. Actually I think playing bad girls is a bore; I have always had more luck with good girl roles because they require more from an actress. ~ Olivia de Havilland, #NFDB
1354:Whether Canada ends up with one national government or two governments or 10 governments, the Canadian people will require less government no matter what the constitutional status or arrangement of any future country may be. ~ Stephen Harper, #NFDB
1355:Education is one of the subjects which most essentially require to be considered by various minds, and from a variety of points of view. For, of all many-sided subjects, it is the one which has the greatest number of sides. ~ John Stuart Mill, #NFDB
1356:I realize that the decision might be simple. It will require a great act of selflessness to choose Abnegation, or a great act of courage to choose Dauntless, and maybe just choosing one over the other will prove that I belong. ~ Veronica Roth, #NFDB
1357:I truly believe that writing is a continuum--so the different genres and forms are simply stops along the same continuum. Different ideas that need to be expressed sometimes require different forms for the ideas to float better. ~ Chris Abani, #NFDB
1358:Oh, hello, me lovely, we haven’t met. Asmodeus, demon extraordinaire, at your service. Any service you may require, especially those that involve nudity and adjoining body parts joining other people’s body parts. (Asmodeus) ~ Sherrilyn Kenyon, #NFDB
1359:The paramount duty of maintaining public order and defending the interests of our own people may require the adoption of measures of restriction, but they should not tolerate the oppression of individuals of a special race. ~ Grover Cleveland, #NFDB
1360:You may assuredly find perfect peace, if you are resolved to do that which your Lord has plainly required--and content that He should indeed require no more of you--than to do justice, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with Him. ~ John Ruskin, #NFDB
1361:An ignorant man is always able to say yes or no immediately to any proposition. To a wise man, comparatively few things can be propounded which do not require a response with qualifications, with discriminations, with proportion. ~ Horace Mann, #NFDB
1362:He kept his eyes on the road as he drove slowly toward the inn. Slowly, as in a-herd-of-turtles-stampeding-through-peanut-butter slowly. The guy didn’t pass a single indent in the road that didn’t require a nearly complete stop. ~ Jill Shalvis, #NFDB
1363:I assume the gargoyle does not require refreshments?” “I don’t think so. Should it?” “I imagine not, sir, being of a stone constitution, but I find it best to never assume anything when it comes to matters of unnatural animation. ~ Emma Newman, #NFDB
1364:I think the only thing for me, the tricky thing with the footnotes, is that they are an irritant, and they require a little extra work, and so they either have to be really germane or they have to be kind of fun to read. ~ David Foster Wallace, #NFDB
1365:Maybe love doesn’t require falling after all. Maybe it only requires that you choose to be in it. I wasn’t sure what was going to happen with us or how much time we had left, but I wasn’t going to waste a second of it. ~ Shaun David Hutchinson, #NFDB
1366:People are confused and unsure, they seek answers to guide them to joy, tranquillity, self-knowledge, salvation―but they also demand that it be easy to learn, that it require little or no effort, that results be quickly obtained. ~ Erich Fromm, #NFDB
1367:The incredible brand awareness and bottom-line profits achievable through social media marketing require hustle, heart, sincerity, constant engagement, long-term commitment, and most of all, artful and strategic storytelling. ~ Gary Vaynerchuk, #NFDB
1368:This is why I love poems: they require me to sit still, listen deeply, and imagine putting myself in someone else's unfamiliar shoes. The world I return to when the poem is over seems fuller and more comprehensible as a result. ~ Tracy K Smith, #NFDB
1369:Courage doesn't always involve physical heroism in the face of death. It doesn't always require giant leaps worthy of celebration. Sometimes, courage is the willingness to speak the truth about what you see and to own what you say. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
1370:Gracefulness cannot subsist without ease; delicacy is not debility; nor must a woman be sick in order to please. Infirmity, and sickness may excite our pity, but desire and pleasure require the bloom and vigor of health. ~ Jean Jacques Rousseau, #NFDB
1371:If we minimize our gifts, hush our voice, and stay small in a misguided attempt to fit a weak and culturally conditioned standard of femininity, we cannot give our brothers the partner they require in God’s mission for the world. ~ Sarah Bessey, #NFDB
1372:It always seemed to me," she said at last, "that it must require a great deal of courage to be an artist, if only because the creative process is such a lonely one. I should imagine it must be all the more difficult for a woman. ~ Richard Yates, #NFDB
1373:It is no limitation upon property rights or freedom of contract,” he noted, “to require that when men receive from government the privilege of doing business under corporate form,” they assume an obligation to the public. ~ Doris Kearns Goodwin, #NFDB
1374:She disliked everything that she did know about housekeeping and could not persuade herself that it was of sufficiently intrinsic importance to justify the expenditure of time, money and nervous energy that it seemed to require. ~ E M Delafield, #NFDB
1375:He wondered if there were other places in the universe where the rules of the living did not require feeding on each other - where wonder could be discovered without horror and learning the truth did not entail losing one's faith. ~ David Rhodes, #NFDB
1376:I can understand going for Botox at 45-50, when you want to keep things in place. But I don't understand 25 year olds going for Botox or under the knife. You don't require it. Your skin is fresh, young. Why would you do that to yourself? ~ Kajol, #NFDB
1377:Tessa raised her head. “It needn’t be a secret. But it would be easier for me to show you than to tell you.” “Excellent!” Henry looked pleased. “I enjoy being shown things. Is there anything you require, like a spirit lamp, or— ~ Cassandra Clare, #NFDB
1378:When you have a dream that you can't let go of, trust your instincts and pursue it. But remember: Real dreams take work, They take patience, and sometimes they require you to dig down very deep. Be sure you're willing to do that. ~ Harvey Mackay, #NFDB
1379:Barack Obama criticised China’s plan to require tech companies to hand over encryption keys and provide back doors into their software if they want to operate in China. Chinese officials say that this is necessary to combat terrorism. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1380:Don't throw away your friendship with your teenager over behavior that has no great moral significance. There will be plenty of real issues that require you to stand like a rock. Save your big guns for those crucial confrontations. ~ James Dobson, #NFDB
1381:I have always had a great need for solitude. I require huge swathes of loneliness and when I do not have it, which has been the case for the last five years, my frustration can sometimes become almost panicked, or aggressive. ~ Karl Ove Knausg rd, #NFDB
1382:Jesus doesn’t participate in the rat race. He’s into the slower rhythms of life, like abiding, delighting, and dwelling—all words that require us to trust Him with our place and our pace. Words used to describe us being with Him. ~ Lysa TerKeurst, #NFDB
1383:Montaigne came to realize how hard it was to control one’s own mind, or even one’s body. He despaired over even his own penis, “which intrudes so tiresomely when we do not require it and fails us so annoyingly when we need it most. ~ David Brooks, #NFDB
1384:The joy of being a consumer is that it doesnt require thought, responsibility, self-awareness or shame: All you have to do is obey the first urge that gurgles up from your stomach. And then obey the next. And the next. And the next. ~ Matt Taibbi, #NFDB
1385:We should be licensing everybody with a gun. I have to have a license for my dog. I have to have a license for my car. If you’re going to do my hair later you have to have a license ... We don’t require a license to own a firearm? ~ Michael Moore, #NFDB
1386:Did the true, umbilical love that bound people together for the length of their lives require a certain intellectual dislocution in order to push past our insistent rationalization and enter the rough, uneven space inside our hearts? ~ Reif Larsen, #NFDB
1387:Eventually, life of the party is just like any other job. I've thought of myself that way at times, but it's sort of like holding everybody hostage. It diminishes everyone else. And ultimately, your friends don't require it of you. ~ Carrie Fisher, #NFDB
1388:Real Dreams don't require you to abandon your family, quit your job, and move to Tahiti with your paintbrush. They just require that you search your soul for that deep dream you put aside-and go for it. And watch your life light up. ~ Barbara Sher, #NFDB
1389:The brain's calculations do not require our conscious effort, only our attention and our openness to let the information through. Although the brain absorbs universes of information, little is admitted into normal consciousness. ~ Marilyn Ferguson, #NFDB
1390:The dialogue about sustainability is about a change in the human trajectory that will require us to rethink old assumptions and engage the large questions of the human condition that some presume to have been solved once and for all. ~ David W Orr, #NFDB
1391:We read deeply for varied reasons, most of them familiar: that we cannot know enough people profoundly enough; that we need to know ourselves better; that we require knowledge, not just of self and others, but of the way things are. ~ Harold Bloom, #NFDB
1392:With an animated show you can make a banana purple. You can put three hats on a cowboy. That would require several days of stitching, in live-action, that you wouldn't be able to afford. I mean, you can just do tons and tons and tons. ~ Dan Harmon, #NFDB
1393:Your clothes, sir.”
“Thank you. Lay them out on the bed.”
“Won’t you require assistance?”
“Not today.”
“You will dress yourself?” the valet asked, bewildered.
“I’ve heard that some men do,” Devon replied sardonically. ~ Lisa Kleypas,#NFDB
1394:Criticism occupies the lowest place in the literary hierarchy: as regards form, almost always; and as regards moral value, incontestably. It comes after rhyming games and acrostics, which at least require a certain inventiveness. ~ Gustave Flaubert, #NFDB
1395:Dancing is really a way of working out and it can actually be fun. In dancing there might be a certain dance move that requires you to do a squat. Certain dance moves will require you to move your core. That's what people don't understand. ~ Teyana, #NFDB
1396:In 1997, I, along with 200 other young ophthalmologists formed the National Board of Ophthalmology to protest the American Board of Ophthalmology's decision to grandfather in the older ophthalmologists and not require them to recertify. ~ Rand Paul, #NFDB
1397:Merlin’s eyes narrowed. "We require heroes of wit and cleverness, unafraid to foil convention in order to defend a higher allegiance. Battle skills matter not. What we need at this moment, James Potter, are scoundrels with honor. ~ G Norman Lippert, #NFDB
1398:Russia does not require an invasion, only a zone of influence in the Intermarium that it can achieve by gradually compromising the democratic vitality of rimland states. (Hungary, in particular, is well on its way in this regard.) ~ Robert D Kaplan, #NFDB
1399:String theories, for instance, they require seven additional dimensions. So, as experimentalists we should, with our high-tech instruments like the Large Hadron Collider, just listen to nature and to what nature wants to tell us. ~ Fabiola Gianotti, #NFDB
1400:The cell is immortal. It is merely the fluid in which it floats that degenerates. Renew this fluid at regular intervals, give the cells what they require for nutrition, and as far as we know, the pulsation of life can go on forever. ~ Alexis Carrel, #NFDB
1401:The reason why it was published in the form of a micro sub-meson electronic component is that if it were printed in normal book form, an interstellar hitchhiker would require several inconveniently large buildings to carry it around ~ Douglas Adams, #NFDB
1402:There is nothing that is quite so reassuring in an awkward situation as knowing that one is well turned-out, and while I hope I am not so fainthearted as to require such stratagems, I am not so foolish as to overlook their value. ~ Patricia C Wrede, #NFDB
1403:There seems to be more opportunities for old guys like me to do a little fighting and running because the lead characters also require a bit of depth and maturity and gravitas that one is likely to acquire doing drama all those years. ~ Liam Neeson, #NFDB
1404:Both trust and gratitude require the courage to take risks because distrust and resentment, in their need to keep their claim on me, keep warning me how dangerous it is to let go of my careful calculations and guarded predictions. ~ Henri J M Nouwen, #NFDB
1405:But for them—as for anyone—survival isn’t enough. So what began as a last-ditch effort has become a battle cry for something greater. Being human means yearning for more than subsistence. As much as food or shelter, we require hope. ~ Jessica Bruder, #NFDB
1406:If metal can be polished
to a mirrorlike finish,
what polishing might the mirror
of the heart require?
Between the mirror and the heart
is this single difference:
the heart conceals secrets,
while the mirror does not. ~ Rumi,#NFDB
1407:I think that distance is good for some people for certain projects. I mean this is sort of a dynamic question. Some projects require more distance than others, some don't require it at all. Sometimes you need it and sometimes you don't. ~ Junot Diaz, #NFDB
1408:The doctor explained that this type of relapse occurred in less than ten percent of childhood leukemia patients, and that Megan would require frequent spinal taps to inject chemotherapy drugs directly into her cerebrospinal fluid. ~ Julianne MacLean, #NFDB
1409:All of man’s work is a bloody business. That fact, today, is considered foolish, affairs are finished cleverly with words alone, and jobs that require effort are avoided. I would like young men to have some understanding of this. ~ Yamamoto Tsunetomo, #NFDB
1410:A softer call, “Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest” (Matthew 11:28). A truer call, “What does the LORD require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God” (Micah 6:8). ~ Sheila Walsh, #NFDB
1411:If we do nothing, we are handing our children a ticking time bomb that will require they pay ever greater payroll taxes just as they are beginning their careers, starting their own families and staking their claim to the American Dream. ~ John McCain, #NFDB
1412:It's explained that all relationship require a little give and take. This is untrue. Any partnership demands that we give and give and give and at the last, as we flop into our graves exhausted, we are told that we didn't give enough. ~ Quentin Crisp, #NFDB
1413:Not in a dog’s age. Not since that Dorothy. And you and the others. Did Dorothy ever stop whimpering so? She’ll grow up to require the convent, mark my words. Or a husband with a good strong backhand. Her fanny wants spanking badly. ~ Gregory Maguire, #NFDB
1414:The basic word I-Thou can be spoken only with one's whole being. The concentration and fusion into a whole being can never be accomplished by me, can never be accomplished without me. I require a Thou to become; becoming I, I say Thou. ~ Martin Buber, #NFDB
1415:We require only a grenade launcher, six pounds of industrial-strength licorice, two spells of Class VIII complexity, a shipping container, a side of bacon, an automobile, several homing snails, a ladder, and two people to act as bait. ~ Jasper Fforde, #NFDB
1416:As some to church repair, Not for the doctrine, but the music there. These equal syllables alone require, Though oft the ear the open vowels tire While expletives their feeble aid do join, And ten low words oft creep in one dull line. ~ Alexander Pope, #NFDB
1417:Changing the world doesn't require much money. Again, think in terms of empowerment and not charity. How much were Gandhi's teachers paid? How much did it cost to give Dr. Martin Luther King the books that catalyzed his mind and actions? ~ Tim Ferriss, #NFDB
1418:Belief does not require something to be true. It only requires us to believe that it’s true! That’s powerful stuff! That means most of what reality is, to each of us, is based on what we have come to believe—whether it’s true or not! ~ Shad Helmstetter, #NFDB
1419:By 2018, an estimated 63 percent of all new U.S. jobs will require workers with an education beyond high school. For our young people to get those jobs, they first need to graduate from high school ready to start a postsecondary education. ~ Bill Gates, #NFDB
1420:It is explained that all relationships require a little give and take. This is untrue. Any partnership demands that we give and give and give and at the last, as we flop into our graves exhausted, we are told that we didn't give enough. ~ Quentin Crisp, #NFDB
1421:Leaders require courage of the highest order -- always moral courage -- and often physical courage as well. Courage is that quality of mind that enables people to encounter danger or difficulty firmly, without fear or discouragement. ~ J Oswald Sanders, #NFDB
1422:My district includes the two urban centers of Charlotte and Fayetteville, as well as large rural areas. Obviously, these diverse segments of North Carolina require different approaches to meeting current and future transportation demands. ~ Robin Hayes, #NFDB
1423:...never delude yourself into believing that you require someone else's blessing (or even their comprehension) in order to make your own creative work. And always remember that people's judgments about you are none of your business. ~ Elizabeth Gilbert, #NFDB
1424:The reason why it was published in the form of a micro sub meson electronic component is that if it were printed in normal book form, an interstellar hitchhiker would require several inconveniently large buildings to carry it around in. ~ Douglas Adams, #NFDB
1425:Time is like a river that carries us forward into encounters with reality that require us to make decisions. We can’t stop our movement down this river and we can’t avoid those encounters. We can only approach them in the best possible way. ~ Ray Dalio, #NFDB
1426:Useful undertakings which require sustained attention and vigorous precision in order to succeed often end up by being abandoned, for, in America, as elsewhere, the people move forward by sudden impulses and short-lived efforts. ~ Alexis de Tocqueville, #NFDB
1427:But never delude yourself into believing that you require someone else’s blessing (or even their comprehension) in order to make your own creative work. And always remember that people’s judgments about you are none of your business. ~ Elizabeth Gilbert, #NFDB
1428:Even with Dream Theater, we track in a big studio and everything. But when it comes to doing leads, I don't really require a lot of studio to do that. I need a good sounding room and a Pro Tools rig, and some Neve mic-pres, and I'm good. ~ John Petrucci, #NFDB
1429:If the precious, limited hours of my day are used bit by bit in scanning information, I will have less and less time for the attentive, slow, good work of creativity, conversation, and connection that real people and real homes require. ~ Sally Clarkson, #NFDB
1430:In writing are the roots, in writing are the foundations of eloquence; by writing resources are stored up, as it were, in a sacred repository, when they may be drawn forth for sudden emergencies, or as circumstances require. ~ Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, #NFDB
1431:Last week, state Sen. Carol Liu, D-La Cañada Flintridge (Los Angeles County), introduced SB192, a bill requiring adult cyclists to wear helmets or pay a $25 fine. California would become the first state to require helmets for riders over 18. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1432:Modern man's capacity for destruction is quixotic evidence of humanity's capacity for reconstruction. The powerful technological agents we have unleashed against the environment include many of the agents we require for its reconstruction. ~ George Will, #NFDB
1433:Smears don't have much staying power on their own because they deviate from the foundations of reality (what actually happened). They require constant energy from our opponents to keep going. The truth has a habit of reasserting itself. ~ Julian Assange, #NFDB
1434:I definitely believe people should pay for copyrighted works. And the laws are sufficient: They already require you to pay for copyright work. There's no confusion. The problem is...it's a heck of a lot easier to steal MP3s than to buy them. ~ Jeff Bezos, #NFDB
1435:I had learned this lesson so many times
before. It was the great inner truth that
didn't require the support of logic. Every
time I loved, I lost, and I was diminished.
I wondered how much of me would be left
after tomorrow. ~ Lisa Kleypas,#NFDB
1436:I am not a ‘wise man,’ nor . . . shall I ever be. And so require not from me that I should be equal to the best, but that I should be better than the wicked. It is enough for me if every day I reduce the number of my vices, and blame my mistakes. ~ Seneca, #NFDB
1437:I had some terrific experiences in the wilderness since I wrote you last - overpowering, overwhelming," he gushed to his friend Cornel Tengel. "But since then I am always being overwhelmed. I require it to sustain life.
Everett Ruess ~ Jon Krakauer,#NFDB
1438:Men throughout Scotland and over the narrow seas who lived different lives because they had known him. To carry his bright legacy into the future, he did not require to have children. No one, once they had met him, could remain the same. ~ Dorothy Dunnett, #NFDB
1439:Replacing half of the U.S. ground-transport fuels with hydrogen from wind power by 2050, for example, might require 1,400 gigawatts of advanced wind turbines or more... replacing those fuels with electricity might require less than 400 GW. ~ Joseph J Romm, #NFDB
1440:There’d be no sirens. No flashing lights. The police weren’t needed and neither was an ambulance. The coroner would, as always, be discreet—his balls were in the same vise as anyone else in this town whose services a family might require. While ~ L A Witt, #NFDB
1441:These matters require what I think of as the Shakespearean cast of thought. That is to say, a fine credulity about everything, kept in check by a lively skepticism about everything.... It keeps you constantly alert to every possibility. ~ Robertson Davies, #NFDB
1442:UNBELIEF IS AS much of a choice as belief is. What makes it in many ways more appealing is that whereas to believe in something requires some measure of understanding and effort, not to believe doesn’t require much of anything at all. ~ Frederick Buechner, #NFDB
1443:Unbelief is as much of a choice as belief is. What makes it in many ways more appealing is that whereas to believe in something requires some measure of understanding and effort, not to believe doesn't require much of anything at all. ~ Frederick Buechner, #NFDB
1444:Worldly institutions fail because they require power and gold to operate. Power and gold attract wicked and greedy people. Wicked and greedy people are corrupters and betrayers. Therefore, worldly institutions become corrupt and betrayed. ... ~ Kage Baker, #NFDB
1445:A marriage based not on self-denial but on self-fulfillment will require a low- or no-maintenance partner who meets your needs while making almost no claims on you. Simply put—today people are asking far too much in the marriage partner. ~ Timothy J Keller, #NFDB
1446:But here’s a critical point—more open decision making processes also typically require open information sharing. If you are going to involve more people in the process, they have to have the right information on which to base their decisions. ~ Charlene Li, #NFDB
1447:If there ever was a misnomer, it is "exact science." Science has always been full of mistakes. The present day is no exception. And our mistakes are good mistakes; they require a genius to correct. Of course, we do not see our own mistakes. ~ Edward Teller, #NFDB
1448:Probably even that amount of warming would require significant negative-emissions use, given that our use of carbon is still growing. And there is also some risk from scientific uncertainty, the possibility that we are underestimating ~ David Wallace Wells, #NFDB
1449:Always go with the choice that scares you the most, because that's the one that is going to require the most from you. Do you really want to look back on your life and see how wonderful it could have been had you not been afraid to live it? ~ Caroline Myss, #NFDB
1450:Constitutionalism as a guiding political tendency will require careful and thoughtful development, as did jurisprudential originalism. But its wide appeal and philosophical depth make it a promising first step to a conservative future. ~ Charles Krauthammer, #NFDB
1451:Disaster doesn't sort us out by preferences; it drags us into emergencies that require we act, and act altruistically, bravely, and with initiative in order to survive or save the neighbors, no matter how we vote or what we do for a living. ~ Rebecca Solnit, #NFDB
1452:I think art, the discipline of creating, really does require tremendous solitude. But the whole creative process can seal your life to such an extent that while you're creating, you feel very self-sufficient. I've certainly experienced that. ~ Joyce Johnson, #NFDB
1453:Opera and church recitals are options, of course, but they require some initiative and arrangement: tickets and schedules and so forth. I am not good at that; it's rather like fixing a three-course meal for yourself - perhaps even lonelier. ~ Joseph Brodsky, #NFDB
1454:The furnace of affliction produces refinement in states as well as individuals. And the new Governments we are assuming in every part will require a purification from our vices, and an augmentation of our virtues, or there will be no blessings. ~ John Adams, #NFDB
1455:There isn’t one middle class, but many middle classes. Still, what all of them ultimately require, experts say, is a sense of economic security. “If there’s no security, there’s no middle class,” said Thomas Hirschl, a sociologist at Cornell and ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1456:While the Environmental Genome Project does not seek to assign allele frequencies, we are aware of the importance of accurate allele frequency estimates for future epidemiologic studies and the large sample sizes such estimates will require. ~ Samuel Wilson, #NFDB
1457:But because libel, almost alone among civil torts, did not require the alleged victim to prove that he or she had suffered damage or financial loss, the fact that a mere few hundred people in Alabama had read the offending advert did not matter. ~ Nick Cohen, #NFDB
1458:I am tired of talk that comes to nothing It makes my heart sick when I remember all the good words and all the broken promises. There has been too much talking by men who had no right to talk. It does not require many words to speak the truth. ~ Chief Joseph, #NFDB
1459:I knew that I shouldn’t have, but I did it all the same; and there you have my epitaph, or one of them, because my grave is going to require a monument inscribed on all four sides with rueful mottoes, in small characters, set close together. ~ Michael Chabon, #NFDB
1460:One reason why I am quite angry with what is happening in Nigeria today is that everything has collapsed. If I decide to go back now, there will be so many problems - where will I find the physical therapy and other things that I now require? ~ Chinua Achebe, #NFDB
1461:People of a television culture need “plain language” both aurally and visually, and will even go so far as to require it in some circumstances by law. The Gettysburg Address would probably have been largely incomprehensible to a 1985 audience. ~ Neil Postman, #NFDB
1462:Thus the growth of options and opportunities for choice has three, related, unfortunate effects. It means that decisions require more effort. It makes mistakes more likely. It makes the psychological consequences of mistakes more severe. ~ Barry Schwartz, #NFDB
1463:To be able to detect the outbreak of avian flu anywhere in the world is going to require a partnership of several countries that will share information and samples, but it is important to remember a threat anywhere is a threat everywhere. ~ Michael C Burgess, #NFDB
1464:We do not require elaborate training merely in order to refrain from embarking upon intricate trains of inference. Such abstinence is only too easy. ~ Alfred North Whitehead, The Principles of Natural Knowledge (1919)Symbolism: Its Meaning and Effect (1927)., #NFDB
1465:What I can say now about paid DLC is that we aren't working on anything at the moment. We've put all our efforts into making the actual game. Creating DLC would involve large additional costs and require the involvement of a lot of people. ~ Masahiro Sakurai, #NFDB
1466:Anybody can believe in God. What it means to be a Christian is to trust him when he speaks, which does not require a leap of faith or a crucifixion of the intellect. It requires a crucifixion of pride, because no one is more trustworthy than God. ~ R C Sproul, #NFDB
1467:BAYARD: My friend, without the Red Army standing up to them right now you could forget France for a thousand years! LEDUC: I agree. But that does not require an understanding of political and economic forces—it is simply faith in the Red Army. ~ Arthur Miller, #NFDB
1468:I am a strong believer in the free market. I am a strong believer in capitalism. But, I am also a strong believer that there are certain common goods - our air, our water, making sure that people are safe - that require to have some regulation. ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
1469:In time, you won’t need it to do that. You’ll be able to access that part of yourself anytime you need to. But for now, you’ll require a tool to help you channel all that teenage hormonal ADD that’s bouncing around and through you.” – Death ~ Sherrilyn Kenyon, #NFDB
1470:I think we ought to impress on both our girls and boys that successful marriages require just as much work, just as much intelligence and just as much unselfish devotion, as they give to any position they undertake to fill on a paid basis. ~ Eleanor Roosevelt, #NFDB
1471:the discovery by artificial intelligence and robotics researchers that, contrary to traditional assumptions, high-level reasoning requires very little computation, but low-level sensorimotor skills require enormous computational resources. ~ Erik Brynjolfsson, #NFDB
1472:The reader will find no figures in this work. The methods which I set forth do not require either constructions or geometrical or mechanical reasonings: but only algebraic operations, subject to a regular and uniform rule of procedure. ~ Joseph Louis Lagrange, #NFDB
1473:For the record: Quantum mechanics does not deny the existence of objective reality. Nor does it imply that mere thoughts can change external events. Effects still require causes, so if you want to change the universe, you need to act on it. ~ Lawrence M Krauss, #NFDB
1474:It is a dangerous thing, in the service of God, to decline from his own institutions; we have to do with a God who is wise to prescribe his own worship, just to require what he has prescribed, and powerful to revenge what he has not prescribed. ~ Matthew Henry, #NFDB
1475:Perception. Is. Everything. People aren’t one-dimensional characters. We’re complex creatures. With feelings. Compassion. Morals. And the lack thereof. To some, I would forever be the villain. But even the darkest shadows require light to exist. ~ Aly Martinez, #NFDB
1476:Rogue states are the main threat to peace and freedom, and they require a strong, comprehensive policy response - a policy that I call 'rogue state rollback,' in which our goal is not simply to contain rogue regimes, but to drive them from power. ~ John McCain, #NFDB
1477:There are cases where government-to-government aid actually has worked. Look at the eradication of smallpox and the near eradication of polio. But these are really top down solutions that require government-to-government support and aid. ~ Jacqueline Novogratz, #NFDB
1478:The significant mistake of the traditionalists is they require the people to start where the church is instead of the church starting where the people are. Innovators begin by asking, 'What do we need to do to reach the people where they are?' ~ Leith Anderson, #NFDB
1479:We have yet to encounter an observable astronomical phenomenon that require a supernatural element to be added to a model in order to describe the even...Observations in cosmology look just as they can be expected to look if there is no God. ~ Victor J Stenger, #NFDB
1480:What counts is not what sounds plausible, not what we would like to believe, not what one or two witnesses claim, but only what is supported by hard evidence rigorously and skeptically examined. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
1481:1. Bullying is not okay. Period.
2. Freedom of religion does not give you the right to physically or verbally assault people.
3. If your sincerely-held religious beliefs require you to bully children, then your beliefs are fucked up. ~ Jim C Hines,#NFDB
1482:defensive spells?” Professor Umbridge repeated with a little laugh. “Why, I can’t imagine any situation arising in my classroom that would require you to use a defensive spell, Miss Granger. You surely aren’t expecting to be attacked during class? ~ J K Rowling, #NFDB
1483:Helen, in a white coat and stethoscope, effortlessly achieving the sort of discipline for which lesser women would require black leather and a hunting crop, indicated we should form a line. Being St Mary’s, we formed several clumps and a rhomboid. ~ Jodi Taylor, #NFDB
1484:If it be the pleasure of Heaven that my country shall require the poor offering of my life, the victim shall be ready, at the appointed hour of sacrifice, come when that hour may. But while I do live, let me have a country, and that a free country! ~ John Adams, #NFDB
1485:I know human nature. We might sacrifice a few, because we are stupid and hardwired for group survival. But we would never die in the thousands because a god wished it. Those kinds of numbers require material gains, like power, wealth, territory. ~ Ilona Andrews, #NFDB
1486:I see the concepts spatially in my mind. I see the boxes and corrals and grids into which administrative systems require people, things and information to be fit in order to be legible, made to live, or in order to facilitate death and abandonment. ~ Dean Spade, #NFDB
1487:So far, scientists have not uncovered any evidence that would hint that the workings of the Universe require the action of a divine being. On the other hand, scientists have uncovered no evidence that indicates that a divine being does not exist. ~ Isaac Asimov, #NFDB
1488:To view your life as blessed does not require you to deny your pain. It simply demands a more complicated vision, one in which a condition or event is not either good or bad but is, rather, both good and bad, not sequentially, but simultaneously. ~ Nancy Mairs, #NFDB
1489:What we should do is require or at least permit innovators to license their green innovations free of charge in exchange for public payments based on the impact this innovation has on the environment - emissions averted or something of this sort. ~ Thomas Pogge, #NFDB
1490:Any product that is sufficiently big or urgent to require the effort of many minds thus encounters a peculiar difficulty: the result must be conceptually coherent to the single mind of the user and at the same time designed by many minds. ~ Frederick P Brooks Jr, #NFDB
1491:However, if you keep on doing what you have always done, you are going to get what you have always gotten. You need to do different to get different. Thus, a word of warning: mastering your memory is going to require a different kind of thinking. ~ Kevin Horsley, #NFDB
1492:There is no executive order; there is no law that can require the American people to form a national community. This we must do as individuals and if we do it as individuals, there is no President of the United States who can veto that decision. ~ Barbara Jordan, #NFDB
1493:The room rang with her voice, then with silence. In the shaded darkness, silence had the quality of a looming dragon. It seemed to roar and the roar to reverberate, to dominate. To escape from it would require a burst of recklessness, even cruelty. ~ Anita Desai, #NFDB
1494:think about you all the time. I count the hours until I can talk to you every day, and decline invitations and meetings that would require me to miss our nightly phone calls. My entire life is governed by the hour I get to spend with you every day. ~ Marie Force, #NFDB
1495:Every week, I expose myself to something new about my field. I can read a paper, attend a talk, or schedule a meeting. To ensure that I really understand the new idea, I require myself to add a summary, in my own words, to my growing “research bible ~ Cal Newport, #NFDB
1496:God does not require a perfect, sinless life to have fellowship with Him, but He does require that we be serious about holiness, that we grieve over sin in our lives instead of justifying it, and that we earnestly pursue holiness as a way of life. ~ Jerry Bridges, #NFDB
1497:In order to live a fully human life we require not only control of our bodies (though control is a prerequisite); we must touch the unity and resonance of our physicality, our bond with the natural order, the corporeal grounds of our intelligence. ~ Adrienne Rich, #NFDB
1498:Its going to require a global effort to reduce greenhouse gases and hopefully derail some of the adverse impacts that we are experiencing today and the devastating impacts that we are going to experience in the future as a result of global warming. ~ Jerome Ringo, #NFDB
1499:The fragrance of the heart is made up of the qualities and virtues of our spirit. Most of us have learned how to keep our heart closed in a world that would trample all over us if we let it. Being open hearted today seems to require tremendous courage. ~ Rajneesh, #NFDB
1500:I believe much trouble and blood would be saved if we opened our hearts more. I will tell you in my way how the Indian sees things. The white man has more words to tell you how they look to him, but it does not require many words to speak the truth. ~ Chief Joseph, #NFDB
456 Integral Yoga
95 Occultism
67 Poetry
67 Christianity
46 Yoga
43 Philosophy
41 Psychology
30 Fiction
17 Science
12 Mythology
11 Theosophy
11 Education
10 Integral Theory
9 Kabbalah
9 Hinduism
6 Buddhism
4 Cybernetics
4 Baha i Faith
3 Sufism
1 Thelema
1 Alchemy
208 Sri Aurobindo
185 The Mother
102 Satprem
70 Nolini Kanta Gupta
38 Aleister Crowley
37 Carl Jung
29 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
25 Swami Krishnananda
23 Saint Augustine of Hippo
22 A B Purani
21 H P Lovecraft
20 James George Frazer
19 William Wordsworth
19 Rudolf Steiner
14 Swami Vivekananda
12 Jorge Luis Borges
11 Robert Browning
10 Plato
10 Friedrich Nietzsche
9 Saint John of Climacus
9 Rabbi Moses Luzzatto
9 Percy Bysshe Shelley
8 Sri Ramakrishna
7 Sri Ramana Maharshi
6 Saint Teresa of Avila
6 Plotinus
6 Ovid
6 Nirodbaran
6 Joseph Campbell
6 George Van Vrekhem
6 Bokar Rinpoche
6 Aristotle
5 Peter J Carroll
5 Franz Bardon
5 Baha u llah
5 Anonymous
5 Aldous Huxley
4 Thubten Chodron
4 Norbert Wiener
4 Jordan Peterson
4 Henry David Thoreau
3 R Buckminster Fuller
3 Patanjali
3 Lucretius
3 Ken Wilber
3 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
3 Al-Ghazali
2 Walt Whitman
2 Vyasa
2 John Keats
2 Jean Gebser
2 Friedrich Schiller
2 Edgar Allan Poe
2 Alice Bailey
150 Record of Yoga
25 The Study and Practice of Yoga
22 Evening Talks With Sri Aurobindo
21 Lovecraft - Poems
21 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01
20 The Golden Bough
20 City of God
19 Wordsworth - Poems
19 Magick Without Tears
19 Liber ABA
17 Questions And Answers 1957-1958
17 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03
13 The Synthesis Of Yoga
13 Sri Aurobindo or the Adventure of Consciousness
13 Questions And Answers 1950-1951
12 The Practice of Psycho therapy
12 The Future of Man
12 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 04
11 Talks
11 Browning - Poems
10 The Phenomenon of Man
10 On Education
10 Mysterium Coniunctionis
10 Agenda Vol 03
9 Theosophy
9 The Ladder of Divine Ascent
9 The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious
9 Shelley - Poems
9 Questions And Answers 1954
9 Questions And Answers 1929-1931
9 General Principles of Kabbalah
9 Agenda Vol 12
9 Agenda Vol 01
8 The Bible
8 Questions And Answers 1955
8 Questions And Answers 1953
8 Knowledge of the Higher Worlds
8 Agenda Vol 02
7 The Problems of Philosophy
7 The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna
7 Some Answers From The Mother
7 Raja-Yoga
7 Questions And Answers 1956
7 On Thoughts And Aphorisms
7 Labyrinths
7 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 07
7 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02
7 Agenda Vol 04
6 Twilight of the Idols
6 Twelve Years With Sri Aurobindo
6 The Secret Doctrine
6 The Interior Castle or The Mansions
6 The Hero with a Thousand Faces
6 Tara - The Feminine Divine
6 Preparing for the Miraculous
6 Poetics
6 Metamorphoses
6 Letters On Yoga IV
6 Aion
6 Agenda Vol 13
6 Agenda Vol 10
6 Agenda Vol 08
6 Agenda Vol 07
6 Agenda Vol 05
5 The Perennial Philosophy
5 The Mother With Letters On The Mother
5 Liber Null
5 Letters On Yoga II
5 Let Me Explain
5 Agenda Vol 09
4 Words Of The Mother II
4 Walden
4 Thus Spoke Zarathustra
4 The Practice of Magical Evocation
4 Maps of Meaning
4 How to Free Your Mind - Tara the Liberator
4 Cybernetics
4 Bhakti-Yoga
4 Agenda Vol 11
4 Agenda Vol 06
4 A Garden of Pomegranates - An Outline of the Qabalah
3 Words Of Long Ago
3 Vedic and Philological Studies
3 The Life Divine
3 The Confessions of Saint Augustine
3 The Book of Certitude
3 The Alchemy of Happiness
3 The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People
3 Synergetics - Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking
3 Sex Ecology Spirituality
3 Plotinus - Complete Works Vol 01
3 Patanjali Yoga Sutras
3 On the Way to Supermanhood
3 Of The Nature Of Things
3 Letters On Yoga I
3 Faust
2 Words Of The Mother III
2 Whitman - Poems
2 Vishnu Purana
2 The Human Cycle
2 The Ever-Present Origin
2 The Essentials of Education
2 The Blue Cliff Records
2 Schiller - Poems
2 Keats - Poems
2 Isha Upanishad
2 Hymn of the Universe
2 Essays On The Gita
2 Essays In Philosophy And Yoga
2 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 06
2 Borges - Poems
2 A Treatise on Cosmic Fire
2 Advanced Dungeons and Dragons 2E
00.01 - The Mother on Savitri, #Sweet Mother - Harmonies of Light, #unset, #Zen
My child, yes, everything is there: mysticism, occultism, philosophy, the history of evolution, the history of man, of the gods, of creation, of Nature. How the universe was created, why, for what purpose, what destiny - all is there. You can find all the answers to all your questions there. Everything is explained, even the future of man and of the evolution, all that nobody yet knows. He has described it all in beautiful and clear words so that spiritual adventurers who wish to solve the mysteries of the world may understand it more easily. But this mystery is well hidden behind the words and lines and one must rise to the required level of true consciousness to discover it. All prophesies, all that is going to come is presented with the precise and wonderful clarity. Sri Aurobindo gives you here the key to find the Truth, to discover the Consciousness, to solve the problem of what the universe is. He has also indicated how to open the door of the Inconscience so that the light may penetrate there and transform it. He has shown the path, the way to liberate oneself from the ignorance and climb up to the superconscience; each stage, each plane of consciousness, how they can be scaled, how one can cross even the barrier of death and attain immortality. You will find the whole journey in detail, and as you go forward you can discover things altogether unknown to man. That is Savitri and much more yet. It is a real experience - reading Savitri. All the secrets that man possessed, He has revealed, - as well as all that awaits him in the future; all this is found in the depth of Savitri. But one must have the knowledge to discover it all, the experience of the planes of consciousness, the experience of the Supermind, even the experience of the conquest of Death. He has noted all the stages, marked each step in order to advance integrally in the integral Yoga.
