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htmlcommentbox.com "web" A service for adding a comment box to any web page, allowing visitors to leave comments and the site owner to review them. {(http://htmlcommentbox.com/)} (2013-03-20)
HTML {Hypertext Markup Language}
HTML+ "hypertext, standard" A proposed successor to {HTML}. HTML+ was a superset of HTML designed to extend the capabilities of the language to incorporate better support for {multimedia} objects in documents. (1994-10-27)
HTML+ ::: (hypertext, standard) A proposed successor to HTML. HTML+ was a superset of HTML designed to extend the capabilities of the language to incorporate better support for multimedia objects in documents. (1994-10-27)
TERMS ANYWHERE
386BSD "operating system" (Or "jolix /joh'liks/) A {free software} {port} originally derived from the generally available parts of the "{Berkeley Net Release/2}" to the {Intel} {i386} architecture by William Jolitz and friends. The name Jolix is used to differentiate it from {BSDI}'s port based on the same source tape, which is called {BSD/386}. Many new and innovative features were added to 386BSD following its original release in June 1992. An unofficial {patchkit}, available from many {anonymous FTP} archives, solves many of the problems associated with 386BSD Version 0.1. In addition, many common Unix packages have been ported. 386BSD has been superseded by {FreeBSD}, {NetBSD} and {OpenBSD}. {FAQ (http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/386bsd-faq/part1/faq.html)}. [{Jargon File}] (2006-06-08)
6to4 "networking" A {protocol} for transitioning from {IPv4} to {IPv6}. Networks may use 6to4 (or other transitioning protocols) until they support native {dual-stack}. Because 6to4 is a form of {tunnelling}, it requires {encapsulation} by a {protocol converter}. This can cause performance problems due to increased {latency} and decreased {MTU} sizes, as described in {RFC 6343 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6343)}. {RFC 3056 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3056)}. (2012-12-24)
9PAC "tool" 709 PACkage. A {report generator} for the {IBM 7090}, developed in 1959. [Sammet 1969, p.314. "IBM 7090 Prog Sys, SHARE 7090 9PAC Part I: Intro and Gen Princs", IBM J28-6166, White Plains, 1961]. (1995-02-07):-) {emoticon}; {semicolon}" {less than}"g" "chat" grin. An alternative to {smiley}. [{Jargon File}] (1998-01-18)"gr&d" "chat" Grinning, running and ducking. See {emoticon}. (1995-03-17)= {equals}" {greater than}? {question mark}?? "programming" A {Perl} quote-like {operator} used to delimit a {regular expression} (RE) like "?FOO?" that matches FOO at most once. The normal "/FOO/" form of regular expression will match FOO any number of times. The "??" operator will match again after a call to the "reset" operator. The operator is usually referred to as "??" but, taken literally, an empty RE like this (or "//") actually means to re-use the last successfully matched regular expression or, if there was none, empty string (which will always match). {Unix manual page}: perlop(1). (2009-05-28)@ {commercial at}@-party "event, history" /at'par-tee/ (Or "@-sign party") An antiquated term for a gathering of {hackers} at a science-fiction convention (especially the annual Worldcon) to which only people who had an {electronic mail address} were admitted. The term refers to the {commercial at} symbol, "@", in an e-mail address and dates back to the era when having an e-mail address was a distinguishing characteristic of the select few who worked with computers. Compare {boink}. [{Jargon File}] (2012-11-17)@Begin "text" The {Scribe} equivalent of {\begin}. [{Jargon File}] (2014-11-06)@stake "security, software" A computer security development group and consultancy dedicated to researching and documenting security flaws that exist in {operating systems}, {network} {protocols}, or software. @stake publishes information about security flaws through advisories, research reports, and tools. They release the information and tools to help system administrators, users, and software and hardware vendors better secure their systems. L0pht merged with @stake in January 2000. {@stake home (http://atstake.com/research/redirect.html)}. (2003-06-12)@XX "programming" 1. Part of the syntax of a {decorated name}, as used internally by {Microsoft}'s {Visual C} or {Visual C++} {compilers}. 2. The name of an example {instance variable} in the {Ruby} {programming language}. (2018-08-24)[incr Tcl] "language" An extension of {Tcl} that adds {classes} and {inheritence}. The name is a pun on {C++} - an {object-oriented} extension of {C} - [incr variable] is the Tcl {syntax} for adding one to a variable. [Origin? Availability?] (1998-11-27)\ {backslash}\begin "text, chat" The {LaTeX} command used with \end to delimit an environment within which the text is formatted in a certain way. E.g. \begin{table}...\end{table}. Used humorously in writing to indicate a context or to remark on the surrounded text. For example: \begin{flame} Predicate logic is the only good programming language. Anyone who would use anything else is an idiot. Also, all computers should be tredecimal instead of binary. \end{flame} {Scribe} users at {CMU} and elsewhere used to use @Begin/@End in an identical way (LaTeX was built to resemble Scribe). On {Usenet}, this construct would more frequently be rendered as ""FLAME ON"" and ""FLAME OFF"" (a la {HTML}), or "
aard-wolf ::: n. --> A carnivorous quadruped (Proteles Lalandii), of South Africa, resembling the fox and hyena. See Proteles. html{color:
ABC 1. "computer" {Atanasoff-Berry Computer}. 2. "language" An {imperative language} and programming environment from {CWI}, Netherlands. It is interactive, structured, high-level, and easy to learn and use. It is a general-purpose language which you might use instead of {BASIC}, {Pascal} or {AWK}. It is not a systems-programming language but is good for teaching or prototyping. ABC has only five data types that can easily be combined; {strong typing}, yet without declarations; data limited only by memory; refinements to support top-down programming; nesting by indentation. Programs are typically around a quarter the size of the equivalent {Pascal} or {C} program, and more readable. ABC includes a programming environment with {syntax-directed} editing, {suggestions}, {persistent variables} and multiple workspaces and {infinite precision} arithmetic. An example function words to collect the set of all words in a document: HOW TO RETURN words document: PUT {} IN collection FOR line in document: FOR word IN split line: IF word not.in collection: INSERT word IN collection RETURN collection {Interpreter}/{compiler}, version 1.04.01, by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens, Steven Pemberton "Steven.Pemberton@cwi.nl". ABC has been ported to {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {Atari}, {Macintosh}. {(http://cwi.nl/cwi/projects/abc.html)}. {FTP eu.net (ftp://ftp.eu.net/programming/languages/abc)}, {FTP nluug.nl (ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/programming/languages/abc)}, {FTP uunet (ftp://ftp.uu.net/languages/abc)}. Mailing list: "abc-list-request@cwi.nl". E-mail: "abc@cwi.nl". ["The ABC Programmer's Handbook" by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens and Steven Pemberton, published by Prentice-Hall (ISBN 0-13-000027-2)]. ["An Alternative Simple Language and Environment for PCs" by Steven Pemberton, IEEE Software, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 1987, pp. 56-64.] (1995-02-09) 2. "language" Argument, Basic value, C?. An {abstract machine} for implementation of {functional languages} and its intermediate code. [P. Koopman, "Functional Programs as Executable Specifications", 1990]. (1995-02-09)
abstract data type "programming" (ADT) A kind of {data abstraction} where a type's internal form is hidden behind a set of {access functions}. Values of the type are created and inspected only by calls to the access functions. This allows the implementation of the type to be changed without requiring any changes outside the {module} in which it is defined. {Objects} and ADTs are both forms of data abstraction, but objects are not ADTs. Objects use procedural abstraction (methods), not type abstraction. A classic example of an ADT is a {stack} data type for which functions might be provided to create an empty stack, to {push} values onto a stack and to {pop} values from a stack. {Reynolds paper (http://cis.upenn.edu/~gunter/publications/documents/taoop94.html)}. {Cook paper "OOP vs ADTs" (http://wcook.org/papers/OOPvsADT/CookOOPvsADT90.pdf)}. (2003-07-03)
achillean ::: a. --> Resembling Achilles, the hero of the Iliad; invincible. html{color:
Acknowledgements "introduction" Many thanks to the thousands of {contributors (contributors.html)} and especially to the Guest Editors, mirror site maintainers and the maintainers of the following resources from which some entries originate: Mike Sendall's STING Software engineering glossary "sendall@dxpt01.cern.ch", 1993-10-13, Bill Kinnersley's {Language List (http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Extras/langlist.htm)} v2.2, 1994-01-15, Mark Hopkins' catalogue of Free Compilers and Interpreters v6.4, 1994-02-28, The on-line hacker {Jargon File} v3.0.0, 1993-07-27, Internet Users' Glossary (RFC 1392, FYI 18), Jan 1993. John Cross's computer glossary, 1994-11-01. John Bayko's Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present, v4.0.0, 1994-08-18. {Electronic Commerce Dictionary}. (2014-09-11)
Acorn Computers Ltd. "company" A UK computer manufacturer, part of the {Acorn Computer Group} plc. Acorn was founded on 1978-12-05, on a kitchen table in a back room. Their first creation was an electronic slot machine. After the {Acorn System 1}, 2 and 3, Acorn launched the first commercial {microcomputer} - the {ATOM} in March 1980. In April 1981, Acorn won a contract from the {BBC} to provide the {PROTON}. In January 1982 Acorn launched the {BBC Microcomputer} System. At one time, 70% of microcomputers bought for UK schools were BBC Micros. The Acorn Computer Group went public on the Unlisted Securities Market in September 1983. In April 1984 Acorn won the Queen's Award for Technology for the BBC Micro and in September 1985 {Olivetti} took a controlling interest in Acorn. The {Master} 128 Series computers were launched in January 1986 and the BBC {Domesday} System in November 1986. In 1983 Acorn began to design the Acorn RISC Machine (ARM), the first low-cost, high volume {RISC} processor chip (later renamed the {Advanced RISC Machine}). In June 1987 they launched the {Archimedes} range - the first 32-bit {RISC} based {microcomputers} - which sold for under UKP 1000. In February 1989 the R140 was launched. This was the first {Unix} {workstation} under UKP 4000. In May 1989 the A3000 (the new {BBC Microcomputer}) was launched. In 1990 Acorn formed {Advanced RISC Machines} Ltd. (ARM) in partnership with {Apple Computer, Inc.} and {VLSI} to develop the ARM processor. Acorn has continued to develop {RISC} based products. With 1992 revenues of 48.2 million pounds, Acorn Computers was the premier supplier of {Information Technology} products to UK education and had been the leading provider of 32-bit RISC based {personal computers} since 1987. Acorn finally folded in the late 1990s. Their operating system, {RISC OS} was further developed by a consortium of suppliers. {Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.sys.acorn}, {news:comp.sys.acorn.announce}, {news:comp.sys.acorn.tech}, {news:comp.binaries.acorn}, {news:comp.sources.acorn}, {news:comp.sys.acorn.advocacy}, {news:comp.sys.acorn.games}. {Acorn's FTP server (ftp://ftp.acorn.co.uk/)}. {HENSA software archive (http://micros.hensa.ac.uk/micros/arch.html)}. {Richard Birkby's Acorn page (http://csv.warwick.ac.uk/~phudv/)}. {RiscMan's Acorn page (http://geko.com.au/riscman/)}. {Acorn On The Net (http://stir.ac.uk/~rhh01/Main.html)}. {"The Jungle" by Simon Truss (http://csc.liv.ac.uk/users/u1smt/u1smt.html)}. [Recent history?] (2000-09-26)
Acorn Online Media "company" A company formed in August 1994 by {Acorn Computer Group} plc to exploit the {ARM} RISC in television {set-top box} decoders. They planned to woo {British Telecommunications} plc to use the box in some of its {video on demand} trials. The "STB1" box was based on an {ARM8} core with additional circuits to enable {MPEG} to be decoded in software - possibly dedicated instructions for interpolation, inverse {DCT} or {Huffman} table extraction. A prototype featured audio {MPEG} chips, Acorn's {RISC OS} {operating system} and supported {Oracle Media Objects} and {Microword}. Online planned to reduce component count by transferring functions from boards into the single RISC chip. The company was origianlly wholly owned by Acorn but was expected to bring in external investment. [Article by nobody@tandem.com cross-posted from tandem.news.computergram, 1994-07-07]. In 1996 they releasd the imaginatively titled "Set Top Box 2" (STB20M) with a 32 MHz {ARM 7500} and 2 to 32 MB {RAM}. There was also a "Set Top Box 22". {(http://www.khantazi.org/Archives/MachineLst.html
acronym "jargon" An identifier formed from some of the letters (often the initials) of a phrase and used as an abbreviation. A {TLA} is a {meta}-acronym, i.e. an acronym about acronyms. {This dictionary (FOLDOC)} contains a great many acronyms; see {the contents page (/contents/all.html)} for a list. (2014-08-14)
Active Server Pages "web, programming" (ASP) A {scripting} environment for {Microsoft Internet Information Server} in which you can combine {HTML}, scripts and reusable {ActiveX} {server} components to create dynamic {web pages}. IIS 4.0 includes scripting engines for {Microsoft Visual Basic} Scripting Edition ({VBScript}) and {Microsoft JScript}. {ActiveX} scripting engines for {Perl} and {REXX} are available through third-party developers. [URL?] (1999-12-02)
Ada 95 "language" A revision and extension of {Ada} (Ada 83) begun in 1988 and completed on 1994-12-01 by a team lead by Tucker Taft of {Intermetrics}. Chris Anderson was the Project Manager. The printed standard was expected to be available around 1995-02-15. Additions include {object-orientation} ({tagged types}, {abstract types} and {class-wide types}), hierarchical libraries and synchronisation with shared data (protected types) similar to {Orca}. It lacks {multiple inheritance} but supports the construction of multiple inheritance type hierarchies through the use of {generics} and {type composition}. {GNAT} aims to be a free implementation of Ada 95. You can get the standard from the {Ada Joint Program Office (http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/ajpo/index.shtml)}. ["Introducing Ada 9X", J.G.P. Barnes, Feb 1993]. (1999-12-02)
adagio ::: a. & adv. --> Slow; slowly, leisurely, and gracefully. When repeated, adagio, adagio, it directs the movement to be very slow. ::: n. --> A piece of music in adagio time; a slow movement; as, an adagio of Haydn. html{color:
Adamakegen "tool" A program that generates {makefiles} for {Ada} programs. Adamakegen was written by Owen O'Malley "owen@schwartz-omalley.com". It requires {Icon} and runs under {Verdix} and {SunAda}. {Adamakegen Home (http://schwartz-omalley.com/people/owen/tools/adamakegen.html)}. (2004-08-21)
Adaptive Server Enterprise "database" (ASE) The {relational database management system} that started life in the mid-eighties [first release?] as "Sybase SQL Server". For a number of years {Microsoft} was a Sybase distributor, reselling the Sybase product for {OS/2} and (later) {Windows NT} under the name "Microsoft SQL Server". Around 1994, Microsoft basically bought a copy of the {source code} of Sybase SQL Server and then went its own way. As competitors, Sybase and Microsoft have been developing their products independently ever since. Microsoft has mostly emphasised ease-of-use and "Window-ising" the product, while Sybase has focused on maximising performance and reliability, and running on high-end hardware. When releasing version 11.5 in 1997, Sybase renamed its product to "ASE" to better distinguish its database from Microsoft's. Both ASE and MS SQL Server call their query language "Transact-SQL" and they are very similar. Sybase SQL Server was the first true {client-server} RDBMS which was also capable of handling real-world workloads. In contrast, other DBMSs have long been monolithic programs; for example, {Oracle} only "bolted on" client-server functionality in the mid-nineties. Also, Sybase SQL Server was the first commercially successful RDBMS supporting {stored procedures} and {triggers}, and a cost-based {query optimizer}. As with many other technology-driven competitors of Microsoft, Sybase has lost market share to MS's superior marketing, though many consider it has the superior system. {(http://sypron.nl/whatis_ase.html)}. (2003-07-02)
addendum ::: n. --> A thing to be added; an appendix or addition. html{color:
adder ::: n. --> One who, or that which, adds; esp., a machine for adding numbers.