All this is His own experience, and what is most surprising is that it is my own experience also. It is my sadhana which He has worked out. Each object, each event, each realisation, all the descriptions, even the colours are exactly what I saw and the words, phrases are also exactly what I heard. And all this before having read the book. I read Savitri many times afterwards, but earlier, when He was writing He used to read it to me. Every morning I used to hear Him read Savitri. During the night He would write and in the morning read it to me. And I observed something curious, that day after day the experiences He read out to me in the morning were those I had had the previous night, word by word. Yes, all the descriptions, the colours, the pictures I had seen, the words I had heard, all, all, I heard it all, put by Him into poetry, into miraculous poetry. Yes, they were exactly my experiences of the previous night which He read out to me the following morning. And it was not just one day by chance, but for days and days together. And every time I used to compare what He said with my previous experiences and they were always the same. I repeat, it was not that I had told Him my experiences and that He had noted them down afterwards, no, He knew already what I had seen. It is my experiences He has presented at length and they were His experiences also. It is, moreover, the picture of Our joint adventure into the unknown or rather into the Supermind.
000 - Humans in Universe, #Synergetics - Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, #R Buckminster Fuller, #Science
algebra was republished in Latin in Carthage in 1200, it required a further 200 years
for his elucidation of the function of zero-the cipher-to be diffused into the
--
spinnability, one more dimensional factor is required, making a total of eight
dimensions in all for experientially evidencing physical reality.
--
environment of each and every system requires several more intercovarying system
dimensions-planetary, solar, galactic, intergalactic. Because of the six positive and
0.00 - INTRODUCTION, #The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, #Sri Ramakrishna, #Hinduism
Ramkumar did not at first oppose the ways of his temperamental brother. He wanted Gadadhar to become used to the conditions of city life. But one day he decided to warn the boy about his indifference to the world. After all, in the near future Gadadhar must, as a householder, earn his livelihood through the performance of his brahminical duties; and these required a thorough knowledge of Hindu law, astrology, and kindred subjects. He gently admonished Gadadhar and asked him to pay more attention to his studies. But the boy replied spiritedly: "Brother, what shall I do with a mere bread-winning education? I would rather acquire that wisdom which will illumine my heart and give me satisfaction for ever."
--- BREAD-WINNING EDUCATION
--
In the twelve Siva temples are installed the emblems of the Great God of renunciation in His various aspects, worshipped daily with proper rites. Siva requires few articles of worship. White flowers and bel-leaves and a little Ganges water offered with devotion are enough to satisfy the benign Deity and win from Him the boon of liberation.
--- RADHAKANTA
--
The disciplines of Tantra are graded to suit aspirants of all degrees. Exercises are prescribed for people with "animal", "heroic", and "divine" outlooks. Certain of the rites require the presence of members of the opposite sex. Here the aspirant learns to look on woman as the embodiment of the Goddess Kali, the Mother of the Universe. The very basis of Tantra is the Motherhood of God and the glorification of woman. Every part of a woman's body is to be regarded as incarnate Divinity. But the rites are extremely dangerous. The help of a qualified guru is absolutely necessary. An unwary devotee may lose his foothold and fall into a pit of depravity.
According to the Tantra, Sakti is the active creative force in the universe. Siva, the Absolute, is a more or less passive principle. Further, Sakti is as inseparable from Siva as fire's power to burn is from fire itself. Sakti, the Creative Power, contains in Its womb the universe, and therefore is the Divine Mother. All women are Her symbols. Kali is one of Her several forms. The meditation on Kali, the Creative Power, is the central discipline of the Tantra. While meditating, the aspirant at first regards himself as one with the Absolute and then thinks that out of that Impersonal Consciousness emerge two entities, namely, his own self and the living form of the Goddess. He then projects the Goddess into the tangible image before him and worships it as the Divine Mother.
--
As he read in college the rationalistic Western philosophers of the nineteenth century, his boyhood faith in God and religion was unsettled. He would not accept religion on mere faith; he wanted demonstration of God. But very soon his passionate nature discovered that mere Universal Reason was cold and bloodless. His emotional nature, dissatisfied with a mere abstraction, required a concrete support to help him in the hours of temptation. He wanted an external power, a guru, who by embodying perfection in the flesh would still the commotion of his soul. Attracted by the magnetic personality of Keshab, he joined the Brahmo Samaj and became a singer in its choir. But in the Samaj he did not find the guru who could say that he had seen God.
In a state of mental conflict and torture of soul, Narendra came to Sri Ramakrishna at Dakshineswar. He was then eighteen years of age and had been in college two years. He entered the Master's room accompanied by some light-hearted friends. At Sri Ramakrishna's request he sang a few songs, pouring his whole soul into them, and the Master went into samadhi. A few minutes later Sri Ramakrishna suddenly left his seat, took Narendra by the hand, and led him to the screened verandah north of his room. They were alone. Addressing Narendra most tenderly, as if he were a friend of long acquaintance, the Master said: "Ah! You have come very late. Why have you been so unkind as to make me wait all these days? My ears are tired of hearing the futile words of worldly men. Oh, how I have longed to pour my spirit into the heart of someone fitted to receive my message!" He talked thus, sobbing all the time. Then, standing before Narendra with folded hands, he addressed him as Narayana, born on earth to remove the misery of humanity. Grasping Narendra's hand, he asked him to come again, alone, and very soon. Narendra was startled. "What is this I have come to see?" he said to himself. "He must be stark mad. Why, I am the son of Viswanath Dutta. How dare he speak this way to me?"
--
Jogindranath, on the other hand, was gentle to a fault. One day, under circumstances very like those that had evoked Niranjan's anger, he curbed his temper and held his peace instead of threatening Sri Ramakrishna's abusers. The Master, learning of his conduct, scolded him roundly. Thus to each the fault of the other was recommended as a virtue. The guru was striving to develop, in the first instance, composure, and in the second, mettle. The secret of his training was to build up, by a tactful recognition of the requirements of each given case, the character of the devotee.
Jogindranath came of an aristocratic brahmin family of Dakshineswar. His father and relatives shared the popular mistrust of Sri Ramakrishna's sanity. At a very early age the boy developed religious tendencies, spending two or three hours daily in meditation, and his meeting with Sri Ramakrishna deepened his desire for the realization of God. He had a perfect horror of marriage. But at the earnest request of his mother he had had to yield, and he now believed that his spiritual future was doomed. So he kept himself away from the Master.
--
The Master knew Hari's passion for Vedanta. But he did not wish any of his disciples to become a dry ascetic or a mere bookworm. So he asked Hari to practise Vedanta in life by giving up the unreal and following the Real. "But it is not so easy", Sri Ramakrishna said, "to realize the illusoriness of the world. Study alone does not help one very much. The grace of God is required. Mere personal effort is futile. A man is a tiny creature after all, with very limited powers. But he can achieve the impossible if he prays to God for His grace." Whereupon the Master sang a song in praise of grace. Hari was profoundly moved and shed tears. Later in life Hari achieved a wonderful synthesis of the ideals of the Personal God and the Impersonal Truth.
--- GANGADHAR
0.00 - The Book of Lies Text, #The Book of Lies, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
requires infinite study, sympathy, intuition and
initiation. Given these I do not hesitate to claim that
0.00 - THE GOSPEL PREFACE, #The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, #Sri Ramakrishna, #Hinduism
In appearance, M. looked a Vedic Rishi. Tall and stately in bearing, he had a strong and well-built body, an unusually broad chest, high forehead and arms extending to the knees. His complexion was fair and his prominent eyes were always tinged with the expression of the divine love that filled his heart. Adorned with a silvery beard that flowed luxuriantly down his chest, and a shining face radiating the serenity and gravity of holiness, M. was as imposing and majestic as he was handsome and engaging in appearance. Humorous, sweet-tongued and eloquent when situations required, this great Maharishi of our age lived only to sing the glory of Sri Ramakrishna day and night.
Though a very well versed scholar in the Upanishads, Git and the philosophies of the East and the West, all his discussions and teachings found their culmination in the life and the message of Sri Ramakrishna, in which he found the real explanation and illustration of all the scriptures. Both consciously and unconsciously, he was the teacher of the Kathmrita the nectarine words of the Great Master.
0.00 - The Wellspring of Reality, #Synergetics - Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, #R Buckminster Fuller, #Science
It follows that the more specialized society becomes, the less attention does it pay to the discoveries of the mind, which are intuitively beamed toward the brain, there to be received only if the switches are "on." Specialization tends to shut off the wide-band tuning searches and thus to preclude further discovery of the all-powerful generalized principles. Again we see how society's perverse fixation on specialization leads to its extinction. We are so specialized that one man discovers empirically how to release the energy of the atom, while another, unbeknownst to him, is ordered by his political factotum to make an atomic bomb by use of the secretly and anonymously published data. That gives much expedient employment, which solves the politician's momentary problem, but requires that the politicians keep on preparing for further warring with other political states to keep their respective peoples employed. It is also mistakenly assumed that employment is the only means by which humans can earn the right to live, for politicians have yet to discover how much wealth is available for distribution. All this is rationalized on the now scientifically discredited premise that there can never be enough life support for all. Thus humanity's specialization leads only toward warring and such devastating tools, both, visible and invisible, as ultimately to destroy all Earthians.
Only a comprehensive switch from the narrowing specialization and toward an evermore inclusive and refining comprehension by all humanity-regarding all the factors governing omnicontinuing life aboard our spaceship Earth-can bring about reorientation from the self-extinction-bound human trending, and do so within the critical time remaining before we have passed the point of chemical process irretrievability.
--
Science's self-assumed responsibility has been self-limited to disclosure to society only of the separate, supposedly physical (because separately weighable) atomic component isolations data. Synergetic integrity would require the scientists to announce that in reality what had been identified heretofore as physical is entirely metaphysical-because synergetically weightless. Metaphysical has been science's designation for all weightless phenomena such as thought. But science has made no experimental finding of any phenomena that can be described as a solid, or as continuous, or as a straight surface plane, or as a straight line, or as infinite anything. We are now synergetically forced to conclude that all phenomena are metaphysical; wherefore, as many have long suspected-like it or not-life is but a dream.Science has found no up or down directions of Universe, yet scientists are personally so ill-coordinated that they all still personally and sensorially see "solids" going up or down-as, for instance, they see the Sun "going down." Sensorially disconnected from their theoretically evolved information, scientists discern no need on their part to suggest any educational reforms to correct the misconceiving that science has tolerated for half a millennium.
Society depends upon its scientists for just such educational reform guidance.
0.01f - FOREWARD, #The Phenomenon of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
least partially) within the scope of the requirements and methods
of science ;
0.02 - Letters to a Sadhak, #Some Answers From The Mother, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
mind. These things are very difficult to overcome, for it requires
that both of you open yourselves to a higher consciousness. This
0.05 - The Synthesis of the Systems, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
In psychological fact this method translates itself into the progressive surrender of the ego with its whole field and all its apparatus to the Beyond-ego with its vast and incalculable but always inevitable workings. Certainly, this is no short cut or easy sadhana. It requires a colossal faith, an absolute courage and above all an unflinching patience. For it implies three stages of which only the last can be wholly blissful or rapid, - the attempt of the ego to enter into contact with the Divine, the wide, full and therefore laborious preparation of the whole lower Nature by the divine working to receive and become the higher Nature, and the eventual transformation. In fact, however, the divine
Strength, often unobserved and behind the veil, substitutes itself for our weakness and supports us through all our failings of faith, courage and patience. It "makes the blind to see and the lame to stride over the hills." The intellect becomes aware of a Law that beneficently insists and a succour that upholds; the heart speaks of a Master of all things and Friend of man or a universal Mother who upholds through all stumblings. Therefore this path is at once the most difficult imaginable and yet, in comparison with the magnitude of its effort and object, the most easy and sure of all.
0.07 - Letters to a Sadhak, #Some Answers From The Mother, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Whenever you require spiritual help I am always there to
give you that help under whatever form it can take.
0.08 - Letters to a Young Captain, #Some Answers From The Mother, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
This is why the first thing required when one wants to do
Yoga is to bring down and establish in oneself the calm, the
--
and will create in the brain, if necessary, the cells required for
understanding. Thus, when one re-reads the same thing some
01.01 - The New Humanity, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Not that this sovereign power will have anything to do with aggression or over-bearingness. It will not be a power that feels itself only by creating an eternal opponentErbfeindby coming in constant clash with a rival that seeks to gain victory by subjugating. It will not be Nietzschean "will to power," which is, at best, a supreme Asuric power. It will rather be a Divine Power, for the strength it will exert and the victory it will achieve will not come from the egoit is the ego which requires an object outside and against to feel and affirm itself but it will come from a higher personal self which is one with the cosmic soul and therefore with other personal souls. The Asura, in spite of, or rather, because of his aggressive vehemence betrays a lack of the sovereign power that is calm and at ease and self-sufficient. The Devic power does not assert hut simply accomplishes; the forces of the world act not as its opponent but as its instrument. Thus the New Man shall affirm his individual sovereignty and do so to perfection by expressing through it his unity with the cosmic powers, with the infinite godhead. And by being Swarat, Self-Master, he will become Samrat, world-master.
This mastery will be effected not merely in will, but in mind and heart also. For the New Man will know not by the intellect which is egocentric and therefore limited, not by ratiocination which is an indirect and doubtful process, but by direct vision, an inner communion, a soul revelation. The new knowledge will be vast and profound and creative, based as it will be upon the reality of things and not upon their shadows. Truth will shine through every experience and every utterance"a truth shall have its seat on our speech and mind and hearing", so have the Vedas said. The mind and intellect will not be active and constructive agents but the luminous channel of a self-luminous knowledge. And the heart too which is now the field of passion and egoism will be cleared of its noise and obscurity; a serener sky will shed its pure warmth and translucent glow. The knot will be rent asunderbhidyate hridaya granthih and the vast and mighty streams of another ocean will flow through. We will love not merely those to whom we are akin but God's creatures, one and all; we will love not with the yearning and hunger of a mortal but with the wide and intense Rasa that lies in the divine identity of souls.
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The New Humanity will be something in the mould that we give to the gods. It will supply the link that we see missing between gods and men; it will be the race of embodied gods. Man will attain that thing which has been his first desire and earliest dream, for which he coveted the gods Immortality, amritatwam. The mortalities that cut and divide, limit and bind man make him the sorrowful being he is. These are due to his ignorance and weakness and egoism. These are due to his soul itself. It is the soul that requires change, a new birth, as Christ demanded. Ours is a little soul that has severed itself from the larger and mightier self that it is. And therefore does it die every moment and even while living is afraid to live and so lives poorly and miserably. But the age is now upon us when the god-like soul anointed with its immortal royalties is ready to emerge and claim our salutation.
The breath and the surge of the new creation cannot be mistaken. The question that confronts us today is no longer whether the New Man, the Super-humanity, will come or if at all, when; but the question we have to answer is who among us are ready to be its receptacle, its instrument and embodiment.
01.02 - The Creative Soul, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Now the centre of this energy, the matrix of creativity is the soul itself, one's own soul. If you want to createlive, grow and be real-find yourself, be yourself. The simple old wisdom still remains the eternal wisdom. It is because we fall off from our soul that we wander into side-paths, paths that do not belong to our real nature and hence that lead to imitation and repetition, decay and death. This is what happens to what we call common souls. The force of circumstances, the pressure of environment or simply the momentum of custom or habit compel them to choose the easiest and the readiest way that may lie before them. They do not consult the demand of the inner being but the requirement of the moment. Our bodily needs, our vital hungers and our mental prejudices obsess and obscure the impulsions that thrill the hidden spirit. We hasten to gratify the immediate and forget the eternal, we clutch at the shadow and let go the substance. We are carried away in the flux and tumult of life. It is a mixed and collective whirla Weltgeist that moves and governs us. We are helpless straws drifting in the current. But manhood demands that we stop and pause, pull ourselves out of the Maelstrom and be what we are. We must shape things as we want and not allow things to shape us as they want.
Let each take cognisance of the godhead that is within him for self is Godand in the strength of the soul-divinity create his universe. It does not matter what sort of universe he- creates, so long as he creates it. The world created by a Buddha is not the same as that created by a Napoleon, nor should they be the same. It does not prove anything that I cannot become a Kalidasa; for that matter Kalidasa cannot become what I am. If you have not the genius of a Shankara it does not mean that you have no genius at all. Be and become yourselfma gridhah kasyachit dhanam, says the Upanishad. The fountain-head of creative genius lies there, in the free choice and the particular delight the self-determination of the spirit within you and not in the desire for your neighbours riches. The world has become dull and uniform and mechanical, since everybody endeavours to become not himself, but always somebody else. Imitation is servitude and servitude brings in grief.
01.03 - Mystic Poetry, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
This, I say, is something different from the religious and even from the mystic. It is away from the merely religious, because it is naked of the vesture of humanity (in spite of a human face that masks it at times) ; it is something more than the merely mystic, for it does not stop being a signpost or an indication to the Beyond, but is itself the presence and embodiment of the Beyond. The mystic gives us, we can say, the magic of the Infinite; what I term the spiritual, the spiritual proper, gives in addition the logic of the Infinite. At least this is what distinguishes modern spiritual consciousness from the ancient, that is, Upanishadic spiritual consciousness. The Upanishad gives expression to the spiritual consciousness in its original and pristine purity and perfection, in its essential simplicity. It did not buttress itself with any logic. It is the record of fundamental experiences and there was no question of any logical exposition. But, as I have said, the modern mind requires and demands a logical element in its perceptions and presentations. Also it must needs be a different kind of logic that can satisfy and satisfy wholly the deeper and subtler movements of a modern consciousness. For the philosophical poet of an earlier age, when he had recourse to logic, it was the logic of the finite that always gave him the frame, unless he threw the whole thing overboard and leaped straight into the occult, the illogical and the a logical, like Blake, for instance. Let me illustrate and compare a little. When the older poet explains indriyani hayan ahuh, it is an allegory he resorts to, it is the logic of the finite he marshals to point to the infinite and the beyond. The stress of reason is apparent and effective too, but the pattern is what we are normally familiar with the movement, we can say, is almost Aristotelian in its rigour. Now let us turn to the following:
Our life is a holocaust of the Supreme. ||26.15||
01.03 - Rationalism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
What is Reason, the faculty that is said to be the proud privilege of man, the sovereign instrument he alone possesses for the purpose of knowing? What is the value of knowledge that Reason gives? For it is the manner of knowing, the particular faculty or instrument by which we know, that determines the nature and content of knowledge. Reason is the collecting of available sense-perceptions and a certain mode of working upon them. It has three component elements that have been defined as observation, classification and deduction. Now, the very composition of Reason shows that it cannot be a perfect instrument of knowledge; the limitations are the inherent limitations of the component elements. As regards observation there is a two-fold limitation. First, observation is a relative term and variable quantity. One observes through the prism of one's own observing faculty, through the bias of one's own personality and no two persons can have absolutely the same manner of observation. So Science has recognised the necessity of personal equation and has created an imaginary observer, a "mean man" as the standard of reference. And this already takes us far away from the truth, from the reality. Secondly, observation is limited by its scope. All the facts of the world, all sense-perceptions possible and actual cannot be included within any observation however large, however collective it may be. We have to go always upon a limited amount of data, we are able to construct only a partial and sketchy view of the surface of existence. And then it is these few and doubtful facts that Reason seeks to arrange and classify. That classification may hold good for certain immediate ends, for a temporary understanding of the world and its forces, either in order to satisfy our curiosity or to gain some practical utility. For when we want to consider the world only in its immediate relation to us, a few and even doubtful facts are sufficient the more immediate the relation, the more immaterial the doubtfulness and insufficiency of facts. We may quite confidently go a step in darkness, but to walk a mile we do require light and certainty. Our scientific classification has a background of uncertainty, if not, of falsity; and our deduction also, even while correct within a very narrow range of space and time, cannot escape the fundamental vices of observation and classification upon which it is based.
It might be said, however, that the guarantee or sanction of Reason does not lie in the extent of its application, nor can its subjective nature (or ego-centric predication, as philosophers would term it) vitiate the validity of its conclusions. There is, in fact, an inherent unity and harmony between Reason and Reality. If we know a little of Reality, we know the whole; if we know the subjective, we know also the objective. As in the part, so in the whole; as it is within, so it is without. If you say that I will die, you need not wait for my actual death to have the proof of your statement. The generalising power inherent in Reason is the guarantee of the certitude to which it leads. Reason is valid, as it does not betray us. If it were such as anti-intellectuals make it out to be, we would be making nothing but false steps, would always remain entangled in contradictions. The very success of Reason is proof of its being a reliable and perfect instrument for the knowledge of Truth and Reality. It is beside the mark to prove otherwise, simply by analysing the nature of Reason and showing the fundamental deficiencies of that nature. It is rather to the credit of Reason that being as it is, it is none the less a successful and trustworthy agent.
01.03 - Sri Aurobindo and his School, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
This much as regards what Sri Aurobindo is not doing; let us now turn and try to understand what he is doing. The distinguished man of action speaks of conquering Nature and fighting her. Adopting this war-like imagery, we can affirm that Sri Aurobindo's work is just such a battle and conquest. But the question is, what is nature and what is the kind of conquest that is sought, how are we to fight and what are the required arms and implements? A good general should foresee all this, frame his plan of campaign accordingly and then only take the field. The above-mentioned leader proposes ceaseless and unselfish action as the way to fight and conquer Nature. He who speaks thus does not know and cannot mean what he says.
European science is conquering Nature in a way. It has attained to a certain kind and measure, in some fields a great measure, of control and conquest; but however great or striking it may be in its own province, it does not touch man in his more intimate reality and does not bring about any true change in his destiny or his being. For the most vital part of nature is the region of the life-forces, the powers of disease and age and death, of strife and greed and lustall the instincts of the brute in man, all the dark aboriginal forces, the forces of ignorance that form the very groundwork of man's nature and his society. And then, as we rise next to the world of the mind, we find a twilight region where falsehood masquerades as truth, where prejudices move as realities, where notions rule as ideals.
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Sri Aurobindo's sadhana starts from the perception of a Power that is beyond the ordinary nature yet is its inevitable master, a fulcrum, as we have said, outside the earth. For what is required first is the discovery and manifestation of a new soul-consciousness in man which will bring about by the very pressure and working out of its self-rule an absolute reversal of man's nature. It is the Asuras who are now holding sway over humanity, for man has allowed himself so long to be built in the image of the Asura; to dislodge the Asuras, the Gods in their sovereign might have to be forged in the human being and brought into play. It is a stupendous task, some would say impossible; but it is very far removed from quietism or passivism. Sri Aurobindo is in retirement, but it is a retirement only from the outward field of present physical activities and their apparent actualities, not from the true forces and action of life. It is the retreat necessary to one who has to go back into himself to conquer a new plane of creative power,an entrance right into the world of basic forces, of fundamental realities, into the flaming heart of things where all actualities are born and take their first shape. It is the discovery of a power-house of tremendous energism and of the means of putting it at the service of earthly life.
And, properly speaking, it is not at all a school, least of all a mere school of thought, that is growing round Sri Aurobindo. It is rather the nucleus of a new life that is to come. Quite naturally it has almost insignificant proportions at present to the outward eye, for the work is still of the nature of experiment and trial in very restricted limits, something in the nature of what is done in a laboratory when a new power has been discovered, but has still to be perfectly formulated in its process. And it is quite a mistake to suppose that there is a vigorous propaganda carried on in its behalf or that there is a large demand for recruits. Only the few, who possess the call within and are impelled by the spirit of the future, have a chance of serving this high attempt and great realisation and standing among its first instruments and pioneer workers.
01.04 - The Intuition of the Age, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Reason is insufficient and unsatisfactory because, as Bergson explains, it does not and cannot embrace life as a whole, seize man and the world in an integral realisation. The greater part of the vast mystery of existence escapes its envergure. Reason is that faculty which is for analysing, defining, classifying and fixing things. It is a power that has grown in man in order that he may best manipulate the things of the world. It is utilitarian, practical in its nature and outlook. And as practical dealing requires that things should be stable and separate entities, therefore Reason cannot but see things in solid and in the fragments of a solid. It cuts up existence into distinct parts and diverse elements; and these again it seeks to relate and aggregate, in accordance with what it calls "laws". Such a process has been necessary for man in conducting life and action successfully. Originally a bye-product of active life, Reason gradually separated itself and came finally to have an independent status and function, became or sought to become the instrument of knowledge, of Truth.
But although Reason has been and is useful for the practical, we may say almost, the manual aspect of life, life itself it leaves unexplained and uncomprehended. For life is mobility, a continuous flow that has nowhere any gap or stop and things have in reality no isolated or separate existence, they merge and mingle into one another and form an indissoluble whole. Therefore the forms and categories that Reason imposes upon existence are more or less arbitrary; they are shackles that seek to bind up and limit life, but are often rent asunder in the very effort. So the civilisation that has its origin in Reason and progresses with discoveries and inventionsdevices for artfully manipulating naturehas been essentially and pre-eminently mechanical in its structure and outlook. It has become more and more efficient perhaps, but less and less soul-inspired, less and less-endowed with the free-flowing sap of organic growth and vitality.
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This then is the mantra of the new ageLife with Intuition as its guide and not Reason and mechanical efficiency, not Man but Superman. The right mantra has been found, the principle itself is irreproachable. But the interpretation, the application, does not seem to have been always happy. For, Nietzsche's conception of the Superman is full of obvious lacunae. If we have so long been adoring the intellectual man, Nietzsche asks us, on the other hand, to deify the vital man. According to him the superman is he who has (1) the supreme sense of the ego, (2) the sovereign will to power and (3) who lives dangerously. All this means an Asura, that is to say, one who has, it may be, dominion over his animal and vital impulsions in order, of course, that he may best gratify them but who has not purified them. Purification does not necessarily mean, annihilation but it does mean sublimation and transformation. So if you have to transcend man, you have to transcend egoism also. For a conscious egoism is the very characteristic of man and by increasing your sense of egoism you do not supersede man but simply aggrandise your humanity, fashion it on a larger, a titanic scale. And then the will to power is not the only will that requires fulfilment, there is also the will to knowledge and the will to love. In man these three fundamental constitutive elements coexist, although they do it, more often than not, at the expense of each other and in a state of continual disharmony. The superman, if he is to be the man "who has surmounted himself", must embody a poise of being in which all the three find a fusion and harmonya perfect synthesis. Again, to live dangerously may be heroic, but it is not divine. To live dangerously means to have eternal opponents, that is to say, to live ever on the same level with the forces you want to dominate. To have the sense that one has to fight and control means that one is not as yet the sovereign lord, for one has to strive and strain and attain. The supreme lord is he who is perfectly equanimous with himself and with the world. He has not to batter things into a shape in order to create. He creates means, he manifests. He wills and he achieves"God said 'let there be light' and there was light."
As a matter of fact, the superman is not, as Nietzsche thinks him to be, the highest embodiment of the biological force of Nature, not even as modified and refined by the aesthetic and aristocratic virtues of which the higher reaches of humanity seem capable. For that is after all humanity only accentuated in certain other fundamentally human modes of existence. It does not carry far enough the process of surmounting. In reality it is not a surmounting but a new channelling. Instead of the ethical and intellectual man, we get the vital and aesthetic man. It may be a change but not a transfiguration.
01.07 - Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
In his inquiry into truth and certitude Pascal takes his stand upon what he calls the geometrical method, the only valid method, according to him, in the sphere of reason. The characteristic of this method is that it takes for granted certain fundamental principles and realitiescalled axioms and postulates or definitionsand proceeds to other truths that are infallibly and inevitably deduced from them, that are inherent and implied in them. There is no use or necessity in trying to demonstrate these fundamentals also; that will only land us into confusion and muddle. They have to be simply accepted, they do not require demonstration, it is they that demonstrate others. Such, for instance, are space, time, number, the reality of which it is foolishness and pedantry to I seek to prove. There is then an order of truths that do not i require to be proved. We are referring only to the order of I physical truths. But there is another order, Pascal says, equally I valid and veritable, the order of the Spirit. Here we have another set of fundamentals that have to be accepted and taken for granted, matrix of other truths and realities. It can also be called the order of the Heart. Reason posits physical fundamentals; it does not know of the fundamentals of the Heart which are beyond its reach; such are God, Soul, Immortality which are evident only to Faith.
But Faith and Reason, according to Pascal, are not contraries nor irreconcilables. Because the things of faith are beyond reason, it is not that they are irrational. Here is what Pascal says about the function and limitation of reason:
01.07 - The Bases of Social Reconstruction, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
What then is required is a complete spiritual regeneration in man, a new structure of his soul and substancenot merely the realisation of the highest and supreme Truth in mental and emotional consciousness, but the translation and application of the law of that truth in the power of the vital. It is here that failed all the great spiritual or rather religious movements of the past. They were content with evoking the divine in the mental being, but left the vital becoming to be governed by the habitual un-divine or at the most to be just illumined by a distant and faint glow which served, however, more to distort than express the Divine.
The Divine Nature only can permanently reform the vital nature that is ours. Neither laws and institutions, which are the results of that vital nature, nor ideas and ideals which are often a mere revolt from and more often an auxiliary to it, can comm and the power to regenerate society. If it is thought improbable for any group of men to attain to that God Nature, then there is hardly any hope for mankind. But improbable or probable, that is the only way which man has to try and test, and there is none other.
01.08 - A Theory of Yoga, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
There are some primary desires that seek satisfaction in man. They are the vital urges of life, the most prominent among them being the instinct of self-preservation and that of self-reproduction or the desire to preserve one's body by defensive as well as by offensive means and the desire to multiply oneself by mating. These are the two biological necessities that are inevitable to man's existence as a physical being. They give the minimum conditions required to be fulfilled by man in order that he may live and hence they are the strongest and the most fundamental elements that enter into his structure and composition.
It would have been an easy matter if these vital urges could flow on unhindered in their way. There would have been no problem at all, if they met satisfaction easily and smoothly, without having to look to other factors and forces. As a matter of fact, man does not and cannot gratify his instincts whenever and wherever he chooses and in an open and direct manner. Even in his most primitive and barbarous condition, he has often to check himself and throw a veil, in so many ways, over his sheer animality. In the civilised society the check is manifold and is frankly recognised. We do not go straight as our sexual impulsion leads, but seek to hide and camouflage it under the institution of marriage; we do not pounce upon the food directly we happen to meet it and snatch and appropriate whatever portion we get but we secure it through an elaborate process, which is known as the economic system. The machinery of the state, the cult of the kshatriya are roundabout ways to meet our fighting instincts.
01.08 - Walter Hilton: The Scale of Perfection, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
The characteristic then of the path is a one-pointed concentration. Great stress is laid upon "oneliness", "onedness":that is to say, a perfect and complete withdrawal from the outside and the world; an unmixed solitude is required for the true experience and realisation to come. "A full forsaking in will of the soul for the love of Him, and a living of the heart to Him. This asks He, for this gave He." The rigorous exclusion, the uncompromising asceticism, the voluntary self-torture, the cruel dark night and the arid desert are necessary conditions that lead to the "onlyness of soul", what another prophet (Isaiah, XXIV, 16) describes as "My privity to me". In that secreted solitude, the "onlistead"the graphic language of the author calls itis found "that dignity and that ghostly fairness which a soul had by kind and shall have by grace." The utter beauty of the soul and its absolute love for her deity within her (which has the fair name of Jhesu), the exclusive concentration of the whole of the being upon one point, the divine core, the manifest Grace of God, justifies the annihilation of the world and life's manifold existence. Indeed, the image of the Beloved is always within, from the beginning to the end. It is that that keeps one up in the terrible struggle with one's nature and the world. The image depends upon the consciousness which we have at the moment, that is to say, upon the stage or the degree we have ascended to. At the outset, when we can only look through the senses, when the flesh is our master, we give the image a crude form and character; but even that helps. Gradually, as we rise, with the clearing of our nature, the image too slowly regains its original and true shape. Finally, in the inmost soul we find Jesus as he truly is: "an unchangeable being, a sovereign might, a sovereign soothfastness, sovereign goodness, a blessed life and endless bliss." Does not the Gita too say: "As one approaches Me, so do I appear to him."Ye yath mm prapadyante.
Indeed, it would be interesting to compare and contrast the Eastern and Western approach to Divine Love, the Christian and the Vaishnava, for example. Indian spirituality, whatever its outer form or credal formulation, has always a background of utter unity. This unity, again, is threefold or triune and is expressed in those great Upanishadic phrases,mahvkyas,(1) the transcendental unity: the One alone exists, there is nothing else than theOneekamevdvityam; (2) the cosmic unity: all existence is one, whatever exists is that One, thereare no separate existences:sarvam khalvidam brahma neha nnsti kincaa; (3) That One is I, you too are that One:so' ham, tattvamasi; this may be called the individual unity. As I have said, all spiritual experiences in India, of whatever school or line, take for granted or are fundamentally based upon this sense of absolute unity or identity. Schools of dualism or pluralism, who do not apparently admit in their tenets this extreme monism, are still permeated in many ways with that sense and in some form or other take cognizance of the truth of it. The Christian doctrine too says indeed, 'I and my Father in Heaven are one', but this is not identity, but union; besides, the human soul is not admitted into this identity, nor the world soul. The world, we have seen, according to the Christian discipline has to be altogether abandoned, negatived, as we go inward and upward towards our spiritual status reflecting the divine image in the divine company. It is a complete rejection, a cutting off and casting away of world and life. One extreme Vedantic path seems to follow a similar line, but there it is not really rejection, but a resolution, not the rejection of what is totally foreign and extraneous, but a resolution of the external into its inner and inmost substance, of the effect into its original cause. Brahman is in the world, Brahman is the world: the world has unrolled itself out of the Brahmansi, pravttiit has to be rolled back into its, cause and substance if it is to regain its pure nature (that is the process of nivitti). Likewise, the individual being in the world, "I", is the transcendent being itself and when it withdraws, it withdraws itself and the whole world with it and merges into the Absolute. Even the Maya of the Mayavadin, although it is viewed as something not inherent in Brahman but superimposed upon Brahman, still, has been accepted as a peculiar power of Brahman itself. The Christian doctrine keeps the individual being separate practically, as an associate or at the most as an image of God. The love for one's neighbour, charity, which the Christian discipline enjoins is one's love for one's kind, because of affinity of nature and quality: it does not dissolve the two into an integral unity and absolute identity, where we love because we are one, because we are the One. The highest culmination of love, the very basis of love, according to the Indian conception, is a transcendence of love, love trans-muted into Bliss. The Upanishad says, where one has become the utter unity, who loves whom? To explain further our point, we take two examples referred to in the book we are considering. The true Christian, it is said, loves the sinner too, he is permitted to dislike sin, for he has to reject it, but he must separate from sin the sinner and love him. Why? Because the sinner too can change and become his brother in spirit, one loves the sinner because there is the possibility of his changing and becoming a true Christian. It is why the orthodox Christian, even such an enlightened and holy person as this mediaeval Canon, considers the non-Christian, the non-baptised as impure and potentially and fundamentally sinners. That is also why the Church, the physical organisation, is worshipped as Christ's very body and outside the Church lies the pagan world which has neither religion nor true spirituality nor salvation. Of course, all this may be symbolic and it is symbolic in a sense. If Christianity is taken to mean true spirituality, and the Church is equated with the collective embodiment of that spirituality, all that is claimed on their behalf stands justified. But that is an ideal, a hypothetical standpoint and can hardly be borne out by facts. However, to come back to our subject, let us ow take the second example. Of Christ himself, it is said, he not only did not dislike or had any aversion for Judas, but that he positively loved the traitor with a true and sincere love. He knew that the man would betray him and even when he was betraying and had betrayed, the Son of Man continued to love him. It was no make-believe or sham or pretence. It was genuine, as genuine as anything can be. Now, why did he love his enemy? Because, it is said, the enemy is suffered by God to do the misdeed: he has been allowed to test the faith of the faithful, he too has his utility, he too is God's servant. And who knows even a Judas would not change in the end? Many who come to scoff do remain to pray. But it can be asked, 'Does God love Satan too in the same way?' The Indian conception which is basically Vedantic is different. There is only one reality, one truth which is viewed differently. Whether a thing is considered good or evil or neutral, essentially and truly, it is that One and nothing else. God's own self is everywhere and the sage makes no difference between the Brahmin and the cow and the elephant. It is his own self he finds in every person and every objectsarvabhtsthitam yo mm bhajati ekatvamsthitah"he has taken his stand upon oneness and loves Me in all beings."2
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Indeed, there are one or two points, notes for the guidance of the aspirant, which I would like to mention here for their striking appositeness and simple "soothfastness." First of all with regard to the restless enthusiasm and eagerness of a novice, here is the advice given: "The fervour is so mickle in outward showing, is not only for mickleness of love that they have; but it is for littleness and weakness of their souls, that they may not bear a little touching of God.. afterward when love hath boiled out all the uncleanliness, then is the love clear and standeth still, and then is both the body and the soul mickle more in peace, and yet hath the self soul mickle more love than it had before, though it shew less outward." And again: "without any fervour outward shewed, and the less it thinketh that it loveth or seeth God, the nearer it nigheth" ('it' naturally refers to the soul). The statement is beautifully self-luminous, no explanation is required. Another hurdle that an aspirant has to face often in the passage through the Dark Night is that you are left all alone, that you are deserted by your God, that the Grace no longer favours you. Here is however the truth of the matter; "when I fall down to my frailty, then Grace withdraweth: for my falling is cause there-of, and not his fleeing." In fact, the Grace never withdraws, it is we who withdraw and think otherwise. One more difficulty that troubles the beginner especially is with regard to the false light. The being of darkness comes in the form of the angel of light, imitates the tone of the still small voice; how to recognise, how to distinguish the two? The false light, the "feigned sun" is always found "atwixt two black rainy clouds" : they are "highing" of oneself and "lowing" of others. When you feel flattered and elated, beware it is the siren voice tempting you. The true light brings you soothing peace and meekness: the other light brings always a trail of darknessf you are soothfast and sincere you will discover it if not near you, somewhere at a distance lurking.