A serpent.
A small venomous serpent of the genus Vipera. The common European adder is the Vipera (/ Pelias) berus. The puff adders of Africa are species of Clotho.
In America, the term is commonly applied to several harmless snakes, as the milk adder, puffing adder, etc. html{color:
adding ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Add html{color:
Advanced Intelligent Tape "storage" (AIT) A form of {magnetic tape} and drive using {AME} developed by {Sony} for storing large amounts of data. An AIT can store over 50 {gigabytes} and transfer data at six megabytes/second (in February 1999). AIT features high speed file access, long head and media life, the {ALDC compression} {algorithm}, and a {MIC} chip. {(http://aittape.com/)}. {Seagate (http://seagate.com/support/tape/scsiide/sidewinder/ait_main_page.shtml)}. (1999-04-16)
Advanced RISC Machines Ltd. "company" (ARM) A company formed in 1990 by {Acorn Computers} Ltd., {Apple Computer, Inc.} and {VLSI Technology} to market and develop the {Advanced RISC Machine} {microprocessor} family, originally designed by Acorn. ARM Ltd. also designs and licenses peripheral chips and supplies supporting software and hardware tools. In April 1993, Nippon Investment and Finance, a Daiwa Securities company, became ARM's fourth investor. In May 1994 Samsung became the sixth large company to have a licence to use the ARM processor core. The success of ARM Ltd. and the strategy to widen the availability of RISC technology has resulted in its chips now being used in a range of products including the {Apple Newton}. As measured by an independent authority, more ARM processors were shipped than {SPARC} chips in 1993. ARM has also sold three times more chips than the {PowerPC} consortium. {(http://systemv.com/armltd/index.html)}. E-mail: armltd.co.uk. Address: Advanced RISC Machines Ltd. Fulbourn Road, Cherry Hinton, Cambridge CB1 4JN, UK. Telephone: +44 (1223) 400 400. Fax: +44 (1223) 400 410. (1994-11-03)
Agner Krarup Erlang "person" (1878-1929) A Danish mathematician. {Erlang} the language and unit were named after him. Interested in the theory of {probability}, in 1908 Erlang joined the Copenhagen Telephone Company where he studied the problem of waiting times for telephone calls. He worked out how to calculate the fraction of callers who must wait due to all the lines of an exchange being in use. His formula for loss and waiting time was published in 1917. It is now known as the "Erlang formula" and is still in use today. {Biography (http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Erlang.html)}, {Biography (http://pass.maths.org.uk/issue2/erlang/index.html)}. (2005-02-26)
aiblins ::: adv. --> Alt. of Ablins html{color:
aimless ::: a. --> Without aim or purpose; as, an aimless life. html{color:
Ajax "programming" (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML) A collection of techniques for creating interactive {web applications} without having to reload the complete {web page} in response to each user input, thus making the interaction faster. AJAX typically uses the {XMLHttpRequest} browser object to exchange data asynchronously with the {web server}. Alternatively, an {IFrame} object or dynamically added "script" tags may be used instead of XMLHttpRequest. Despite the name, Ajax can combine any browser scripting language (not just {JavaScript}) and any data representation (not just XML). Alternative data formats include {HTML}, plain text or {JSON}. Several Ajax {frameworks} are now available to simplify Ajax development. (2007-10-04)
alectoromancy ::: n. --> See Alectryomancy. html{color:
alength ::: adv. --> At full length; lengthwise. html{color:
Algebraic Compiler and Translator "language" (ACT 1) A language and {compiler} for the {Royal McBee} {LGP-30}, designed around 1959, apparently by Clay S. Boswell, Jr, and programmed by {Mel Kaye}. {(http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/lgp-30-man.html)} (2008-08-04)
Allegro "operating system" The code name for the major {Mac OS} release due in mid-1998. {(http://devworld.apple.com/mkt/informed/appledirections/mar97/roadmap.html)}. (1997-10-15)
alleyway ::: n. --> An alley. html{color:
all-possessed ::: a. --> Controlled by an evil spirit or by evil passions; wild. html{color:
all saints ::: --> Alt. of All Saints&
Alpha AXP 21164 "processor" A 1 {GIPS} version of the {DEC Alpha} processor. The first commercially available sequential 1 GIPS processor. Announced 1994-09-7. {(http://digital.com/info/semiconductor/dsc-21164.html)}. (1995-05-10)
alphabetic language "human language" A written human language in which symbols reflect the pronunciation of the words. Examples are English, Greek, Russian, Thai, Arabic and Hebrew. Alphabetic languages contrast with {ideographic languages}. {I18N Encyclopedia (http://i18ngurus.com/encyclopedia/alphabetic_language.html)}. (2004-08-29)
ALTER "database" An {SQL} {Data Definition Language} command that adds or removes {columns} or {indexes} to/from a {table} or modifies the table definition in some other way. This differs from the INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE ({Data Modification Language}) commands in that those change the data stored in the table but not its definition. {MySQL ALTER TABLE command (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/alter-table.html)}. (2009-11-10)
Aluminum Book "publication" ["Common LISP: The Language, 2nd Edition", {Guy L. Steele Jr.}, Digital Press 1990, ISBN 1-55558-041-6]. Due to a technical screwup some printings of the second edition are actually what the author calls "yucky green". {On-line version (http://cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/html/cltl/cltl2.html)}. See also {book titles}. [{Jargon File}] (1997-06-25)
Amiga "computer" A range of home computers first released by {Commodore Business Machines} in early 1985 (though they did not design the original - see below). Amigas were popular for {games}, {video processing}, and {multimedia}. One notable feature is a hardware {blitter} for speeding up graphics operations on whole areas of the screen. The Amiga was originally called the Lorraine, and was developed by a company named "Amiga" or "Amiga, Inc.", funded by some doctors to produce a killer game machine. After the US game machine market collapsed, the Amiga company sold some {joysticks} but no Lorraines or any other computer. They eventually floundered and looked for a buyer. Commodore at that time bought the (mostly complete) Amiga machine, infused some money, and pushed it through the final stages of development in a hurry. Commodore released it sometime[?] in 1985. Most components within the machine were known by nicknames. The {coprocessor} commonly called the "Copper" is in fact the "{Video} Timing Coprocessor" and is split between two chips: the instruction fetch and execute units are in the "Agnus" chip, and the {pixel} timing circuits are in the "Denise" chip (A for address, D for data). "Agnus" and "Denise" were responsible for effects timed to the {real-time} position of the video scan, such as midscreen {palette} changes, {sprite multiplying}, and {resolution} changes. Different versions (in order) were: "Agnus" (could only address 512K of {video RAM}), "Fat Agnus" (in a {PLCC} package, could access 1MB of video RAM), "Super Agnus" (slightly upgraded "Fat Agnus"). "Agnus" and "Fat Agnus" came in {PAL} and {NTSC} versions, "Super Agnus" came in one version, jumper selectable for PAL or NTSC. "Agnus" was replaced by "Alice" in the A4000 and A1200, which allowed for more {DMA} channels and higher bus {bandwidth}. "Denise" outputs binary video data (3*4 bits) to the "Vidiot". The "Vidiot" is a hybrid that combines and amplifies the 12-bit video data from "Denise" into {RGB} to the {monitor}. Other chips were "Amber" (a "flicker fixer", used in the A3000 and Commodore display enhancer for the A2000), "Gary" ({I/O}, addressing, G for {glue logic}), "Buster" (the {bus controller}, which replaced "Gary" in the A2000), "Buster II" (for handling the Zorro II/III cards in the A3000, which meant that "Gary" was back again), "Ramsey" (The {RAM} controller), "DMAC" (The DMA controller chip for the WD33C93 {SCSI adaptor} used in the A3000 and on the A2091/A2092 SCSI adaptor card for the A2000; and to control the {CD-ROM} in the {CDTV}), and "Paula" ({Peripheral}, Audio, {UART}, {interrupt} Lines, and {bus Arbiter}). There were several Amiga chipsets: the "Old Chipset" (OCS), the "Enhanced Chipset" (ECS), and {AGA}. OCS included "Paula", "Gary", "Denise", and "Agnus". ECS had the same "Paula", "Gary", "Agnus" (could address 2MB of Chip RAM), "Super Denise" (upgraded to support "Agnus" so that a few new {screen modes} were available). With the introduction of the {Amiga A600} "Gary" was replaced with "Gayle" (though the chipset was still called ECS). "Gayle" provided a number of improvments but the main one was support for the A600's {PCMCIA} port. The AGA chipset had "Agnus" with twice the speed and a 24-bit palette, maximum displayable: 8 bits (256 colours), although the famous "{HAM}" (Hold And Modify) trick allows pictures of 256,000 colours to be displayed. AGA's "Paula" and "Gayle" were unchanged but AGA "Denise" supported AGA "Agnus"'s new screen modes. Unfortunately, even AGA "Paula" did not support High Density {floppy disk drives}. (The Amiga 4000, though, did support high density drives.) In order to use a high density disk drive Amiga HD floppy drives spin at half the rotational speed thus halving the data rate to "Paula". Commodore Business Machines went bankrupt on 1994-04-29, the German company {Escom AG} bought the rights to the Amiga on 1995-04-21 and the Commodore Amiga became the Escom Amiga. In April 1996 Escom were reported to be making the {Amiga} range again but they too fell on hard times and {Gateway 2000} (now called Gateway) bought the Amiga brand on 1997-05-15. Gateway licensed the Amiga operating system to a German hardware company called {Phase 5} on 1998-03-09. The following day, Phase 5 announced the introduction of a four-processor {PowerPC} based Amiga {clone} called the "{pre\box}". Since then, it has been announced that the new operating system will be a version of {QNX}. On 1998-06-25, a company called {Access Innovations Ltd} announced {plans (http://micktinker.co.uk/aaplus.html)} to build a new Amiga chip set, the {AA+}, based partly on the AGA chips but with new fully 32-bit functional core and 16-bit AGA {hardware register emulation} for {backward compatibility}. The new core promised improved memory access and video display DMA. By the end of 2000, Amiga development was under the control of a [new?] company called {Amiga, Inc.}. As well as continuing development of AmigaOS (version 3.9 released in December 2000), their "Digital Environment" is a {virtual machine} for multiple {platforms} conforming to the {ZICO} specification. As of 2000, it ran on {MIPS}, {ARM}, {PPC}, and {x86} processors. {(http://amiga.com/)}. {Amiga Web Directory (http://cucug.org/amiga.html)}. {amiCrawler (http://amicrawler.com/)}. Newsgroups: {news:comp.binaries.amiga}, {news:comp.sources.amiga}, {news:comp.sys.amiga}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.advocacy}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.announce}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.applications}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.audio}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.datacomm}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.emulations}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.games}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.graphics}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.hardware}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.introduction}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.marketplace}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.misc}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.multimedia}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.programmer}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.reviews}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.tech}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.telecomm}, {news:comp.Unix.amiga}. See {aminet}, {Amoeba}, {bomb}, {exec}, {gronk}, {guru meditation}, {Intuition}, {sidecar}, {slap on the side}, {Vulcan nerve pinch}. (2003-07-05)