The ultimate truth is that God is the sole doer and the best we can do is to let him do freely without let or hindrance. "He that through Grace may see Jhesu, how that He doth all and himself doth right nought but suffereth Jhesu work in him what him liketh, he is meek." And yet one does not arrive at that condition from the beginning or all at once. "The work is not of the hour nor of a day, but of many days and years." And for a long time one has to take up one's burden and work, co-operate with the Divine working. In the process there is this double movement necessary for the full achievement. "Neither Grace only without full working of a soul that in it is nor working done without grace bringeth a soul to reforming but that one joined to that other." Mysticism is not all eccentricity and irrationality: on the contrary, sanity seems to be the very character of the higher mysticism. And it is this sanity, and even a happy sense of humour accompanying it, that makes the genuine mystic teacher say: "It is no mastery to me for to say it, but for to do it there is mastery." Amen.
0.10 - Letters to a Young Captain, #Some Answers From The Mother, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
flexibility that is required, as opposed to rigidity: law that
will be free to mould itself according to circumstances?
--
before. That is all - but that in itself requires a fairly high degree
of development of the consciousness.
--
to the Divine and that as for men what is required is an attitude
of goodwill, understanding and mutual help.
--
and minute work which requires sustained effort and a great
sincerity.
01.10 - Principle and Personality, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
But, it may be asked, what is the necessity, what is the purpose in making it all a one man show? Granting that principles require personalities for their fructuation and vital functioning, what remains to be envisaged is not one personality but a plural personality, the people at large, as many individuals of the human race as can be consciously imbued with those principles. When principles are made part and parcel of, are concentrated in a single solitary personality, they get "cribbed and cabined," they are vitiated by the idiosyncrasies of the man, they come to have a narrower field of application; they are emptied of the general verities they contain and finally cease to have any effect.
The thing, however, is that what you call principles do not drop from heaven in their virgin purity and all at once lay hold of mankind en masse. It is always through a particular individual that a great principle manifests itself. Principles do not live in the general mind of man and even if they live, they live secreted and unconscious; it is only a puissant personality, who has lived the principle, that can bring it forward into life and action, can awaken, like the Vedic Dawn, what was dead in allmritam kanchana bodhayanti. Men in general are by themselves 'inert and indifferent; they have little leisure or inclination to seek, from any inner urge of their own, for principles and primal truths; they become conscious of these only when expressed and embodied in some great and rare soul. An Avatar, a Messiah or a Prophet is the centre, the focus through which a Truth and Law first dawns and then radiates and spreads abroad. The little lamps are all lighted by the sparks that the great torch scatters.
And yet we yield to none in our demand for holding forth the principles always and ever before the wide open gaze of all. The principle is there to make people self-knowing and self-guiding; and the man is also there to illustrate that principle, to serve as the hope and prophecy of achievement. The living soul is there to touch your soul, if you require the touch; and the principle is there by which to test and testify. For, we do not ask anybody to be a mere automaton, a blind devotee, a soul without individual choice and initiative. On the contrary, we insist on each and every individual to find his own soul and stand on his own Truththis is the fundamental principle we declare, the only creedif creed it be that we ask people to note and freely follow. We ask all people to be fully self-dependent and self-illumined, for only thus can a real and solid reconstruction of human nature and society be possible; we do not wish that they should bow down ungrudgingly to anything, be it a principle or a personality. In this respect we claim the very first rank of iconoclasts and anarchists. And along with that, if we still choose to remain an idol-lover and a hero-worshipper, it is because we recognise that our mind, human as it is, being not a simple equation but a complex paradox, the idol or the hero symbolises for us and for those who so will, the very iconoclasm and anarchism and perhaps other more positive things as wellwhich we behold within and seek to manifest.
The world is full of ikons and archons; we cannot escape them, even if we try the world itself being a great ikon and as great an archon. Those who swear by principles, swear always by some personality or other, if not by a living creature then by a lifeless book, if not by Religion then by Science, if not by the East then by the West, if not by Buddha or Christ then by Bentham or Voltaire. Only they do it unwittingly they change one set of personalities for another and believe they have rejected them all. The veils of Maya are a thousand-fold tangle and you think you have entirely escaped her when you have only run away from one fold to fall into another. The wise do not attempt to reject and negate Maya, but consciously accept herfreedom lies in a knowing affirmation. So we too have accepted and affirmed an icon, but we have done it consciously and knowingly; we are not bound by our idol, we see the truth of it, and we serve and utilise it as best as we may.
01.11 - The Basis of Unity, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
The truth behind a credal religion is the aspiration towards the realization of the Divine, some ultimate reality that gives a permanent meaning and value to the human life, to the existence lodged in this 'sphere of sorrow' here below. Credal paraphernalia were necessary to express or buttress this core of spiritual truth when mankind, in the mass, had not attained a certain level of enlightenment in the mind and a certain degree of development in its life-relations. The modern age is modern precisely because it had attained to a necessary extent this mental enlightenment and this life development. So the scheme or scaffolding that was required in the past is no longer unavoidable and can have either no reality at all or only a modified utility.
A modern people is a composite entity, especially with regard to its religious affiliation. Not religion, but culture is the basis of modern collective life, national or social. Culture includes in its grain that fineness of temperament which appreciates all truths behind all forms, even when there is a personal allegiance to one particular form.
01.12 - Three Degrees of Social Organisation, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
What is required is not therefore an external delimitation of frontiers between unit and unit, but an inner outlook of nature and a poise of character. And this can be cultivated and brought into action by learning to live by the sense of duty. Even then, even the sense of duty, we have to admit, is not enough. For if it leads or is capable of leading into an aberration, we must have something else to check and control it, some other higher and more potent principle. Indeed, both the conceptions of Duty and Right belong to the domain of mental ideal, although one is usually more aggressive and militant (Rajasic) and the other tends to be more tolerant and considerate (sattwic): neither can give an absolute certainty of poise, a clear guarantee of perfect harmony.
Indian wisdom has found this other, a fairer terma tertium quid,the mystic factor, sought for by so many philosophers on so many counts. That is the very well- known, the very familiar termDharma. What is Dharma then? How does it accomplish the miracle which to others seems to have proved an impossibility? Dharma is self-law, that is to say, the law of the Self; it is the rhythm and movement of our inner or inmost being, the spontaneous working out of our truth-conscious nature.
01.13 - T. S. Eliot: Four Quartets, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Eliot's is a very Christian soul, but we must remember at the same time that he is nothing if not modern. And this modernism gives all the warp and woof woven upon that inner core. How is it characterised? First of all, an intellectualism that requires a reasoned and rational synthesis of all experiences. Another poet, a great poet of the soul's Dark Night was, as we all know, Francis Thompson: it was in his case not merely the soul's night, darkness extended even to life, he lived the Dark Night actually and physically. His haunting, weird lines, seize within their grip our brain and mind and very flesh
My days have crackled and gone up in smoke,5
0.11 - Letters to a Sadhak, #Some Answers From The Mother, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Have things advanced at the required speed?
Yes.
--
Can one's aspiration for the Divine have the required
intensity and sincerity without the tears and anguish that
--
What a joy it would be to possess the required purity!
When one is living among men with all their miseries, it is only
0.12 - Letters to a Student, #Some Answers From The Mother, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
It is a long and meticulous work that requires much perseverance, but the result is worth the trouble, for it brings not
only mastery but also the possibility of the transformation and
0.14 - Letters to a Sadhak, #Some Answers From The Mother, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
effort required to find the Divine, to be conscious of His Will
and to work exclusively to serve Him.
0 1954-08-25 - what is this personality? and when will she come?, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
But if She is ever to reside and act here, She has to find at least a minimal receptivity, at least one human being with the required vital and physical qualities, a kind of super-Parsifal gifted with an innate and integral purity, yet possessing at the same time a body strong enough and poised enough to bear unwaveringly the intensity of the Ananda She brings.
Thus far, She has not found what is needed. Men remain obstinately men and do not want to or are unable to become supermen. All they can receive and express is a love at their own dimension: a human lovewhereas the supreme bliss of divine Ananda eludes their perception.
0 1957-07-03, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
First, I could tell you that to do a collective yoga, there has to be a collectivity! And I could speak to you about the different conditions required to be a collectivity. But last night (smiling), I had a symbolic vision of our collectivity.
This vision took place early in the night and woke me up with a rather unpleasant feeling. Then I fell back to sleep and forgot about it; but a little while ago, when I was thinking of the question put to me, it returned. It returned with a great intensity and so imperatively that now, just as I wanted to tell you what kind of collectivity we wish to realize according to the ideal described by Sri Aurobindo in the last chapter of The Life Divinea gnostic, supramental collectivity, the only kind that can do Sri Aurobindos integral yoga and be realized physically in a progressive collective body becoming more and more divine the recollection of this vision became so imperative that I couldnt speak.
0 1957-11-12, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
These three categories of tests are: those conducted by the forces of Nature, those conducted by the spiritual and divine forces, and those conducted by the hostile forces. This latter category is the most deceptive in its appearance, and a constant state of vigilance, sincerity and humility is required so as not to be caught by surprise or unprepared.
The most commonplace circumstances, people, the everyday events of life, the most seemingly insignificant things, all belong to one or another of these three categories of examiners. In this considerably complex organization of tests, those events generally considered the most important in life are really the easiest of all examinations to pass, for they find you prepared and on your guard. One stumbles more easily over the little pebbles on the path, for they attract no attention.
The qualities more particularly required for the tests of physical Nature are endurance and plasticity, cheerfulness and fearlessness.
For the spiritual tests: aspiration, confidence, idealism, enthusiasm and generosity in self-giving.
0 1958-07-06, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
But yesterday, in fact, I was looking (with all these mantras and these prayers and this whole vibration that has descended into the atmosphere, creating a state of constant calling in the atmosphere), and I remembered the old movements and how everything now has changed! I was also thinking of the old disciplines, one of which is to say, I am That.7 People were told to sit in meditation and repeat, I am That, to reach an identification. And it all seemed to me so obsolete, so childish, but at the same time a part of the whole. I looked, and it seemed so absurd to sit in meditation and say, I am That! I, what is this I who is That; what is this I, where is it? I was trying to find it, and I saw a tiny, microscopic point (to see it would almost require some gigantic instrument), a tiny, obscure point in an im-men-sity of Light, and that little point was the body. At the same timeit was absolutely simultaneous I saw the Presence of the Supreme as a very, very, very, VERY immense Being, within which was I in an attitude of (I was only a sensation, you see), an attitude (gesture of surrender) like this. There were no limits, yet at the same time, one felt the joy of being permeated, enveloped and of being able to widen, widen, widen indefinitelyto widen the whole being, from the highest consciousness to the most material consciousness. And then, at the same time, to look at this body and to see every cell, every atom vibrating with a divine, radiant Presence with all its Consciousness, all its Power, all its Will, all its Loveall, all, really and a joy! An extraordinary joy. And one did not disturb the other, nothing was contradictory and everything was felt at the same time. That was when I said, But truly! This body had to have the training it has had for more than seventy years to be able to bear all that without starting to cry out or dance or leap up or whatever it might be! No, it was calm (it was exultant, but it was very calm), and it remained in control of its movements and its words. In spite of the fact that it was really living in another world, it could apparently act normal due to this strenuous training in self-control by the REASONby the reasonover the whole being, which has tamed it and given it such a great cohesive power that I can BE in the experience, I can LIVE this experience, and at the same time respond with the most amiable of smiles to the most idiotic questions!
And then, it always ends in the same way, by a canticle to the action of the grace: O, Lord! You are truly marvelous! All the experiences I have needed to pass through You have given to me, all the things I needed to do to make this body ready You have made me do, and always with the feeling that it was You who was making me do itand with the universal disapproval of all the right-minded humanity!
0 1958-10-04, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
For people here in the Ashram, my work is not the same. It is more like a kind of atmosphere that extends everywherea very conscious atmospherewhich I let work for each one according to his need. I dont have a special action for each person, unless something requires my special attention. When I would tune into you while you were travelling, I clearly saw your image appear before me, as though you were looking at me, but now that you have returned here, I no longer see it. Rather, I receive a sensation or an impression; and as these sensations and impressions are innumerable, its rather like one element among many. It no longer imposes itself in such an entirely distinct way nor does it appear before me in the same manner, as a clear image of yourself, as though you wanted to know something.
As soon as I am alone, I enter into a very deep concentration,a state of consciousness, a kind of universal activity. Is it deep? What is it? It is far beyond all the mental regions, far, far beyond, and it is constant. As soon as I am alone or resting somewhere, thats how it is.
0 1958-11-22, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
And ifit can happenif the second attempt also miscarries, if the conditions make the experience the soul is seeking still more difficult for example, if one is in a body with an inadequate will or some distortion in the thought, or an egoism too too hardened, and it ends in suicide, it is dreadful. I have seen this many times, it creates a dreadful karma that can be repeated for lifetimes on end before the soul can conquer it and manage to do what it wants. And each time, the conditions become more difficult, each time it requires a still greater effort. And people who know this say, You cannot get out! In fact, it is this kind of desire to escape which pushes you into more foolish things3 that result in a still greater accumulation of difficulty. There are momentsmoments and circumstanceswhen no one is there to help you, and then things become so horrible, the circumstances become so abominable.
But if the soul has had but ONE call, but ONE contact with the Grace, then in your next life you are put in the conditions, once, whereby EVERYTHING can be swept away at one stroke. And at this present moment on earth, you cannot imagine the number of people I have met that is, the number of soulswho had reached out towards this possibility with such an intensity and they have all found themselves on my path.
0 1959-01-31, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
X knows very little about your true work and what Swami has been able to explain to him is rather inadequate, for I do not believe that he himself understands it very well. So I shall have to try to make myself understood quite clearly to X and tell him exactly and simply what it is you need. The word transformation is too abstract. Each mantra has a very specific actionat least I believe soand I must be able to tell X in a concrete way the exact powers or capacities you are now seeking, and the general goal or the particular results required. Then he will find the mantra or mantras that apply.
My explanations will have to be simple, for X speaks English with difficulty, thus subtleties are out of the question. (I am teaching him a little English while he is teaching me Sanskrit, and we manage to understand each other rather well all the same. He understands more than he can speak.)
0 1959-05-19 - Ascending and Descending paths, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
I have also come to realize that for this sadhana of the body, the mantra is essential. Sri Aurobindo gave none; he said that one should be able to do all the work without having to resort to external means. Had he reached the point where we are now, he would have seen that the purely psychological method is inadequate and that a japa is necessary, because only japa has a direct action on the body. So I had to find the method all alone, to find my mantra by myself. But now that things are ready, I have done ten years of work in a few months. That is the difficulty, it requires time
And I repeat my mantra constantlywhen I am awake and even when I sleep. I say it even when I am getting dressed, when I eat, when I work, when I speak with others; it is there, just behind in the background, all the time, all the time.
0 1960-10-25, #Agenda Vol 01, #unset, #Zen
The problem is that when you enter into the ordinary consciousness, these things become so subtle and require such a scrupulous observance that people are justified (they FEEL justified) in having the attitude, Oh, its Nature, its Fate, its the Divine Will! But with that conviction, the Yoga of Perfection is impossible and appears as a mere utopian fantasy but this is FALSE. The truth is something else entirely.
(long silence)
0 1961-01-29, #Agenda Vol 02, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
This consciousness of immortality is OUR becoming conscious of the realms where immortality exists; but to bring immortality into the physical consciousness requires not only a transformation of physical consciousness but a transformation of physical substance as well. So.
***
0 1961-05-12, #Agenda Vol 02, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I have finished my reading of the Veda. I have really tried my best, but I cannot manage to recapture that consciousness; do what I will, it seems childish to me, I dont know why. Or else I am in the presence of a realization so far removed from what we are capable of now but to enter into that we have to go behind the words, which requires a mighty effort.
If they really had that experience, it is admirable.
0 1961-07-07, #Agenda Vol 02, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
But all languageall language!is a language of Ignorance. All means of expression, all that is said and all the ways of saying it, are bound to partake of that ignorance. And thats why its so difficult to express something concretely true; to do so would require extremely lengthy explanations, themselves, of course, fully erroneous. Sri Aurobindos sentences are sometimes very long for precisely this reasonhe is trying to get away from this ignorant language.
Our whole way of thinking is wrong!
0 1961-07-18, #Agenda Vol 02, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I have always known that cruelty, like sadism, is the need to cut through a thick layer of totally insensitive tamas1 by means of extremely violent sensationan extreme is needed if anything is to be felt through that tamas. I was always told, for example (in Japan it was strongly emphasized to me), that the people of the Far East are very tamasic physically. The Chinese in particular are said to be the remnants of a race that inhabited the moon before it froze over and forced them to seek refuge on earth (this is supposed to account for their round faces and the shape of their eyes!). Anyway (laughing), its a story people tell! But theyre extremely tamasic; their physical sensibility is almost nilappalling things are required to make them feel anything! And since they naturally presume that what applies to them applies to everyone, they are capable of appalling cruelty. Not all of them, of course! But this is their reputation. Have you read Mirbeaus book? (I believe thats his name.) I read it sixty years ago something on Chinese torture.
Yes, its well-known.
--
Of course, we know that such a thing will require a considerable amount of time to be done, and it will probably go by stages, by degrees, with faculties appearing that at the moment we cant know or imagine, and which will change the conditions of the earththis is looking ahead a few thousand years.
There is still this problem: is it possible to make use of the notion of space I mean space on the planet earth?5 Is it possible to find a place where the embryo or seed of the future supramental world might be created?
--
It would all require the utmost perfection in the individuals organizing such a thing.
(long silence)
--
In my experience, it is; and it has come to the point where the more concentrated the Force, the more things turn up at the very moment they ought to, people come just when they should and do just what they ought to be doing, the things around me fall into place naturally and this goes for the LEAST little detail. And simultaneously it brings with it a sense of harmony and rhythm, a joya very smiling joy in organization, as if everything were joyously participating in this restructuring. For example, you want to tell someone something and he comes to you; you need someone to do a particular work and he appears; something has to be organizedall the required elements are at hand. All with a kind of miraculous harmony, but nothing miraculous about it! Essentially its simply the inner force meeting with a minimum of obstacles, and so things get molded by its action. This happens to me very often, VERY often; and sometimes it goes on for hours.
But its rather delicate, like a very, very delicate clockwork, like a precision machine, and the least little thing throws everything out of gear. When someone has a bad reaction, for instance, or a bad thought, or an agitated vibration, or an anxietyanything of this nature is enough to dissolve all the harmony. For me, its translated straight-away into a malaise in my body, a very particular type of malaise; then disorder sets in, and the ordinary routine returns. So again I have to gather up, as it were, the Presence of the Lord and begin to infuse it everywhere. Sometimes it goes quickly, sometimes it takes longer; when the disorganization is a little more radical, it takes a little longer.
--
I have made it a habit to always do this (gesture of abandonment to the Light). When a problem comes up, I offer it to the Lord and then leave it. And the moment the solution is required, it comesit comes in facts, in deeds, in movements.
I would be satisfied only if. Can one ever be satisfied? At any rate, I would begin to be satisfied only if this were a constant and total condition, active in all circumstances and at every moment, day and night. But is it possible with this INUNDATION pouring in from outside? Constantly! While walking this morning I was (how to put it?) something of a witness, watching what was coming in from outside. One thing after another, one thing after anotherwhat a mixture! From all sides, from everyone and everything and everywhere. And not only from here, but from far, far away on the earth and sometimes from far back in time, back into the pastthings out of the past coming up, presenting themselves to the new Light to be put in their place. Its always that: each thing wanting to be put in its place. And this work has to be done constantly. Its as if one keeps catching a new illness to be cured.
0 1961-09-23, #Agenda Vol 02, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I have the right to 150 pages! The publisher is giving me 150 pages in his collection. Terrible. But in this Sri Aurobindo, you understand, I would like to make his whole poetic aspect stand out, that poetry which is like the Veda, like a revelation, so a bit of space is required: it cant be squeezed into a few lines, or reduced to a skeleton.
This analogy between the ancient form of spiritual revelations and Savitri, this blossoming into poetry of his prophetic revelation is what could be called the most exceptional part of his work. And what is remarkable (I saw him do it) is that he changed Savitri: he went along changing it as his experience changed.
0 1961-09-30, #Agenda Vol 02, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
1. This letter to Mother is, with a few others, the sole survivor of thirteen years of correspondence. All the rest, all Satprem's correspondence with Mother since 1960, was confiscated by the Ashram after the Mother's departure, for its own reasons. His letters of 1960, already published in Volume I, escaped the destruction because Mother herself had kept them. It makes a big hole in this Agenda, not only for himbecause he had poured out his heart, his questions and doubts and difficulties into these letters but also from an historical point of view, for many of these conversations with Mother were invisibly oriented by his own condition. In fact, he was intimately linked with the flow of this Agenda, which thus stands mutilated. Need we add that we had to prepare the first two volumes as fugitives, and it required Mother's miraculous help to avert even more serious mutilations than the auto-da-f of Satprem's correspondence.
***
0 1961-10-15, #Agenda Vol 02, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
But whats interesting is that it produced neither headache, nor malaise, nor anything of the kind; yet neither was there any great joy or satisfaction. It is the words we use always take on a pejorative tone and spoil it, but the difference between our habitual way of functioning and this new way is something so tremendous and overwhelming that an adaptation is evidently required. And he always said that the adaptation would at first be a diminution, and that only gradually could one regain the original purity. Thats just how it is.
But its not the time to say all this, mon petit!
0 1961-11-07, #Agenda Vol 02, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
But a certain work [of adaptation] is required to express this experience, and the first impression upon returning is that theres no way to do it. It simply doesnt correspond to anything.9
II Peter 3.13.
0 1962-01-09, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Given the worlds present set-up, this is normal but if the supramental world were to be realized, it shouldnt remain normal. Clearly, a considerable change has to take place in the physical substance. That will probably be the essential difference between the bodies fashioned by Natures methods and those to be fashioned by supramental knowledgea new element will come in, and we will no longer be natural. But so long as this natural element is present, well, a certain amount of patience is probably requiredlet the body catch its breath, otherwise something gives way.
It gets much less winded, of course, when you have the inner equality of the divine Presence. So much fatigue is due to excess tension produced by desire or effort or struggle, by the constant battle against all opposing forces. All that can go.
0 1962-01-12, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
(Note from Mother to Satprem concerning his question of January 9, on the capacities required to gain access to the supramental world:)
Capacity for indefinite
0 1962-01-12 - supramental ship, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Because I followed the thread, I put myself back in contact with the experience of the supramental ship, and I noticed that it had a DECISIVE effect on my position: the required conditions were established quite clearly, precisely, and definitively by that experience. In that respect, it was interesting.
Once and for all it has swept away all these notionsnot merely ordinary moral notions, but everything people here in India consider necessary for the spiritual life. In that respect, it was very instructive. And first and foremost, this so-called ascetic purity. Ascetic purity is merely the rejection of all vital movements. Instead of taking these movements and turning them towards the Divine, instead of seeing, that is, the supreme Presence in them (and so letting the Supreme deal with them freely), He is told (laughing): Noits none of Your business! You have no say in it.
--
I mentioned the principal psychological requirement in my answer to that American: a state of perfect equality. This is an ABSOLUTE condition. Over the years since that experience I have observed that no supramental vibration whatsoever can be transmitted without this perfect equality. The slightest contradiction of that equalityin other words, the least movement of ego, of egoistic preference and everything is blocked, transmission stops. This is already quite a large stumbling block.
And, over and above this, for the realization to be total, there are two other conditions, which arent easy either. Intellectually, theyre not too difficult; in fact, for someone who has practiced yoga, followed a discipline (I am not speaking here of just anyone), theyre relatively easy. Psychologically too, given this equality, theres no great difficulty. But as soon as you come to the material plane the physical plane and then to the body, it isnt easy. These two conditions are first, the power to expand, to widen almost indefinitely, enabling you to widen to the dimensions of the supramental consciousness which is total. The supramental consciousness is the consciousness of the Supreme in his totality. By totality, I mean the Supreme in his aspect of Manifestation. Naturally, from a higher point of view, from the viewpoint of the essence the essence of that which in Manifestation becomes the Supermindwhats necessary is a capacity for total identification with the Supreme, not only in his aspect of Manifestation, but in his static or nirvanic aspect, outside of the Manifestation: Nonbeing. But in addition, one must be capable of identifying with the Supreme in the Becoming. And that implies both these things: an expansion that is nothing less than indefinite, and that should simultaneously be a total plasticity enabling one to follow the Supreme in his Becoming. You dont merely have to be as vast as the universe at one point in time, but indefinitely in the Becoming. These are the two conditions. They must be potentially present.
--
It was taking place in the subtle physical. The people who had patches on their bodies and had to be sent back were always the ones who lacked the plasticity those two movements required. But the main thing was the movement of expansion; the progressive movement, the movement of following the Becoming, seemed to be a subsequent preoccupation for those who had landed. The preparation on the boat concerned that capacity for expansion.
Another thing I didnt mention to you when I related the experience was that the ship had no engine. Everything was set in motion through will powerpeople, things (even the clothes people wore were a result of their will). And this gave all things and every persons shape a great suppleness, because there was an awareness of this willwhich is not a mental will but a will of the Self, what could be called a spiritual will or a soul-will (to give the word soul that particular meaning). I have that experience right here when theres an absolute spontaneity in action, I mean when the action for instance, an utterance or a movementis not determined by the mind, and not even (not to mention thought or intellect), not even by the mind that usually sets us in motion. Generally, when we do something, we can perceive in ourselves a will to do it; when you watch yourself, you see this: there is always (it can happen in a flash) the will to do. When you are conscious and watch yourself doing something, you see in yourself the will to do itthis is where the mind intervenes, its normal intervention, the established order in which things happen. But the supramental action is decided by a leap over the mind. The action is direct, with no need to go through the mind. Something enters directly into contact with the vital centers and activates them without going through the mindyet in full consciousness. The consciousness doesnt function in the usual sequence, it functions from the center of spiritual will straight to matter.
0 1962-02-03, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
One might ask this: the day one is able to take in the whole target, in other words to know all viewpoints and the usefulness of each thing, then, seeing that everything is useful and has its place, how can one act? Doesnt action require one to be somehow exclusive or combative?
Well, so long as there are conflicting thoughts.
0 1962-02-13, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Obviously a great, great deal of stability and inner calm is required. There was a keen sense of the absolute pettiness, stupidity and dullness of all outer circumstances, of this whole bodily life in its external form, and AT THE SAME TIME a great symphony of divine joy. And both states were together like pulsations.
But it makes your head spin. You have to be very careful, it it makes you giddy!
0 1962-03-11, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Certain stages of your development even require the gurus physical presence: you must no longer go into trance unless he is there, sitting beside you. Out of the question! Cant you just imagine me saddled with loads of people! Its impossible; I couldnt even do the job properly. No, its impossible, it would simply mean exposing a lot of people to permanent danger and I dont want to.
So well put this Talk aside.
0 1962-06-27, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
And that requires minute-to-minute observation.
Someone reads me a letter, for instance, and I have to answer; and there, superimposed, are both functionings: the ordinary reaction coming from above (nothing from here: it comes from above but its the ordinary reaction) and if I follow that and start writing, after a moment comes a kind of sensation that its inadequate; and then theres the other functioning which is not yet (whats the word? I should be speaking in English!) handy, not yet at my disposal. I have to keep myself quiet, then it starts operating [the new functioning]. But when theres something to be done, the two are superimposed and I have to keep the old one quiet for the other to come. And the other one ohh, it has some unexpected ways! I answer a letter, for example, or I want to say something to someone: my old way is an expression of what comes from above (it is luminous enough, but ADAPTED) but then theres that sensation of inadequacyit wont do. All right. I step back and something else comes; and what comes, I must admit its enough to drive people crazy! Its so MUCH SOMETHING ELSE!
0 1962-08-08, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
To change a karma, to stop a karma, to withdraw a certain number of vibrations from circulation, as it were, requires yet another movement, another movement altogether and that Power isnt yet at hand. Thats what will yield visible, tangible results. The other movement has very tangible and concrete results, but theyre invisible (to human observation, that is, which is much too limited and superficial). But it obviously does have results. That vision of terror clearly diverted the course of events that nations were being pushed into. But only someone with inner vision can see it.
(silence)
0 1962-09-05, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
But one has to. Look, its the same as for japa. Your japa is given to you, isnt it? You receive it (unless you find it on your own, but thats harder and already requires another level of realization); you receive your japa along with the power to do it but you have to learn how to do it, right? For a long while you dont fully succeed; all sorts of things happenyou forget it right in the middle or fall asleep or grow tired, get a headache, all sorts of things; or even outer circumstances interfere and disturb you. Well, here its the same: you tell yourself, Ill do it, and you will do it, even if. You have to go at it just like a mule: everything blocks the way but you keep going. You said youd do it and you will do it. There are no results I dont care. Everything is against me I dont care. I said Id do it and I will I said Id do it and I will. And you keep on going like that.
Its the same thing in your case. It depends on what you want to achieve. Simply what I told you about sleep or resting, for example, ought to be enough. On that, you base your own disciplineor on words that were uttered, or gestures that were made, or ideas youve received. You establish your own discipline. And once you have chosen your discipline, you keep on with it.
0 1962-11-20, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
And all night long (or a good part of it in any case), Indira Gandhis thought was here, clinging to me (Indira Gandhi is Nehrus daughter), and the jewelry was sent to her.3 It was handed over to Nehru, who passed it on to Indira.4 And she wrote me a letter I received yesterdaya very (Mother searches for the proper word) a very amicable letter; a letter from someone who has understood that this gift was an important elementnot on a worldwide level (!), but because it was important that people know I have made a gesture of collaboration. But it didnt end there. The letter came yesterday; generally, of course, when I see a letter coming, I see it BEFORE receiving it; but here it was SHE, she herself, thinking [of Mother], thinking, thinking, thinking over and over again. (With Nehru, its always very blurred: he doesnt have sufficient mental power for his position, he lacks the required strength of mind, so its always hazy; when you tune in to him, thats the impression you getblurred gesturenot solid.) But with her, it kept coming and coming and coming. They must be feeling or beginning to feel that something other than what they have is required.
We shall see.
0 1963-04-20, #Agenda Vol 04, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
But it requires some work.
In my case I never went into trance in my life, I never even lost the contact with the outside.
0 1963-06-19, #Agenda Vol 04, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
It must require a tremendously powerful lever.
I suppose people without solid heads become unhinged. Although truly, there is a remarkable Grace, because people are given a dose of experiences exactly according to their capacity. But this morning there was an hour an hour when I was absolutely conscious, absolutely conscious, and conscious of one single thing: the powerlessness the powerlessness to get out of Ignorance. The will to get out of Ignorance and the powerlessness to do so. It gave me a whole hour of tension.
0 1963-07-10, #Agenda Vol 04, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
But if you have the power within yourself and read the book, you will get the force! (Mother laughs) Whats required is the capacity to feel and make contact.
Ultimately, what does the guru do? He connects (gesture of junction), he is nothing but a link. Its not his power he gives you (thats what he thinks, but its not true): he is the link. He brings you into contact with the Powera contact you dont have without him. But those who dont need a guru will make contact WITHOUT a guru.
0 1963-07-17, #Agenda Vol 04, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
It requires no preparation, it isnt something you have to attain: its ALWAYS there. Only, it also stems from the fact that I am not here (thats so clear, so clear, it needs no reflection or observation, its such a well-established fact) I am not here for anything, anything whatsoever, any satisfaction of any sort, on any level, any pointnone of that exists any more, that has no more reality, no more existence. The only thing I still FEEL is a sort of not an aspiration, not a will, not an adherence or enthusiasm, but something that is maybe its more like a power: to do the Lords Work. At the same time, I feel the Lord you understand, He isnt in front of me or outside of me! Thats not it, He is everywhere and He is everywhere and I am everywhere with Him. But what holds these cells together in a permanent form is that something which is at once the will and power (and something more than both) to do the Lords work. It contains something which probably is translated in peoples consciousnesses as Bliss, Ananda (I must say its an aspect of the problem I am not concerned with). Something like the intensity of a superlove as yet unmanifestits impossible to say.
Some time ago I made a discovery of that kind: someone asked me if there was any difference between Ananda and Love; I said, No. Then he said to me, But then how is it that some people feel Ananda while others feel Love? I answered him, Yes! Those who feel Ananda are those who like to receive, who have the capacity to receive, and those who feel Love are those who have the capacity to give. But its the same thing: you receive it as Ananda, you give it as Love.
0 1963-07-27, #Agenda Vol 04, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I told you the story of the other one who came to be operated on and died2 (that makes two in a row, among our best workers). The other one had an important government position and did us some incredible services (he was a very intelligent man and had been chief justice for a very long time), he was very helpful and full of faith and devotion. This one [M.] had even promised to lend some money, but he died just beforea few days before he was due to give it!3 But the first one was a conscious, highly mentalized being, with a very well-formed mental being; he knew a lot and he told me, I am very conscious and now I know that I am fully alive and fully conscious, so I dont want an impotent body that constantly requires someone to nurse it or move it around. I prefer to change. He asked me to find him a good one (!) This one didnt ask to take a new body, but the last thing he said (afterwards, he was paralyzed) was: I must live, because I want to give ten lakhs of rupees to the Mother. And he left with thatso an appropriate body has to be found.
But this one [M.] knew very little, he wasnt an intellectual, he was a man of action, very psychicvery much so! Lovely, oh, lovely! He was like a little child, naked, of course, a baby this big, with small arms, small legsdancing about, he was glad, laughing and laughing, he was happy. And all luminous. I immediately told his son (he did a pranam and rose with his eyes full of tears), I told him, Dont weep, he is now where he wants to be and perfectly at rest. I didnt tell him the storyhe wouldnt have understood a thing!
0 1963-08-10, #Agenda Vol 04, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
And if you have calm (it requires an inner calm, which is another factor), if you have inner calm, then the pain turns into an almost pleasant sensationnot pleasant in the ordinary sense of the word, but there comes an almost comfortable impression. Once again, I am speaking on a purely physical, material level.
The last stage: when the cells have faith in the divine Presence and the divine sovereign Will and trust that all is for the good, then ecstasy comes the cells open up, become luminous and ecstatic.
0 1963-10-05, #Agenda Vol 04, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
It was a constructiona huge construction. It resembled one of those huge hotels they build nowadays, with inner courtyards and all sorts of things. And I had my room right at the top. (It called to my mind an old experience I had had. Do you remember that big hotel?1 It was somewhat like that.) And everyone there was APPARENTLY full of respect, of obedience, of thoughtfulness but everyone was going his own sweet way thats nothing new. At first, I was downstairs (my room was way upstairs, I dont know how many floors there were), and there I met some people, people whom I know. But each and every detail was so revealing, it was marvelous! And it was time for me to have my bath (I dont know what time it was!), so I wanted to go back upstairs to do so, but I needed someone to prepare the bath (its symbolic; I dont know yet, I havent yet understood the symbol of that bath, because it occurs very often; but there may be some meaning hidden in that symbol). But then one person was too old (someone who had offered to prepare the bath, but he was too old), another wasnt strong enough, anotherto be able to prepare the bath required VERY special qualities. It isnt the first time; it has happened two or three times before: to be able to prepare that bath took absolutely exceptional qualities of courage, strength, physical power, endurance. And the people downstairs (gesture expressing incapacity). So I said to myself, All right, Ill go upstairs and see what happens.
On the way, the same thing happened again: I went the usual wayplop! cut off, nothing left, I cant get through; I come back, start another wayplop! cut off, I cant get through. Yet I kept going up (how, I dont know). Then I reached a sort of square terrace-balcony, perfectly square, and ALL its doors were closed. There was no way of going farther: all the doors were closed. Then I see water rising, rising, rising in the ENTIRE building, except the places where the doors were closed. Downstairs (I dont know, I was very high up, maybe on the fourth or fifth floor) the doors were closed, so naturally water could not get in. All the courtyards (large, immense courtyards) were turned into swimming pools. What water! I kept watching it, admiring it; I said to myself, What wonderful water! So clear, so clear, clearer than any I ever saw. Water that was I cant say, it was transparent like like purity itself, it was marvelous. It was rising and rising and rising. I saw in one of the courtyards on my left (a very large courtyard: it had become an immense swimming pool!), I saw a person in a bathing suit come out of the water, as if he had taken his bath in it, and wrap himself up (a very tall person, very tall, who was neither a man nor a woman), he wrapped himself up in a bathrobe, then walked away on the water (!) I was watching this till suddenly I realized that the water was beginning to reach my feet. Then I KNEW: Ah, yes! Theyve decided to do this. I was a little upset: They really could have told me they were going to do this! I thought. Its something they must do regularly. Did they inform some people? (All this in my head, of course.)
0 1964-01-04, #Agenda Vol 05, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Imperial MAHESHWARI is seated in the wideness above the thinking mind and will and sublimates and greatens them into wisdom and largeness or floods with a splendour beyond them. For she is the mighty and wise One who opens us to the supramental infinities and the cosmic vastness, to the grandeur of the supreme Light, to a treasure-house of miraculous knowledge, to the measureless movement of the Mothers eternal forces. Tranquil is she and wonderful, great and calm for ever. Nothing can move her because all wisdom is in her; nothing is hidden from her that she chooses to know; she comprehends all things and all beings and their nature and what moves them and the law of the world and its times and how all was and is and must be. A strength is in her that meets everything and masters and none can prevail in the end against her vast intangible wisdom and high tranquil power. Equal, patient and unalterable in her will she deals with men according to their nature and with things and happenings according to their Force and the truth that is in them. Partiality she has none, but she follows the decrees of the Supreme and some she raises up and some she casts down or puts away from her into the darkness. To the wise she gives a greater and more luminous wisdom; those that have vision she admits to her counsels; on the hostile she imposes the consequence of their hostility; the ignorant and foolish she leads according to their blindness. In each man she answers and handles the different elements of his nature according to their need and their urge and the return they call for, puts on them the required pressure or leaves them to their cherished liberty to prosper in the ways of the Ignorance or to perish. For she is above all, bound by nothing, attached to nothing in the universe. Yet has she more than any other the heart of the universal Mother. For her compassion is endless and inexhaustible; all are to her eyes her children and portions of the One, even the Asura and Rakshasa and Pisacha6 and those that are revolted and hostile. Even her rejections are only a postponement, even her punishments are a grace. But her compassion does not blind her wisdom or turn her action from the course decreed; for the Truth of things is her one concern, knowledge her centre of power and to build our soul and our nature into the divine Truth her mission and her labour.
Ganapati, or Ganesh: the son of the supreme Mother, god of material knowledge and wealth. He is represented with an elephant's head.
0 1964-02-05, #Agenda Vol 05, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
It doesnt require any explanations.
That is to say, to children you should explain that WHATEVER the statement, WHATEVER the Scripture, they are always a step-down from the experience, they are always inferior to the experience.
0 1964-08-14, #Agenda Vol 05, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
In fact, one is very, very active. To succeed in having a part of the night still (not only mentally: a supreme Stillness in that great universal Movement) requires a whole lot of work, a lot of work.
As a matter of fact, these last few nights Ive been conducting a sort of review of all the stages my nights went through before being what they areits fantastic! I started working on my nights at the beginning of the century, exactly in 1900, sixty-four years ago now, and the number of nights when I didnt continue my training is absolutely minimalminimal. There had to be something unexpected or I had to be ill; and even then, there was another kind of study going on. I remember (Sri Aurobindo was here), I caught a sort of fever like influenza from contact with the workers, one of those fevers that take hold of you brutally, instantly, and in the night I had a temperature of more than 105. Anyway, it was And then I spent my night studying what people call delirium(laughing) it was very interesting! I was explaining it to Sri Aurobindo (he was there: I was lying on the bed and he was sitting by the bedside), I told him, This is whats going on, that is whats going on and that (such and such and such a thing) is what gives people what doctors call delirium. It isnt delirium. I remember having been assailed for hours by little entities, vital forms that were hideous, vile, and so vicious! An unequaled cruelty. They rushed at me in a troop, I had to fight to repel them: they retreated, moved forward, retreated, moved forward. And for hours like that. Naturally, at that time I had Sri Aurobindos full power and presence, and yet it lasted three or four hours. So I thought, How terrible it must be for the poor devils who have neither the knowledge I have, nor the power I have, nor Sri Aurobindos protective presenceall the best conditions. It must be frightful, oh! I have never in my life seen anything so disgusting.
0 1964-09-16, #Agenda Vol 05, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Its an experience I have more and more clearly: for the contact with that true divine Love to be able to manifest, that is, to express itself freely, it requires a POWER in beings and in things which doesnt exist yet. Otherwise, everything breaks apart.
There are scores of very convincing details, but, naturally, as they are details or very personal things, I cant talk about them. But on the basis of the proof or proofs of repeated experiences, I am forced to say this: when that Power of PURE Lovea wonderful Power, beyond any expressionas soon as it begins to manifest fully, freely, a great many things seem to collapse instantly: they cant hold on. They cant hold on, theyre dissolved. Then then everything comes to a stop. And that stop, which we might believe to be a disgrace, is on the contrary an infinite Grace!
0 1964-10-14, #Agenda Vol 05, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
So it depends on the child. And if he really feels sleepy, what prevents him from sleeping? Whats required is to give them a peaceful atmosphere, as much peace as possible.
But they are constantly trying to make general laws, when its always an individual question.
0 1964-10-30, #Agenda Vol 05, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
We shouldnt take them seriously: they may shout, they may protest, they may grumble, they may threaten, they may play all sorts of nasty tricks on usthey last only a time, and when their time is up, itll be over, thats all. We only have to last longer than they do, thats all. And its very easy to last if we hold on tight to that which is Eternal: it doesnt even require an effort. And it allows us to look at everything with a smile.
***
0 1965-02-19, #Agenda Vol 06, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Perfect surrender in all the states of being. That comes progressively, it comes through years of repetition, but thats what the word must represent when it is said: total self-giving to this Supreme, who naturally is beyond all conception. Perfect surrender, that is, spontaneous surrender, which requires neither effort nor anythinga surrender that must be perfectly spontaneous. This, too, is something that is attained little by little; thats why I said that the mantra is progressive, in the sense that it grows more and more perfect.
The third word represents:
0 1965-04-17, #Agenda Vol 06, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
So the transition: a conscious and willed utilization by a supramentalized consciousness of a body prepared in that way. This body must be brought to the peak of its development and of the utilization of the cells in order to be yes, consciously impregnated with the supreme forces (which is being done here [in Mother] at the moment), and this to the utmost of its capacities. And if the consciousness that inhabits that body, that animates that body, has the required qualities in sufficient amount, it should normally be able to utilize that body to the utmost of its capacity of transformation, with the result that the waste caused by the death of decomposing cells should be reduced to a minimumto what extent? Thats precisely what still belongs to the unknown.
That would correspond to what Sri Aurobindo called the prolongation of life at will, for an indefinite length of time.
--
In that case, one would have to switch to a new body. But a switching (from the occult point of view, thats a known thing), a switching not to a body to be born, but to an already formed body. It would take place through a sort of identification of the psychic personality of the body to be changed with the other, receiving body but that, the fusions of psychic personalities, its possible, (laughing) I know the procedure! But it requires the abolition of the egoyes, the abolition of the ego is certainly necessary; but if the abolition of the ego is sufficient in the supramentalized individuality (can I use the word individuality? I dont know its neither personality nor individuality), in the supramentalized being, if the abolition of the ego is done, completed, that being has the power to completely neutralize the presence of the ego in the other being. And then, through that neutralization, the shrinking that always comes from a reincarnation would be canceled thats the dreadful thing, you see, that time lost in the shrinking into a new being! While through that conscious passagewilled and consciousfrom one body to the other, the being whose ego no longer exists has an almost total power to abolish the other ego.
All that occult mechanism needs to be developed, but for the consciousness its almost rational.
0 1965-05-29, #Agenda Vol 06, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
"On the other hand however your statement is correct. It is 'natural considering the times' and the occidental mentality prevalent everywhere. It is also probably necessary that this should be faced and overcome before any supramental realisation is possible in the earth-consciousness for it is the attitude of the physical mind to spiritual things and as it is in the physical that the resistance has to be overcome before the mind can be overpassed in the way required for this yoga, the strongest possible representation of its difficulties was indispensable."
Bulletin, August 1965
0 1965-06-14, #Agenda Vol 06, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Its more interesting than novels, and how! It just requires a lot of time.
***
0 1966-01-22, #Agenda Vol 07, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
And it doesnt require rest; these experiences are so concrete and spontaneous and real (they arent the result of a will, still less of an effort) that they dont require rest: I was busy washing. I took my whole breakfast in that state, it was charming. It was only when those people came (and I even did the egg distribution I dont know if you are aware of it, but I am the one who puts your egg in your box every day I did my egg distribution in that state, I gave the flowers in that state), it was only afterwards, when letters came that I had to listen to and answer and all manner of things (gesture of a truckload being dumped)then it fades away, it gets erased. It still leaves me in a half-dream, but the experience is gone: its no longer that.
But those who got hold of this experience for some reason or other without having all the philosophical and mental preparation I had (the saints, or at any rate all the people who led a spiritual life) had instead a very acute impression of the unreality of life and the illusion of life. But thats only a narrow way of looking at it. Thats not it thats not it, EVERYTHING is a choice! Everything, everything. The Lords choice, but IN US; not there (gesture above): here. And we are unaware of it, its deep down in ourselves. But when we are aware of it, we can choosewe can choose our choice, thats wonderful!
0 1966-03-26, #Agenda Vol 07, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Yesterday evening, after I had written that message (I wrote it in the evening, not in comfort but that was the only time I had; the light wasnt good, but anyway I did it), after I had written, I felt a strong pain here, in my temples. Ah, I said, now I know! Now and then, after having listened to lots of people and especially after having written lots of birthday cards, answers to letters there is a sort of strange heaviness in my temples (and Ive never had headaches in my life, thats not like me!), and I say to myself, Whats this new decrepitude?! Then I noticed it wasnt that: its my eyes. Its because I havent yet found the secret of how to use my eyes. As I said just before, at times I see with extraordinary precision: things seem to come towards me to show themselves its so clear that the minutest detail is perceived. Thats one extreme. The other extreme is what I have already told several times: a sort of veil. I know things, they are in my consciousness, but I see just clearly enough not to bump against them or knock them over; everything, everything seems to be behind a veil; only I know where things are, so I find them, or I dont bump against them or break them, but thats not because I see I see a picture behind a veil, as it were. Thats the other extreme. In between the two, there are all sorts of gradations. And I am convinced its to show me that my eyes are still capable of seeing accurately the instrument is still very good, but I dont know how to use it. I dont know how to use it, because previously I used it as everyone uses his eyes, his hands, his feet, out of a sort of habit, more or less consciously I was very proud of my consciousness! ([Laughing] We are always very proud!) Very proud to have such conscious hands; in the past, for instance, I would sometimes say, I want twelve sheets of paper, then I would stop bothering about itmy hand would go and take, and there were twelve of them. That had been happening for a long, a very long time, but it would happen AT CERTAIN TIMES: when I was in the required state, that is, when there wasnt the intrusion of an arbitrary will. So all this is a field of experiment and study in very small details, absolutely insignificant in themselves, but very instructive. And it goes on all the time, twenty-four hours a day, night and day (at night its on other planes), but all this takes place in the physical, a more or less subtle physical.
This morning, there was a very amusing story. I was rinsing my eyes and mouth; I do it before daybreak, that is, with electric light. And in my bathroom there is an emergency light. Its one of the latest inventions: its connected to the power and as long as there is power, the light remains off and a battery inside gets charged; as soon as the power fails, the light turns on and the battery is discharged to keep the light on. Its very well made, they invented it for hospitals and other places where any power failure must be avoided: as soon as the power goes, the light turns on instantaneously, and when the power returns, it goes off and gets recharged for the next time. They installed it for me in the bathroom. And this morning while I was washing my teeth, poff! the light went off. I continued, naturally, since I had that emergency light. But then, I did a study. The lights in C.s room (and everywhere) were on, it was only here, in this group of rooms. That was an odd phenomenon to begin with. Then I looked, and while I looked I noticed something I hadnt taken note of all these last few days: a will to disorganize all my personal life. And causing power failures is one of the known occult methods (I dont know how its done, in fact, but that man who wrote books and came here a very long time ago, Brunton, said it was one of the tricks known to those who practice occultism: a sudden failure of the lights). There are lots of other such tricks designed to disorganize peoples lives with the idea of frightening them or announcing catastrophes to them (I have always found this very childish). But then, I saw that there was (I think I know where, here, it comes from) a will for disorganization, and I saw the path it followed (winding gesture as if Mother were going back to the source). It had begun last night, in the middle of the night: when I got up around midnight, I saw a will wanting to preoccupy me with thoughts of money! And it was insisting: the thought that everything was going wrong, and so on. I saw that in the middle of the night. I was busy with other things, but I saw that will: formations; and naturally I dealt with them as they deserved. But I saw that it went on, trying to disturb people, to make them uncomprehending, and then to turn the power off, all sorts of silly things. Its not the first time it has happenedits not always the same people because generally, when they have tried and got a good knock in return, they dont try a second time, theyve had enough! But there are others who think they are very clever and want to prove to me (laughing) that they are right and I am wrongbecause ultimately it always comes to that! So I spent half an hour this morning, before they restored the power and I resumed my usual activities, half an hour having huge fun following the thread (same winding gesture going back to the source) wherever there was mischief, and then I very kindly answered.
0 1966-09-28, #Agenda Vol 07, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
And on top of it all, I am broke! Amrita will be coming this afternoon: I cant give him his money, I dont have it. I have to pay a certain amount every day: well, as it happens, I am broke. This afternoon, as every Wednesday, I should give 5,000 rupees to this poor Amrita in debt: I havent a penny. Thats how it is, it makes things still worse. If at least I could more or less meet the requirements, it would be all right, but thats not the problem: there are complications arising all over the place! I owe the cashier astronomical amounts, and I cant pay him. I am beset by debts on every sideit weighs lightly on me, I dont lose any sleep over it! But the fact is there.
(Mother holds out a rose to Satprem) This is peace, my child. Its peace. (Laughing) Oh, if you knew how peaceful it is here! (gesture to the forehead and above) I say things, but ultimately they are the way the Lord wants them to be. Maybe He enjoys seeing the faces people pull!
0 1966-09-30, #Agenda Vol 07, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I can very well conceive of a being who could, through spiritual power, the power of his inner being, absorb the necessary forces, renew himself and remain ever young; thats quite easily conceivable; even providing for a certain suppleness so as to be able to change the form if necessary. But the complete disappearance of this system of construction right awayfrom one to the other right away, that seems It appears to require stages.
Obviously, unless something happens (which we are forced to call a miracle because we cant understand how it could happen), how can a body like ours become a body entirely built and driven by a higher force, and without a material support? How can this (Mother pinches the skin of her hands), how can this change into that other thing? It appears impossible.
0 1966-10-05, #Agenda Vol 07, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
It came like that, in a quite childlike form, but very, very pure. And two days later, when it was necessary for the money to come, for me to have money, just as everything seemed quite impossible, Amrita suddenly came in, telling me, Here, so-and-so has sent a cheque for such-and-such an amount.Exactly the amount needed. And I think it was the first time that person had sent money. It was quite unexpected, absolutely a miraclea miracle for children. The required amount, just at the required time, and absolutely unexpected. Then I had a good laugh. And I said to myself, How silly we can be! We dont know that everything happens exactly as it has to.
I cant say that I worry (I never do), but I was wondering sometimes I wonder, Is it going to go on, or I am not quite sure of whats going to happen, because I never try to know nor do I desire to know, but I dont feel I am told. (I think this is another mental stupidity and when nothing is formulated, it means things are all right and as they should be.) But, of course, there is a childishness that would like to be told, Do this this way and that that way, and this But it doesnt work! Its not like that!
0 1966-12-07, #Agenda Vol 07, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
But in what Ive read of yours (I set apart the book on Sri Aurobindo because that was a very special case: all sensitive people have instantly been brought into contact with Sri Aurobindo; that was a very special case), but in your first book [The Goldwasher] which I read, I felt it came from above. I feel that. Only, of course, it would be unreadable: it has to be concretized, materialized. But if one has oneself a relationship with this plane above, one must feel it in what is written: many people feel a something that suffuses the whole thing. Thats why I want you to read me your new book, its to see if that is there. You know, I am like this (gesture to the forehead showing a vast stillness), it has become a constant state: a screen. A screen for absolutely everything. And really nothing comes from within: its either this way (horizontal gesture around Mother) or this way (gesture from above); horizontally from outside, or the response from above. Here (gesture to the level of the emotive heart), its something so neutral as to be nonexistent; and here (gesture to the forehead), its vast, even, still. So if I stop (gesture turned upward), right away, instantly, it comes in waves: a continuous light which comes down and through, comes down and through, comes down (gesture of a circulation through Mother as through a transmitter-receiver device). When something is read out to me or people ask me questions or they tell me about some matter or other, its always like that (a screen). And whats very interesting is that when its a question that deserves no answer or a matter that doesnt require my intervention, or anyway anything that can be expressed by Its no concern of mine, its none of my business, then theres an absolute blank: absolutely empty, neutral, without answer. I am obliged to say that there is no answer (if I were to tell the truth I should say, I cant hear anything, I dont understand). So its absolutely still and neutral, and if it remains like that, it means theres nothing, I have nothing to do with it. Otherwise, when there is an answer no time even elapses, theres hardly any lapse of time: the answer seems to come even as I am spoken to. Then I take the paper or letter right away and answer. Its automatic. The whole work is done like that. Theres nothing here (gesture to the forehead).
Obviously we have to reconcile ourselves to it. The world is in a state of considerable imperfection, so everything that manifests in the world partakes of that imperfectionwhat can we do about it? The only thing we can do is to slowly try and transform but thats slow, so slow, unceasingtransform this body.
0 1967-04-05, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Thus we must shelter the eternal youth required for a speedy advance, in order not to become laggards on the way.
See note in Addendum.
0 1967-04-19, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
To do things properly, we would need a small educational booklet for the children of the future. A preconceptional booklet to prepare the father and mother (especially the mother, thats the most important). Then a booklet for the first three years of life: the qualities required, the attitude to be taken. At any rate, the father and mother should first know the possibility (at least the possibility) of a child being more than a mere animal man.
Then, conception should take place entirely outside of desire. Thats another very difficult condition to be fulfilled.
0 1967-06-24, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I am trying to do itnot out of an arbitrary will, not at all: there is simply something, or someone, or a consciousness or whatever (I dont want to talk about it) which uses this (Mothers body) to try and do something with it. This means that I do the work and am a witness at the same time, and as for the I, I dont know where it is: its not inside, its not up above, its not I dont know where it is, its for the requirements of language. There is something that does and witnesses the thing at the same time, and is at the same time the action being done: the three things.
Because now, the body itself really collaborates as much as it canas much as it canwith an ever-increasing goodwill and power of endurance, and the self-observation is truly reduced to a minimum (there is still some, like something touching lightly now and then, but not even for a few seconds). Self-observation, oh, that means a thoroughly disgusting, repugnant and catastrophic atmosphere. Its like that, FELT like that. And its becoming increasingly impossible, I see that, its visible. But there is still the whole weight of millennia of bad habits, which we could call pessimistic, that is, anticipating decay, anticipating catastrophe, anticipating well, all those things, and, ugh! thats the most difficult thing to purify, to clarify, to remove from the atmosphere. Its so INGRAINED that its absolutely spontaneous. That is the great, great, great obstacle that sort of sense of inevitable decay.
0 1967-07-22, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
A silly, mechanical mind can very well answer a test if the memory is good and these are certainly not the qualities required for a man of the future.
It is by tolerance for the old habits that I consented that those who want tests can have them. But I hope that in future this concession will not be necessary.
--
It was in fact an American miner who left a will promising a certain amount in thousands of dollars to anyone who could supply the required proof (see Agenda VII of November 3, 1966).
Here is the person's description: "External awareness had slipped away I heard, saw nothing. I sagged forward as my wife held my head to keep me from pitching from the chair. To the Doctor I had reached clinical death. But for me there was a surge of inner awarenessmagnified, finely focused, brilliant. It is a progressive thing, this death. You feel the toes going first, then the feet, cell by cell, death churning them like waves washing the sands. Now the legs, the cells winking out. Closer now, and the visibility is better. Hands, arms, abdomen and chest, each cell flaring into a supernova, then gone. There is order and system in death, as in all that is life. I must try to control the progression, to save the brain for last so that it may know. Now the neck. The lower jaw. The teeth. How strange to feel one's teeth die, one by one, cell igniting cell, galaxies of cells dying in brilliance. Now, in retrospect, I grope for this other thing. There was something else, something that I felt or experienced or beheld at the very last instant. What was it? I knew it so well when it was there, opening before me, something more beautiful, more gentle, more loving than the mind or imagination of living creature could ever conceive. But it is gone." David Snell, Life Senior Editor (extract from Life, May 29, 1967).
0 1967-10-04, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
There was the case of C.5 He had learned to go out of his body, he knew how to do it: he would go about and see things; he would see, note things, and come back into his body. Then, when he was operated on, the doctors didnt take the necessary precautions and the heart couldnt withstand the shock of the operation: five days later, it was over. But he was in the habit of going out, so he went out and came to me (thats how I knew it before they came to tell me he was dead because he came to me). But he wasnt at all aware of being dead: he had gone out of his body as he used to, and he came to me, he was with me. So then, it was quite fine, he remained at peace. Then, at a certain point (he died in hospital, and naturally, at that time nobody listened to me: they burned him much too soonit would have been too soon anyway, because in his case, precisely because he had that practice, much precaution and time would have been required; but it was all rushed through), then all of a sudden, when they burned him (I didnt even know the time of the cremation), he suddenly came into my room, you know, terrified terrified, crying, miserable: But I am dead! I didnt know I was dead, but I am dead and theyve burned me, theyve burned me! Oh it was horrible, horrible. So I calmed him down, told him to stay there, be calm, be with me, and that I would find him another body. And for a long, long time I had him consciously near me. Then I taught him to reincarnateit was all done in detail. So I know
The same thing with N.S. In his case also He had fallen on his head and fractured it (he fainted in the street, thats how he died). He was taken to the hospital. But he went out6 and came to me right away (and so I knew: when I was told the accident had happened, I already knew something had happened because he had come to me). I kept him there, put him to rest, and he was quite peacefulquite peaceful. They didnt even consult me to know when he should be burned or anything (of course, a family of doctors!). Then, suddenly, brrt! (gesture of bursting) he went out of my atmosphere abruptly, like that. And no more sign of him. It took me DAYS to recontact himand that was the shock he had when they burned his body. It took me days to find him again, put him back to rest, gather him together. And one part had disappeared; his whole consciousness didnt return, because a part of his most material consciousness, of the material vital, must have been thrown out by the shock. I know it, because Alberts7 father was operated on (it was more than a year later, maybe two), and when he was chloroformed, he suddenly saw N.S. in front of him (of course, even a part can take on the appearance of the whole being, Sri Aurobindo has explained that, its like a photograph). He saw N.S., and N.S. asked him for news of his family, news of his wife, news of his children, and he told him, I worry about them. It must have been the part tied to his family, which must have been separated from the rest of his being: when he came to me, he was complete, but afterwards, I dont know what happened (gesture of bursting under the shock). And it was so concrete that when Alberts father was woken up again, he said aloud, But why are you cutting short my conversation with N.S.? Thats how they found out. He told them, But I was talking with N.S., why have you interrupted my conversation? So they found out what had happened.
0 1967-10-21, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
And when Matter will be supple enough to be transformed under the action of the consciousnessa CONSTANT transformation then this need to abandon there something that has become useless, or is in impossible conditions, will no longer exist. That is how it may happen, at least for the requirements of the transformation, to have at will a continuity, of existence for a form which was transitional.
But yesterday, the impression was that it [death] is now only an old habit, no longer a necessity. Its only because First of all, because the body is still unconscious enough to (how should I put it?), not to desire, because thats not the word, but to feel the need of total rest, that is, inertia. When that is abolished, there is no disorganization that cannot be mended, or in any case (the field of accidents hasnt been studied, but in the normal course of things), no wear and tear, no deterioration, no disharmony that cannot be mended by the action of the consciousness.
0 1968-01-06, #Agenda Vol 09, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
And the last vestigesyesterday they seemed to be the last ones, because of this text they had asked me to read Naturally, when I speak I say I because its the body that speaks, but it has no sense of I, it Its very hard to explain. Anyway, because of this affair, I said, Ah, but how, how can that be said when its not me?Theres no me, its not me! And at the same time, there was this Consciousness above, saying, No personal reactions theres no more me, and if this must be done, let it be done. And for hours and hours, there was such a peculiar state in which everything It was like kinds of vestiges, or pieces of bark, I dont know; pieces of something a bit hard or shriveled, which had crumbled and were turning into dust, and nothing, nothing but this Great Vibration (gesture like two great wings beating in the infinite), so powerful, so calm the whole day. A sort of perception that life in a seemingly personal form like this one is only for actiononly for action, for the requirements of action; and there must be no reactions, only the instrument actingacting on the supreme Impulse, without reactions. And the perception was so clear that all, but all memories have been abolished, and are being increasingly abolished, so there may only remain a sort of mass of vibrations organized so as to make you do what needs to be done in the whole for everything to be prepared and (gesture of ascent) for everything to grow, to strive more and more towards the transformation.
That makes speaking difficult, because of this old habit (maybe also a necessity to make oneself understood) of using the word II, whats this I? It no longer corresponds to anything, except for a mere appearance. And this appearance is the only contradiction. Thats the interesting point: this appearance is clearly a contradiction of the truth; its something that still belongs to the old laws, at least, in fact, in its appearance. And because of that, you are forced to say things in a certain way, but it doesnt correspondit doesnt correspond to your state of consciousness, not in the least. There is a fluidity, a breadth, a sort of totality, and above all, more and more strongly the sense that this (pointing to the body) must grow INCREASINGLY SUPPLEsupple, fluid, so to speak, so as to express without resistance or distortion the vision the real vision, the real state of consciousness. To the consciousness, this possibility of fluidity, of plasticity, is growing more and more evident, with only, only just something outwardly which is increasingly becoming an illusion. And yet, yet thats what others see, understand, know and call me. And it truly strives and strives to adapt more and more, but time still appears to have its importance.
0 1968-01-12, #Agenda Vol 09, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
We may begin by looking at the problem in the wide sense, that of evolution. Species have evolved from the mineral to the plant, to the animal, and on to man. Everything points to the fact that the progress of evolution is not a progress in forms but a progress of consciousness. Forms are only an increasingly fit support for the progress of consciousness. We have reached the human stage, but there is no reason to assume that it is final or supreme (otherwise there would be no evolution), no more than an objective observer one hundred million years ago would have been right to assume that the chameleon or the baboon was the highest term of evolution. We have simply reached the decisive evolutionary stage when we can consciously intervene to accelerate the natural process, which might otherwise require a few more millions of years, with much wastage. Yoga and all spiritual disciplines are ultimately nothing but processes of conscious acceleration of evolution in the true sense.
There may be here some debate on this true sense: some, along with the religions we know, will tell you that the true sense isnt here, but in goodness knows what heaven beyond. Its a point of view, but if this material evolution does not hold its own sense within itself, it means we are in the presence of a sinister farce invented by goodness knows what divine masochist. If God exists, he must be a little less foolish than that, and we are entitled to think that this material evolution has a divine sense and that it is the field of a divine manifestation in Matter. Our spiritual discipline must therefore aim at gaining this divine man or perhaps that other, still unknown being who will emerge from us just as we emerged from hominid infancy. What is the place of the sexual function in this evolution? Until now, the progress of consciousness has made use of the progress of species, which means that sexual reproduction has been the key to the proliferation of species so as to reach the form most fit for the manifestation of consciousness. Since the appearance of man two or three million years ago, Nature hasnt produced new species, as if she had found in man the fittest mode of expression. But evolution cannot remain stagnant, or else it no longer is evolution. So it means that the key of evolution no longer lies in the proliferation of species by means of sexual reproduction, but directly in the very power of consciousness. Before man, consciousness was still too buried in its material support; with man, it has disengaged itself sufficiently to assume its true mastery over material Nature and work out its own mutations by itself. From the standpoint of evolutionary biology, this is the end of sexuality. We have reached the stage at which we can switch from natural evolution through sexual power to spiritual evolution through the power of consciousness. Nature generally does not let organs linger that no longer serve her evolutionary design, so we can foresee that the sexual function will atrophy in those who will be able to channel their energy no longer for reproduction but to develop their consciousness. Quite obviously, not all of us have reached that stage, and for a long time Nature will still need sexual power to pursue her evolution in the midst of the human species, that is to say, to lead the rather brute man we still are to a more conscious man, more capable of grasping the true sense of his evolution, and finally wholly capable of switching from natural to spiritual evolution. The inequality of development in individuals is the obvious reason why we cannot make general rules or hand out infallible prescriptions. To each stage its law. But after however long a time, it is equally obvious that, from the point of view of evolutionary biology, the sexual function comes to its end when it has fulfilled its purpose, that is, when it has succeeded in giving birth to a sufficiently conscious man. So we cannot reasonably base a spiritual discipline of accelerated evolution on a principle that runs counter to evolution. Moreover, anyone who has even barely crossed the difficult line, the point X of the transition from natural to spiritual evolution, cannot but realize that all the pseudo-mystic attempts to prettify the sexual relations between man and woman are shams. I have nothing against sexual relations (God knows!), but trying to coat them with a yogic or mystic phraseology is a deceitful illusion, a self-deception. Therefore, in that sense, there is no key to be recoveredit does not exist.
0 1968-03-13, #Agenda Vol 09, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Yes, when I read it, it seemed obvious to me. Maybe it doesnt require any comment, thats all!
Yes, they will find the same thing that mystics and monks and everyone have found thats the power. The power is what you find. And to That, essentially, you cannot give any name or definition.
0 1968-06-15, #Agenda Vol 09, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Mother later added, "Yes, old baggage. But it's not that it's refusing to change, it's not that! It's that it requires TIME."
When Satprem tried to "tell them," they attempted to censor this Agenda and expelled Satprem through a registered letter. Today in 1995, Mother's Agenda is read in the Ashram only on the sly and is banned at the School.
0 1968-11-27, #Agenda Vol 09, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
There is also the perception that little by little, following all these experiences, every aggregate (what, for us, is a body) is getting used to having the power to bear the true Consciousness. It requires a play of adaptation.
But you know, Sri Aurobindo too wrote in Thoughts and Glimpses, I think, that suffering was a preparation for Ananda.2
0 1969-02-08, #Agenda Vol 10, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Each one will have to provide work for the collectivity according to his possibilities and aspirationsnever to get money, but to serve the collectivity. In exchange, each one will receive what he needs to live. Giving everyone the same thing is out of question, everyone will receive what his real nature requires. Of course, that will be very difficult to determine, and there will have to be at the center of Auroville a gathering of sages
(Mother smiles)
0 1969-04-16, #Agenda Vol 10, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
I gave the text to the person. It cant be published as it is, because it requires a whole explanation (and I think its better not to publish it, I dont know). It requires a whole explanation. Or else, we could put:
To be able to receive the new consciousness without deforming it
0 1969-04-19, #Agenda Vol 10, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Its almost a miracle: Indira all of a sudden realized (N.S. told me so) that she doesnt have the required knowledge or the required power to face circumstances, so she told N.S. to come and see me and ask me to help her. Then I understood why I had seen all those circumstances for several days it was all about India, and I saw it was serious, very serious.
(silence)
0 1969-07-30, #Agenda Vol 10, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Yes. It requires some work, but it can be done.
My idea is through Paolo, but naturally you should Paolo could give you technical advice, but you should be the one who does it.
0 1969-10-01, #Agenda Vol 10, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
But it doesnt matter. For me, it has given me a lot of work, because I had harmonized the bodys transformation with the requirements of the work, and I had managed to find a harmony thanks to which I was never tired. With him, both the times I saw him, for several hours afterwards I felt a fatigue I hadnt known for years. I had to work a lot. But now its all right.
But I tell you, cases like the man who had a temperature he cured in ten minutes. And that doesnt surprise me.
0 1969-12-27, #Agenda Vol 10, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Intelligence at its higher level very easily understands that it knows nothing and is very easily in the attitude required to progress, but even those who have that intelligence, when they deal with material things, they instinctively feel all that is quite well known and based on established experiences. So there, one is vulnerable. Thats just what is being taught to the body: the inanity of this present way of seeing and understanding things based on the good and the bad, good and evil, the luminous and the dark all those contradictions; and the whole judgment, the whole conception of life (material life) is based on thatits to teach you the inanity of this base. I see that. The work has become very acute, very persistent, as if with a will to go fast.
Even the practical part which thought it knew how to live and knew what needs to be done and how it should be done, even it must understand that this isnt true knowledge, it isnt the true way of using external things.
0 1970-01-03, #Agenda Vol 11, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Then, inside, there will be twelve columns the walls and twelve columnsand right at the center, on the floor, my symbol, with, above it, four symbols of Sri Aurobindo joining in a square, and above a globe. A globe possibly made of a transparent substance, with or without a light inside, but the sun will have to strike this globe; so, depending on the particular month or hour, it will be from here or there or there (gesture showing the suns course). Do you understand? There will always be an opening with a sunbeam. Not a diffused light, but a beam that will have to come and strike the globe. That requires technical knowledge for its execution, and thats why I want to make a drawing with an engineer.
But inside, there will be neither windows nor lights, it will always be in a sort of clear half-light, night and day: during the day with sunlight, at night with artificial light. And on the ground, nothing, except for a floor like this one [in Mothers room], that is, first a wooden floor (wooden or something else), then a sort of thick rubber foam, very soft, and then a carpet. A carpet covering everything, except for the center. And people will be able to sit anywhere. The twelve columns are for those who need a backrest!
--
It will have to be so arranged that rainwater cant get in. Something that needs to be opened and closed every time it rains wont do, its not possible; it will have to be in such a way that rainwater cant get in. But sunlight must get in AS A BEAM, not diffused. So the opening will have to be limited. It requires a clever engineer, who knows his job really well.
When would they start?
0 1970-02-28, #Agenda Vol 11, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
To make a sentence (because all this looks like sentences), its knowing that one lives in a falsehood, knowing what that falsehood is, knowing, in flashes, what the Truth is, and yet being unable to adjust the two. And seeing why. Because theres a whole path to travel so this falsehood can abdicate before the Truth, can be transformed into Truth, and in a TRUE waynot arbitrarily but truly. So that requires all kinds of experiences, adjustments, and for us here, it means time, it needs time. It cant be done instantly. And when the body sees, when it becomes conscious of its imbecility, it would like, it aspires for that to disappear instantly, so things grate.
Ah, its not easy.
0 1970-03-25, #Agenda Vol 11, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
The difficulty is the appreciation of the value of things. You understand, that requires a very wide vision. Moneys convenience was that it became mechanical. But this new system cannot become quite mechanical, so For instance, the idea is that those who will live in Auroville will have no moneythere is no circulation of money but to eat, for instance, everyone has the right to eat, naturally, but On quite a practical level, we had conceived the possibility of all types of food according to everyones tastes or needs (for example, vegetarian cooking, non-vegetarian cooking, diet cooking, etc.), and those who want to get food from there must do something in exchangework, or Its hard to organize in practice, on a quite practical level. You see, we had planned a lot of lands around the city for large-scale agriculture for the citys consumption. But to cultivate those lands, for the moment we need money, or else materials. So Now I have to face the whole problem in every detail, and its not easy!
There are some who understand.
0 1970-04-11, #Agenda Vol 11, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
At any rate, in my case (I dont know whether all cases are similar), the trouble is that In lifes ordinary condition, the body has a sort of stable base as a result of which it isnt uncomfortable, it can be quite busy with other things while remaining neutral: its existence goes unnoticed, and it doesnt require a continuous attention in order to be in a favorable state, lets say. In ordinary life, normally you live while being as little concerned with your body as possible; its an automatically functioning instrument. But in this present condition [of Mothers], the minute the bodys attention stops being wholly turned to the Divine, relying on the Divine, it becomes VERY miserable. Thats the So then, when it does nothing, its concentrated; when I see people, its also concentratedall thats quite fine. But the whole rest of the time, if its not ACTIVELY concentrated, its enough to make it feel quite miserable. Then it becomes terrible.
Almost all night long, there is a concentrated rest in the Divine and thats very fine, but at times the body still slips into something resembling sleep, and then it becomes so miserable! Dreadful.
0 1971-01-11, #Agenda Vol 12, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Physical vision requires a much more continuous concentration. The physical vision serves to stabilize. It gives continuity to things. The same with hearing. So when neither of them are there, you become conscious of the thing directly, which gives you the true knowledge of it. That is probably how the Supermind will work.
My physical vision and hearing have been pushed into the background to be replaced by identity through consciousness for the growth of consciousness.