ampersand "character" "&" {ASCII} character 38. Common names: {ITU-T}, {INTERCAL}: ampersand; amper; and. Rare: address (from {C}); reference (from C++); bitand; background (from {sh}); pretzel; amp. A common symbol for "and", used as the "address of" operator in {C}, the "reference" operator in {C++} and a {bitwise and} or {logical and} operator in several programming languages. {Visual BASIC} uses it as the {string concatenation} {operator} and to prefix {octal} and {hexadecimal} numbers. {UNIX} {shells} use the character to indicate that a task should be run in the {background} (single "&" suffix) or (following C's {lazy and}), in a {compound command} of the form "a && b" to indicate that the command b should only be run if command a terminates successfully. The ampersand is a ligature (combination) of the cursive letters "e" and "t", invented in 63 BC by Marcus Tirus [Tiro?] as shorthand for the Latin word for "and", "et". The word ampersand is a conflation (combination) of "and, per se and". Per se means "by itself", and so the phrase translates to "&, standing by itself, means 'and'". This was at the end of the alphabet as it was recited by children in old English schools. The words ran together and were associated with "&". The "ampersand" spelling dates from 1837. {Take our word for it (http://takeourword.com/Issue010.html)}. (2012-07-18)
amzel ::: n. --> The European ring ousel (Turdus torquatus). html{color:
Andrei Markov "person" 1856-1922. The Russian mathematician, after who {Markov chains} were named. {Biography (http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Markov.html)}. [Other contributions?] (1995-10-06)
Andrew File System "operating system, storage" (AFS) The distributed {file system} of the {Andrew Project}, adopted by the {OSF} as part of their {Distributed Computing Environment}. {Frequently Asked Questions (http://transarc.com/Product/AFS/FAQ/faq.html)}. (1994-11-24)
Andrew Fluegelman "person" A successful attorney, editor of {PC World Magazine}, and author of the {MS-DOS} communications program {PC-TALK III}, written in 1982. He once owned the trademark "{freeware}" but it wasn't enforced after his disappearance. In 1985, Fluegelman was diagnosed with cancer. He was last seen a week later, on 1985-07-06, when he left his Marin County home to go to his office in Tiburon. He called his wife later that day and has not been heard from since. His car was found at Vista Point on the north end of the Golden Gate Bridge. [San Francisco Examiner Sunday Magazine, October 1985]. {Shareware history (http://paulspicks.com/history.asp)}. {NEWSBYTES article (http://textfiles.fisher.hu/news/freeware.txt)}. {(http://doenetwork.bravepages.com/579dmca.html)}. (2003-07-25)
ANSI X12 "standard" Standards defining the structure, format, and content of business transactions conducted through {Electronic Data Interchange} (EDI). ANSI X12 is produced by the committee ASC X12, supported by the {Data Interchange Standards Association, Inc.} (DISA). [{(http://onlinewbc.org/Docs/procure/standard.html)}]. (1999-09-18)
ANSI Z39.50 "networking, standard" Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specification for Library Applications, officially known as ANSI/NISO Z39.50-1992, and ANSI/NISO Z39.50-1995. This {standard}, used by {WAIS}, specifies an {OSI} {application layer} service to allow an application on one computer to query a {database} on another. Z39.50 is used in libraries and for searching some databases on the {Internet}. The US {Library of Congress (http://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950/agency/)} is the official maintanence agency for Z39.50. {Index Data}, a Danish company, have released a lot of Z39.50 code. Their {website} explains the relevant {ISO} {standards} and how they are amicably converging in Z39.50 version 4.0. {Overview (http://nlc-bnc.ca/ifla/VI/5/op/udtop3.htm)}. {Z39.50 resources (http://lamp.cs.utas.edu.au/net.html
anthomania ::: n. --> A extravagant fondness for flowers. html{color:
Apache "web, project" A {open source} {HTTP} server for {Unix}, {Windows NT}, and other {platforms}. Apache was developed in early 1995, based on code and ideas found in the most popular HTTP server of the time, {NCSA httpd} 1.3. It has since evolved to rival (and probably surpass) almost any other {Unix} based HTTP server in terms of functionality, and speed. Since April 1996 Apache has been the most popular HTTP server on the {Internet}, in May 1999 it was running on 57% of all web servers. It features highly configurable error messages, {DBM}-based {authentication} {databases}, and {content negotiation}. {(http://apache.org/httpd.html)}. {FAQ (http://apache.org/docs/misc/FAQ.html)}. (1999-10-27)
Apple Newton "computer" A {Personal Digital Assistant} produced by {Apple Computer}. The Newton provides a clever, {user-friendly} interface and relies solely on pen-based input. Eagerly anticipated, the Newton uses handwriting recognition software to "learn" the users handwriting and provide reliable {character recognition}. Various third-party software applications are available and add-on {peripherals} like wireless {modems} for {Internet} access are being sold by {Apple Computer, Inc.} and its licensees. {Newton Inc.}'s {NewtonOS} competes with {Microsoft Corporation}'s {Windows CE}, and was to be compatible with {DEC}'s {StrongARM} SA-1100, an embedded 200MHz {microprocessor}, which was due in 1998. {(http://newton.apple.com/)}. {Handwriting recognition example (http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~jxm/tablespoons.html)}. (1997-09-12)
apple-touch-icon "programming" (apple-touch-icon.png) {Apple}'s default {icon} (image) used to represent a {website}, e.g. when saved as a {bookmark} or on the {home screen} of an {iOS} device such as an {iPhone} or {iPad}. Apple's scheme allows a site to offer images of different sizes so the client can choose the most appropriate one according to its screen size and resolution. Apple devices and applications completely ignore the {favicon}.ico {de facto standard} which, while somewhat quirky in its use of the {ico} format, has been pretty much universally adopted elsewhere. Conversely, apple-touch-icon.png will be ignored by non-Apple devices, possibly because its 16x16 resolution would look pretty shabby on most smart phones. The icon can be provided in various different resolutions for different screen sizes and resolutions, e.g. apple-touch-icon-152x152.png for {retina iPad} with {iOS7}. {(https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/AppleApplications/Reference/SafariWebContent/ConfiguringWebApplications/ConfiguringWebApplications.html) Apple documentation}. {(https://realfavicongenerator.net/faq)}. (2018-08-19)
appletviewer "web, testing" A simplified {web browser} used for testing {applets}. You can't browse {HTML} with it but you can run applets to test them before embedding them in a {web page}. (2004-08-22)
applet "web" A {Java} program which can be distributed as an attachment in a {web} document and executed by a Java-enabled {web browser} such as Sun's {HotJava}, {Netscape Navigator} version 2.0, or {Internet Explorer}. Navigator severely restricts the applet's file system and network access in order to prevent accidental or deliberate security violations. Full Java applications, which run outside of the browser, do not have these restrictions. Web browsers can also be extended with {plug-ins} though these differ from applets in that they usually require manual installation and are {platform}-specific. Various other languages can now be embedded within {HTML} documents, the most common being {JavaScript}. Despite Java's aim to be a "write once, run anywhere" language, the difficulty of accomodating the variety of browsers in use on the Internet has led many to abandon client-side processing in favour of {server}-side Java programs for which the term {servlet} was coined. Merriam Webster "Collegiate Edition" gives a 1990 definition: a short application program especially for performing a simple specific task. (2002-07-12)
Application Software Installation Server "product" (ASIS) A service once offered by {CERN}'s IT division that included a {repository} containing CERN and HEP {software} and tools in the form of {compressed} {source} and {documentation}. As of 2014-11-13, the service appears to be dead. {(http://consult.cern.ch/writeup/Abstracts/asis.html)} (2014-11-13)
A Programming Language "language" (APL) A programming language designed originally by Ken Iverson at Harvard University in 1957-1960 as a notation for the concise expression of mathematical {algorithms}. It went unnamed (or just called Iverson's Language) and unimplemented for many years. Finally a subset, APL\360, was implemented in 1964. APL is an interactive array-oriented language and programming environment with many innovative features. It was originally written using a non-standard {character set}. It is {dynamically typed} with {dynamic scope}. APL introduced several functional forms but is not {purely functional}. Dyalog APL/W and Visual APL are recognized .{NET} languages. Dyalog APL/W, APLX and APL2000 all offer {object-oriented} extensions to the language. ISO 8485 is the 1989 standard defining the language. Commercial versions: APL SV, VS APL, Sharp APL, Sharp APL/PC, APL*PLUS, APL*PLUS/PC, APL*PLUS/PC II, MCM APL, Honeyapple, DEC APL, {APL+Win, APL+Linux, APL+Unix and VisualAPL (http://www.apl2000.com/)}, {Dyalog APL (http://www.dyalog.com/)}, {IBM APL2 (http://www-306.ibm.com/software/awdtools/apl/)}, {APLX (http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl/)}, {Sharp APL (http://www.soliton.com/services_sharp.html)} Open source version: {NARS2000 (http://www.nars2000.org/)}. {APL wiki (http://aplwiki.com/)}. See also {Kamin's interpreters}. {APLWEB (http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl/)} translates {WEB} to APL. ["A Programming Language", Kenneth E. Iverson, Wiley, 1962]. ["APL: An Interactive Approach", 1976]. (2009-08-11)
AREXX "language" {REXX} for the {Amiga}. {ARexxGuide (http://halcyon.com/robin/www/arexxguide/main.html)}. (1996-02-06)
aristotelic ::: a. --> Pertaining to Aristotle or to his philosophy. html{color:
ARM7 "processor" A {RISC} {microprocessor} architecture from {Advanced RISC Machines} Ltd. (ARM). Building upon the {ARM6} family, the goal of the ARM7 design was to offer higher levels of raw compute performance at even lower levels of power consumption. The ARM7 architecture is now (Dec 1994) the most powerful low voltage {RISC} processor available on the market. The ARM7 offers several architectural extensions which address specific market needs, encompassing fast multiply and innovative embedded {ICE} support. Software development tools are available. The ARM7 architecture is made up of a core CPU plus a range of system peripherals which can be added to a CPU core to give a complete system on a chip, e.g. 4K or 8K {cache}, {Memory Management Unit}, {Write Buffer}, {coprocessor} interface, {ICEbreaker} embedded {ICE} support and {JTAG} {boundary scan}. The {ARM710} {microprocessor} is built around the ARM7 core. {(http://systemv.com/armltd/arm7.html)}. (1995-01-05)
artificial intelligence "artificial intelligence" (AI) The subfield of computer science concerned with the concepts and methods of {symbolic inference} by computer and symbolic {knowledge representation} for use in making inferences. AI can be seen as an attempt to model aspects of human thought on computers. It is also sometimes defined as trying to solve by computer any problem that a human can solve faster. The term was coined by Stanford Professor {John McCarthy}, a leading AI researcher. Examples of AI problems are {computer vision} (building a system that can understand images as well as a human) and {natural language processing} (building a system that can understand and speak a human language as well as a human). These may appear to be modular, but all attempts so far (1993) to solve them have foundered on the amount of context information and "intelligence" they seem to require. The term is often used as a selling point, e.g. to describe programming that drives the behaviour of computer characters in a game. This is often no more intelligent than "Kill any humans you see; keep walking; avoid solid objects; duck if a human with a gun can see you". See also {AI-complete}, {neats vs. scruffies}, {neural network}, {genetic programming}, {fuzzy computing}, {artificial life}. {ACM SIGART (http://sigart.acm.org/)}. {U Cal Davis (http://phobos.cs.ucdavis.edu:8001)}. {CMU Artificial Intelligence Repository (http://cs.cmu.edu/Web/Groups/AI/html/repository.html)}. (2002-01-19)