0 1971-04-17, #Agenda Vol 12, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
His yoga is integral because, instead of confining the quest to the spiritual heights, he has told us repeatedly that our body too must participate and we must bring the Spiritual Truth down into our body and our life. The path of ascent and all the other paths, the other planes of consciousness, are part of an integral development for those who have the time and the special capacities that are required. But it is no longer the time for those excursions, since everything can be found heresince, in fact, Sri Aurobindo and Mother opened the way HERE. Please recall Mothers statement: Sri Aurobindo came to tell us: one need not leave the earth to find the Truth, one need not leave life to find ones soul, one need not abandon the world or have limited beliefs to enter into relation with the Divine. The Divine is everywhere, in everything, and if he is hidden, it is because we do not take the trouble to find him. (Questions and Answers, 8.13.1958) And again this: For many, spiritual life is meditation. As long as that nonsense is not uprooted from human consciousness, the supramental force will always find it very difficult not to be swallowed up in the obscurity of an uncomprehending human mind. (Questions and Answers, 4.17.1957) And if you know how to read Sri Aurobindo and Mother, you will see that they have completely described this road of here and the sunlit pathOn the Way to Supermanhood only puts an intentionally exclusive accent on the here, because there is no time to lose, because everyone does not have the special capacities for making large-scale explorations, and finally because we are at the Hour of Godwe are right there! It has come. Because there really is something different in the world since 1969.
It is not a change in Sri Aurobindos yoga, it is the flowering of Sri Aurobindos yoga, I dare say. I do not think that the flower of the flame tree contradicts in any way the flame tree.
0 1971-04-28, #Agenda Vol 12, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
For instance, so many hours of work per day are required in order to be fed, or else you eat only if you pay for it.
Yes, Mother, it should be done. Because, you see, they are so crafty that they all say they work: they putter around here and there, they go to work on the Matrimandir for half an hour or so. So, to them, theyve worked. You see, they just putter around.
0 1971-05-01, #Agenda Vol 12, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
It is in the wide peace of an absolute and devoted sincerity free from fixed ideas and preferences that we can realize the conditions required to know Gods Will and it is with a fearless discipline that we must execute it.
April 30, 1971
0 1971-07-10, #Agenda Vol 12, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Yes, its probably to give it the required intensity of consecration.
(silence)
0 1971-07-21, #Agenda Vol 12, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
It is conscious of that, but momentarily: just what is required to be able to maintain continuity. Thats all.
(silence)
0 1971-09-01, #Agenda Vol 12, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Some adaptation is required.
Its quite evident where rest and food are concerned (especially food). Its very strange. The transition right in the middle of the transition.
0 1971-10-27, #Agenda Vol 12, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
But an ABSOLUTE sincerity is required for those who want to work.
Yesterday I had some experiences that showed me how the usual habit of thinking that things will somehow be taken care of within, that they are being taken care of, is no longer sufficient. Now we need this (Mother lowers her fist forcefully into matter, like a blade of light): like this.
--
I had an experience. Thats all right, I was happy, I was very happy because that requires some integrality, you knowan absolute sincerity and integralityo therwise. But the experience itself was terrible.
(long silence)
0 1971-12-08, #Agenda Vol 12, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Two conditions are required to open the windows.
1) Ardent aspiration.
0 1972-01-08, #Agenda Vol 13, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
In my consciousness it is like a transitional condition (not a final condition, a transitional one) required to attain immortality. Thats what it is. There is something something to be found. But what, I dont know.
(long silence Mother shakes her head as if at a loss)
0 1972-03-10, #Agenda Vol 13, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
In the end it always boils down to the same thing: a SUBSTANTIAL individual progress is requireda serious and sincere progress then everything works perfectly.
The atmosphere is dislocated; it has lost the cohesive power it had.
--
I could put it this way: its either progress, or death. Each and everyone must, must absolutely progress, make the required progress, or else (gesture of dissolution).
That fire was symbolic I suppose you know about it: theres been a terrible fire.
0 1972-03-25, #Agenda Vol 13, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
But how? Food is already obviously very different and becoming more and more soglucose, for instance, or substances that dont require an elaborate digestion. But how will the body itself change? That I dont know. I dont know.
You see, I didnt look to see how it worked, for it was completely natural to me, so I cant describe it in detail. Simply, it was neither a womans body nor a mans that much is certain. And the outline was fairly similar to that of a very young person. There was a faint suggestion of a human form (Mother draws a form in the air): with a shoulder and a waist. Just a hint of it.
--
The two different thingstotally differentwere procreation, which was no longer possible, and food. Though even our present food is manifestly not the same as that of chimpanzees or even the first humans; its quite different. So now, it seems we have to find a food that doesnt require all this digesting. Not exactly liquid, but not solid either. And theres also the question of the mouth I dont know about thatand the teeth? Naturally, chewing should no longer be necessary, and therefore teeth wouldnt be either. But there has to be something to replace them. I havent the slightest idea what the face looked like. But it didnt seem too, too unlike what it is now.
What will change a great deal, of courseit had acquired a prominent roleis breathing. That being depended much on it.
0 1972-04-04, #Agenda Vol 13, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
We must find the people capable of doing this, with the required strength of character, and once we find them, they can be given the authority, and if the others dont like it, theyll have to leave! And thats that. But we cant dismiss people who are already there as long as we dont have the person or persons capable of actively assuming that position.
Yes, Mother, its clear. But theres also the problem of admissions to Auroville.
0 1972-06-24, #Agenda Vol 13, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Everything is organized down to the minutest detail, but its not preplanned as we do with our ordinary consciousness: the Force Simply PRESSES down and produces the required result. I could almost say: by any means whatsoeverany necessary means. Its a Force that is PRESSING down upon the earth and making people do the most improbable things, those who seem the worst as well as the best, just to to obtain the necessary result.
More and more it is so.
0 1973-02-08, #Agenda Vol 13, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
What is the best way of preparing ourselves? For one clearly feels that all this is going to require a rather extensive preparation.
To broaden and enlighten your consciousness, naturally. But how to do that? How do you broaden and enlighten your consciousness? If each one of you could find his psychic being and unite with it, all problems would be solved.
02.01 - A Vedic Story, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
There is another point which requires clarification. As a reason for his nervousness and flight he alleges that greater people who preceded him had attempted the work, but evidently failed in the attempt; so how can he, a younger novice, dare to go the same way? Putting the imagery back to its psychological bearing, one play explain that the predecessors refer to the deities of the physical, vital and mental consciousness who ruled the earth before the emergence of the psychic or soul consciousness. It is precisely because of the failure or insufficiency of these anteriorin the evolutionary movementand inferior gods that Agni's service is being requisitioned. Mythologically also a parallelism is found in the Greek legends where it is said that the Olympian godsZeus and his companywere a younger generation that replaced, after of course a bloody warfare, their ancestors, the more ancient race of Kronos, the Titans. Titans were the Asuras and Rakshasas who reigned upon earth before the advent of the mentalsattwichuman being, Manu, as referred here.
Now, here I give you the original text in translation:
02.01 - The World War, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
The Asura triumphs everywhere for a while because his power is well-built, perfectly organised. Human power is constituted differently and acts differently; it is full of faults and flaws to start with and for a long time. There is no gap anywhere in the power of the Asura, no tear or stitchit is streamlined, solid, of one piece; it is perfection itself in its own kind once for all. Man's being is made up of conflicts and contradictions; he moves step by step, slowly and laboriously, through gradual purification; he grows through endeavour and struggle. Man triumphs over the Asura only in so far as he moulds himself in the ways of the divine power. But in the world, the Divine and his powers remain behind, because the field of actuality in front is still the domain of the Asura. The outer field, the gross vehiclebody and life and mindall this is constituted by Ignorance and Falsehood; so the Asura can always establish there his influence and hold sway and has actually done so. Man becomes easily an instrument of the Asura, though often unwittingly; the earth is naturally in the firm grasp of the Asura. For the gods to conquer the earth, to establish their rule in the earth consciousness requires labour and endeavour and time.
No doubt, the violences indulged by men in older times, especially when they acted in groups and packs, were often inflamed and inspired by an Asuric influence. But today it must be clearly seen and recognised that it is the Asura himself with the whole band of his army that has descended upon the earth; they have possessed a powerfully organised human collectivity, shaped it in their mould, using it to complete their conquest of mankind and consolidate their definitive reign upon earth.
02.06 - Vansittartism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Hence it is suggested that for the postwar reconstruction of Germany what is required is the re-education of its people. For, only a psychological change can bring about a durable and radical change. But certain proposals towards this end raise serious misgivings, since they mean iron regimentation under foreign control. Even if such a thing were possible and feasible, it is doubtful if the purpose could be best served in this way. Measures have to be taken, no doubt, to uproot Prussianism and Junkerism and prevent their revival, no false mercy or sympathy should be extended to the enemies of God and man. But this is only a negative step, and cannot be sufficient by itself. A more positive and more important work lies ahead. The re-education of Germany must come from within, if it is to be permanent and effective. What others can do is to help her in this new orientation. As we have said, there are the progressive elements in Germany too, although submerged for the moment. The task of reconstruction will precisely consist in calling up and organising and marshalling these forces that are for the Light. The Allied organisation, it may be noted, itself has grown up in this way. When one remembers how Britain stood alone at one time against the all-sweeping victorious march of the Titan, how slowly and gradually America was persuaded to join hands, at first in a lukewarm way, finally with all its heart and soul and might and main, how a new France is being built up out of a mass of ruins, we can hope that the same process will be adopted in the work that lies ahead even after victory, with regard to Italy and with regard to Germany. In the second case the task is difficult but it has got to be done.
***
02.13 - On Social Reconstruction, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
It is one of the great illusionsor perhaps a show plank for propagandato think or say that the so-called poorer classes are the poorest and the most miserable. It is not so in fact. Really poor are those who have a standard of life commensurate with their inner nature and consciousnessof beauty and orderliness and material sufficiency and yet their actual status and function in society do not provide them with the necessary where-withals and resources. No amount of philanthropic sentimentalising can suppress or wipe off the fact that the poor do not feel the pinch of poverty so much as do those who are poor and yet are to live and move as not poor. It all depends upon one's standard. One is truly rich or poor not in proportion- to one's income, but" in accordance with one's needs and the means to meet them. And all do not have the same needs and requirements. This does not mean that the needs of the princes, the aristocrats, the magnates are greater than those of the mere commoner. No, it means that there are people, there is a section of humanity found more or less in all these classes, but mostly in less fortunate classes, whose needs are intrinsically greater and they require preferential treatment. There should be none poor or miserable in society, well and good. But this should not mean that all the economic resources of the society must be requisitioned only to enrichto pamper the poor. For there is a pampering possible in this matter. We know the nouveaux riches, the parvenus and the kind of life they lead with their fair share boldly seized. A levelling, a formal equalisation of the economic status, although it may mean uplift in certain cases, may involve gross injustice to others. The ideal is not equal distribution but rational distribution of wealth, and that distribution should not depend upon any material function, but upon psychological demands. Is this bourgeois economics? Even if it is so, the truth has to be faced and recognised. You can call truth by the name bourgeois and hang it, but it will revive all the same, like the Phoenix out of the ashes.
If it is said that the proletarian the manual laboureris given economic freedom not for the sake of that freedom merely, but for the sake of the cultural opportunity also that he will have in that way. None can demur to this noble and generous ideal, but- what must not be forgotten in that preoccupation is the fact that there exists already a culturally predisposed class in the present society who also require immediate care and nourishment so that they may grow and flourish as they should. In our eagerness to take up the enterprise and adventure of reclaiming deserts and heaths and moorlands, there is a chance of our losing sight of the precious fertile lands, rich in possibilities that we already possess. The economic status has to be improved for all who are adversely placed in the modern system, certainly; but for a real improvement based upon just and true needs, for an adjustment that will make for the highest good of the society, what is first required is to ascertain the psychological status which should alone, at least chiefly, determine the economic status.
In the old Indian social organisation there was at the basis such a psychological pattern and that must have been the reason why the structure lasted through millenniums. It was a hierarchical system but based upon living psychological forces. Each group or section or class in it had inevitably its appropriate function and an assured economic status. The Four Orders the Brahmin (those whose pursuit was knowledgeacquiring and giving knowledge), the Kshattriya (the fighters, whose business it was to give physical protection), the Vaishya (traders and farmers who were in charge of the wealth of the society, its production and distribution) and the Sudra (servants and mere labourers )are a natural division or stratification of the social body based upon the nature and function of its different members. In the original and essential pattern there is no sinister mark of inferiority branded upon what are usually termed as the lower orders, especially the lowest order. If some are considered higher and are honoured and respected as such, it meant simply that the functions and qualities they stand for constitute in some way higher values, it did not mean that the others have no value or are to be spurned or neglected. The brain must be given a higher place than the stomach, although all its support and nourishment come from there. Hierarchy means, in modern terms, that the essential services must pass first, should have certain priorities. And according to the older view-point, the Brahmin, being the emblem and repository of knowledge, was considered as the head of the social body. He is the fount and origin of a culture, the creator of a civilisation; the others protect, nourish and serve, although all are equally necessary for the common welfare.
02.14 - Panacea of Isms, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
As a matter of fact, Communism is best taken as a symptom of the disease society suffers from and not as a remedy. The disease is a twofold bondage from which man has always been trying to free himself. It is fundamentally the same "bondage which the great French Revolution sought most vigorously and violently to shake offan economic and an ideological bondage, that is to say, translated in the terms of those days, the tyranny of the court and the nobility and the tyranny of the Church. The same twofold bondage appears, again today combated by Communism, viz., Capitalism and Bourgeoisie. Originally and essentially, however, Communism meant an economic system in which there is no personal property, all property being held in common. It is an ideal that requires a good deal of ingenuity to be worked out in all details, to say the least. Certain religious sects within restricted membership tried the experiment. Indeed some kind of religious mentality is required, a mentality freed from normal mundane reactions, as a preliminary condition in order that such an attempt might be successful. A perfect or ideal communism may be possible only when man's character and nature has undergone a thorough and radical change. Till then it will be a Utopia passing through various avatars.
Socialism
03.01 - Humanism and Humanism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
The pragmatic man requires an outward gesture, an external emotion to express and demonstrate his kinship with creation. Indeed the more concrete and tangible the expression the more human it is considered to be and all the more worthy for it. There are not a few who think that giving alms to the poor is more nobly human than, say, the abstract feeling of a wide commonalty, experienced solely in imagination or contemplation in the Wordsworthian way.
There is indeed a gradation in the humanistic attitude that rises from grosser and more concrete forms to those that are less and less so. At the lowest rung and the most obvious in form and nature is what is called altruism, or philanthropy, that is to say, doing good to others, some good that is tangible and apparent, that is esteemed and valued by the world generally. In altruism refined and sublimated, when it is no longer a matter chiefly of doing but of feeling, from a more or less physical and material give and take we rise into a vital and psychological sympathy and intercommunion, we have what is humanism proper. Humanism is transfigured into something still higher and finer when from the domain of personal or individual feeling and sympathy we ascend to cosmic feeling, to self-identification with the All, the One that is Many. This is the experience that seems to be behind the Buddhistic compassion, karu
03.01 - The Malady of the Century, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
The ancients, on the contrary, knew not many thingsnot so many as we know; but what they knew they knew well, they were sure of their knowledge. Their creations were not perhaps on the whole as rich and varied and subtleeven in a certain sense as deep as those of modern humanity; but they were finished and completed things, net and clear and full of power. The simple unambiguous virile line that we find in Kalidasa or in the Ajanta, in Homer or in the Par thenon, no longer comes out of the hands of a modern artist. Our delight is in the complexity and turbidity of the composition; we are not satisfied with richness only, we require a certain tortuousness and tangledness in the movement. We love the intermingling of many tints, the play of light dying away into haze and mist and obscurity, of shades that blur the sharpness of the contour. Our preoccupation, in Art, is how to create the impression of the many in its all-round simultaneity of forms and movements. The ancients were more simple and modest; they were satisfied with expressing one thing at a time and that simply done.
The ancient Rishis were worshippers of the Sun and the Day; they were called Finders of the Day, Discoverers of the Solar World. They knew what they were about and they sought to make their meaning plain to others who cared to go to them. They were clear in their thought, direct in their perception; their feelings, however deep, were never obscure. We meet in their atmosphere and in their creative activity no circum-ambulating chiaroscuro, nothing of the turbid magic that draws us today towards the uncertain, the unexpected and the disconcerting. It is a world of certitude, of solid realityeven if it be on the highest spiritual levels of consciousness presenting a bold and precise and clear outline. When we hear them speak we feel they are uttering self-evident truths; there is no need to pause and question. At least so they were to their contemporaries; but the spokesman of our age must needs be a riddle even to ourselves.
03.03 - Arjuna or the Ideal Disciple, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
All this, however, is not to say that Arjuna was in his external human nature, built of an inferior stuff; indeed, even from the human and profane standpoint Arjuna's was a heroic nature, if ever there was one. Still what one remarks in him is his representative character, that is to say, he is an average man, only the strengths and weaknesses are perhaps stressed and intensified in him. He is a hero, to be surewe must remember also the other condition that a spiritual aspirant is to fulfil, nyamtmbalahinena labhyaha2 but that did not immune him to the normal reactions of a normal man; on the contrary, the reactions were especially strong and violent, necessary indeed to bring out the whole implication of a spiritual crisis. Arjuna's doubts and depression, misgivings and questionings (Vishada Yoga) are what more or less every aspirant has to pass through when he arrives at the crucial point of his soul's journey and has either to choose the higher curve or follow the vicious circle. And at this threshold of the spiritual journey what is required of the true aspirant, the ideal disciple, is the resolution to face the situation, to go through to the end at the comm and and under the loving guidance of the Master. On this line Arjuna stands for us all and shows, by his example how we can take courage and march out of the inferior nature into the peace and light and power of the higher divine nature.
Nor by brain-power, nor by much learning of Scripture.Katha Upanishad, 1. 2. 23.
03.05 - The World is One, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
We badly needed a United Nations Organisation, but we are facing the utmost possible disunity. The lesson is that politics alone will not save us, nor even economics. The word has gone forth: what is required is a change of heart. The leaders of humanity must have a new heart grafted in place of the old. That is the surgical operation imperative at the moment. That heart will declare in its beats that the cosmos is not atomic but one and indivisible,ekam sat, neha nnsti kicana.
***
03.06 - Divine Humanism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
The pragmatic man requires an outward gesture, an external emotion to express and demonstrate his kinship with the creation. Indeed the more concrete and tangible the expression, the more human it is considered to be and all the more worthy for it. There are not a few who think that giving alms to the poor is more nobly human than, say, to have the abstract feeling of a wide commonalty, experienced solely in imagination or contemplation in the Wordsworthian way.
There is, indeed, a gradation in the humanistic attitude that rises from grosser and more concrete forms to those that are less and less so. At the lowest rung and the most obvious in form and nature is what is called altruism, or more especially, philanthropy, that is to say, doing good to others, some good j that is tangible and apparent, that is esteemed and valued by the world generally. In an altruism refined and sublimated, when it is no longer a matter primarily of doing but of feeling, when, from a more or less physical and material give and take, we rise into a vital and psychological sympathy and inter communion, we have what is humanism proper. Humanism is transfigured into something still higher and finer when, from the domain of personal or individual feeling" and sympathy, we ascend to cosmic feeling, to self-identification with the All, the One that is Many. This is the experience that seems to be behind the Buddhistic compassion, karu.
04.02 - A Chapter of Human Evolution, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
In India we have an echo of the transition, rather perhaps, she held up the type of the transition required. For here the evolution seems to have been more gradual and the steps are more clearly visible leading one to the other. India maintained an unbroken continuity in the cyclic change of the human consciousness. She was coeval with Egypt and Chaldea, Sumeria and Babylon: she communed with them perhaps in similar and parallel terms. And yet she changed or evolved and knew to express herself in other terms in other times. She had talked in mystic terms with the mystics and later on she talked in rational terms with rationalists. And today we see signs of her parleying with the Scientists in scientific terms. That is how India still lives, while Egypt and Chaldea have gone the way of Atlantis and Gondwanaland. For something is enshrined there which is eternal, something living and dynamic which is pressing forward to manifest and embody itself, some supreme truth and reality of the future which she is fostering within her to deliver to nature and humanitya new humanity with a new nature.
The Olympians as opposed to the Chthonian gods. The Olympians were white in colour, the Chthonians black or blood-red: the Olympian temples faced the East, while the Chthonian faced the West and so on.
04.02 - Human Progress, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
An animal does not separate itself from Nature, exteriorise it and then seek to fashion it as he wants, try to make it yield things he requires. Man is precisely man because he has just this sense of self and of not-self and his whole life is the conquest of the not-self by the self: this is the whole story of his evolution. In the early stages his sense of agency and selfhood is at its minimum. The rough-hewn flint instruments are symbolic of the first attempts of the brain to set its impress upon crude and brute nature. The history of man's artisanship, which is the history of his civilisation, is also the history of his growing self-consciousness. The consciousness in its attempt to react upon nature separated itself from Nature, and at first stood over against it and then sought to stand over and above it. In this process of extricating itself from the sheath in which it was involved and fused, it came back upon itself, became more and more aware of its freedom and individual identity and agency.
The question is now asked how far this self-consciousness given to man by his progress from stone to steelhas advanced and what is its future. The crucial problem is whether man has progressed in historical times. Granted that man with an iron tool is a more advanced type of humanity than man with a chipped stone tool, it may still be enquired whether he has made any real advance since the day he learnt to manipulate metal. If by advance or progress we mean efficiency and multiplication of tools, then surely there can be no doubt that Germany of today (perhaps now we have to say Germany of yesterday and America of today) is the most advanced type of humanityindeed they do make the claim in that country.
04.03 - Consciousness as Energy, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Consciousness has a fourfold potential. The first is the normal consciousness, which is predominantly mental; it is the sphere comprising movements of which man is usually and habitually aware. It is what the Upanishad names Jgrat or jgaritasthna and characterises as bahipraja: it is the waking state and has cognition only of external things. In other words, the consciousness here is wholly objectivised, externalisedextrovert: it is also a strongly individualised formation, the consciousness is hedged in, isolated and contoured by a protective ring, as it were, of a characteristically separative personality; it is a surface formation, a web made out of day-to-day sensations and thoughts, perceptions and memories, impressions and associations. It is a system of outward actions and reactions against or in the midst of one's actual environment. The second potential is that of the Inner Consciousness: its characteristic is that the consciousness here is no longer trenchantly separative and individual, narrowly and rigidly egoistic. It feels and sees itself as part of or one with the world consciousness. It looks upon its individuality as only a wave of the universal movement. It is also sometimes called the subliminal consciousness; for it plays below or behind the normal surface range of consciousness. It is made up of the residuary powers of the normal consciousness, the abiding vibrations and stresses that settle down and remain in the background and are not immediately required or utilised for life purposes: also it contacts directly energies and movements that well out of the universal life. The phenomena of clairvoyance and clairaudience, the knowledge of the past and the future and of other worlds and persons and beings, certain more dynamic movements such as distant influence and guidance and controlling without any external means, well known in all yogic disciplines, are various manifestations of the power of this Inner Consciousness. But there is not only an outward and an inner consciousness; there is also a deeper or nether consciousness. This is the great field that has been and is being explored by modern psychologists. It is called the subconscious, sometimes also the unconscious: but really it should be named the inconscient, for it is not altogether devoid of consciousness, but is conscious in its own way the consciousness is involved or lost within itself or lies buried. It comprises those movements and impulsions, inclinations and dispositions that have no rational basis, on the contrary, have an irrational basis; they are not acquired or developed by the individual in his normal course of life experience, they are ingrained, lie imbedded in man's nature and are native to his original biological and physical make-up. As the human embryo recapitulates in the womb the whole history of man's animal evolution, even so the normal man, even the most civilised and apparently the farthest from his ancient moorings and sources, enshrines in his cells, in a miraculously living manner, the memory of vast geological epochs, the great struggles and convulsions through which earth and its inhabitants have passed, the basic urges of the crude life force, its hopes, fears, desires, hungers that constitute the rudimental and aboriginal consciousness, the atavism that links the man of today not only to his primitive ancestry but even to the plant worldeven perhaps to the mineral worldout of which his body cells have issued and evolved. Legends and fairy tales, mythologies and fables are a rationalised pattern and picture of the vibrations and urges that moved the original consciousness. It was a collectivea racial and an aboriginal consciousness. The same lies chromosomic, one can almost say, in the constitution of the individual man of today. This region of the unconscious (or the inconscient) is a veritable field of force: it lies at the root of all surface dynamisms. The surface consciousness, jgrat, is a very small portion of the whole, it is only the tip of the pyramid or an iceberg, the major portion lies submerged beyond our normal view. In reflex movements, in sudden unthinking outbursts, in dreams and day-dreams, this undercurrent is silhouetted and made visible and recognisable. Even otherwise, they exercise a profound influence upon all our conscious movements. This underground consciousness is the repository of the most dark and unenlightened elements that grew and flourished in the slime of man's original habitat. They are small, ugly, violent, anti-social, chaotic forces, their names are cruelty, lust, hunger, blind selfishness. Nowhere else than in this domain can the great Upanishadic truth find its fullest applicationHunger that is Death.
But this is the seamy side of Nature, there is also a sunny side. If there is a nadir, there must be a corresponding zenith. In the Vedic image, if man is born of the Dark Mother, he is also a child of the White Mother (ka and vet). Or again, if Earth is our mother, the Heaven is our fatherdyaur me pit mat pthiv iyam. In other words, consciousness extends not in depth alone, but in height alsoit is vertically extended, infinite both ways. As there is a sub-consciousness or unconsciousness, so also there is at the other end super-consciousness.
04.04 - Evolution of the Spiritual Consciousness, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Thus, the highest and most comprehensive description of the Divine is perhaps the formula Sat-chit-ananda. But even so, it is a very general and, after all, an inadequate description. It has to be filled in and supplemented by other categories as well, if one may say so. For Sat-chit-ananda presents to us the Sat Brahman. There is also the Asat Brahman. And again we must accept a reality which is neither Sat nor Asatnsadsnno sadst, says the Veda. And as for the filling up of the details in an otherwise almost blank and featureless infinity, Sri Aurobindo's charting of that vast unknownwith the categories of the Supermind and its various levels, of the Overmind and its levels too, all forming the Divine Status and Consciousness is a new, almost a revolutionary revelation, just the required science which the present world needs and demands and for which it has been prepared through all the cycles of evolution.
This means to say that with the knowledge that is given us today, one can determine more or less definitely the altitudes to which the various spiritual realisations of the past rose and one can see also the degrees or graded stages of the evolution of the spiritual consciousness. A broad landmark can be noted here which concerns us at the present moment. The spiritual consciousness has been rising to higher and higher peaks and possessing them one after another. At the present moment we are at a crisis, at a crucial crossing. The spiritual consciousness attained till now and securely held in human possession (in man's inner nature) is confined to the highest level of the mind with some infiltration from the Overmind and through that, as a springing board, a leap into an indefinite, almost a blank Beyond. Now the time is come and the conditions are ready for the spiritual consciousness in humanity to arrive at the status above the Overmind to the Supermind, and make that a living reality and build in and through that its normal consciousness.
04.06 - Evolution of the Spiritual Consciousness, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Thus, the highest and most comprehensive description of the Divine is perhaps the formula Sat-chit-ananda. But even so, it is a very general and, after all, an inadequate description. It has to be filled in and supplemented by other categories as well, if one may say so. For Sat-chit-ananda presents to us the Sat Brahman. There is also the Asat Brahman. And again we must accept a reality which is neither Sat nor Asatnsadsnno sadst, says the Veda. And as for the filling up of the details in an otherwise almost blank and featureless infinity, Sri Aurobindo's charting of that vast unknownwith the categories of the Supermind and its various levels, of the Overmind and its levels too, all forming the Divine Status and Consciousness is a new, almost a revolutionary revelation, just the required science which the present world needs and demands and for which it has been prepared through all the cycles of evolution.
This means that with the knowledge that is given us today one can determine more or less definitely the altitudes to which the various spiritual realisations of the past rose and one can see also the degrees or graded stages of the evolution of the spiritual consciousness. A broad landmark can be noted here which concerns us at the present moment. The spiritual consciousness has been rising to higher and higher peaks and possessing them one after another. At the present moment we are at a crisis, at a crucial crossing. The spiritual consciousness attained till now and securely held in human possession (in man's inner nature) is confined to the highest level of the mind with some infiltration from the Overmind and through that, as a springing board, a leap into an indefinite, almost a blank Beyond. Now the time is come and the conditions are ready for the spiritual consciousness in humanity to arrive at the status above the Overmind, the Supermind, and make that a living reality and build in and through that its normal consciousness.
04.06 - To Be or Not to Be, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
"A moral problem, un cas de conscience (a case of conscience), as they say in French. To defend yourself against your attacker and kill him who comes to kill you or stand disarmed and let yourself be killedwhich is better, which has the greater moral value? To fight your enemy is normal, is human. To preserve yourself, that is to say, your body, is the very first injunction of Nature. That is Nature's primary and fundamental demand. And to preserve one's life one has to take others' life. That is also Nature. But then, it is said, man is meant to rise above Nature, live (even if it means to die) according to a higher lawnot the biological law, the law of tooth and claw. The higher law is for the preservation of life indeed, but others' life, not one's own, if it comes to that; it is not self-centred, but wholly other-regarding, it is for harmony, for peace and amity, not violence and battle. If one demurs and points out that it requires two to be friends and at peace, the answer is that one side must begin, and the merit goes to him who begins. One need not worry about the other side, which may be left to follow its own law of life, which, however, can be gained over only in this way and not by compulsion or coercion or violence. Na hi vairea vairai smyantha kadcana. Never by enmity is enmity appeased, says the Dhammapada.1
This is a way of cutting the Gordian knot. But the problem is not so simple as the moralist would have it. Resist not evil: if it is made an absolute rule, would not the whole world be filled with evil? Evil grows much faster than good. By not resisting evil one risks to perpetuate the very thing that one fears; it deprives the good of its chance to approach or get a foothold. That is why the Divine Teacher declares in the Gita that God comes down upon earth, assuming a human body,2to protect the good and slay the wicked,3 slay not metaphorically but actually and materially, as he did on the field of the Kurus.
05.03 - The Body Natural, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
With regard to the food that man takes, there are two factors that determine or prescribe it. First of all, the real need of the body, that is to say, what the body actually requires for its maintenance, the elements to meet the chemical changes occurring there, something quite material and very definite, viz, the kind of food and the quantity. But usually this real need of the body is obscured and sumberged under the demands of another kind of agency, almost altogether foreign to it, (I) vital desire and (2) mental notions. Indeed, the menu of our table, at least 90% of it, is arranged so as to satisfy the demands of the second category, the consideration that should come first comes last in fact. The body is at present a slave of the mind and the vital; it is hardly given the freedom of choosing its own requirements in the right quantity and quality. That is why the body is seen to suffer everywhere and it normally sick for the greater part of its earthly existence. It has been compelled to occupy an anomalous position in the human organism between these two tyrants. The vital goes by its greed, its attraction and repulsion, its impulse to excess (sometimes to its opposite of deprivation); what it has been accustomed to, what it has taken a fancy for, to that it clings, and if the body has not what it prescribes, it throws the suggestion into the body that it will fall ill. The physical mind has its own notions and schemes, pet ideas and plans (perhaps from what has been read in books or heard from persons) in respect of the body's needs; it thinks that if a certain prescription is not followed, the body will suffer. The mind and the vital are thus close friends and accomplices in regimenting the body. They impose their own demands and prejudices upon the body which helplessly gets entangled in them and loses its native instinct. The body left to itself is marvellously self-conscious; it knows spontaneously and unfailingly what is good for its health and strength. The animals usually, especially those of the forest, preserve still the unspoilt body instinct; for they have no mind to tyrannise over the body nor is their vital of a kind to go against the normal demands of the body. The body, segregated from the mind and the vital, can very easily choose the right kind of food and the right quantity and even vary them according to the varying conditions of the body. Common sense is an inherent attribute of the body consciousness; it never errs on the side of excess and immoderation or perversity. The vital is dramatic, the mind is imaginative, but the body is sanity itself. And that is not a sign of its inconscience and inertia. The dull and dumb immobility of which it is sometimes accused is after all perhaps a mode of its self-defence against the wild vagaries of the mind and the vital to which it is so often called upon to lend its support. Indeed, it may very well be that the accusation against the flesh that it is weak is only an opinion or suggestion imposed on the body by the mentalvital who throw the whole blame upon the body just to escape from the blame due to themselves. The vital is impatient and clamorous, and if it is all push and drive-towards physical execution and fulfilmentit is normally clouded and troubled and obscured and doubly twisted when counselled and supported by a mind, narrow and superficial, not seeing beyond its nose, bound within a frame of incorrect and borrowed notions.
The body, precisely because of its negative natureits dumb inertia, as it is calledprecisely because it has no axe of its own to grind, that is to say, as it has no fancies and impulsions, plans and schemes upon which it can pride itself, precisely because of this childlike innocence, it has a wonderful plasticity and a calm stability, when it is not troubled by the mind or vital. Indeed, the divine qualities that are secreted in the body, which the body seeks to conserve and express are a stable harmony, a balance and equilibrium, capable of supporting the whole weight of all the levels of consciousness from the highest peak to the lowest abysses even as physically it bears the weight of the entire depth of the atmosphere so lightly as it were, without feeling the burden in the least.
05.07 - The Observer and the Observed, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
But in the end a difficulty arose in the operation of observation. It proved to be not a simple process. The scientific observer requires for his observation the yard-stick and the time-piece. Now, we have been pushed to admit a queer phenomenon (partly by observation and partly by a compelling deduction) that these two measuring units are not constant; they change with the change of system, that is to say, according to the velocity of the system. In other words, each observer has his own unit of space and time measure. So the elimination of the personal element of the observer has become a complicated mathematical problem, even if one is sure of it finally.
There is still something more. The matter of calculating and measuring objectively was comparatively easy when the object in view was of medium size, neither too big nor too small. But in the field of the infinite and the infinitesimal, when from the domain of mechanical forces we enter into the region of electric and radiant energy, we find our normal measuring apparatus almost breaks down. Here accurate observation cannot be made because of the very presence of the observer, because of the very fact of observation. The ultimates that are observed are trails of light particles: now when the observer directs his eye (or the beam oflight replacing the eye) upon the light particle, its direction and velocity are interfered with: the photon is such a tiny infinitesimal that a ray from the observer's eye is sufficient to deflect and modify its movement. And there is no way of determining or eliminating this element of deflection or interference. The old Science knew certainly that a thermometer dipped in the water whose temperature it is to measure itself changes the initial temperature. But that was something calculable and objective. Here the position of the observer is something like a "possession", imbedded, ingrained, involved in the observed itself.
05.08 - True Charity, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Charity is commonly understood to consist in rendering material help to your fellow men, giving alms to the poor, medicine to the sick, money or material to those who need them and physical service also where that is required. All this is well and good. The world is ridden with diseases and privations and calamities. And if something is done to alleviate them, it is as it should be, activities in that direction deserve full encouragement. But this does not go far enough, does not touch the root of the matter. It is the human way of dealing with things and must naturally be very limited in its scope and efficacy. There is a higher, a diviner way the way of the Spirit for the cure of earthly ills, cure and not mere alleviation. That was the secret inspiration behind the message of the Christ and the Buddha.
It is not true that when one's wants are met, one always becomes or remains happy; all paupers are not unhappy, nor are the affluent invariably happy. Happiness is a quality that depends upon something else and comes from elsewhere: it is not directly proportional to material well-being. Unhappiness too is a psychological entity and consists in a special vibration of mind and vitality and consequently of the physical beingdue to a warp in the consciousness itself, in the core of the inner personality. The material conditions serve only to manifest it, maintain or aggravate it, but do not create ittruly they are created by it. That is why the spiritual healers always refer to the bliss of the Spirit as the sole remedy for physical ills even, for disease, misery and death. And the unhappy mortals are always called to turn to the Divine alone in their distressbhajasva mm.
True charity consists in laying the healing balm upon the sore that lies hidden behind all external miseries which derive from that source and sustainer. And it is in the sole possession of him alone who has found the bliss of the Spirit and dwells in it always. Such a person does not require external accessories for his work of healing and comforting. He need do nothing apparently; he may even appear to be aloof and indifferent. But his presence itself is a healing power: the patient feels it and wonders at the ease and happiness that come into him as if from nowhere. Many physicians have this kind of healing power; indeed without that, a mere medical man, with his pharmacopoeia, is no physician. It may not be well known and recognised, but it is a fact that a good part of the efficacy of medicines lies in the subtle influence, the vital health, that the doctor puts into his medicine or even directly into the body of his patient. And in the case of a spiritual Bhishak, the power can be raised to the nth degree. The healer need not even be present at all physically near the patient; his influence can act very well from any distance. It is quite natural and inevitable that it should be so. For the healing power is in the spiritual consciousness, the inalienable bliss of one's status in the Spirit. One becomes identified with each and every objectperson or thingin one's own self, in the true being and substance; and the light and happiness that one possesses there inalienably go out in a spontaneous flow to others who are not really others but integral parts and portions of the same self.
This condition is attained, fully and sovereignly, when there is absolute egolessness, when there is no consciousness of a separate person, the dual consciousness of the helper and the helped, the reformer and the reformed, the doctor and the patient. The normal human sense of values is based upon such a division, upon egohood, mamatvam. A philanthropic man helps others through a sense of sympathy giving rise to a sense of duty and obligation. This feeling of pity, of commiseration is dangerous, for it puts you in a frame of mind that tends to make you look down upon, take a superior air towards your object of pity. You become self-conscious, with the consciousness of your inferior self, that you are helping others, doing good to the world, doing something that raises your value: this sense of personal merit is only another name for vanity. Vanity and ambition are the motive powers that lie behind the philanthropical spirit born of sympathy. To denote a shade of meaning different from what is usually conveyed by the word sympathy, modern psychology has I found another wordempathy. Sympathy may be said to be the relation or contact between two egos; it is a link or bridge between two separate and independent entities; empathy, on the other hand, means the entering into the I very being and consciousness of another, becoming that other one; it is identification and identity. This again is what I spiritual consciousness alone can do. Sympathy leads to! philanthropy, empathy is the origin of true charity, the spiritual I compassion of a Buddha or a Christ. Philanthropy is human, I charity (caritas) is divine.
05.09 - Varieties of Religious Experience, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
But if occultism is to be feared because of its wrong use and potential danger, spirituality too should then be placed on the same footing. All good things in the world have their deformation and danger, but that is no reason why one should avoid them altogether. What is required is right attitude and discrimination, training and discipline. Viewed in the true light, occultism is dynamic spirituality; in other words, it seeks to express and execute, bring down to the material life the powers and principles of the Spirit through the agency of the subtler forces of mind and life and the subtle physical.
Occultism is naturally shunned by those who worship, who seek to experience the transcendent Spirit, God in Heaven, but it is an indispensable instrument for those who endeavour to manifest the Divine in a concrete form.
05.12 - The Soul and its Journey, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Once in its place of rest the soul enjoys profound peace and delight and is in a kind of luminous sleep. There it assimilates all the experiences of its last life, that is to say, imbibes out of them all the substance that goes to increase and streng then its consciousness, the sap that lends itself to the growth of the build and stature of the being. These experiences are meant to bring the soul nearereach life being one step nearerto the fullness of its union with the Divine Consciousness out of which it came originally upon earth as a mere spark, a parcel yet apart. This process may be short or long according to the nature of assimilation undertaken. Here also the being prepares for the impending birth, that is to say, gathers all the elements that will be required for the play of the consciousness in that life. A broad planning too is made here, a scheme in outline of the kind of experiences that one will need for the particular growth of consciousness envisaged. Some forces of consciousness, out of the stock developed and assembled by the being, are kept back, in reserve, others are brought forward for immediate use in the life to be lived next. All this, however, is not the deliberate rational process of the mind, it is something spontaneous, involved, a luminous brooding and incubation, something like the trance of Brahman within which the seed of creation is about to germinate.
The psychic being is a packet of gathered power, a charged battery, as it were; when it comes down upon earth, it calls round itself elements of mind and vital and even subtle physical needed for the purpose of the particular life experience, and even those that would go to constitute the physical body. The psychic being usually picks up these elements of mind and life and body out of the universal store-house of earth's atmosphere as it needs them, in the same way as it returns them there on the journey back after death. But as I have already said, there are beings who have developed well-formed personalities of mind and life and even of the physical consciousness. These formations are not mere loose accretions, temporary arrangements for a life experience, but are welded, organised, given a more or less permanent shape, as the proper instrument of the psychic being, as its own expression. In such cases, the outer personality too continues to exist as an essential mode or vibration in and with the psychic consciousness itself and when the soul descends upon earth, is in contact with the earth's atmosphere, it projects out of I itself the external personality and formation. This does not I mean certainly that the personality remains something fixed and rigid, but that it has attained an essential fullness of form and yet retains the capacity for further change and growth through further growth of the psychic being in other life experiences.
05.15 - Sartrian Freedom, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Practically this conception of freedom brings into high relief, makes almost all in all, only one aspect, one character or attri bute of freedom: the abolition of all ties and obligations and relations beyond oneself involving a hollow self-sufficiency. Naturally such an outlook requires against it a complementary one, even if it is not to correct and complete, at least to support and implement it. Sartre too cannot ignore the fact that the free being is not an isolated phenomenon in the world; it exists along with and in the company of others of the same nature and quality. Indeed human society is that in essence, an association of freedoms, although these movements of freedom are camouflaged in appearance and are not recognised by the free persons themselves. The interaction between the free persons, the reflection of oneself in others and the mutual dependence of egos is a constant theme in the novels and plays of Sartre.
'Freedom cannot be real freedom unless it is licence : yet society means a curtailment or inhibition or modification of this absolute liberty. This, conflict has never been resolved in Sartre and is fundamental to his ideology, 'the source of his tragic nihilism. That is because the consciousness here lives horizontally, level with the normal, what we described as psycho-vital consciousness. The way out lies in transcendence, in a vertical uplifting of the consciousness and the being.
05.16 - A Modernist Mentality, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
The old, fossilised or rotten past has to be destroyed and ruthlessly eradicated, no doubt: -but, how is it to be done and who will do it? By a simple process of sledge-hammeringbreaking, burning? By anybody who cares to do it? It does not require much sense or intelligence to see that that is not the ideal nor even the most effective way of doing the thing. The best way to destroy, the wise say, is to construct. Look at Nature, how she is going about the thing. Something is crumbling, precisely because something is growing within or behind. It is the drive of a living growth in secret that pushes a limb no longer necessary or useful to decay and death. Man too in his work of reformation or regeneration should learn that lesson, whether in respect of his individual or of his 'collective growth and evolution. Discover the truth that is to replace the 'old, live it intensely and wholly the old past will automatically slip down like old clothes or drop like yellow sapless leaves.
Further Monsieur Gide says, God is nowhere, he has to be created. If he means that God is not anywhere in the manifest physical world, especially, the physical world of today, it is true, though here too partially true. God is never truly absent; even in and through this dismal and distressed age of ours he is ever present, a living power of abounding Graceeven if behind the veil, even if not patent to the sense-bound observer. Still God has to be made patent, established concretely in the physical world also, in the everyday normal human affairs. But, again, how to do it? And who is to do it? You or I in our complete, at best half-lit hazy ignorance? By running blindly full tilt against any and all atheism and denial and egoism and arrogance, shouting at them, pointing the finger of scorn at them or being physically violent upon them? It were best if we moved with as much vigour against our own selves, against the ungodly within us. If one begins seriously at home, in dealing with oneself one will be best equipped to deal with the others and the world, in the process of new-creating in oneself one will be in a position to find out exactly what lies in the way of a new creation outside.
05.34 - Light, more Light, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
But where is to be found this inner light? How is it to be recognised? 'Does it truly require no introduction like the outer light? What are its characters and attributes, its signs and signals? The light is in one's own consciousness, one has simply to become aware of it. It is mixed p with darkness, imbedded in obscurity, as diamond or gold lies concealed in its ore. But, as I have said, light carries its own au thenticity. One cannot fail to recognise it, provided and that is the sole arid sufficient provisionone is genuinely willing to recognise. A sincere good-will is all that is required in this apparently arduous labour.
Here is a significant mystery and of capital importance. We refer to an activity of the consciousness which is not completely .hidden or behind the veil: it appears covered, because we do not care to look at it, because it is likely to be of an uncomfortable kind and that because we feel safe and cosy at the lowest level of our consciousness and to mount and rise or to be vigilant and straight means effort and trouble.
Let us explain. Man is not as ignorant and helpless as he seems to be, as he would himself consider to be. There is in him always a spark, under the ashes, as it were, a perfect freedom behind the faade of a network of bondages, not dead or dormant but biding the time, to come out and be active on the surface. The spark is the light that directs to the right and warns against the wrong; the freedom is the choice to do the right and avoid the wrong. It is just a point of perception, just a flash of awareness, but net and clear: it is there, you have only to notice it. It does not give the why or the whither of the rightness: it is a simple declaration presented to you, for you to do what you like with it: to ignore or to profit by. Usually we do not pay attention to it: our attention is diverted towards another direction and other things. Our environment, our education, our domestic and social influences, even a good part of our own nature demand of us other ways of living and inhibit the spontaneous inherent light of the consciousness. Even so, if we care to look at it, if we sincerely turn round and ask for it, we will find it still there the flame behind the smoke, the queen in the harem, the deity in the sanctum. What is required is just a straight look and not the crooked wink we are accustomed to. The first attempts will necessarily mean a little fumbling, but if you mean what you do, you will find your vision getting clearer. It is our own disinclination that weaves the cobweb of ignorance around the truth. Otherwise, an unsophisticated consciousness, a consciousness which is not vitiatedmore often by nurture than by naturecan always feel the presence of the truth and is directly aware of it.
A blinded misdirected mind, if it wakes up at any time and looks about for the truth sincerelywe insist upon the conditioncan recognise it, learn to trace it by certain indications it always leaves behind in the consciousness. A touch of the truth, a step towards it will be always accompanied by a sense of relief, of peace, of a serene happiness and unconditional freedom. These things are felt not as something gross and superficial affecting your outer life and situation, but pertaining to the depth of your being, concerning your inmost fibreit is nothing else but just the sense of light, as if you are at last out of the dark. A right movement brings you that feeling; and whenever you have that feeling you know that there has been the right movement. On the contrary, with a wrong movement you are ill at ease. You may say that a hardened criminal is never ill at ease; perhaps, but only after a great deal of hardening. The criminal was not always a criminal I am speaking of a human being, not a born hostilehe must have started some-where the downward incline. The distinction of the right and the wrong must have been presented to his consciousness and the choice was freely his. Afterwards one gets bound to one's Karma and its chain.
06.01 - The End of a Civilisation, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Look at the individual. Why is there in him the life-urge to persist, to endure, to survive? If life had no other meaning than mere living, then the best thing would have been to drop the body as soon as it is badly damaged or incapacitated, through illness, accident or old age. Instead, why this attempt to prolong it, to refuse to accept the present difficulties and disadvantages? The reason is that life requires time to grow in consciousness, to acquire experiences, to assimilate and utilise them so as to transform them into powers of being, time, that is to say, to build and forge the instrument so that it may house the higher consciousness and existence. In the present make-up, the body, at a certain stage has to be given up; for the frame becomes too rigid and stiff to keep pace with the growing and fast moving inner consciousness. The thread is taken up again in another life; but there is always a considerable reduplication in this natural process, one has to repeat the stage of babyhood and immaturity, a retempering of the instrument till it is capable of newer uses. True, some-thing of the experiences, their essence, is stored up somewhere in the depth of the being; but it is not utilised fully, it is not an effective element in the normal consciousness. And although one always bases oneself upon one's past, the edifice constructed seems new every time. Yoga in the individual seeks to eliminate this element of repetition and unconsciousness and delay in the process of growth and evolution: its aim is to complete the cycle of individual growth in a single life.
Now the same principle can be extended to the wider collective development. Civilisation has reached a status today when the next higher status can be and must be at-tempted. Man has risen to a considerable height in the mental sphere; the time and occasion are now here to step beyond into the supramental, the dynamically spiritual. Dangers are ahead, even around and close: all the forces of the infra-human, the submerged urges of animal atavism are pushing and pulling man down to a regression, to a reversion to type. The choice is indeed crucial. If the civilisation is to perish, it means mankind has to start over again its life course, begin, that is to say, at the baby stage, once more to go through the slow process of centuries to acquire the mastery that has been attained in the physical, the vital and the mental domains. Already there have been such lost periods in man's evolution now submerged in his consciousness and their gains are being with difficulty recovered. But a landslide at this critical hour will be a colossal catastrophehumanly speaking, something almost irremediable.
06.03 - Types of Meditation, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
The first is to think on one subject in a continuous logical order. When, for example, you have to find the solution of a problem, you go step by step from one operation to another in a chain till you finally arrive at the conclusion. The thought is withdrawn from all other objects and is canalised along a single line. This is a kind of meditation, although it may not be usually known by that name. It marks a progress in the make-up of the human consciousness. For normally the mind moves at random, thoughts run about on many subjects, various, contrary and contradictory, from moment to moment. There is neither direction, consistency nor organisation: it is a confused mass of incomplete, inchoate thoughts. The control and organisation of this mass, to start with, in a limited sphere and in a definite direction, the rejection of the unnecessary and the irrelevant and the marshalling and ordering of the required elements form the first exercise towards mental growth. All high intelligence, all effective wielding of thought power needs this discipline. Under the present circumstances of the world the school-life gives the best opportunity for this development. This is a meditation that should be obligatory and universal.
The next type we may call concentration, instead of meditation. Here we do not pursue a thought-line, but fix the thought upon one object unmoved. It means a further process of withdrawing the consciousness from its habitual outgoing and dispersive movement. The thought is held at a point and attention is focussed upon it: it is continuous and unbroken attention, for example, upon an idea, a phrase (mantra) or an image. One can concentrate also upon a physical point, say, fixing the gaze upon the tip of one's nose, or on a luminous point outside etc. In this discipline the whole mind is gathered together and focussed: or, everything else is shut out leaving only one thing upon which all the light of the consciousness is directed. It is a standstill consciousness, like a flame erect and immobile in a windless place.
06.19 - Mental Silence, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
A blankness is needed, a white emptiness somewhere behindeven if it does not come and occupy the front too. Give up personal choosing and wait for the Higher Direction the Divineto do with you whatever it wills. Given the requisite silence and reliance, the decision comes inevitably and you are moved to do automatically what is required to be done from moment to moment. At first you may not get the knowledge of the why and the wherefore of your action, you act merely as an automaton but with the luminous silence within and a tranquil aspiration attending. When once you have been trained in this unquestioning docility, then knowledge will be given to you gradually, at first only of a few steps ahead, later on for a fuller and completer perspective.
***
07.06 - Record of World-History, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
It is a very curious place, something like a vast library. It consists of an infinite number of cells, as it were, each containing all information on a particular subject. They seem to be squares in shape and they remain closed normally. If you have to consult a particular square, you press a button and it opens and out of it comes a roll of written matter. You unroll it and find out what you want. There are millions and millions and millions of these cells and rolls, around, above, every-where. Fortunately in the mental world you can move any-where as you like, you do not require lifts and ladders to go up.
The point, however, is how to go there at all. Well, the first thing is that you must completely silence your mind. Mental cogitations, agitations you must leave behind, no thoughts must enter your consciousness, it must be tranquil and still, like a tram parent sheet of water or smooth and polished like a mirror. The description I have given of a library is only an image, the real thing is something different. However, you have in this way some idea to go upon. In the silent mind you form a point of consciousness and send it out as an emissary to gather the required information. This point of consciousness must be absolutely detached and free to go as it likes; for if it were in any way kept tied to the normal movements of your own mind, then you will not go further than what is in your head. You must be able to make your brain a blank, you must have no preconceived notion, no idea that the solution of your problem might lie in this way or that. As I say, your mind has to be a thoroughly blank page, a clean slate, with nothing written on it, no mark even. There should' be instead a sincere aspiration to know the truth, without postulating beforeh and what kind of truth it might be; other-wise you will meet your own formation in the brain.
You can certainly test and correct the information you get from your inner voyage by outside information, what others have found or what are recorded in books. The inner know-ledge need not and should not replace the outer knowledge, but supplement it, both should support and complete each other. But there is a mixture about which you must be very careful. Your silent mind, your inner consciousness receives the necessary knowledge, but as you want to express it or translate in normal terms, that is to say, as your brain gets active again, it may and often does supply its own materials and formations and the original knowledge gets disturbed and distorted. Sometimes what you may do is to dictate most passively the things you see or perceive and let another take down in writing as you proceed. You must say exactly as you see and the other take down exactly as he hears.
--
Naturally the process is not easy and available to every-body, as an ordinary book. It requires a special aptitude and special discipline.
***
07.08 - The Divine Truth Its Name and Form, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
What is the value of a word, after all? Have you not noticed that there are people who do not understand you, however clearly you speak to them. There are others again who understand you if you utter only two words. The external form the sound of a wordhas a meaning, if there is a force of thought behind; the greater the force of thought, the more powerful and precise and clear it is, and greater the chance of people receiving the force and understanding the word that carries the force. But if someone speaks without thinking, usually it is impossible to understand him; he would seem to you to make only a noise. You must have noticed also that people who have lived together and are habituated to each other's thought and talk, do not require any definition of the words they use or even a large use to understand each other. There has been a mental adjustment and the words are only an excuse for the inner contact, the contact between brain and brain which underlies or even precedes the words. But when you meet a new person, it takes you time to adapt and adjust yourself to understand the words he uses.
It is the meaning, the thought behind the word that is important. When the thought is powerfully thought, it produces a vibration of which the word is only a carrier, an intermediary. Indeed, you can develop the thought-power to such an extent that you are able to establish a direct material contact with the minimum or even no words at all. Naturally this requires a strong power of concentration. But you will find that the bodily mechanism is only a mechanical means; it is an instrument, but not always important or indispensable.
When we are conscious of the Divine, do we see Him in all things in some particular form?
07.20 - Why are Dreams Forgotten?, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
To become conscious of all the various movements of your nights, to recover them in your memory, some sort of training is necessary. The different states of the being in which you roam at night are, as you have seen, usually separate from each other. There is a gap in between two states; you jump from one to the other. There is no highway passing through all the domains of your consciousness connecting them without break or interruption. That means forgetfulness. When you leap from one into the other, you push back, that is forget, the one you leave behind. So you have to construct a bridge and very few people know how to do it; it requires more engineering skill than to build a material bridge. You may have very wonderful experiences in sleep, but you forget them all; perhaps you remember, as I have said, the last one, the one nearest to the physical mind. The best way then to remember and become conscious of the whole night is to begin at the end and go backward. Catch hold of the last image that still persists in your memory, like the loose end of a thread and then pull, pull slowly, till image after image comes back: it is something like the unrolling of a cinema film in the reverse direction. When you lose trace, stop and concentrate a little; try to call back whatever stray bit or faint impression still persists or can be more easily revived and then again pull slowly, gently, pick up whatever shows itself, try to join the bits. In this way, after some trial and training you will be able to recover a good part of the lost underworld.
There are, however, many ways of setting about the thing. For you must know that your nights are not all the same. Each one is different and brings its own kind of sleep and dream. As each day is different having its own particular kind of activity, each night too likewise comes with its peculiar experiences. You may think that one day is more or less exactly like the previous day, that you are doing the same thing from day to day; but it is not so. Outwardly the activities may appear to be the same, but really their nature and significance vary from one day to another. No two moments are alike in the universe. Your night too is an universe of its own kind. Each night brings its own problem and needs its own solution.
07.25 - Prayer and Aspiration, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
To sum up then it can be said that a prayer is always formed of words. Words have different values, according to the state of consciousness of the person when he formulates it. But always prayer is a formulated thing. But one can aspire without formulating. And then, prayer needs a person to whom one prays. There is, of course, a certain class of people whose conception of the universe is such that there is no room in it for the Divine (the famous French scientist Laplace, for example). Such people are not likely to favour the existence of any being superior to themselves to whom they can appeal or look up for guidance and help. There is no question of prayer for them. But even they, though they may not pray, may aspire. They may not believe in God, but they may believe, for example, in progress. They may conceive of the world as a progressive movement, that it is becoming better and better, rising higher and higher, growing constantly to a nobler fulfilment. They can ask for, will for, aspire for such progress; they need not look for the Divine. Aspiration requires faith, certainly, but not faith necessarily in a personal God. But prayer is always addressed to a person, a person who hears and grants it. There lies the great difference between the two. Intellectual people admit aspiration, but prayer they consider as something inferior, fit for unintellectual persons. The mystics say, aspiration is quite all right, but if your aspiration is to be heard and fulfilled, you must also pray, know how to pray and to whomwho else but the Divine? The aspiration need not be towards any person; the aspiration is not for a person, but for a state of consciousness, a knowledge, a realisation. Prayer adds to it the relation to a person. Prayer is a personal thing addressed to a person for a thing which he alone can grant.
***
08.02 - Order and Discipline, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 04, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Hence, to know a man's character you need not spend your time in talking to him, you just go and open a drawer of his or open his almirah, you will know. But I may speak of someone I shall tell you presently who it iswho used to live in the midst of heaps of books and papers. You enter into his room, you find piles of them everywhere. But if by chance, you were, to your misfortune, to displace a single sheet of paper, he would know perfectly well and would ask immediately who was it that had disturbed the papers. There were masses of things, on your entering you would not find your way. But each thing had its placenotes, letters, books, all in order and you could not mishandle them without his knowing it. Well, it was Sri Aurobindo. In other words, you must not confuse orderliness with poverty. Naturally if you have a few thingsa dozen books and a limited number of objectsit is easier to have them properly arranged. But what is to be aimed at is a logical order, a conscious intelligent order among a multiplicity of objects. That requires a capacity for organisation. It is a capacity which every one must acquire and possess, unless of course you are physically disabledwhen one is ill or sickly or maimed and has not the required strength: even then there is a limit. I know of sick people who could tell you: "Open me that drawer, you will find on the right or on the left or at the bottom such and such a thing." They could not themselves move and handle the things but knew where they were. Apart from such cases, the ideal must be one of order, organisation, like that of a library for example, where you have thousands and thousands of books that are yet all arranged, classified, docketed and you have only to name a title and in a few minutes the book is in your hand of course, it is not the work of a single person; even then, the pattern is there as an example to follow.
You too must organise your affairs in the same way. You need not follow another's method or system. You have your own rule, that which is convenient and true for you but it must be well planned and properly laid out.
08.05 - Will and Desire, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 04, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Many hold this last idea all their life. When they are told to overcome their desires, they answer, "The best way of overcoming them is to satisfy them." But what is needed is not merely to change the object of desire, but change the impulse, the movement itself. For that purpose, a good deal of knowledge and understanding and experience are required. That you cannot expect of young children. First of all, they do not possess the capacity for reasoning and you cannot explain the matter to them, they will not understand, your reasons. It is why the parents have normally no other way except to cut them short, saying: "Stop, you bother us". That is how they get out of the difficulty.
It is not a solution. The task is hard, demanding sustained effort and unshakable patience. There are people, a good many, who, although no longer children, yet continue to be so all their life: they too do not understand reason. If you tell them, they are not reasonable and that it is not possible to be continually satisfying their desires, they simply think: "These people are quite unpleasant, they are not amiable." That is all.
08.07 - Sleep and Pain, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 04, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
That requires some kind of yogic power. The best way, the absolute one, is to get out of the body.
When the body suffers, when you have high fever, for example, when you are sick, sick to the last degree, the only thing to do then is to come out of the body, come out with your vital being. If you are a yogi and have the knowledge, you remain outside the body but just above it so that you are able to look at it. You can see your own body if the vital form in which you go out is sufficiently materialised. You see your body and with the consciousness and the power which you have then, you can direct the rays of the Force upon the spot where the body suffers. This is a top process, but it gives the absolutely sure means of getting cured. If the power and the knowledge are there, it is infallible. You can cure any disease with that and in a short time. Only it means a considerable education and training. You cannot improvise it. But as a matter off act men help themselves naturally and automatically when the pain becomes unbearable; they faint. To faint is to get out of the body. So persons who are not too much tied down to the body faint away when the bodily suffering becomes too strong. Only, when you go out of the body, leaving it as an inert mass, there must be someone near sensible and intelligent enough. The body must not be shaken violently to make you wake up. If people by the side are seized by a panic and hurl buckets of water upon your head, the result may be worse. Otherwise, the fainting fit passes quietly, little by little, into a restful condition as there is no longer the consciousness recording the bodily suffering. In the so-called fit the body becomes gradually quiet and immobile, so that it may rest in spite' of the suffering.
There are lesser means with lesser results. These too are not very easy either. One is to cut the connection between the brain and the part that suffers. The brain not receiving the vibration, the pain is no longer felt. In fact, this is what doctors do when they operate under anaesthesia. The nervous connection round the affected part is made insensitive and the pain is not felt or it is reduced to a minimum. But here you have to do it with your will and consciousness; and that requires an occult power. Some can do it automatically, but their number is very few. If you are unable to go so far, there is another way which should be within your reach. Do not concentrate or dwell upon your pain and suffering; withdraw your attention and direct it elsewhere. The more you think of your pain, the worse it becomes. If you are busy observing its signs and signals, almost awaiting its attack, you surely welcome it in a way, you indulge it and help its continuance. That is why you are advised in that condition to do some light reading or hear things read out, so that the attention may be diverted.
When you go to sleep the ideal is to enter into integral rest, that is to say, immobility of the body, peace in the vital, absolute silence in the mind and the consciousness coming out of all activity and passing into Sachchidananda. If you can do that, then when you get up, you get up with a feeling of extraordinary power, perfect joy and so on. But it is not easy to do it. Still it can be done. It is the ideal condition.
08.11 - The Work Here, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 04, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
From the worldly standpoint, from the point of view of the result achieved, certainly things can be done better. But I am speaking of the effort put in, effort in the deepest sense of the word. Work is prayer done with the body. With that effort in your work the Divine is satisfied, the eye of the Consciousness that has viewed it is indeed pleased. Not that from the human standpoint one cannot do better. For us, however this particular endeavour is one among many; it is only one movement in our sadhana. We are engaged in many other things. To raise one particular item of work to something like perfection requires time and means and resources which are not at our disposal. But we do not seek perfection in one thing, our aim is an integral achievement.
An outside view may find many things to criticise and criticise much, but from the inner view what has been done has been done well. In an outside view, you come with all kinds of mental, intellectual formations and find there is nothing uncommon in what is done here. But thereby you miss what is behind: the sdhan. A deeper consciousness would see the march towards a realisation that surpasses all. The outside view does not see the life spiritual; it judges by its own smallness.
--- Overview of verb require
The verb require has 4 senses (first 4 from tagged texts)
1. (144) necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take, involve, call for, demand ::: (require as useful, just, or proper; "It takes nerve to do what she did"; "success usually requires hard work"; "This job asks a lot of patience and skill"; "This position demands a lot of personal sacrifice"; "This dinner calls for a spectacular dessert"; "This intervention does not postulate a patient's consent")
2. (16) ask, require, expect ::: (consider obligatory; request and expect; "We require our secretary to be on time"; "Aren't we asking too much of these children?"; "I expect my students to arrive in time for their lessons")
3. (16) command, require ::: (make someone do something)
4. (6) want, need, require ::: (have need of; "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner")
--- Grep of noun require
required course
requirement
requirements contract
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Wikipedia - Visa policy of Djibouti -- Policy on permits required to enter Djibouti
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Dominica -- Policy on permits required to enter Dominica
Wikipedia - Visa policy of East Timor -- Policy on permits required to enter Timor-Leste
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Ecuador -- Policy on permits required to enter Ecuador
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Egypt -- Policy on permits required to enter Egypt
Wikipedia - Visa policy of El Salvador -- Policy on permits required to enter El Salvador
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Equatorial Guinea -- Policy on permits required to enter Equatorial Guinea
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Eritrea -- Policy on permits required to enter Eritrea
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Eswatini -- Policy on permits required to enter Eswatini
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Ethiopia -- Policy on permits required to enter Ethiopia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Fiji -- Policy on permits required to enter Fiji
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Gabon -- Policy on permits required to enter Gabon
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Georgia -- Policy on permits required to enter Georgia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Ghana -- Policy on permits required to enter Ghana
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Greenland -- Policy on permits required to enter Greenland
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Grenada -- Policy on permits required to enter Grenada
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Guatemala -- Policy on permits required to enter Guatemala
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Guinea-Bissau -- Policy on permits required to enter Guinea-Bissau
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Guinea -- Policy on permits required to enter Guinea
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Guyana -- Policy on permits required to enter Guyana
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Haiti -- Policy on permits required to enter Haiti
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Honduras -- Policy on permits required to enter Honduras
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Hong Kong -- Policy on permits required to enter Hong Kong
Wikipedia - Visa policy of India -- Policy on permits required to enter India
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Indonesia -- Policy on permits required to enter Indonesia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Iran -- Policy on permits required to enter Iran
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Iraq -- Policy on permits required to enter Iraq
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Ireland -- Policy on permits required to enter Ireland
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Israel -- Policy on permits required to enter Israel
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Ivory Coast -- Policy on permits required to enter Cote d'Ivoire
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Jamaica -- Policy on permits required to enter Jamaica
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Japan -- Policy on permits required to enter Japan
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Jordan -- Policy on permits required to enter Jordan
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Kazakhstan -- Policy on permits required to enter Kazakhstan
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Kenya -- Policy on permits required to enter Kenya
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Kiribati -- Policy on permits required to enter Kiribati
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Kosovo -- Policy on permits required to enter Kosovo
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Kuwait -- Policy on permits required to enter Kuwait
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Kyrgyzstan -- Policy on permit required to enter Kyrgyzstan
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Laos -- Policy on permits required to enter Laos
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Lebanon -- Policy on permit required to enter Lebanon
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Lesotho -- Policy on permits required to enter Lesotho
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Liberia -- Policy on permits required to enter Liberia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Libya -- Policy on permits required to enter Libya
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Macau -- Policy on permits required to enter Macau
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Madagascar -- Policy on permits required to enter Madagascar
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Malawi -- Policy on permits required to enter Malawi
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Malaysia -- Policy on permits required to enter Malaysia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Maldives -- Policy on permits required to enter the Maldives
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Mali -- Policy on permits required to enter Mali
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Mauritania -- Policy on permits required to enter Mauritania
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Mauritius -- Policy on permits required to enter Mauritius
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Mexico -- Policy on permits required to enter Mexico
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Micronesia -- Policy on permits required to enter Micronesia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Moldova -- Policy on permits required to enter Moldova
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Monaco -- Policy on permits required to enter Monaco
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Mongolia -- Policy on permits required to enter Mongolia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Montenegro -- Policy on permits required to enter Montenegro
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Morocco -- Policy on permits required to enter Morocco
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Mozambique -- Policy on permits required to enter Mozambique
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Myanmar -- Policy on permits required to enter Myanmar
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Namibia -- Policy on permits required to enter Namibia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Nauru -- Policy on permits required to enter Nauru
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Nepal -- Policy on permits required to enter Nepal
Wikipedia - Visa policy of New Zealand -- Policy on permits required to enter the Realm of New Zealand
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Nicaragua -- Policy on permits required to enter Nicaragua
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Nigeria -- Policy on permits required to enter Nigeria
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Niger -- Policy on permits required to enter Niger
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Northern Cyprus -- Policy on permits required to enter Northern Cyprus
Wikipedia - Visa policy of North Korea -- Policy on permits required to enter North Korea
Wikipedia - Visa policy of North Macedonia -- Policy on permits required to enter North Macedonia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Oman -- Policy on permits required to enter Oman
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Pakistan -- Policy on permits required to enter Pakistan
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Palau -- Policy on permits required to enter Palau
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Palestine -- Policy on permits required to enter Palestine
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Panama -- Policy on permits required to enter Panama
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Paraguay -- Policy on permits required to enter Paraguay
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Peru -- Policy on permits required to enter Peru
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Qatar -- Policy on permits required to enter Qatar
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Russia -- Policy on permits required to enter Russia and/or Crimea
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Rwanda -- Policy on permits required to enter Rwanda
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Saint Kitts and Nevis -- Policy on permits required to enter Saint Kitts and Nevis
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Saint Lucia -- Policy on permits required to enter Saint Lucia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- Policy on permits required to enter Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Samoa -- Policy on permits required to enter Samoa
Wikipedia - Visa policy of San Marino -- Policy on permits required to enter San Marino
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Sao TomM-CM-) and Principe -- Policy on permits required to enter Sao TomM-CM-) and Principe
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Saudi Arabia -- Policy on permits required to enter Saudi Arabia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Senegal -- Policy on permits required to enter Senegal
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Serbia -- Policy on permits required to enter Serbia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Seychelles -- Policy on permits required to enter Seychelles
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Sierra Leone -- Policy on permits required to enter Sierra Leone
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Singapore -- Policy on permits required to enter Singapore
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Solomon Islands -- Policy on permits required to enter Solomon Islands
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Somalia -- Policy on permits required to enter Somalia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Somaliland -- Policy on permits required to enter Somaliland
Wikipedia - Visa policy of South Africa -- Policy on permits required to enter South Africa
Wikipedia - Visa policy of South Korea -- Policy on permits required to enter South Korea
Wikipedia - Visa policy of South Ossetia -- Policy on permits required to enter South Ossetia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of South Sudan -- Policy on permits required to enter South Sudan
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Sri Lanka -- Policy on permits required to enter Sri Lanka
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Sudan -- Policy on permits required to enter Sudan
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Suriname -- Policy on permits required to enter Suriname
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Svalbard -- Policy on permits required to enter Svalbard
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Syria -- Policy on permits required to enter Syria
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Taiwan -- Policy on permits required to enter Taiwan (ROC)
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Tajikistan -- Policy on permits required to enter Tajikistan
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Tanzania -- Policy on permits required to enter Tanzania
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Thailand -- Policy on permits required to enter Thailand
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the Comoros -- Policy on permits required to enter Comoros
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo -- Policy on permits required to enter the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the Dominican Republic -- Policy on permits required to enter Dominican Republic
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the Faroe Islands -- Policy on permits required to enter the Faroe Islands
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the Gambia -- Policy on permits required to enter the Gambia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean -- Policy on permits required to enter the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the Marshall Islands -- Policy on permits required to enter the Marshall Islands
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the Mercosur -- Policy on permits required to enter Mercosur
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the Philippines -- Policy on permits required to enter the Philippines
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the Republic of the Congo -- Policy on permits required to enter the Republic of the Congo
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the Schengen Area -- Policy on permits required to enter the Schengen Area
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the United Arab Emirates -- Policy on permits required to enter the United Arab Emirates
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the United Kingdom -- Policy on permits required to enter the United Kingdom and the Crown dependencies
Wikipedia - Visa policy of the United States -- Policy on permits required to enter the United States and its unincorporated territories
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Togo -- Policy on permits required to enter Togo
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Tonga -- Policy on permits required to enter Tonga
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Transnistria -- Policy on permits required to enter Transnistria
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Trinidad and Tobago -- Policy on permits required to enter Trinidad and Tobago
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Tunisia -- Policy on permits required to enter Tunisia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Turkey -- Policy on permits required to enter Turkey
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Turkmenistan -- Policy on permits required to enter Turkmenistan
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Tuvalu -- Policy on permits required to enter Tuvalu
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Uganda -- Policy on permit required to enter Uganda
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Ukraine -- Policy on permits required to enter Ukraine
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Uruguay -- Policy on permits required to enter Uruguay
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Uzbekistan -- Policy on permits required to enter Uzbekistan
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Vanuatu -- Policy on permits required to enter Vanuatu
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Vatican City -- Policy on permits required to enter Vatican City
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Venezuela -- Policy on permits required to enter Venezuela
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Vietnam -- Policy on permits required to enter Vietnam
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Yemen -- Policy on permits required to enter Yemen
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Zambia -- Policy on permits required to enter Zambia
Wikipedia - Visa policy of Zimbabwe -- Policy on permits required to enter Zimbabwe
Wikipedia - Visa requirements for British Nationals (Overseas) -- Entry restrictions by other states and territories placed on British National (Overseas) passport holders
Wikipedia - Visa requirements for Chinese citizens -- Visa requirements
Wikipedia - Visa requirements for South African citizens -- Entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of South Africa
Wikipedia - Vistarband -- Icelandic requirement for agricultural labor
Wikipedia - Vitamin -- Nutrients required by organisms in small amounts
Wikipedia - Volksschule -- German term; compulsory education, denoting an educational institution every person is required to attend
Wikipedia - Voter Identification laws in the United States -- Laws regarding the IDs that are required for voting in the US
Wikipedia - Waste management -- activities and actions required to manage waste from its source to its final disposal
Wikipedia - Wave-making resistance -- The energy required to push the water out of the way of the hull, which creates the associated waves
Wikipedia - Wicked problem -- Problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents -- Page for discussing incidents that may require action by administrators and experienced editors
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:Featured article criteria -- List of requirements for featured articles
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:Size of Wikipedia -- A rundown of Wikipedia's storage requirements
Wikipedia - William J. Liquori Jr. -- U.S. Space Force Deputy Chief of Space Operations for Strategy, Plans, Programs, Requirements, and Analysis
Wikipedia - Work-to-rule -- Industrial action in which employees do no more than the minimum required
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auromere - liminality-or-negative-capability-required-in-yoga
auromere - the-equipoise-required-for-yoga
auromere - surrender
http://integraltransformation.blogspot.com/2008/11/new-way-of-thinking-is-required.html
selforum - sri aurobindo will be required to
selforum - we require oxygen to breathe evidence
selforum - postmodernism requires maturity and
https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Analysis/RequiredSecondaryPowers
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https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Requires
Histeria! (1998 - 1999) - Histeria! is an American animated series created by Tom Ruegger and produced by Warner Bros. Animation. Unlike other animated series produced by Warner Bros. in the 1990s, Histeria! stood out as the most explicitly educational program in order to meet FCC requirements for educational/informational c...
The Commish (1991 - 1995) - Slightly offbeat television police comedy/drama. Tony Scali is the police commissioner in a small town, where solutions to difficult situations often require considerable creativity. Tony's easygoing manner and clever intellect are much more useful to him than weapons or brute force in his fight aga...
Broken Badges (1990 - 1991) - BROKEN BADGES follows the humorous escapades of Cajun cop Beau Jack Bowman and his unorthodox crime fighting unit, comprised of local police talent from the TARP section (Temporary Assignment of Restricted Personnel) who have exhibited stress or related psychological aberrations that have required t...
Monster Math Squad (2012 - 2016) - a Canadian CGI animated series, created by Jeff Rosen and produced by DHX Media for CBC Television.It follows the adventures of three monsters who go on missions that require math equations. Together, they solve math problems to complete missions.The series takes place in the city of Monstrovia, whe...