Artificial Life "algorithm, application" (a-life) The study of synthetic systems which behave like natural living systems in some way. Artificial Life complements the traditional biological sciences concerned with the analysis of living organisms by attempting to create lifelike behaviours within computers and other artificial media. Artificial Life can contribute to theoretical biology by modelling forms of life other than those which exist in nature. It has applications in environmental and financial modelling and network communications. There are some interesting implementations of artificial life using strangely shaped blocks. A video, probably by the company Artificial Creatures who build insect-like robots in Cambridge, MA (USA), has several mechanical implementations of artificial life forms. See also {evolutionary computing}, {Life}. [Christopher G. Langton (Ed.), "Artificial Life", Proceedings Volume VI, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity. Addison-Wesley, 1989]. {Yahoo! (http://yahoo.com/Science/Artificial_Life/)}. {Santa Fe Institute (http://alife.santafe.edu/)}. {The Avida Group (http://krl.caltech.edu/avida/Avida.html)}. (1995-02-21)
ASCII art "graphics" (Or "character graphics", "ASCII graphics") The fine art of drawing diagrams using the {ASCII} character set (mainly "|-/\+"). See also {boxology}. Here is a serious example: o----)||(--+--|"----+ +---------o + D O L )||( | | | C U A I )||( +--"|-+ | +-\/\/-+--o - T C N )||( | | | | P E )||( +--"|-+--)---+--)|--+-o U )||( | | | GND T o----)||(--+--|"----+----------+ A power supply consisting of a full wave rectifier circuit feeding a capacitor input filter circuit Figure 1. And here are some very silly examples: |\/\/\/| ____/| ___ |\_/| ___ | | \ o.O| ACK! / \_ |` '| _/ \ | | =(_)= THPHTH! / \/ \/ \ | (o)(o) U / \ C _) (__) \/\/\/\ _____ /\/\/\/ | ,___| (oo) \/ \/ | / \/-------\ U (__) /____\ || | \ /---V `v'- oo ) / \ ||---W|| * * |--| || |`. |_/\ //-o-\\ ____---=======---____ ====___\ /.. ..\ /___==== Klingons rule OK! // ---\__O__/--- \\ \_\ /_/ _____ __...---'-----`---...__ _=============================== ,----------------._/' `---..._______...---' (_______________||_) . . ,--' / /.---' `/ '--------_- - - - - _/ `--------' Figure 2. There is an important subgenre of ASCII art that puns on the standard character names in the fashion of a rebus. +--------------------------------------------------------+ | ^^^^^^^^^^^^ | | ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ | | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | | ^^^^^^^ B ^^^^^^^^^ | | ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | +--------------------------------------------------------+ "A Bee in the Carrot Patch" Figure 3. Within humorous ASCII art, there is, for some reason, an entire flourishing subgenre of pictures of silly cows. One is shown in Figure 2; here are three more: (__) (__) (__) (\/) ($$) (**) /-------\/ /-------\/ /-------\/ / | 666 || / |=====|| / | || * ||----|| * ||----|| * ||----|| ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ Satanic cow This cow is a Yuppie Cow in love Figure 4. {(http://gagme.wwa.com/~boba/scarecrow.html)}. (1996-02-06)
asquint ::: adv. --> With the eye directed to one side; not in the straight line of vision; obliquely; awry, so as to see distortedly; as, to look asquint. html{color:
as sensible as a dictionary "humour" In Lewis Carroll's {Through the Looking Glass and what Alice found there (http://www.Germany.EU.net/books/carroll/alice.html)}, in the chapter {The Garden of Live Flowers (http://www.Germany.EU.net/books/carroll/alice_21.html
assignment problem "mathematics, algorithm" (Or "linear assignment") Any problem involving minimising the sum of C(a, b) over a set P of pairs (a, b) where a is an element of some set A and b is an element of set B, and C is some function, under constraints such as "each element of A must appear exactly once in P" or similarly for B, or both. For example, the a's could be workers and the b's projects. The problem is "linear" because the "cost function" C() depends only on the particular pairing (a, b) and is independent of all other pairings. {(http://forum.swarthmore.edu/epigone/comp.soft-sys.matlab/bringhyclu)}. {(http://soci.swt.edu/capps/prob.htm)}. {(http://mat.gsia.cmu.edu/GROUP95/0577.html)}. {(http://informs.org/Conf/WA96/TALKS/SB24.3.html)}. [Algorithms?] (1999-07-12)
Association of Lisp Users "body" (ALU) A user group which aims to promote {Lisp}, help inform and educate Lisp users in general, and help represent Lisp users as a group to the vendors. The ALU holds an annual conference and supports the formation of inter-vendor standards. ALU has international membership and is incorporated in the US. {(http://cs.rochester.edu/u/miller/ALU/home.html)}. {Usenet} {newsgroups}: {news:comp.org.lisp-users} {news:comp.std.lisp}. Mailing list: "alu@ai.sri.com". (1996-12-07)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode "networking" (ATM, or "fast packet", "Asynchronous Transfer Mode Protocol", ATMP) A network {protocol} that dynamically allocates {bandwidth} between incoming channels and multiplexes them onto a stream of fixed 53-{byte} {packets} (called "cells"). A fixed-size packet simplifies switching and multiplexing. ATM is a {connection-oriented} protocol. It can use different {physical layer} transports including {SONET}, {DS3}, {fiber} or {twisted pair}. The {ATM Forum} is one of the main bodies promoting ATM. {Wideband ATM} is an enhancement. {ATM acronyms (http://atmforum.com/atmforum/acronym_index.html)}. {Indiana acronyms (http://cell-relay.indiana.edu/cell-relay/FAQ/ATM-Acronyms.html)}. [More detail? Data rate(s)?] (1996-04-01)
Atanasoff-Berry Computer "computer" (ABC) An early design for a binary calculator, one of the predecessors of the {digital computer}. The ABC was partially constructed between 1937 and 1942 by Dr. {John Vincent Atanasoff} and Clifford Berry at {Iowa State College}. As well as {binary} arithmetic, it incorporated {regenerative memory}, {parallel processing}, and separation of memory and computing functions. The electronic parts were mounted on a rotating drum, making it hybrid electronic/electromechanical. It was designed to handle only a single type of mathematical problem and was not automated. The results of a single calculation cycle had to be retrieved by a human operator, and fed back into the machine with all new instructions, to perform complex operations. It lacked any serious form of logical control or {conditional} statements. Atanasoff's patent application was denied because he never have a completed, working product. Ideas from the ABC were used in the design of {ENIAC} (1943-1946). {(http://cs.iastate.edu/jva/jva-archive.shtml)}. (2003-09-28)
attribute "data" A named value or relationship that exists for some or all {instances} of some {entity} and is directly associated with that instance. Examples include the {href} attribute of an {HTML} {anchor} element, the {columns} of a {database} {table} considered as attributes of each row, and the {members} ({properties} and {methods} of an {object} in {OOP}. This contrasts with the contents of some kind of container (e.g. an array), which are typically not named. The contents of an {associative array}, though they might be considered to be named by their key values, are not normally thought of as attributes. (2001-02-04)
Audio Video Interleave "multimedia" (AVI) An {audio}-{video} {standard} designed by {Microsoft}. Apparently proprietary and {Microsoft Windows}-specific. {(http://www2.echo.lu/oii/en/video.html
autopilot code "jargon, humour" {Code} that was written by a programmer on "auto-pilot" who wasn't really thinking about what they were doing. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2014-08-21)
awk 1. "tool, language" (Named from the authors' initials) An interpreted language included with many versions of {Unix} for massaging text data, developed by Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan in 1978. It is characterised by {C}-like syntax, declaration-free variables, {associative arrays}, and field-oriented text processing. There is a {GNU} version called {gawk} and other varients including {bawk}, {mawk}, {nawk}, {tawk}. {Perl} was inspired in part by awk but is much more powerful. {Unix manual page}: awk(1). {netlib WWW (http://plan9.att.com/netlib/research/index.html)}. {netlib FTP (ftp://netlib.att.com/netlib/research/)}. ["The AWK Programming Language" A. Aho, B. Kernighan, P. Weinberger, A-W 1988]. 2. "jargon" An expression which is awkward to manipulate through normal {regexp} facilities, for example, one containing a {newline}. [{Jargon File}] (1995-10-06)
axiomatic set theory "theory" One of several approaches to {set theory}, consisting of a {formal language} for talking about sets and a collection of {axioms} describing how they behave. There are many different {axiomatisations} for set theory. Each takes a slightly different approach to the problem of finding a theory that captures as much as possible of the intuitive idea of what a set is, while avoiding the {paradoxes} that result from accepting all of it, the most famous being {Russell's paradox}. The main source of trouble in naive set theory is the idea that you can specify a set by saying whether each object in the universe is in the "set" or not. Accordingly, the most important differences between different axiomatisations of set theory concern the restrictions they place on this idea (known as "comprehension"). {Zermelo Fränkel set theory}, the most commonly used axiomatisation, gets round it by (in effect) saying that you can only use this principle to define subsets of existing sets. NBG (von Neumann-Bernays-Goedel) set theory sort of allows comprehension for all {formulae} without restriction, but distinguishes between two kinds of set, so that the sets produced by applying comprehension are only second-class sets. NBG is exactly as powerful as ZF, in the sense that any statement that can be formalised in both theories is a theorem of ZF if and only if it is a theorem of ZFC. MK (Morse-Kelley) set theory is a strengthened version of NBG, with a simpler axiom system. It is strictly stronger than NBG, and it is possible that NBG might be consistent but MK inconsistent. {NF (http://math.boisestate.edu/~holmes/holmes/nf.html)} ("New Foundations"), a theory developed by Willard Van Orman Quine, places a very different restriction on comprehension: it only works when the formula describing the membership condition for your putative set is "stratified", which means that it could be made to make sense if you worked in a system where every set had a level attached to it, so that a level-n set could only be a member of sets of level n+1. (This doesn't mean that there are actually levels attached to sets in NF). NF is very different from ZF; for instance, in NF the universe is a set (which it isn't in ZF, because the whole point of ZF is that it forbids sets that are "too large"), and it can be proved that the {Axiom of Choice} is false in NF! ML ("Modern Logic") is to NF as NBG is to ZF. (Its name derives from the title of the book in which Quine introduced an early, defective, form of it). It is stronger than ZF (it can prove things that ZF can't), but if NF is consistent then ML is too. (2003-09-21)
ayacc "language, tool" A {Yacc}-like {parser generator} developed at the {Irvine Research Unit in Software} around 1994. ayacc was written in {Ada} and produces {Ada} output. {aflex} was the associated {lexical analyser}. {(http://www.ics.uci.edu/~arcadia/Aflex-Ayacc/aflex-ayacc.html)} (2018-01-13)
B 1. {byte}. 2. "language" A systems language written by {Ken Thompson} in 1970 mostly for his own use under {Unix} on the {PDP-11}. B was later improved by Kerninghan(?) and Ritchie to produce {C}. B was used as the systems language on {Honeywell}'s {GCOS-3}. B was, according to Ken, greatly influenced by {BCPL}, but the name B had nothing to do with BCPL. B was in fact a revision of an earlier language, {bon}, named after Ken Thompson's wife, Bonnie. ["The Programming Language B", S.C. Johnson & B.W. Kernighan, CS TR 8, Bell Labs (Jan 1973)]. [Features? Differences from C?] (1997-02-02) 3. "language" A simple {interactive} {programming language} designed by {Lambert Meertens} and {Steven Pemberton}. B was the predecessor of {ABC}. B was the first published (and implemented) language to use indentation for block structure. {(ftp://ftp.uni-kl.de/pub/languages/B.tar.Z)}. ["Draft Proposal for the B Language", Lambert Meertens, CWI, Amsterdam, 1981]. [{(http://python-history.blogspot.com/2011/07/karin-dewar-indentation-and-colon.html)}]. 4. "language, specification" A specification language by Jean-Raymond Abrial of {B Core UK}, Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA. B is related to {Z} and supports development of {C} code from specifications. B has been used in major {safety-critical system} specifications in Europe, and is currently attracting increasing interest in industry. It has robust, commercially available tool support for specification, design, proof and code generation. E-mail: "Ib.Sorensen@comlab.ox.ac.uk". (1995-04-24)
BABYLON "artificial intelligence" A {development environment} for {expert systems}. BABYLON includes {frames}, {constraints}, a {prolog}-like logic formalism and a description language for diagnostic applications. It requires {Common Lisp}. Version 2.3, 1994-06-22 included ports to {MCL}, {TI CL}, {Allegro CL}, {CLisp}, {CMU CL}. Contact: Juergen Walther, AI Research Division, {GMD}. {CMU AI archive (http://www-cgi.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/ai-repository/ai/areas/expert/systems/babylon/0.html)} (2019-05-27)
bacharach ::: n. --> Alt. of Backarack html{color:
backplane "hardware, electronics" A {printed circuit board} with slots into which other cards are plugged. A backplane,is typically just a connector and does not usually have many active components on it. This contrasts with a {motherboard}. {Designing a backplane (http://iec.org/online/tutorials/design_backplane/index.html)}. (2002-09-08)
baklava code "humour, programming" Code with too many layers. Also known as Lasagne Code. [john-d-cook, {Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2013-09-14)
ballista ::: n. --> An ancient military engine, in the form of a crossbow, used for hurling large missiles. html{color:
barkentine ::: n. --> A threemasted vessel, having the foremast square-rigged, and the others schooner-rigged. [Spelled also barquentine, barkantine, etc.] See Illust. in Append. html{color:
barnacle code "programming, humour" Any piece of {code} (usually a {static method}) that has been appended to a {class} where it doesn't logically belong, due to a lack of anywhere else to put it. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2014-08-10)
based ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Base ::: a. --> Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as, broad-based. ::: n. html{color:
Bastard Operator From Hell "humour" (BOFH) A rogue {network operator} character invented by Simon Travaglia "simontrav@hotmail.com", regularly featured in "Computing" and "DATAMATION" magazine. See also: {Dilbert}. {(http://angelfire.com/bc/simont/index.html)}. (1999-09-17)
basylous ::: a. --> Pertaining to, or having the nature of, a basyle; electro-positive; basic; -- opposed to chlorous. html{color:
BBN Butterfly "computer" A {supercomputer} developed at {BBN Technologies}, named after the "butterfly" multi-stage switching network around which it was built. It could have up to 512 {CPUs} connected to allow every CPU access to every other CPU's memory, albeit with about 15 times the latency than for its own. The earlier GP-1000 models used up to 256 {Motorola 68020s}. The later TC-2000 models used up to 512 {Motorola 88100s}. Language developed for, or ported to, the BBN Butterfly were {Butterfly Common LISP}, {Butterfly Scheme}, {Delirium}, and {MultiScheme}. {(http://paralogos.com/DeadSuper/Misc/BBN.html)}. (2003-11-10)
bean trefoil ::: --> A leguminous shrub of southern Europe, with trifoliate leaves (Anagyris foetida). html{color:
beggable ::: a. --> Capable of being begged. html{color:
htmlcommentbox.com "web" A service for adding a comment box to any web page, allowing visitors to leave comments and the site owner to review them. {(http://htmlcommentbox.com/)} (2013-03-20)
biometrics "security, hardware" The use of special input devices to analyse some physical parameter assumed to be unique to an individual, in order to confirm their identity as part of an {authentication} procedure. Examples include {fingerprint scanning}, {iris recognition}, {facial recognition}, voice recognition ({speaker recognition}), {signature}, {vascular pattern recognition}. {(http://www.findbiometrics.com/Pages/guide2.html)}. (2007-02-22)
birching ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Birch html{color:
bish ::: n. --> Same as Bikh. html{color:
blindly ::: adv. --> Without sight, discernment, or understanding; without thought, investigation, knowledge, or purpose of one&
Bobo the Webmonkey "web" What {B1FF} was to {BITNET} users, Bobo the Webmonkey is to {webmonkeys} - the mythical prototype of incompetent web designers everywhere. In fact, Bobo may be what B1FF became when he grew up. Bobo knows about {HTML} only what he has learned from viewing the source of other people's Web pages. Bobo doesn't know what a {MIME type} is, even though someone gave him a hardcopy of the {FOLDOC} entry for it. Bobo may have used an HTML code validator {(http://validator.w3.org/)} before, but isn't sure. Bobo doesn't know what the difference between {GIF} and {JPEG} is. He thinks {PNG} is a foreign country. All the pages Bobo has designed say "Welcome to [organisation] online!" at the top, and say "click here!" at least three times per page. Bobo has used {Photoshop} before; he doesn't understand why people keep asking if he's ever been tested for color-blindness. Bobo never got that "its" / "it's" distinction real clear, as you can tell from his pages. Bobo likes "BLINK". (1998-04-04)
BogoMips "unit" (From "bogus", "{MIPS}") The timing unit of the {Linux} {kernel}. A BogoMips is an unscientific measurement of {processor} speed made by the {Linux} {kernel} when it {boots}, to calibrate an internal {busy-loop}. {BogoMips MiniHowto (http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/BogoMips.html)}. (1999-05-06)
boilingly ::: adv. --> With boiling or ebullition. html{color:
boyism ::: n. --> Boyhood.
The nature of a boy; childishness. html{color:
brigge ::: n. --> A bridge. html{color:
Broadway "standard, operating system" A standard which the {X Consortium} is currently (January 1997) developing and plans to release soon as an {open standard}. A prime goal is to be more {bandwidth}-efficient and easier to develop for (and to {port}) than the {X Window System}, which has been widely described as over-sized, over-featured, over-engineered and incredibly over-complicated. {(http://x.org/consortium/broadway.html)}. (1997-05-15)
brochureware "jargon, business" A planned, but non-existent, product, like {vaporware} but with the added implication that marketing is actively selling and promoting it (they've printed brochures). Brochureware is often deployed to con customers into not committing to a competing existing product. The term is now especially applicable to new {websites}, website revisions, and ancillary services such as customer support and product return. Owing to the explosion of {database}-driven, {cookie}-using {dot-coms} (of the sort that can now deduce that you are, in fact, a dog), the term is now also used to describe sites made up of {static HTML} pages that contain not much more than contact info and mission statements. The term suggests that the company is small, irrelevant to the web, local in scope, clueless, broke, just starting out, or some combination thereof. Many new companies without product, funding, or even staff, post brochureware with investor info and press releases to help publicise their ventures. As of December 1999, examples include pop.com and cdradio.com. Small-timers that really have no business on the web such as lawncare companies and divorce laywers inexplicably have brochureware made that stays unchanged for years. [{Jargon File}] (2001-05-10)
brute force attack "cryptography" A method of breaking a cipher (that is, to decrypt a specific encrypted text) by trying every possible {key}. The quicker the brute force attack, the weaker the cipher. Feasibility of brute force attack depends on the key length of the cipher, and on the amount of computational power available to the attacker. Brute force attack is impossible against the ciphers with variable-size key, such as a {one-time pad} cipher. {Breaking ciphers with many workstations (http://distributed.net/projects.html.en)}. (2000-01-16)
buchu ::: n. --> A South African shrub (Barosma) with small leaves that are dotted with oil glands; also, the leaves themselves, which are used in medicine for diseases of the urinary organs, etc. Several species furnish the leaves. html{color:
bulky ::: a. --> Of great bulk or dimensions; of great size; large; thick; massive; as, bulky volumes. html{color:
bull-necked ::: a. --> Having a short and thick neck like that of a bull. html{color:
bunodonts ::: n. pl. --> A division of the herbivorous mammals including the hogs and hippopotami; -- so called because the teeth are tuberculated. html{color:
bus "architecture, networking" A set of electrical conductors (wires, PCB tracks or connections in an {integrated circuit}) connecting various "stations", which can be {functional units} in a computer or {nodes} in a {network}. A bus is a {broadcast} channel, meaning that each station receives every other station's transmissions and all stations have equal access to the bus. Various schemes have been invented to solve the problem of collisions: multiple stations trying to transmit at once, e.g. {CSMA/CD}, {bus master}. The term is almost certainly derived from the electrical engineering term "bus bar" - a substantial, rigid power supply conductor to which several connections are made. This was once written "'bus bar" as it was a contraction of "omnibus bar" - a connection bar "for all", by analogy with the passenger omnibus - a conveyance "for all". {More on derivation (/pub/misc/omnibus.html)}. There are busses both within the {CPU} and connecting it to external {memory} and {peripheral} devices. The data bus, address bus and control signals, despite their names, really constitute a single bus since each is useless without the others. The width of the data bus is usually specified in {bits} and is the number of parallel connectors. This and the {clock rate} determine the bus's data rate (the number of {bytes} per second which it can carry). This is one of the factors limiting a computer's performance. Most current {microprocessors} have 32-bit busses both internally and externally. 100 or 133 {megahertz} bus clock rates are common. The bus clock is typically slower than the processor clock. Some processors have internal busses which are wider than their external busses (usually twice the width) since the width of the internal bus affects the speed of all operations and has less effect on the overall system cost than the width of the external bus. Various bus designs have been used in the {PC}, including {ISA}, {EISA}, {Micro Channel}, {VL-bus} and {PCI}. Other peripheral busses are NuBus, TURBOchannel, VMEbus, MULTIBUS and STD bus. See also {bus network}. {Ukranian (http://open-taxi.com/mynews/~adrian/10)}. (2010-07-10)
but ::: adv. & conj. --> Except with; unless with; without.
Except; besides; save.
Excepting or excluding the fact that; save that; were it not that; unless; -- elliptical, for but that.
Otherwise than that; that not; -- commonly, after a negative, with that.
Only; solely; merely.