Green Screen Adventures (2009 - Current) - a children's television series which premiered in 2007. The series was originally produced for local broadcast on WCIU-TV (Channel 26) in Chicago, which is the flagship station of Weigel Broadcasting, and is designed to fit the FCC's educational and information programming requirements while also be...
Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt (2010 - 2010) - The "Anarchy Sisters," Panty and Stocking, have been kicked out of Heaven for, to put it mildly, misbehaving. Led by a priest named Garterbelt, these angels must buy their way back by exterminating ghosts in Daten City. But this task requires unconventional weapons for these unorthodox angelsthey t...
A Troll in Central Park(1994) - A friendly troll with a magic green thumb grows one flower too many for the queen, whose laws require all trolls to act meanly, be ugly and scare humans whenever possible. As a punishment, he is exiled to a world of concrete, where he should live a life of proper trolldom: Manhattan. But of all plac...
Never Been Kissed(1999) - Josie Geller, at 25 the youngest Chicago Sun-Times copy editor, really is good at her job, which requires brain more than writing skills. The owner of the paper now wants her and no other to report undercover about today's high schools. Josie enrolls and quickly falls back into her own school habits...
Camp Cucamonga(1990) - A summer camp with different enthic backgrounds.Marvin Shector (John Ratzenberger) is in charge of the summer camp.A camp inspector is coming to check the camp requirements.Marvin is trying to keep things running. Counselor Roger Burke (Brian Robbins) is paying special attention to Ava (Jennifer Ani...
Ernest Goes To School(1994) - Ernest (Jim Varney) works as a janitor at Chickasaw Falls High School, which is facing closure due to the School Board's decision to merge other schools in the area. There is also a new rule: All employees are required to have graduated. Ernest neve
Hell Night(1981) - This plodding, derivative slasher opus a surprise box-office hit stars Exorcist vet Linda Blair as one of a quartet of sorority and fraternity pledges required to spend the title evening of their initiation inside the spooky Garth Manor. The mansion was the site of a gruesome multiple murder,...
Fire Birds(1990) - The U.S. Government is willing to help any country that requires help in ridding themselves of drugs with support from the Army. Unfortunately, the drug cartels have countered that offer by hiring one of the best air-combat mercenaries and have armed him with a Scorpion attack helicopter. The army d...
The Freshman(1990) - In this farcical comedy, Matthew Broderick plays Clark Kellogg, an aspiring director who arrives in New York City to attend film school. However, moments after he arrives in the city, he's robbed by Victor Ray (Bruno Kirby), leaving him no money for the $700 in books required by his instructor, Arth...
The Girl In A Swing(1988) - A London art broker goes to Copenhagen where he requires the services of a secretary fluent in Danish, English, and German. He falls deeply in love with the woman, despite the fact that he knows virtually nothing about her. She insists on not being married in a church, and after they are married, so...
Asylum(1972) - A young psychiatrist interviews four inmates in a mental asylum to satisfy a requirement for employment. He hears stories about 1) the revenge of a murdered wife, 2) a tailor who makes a suit with some highly unusual qualities, 3) a woman who questions her sanity when it appears that her brother is...
The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T(1953) - Young Bart Collins enters into a surreal dream world were he and his mother are under the rule of the evil Dr. Terwilliker. Dr. Terwilliker has imprisoned all non-piano musicians. He has also hypnotized his mother into marrying him and plans on forced other boys to play a huge piano that requires 49...
Horrors Of The Black Museum(1959) - A frustrated thriller writer wants accurate crimes for his next book so he hypnotises his assistant to make him commit the required crimes.
The Flesh And The Fiends(1960) - Edinburgh surgeon Dr. Robert Knox requires cadavers for his research into the functioning of the human body; local ne'er-do-wells Burke and Hare find ways to provide him with fresh specimens...
Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch(2005) - Lilo and her classmates are preparing to perform at the local May Day festival. Each student is required to create an original dance. When Lilo learns that her mother won the competition when she was her age she becomes determined to win it. While preparing for the competition, Stitch's past comes b...
the brothers grimm(2005) - starring matt matt damon a film about the famous brothers grimm. Will and Jake Grimm are traveling con-artists who encounter a genuine fairy-tale curse which requires true courage instead of their usual bogus exorcisms.
The Oath(2018) - Ike Barinholtz makes his directorial debut as well as playing a starring role in this black comedy film that shows how even the greatest of division will still not be enough to drive a family apart. In the near future, American citizens are asked, though not required, to sign a legal document sweari...
A Touch of Spice (2003) ::: 7.5/10 -- Politiki kouzina (original title) -- A Touch of Spice Poster "A Touch of Spice" is a story about a young Greek boy (Fanis) growing up in Istanbul, whose grandfather, a culinary philosopher and mentor,teaches him that both food and life require a ... S Director: Tassos Boulmetis Writer: Tassos Boulmetis
Black Butler ::: Kuroshitsuji (original tit ::: TV-14 | 24min | Animation, Action, Comedy | TV Series (20082010) -- A young boy sells his soul to a demon in order to avenge his family's death and successfully lead their influential toy manufacturing company. The demon takes the form of a loyal butler who's always dressed in black and is required to protect, serve and arrive whenever summoned by his young master Ciel.
Black Butler ::: Kuroshitsuji (original tit ::: TV-14 | 24min | Animation, Action, Comedy | TV Series (2008-2010) Episode Guide 37 episodes Black Butler Poster -- A young boy sells his soul to a demon in order to avenge his family's death and successfully lead their influential toy manufacturing company. The demon takes the form of a loyal butler who's always dressed in black and is required to protect, serve and arrive whenever summoned by his young master Ciel.
Hobson's Choice (1954) ::: 7.7/10 -- Not Rated | 1h 48min | Comedy, Drama, Romance | 19 April 1954 (Denmark) -- Henry Hobson (Charles Laughton) is a successful bootmaker, a widower and a tyrannical father of three daughters. The girls each want to leave their father by getting married, but Henry refuses because marriage traditions require him to pay out settlements. Director: David Lean Writers: Harold Brighouse (by), David Lean (screenplay) | 2 more credits
Northern Exposure -- 1h | Comedy, Drama | TV Series (19901995) ::: A newly graduated doctor is required to set up his practice in an eccentric Alaskan town. Creators: Joshua Brand, John Falsey
Patriot ::: TV-MA | 58min | Comedy, Drama, Thriller | TV Series (20152018) -- Follows the complicated life of intelligence officer John Tavner, whose latest assignment - to prevent Iran from going nuclear - requires him to forgo all safety nets and assume a perilous non-official cover. Creators:
State of the Union (1948) ::: 7.3/10 -- Approved | 2h 4min | Comedy, Drama | 30 April 1948 (USA) -- An industrialist is urged to run for President, but this requires uncomfortable compromises on both political and marital levels. Director: Frank Capra Writers: Howard Lindsay (play), Russel Crouse (play) | 2 more credits Stars:
Tag (2018) ::: 6.5/10 -- R | 1h 40min | Action, Comedy | 15 June 2018 (USA) -- A small group of former classmates organize an elaborate, annual game of tag that requires some to travel all over the country. Director: Jeff Tomsic Writers: Rob McKittrick (screenplay by), Mark Steilen (screenplay by) | 2 more
The Little Drummer Girl ::: TV-MA | 55min | Drama, Thriller | TV Series (2018) -- A Palestinian assassin is targeting prominent Israelis. An English actress is recruited by the Israelis to infiltrate the assassin's terrorist cell. This will require all of her acting talents and put her at considerable risk. Stars:
The Maze Runner (2014) ::: 6.8/10 -- PG-13 | 1h 53min | Action, Mystery, Sci-Fi | 19 September 2014 (USA) -- Thomas is deposited in a community of boys after his memory is erased, soon learning they're all trapped in a maze that will require him to join forces with fellow "runners" for a shot at escape. Director: Wes Ball Writers:
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Absolute Duo -- -- 8bit -- 12 eps -- Light novel -- Action Harem Supernatural Romance Ecchi School -- Absolute Duo Absolute Duo -- Individuals who can materialize weapons from their soul are called "Blazers," and they attend Kouryou Academy High School in order to harness their abilities. Each student is required to partner with another, in the hopes that one day, the pair can attain the power of Absolute Duo. -- -- Tooru Kokonoe hopes to attend this academy in order to gain power after his sister and friends were slain by a mysterious man. However, at the opening ceremony, he is forced to duel against the person sitting next to him, with the loser being expelled. As Tooru prepares to give the match his all, it is not a weapon that manifests from his soul, but a shield, an irregularity which catches the attention of a foreign student named Julie Sigtuna. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- 442,092 6.49
Aikatsu! -- -- Bandai Namco Pictures, Sunrise -- 178 eps -- Original -- Music School Shoujo Slice of Life -- Aikatsu! Aikatsu! -- An idol's brilliance illuminates the dreams of humanity. Starlight Academy, a holy ground for celebrities in training, seeks to realize this belief. Behind its rigorous entrance requirements lie not only the top young stars in the entertainment business, but some of the best memories these students will ever have. -- -- Or so Aoi Kiriya believes. Alongside her best friend Ichigo, Aoi decides to apply for the prestigious private school in hopes of living up to the praise of the biggest idol in the world: Mizuki Kanzaki. As they journey through the numerous laughs, friendships, and heartbreaks that await them, can the two girls light up the lives of others as Mizuki has done for them? -- -- Whether it be chopping down Christmas trees, traversing obstacle courses, or even rock climbing, there's always a playful new adventure to be found in the world of Aikatsu!. -- -- 34,019 7.37
Astarotte no Omocha! -- -- Diomedéa -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Comedy Demons Ecchi Fantasy Romance Seinen -- Astarotte no Omocha! Astarotte no Omocha! -- Succubi, like the young princess Astarotte "Lotte" Ygvar, require the life seed from men to survive, replenish their magic, and continue the royal lineage of the magical realm. This means succubi are required to keep a harem of men close at hand. Ironically, Lotte despises men, which will put her life at risk once she matures. To convince her to fulfill her duties, one of her attendants, Judith Snorrevik, goes to the human realm to find a human male whom Lotte can tolerate. -- -- Judith returns with 23-year-old Naoya Touhara, a single father who unfortunately leaves his daughter, Asuha, behind in the human realm. As the first member of Lotte's harem, Naoya quickly adapts to this new environment, serving the princess to make her happy, rather than viewing her with sexual intent. Unfortunately, when his daughter is allowed to arrive in the magical realm, Naoya's relationship quickly worsens with Lotte. Even so, he strives to patch up their relationship. -- -- It soon becomes clear, however, that Naoya's presence in the magical realm is more than just mere coincidence. As he develops his bond with Lotte, fate begins to pull together the connections that tie him and everyone else within this enchanting world. -- -- TV - Apr 11, 2011 -- 124,210 6.58
Boku no Hero Academia the Movie 2: Heroes:Rising -- -- Bones -- 1 ep -- Manga -- Action Super Power Shounen -- Boku no Hero Academia the Movie 2: Heroes:Rising Boku no Hero Academia the Movie 2: Heroes:Rising -- Izuku "Deku'' Midoriya and his fellow students in Class 1-A of UA High's hero course have been chosen to participate in a safety program on Nabu Island. To further improve their skills and gain experience in more ordinary heroics, the students aid the kind citizens with small services and everyday chores. With the low crime rate in the quiet community, all seems well and good, but the rise of a new villain threatens to put the students' courage to the test and challenge their capabilities as heroes. -- -- A merciless villain by the name of Nine is in search of a certain "quirk" needed to fulfill his diabolical plan—creating a society where only those with the strongest quirks reign supreme. As his attack on Nabu Island endangers the lives of the residents, securing the citizens becomes the first priority for Class 1-A; defeating Nine along with his wicked accomplices is also imperative. A straightforward strategy is formulated until a young boy named Katsuma Shimano, whom Deku had befriended, suddenly requires particular protection. Concerned for the boy's wellbeing, Deku and his classmates must now devise a plan to ensure Katsuma's safety at all costs. -- -- With Nine wreaking havoc to find the catalyst for his ill-intended schemes and the heroes desperate to defend Katsuma from harm, will Deku and his friends be able to come out victorious, or will they find themselves unable to escape a hopeless situation? -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- Movie - Dec 20, 2019 -- 311,218 8.07
Boku no Hero Academia the Movie 2: Heroes:Rising -- -- Bones -- 1 ep -- Manga -- Action Super Power Shounen -- Boku no Hero Academia the Movie 2: Heroes:Rising Boku no Hero Academia the Movie 2: Heroes:Rising -- Izuku "Deku'' Midoriya and his fellow students in Class 1-A of UA High's hero course have been chosen to participate in a safety program on Nabu Island. To further improve their skills and gain experience in more ordinary heroics, the students aid the kind citizens with small services and everyday chores. With the low crime rate in the quiet community, all seems well and good, but the rise of a new villain threatens to put the students' courage to the test and challenge their capabilities as heroes. -- -- A merciless villain by the name of Nine is in search of a certain "quirk" needed to fulfill his diabolical plan—creating a society where only those with the strongest quirks reign supreme. As his attack on Nabu Island endangers the lives of the residents, securing the citizens becomes the first priority for Class 1-A; defeating Nine along with his wicked accomplices is also imperative. A straightforward strategy is formulated until a young boy named Katsuma Shimano, whom Deku had befriended, suddenly requires particular protection. Concerned for the boy's wellbeing, Deku and his classmates must now devise a plan to ensure Katsuma's safety at all costs. -- -- With Nine wreaking havoc to find the catalyst for his ill-intended schemes and the heroes desperate to defend Katsuma from harm, will Deku and his friends be able to come out victorious, or will they find themselves unable to escape a hopeless situation? -- -- Movie - Dec 20, 2019 -- 311,218 8.07
Chang -- -- Studio Dadashow -- 1 ep -- - -- Drama Military Thriller -- Chang Chang -- Sergeant Jeong Cheol-min's squad are staying indoors a corroded stockroom renovated without windows. His squad is well known for their hardworking members until councellor Hong Yeong-soo comes in. Jeong Cheol-min does all he can to make Hong Yeong-soo the right man for his squad and the army requires him to. However, private Hong Yeong-soo doesn't adjust to the surroundings and causes trouble. -- -- (Source: Hancinema) -- Movie - Nov 1, 2012 -- 614 N/A -- -- Phantom Yuusha Densetsu -- -- - -- 1 ep -- - -- Action Military Drama Seinen -- Phantom Yuusha Densetsu Phantom Yuusha Densetsu -- Yazawa, a Japanese pilot, suffers a crash in his Phantom jetfighter. After a six month recovery, his old friend from an airplane magazine wants him to investigate the appearance of a Phantom in an armed conflict in El Salvador. Yazawa's investigations makes him wind up in an international arms conspiracy. Based on a series of military fiction novels. -- OVA - Jan 24, 1991 -- 604 5.33
Devils Line -- -- Platinum Vision -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Action Drama Romance Seinen Supernatural Vampire -- Devils Line Devils Line -- Vampires walk among society, existing as part of its underbelly. They do not require blood to survive, but extreme emotions can immensely increase their bloodlust, turning them into uncontrollable monsters. Tsukasa Taira, a 22-year-old university student, learns of the existence of vampires when her longtime friend reveals himself to be one of them after a tense confrontation with Yuuki Anzai—a human and vampire hybrid. -- -- Her friend is arrested, and Tsukasa soon finds herself drawn to Anzai, who reluctantly reciprocates her feelings. However, this unconventional romance may prove too difficult to maintain, as Anzai struggles to contain the part of him that wishes to devour Tsukasa. -- -- 177,307 6.80
Devils Line -- -- Platinum Vision -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Action Drama Romance Seinen Supernatural Vampire -- Devils Line Devils Line -- Vampires walk among society, existing as part of its underbelly. They do not require blood to survive, but extreme emotions can immensely increase their bloodlust, turning them into uncontrollable monsters. Tsukasa Taira, a 22-year-old university student, learns of the existence of vampires when her longtime friend reveals himself to be one of them after a tense confrontation with Yuuki Anzai—a human and vampire hybrid. -- -- Her friend is arrested, and Tsukasa soon finds herself drawn to Anzai, who reluctantly reciprocates her feelings. However, this unconventional romance may prove too difficult to maintain, as Anzai struggles to contain the part of him that wishes to devour Tsukasa. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- 177,307 6.80
Double Decker! Doug & Kirill -- -- Sunrise -- 13 eps -- Original -- Action Sci-Fi Comedy Police -- Double Decker! Doug & Kirill Double Decker! Doug & Kirill -- The once peaceful city-state of Lisvalletta has found itself beset by a dangerous new drug called Anthem. The side effects of the drug allow the user to enter a state of Overdrive, wherein they mutate into superpowered beasts with inhuman abilities. With the police powerless to stop this new threat, the responsibility falls upon the Special Crime Investigation Unit SEVEN-O. To offset the dangers of this work, the investigators work under the patented "Double Decker" system, which requires them to team up in "buddy cop" pairs. -- -- As a child, average police officer Kirill Vrubel fantasized about being a hero who would save his school from a random terrorist attack. His chance to be a hero arrives when his landlady blackmails him into searching for her lost cat. Upon arriving and falling asleep in an abandoned warehouse, Kirill finds himself in the middle of a hostage situation involving an Anthem user. By teaming up with SEVEN-O detective Douglas "Doug" Bilingam, Kirill earns his spot as the newest member of SEVEN-O. Now, with the help of this secret organization, he may finally achieve his dream of becoming a hero. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- 31,463 6.85
Dragon Ball Z Movie 15: Fukkatsu no "F" -- -- Toei Animation -- 1 ep -- Manga -- Action Adventure Comedy Super Power Martial Arts Fantasy Shounen -- Dragon Ball Z Movie 15: Fukkatsu no "F" Dragon Ball Z Movie 15: Fukkatsu no "F" -- Earth is finally peaceful again, but this calm is short-lived. The remnants of Frieza's army, led by Sorbet and his right hand Tagoma, arrive on Earth in order to summon Shen Long with the goal of resurrecting their old master. To do so, they threaten Emperor Pilaf, Shuu, and Mai for the Dragon Balls in their possession. -- -- Once successfully revived, Frieza—who had been stoking his hatred for Gokuu Son and Future Trunks in Hell—proclaims that he will not be content until they are dead by his hand. Sorbet informs him that Future Trunks has not been heard of in years, and Gokuu's power has far surpassed even that of the mighty Majin Buu. Unfazed, Frieza responds that he only requires a few months of training before being capable of defeating Gokuu. -- -- Will Frieza be able to exact revenge upon his nemesis, or will Gokuu, Vegeta, and their friends prevail against adversity, saving Earth once more? -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- Movie - Apr 18, 2015 -- 126,747 7.09
Etotama -- -- Encourage Films, Shirogumi -- 12 eps -- Original -- Action Comedy Fantasy -- Etotama Etotama -- Every 60 years, the heavens conduct a sacred ritual called ETM12. This custom involves selecting worthy Eto-musume—celestial beings representing different animals—to become one of the members of the Chinese zodiac, or Eto-shin. However, since the first ETM12 two thousand years ago, the original batch of Eto-shin reigns with no one being able to replace them. -- -- Nyaa-tan is a cat Eto-musume who aspires to become a member of the zodiac in the ongoing ETM12. Fulfilling her ambition requires her to secure 12 seals, one for each Eto-shin. To that end, she must win various types of battles using Sol/Lull—divine energy created by people's positive emotions. This task is not easy however, as her powers as an Eto-musume are far below the abilities of a single Eto-shin. As such, she needs a constant source of energy. -- -- But in a chance encounter, Nyaa-tan meets Takeru Amato, a man who has just transferred to the apartment where she is secretly staying. To Nyaa-tan's delight, Takeru discovers that he gives out high quality Sol/Lull—something that sets him apart from most people. With this, the story of Takeru and Nyaa-tan begins. As Takeru supports Nyaa-tan in her dreams, he meets the Eto-shin and begins to uncover a mysterious past. -- -- 70,946 6.84
Etotama -- -- Encourage Films, Shirogumi -- 12 eps -- Original -- Action Comedy Fantasy -- Etotama Etotama -- Every 60 years, the heavens conduct a sacred ritual called ETM12. This custom involves selecting worthy Eto-musume—celestial beings representing different animals—to become one of the members of the Chinese zodiac, or Eto-shin. However, since the first ETM12 two thousand years ago, the original batch of Eto-shin reigns with no one being able to replace them. -- -- Nyaa-tan is a cat Eto-musume who aspires to become a member of the zodiac in the ongoing ETM12. Fulfilling her ambition requires her to secure 12 seals, one for each Eto-shin. To that end, she must win various types of battles using Sol/Lull—divine energy created by people's positive emotions. This task is not easy however, as her powers as an Eto-musume are far below the abilities of a single Eto-shin. As such, she needs a constant source of energy. -- -- But in a chance encounter, Nyaa-tan meets Takeru Amato, a man who has just transferred to the apartment where she is secretly staying. To Nyaa-tan's delight, Takeru discovers that he gives out high quality Sol/Lull—something that sets him apart from most people. With this, the story of Takeru and Nyaa-tan begins. As Takeru supports Nyaa-tan in her dreams, he meets the Eto-shin and begins to uncover a mysterious past. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Ponycan USA -- 70,946 6.84
Fate/kaleid liner Prisma☆Illya: Undoukai de Dance! -- -- SILVER LINK. -- 1 ep -- Manga -- Comedy Magic Fantasy -- Fate/kaleid liner Prisma☆Illya: Undoukai de Dance! Fate/kaleid liner Prisma☆Illya: Undoukai de Dance! -- Tatsuko of class 5-1 is really excited about the upcoming school sports festival, her proposal for a new "Eel Scooping" event is less than enthusiastically received though, especially by Suzuka. Illya mentions the main event dance to Miyu, and as teacher Taiga Fujimura points out, it entails a huge reward, but will require quite a bit of practice. -- -- And so the close friends: sarcastic Nanaki, level-headed Suzuka, excitable Tatsuko, energetic Illya, shy Mimi, and reserved but athletic Miyu are off to win the dance event for the honour of their class and for Fujimura, who seems to have some saucy bet going on that she most definitely needs to win, or so the girls misunderstand. -- -- (Source: AniDB) -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- OVA - Mar 10, 2014 -- 43,046 6.72
Fune wo Amu -- -- Zexcs -- 11 eps -- Novel -- Slice of Life Drama Romance -- Fune wo Amu Fune wo Amu -- Kouhei Araki, a veteran editor of the dictionary editorial division at Genbu Publishing, plans to retire in order to better care for his ailing wife. However, before retiring, he must find a replacement to complete his latest project: a new dictionary called "The Great Passage." But no matter where he looks, he cannot find anyone suitable, as making a dictionary requires a wealth of patience, time, and dedication. -- -- Mitsuya Majime works in Genbu Publishing's sales division, yet he has poor social skills and an inability to read the mood in most situations. In spite of this, he excels at having an enthusiasm for words thanks to his love of reading and careful personality. It is these skills that draw Araki to him and prompt him to offer Majime a position in the dictionary editorial department. As Majime accepts his new position, he finds himself unsure of his abilities and questioning whether he will fit in with his new co-workers. Yet amid the vast sea of words, The Great Passage will bring them together. -- -- 91,862 7.64
Fune wo Amu -- -- Zexcs -- 11 eps -- Novel -- Slice of Life Drama Romance -- Fune wo Amu Fune wo Amu -- Kouhei Araki, a veteran editor of the dictionary editorial division at Genbu Publishing, plans to retire in order to better care for his ailing wife. However, before retiring, he must find a replacement to complete his latest project: a new dictionary called "The Great Passage." But no matter where he looks, he cannot find anyone suitable, as making a dictionary requires a wealth of patience, time, and dedication. -- -- Mitsuya Majime works in Genbu Publishing's sales division, yet he has poor social skills and an inability to read the mood in most situations. In spite of this, he excels at having an enthusiasm for words thanks to his love of reading and careful personality. It is these skills that draw Araki to him and prompt him to offer Majime a position in the dictionary editorial department. As Majime accepts his new position, he finds himself unsure of his abilities and questioning whether he will fit in with his new co-workers. Yet amid the vast sea of words, The Great Passage will bring them together. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Discotek Media -- 91,862 7.64
Gabriel DropOut -- -- Doga Kobo -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Comedy Demons Supernatural School Shounen -- Gabriel DropOut Gabriel DropOut -- For centuries, Heaven has required its young angels to live and study among humans in order to become full-fledged angels. This is no different for top-of-her-class Gabriel White Tenma, who believes it is her mission to be a great angel who will bring happiness to mankind. However, Gabriel grows addicted to video games on Earth and eventually becomes a hikikomori. Proclaiming herself a "Fallen Angel," she is apathetic to everything else—much to the annoyance of Vignette April Tsukinose, a demon whom Gabriel befriended in her angelic early days on Earth. -- -- Vignette's attempts to revert Gabriel back to her previous self are in vain, as Gabriel shoots down any attempt to change her precious lifestyle. As they spend their time on Earth, they meet two eccentric personalities: the angel Raphiel Ainsworth Shiraha, Gabriel's classmate with a penchant for sadism, and the demon Satanichia McDowell Kurumizawa, a clumsy self-proclaimed future ruler of the Underworld. -- -- Gabriel DropOut follows these four friends' comedic lives as they utterly fail to understand what it truly means to be a demon or an angel. -- -- 355,891 7.48
Gaikotsu Shotenin Honda-san -- -- DLE -- 12 eps -- Web manga -- Comedy Slice of Life -- Gaikotsu Shotenin Honda-san Gaikotsu Shotenin Honda-san -- Honda is a skeleton, but more importantly, he is a bookseller. And he'll tell you from firsthand experience that the job of a bookstore employee is more challenging than it may seem to the average customer. -- -- Alongside his equally eccentric coworkers, Honda constantly deals with the stressful requirements of the bookselling industry. From the drama of receiving new titles without their bonus material to the struggle of providing quality service to customers who speak a different language, the work of a skeleton bookseller never ends. -- -- Nevertheless, despite the hardships he faces, Honda thoroughly enjoys his job and strives to bring the best book selections and service to his customers. -- -- 87,875 7.32
Hibike! Euphonium 2 -- -- Kyoto Animation -- 13 eps -- Novel -- Music Drama School -- Hibike! Euphonium 2 Hibike! Euphonium 2 -- Following their success in the qualifying round for the Kansai regional competition, the members of the Kitauji High School concert band set their sights on the next upcoming performance. Utilizing their summer break to the utmost, the band participates in a camp where they are instructed by their band advisor Noboru Taki and his friends who make their living as professional musicians. -- -- Kumiko Oumae and her friends remain determined to attain gold at the Kansai competition, but trouble arises when a student who once quit the band shows interest in rejoining and sparks unpleasant memories for the second-year members. Kumiko also learns about her teacher's surprising past and the motivation behind his desire to lead the band to victory. Reaching nationals will require hard work, and the adamant conviction in each student's commitment to the band will be put to the test. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Ponycan USA -- 170,795 8.29
Hibike! Euphonium Movie 2: Todoketai Melody -- -- Kyoto Animation -- 1 ep -- Novel -- Drama Music School -- Hibike! Euphonium Movie 2: Todoketai Melody Hibike! Euphonium Movie 2: Todoketai Melody -- Following their success in the qualifying round for the Kansai regional competition, the members of the Kitauji High School concert band set their sights on the next upcoming performance. Utilizing their summer break to the utmost, the band participates in a camp where they are instructed by their band advisor Noboru Taki and his friends who make their living as professional musicians. -- -- Kumiko Oumae and her friends remain determined to attain gold at the Kansai competition, but trouble arises when a student who once quit the band shows interest in rejoining and sparks unpleasant memories for the second-year members. Kumiko also learns about her teacher's surprising past and the motivation behind his desire to lead the band to victory. Reaching nationals will require hard work, and the adamant conviction in each student's commitment to the band will be put to the test. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Eleven Arts -- Movie - Sep 30, 2017 -- 20,503 7.74
Hinomaruzumou -- -- Gonzo -- 24 eps -- Manga -- Martial Arts Shounen Sports -- Hinomaruzumou Hinomaruzumou -- In professional sumo, there are no weight classes. It's a savage sport where the strongest survive, and anyone willing to test their mettle can step into the ring. There is, however, a minimum size requirement to be a pro sumo wrestler, and young Hinomaru Ushio, incredibly talented and hardworking though he may be, does not meet that requirement. This small boy has big dreams of reaching the highest class of sumo, Hinoshita Kaisan. The only way he could possibly go pro is if he becomes the High School Yokozuna, a title given to the strongest wrestler in high school tournaments. -- -- Ushio is under a lot of pressure, as well as a time limit. If he can't show off his skills in the high school tournaments, he may lose his chance to go pro permanently, and the odds are stacked against him. Instead of enrolling in Ishigami High, the best school for sumo in Japan, he enrolls in Odachi High and must build a sumo club from the ground up with the one devout member Shinya Ozeki. Odachi High is the true underdog of the sumo world, but Ushio has to push forward with all his strength if he is going to make it professionally. -- -- 85,623 7.58
Human Lost: Ningen Shikkaku -- -- Polygon Pictures -- 1 ep -- Original -- Historical Psychological Drama Seinen -- Human Lost: Ningen Shikkaku Human Lost: Ningen Shikkaku -- "Mine has been a life of much shame." -- -- Tokyo, 2036 (Showa year 111): a revolution in medical treatment has conquered death... -- By means of internal nanomachines and the "S.H.E.L.L." system whose network controls them, human beings suffer no diseases, require no treatment for injuries, and are guaranteed a 120-year lifespan, free from illness. Yet this consummate social system warps the Japanese nation in a host of ways: unresolved economic disparities, ethical decadence resulting from deathlessness, grave environmental pollution, and the "Human Lost" phenomenon, in which people themselves, disconnected from the S.H.E.L.L. network, become malformed. Japan teeters wildly between two potential futures: civilization's restoration or its destruction. -- -- Atmospheric pollution suffuses "Route 16" in the Outside—the area outside the Route 16 beltway. Youzou Oba, who lives an idle, drug-saturated life, joins Masao Horiki, a mysterious man who associates with the drag-racing gangs, on an incursion Inside—the area within the Route 7 loop where the privileged class lives—only to be embroiled in a violent struggle. When he encounters a malformed sufferer of the Human Lost phenomenon, a "Lost," Youzou's life is saved by Yoshiko Hiiragi, a girl of mysterious abilities who belongs to the anti-Lost agency H.I.L.A.M., and he discovers that he himself also possesses extraordinary powers... -- -- Degradation and death. Life and hope. Buffeted by fate, a man tears himself apart and cries out. Rage. Sorrow. Pathos. Consumed by despair and bitter tears, Youzou Oba is himself transformed into a demon. A human lost... or a human who can find himself? -- -- (Source: Official Site) -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- Movie - Oct 22, 2019 -- 14,939 5.84
Hyakka Ryouran: Samurai Girls -- -- Arms -- 12 eps -- Light novel -- Action Harem Comedy Ecchi Samurai School -- Hyakka Ryouran: Samurai Girls Hyakka Ryouran: Samurai Girls -- With its gorgeous landscape and prosperous people, Great Japan is the envy of all other nations. But a serious threat hovers over the country. Mysterious guardians known as Master Samurai are Great Japan's only defense. -- -- At the behest of the student council, young samurai Muneakira Yagyuu arrives at Buou Academic School. Run by the Tokugawa Shogunate, here children of warriors are given aristocratic education required to run the country. The school is led by the student council president Yoshihiko Tokugawa and his sister Sen, who also happens to be Muneakira's childhood friend. -- -- Upon arriving at the academy, Muneakira finds himself in the midst of a terrible fight. During the chaos, the sky fills with a peculiar white light and a mysterious girl named Juubei Yagyuu appears and suddenly kisses Muneakira. With his kiss, she awakens an unknown power that protects them. -- -- Just who is this girl, and where did she come from? Muneakira finds himself entangled in the fate of the country and a threat that will shake Great Japan to its core. He must learn the secret behind the Master Samurai and the kiss that awakened Juubei's power in order to protect his country. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- TV - Sep 4, 2010 -- 154,911 6.81
Hyakka Ryouran: Samurai Girls -- -- Arms -- 12 eps -- Light novel -- Action Harem Comedy Ecchi Samurai School -- Hyakka Ryouran: Samurai Girls Hyakka Ryouran: Samurai Girls -- With its gorgeous landscape and prosperous people, Great Japan is the envy of all other nations. But a serious threat hovers over the country. Mysterious guardians known as Master Samurai are Great Japan's only defense. -- -- At the behest of the student council, young samurai Muneakira Yagyuu arrives at Buou Academic School. Run by the Tokugawa Shogunate, here children of warriors are given aristocratic education required to run the country. The school is led by the student council president Yoshihiko Tokugawa and his sister Sen, who also happens to be Muneakira's childhood friend. -- -- Upon arriving at the academy, Muneakira finds himself in the midst of a terrible fight. During the chaos, the sky fills with a peculiar white light and a mysterious girl named Juubei Yagyuu appears and suddenly kisses Muneakira. With his kiss, she awakens an unknown power that protects them. -- -- Just who is this girl, and where did she come from? Muneakira finds himself entangled in the fate of the country and a threat that will shake Great Japan to its core. He must learn the secret behind the Master Samurai and the kiss that awakened Juubei's power in order to protect his country. -- -- TV - Sep 4, 2010 -- 154,911 6.81
Hybrid Child -- -- Studio Deen -- 4 eps -- Manga -- Drama Historical Romance Sci-Fi Shounen Ai -- Hybrid Child Hybrid Child -- The skilled craftsman Kuroda created artificial humans called Hybrid Child—creatures who are neither machines nor dolls, but rather a reflection of the love shown to them. While they can feel human emotions and have their own consciousness, they are not real humans and require love to grow. -- -- Kotarou Izumi is the young heir to the noble Izumi family, so it is frowned upon when he brings an abandoned Hybrid Child he found in the garbage into their household. His family even attempts to throw away Hazuki—Kotarou's name for the Hybrid Child—multiple times when he is not paying attention. But through overcoming these obstacles, their love and the bond connecting them grow stronger. However, ten years pass before a horrifying realization dawns on them: a Hybrid Child might not have an endless life span. -- -- Hybrid Child is a collection of three short love stories, depicting the relationship between the artificial humans and their owners. -- -- OVA - Oct 29, 2014 -- 63,832 7.65
Inu x Boku SS -- -- David Production -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Comedy Supernatural Romance Shounen -- Inu x Boku SS Inu x Boku SS -- Ririchiyo Shirakiin is the sheltered daughter of a renowned family. With her petite build and wealthy status, Ririchiyo has been a protected and dependent girl her entire life, but now she has decided to change all that. However, there is just one problem—the young girl has a sharp tongue she can't control, and terrible communication skills. -- -- With some help from a childhood friend, Ririchiyo takes up residence in Maison de Ayakashi, a secluded high-security apartment complex that, as the unsociable 15-year-old soon discovers, is home to a host of bizarre individuals. Furthermore, their quirky personalities are not the strangest things about them: each inhabitant of the Maison de Ayakashi, including Ririchiyo, is actually half-human, half-youkai. -- -- But Ririchiyo's troubles have only just begun. As a requirement of staying in her new home, she must be accompanied by a Secret Service agent. Ririchiyo's new partner, Soushi Miketsukami, is handsome, quiet... but ridiculously clingy and creepily submissive. With Soushi, her new supernatural neighbors, and the beginning of high school, Ririchiyo definitely seems to have a difficult path ahead of her. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- TV - Jan 13, 2012 -- 416,781 7.45
Inu x Boku SS -- -- David Production -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Comedy Supernatural Romance Shounen -- Inu x Boku SS Inu x Boku SS -- Ririchiyo Shirakiin is the sheltered daughter of a renowned family. With her petite build and wealthy status, Ririchiyo has been a protected and dependent girl her entire life, but now she has decided to change all that. However, there is just one problem—the young girl has a sharp tongue she can't control, and terrible communication skills. -- -- With some help from a childhood friend, Ririchiyo takes up residence in Maison de Ayakashi, a secluded high-security apartment complex that, as the unsociable 15-year-old soon discovers, is home to a host of bizarre individuals. Furthermore, their quirky personalities are not the strangest things about them: each inhabitant of the Maison de Ayakashi, including Ririchiyo, is actually half-human, half-youkai. -- -- But Ririchiyo's troubles have only just begun. As a requirement of staying in her new home, she must be accompanied by a Secret Service agent. Ririchiyo's new partner, Soushi Miketsukami, is handsome, quiet... but ridiculously clingy and creepily submissive. With Soushi, her new supernatural neighbors, and the beginning of high school, Ririchiyo definitely seems to have a difficult path ahead of her. -- -- TV - Jan 13, 2012 -- 416,781 7.45
Isekai no Seikishi Monogatari -- -- AIC Spirits, BeSTACK -- 13 eps -- Original -- Action Comedy Ecchi Fantasy Harem Mecha School -- Isekai no Seikishi Monogatari Isekai no Seikishi Monogatari -- Kenshi Masaki has been kidnapped and brought to the world of Geminar by a mysterious group. To get back home, he agrees to help them assassinate the newly crowned empress of the Shtrayu Empire, Lashara Aasu XXVIII, using a giant robot called a Sacred Mechanoid. -- -- As her army fights them off, Lashara takes note of Kenshi's abilities and demands that her attacker be captured alive, only to find out that the pilot is male which is extremely rare on Geminar. Believing it to be a waste to kill him, she makes Kenshi her attendant. -- -- As the empress' new servant, Kenshi is required to accompany Lashara to the Holy Land, an academy where Sacred Mechanoid pilots hone their skills. His arrival attracts attention, but Kenshi is unaware that something sinister is brewing within the academy and it could plunge the entire world into war. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- OVA - May 22, 2009 -- 162,473 7.83