On the contrary; on the other hand; only; yet; html{color:
Call-Level Interface "database, standard" (SQL/CLI) A programming interface designed to support {SQL} access to {databases} from shrink-wrapped {application programs}. CLI was originally created by a subcommittee of the {SQL Access Group} (SAG). The SAG/CLI specification was published as the {Microsoft} {Open DataBase Connectivity} (ODBC) specification in 1992. In 1993, SAG submitted the CLI to the {ANSI} and {ISO} SQL committees. SQL/CLI provides an international standard implementation-independent CLI to access SQL databases. {Client-server} tools can easily access databases through {dynamic link libraries}. It supports and encourages a rich set of client-server tools. SQL/CLI is an addendum to 1992 SQL standard (SQL-92). It was completed as ISO standard ISO/IEC 9075-3:1995 Information technology -- Database languages -- SQL -- Part 3: Call-Level Interface (SQL/CLI). The current SQL/CLI effort is adding support for {SQL3}. {(http://jcc.com/sql_cli.html)}. (1996-10-27)
Caml Light A small portable implementation of a version of {CAML} by Xavier Leroy "Xavier.Leroy@inria.fr" and Damien Doligez of {INRIA}. Caml Light uses a {bytecode interpreter} written in {C}. It adds a {Modula-2}-like {module} system, {separate compilation}, {lazy streams} for parsing and printing, graphics primitives and an interface with {C}. Version 0.6 runs on {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {Macintosh}, {Atari ST} and {Amiga}. It includes an {interpreter}, {compiler}, {Emacs} mode, libraries, {scanner generator}, {parser generator}, {run-time support} and an interactive development environment. The latest version, as of April 2003, is 0.75 and runs on {Unix}, {Macintosh} and {Windows}. The development of Caml Light has been stopped; current development is on {Objective Caml}. {(http://caml.inria.fr/distrib-caml-light-eng.html)}. {(ftp://ftp.inria.fr/lang/caml-light/)}. E-mail: "caml@inria.fr". Mailing list: "caml-list@inria.fr". {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.ml}. (2003-04-12)
CAM-PC "hardware" A {cellular automata} circuit board which is a hardware implementation from {Automatrix} of the {MIT} {CAM-6} machine. It comes with dozens of experiments and applications. {(http://automatrix.com/campc/index.html)}. (1995-04-21)
camwood ::: n. --> See Barwood. html{color:
Capability Maturity Model "software" (CMM) The {Software Engineering Institute}'s model of {software engineering} that specifies five levels of maturity of the processes of a software organisation. CMM offers a framework for evolutionary process improvement. Originally applied to software development (SE-CMM), it has been expanded to cover other areas including Human Resources and Software Acquitition. The levels - focii - and key process areas are: Level 1 Initial - Heroes - None. Level 2 Repeatable - Project Management - Software Project Planning, Software Project Tracking and Oversight, Software Subcontract Management, Software Quality Assurance, Software Configuration Management, Requirements Management. Level 3 Defined - Engineering Process - Organisation Process Focus, Organisation Process Definition, Peer Reviews, Training Program, Inter-group Coordination, Software Product Engineering, Integrated Software Management. Level 4 Managed - Product and Process Quality - Software Quality Management, Quantitative Process Management. Level 5 Optimising - Continuous Improvement - Process Change Management, Technology Change Management, Defect Prevention. {(http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmm/cmm.html)}. (2001-04-28)
Carnegie Mellon University "body, education" (CMU) A university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. {School of Computer Science (http://cs.cmu.edu/Web/FrontDoor.html)}. (1997-06-23)
Cascading Style Sheets "web" (CSS) An extension to {HTML} to allow styles, e.g. colour, {font}, size to be specified for certain elements of a {hypertext} document. Style information can be included in-line in the HTML file or in a separate CSS file (which can then be easily shared by multiple HTML files). Multiple levels of CSS can be used to allow selective overriding of styles. {(http://w3.org/Style/CSS/)}. (2000-07-26)
casus ::: n. --> An event; an occurrence; an occasion; a combination of circumstances; a case; an act of God. See the Note under Accident. html{color:
CATIA "tool, product" A {CAD}/CAM system produced by Dassault Systemes and sold by {IBM}. CATIA is used heavily in the car and aerospace industries. It runs on various {Unix} platforms and {Windows NT}. {(http://catia.ibm.com/catmain.html)}. (2002-06-12)
catnip ::: n. --> Alt. of Catmint html{color:
Celeron "processor" {Intel Corporation}'s trade name for its family of {Pentium II} {microprocessors} meant for use in low-end computers. The Celeron is constructed on the 0.25 micron Deschutes base. {Clock rates} of 266, 300 and 333 {MHz} are supported. It is built on the same {daughterboard} as the Pentium II without the black plastic case and {heat sink}. Four Celeron models are in production as of October 1998. The 266 and 300 MHz models are essentially Pentium II {CPUs} without the Level 2 {cache} {RAM}. The 300A and 333 MHz Celerons include 128k of Level 2 cache. A special mounting bracket on the motherboard is used to secure the Celeron in place in its standard 242-pin Slot 1 socket. Intel calls the caseless design SEPP (Single Edge Processor Package) to differentiate it from the Pentium II SEC (Single Edge Cartridge). Some believe that the real purpose for the different mounting configurations is to prevent users from placing lower cost processors onto Pentium II motherboards. A Celeron is about one third the cost of a similar speed Pentium II. Hardware {hackers} claim that the Celeron 300 without Level 2 cache could be {overclocked} to perform as well as a Pentium II at a fraction of the price. {(http://intel.com/Celeron/)}. {Tom's Hardware (http://www2.tomshardware.com/cpuslot1.html)}. (1998-10-06)
cellular automaton "algorithm, parallel" (CA, plural "- automata") A regular spatial lattice of "cells", each of which can have any one of a finite number of states. The state of all cells in the lattice are updated simultaneously and the state of the entire lattice advances in discrete time steps. The state of each cell in the lattice is updated according to a local rule which may depend on the state of the cell and its neighbors at the previous time step. Each cell in a cellular automaton could be considered to be a {finite state machine} which takes its neighbours' states as input and outputs its own state. The best known example is J.H. Conway's game of {Life}. {FAQ (http://alife.santafe.edu/alife/topics/cas/ca-faq/ca-faq.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.theory.cell-automata}, {news:comp.theory.self-org-sys}. (1995-03-03)
cellular multiprocessing "architecture, parallel" (CMP) The partitioning of {processors} into separate computing environments running different {operating systems}. The term cellular multiprocessing appears to have been coined by {Unisys}, who are developing a system where computers communicate as clustered machines through a high speed {bus}, rather than through communication {protocols} such as {TCP/IP}. The Unisys system is based on {Intel} processors, initially the {Pentium II Xeon} and moving on to the 64-bit {Merced} processors later in 1999. It will be scalable from four up to 32 processors, which can be clustered or partitioned in various ways. For example a sixteen processor system could be configured as four {Windows NT} systems (each functioning as a four-processor {symmetric multiprocessing} system), or an 8-way NT and 8-way {Unix} system. Supported operating systems will be {Windows NT}, {SCO}'s {Unixware} 7.0, Unisys' {SVR4} {Unix} and possibly the OS2200 and MCP-AS {mainframe} operating systems (with the assistance of Unisys' own dedicated {chipset}). {(http://marketplace.unisys.com/ent/cmp.html)}. (1998-09-09)
Certificate Authority "cryptography, body" (CA or "Trusted Third Party") An entity (typically a company) that issues {digital certificates} to other entities (organisations or individuals) to allow them to prove their identity to others. A Certificate Authority might be an external company such as {VeriSign} that offers digital certificate services or they might be an internal organisation such as a corporate {MIS} department. The Certificate Authority's chief function is to verify the identity of entities and issue digital certificates attesting to that identity. The process uses {public key cryptography} to create a "network of trust". If I want to prove my identity to you, I ask a CA (who you trust to have verified my identity) to encrypt a {hash} of my signed key with their {private key}. Then you can use the CA's {public key} to decrypt the hash and compare it with a hash you calculate yourself. Hashes are used to decrease the amount of data that needs to be transmitted. The hash function must be {cryptographically strong}, e.g. {MD5}. {(http://home.netscape.com/comprod/server_central/support/faq/certificate_faq.html
Chalmers University of Technology "body, education" A Swedish university founded in 1829 offering master of science and doctoral degrees. Research is carried out in the main engineering sciences as well as in technology related mathematical and natural sciences. Five hundred faculty members work in more than 100 departments organised in nine schools. Chalmers collaborates with the University of Göteborg. Around 8500 people work and study on the Chalmers campus, including around 500 faculty members and some 600 teachers and doctoral students. About 4800 students follow the master degree programs. Every year 700 Masters of Science in Engineering and in Architecture graduate from Chalmers, and about 190 PhDs and licentiates are awarded. Some 40% of Sweden's engineers and architects are Chalmers graduates. About a thousand research projects are in progress and more than 1500 scientific articles and research reports are published every year. Chalmers is a partner in 80 EC research projects. {(http://chalmers.se/Home-E.html)}. Address: S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden. (1995-02-16)
charger ::: n. --> One who, or that which charges.
An instrument for measuring or inserting a charge.
A large dish.
A horse for battle or parade. html{color:
charge ::: v. t. --> To lay on or impose, as a load, tax, or burden; to load; to fill.
To lay on or impose, as a task, duty, or trust; to command, instruct, or exhort with authority; to enjoin; to urge earnestly; as, to charge a jury; to charge the clergy of a diocese; to charge an agent.
To lay on, impose, or make subject to or liable for.
To fix or demand as a price; as, he charges two dollars html{color:
charlatanry ::: n. --> Undue pretensions to skill; quackery; wheedling; empiricism. html{color:
chef ::: n. --> A chief of head person.
The head cook of large establishment, as a club, a family, etc.
Same as Chief. html{color:
chm {Compiled HTML}
chrisom ::: n. --> A white cloth, anointed with chrism, or a white mantle thrown over a child when baptized or christened.
A child which died within a month after its baptism; -- so called from the chrisom cloth which was used as a shroud for it. html{color:
chromatic number "mathematics" The smallest number of colours necessary to colour the nodes of a {graph} so that no two adjacent nodes have the same colour. See also: {four colour map theorem}. {Graph Theory Lessons (http://utc.edu/~cpmawata/petersen/lesson8.htm)}. {Eric Weisstein's World Of Mathematics (http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChromaticNumber.html)}. {The Geometry Center (http://geom.umn.edu/~zarembe/grapht1.html)}. (2000-03-18)
chuckling ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Chuckle html{color:
chug report "humour" From "chug" - to drink heavily. A {bug report} whose the submitter is thought to have had one too many. Not as bad as a {drug report}. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2011-12-03)
Church of the SubGenius "body, humour" A mutant offshoot of {Discordianism} launched in 1981 as a spoof of fundamentalist Christianity by the "Reverend" Ivan Stang, a brilliant satirist with a gift for promotion. Popular among hackers as a rich source of bizarre imagery and references such as "Bob" the divine drilling-equipment salesman, the Benevolent Space Xists, and the Stark Fist of Removal. Much SubGenius theory is concerned with the acquisition of the mystical substance or quality of {slack}. {(http://sunsite.unc.edu/subgenius/slack.html)}. (1996-01-02)
C Language Integrated Production System "language" (CLIPS) A language produced by Gary Riley of NASA {JSC} in Houston, Texas, for developing {expert systems}, with the inferencing and representation capabilities of {OPS5} and support for {forward chaining} rule-based, {object-oriented} and {procedural} programming. CLIPS has a {Lisp}-like {syntax}. It is available for {MS-DOS} and comes with source code in {C}. COSMIC, U Georgia, (404) 542-3265. Austin Code Works "info@acw.com" (512) 258-0785. Versions include CLIPS 5.1, CLIPS/Ada 4.3 and CLIPS6.0 (see {PCLIPS}). {(http://jsc.nasa.gov/~clips/CLIPS.html)}. E-mail: "service@cossack.cosmic.uga.edu". Telnet: cosmic.uga.edu, user: cosline. {U. Michigan (ftp://earth.rs.itd.umich.edu/mac.bin/etc/compsci/Clips/)}, {ENSMP, France (ftp://ftp.ensmp.fr/pub/clips/)}. ["Expert Systems: Principles and Programming", Joseph Giarratano and Gary Riley, PWS Publ 1994, ISBN 0-534-93744-6]. (1994-12-16)
ColdFusion Markup Language "language, web" (CFML) A {tag} based {markup} language used to create {ColdFusion} {web applications} by embedding ColdFusion commands in {HTML} files. (1999-08-01)
ColdFusion "web, database, tool" {Allaire Corporation}'s commercial {database} application development tool that allows {databases} to have a {web interface}, so a database can be queried and updated using a {web browser}. The ColdFusion Server application runs on the {web server} and has access to a {database}. ColdFusion files on the web server are {HTML} pages with additional ColdFusion commands to {query} or {update} the database, written in {CFML}. When the page is requested by the user, the {web server} passes the page to the Cold Fusion application, which executes the {CFML} commands, places the results of the {CFML} commands in the {HTML} file, and returns the page to the {web server}. The page returned to the {web server} is now an ordinary {HTML} file, and it is sent to the user. Examples of ColdFusion applications include order entry, event registration, catalogue search, directories, calendars, and interactive training. ColdFusion applications are robust because all database interactions are encapsulated in a single industrial-strength {CGI} script. The formatting and presentation can be modified and revised at any time (as opposed to having to edit and recompile {source code}). ColdFusion Server can connect with any database that supports {ODBC} or {OLE DB} or one that has a native database driver. Native database drivers are available for {Oracle} and {Sybase} databases. ColdFusion is available for {Windows}, {Solaris}, and {HP-UX}. A {development environment} for creating ColdFusion files, called ColdFusion Studio, is also available for {Windows}. The {filename extension} for ColdFusion files is .cfm {(http://coldfusion.com/)}. (2003-07-27)
colstaff ::: n. --> A staff by means of which a burden is borne by two persons on their shoulders. html{color:
Common Gateway Interface "web" (CGI) A {standard} for running external {programs} from a {web} {HTTP} {server}. CGI specifies how to pass {arguments} to the program as part of the HTTP request. It also defines a set of {environment variables} that are made available to the program. The program generates output, typically {HTML}, which the web server processes and passes back to the {browser}. Alternatively, the program can request {URL redirection}. CGI allows the returned output to depend in any arbitrary way on the request. The CGI program can, for example, access information in a {database} and format the results as HTML. The program can access any data that a normal application program can, however the facilities available to CGI programs are usually limited for security reasons. Although CGI programs can be compiled programs, they are more often written in a (semi) {interpreted language} such as {Perl}, or as {Unix} {shell scripts}, hence the common name "CGI script". Here is a trivial CGI script written in Perl. (It requires the "CGI" module available from {CPAN}).
Compact Disc Recordable "storage" (CD-R) A write-once version of {CD-ROM}. CD-Rs can hold about 650 {megabytes} of data. They are very durable and can be read by normal CD-ROM drives, but once data has been written it cannot be altered. Standard prerecorded CDs have their information permanently stamped into an aluminium reflecting layer. CD-R discs have a dye-based recording layer and an additional golden reflecting layer. Digital information is written to the disc by burning (forming) pits in the recording layer in a pattern corresponding to that of a conventional CD. The laser beam heats the substrate and recording layer to approximately 250 C. The recording layer melts and the substrate expands into the space that becomes available. {Phillips: New Technologies (http://www-us.sv.philips.com/newtech/cdrewritable.html)}. See also {CD-RW} and {DVD-RAM}. (1999-08-01)
Compact Disc Rewritable "storage" (CD-RW) A rewritable version of {CD-ROM}. A CD-RW drive can write about 650 {megabytes} of data to CD-RW media an unlimited number of times. Most CD-RW drives can also write once to {CD-R} media. CD-RW media cannot be read by CD-ROM drives built prior to 1997 due to the reduced reflectivity (15% compared to 70%) of CD-RW media. CD-RW drives and media are currently (1999) more expensive than {CD-R} drives and media. CD-R is sometimes considered a better technology for archival purposes as the data cannot be accidentally modified or tampered with, and encourages better archival practices. Standard prerecorded CDs have their information permanently stamped into an aluminium reflecting layer. CD-WR discs have a phase-change recording layer and an additional silver (aluminium) reflecting layer. A laser beam can melt crystals in the recording layer into a non-crystalline amorphous phase or anneal them slowly at a lower temperature back to the crystalline state. The different reflectance of the areas make them appear as the 'pits' and 'lands' of a standard CD. {Phillips: New Technologies (http://www-us.sv.philips.com/newtech/cdrewritable.html)}. See also {CD-R} and {DVD-RAM}. (1999-08-01)
Compact Disc "storage" (CD) (Not "disk", this spelling is part of the standard). A 4.72 inch disc developed by {Sony} and {Philips} that can store, on the same disc, still and/or moving images in monochrome and/or color; stereo or two separate sound tracks integrated with and/or separate from the images; and digital program and information files. The same fabrication process is used to make both audio CDs and {CD-ROMs} for storing computer data, the only difference is in the device used to read the CD (the player or drive). {CD Information Center (http://cd-info.com/cd-info/CDInfoCenter.html)}. (1999-06-23)
Compiled HTML "filename extension" A {Microsoft} file format for distributing a collection of {HTML} files, along with their associated images, sounds, etc., as a single compressed archive file. Microsoft use this format for {Windows} {HTML Help} files. Most chms include a project (.hhp) file listing the included files and basic settings, a contents (.hhc) file, an index (.hhk) file, html files, and, optionally, image files. Users view chms with hh.exe, the HTML Help viewer installed with {Internet Explorer}. Filename extension: .chm. {(http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/htmlhelp/html/vsconHH1Start.asp)}. (2003-05-17)
compression 1. "application" (Or "compaction") The coding of data to save storage space or transmission time. Although data is already coded in digital form for computer processing, it can often be coded more efficiently (using fewer bits). For example, {run-length encoding} replaces strings of repeated characters (or other units of data) with a single character and a count. There are many compression {algorithms} and utilities. Compressed data must be decompressed before it can be used. The standard {Unix} compression utilty is called {compress} though {GNU}'s superior {gzip} has largely replaced it. Other compression utilties include {pack}, {zip} and {PKZIP}. When compressing several similar files, it is usually better to join the files together into an {archive} of some kind (using {tar} for example) and then compress them, rather than to join together individually compressed files. This is because some common compression {algorithms} build up tables based on the data from their current input which they have already compressed. They then use this table to compress subsequent data more efficiently. See also {TIFF}, {JPEG}, {MPEG}, {Lempel-Ziv Welch}, "{lossy}", "{lossless}". {Compression FAQ (ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/compression-faq/)}. {Web Content Compression FAQ (http://perl.apache.org/docs/tutorials/client/compression/compression.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.compression}, {news:comp.compression.research}. 2. "multimedia" Reducing the dynamic range of an audio signal, making quiet sounds louder and loud sounds quieter. Thus, when discussing digital audio, the preferred term for reducing the total amount of data is "compaction". Some advocate this term in all contexts. (2004-04-26)
computer ethics "philosophy" Ethics is the field of study that is concerned with questions of value, that is, judgments about what human behaviour is "good" or "bad". Ethical judgments are no different in the area of computing from those in any other area. Computers raise problems of privacy, ownership, theft, and power, to name but a few. Computer ethics can be grounded in one of four basic world-views: Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, or Existentialism. Idealists believe that reality is basically ideas and that ethics therefore involves conforming to ideals. Realists believe that reality is basically nature and that ethics therefore involves acting according to what is natural. Pragmatists believe that reality is not fixed but is in process and that ethics therefore is practical (that is, concerned with what will produce socially-desired results). Existentialists believe reality is self-defined and that ethics therefore is individual (that is, concerned only with one's own conscience). Idealism and Realism can be considered ABSOLUTIST worldviews because they are based on something fixed (that is, ideas or nature, respectively). Pragmatism and Existentialism can be considered RELATIVIST worldviews because they are based or something relational (that is, society or the individual, respectively). Thus ethical judgments will vary, depending on the judge's world-view. Some examples: First consider theft. Suppose a university's computer is used for sending an e-mail message to a friend or for conducting a full-blown private business (billing, payroll, inventory, etc.). The absolutist would say that both activities are unethical (while recognising a difference in the amount of wrong being done). A relativist might say that the latter activities were wrong because they tied up too much memory and slowed down the machine, but the e-mail message wasn't wrong because it had no significant effect on operations. Next consider privacy. An instructor uses her account to acquire the cumulative grade point average of a student who is in a class which she instructs. She obtained the password for this restricted information from someone in the Records Office who erroneously thought that she was the student's advisor. The absolutist would probably say that the instructor acted wrongly, since the only person who is entitled to this information is the student and his or her advisor. The relativist would probably ask why the instructor wanted the information. If she replied that she wanted it to be sure that her grading of the student was consistent with the student's overall academic performance record, the relativist might agree that such use was acceptable. Finally, consider power. At a particular university, if a professor wants a computer account, all she or he need do is request one but a student must obtain faculty sponsorship in order to receive an account. An absolutist (because of a proclivity for hierarchical thinking) might not have a problem with this divergence in procedure. A relativist, on the other hand, might question what makes the two situations essentially different (e.g. are faculty assumed to have more need for computers than students? Are students more likely to cause problems than faculty? Is this a hold-over from the days of "in loco parentis"?). {"Philosophical Bases of Computer Ethics", Professor Robert N. Barger (http://nd.edu/~rbarger/metaethics.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroups: {news:bit.listserv.ethics-l}, {news:alt.soc.ethics}. (1995-10-25)
constraint satisfaction "application" The process of assigning values to {variables} while meeting certain requirements or "{constraints}". For example, in {graph colouring}, a node is a variable, the colour assigned to it is its value and a link between two nodes represents the constraint that those two nodes must not be assigned the same colour. In {scheduling}, constraints apply to such variables as the starting and ending times for tasks. The {Simplex} method is one well known technique for solving numerical constraints. The search difficulty of constraint satisfaction problems can be determined on average from knowledge of easily computed structural properties of the problems. In fact, hard instances of {NP-complete} problems are concentrated near an abrupt transition between under- and over-constrained problems. This transition is analogous to phase transitions in physical systems and offers a way to estimate the likely difficulty of a constraint problem before attempting to solve it with search. {Phase transitions in search (ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pub/dynamics/constraints.html)} (Tad Hogg, {XEROX PARC}). (1995-02-15)
contour ::: n. --> The outline of a figure or body, or the line or lines representing such an outline; the line that bounds; periphery.
The outline of a horizontal section of the ground, or of works of fortification. html{color:
Coordinated Universal Time "time, standard" (UTC, World Time) The standard time common to every place in the world. UTC is derived from {International Atomic Time} (TAI) by the addition of a whole number of "leap seconds" to synchronise it with {Universal Time} 1 (UT1), thus allowing for the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, the rotational axis tilt (23.5 degrees), but still showing the Earth's irregular rotation, on which UT1 is based. Coordinated Universal Time is expressed using a 24-hour clock and uses the {Gregorian calendar}. It is used in aeroplane and ship navigation, where it also sometimes known by the military name, "Zulu time". "Zulu" in the phonetic alphabet stands for "Z" which stands for longitude zero. UTC was defined by the International Radio Consultative Committee ({CCIR}), a predecessor of the {ITU-T}. CCIR Recommendation 460-4, or ITU-T Recommendation X.680 (7/94), contains the full definition. The language-independent international abbreviation, UTC, is neither English nor French. It means both "Coordinated Universal Time" and "Temps Universel Coordonné". {BIPM (http://www.bipm.org/enus/5_Scientific/c_time/time_1.html)}. {The Royal Observatory Greenwich (http://rog.nmm.ac.uk/leaflets/time/time.html)}. {History of UTC and GMT (http://ecco.bsee.swin.edu.au/chronos/GMT-explained.html)}. {U.S. National Institute of Standards & Technology (http://its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-009/_1277.htm)}. {UK National Physical Laboratory (http://npl.co.uk/npl/ctm/time_scales.html)}. {US Naval Observatory (http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/systime.html)}. {International Telecommunications Union (http://itu.int/radioclub/rr/arts02.htm)}. {Earth's irregular rotation (/pub/misc/earth_rotation)}. (2001-08-30)
copyright symbol "character, legal" "©" The internationally recognised symbol required to introduce a {copyright} notice, a letter C with a circle around it. This can be encoded in {ISO 8859-1} as character code decimal 169, hexadecimal A9, in {HTML} as ©, &
cornicular ::: n. --> A secretary or clerk. html{color:
Cougar "web, standard" A former (development) name for the {W3C}'s {HTML} 4 standard. (2001-02-06)
counterbug "humour" A {bug} used as a relpy to refute another person's bug report, as in "counterargument". [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2012-10-24)
country code "networking, standard" Originally, a two-letter abbreviation for a particular country (or geographical region), generally used as a {top-level domain}. Originally country codes were just for countries; but country codes have been allocated for many areas (mostly islands) that aren't countries, such as Antarctica (aq), Christmas Island (cx) and Saint Pierre et Miquelon (pm). Country codes are defined in {ISO 3166} and are used as the top level domain for {Internet} {hostnames} in most countries but hardly ever in the USA (code "us"). ISO 3166 defines short and full english and french names, two- and three-letter codes and a three-digit code for each country. There are also {language codes}. {Latest list (http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/02iso-3166-code-lists/list-en1.html)}. (2006-12-11)
covinous ::: a. --> Deceitful; collusive; fraudulent; dishonest. html{color:
cowpea ::: n. --> The seed of one or more leguminous plants of the genus Dolichos; also, the plant itself. Many varieties are cultivated in the southern part of the United States. html{color:
CParaOps5 "language" A {parallel} version of {OPS5} written at CMU, in {C} and compiling to C. CParaOps5 is available for {Unix}, {Mach}, {Encore Multimaxen}, and {Sequent}. {(http://cs.ucsb.edu/~acha/software.html)}. (1999-08-30)
cran ::: n. --> Alt. of Crane html{color:
crazy ::: a. --> Characterized by weakness or feebleness; decrepit; broken; falling to decay; shaky; unsafe.