Isekai no Seikishi Monogatari -- -- AIC Spirits, BeSTACK -- 13 eps -- Original -- Action Comedy Ecchi Fantasy Harem Mecha School -- Isekai no Seikishi Monogatari Isekai no Seikishi Monogatari -- Kenshi Masaki has been kidnapped and brought to the world of Geminar by a mysterious group. To get back home, he agrees to help them assassinate the newly crowned empress of the Shtrayu Empire, Lashara Aasu XXVIII, using a giant robot called a Sacred Mechanoid. -- -- As her army fights them off, Lashara takes note of Kenshi's abilities and demands that her attacker be captured alive, only to find out that the pilot is male which is extremely rare on Geminar. Believing it to be a waste to kill him, she makes Kenshi her attendant. -- -- As the empress' new servant, Kenshi is required to accompany Lashara to the Holy Land, an academy where Sacred Mechanoid pilots hone their skills. His arrival attracts attention, but Kenshi is unaware that something sinister is brewing within the academy and it could plunge the entire world into war. -- -- OVA - May 22, 2009 -- 162,473 7.83
Jinrui wa Suitai Shimashita -- -- AIC ASTA -- 12 eps -- Light novel -- Adventure Comedy Fantasy -- Jinrui wa Suitai Shimashita Jinrui wa Suitai Shimashita -- Because of the constantly declining birth rates over many decades, human civilization is all but extinct. With only a few humans remaining, they survive in this post-apocalyptic world with what was left behind by the previous generations. Earth is now dominated by fairies, tiny creatures with extremely advanced technology, an obsession with candy, and a complete disregard for human safety. -- -- A young girl who has just finished her studies returns to her hometown and is designated as an official United Nations arbitrator. Her duty is to serve as a link between mankind and fairies, reassuring each side that both races can live together peacefully. She imagines this task will be easy enough, but controlling the disasters created by the oblivious fairies in their pursuit of candy will require a lot more effort than she initially believes. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- TV - Jul 2, 2012 -- 161,405 7.77
Jinrui wa Suitai Shimashita -- -- AIC ASTA -- 12 eps -- Light novel -- Adventure Comedy Fantasy -- Jinrui wa Suitai Shimashita Jinrui wa Suitai Shimashita -- Because of the constantly declining birth rates over many decades, human civilization is all but extinct. With only a few humans remaining, they survive in this post-apocalyptic world with what was left behind by the previous generations. Earth is now dominated by fairies, tiny creatures with extremely advanced technology, an obsession with candy, and a complete disregard for human safety. -- -- A young girl who has just finished her studies returns to her hometown and is designated as an official United Nations arbitrator. Her duty is to serve as a link between mankind and fairies, reassuring each side that both races can live together peacefully. She imagines this task will be easy enough, but controlling the disasters created by the oblivious fairies in their pursuit of candy will require a lot more effort than she initially believes. -- -- TV - Jul 2, 2012 -- 161,405 7.77
Kikou Kantai Dairugger XV -- -- Toei Animation -- 52 eps -- - -- Action Sci-Fi Adventure Space Mecha Shounen -- Kikou Kantai Dairugger XV Kikou Kantai Dairugger XV -- In the original storyline as aired in Japan, Dairugger XV was simply an exploration robot, as well as an intended peace-keeping force. The Earth is in a time of prosperity. The president of the Terran League (the "Galaxy Alliance" in Voltron) launches a mission to explore beyond the galaxy. After commencing its mission of exploration, the starship Rugger-Guard is attacked by a ship of the Galbeston Empire. Dairugger, the super robot, is deployed in order to defend the Earth. It is somewhat by fate that they must help the people of Galbeston find a new planet before it explodes, and liberate it from its despotic Emperor. In the Japanese version, it does not have anything to do with King of the Beasts GoLion, as opposed to the U.S. version, Voltron: Defender of the Universe. -- -- There are three assault team units: Land, Air, and Sea. There are a total of 15 parts referred to as "Rugger," which can combine together to form the super-robot Dairugger. The design of the 15 separate Rugger units came from the sport of rugby, since 15 players are required to form a rugby union. The U.S. version would rename the "Galbeston Empire" to "Drule Empire," along with editing a fair amount of violence and sexual content to keep the show safe for general audience broadcast. -- -- (Source: Wikipedia) -- -- TV - Mar 3, 1982 -- 2,020 6.40
Kino no Tabi: The Beautiful World - Tou no Kuni - Free Lance -- -- A.C.G.T. -- 1 ep -- Light novel -- Adventure Psychological Fantasy -- Kino no Tabi: The Beautiful World - Tou no Kuni - Free Lance Kino no Tabi: The Beautiful World - Tou no Kuni - Free Lance -- Waking up from a nap, Kino is relieved to see that a certain tower from afar is still proudly standing. Located in the heart of the Tower Country, the immensely tall tower stretches high into the sky, reaching seemingly infinite heights. The tower looks like something out of a dream, but the breathtaking construction is unmistakably real. Intrigued, the traveling partners Kino and Hermes—the talking motorcycle—journey to the tower to get a closer look at the building. -- -- Despite already being unbelievably tall, the tower is still being built by the townspeople to this day. Puzzled by the origins of the tower, Kino and Hermes ask around the town for information, but they fail to obtain any definitive answer. They continue to observe both the tower and the townspeople during their stay, hoping to understand the reasoning behind building a tower that requires so much effort. After all, there is always something to learn... even from the strangest of countries. -- -- Special - Oct 19, 2005 -- 33,066 7.60
Little Witch Academia: Mahoujikake no Parade -- -- Trigger -- 1 ep -- Original -- Adventure Comedy Magic Fantasy School -- Little Witch Academia: Mahoujikake no Parade Little Witch Academia: Mahoujikake no Parade -- You can tell witch training is not going swimmingly for the young sorceresses Akko, Lotte, and Sucy—they face expulsion for screwing up one class too many, and their only way out is if they successfully organize their academy's annual parade through a nearby town. But when they stumble upon the momentous discovery that the objective of the parade is to humiliate witches and commemorate their past subjugation, Akko decides it is time for a change: It is time to show the world how fantastic modern witches truly are! However, with the other girls struggling to keep up with Akko's grandiose ambitions, and everything from mischievous boys to slumbering giants getting in their way, maybe pulling it off will require not only all the magical prowess the pupils of Luna Nova Magical Academy can muster, but also a miracle. -- -- Movie - Oct 9, 2015 -- 147,201 7.78
Mahoutsukai ni Taisetsu na Koto: Natsu no Sora -- -- Hal Film Maker -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Slice of Life Drama Magic Romance Shounen -- Mahoutsukai ni Taisetsu na Koto: Natsu no Sora Mahoutsukai ni Taisetsu na Koto: Natsu no Sora -- Get ready for a second magical journey to the world of Someday's Dreamers, where spellcasting is a profession that requires both the proper training AND a license. It's to get that license and fulfill a promise made to her late father that young Sora Suzuki has made the long journey from her distant home in the countryside town of Biei to the big city of Tokyo. It's a daunting challenge, but she's got a little bit of talent, a charming personality and, most important of all, the promise of an internship! What she ISN'T expecting, though, is how different life in the city will be, especially the people themselves. While she gets along with the confident Asagi, Kuroda and the gentle Hiyori, she's completely confused with the mysterious boy Gouta. And yet, as a result of their internships they keep ending up in the same situations and slowly learning to understand more about each other than they ever imagined possible! -- -- (Source: Sentai Filmworks) -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- TV - Jul 3, 2008 -- 22,704 7.28
Mahoutsukai ni Taisetsu na Koto: Natsu no Sora -- -- Hal Film Maker -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Slice of Life Drama Magic Romance Shounen -- Mahoutsukai ni Taisetsu na Koto: Natsu no Sora Mahoutsukai ni Taisetsu na Koto: Natsu no Sora -- Get ready for a second magical journey to the world of Someday's Dreamers, where spellcasting is a profession that requires both the proper training AND a license. It's to get that license and fulfill a promise made to her late father that young Sora Suzuki has made the long journey from her distant home in the countryside town of Biei to the big city of Tokyo. It's a daunting challenge, but she's got a little bit of talent, a charming personality and, most important of all, the promise of an internship! What she ISN'T expecting, though, is how different life in the city will be, especially the people themselves. While she gets along with the confident Asagi, Kuroda and the gentle Hiyori, she's completely confused with the mysterious boy Gouta. And yet, as a result of their internships they keep ending up in the same situations and slowly learning to understand more about each other than they ever imagined possible! -- -- (Source: Sentai Filmworks) -- TV - Jul 3, 2008 -- 22,704 7.28
Maken-Ki! -- -- AIC Spirits -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Action Ecchi Harem Martial Arts School Super Power -- Maken-Ki! Maken-Ki! -- Based on the manga series by Hiromitsu Takeda, this romantic comedy is about Takeru Ohyama, a typical perverted teenage boy. His new school doesn't require entrance exams, and it just turned co-ed! Unfortunately, his dreams of a happy high school life are dashed when he finds out the school is much more than it seems. All of the students wield a special item—a Maken—to unleash their magical abilities in duels! Can Takeru find a Maken that works for him? Even while trying to fit in at a new school and dealing with all kinds of girl problems? -- -- (Source: FUNimation) -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- TV - Oct 5, 2011 -- 224,128 6.39
Munto -- -- Kyoto Animation -- 1 ep -- Original -- Fantasy Magic Romance -- Munto Munto -- Above Earth, invisible to humans, float the Heavens—a collection of floating island kingdoms supported by the magic of their godlike inhabitants. The mysterious power source known as Akuto enables this magic to exist, but this is quickly running out. In response to this energy crisis, most of the kingdoms in the Heavens agree to use the minimum amount of Akuto required to sustain themselves, except for the Magical Kingdom. The leader of this kingdom, the Magical King Munto, believes that Akuto can be replenished if he travels to Earth and meets a mysterious girl shown to him by a seer. While Munto sets off on the dangerous journey, the other kingdoms attempt to destroy the Magical Kingdom and acquire the remaining Akuto for themselves. -- -- On Earth, Yumemi Hidaka is dealing with her own problems. She can see floating islands in the sky that nobody else can. While her best friend Ichiko Ono believes her, Yumemi wonders if she is going insane. When Munto suddenly appears before her, Yumemi dismisses him as a mere delusion. She is more concerned about her 13-year-old friend Suzume Imamura, who is attempting to elope with her delinquent boyfriend. As the Magical Kingdom nears the point where it will fall from the sky, Munto's quest to save both the Heavens and Earth grows increasingly desperate. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Central Park Media -- OVA - Mar 18, 2003 -- 18,005 6.82
Naruto: Shippuuden Movie 2 - Kizuna -- -- Studio Pierrot -- 1 ep -- Manga -- Action Supernatural Martial Arts Shounen -- Naruto: Shippuuden Movie 2 - Kizuna Naruto: Shippuuden Movie 2 - Kizuna -- Unleashing a devastating surprise attack, flying ninjas from the Land of Sky are seeking revenge against their old enemy Konohagakure. Despite his eagerness to join the fight, Naruto Uzumaki is held up by Shinnou, a mysterious doctor who requires his assistance to save an injured person. While delivering the wounded man to the hospital, Naruto has an unexpected encounter with Amaru—a stormy youngster from a neighboring village desperately looking for Shinnou's help. -- -- Meanwhile, as the invaders withdraw to restore their forces, Tsunade seizes the opportunity to dispatch a small team including Sai, Shikamaru Nara, and Kakashi Hatake to strike down their base. Simultaneously, she commissions Naruto, Sakura Haruno, and Hinata Hyuuga to accompany Shinnou and Amaru on their journey. During this time, however, Orochimaru has his own schemes: he orders Sasuke Uchiha to bring him the doctor who specializes in the reincarnation technique. -- -- As the escort group accidentally uncovers the sinister truth behind the attacks, tumultuous plans are set in motion. But even when confronted with an unforeseen reunion, Naruto does not waver in his endeavor to end the warfare and its disastrous effects. -- -- -- Licensor: -- VIZ Media -- Movie - Aug 2, 2008 -- 196,733 7.28
Naruto: Shippuuden Movie 2 - Kizuna -- -- Studio Pierrot -- 1 ep -- Manga -- Action Supernatural Martial Arts Shounen -- Naruto: Shippuuden Movie 2 - Kizuna Naruto: Shippuuden Movie 2 - Kizuna -- Unleashing a devastating surprise attack, flying ninjas from the Land of Sky are seeking revenge against their old enemy Konohagakure. Despite his eagerness to join the fight, Naruto Uzumaki is held up by Shinnou, a mysterious doctor who requires his assistance to save an injured person. While delivering the wounded man to the hospital, Naruto has an unexpected encounter with Amaru—a stormy youngster from a neighboring village desperately looking for Shinnou's help. -- -- Meanwhile, as the invaders withdraw to restore their forces, Tsunade seizes the opportunity to dispatch a small team including Sai, Shikamaru Nara, and Kakashi Hatake to strike down their base. Simultaneously, she commissions Naruto, Sakura Haruno, and Hinata Hyuuga to accompany Shinnou and Amaru on their journey. During this time, however, Orochimaru has his own schemes: he orders Sasuke Uchiha to bring him the doctor who specializes in the reincarnation technique. -- -- As the escort group accidentally uncovers the sinister truth behind the attacks, tumultuous plans are set in motion. But even when confronted with an unforeseen reunion, Naruto does not waver in his endeavor to end the warfare and its disastrous effects. -- -- Movie - Aug 2, 2008 -- 196,733 7.28
Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt -- -- Gainax -- 13 eps -- Original -- Action Comedy Parody Supernatural Ecchi -- Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt -- The "Anarchy Sisters," Panty and Stocking, have been kicked out of Heaven for, to put it mildly, misbehaving. Led by a priest named Garterbelt, these angels must buy their way back by exterminating ghosts in Daten City. But this task requires unconventional weapons for these unorthodox angels—they transform their lingerie into weapons to dispatch the spirits. Unfortunately, neither of them take their duties seriously, as they rather spend their time in pursuit of other "hobbies": Panty prefers to sleep with anything that walks, and Stocking favors stuffing her face with sweets than hunting ghosts. -- -- Follow these two unruly angels as they battle ghosts, an overflow of bodily fluids, and their own tendency to get side-tracked in Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- TV - Oct 2, 2010 -- 303,865 7.72
Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt -- -- Gainax -- 13 eps -- Original -- Action Comedy Parody Supernatural Ecchi -- Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt -- The "Anarchy Sisters," Panty and Stocking, have been kicked out of Heaven for, to put it mildly, misbehaving. Led by a priest named Garterbelt, these angels must buy their way back by exterminating ghosts in Daten City. But this task requires unconventional weapons for these unorthodox angels—they transform their lingerie into weapons to dispatch the spirits. Unfortunately, neither of them take their duties seriously, as they rather spend their time in pursuit of other "hobbies": Panty prefers to sleep with anything that walks, and Stocking favors stuffing her face with sweets than hunting ghosts. -- -- Follow these two unruly angels as they battle ghosts, an overflow of bodily fluids, and their own tendency to get side-tracked in Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt. -- -- TV - Oct 2, 2010 -- 303,865 7.72
Pokemon Sun & Moon -- -- OLM -- 146 eps -- Game -- Action Game Kids Fantasy School -- Pokemon Sun & Moon Pokemon Sun & Moon -- After his mother wins a free trip to the islands, Pokemon trainer Satoshi and his partner Pikachu head for Melemele Island of the beautiful Alola region, which is filled with lots of new Pokemon and even variations of familiar faces. Eager to explore the island, Satoshi and Pikachu run wild with excitement, quickly losing their way while chasing after a Pokemon. The pair eventually stumbles upon the Pokemon School, an institution where students come to learn more about these fascinating creatures. -- -- At the school, when he and one of the students—the no-nonsense Kaki—have a run-in with the nefarious thugs of Team Skull, Satoshi discovers the overwhelming might of the Z-Moves, powerful attacks originating from the Alola region that require the trainer and Pokemon to be in sync. Later that night, he and Pikachu have an encounter with the guardian deity Pokemon of Melemele Island, the mysterious Kapu Kokeko. The Pokemon of legend bestows upon them a Z-Ring, a necessary tool in using the Z-Moves. Dazzled by his earlier battle and now in possession of a Z-Ring, Satoshi and Pikachu decide to stay behind in the Alola Region to learn and master the strength of these powerful new attacks. -- -- Enrolling in the Pokemon School, Satoshi is joined by classmates such as Lillie, who loves Pokemon but cannot bring herself to touch them, Kaki, and many others. Between attending classes, fending off the pesky Team Rocket—who themselves have arrived in Alola to pave the way for their organization's future plans—and taking on the Island Challenge that is necessary to master the Z-Moves, Satoshi and Pikachu are in for an exciting new adventure. -- -- -- Licensor: -- The Pokemon Company International -- 71,531 6.82
Re:Stage! Dream Days♪ -- -- Graphinica, Yumeta Company -- 12 eps -- Other -- Music School Slice of Life -- Re:Stage! Dream Days♪ Re:Stage! Dream Days♪ -- Mana Shikimiya has just transferred into Marehoshi Academy, a school which requires each of its students to join one of the many sports or cultural clubs. After a quick tour of most of the clubs by the Student Council Vice President Minori Hasegawa, Mana stumbles upon the Lyrical Tradition Dance Club. There she meets its sole members: Mizuha Ichikishima and Sayu Tsukisaka. Drawn to their singing and dancing, Mana joins the club and together they work towards their dream of winning the Prism Stage—a national competition to determine the top idols of the country. -- -- However, before Mana and her new friends can worry about the Prism Stage, there is a more immediate problem at hand: the club is about to be disbanded by the student council! Without enough members or any notable achievements, the club will be shut down and the members' dreams will be over before they've begun to pursue them. It's up to the three of them to find the additional club members they need and become an idol group strong enough to qualify for the Prism Stage and to win it as well. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- 8,391 6.69
Sei Juushi Bismarck -- -- Studio Pierrot -- 51 eps -- Original -- Action Sci-Fi Adventure Space Mecha -- Sei Juushi Bismarck Sei Juushi Bismarck -- In the distant future, humanity has explored beyond Earth and colonized both the inner and outer planets of the Solar System. In order to protect the colonies and maintain law and order in the solar system, the Earth Federation Government (EFG) was created. Soon, many settlers started to resent the EFG's and its sphere of influence, straining the relationship between the central government and the colonies. -- -- While a strained peace was being forged between Earth and the colonies, a race of non-human creatures known as Deathcula invaded the System. Without provocation, they attacked the colonies and killed many of the colonists. The EFG quickly realized that the Deathcula were technologically superior and their forces were hopelessly matched. In order to have a chance at survival, Dr. Charles Louvre developed a transformable starship known as the Bismarck. -- -- Knowing that an advanced team of specialists were required to operate the Bismarck, four individuals came together and were charged with keeping the outer colonies safe from further Deathcula attacks. -- -- (Source: Wikipedia) -- TV - Oct 7, 1984 -- 4,537 7.22
Seisai -- -- Y.O.U.C -- 2 eps -- Visual novel -- Dementia Fantasy Hentai Horror -- Seisai Seisai -- A horrible murder has been committed on the grounds of Nankai Academy. Professor Yuko, one of the school's most popular teachers, died when she was pushed off of the roof of one of the school's buildings. Her death has left her students with feelings of confusion, pain, and above all else... anger. Four of her male students, Masayoshi, Daisuke, Mitsuru and Shinya, are determined to uncover the truth. They soon discover an important clue: Professor Yuko's planner had been marked on the very night she was killed... marked with the names of seven girls. -- -- With this evidence, the boys begin their investigations... and they'll use any method required in order to find the murderer. Through rape, manipulation and torture, they uncover important details, but piecing the puzzle together won't be easy. And the longer their search draws on, the more they feel themselves being overtaken by their own dark desires... Will they ever find out the truth behind Yuko's death? -- -- (Source: ANN) -- OVA - Jan 10, 2003 -- 3,325 5.38
Skate-Leading☆Stars -- -- J.C.Staff -- 12 eps -- Original -- Comedy Drama School Sports -- Skate-Leading☆Stars Skate-Leading☆Stars -- Child figure skating prodigy Kensei Maeshima abruptly quits the sport after his one-sided rival, Reo Shinozaki, refuses to acknowledge his skill. Now, as a student at Inodai High School, Kensei uses his athletic skills to assist the other sports teams, but he never officially joins one. One day, Reo announces his switch from singles figure skating into team-based skate-leading and joins St. Clavis Gakuin High School—last year's Grand Prix champions. Hayato Sasugai, a classmate with a mysterious connection to Reo, convinces Kensei to switch to skate-leading in order to finally defeat his rival in a competition. -- -- Kensei’s sudden entry into the Inodai Skate-Leading Club is met with backlash from the current members. Although he is a very strong singles skater, Kensei lacks the teamwork skills required to perform well in skate-leading. Factoring in his hot-headed, impatient attitude, inconsistent skating performances, and a complicated history with some of the members, Kensei's teammates do not believe he is a good fit to be their "Lead." The team must work together to resolve these issues, however, if they wish to qualify for the Grand Prix Finals and even stand a chance at defeating St. Clavis Gakuin. -- -- 26,761 6.37
SK∞ -- -- Bones -- 12 eps -- Original -- Comedy Sports -- SK∞ SK∞ -- High school student Reki Kyan is passionate about one thing: skateboarding. When night falls, he heads to "S," an illegal underground race inside a mine where skaters compete in highly dangerous situations. After a loss that results in his skateboard being destroyed and his arm being broken, Reki is now incapable of practicing at all. -- -- While working, Reki runs into his new classmate, Langa Hasegawa, a half-Canadian and half-Japanese boy with no skateboarding experience whatsoever. Langa is in desperate need of money. After they both visit "S" when tasked by Reki's boss, they get into trouble and are forced into a bet that requires Langa to skate in a race. However, the mysterious transfer student holds a trump card that Reki is unaware of, one which might help him win the race in the most unexpected way. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Aniplex of America -- 245,982 8.03
Sora no Momotarou -- -- - -- 1 ep -- Original -- Military Adventure Comedy -- Sora no Momotarou Sora no Momotarou -- Momotaro has been requested to fight off the Wild Eagle enemy which has suddenly appeared. He takes to the skies in his airplane, accompanied by a dog, a monkey , and a pheasant, and heads for an island some 10,000 kilometers away. One of the island people promises to prepare the two refuels that the plane requires during its flight to the island. The first refuel will be found on a giant tortoise shell, and the second is a refuel station especially positioned on the back of a whale which will come to surface. Momotaro's plane is attacked by the Wild Eagle out of the blue as it approaches the island, but after an exciting dogfight in the air, he successfully fights off the enemy. -- -- (Source: ANN) -- Movie - Oct 1, 1931 -- 1,073 5.14
Steamboy -- -- Studio 4°C, Sunrise -- 1 ep -- Original -- Action Military Sci-Fi Adventure Historical Drama -- Steamboy Steamboy -- Ray is a young wunderkind inventor living in Victorian England. His life is turned upside down when he receives a special package hailing from the United States, sent by his grandfather, Lloyd Steam. The package contains a device called a Steam Ball, a device so powerful that it can drive any machine that requires steam with a nearly limitless amount of energy. -- -- Ray is instructed to not let the Steam Ball fall into the wrong hands, which include the mighty O'Hara Foundation, who desperately want to bring the Steam Ball back into their control so they can achieve their less than noble goals. -- -- He will need to use every bit of his brilliance in order to dodge the countless goons that are sent to snatch the device from him. It will be a battle between good and evil, a battle for redemption, a battle for the future! -- -- Licensor: -- Sony Pictures Entertainment -- Movie - Jul 17, 2004 -- 67,126 7.35
Steamboy -- -- Studio 4°C, Sunrise -- 1 ep -- Original -- Action Military Sci-Fi Adventure Historical Drama -- Steamboy Steamboy -- Ray is a young wunderkind inventor living in Victorian England. His life is turned upside down when he receives a special package hailing from the United States, sent by his grandfather, Lloyd Steam. The package contains a device called a Steam Ball, a device so powerful that it can drive any machine that requires steam with a nearly limitless amount of energy. -- -- Ray is instructed to not let the Steam Ball fall into the wrong hands, which include the mighty O'Hara Foundation, who desperately want to bring the Steam Ball back into their control so they can achieve their less than noble goals. -- -- He will need to use every bit of his brilliance in order to dodge the countless goons that are sent to snatch the device from him. It will be a battle between good and evil, a battle for redemption, a battle for the future! -- Movie - Jul 17, 2004 -- 67,126 7.35
Summer Wars -- -- Madhouse -- 1 ep -- Original -- Sci-Fi Comedy -- Summer Wars Summer Wars -- OZ, a virtual world connected to the internet, has become extremely popular worldwide as a spot for people to engage in a large variety of activities, such as playing sports or shopping, through avatars created and customized by the user. OZ also possesses a near impenetrable security due to its strong encryption, ensuring that any personal data transmitted through the networks will be kept safe in order to protect those who use it. Because of its convenient applications, the majority of society has become highly dependent on the simulated reality, even going as far as entrusting the system with bringing back the unmanned asteroid explorer, Arawashi. -- -- Kenji Koiso is a 17-year-old math genius and part-time OZ moderator who is invited by his crush Natsuki Shinohara on a summer trip. But unbeknownst to him, this adventure requires him to act as her fiancé. Shortly after arriving at Natsuki's family's estate, which is preparing for her great-grandmother's 90th birthday, he receives a strange, coded message on his cell phone from an unknown sender who challenges him to solve it. Kenji is able to crack the code, but little does he know that his math expertise has just put Earth in great danger. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation, GKIDS, Warner Bros. Japan -- Movie - Aug 1, 2009 -- 435,444 8.08
Taimanin Asagi 2 -- -- T-Rex -- 2 eps -- Visual novel -- Demons Hentai Supernatural -- Taimanin Asagi 2 Taimanin Asagi 2 -- One year has passed since the Chaos Arena was destroyed, Asagi and Sakura were presently on an abandoned street on a man-made island that floated on top of Tokyo Bay. It was an enormous box-shaped island built by the government and referred to as "Tokyo Kingdom." -- -- There was hope that it would become a second city center floating at sea, but it had failed to attract businesses. -- -- The only way of getting to and from the island was through Honshu Island over the 10 kilometer Tokyo Kingdom bridge. Unfortunately, this narrow route was the means in which the inhabitants of hell found their way onto the island, luring anarchists, criminals, and even illegal immigrants there, transforming the streets of the sea bound city into a world-renowned haven for danger. -- -- However abandoned the streets were, order did exist in such a place despite it being a breeding place of crime. -- -- There was a business district at the heart as well as one of Asia's greatest prostitute grottoes. Whether or not it was only the strong who survived, the viability of living there required one not to be careless in making friends with the strong. -- -- (Source: Dark Translations) -- OVA - Oct 30, 2015 -- 6,687 6.30
Tanaka-kun wa Itsumo Kedaruge -- -- SILVER LINK. -- 12 eps -- Web manga -- Slice of Life Comedy School -- Tanaka-kun wa Itsumo Kedaruge Tanaka-kun wa Itsumo Kedaruge -- For high school student Tanaka, the act of being listless is a way of life. Known for his inattentiveness and ability to fall asleep anywhere, Tanaka prays that each day will be as uneventful as the last, seeking to preserve his lazy lifestyle however he can by avoiding situations that require him to exert himself. Along with his dependable friend Oota who helps him with tasks he is unable to accomplish, the lethargic teenager constantly deals with events that prevent him from experiencing the quiet and peaceful days he longs for. -- -- 332,661 7.89
Tanaka-kun wa Itsumo Kedaruge -- -- SILVER LINK. -- 12 eps -- Web manga -- Slice of Life Comedy School -- Tanaka-kun wa Itsumo Kedaruge Tanaka-kun wa Itsumo Kedaruge -- For high school student Tanaka, the act of being listless is a way of life. Known for his inattentiveness and ability to fall asleep anywhere, Tanaka prays that each day will be as uneventful as the last, seeking to preserve his lazy lifestyle however he can by avoiding situations that require him to exert himself. Along with his dependable friend Oota who helps him with tasks he is unable to accomplish, the lethargic teenager constantly deals with events that prevent him from experiencing the quiet and peaceful days he longs for. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- 332,661 7.89
Tate no Yuusha no Nariagari Season 3 -- -- - -- ? eps -- Light novel -- Action Adventure Drama Fantasy -- Tate no Yuusha no Nariagari Season 3 Tate no Yuusha no Nariagari Season 3 -- Third season of Tate no Yuusha no Nariagari. -- TV - ??? ??, ???? -- 127,135 N/ADragon Ball Z Movie 15: Fukkatsu no "F" -- -- Toei Animation -- 1 ep -- Manga -- Action Adventure Comedy Super Power Martial Arts Fantasy Shounen -- Dragon Ball Z Movie 15: Fukkatsu no "F" Dragon Ball Z Movie 15: Fukkatsu no "F" -- Earth is finally peaceful again, but this calm is short-lived. The remnants of Frieza's army, led by Sorbet and his right hand Tagoma, arrive on Earth in order to summon Shen Long with the goal of resurrecting their old master. To do so, they threaten Emperor Pilaf, Shuu, and Mai for the Dragon Balls in their possession. -- -- Once successfully revived, Frieza—who had been stoking his hatred for Gokuu Son and Future Trunks in Hell—proclaims that he will not be content until they are dead by his hand. Sorbet informs him that Future Trunks has not been heard of in years, and Gokuu's power has far surpassed even that of the mighty Majin Buu. Unfazed, Frieza responds that he only requires a few months of training before being capable of defeating Gokuu. -- -- Will Frieza be able to exact revenge upon his nemesis, or will Gokuu, Vegeta, and their friends prevail against adversity, saving Earth once more? -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- Movie - Apr 18, 2015 -- 126,747 7.09
Tejina-senpai -- -- LIDENFILMS -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Comedy Ecchi School Seinen -- Tejina-senpai Tejina-senpai -- Starting his new term at Tanenashi High School, an unmotivated freshman searches for a club that requires minimal participation to suit his needs. He then comes across the magic clubroom, and inside is a cute upperclassman practicing her magic tricks. Suffering from stage fright that causes her to slip up in her acts, she has a tendency to end up in the most embarrassing situations. Despite having little interest in a club run by an incapable magician, the freshman finds himself involved as a new member, experiencing all sorts of awkward moments with his eccentric mentor. -- -- 185,401 6.46
Top Secret: The Revelation -- -- Madhouse -- 26 eps -- Manga -- Sci-Fi Mystery Police Psychological Shoujo -- Top Secret: The Revelation Top Secret: The Revelation -- A newly developed method allows to display the memories of dead people. It is used to solve difficult murder cases. But at what cost? What of the dead's privacy as strangers poke about in their most private memories? What about the effects the imageries may have on the persons whose jobs require going through psychotic murderers' minds and experience whatever emotions and feelings these murderers felt as they skin and disembowel their victims? -- -- (Source: Adapted from manga description) -- TV - Apr 9, 2008 -- 16,796 7.32
Ueki no Housoku -- -- Studio Deen -- 51 eps -- Manga -- Action Adventure Comedy Super Power Supernatural Drama Shounen -- Ueki no Housoku Ueki no Housoku -- Unbeknownst to most humans, a bizarre tournament is held to decide the next ruler of the Heavenly World. In this tournament, 100 Heavenly Beings known as the "God Candidates" are required to search among the middle school students on Earth, and transfer their powers to a student of their choice. The chosen ones will then battle each other, representing their God Candidates. The victor of this tournament will be awarded the "Blank Talent"—allowing them to choose any one unique ability they so desire—while the God Candidate they represent will obtain the position of "God" and become the king of the Heavenly World. -- -- Participating in this grand tournament is Kousuke Ueki, a middle school student who is given the power to turn trash into trees by his homeroom teacher, Kobayashi. Despite the concerns of his classmate, Ai Mori, Ueki embarks on a journey to pursue his own sense of justice after witnessing the people around him misusing their powers for selfish purposes. But as he encounters talented power users such as Seiichirou Sano, Rinko Jerrard, Robert Haydn, and Hideyoshi Soya, he realizes that achieving his goal might be harder than it seems. -- -- 99,429 7.76
Ueki no Housoku -- -- Studio Deen -- 51 eps -- Manga -- Action Adventure Comedy Super Power Supernatural Drama Shounen -- Ueki no Housoku Ueki no Housoku -- Unbeknownst to most humans, a bizarre tournament is held to decide the next ruler of the Heavenly World. In this tournament, 100 Heavenly Beings known as the "God Candidates" are required to search among the middle school students on Earth, and transfer their powers to a student of their choice. The chosen ones will then battle each other, representing their God Candidates. The victor of this tournament will be awarded the "Blank Talent"—allowing them to choose any one unique ability they so desire—while the God Candidate they represent will obtain the position of "God" and become the king of the Heavenly World. -- -- Participating in this grand tournament is Kousuke Ueki, a middle school student who is given the power to turn trash into trees by his homeroom teacher, Kobayashi. Despite the concerns of his classmate, Ai Mori, Ueki embarks on a journey to pursue his own sense of justice after witnessing the people around him misusing their powers for selfish purposes. But as he encounters talented power users such as Seiichirou Sano, Rinko Jerrard, Robert Haydn, and Hideyoshi Soya, he realizes that achieving his goal might be harder than it seems. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Discotek Media, Geneon Entertainment USA -- 99,429 7.76
Uzumaki -- -- Drive -- 4 eps -- Manga -- Dementia Horror Psychological Supernatural Drama Romance Seinen -- Uzumaki Uzumaki -- In the town of Kurouzu-cho, Kirie Goshima lives a fairly normal life with her family. As she walks to the train station one day to meet her boyfriend, Shuuichi Saito, she sees his father staring at a snail shell in an alley. Thinking nothing of it, she mentions the incident to Shuuichi, who says that his father has been acting weird lately. Shuuichi reveals his rising desire to leave the town with Kirie, saying that the town is infected with spirals. -- -- But his father's obsession with the shape soon proves deadly, beginning a chain of horrific and unexplainable events that causes the residents of Kurouzu-cho to spiral into madness. -- -- TV - ??? ??, 2021 -- 33,169 N/A -- -- Kino no Tabi: The Beautiful World - Tou no Kuni - Free Lance -- -- A.C.G.T. -- 1 ep -- Light novel -- Adventure Psychological Fantasy -- Kino no Tabi: The Beautiful World - Tou no Kuni - Free Lance Kino no Tabi: The Beautiful World - Tou no Kuni - Free Lance -- Waking up from a nap, Kino is relieved to see that a certain tower from afar is still proudly standing. Located in the heart of the Tower Country, the immensely tall tower stretches high into the sky, reaching seemingly infinite heights. The tower looks like something out of a dream, but the breathtaking construction is unmistakably real. Intrigued, the traveling partners Kino and Hermes—the talking motorcycle—journey to the tower to get a closer look at the building. -- -- Despite already being unbelievably tall, the tower is still being built by the townspeople to this day. Puzzled by the origins of the tower, Kino and Hermes ask around the town for information, but they fail to obtain any definitive answer. They continue to observe both the tower and the townspeople during their stay, hoping to understand the reasoning behind building a tower that requires so much effort. After all, there is always something to learn... even from the strangest of countries. -- -- Special - Oct 19, 2005 -- 33,066 7.60
Yakusoku no Neverland -- -- CloverWorks -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Sci-Fi Mystery Horror Psychological Thriller Shounen -- Yakusoku no Neverland Yakusoku no Neverland -- Surrounded by a forest and a gated entrance, the Grace Field House is inhabited by orphans happily living together as one big family, looked after by their "Mama," Isabella. Although they are required to take tests daily, the children are free to spend their time as they see fit, usually playing outside, as long as they do not venture too far from the orphanage—a rule they are expected to follow no matter what. However, all good times must come to an end, as every few months, a child is adopted and sent to live with their new family, never to be heard from again. -- -- However, the three oldest siblings have their suspicions about what is actually happening at the orphanage, and they are about to discover the cruel fate that awaits the children living at Grace Field, including the twisted nature of their beloved Mama. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Aniplex of America -- 1,256,617 8.63
Zero no Tsukaima -- -- J.C.Staff -- 13 eps -- Light novel -- Action Adventure Harem Comedy Magic Romance Ecchi Fantasy School -- Zero no Tsukaima Zero no Tsukaima -- Louise Françoise Le Blanc de La Vallière is a self-absorbed mage in a world of wands, cloaks, and royalty. Although she studies at Tristain Academy, a prestigious school for magicians, she has a major problem: Louise is unable to cast magic properly, earning her the nickname of "Louise the Zero" from her classmates. -- -- When the first year students are required to perform a summoning ritual, Louise's summoning results in a catastrophic explosion! Everyone deems this to be yet another failure, but when the smoke clears, a boy named Saito Hiraga appears. Now Louise's familiar, Saito is treated as a slave, forced to clean her clothes and eat off the ground. But when an unfamiliar brand is found etched on Saito's hand from the summoning ritual, it is believed to be the mark of a powerful familiar named Gandalfr. -- -- Wild, adventurous, and explosive, Zero no Tsukaima follows Saito as he comes to terms with his new life and as Louise proves that there is more to her than her nickname suggests. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation, Geneon Entertainment USA, Sentai Filmworks -- 668,146 7.31
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