Broken, weakened, or dissordered in intellect; shattered; demented; deranged.
Inordinately desirous; foolishly eager. html{color:
crouton ::: n. --> Bread cut in various forms, and fried lightly in butter or oil, to garnish hashes, etc. html{color:
cryptography "cryptography" The practise and study of {encryption} and {decryption} - encoding data so that it can only be decoded by specific individuals. A system for encrypting and decrypting data is a cryptosystem. These usually involve an {algorithm} for combining the original data ("{plaintext}") with one or more "keys" - numbers or strings of characters known only to the sender and/or recipient. The resulting output is known as "{ciphertext}". The security of a cryptosystem usually depends on the secrecy of (some of) the keys rather than with the supposed secrecy of the {algorithm}. A strong cryptosystem has a large range of possible keys so that it is not possible to just try all possible keys (a "{brute force}" approach). A strong cryptosystem will produce ciphertext which appears random to all standard statistical tests. A strong cryptosystem will resist all known previous methods for breaking codes ("{cryptanalysis}"). See also {cryptology}, {public-key encryption}, {RSA}. {Usenet} newsgroups: {news:sci.crypt}, {news:sci.crypt.research}. {FAQ} {MIT (ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/cryptography-faq/)}. {Cryptography glossary (http://io.com/~ritter/GLOSSARY.HTM
CryptoLocker "security" The best known example of the kind of {malware} known as {ransomware}. CryptoLocker {encrypts} files on your computer and then demands that you send the malware operator money in order to have the files decrypted. According to FBI estimates, CryptoLocker had more than 500,000 victims between September 2013 and May 2014. Around 1.3 percent paid to free their files, earning the malware makers around $3 million. The criminal network was smashed by authorities and security researchers in May 2014 and a tool put online to decryt victim's files for free. {(http://thehackernews.com/2014/08/CryptoLocker-Decryption-Keys-Tool.html)}. (2015-01-22)
cucking stool ::: --> A kind of chair formerly used for punishing scolds, and also dishonest tradesmen, by fastening them in it, usually in front of their doors, to be pelted and hooted at by the mob, but sometimes to be taken to the water and ducked; -- called also a castigatory, a tumbrel, and a trebuchet; and often, but not so correctly, a ducking stool. html{color:
CU-SeeMe "communications" /see`-yoo-see'-mee/ ("CU" from {Cornell University}) A {shareware} {personal computer}-based {videoconferencing} program for use over the {Internet}, developed at {Cornell University}, starting in 1992. CU-SeeMe allows for direct {audiovisual} connections between {clients}, or, like {irc}, it can support multi-user converencing via {servers} (here called "reflectors") to distribute the video and audio signals between multiple clients. CU-SeeMe was the first videoconferencing tool available at a reasonable price (in this case, free) to users of personal computers. {(http://cu-seeme.cornell.edu/)}. {(http://home.stlnet.com/~hubble/cuseeme/index.html)}. Compare with {multicast backbone}. (1996-12-01)
CUSI A collection of indices to various {web} and other {Internet} documents. It is located at {Nexor} in the UK. {(http://web.nexor.co.uk/public/cusi/cusi.html)}. (1994-11-29)
cut-and-waste code "humour, programming" Code that someone found online (e.g. in a {blog}) and copied and pasted into a product. The result is usually a lot of wasted time trying to track down obscure bugs from code that may have made sense in the original context but not in the new one. Also known as blog-driven development. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2014-07-03)
cybernetics "robotics" /si:`b*-net'iks/ The study of control and communication in living and man-made systems. The term was first proposed by {Norbert Wiener} in the book referenced below. Originally, cybernetics drew upon electrical engineering, mathematics, biology, neurophysiology, anthropology, and psychology to study and describe actions, feedback, and response in systems of all kinds. It aims to understand the similarities and differences in internal workings of organic and machine processes and, by formulating abstract concepts common to all systems, to understand their behaviour. Modern "second-order cybernetics" places emphasis on how the process of constructing models of the systems is influenced by those very systems, hence an elegant definition - "applied epistemology". Related recent developments (often referred to as {sciences of complexity}) that are distinguished as separate disciplines are {artificial intelligence}, {neural networks}, {systems theory}, and {chaos theory}, but the boundaries between those and cybernetics proper are not precise. See also {robot}. {The Cybernetics Society (http://cybsoc.org)} of the UK. {American Society for Cybernetics (http://asc-cybernetics.org/)}. {IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society (http://isye.gatech.edu/ieee-smc/)}. {International project "Principia Cybernetica" (http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/DEFAULT.html)}. ["Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine", N. Wiener, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1948] (2002-01-01)
Cyc "artificial intelligence" A large {knowledge-based system}. Cyc is a very large, multi-contextual {knowledge base} and {inference engine}, the development of which started at the {Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation} (MCC) in Austin, Texas during the early 1980s. Over the past eleven years the members of the Cyc team, lead by {Doug Lenat}, have added to the knowledge base a huge amount of fundamental human knowledge: {facts}, rules of thumb, and {heuristics} for reasoning about the objects and events of modern everyday life. Cyc is an attempt to do symbolic {AI} on a massive scale. It is not based on numerical methods such as statistical probabilities, nor is it based on {neural networks} or {fuzzy logic}. All of the knowledge in Cyc is represented {declaratively} in the form of logical {assertions}. Cyc presently contains approximately 400,000 significant assertions, which include simple statements of fact, rules about what conclusions to draw if certain statements of fact are satisfied, and rules about how to reason with certain types of facts and rules. The {inference engine} derives new conclusions using {deductive reasoning}. To date, Cyc has made possible ground-breaking pilot applications in the areas of {heterogeneous} database browsing and integration, {captioned image retrieval}, and {natural language processing}. In January of 1995, a new independent company named Cycorp was created to continue the Cyc project. Cycorp is still in Austin, Texas. The president of Cycorp is {Doug Lenat}. The development of Cyc has been supported by several organisations, including {Apple}, {Bellcore}, {DEC}, {DoD}, {Interval}, {Kodak}, and {Microsoft}. {(http://cyc.com/)}. {Unofficial FAQ (http://robotwisdom.com/ai/cycfaq.html)}. (1999-09-07)
Cyrix 6x86 "processor" (6x86) {IBM} and {Cyrix}'s {sixth-generation}, 64-bit {80x86}-compatible {microprocessor}. The 6x86 combines aspects of both {RISC} and {CISC}. It has a {superscalar}, {superpipelined} {core}, and performs {register renaming}, {speculative execution}, {out-of-order completion}, and {data dependency removal}. It has a 16-kilobyte {primary cache} and is socket-compatible with the {Pentium} P54C. It has four performance levels: PR 120+, PR 150+, PR 166+ and PR 200+. The chip was designed by Cyrix and is manufactured by IBM. The architecture of the 6x86 is more advanced than that of the Pentium, incorporating some of the features of Intel's {Pentium Pro}. At a given {clock rate} it executes most code more quickly than a Pentium would. However, its {FPU} is considerably less efficient than Intel's. {IBM FAQ (http://chips.ibm.com/products/x86/6x86/faqs/6x86_faqs.html)}, {Cyrix FAQ (http://cyrix.com/process/prodinfo/6x86/faq-6x86.htm)}. (1997-05-26)
dangling pointer "programming" A reference that doesn't actually lead anywhere. In {C} and some other languages, a pointer that doesn't actually point at anything valid. Usually this happens because it formerly pointed to something that has moved or disappeared, e.g. a {heap}-allocated block which has been freed and reused. Used as jargon in a generalisation of its technical meaning; for example, a local phone number for a person who has since moved is a dangling pointer. {This dictionary} contains many dangling pointers - cross-references to non-existent entries, as explained in {the Help page (help.html)}. [{Jargon File}] (2014-09-20)
Datakit "networking" A {circuit-switched} digital network, similar to {X.25}. Datakit supports {host-to-host} connections and {EIA-232} connections for {terminals}, {printers}, and {hosts}. Most of {Bell Laboratories} is {trunk}ed together on Datakit. On top of DK transport service, people run {UUCP} for {electronic mail} and {dkcu} for {remote login}. ISN is the version of Datakit supported by {AT&T} Information Systems. Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, New Jersey, uses ISN for internal data communication. {(http://fc.net:80/phrack/files/p18/p18-9.html)}. ["Towards a universal data transport system", A. G. Fraser, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, SAC-1(5) pp. 803-16, 1983]. (1996-10-20)
Dataless Management Services "operating system" (DMS) {(http://cs.arizona.edu/computer.help/policy/DIGITAL_unix/AA-PS3LE-TE_html/sharing10.html)}. (2005-09-15)
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification "communications, networking" (DOCSIS) {ITU}-approved interface requirements for {cable modems} involved in high-speed data distribution over a {cable television} network. DOCSIS compatible equipment uses a 6 MHz {carrier} band for {downstream}, using 64 and 256 {QAM} (ITU Annex B), and {QPSK} and 16 QAM for {upstream}, allowing up to 36 and 10 Mb/s, respectively for downstream and upstream channels. {CableLabs FAQ (http://cablemodem.com/FAQs.html)}. (2001-07-10)
DB2 catalog "database" An {IBM} {DB2} {system table} listing all objects in a database installation including hosts, servers, databases, tables and many more. Commands are provided to manage the catalog, e.g. db2 catalog database mydatabase on /databases/mydatabase to add a database reference. {Catalog documentation (http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSEPGG_9.7.0/com.ibm.db2.luw.sql.ref.doc/doc/r0011297.html)}. (2014-08-16)
dbx "programming" A {source-level debugger} originating from {BSD Unix} but now available for many other {Unix} distributions. {Sun documentation (http://developers.sun.com/sunstudio/documentation/ss12/mr/man1/dbx.1.html)}. (2009-04-27)
deas ::: n. --> See Dais. html{color:
DECmate I "computer" The first in {DEC}'s series of miniaturised {PDP-8} computers based on the {Intersil 6120} [Harris 6120?] {microprocessor} and dedicated to {wordprocessing}. The DECmate was DEC's original competition for the {IBM PC}. The DECmate I was introduced in 1980 as the successor to the {WT78}. The processor ran at 10 MHz, and was housed in a {VT100} {CRT} terminal. It was a very limted model, no {EAE} option was available, memory was 32 Kwords. It used the RX02 8" dual floppy drive. Options were the DP278-A and -B communication ports and RL278: 1 to 4 {RL02} {cartridge disk} drives. {(http://telnet.hu/hamster/dr/decmate.html)}. [Processor manufacturer?] (2003-05-29)
deep-waisted ::: a. --> Having a deep waist, as when, in a ship, the poop and forecastle are much elevated above the deck. html{color:
default.htm {index.html}
dendritic ::: a. --> Alt. of Dendritical html{color:
design pattern "programming" A description of an {object-oriented design} technique which names, abstracts and identifies aspects of a design structure that are useful for creating an object-oriented design. The design pattern identifies {classes} and {instances}, their roles, collaborations and responsibilities. Each design pattern focuses on a particular object-oriented design problem or issue. It describes when it applies, whether it can be applied in the presence of other design constraints, and the consequences and trade-offs of its use. {Home (http://st-www.cs.uiuc.edu/users/patterns/patterns.html)}. ["Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software", Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides]. (1997-07-21)
Desktop Management Interface "standard, operating system" (DMI) A {specification} from the {Desktop Management Task Force} (DMTF) that establishes a standard {framework} for managing networked computers. DMI covers {hardware} and {software}, {desktop} systems and {servers}, and defines a model for filtering events and describing {interfaces}. DMI provides a common path for technical support, IT managers, and individual users to access information about all aspects of a computer - including {processor} type, installation date, attached {printers} and other {peripherals}, power sources, and maintenance history. It provides a common format for describing products to aid vendors, systems integrators, and end users in enterprise desktop management. DMI is not tied to any specific hardware, operating system, or management protocols. It is easy for vendors to adopt, mappable to existing management protocols such as {Simple Network Management Protocol} (SNMP), and can be used on non-network computers. DMI's four components are: Management Information Format (MIF) - a text file containing information about the hardware and software on a computer. Manufacturers can create their own MIFs specific to a component. Service layer - an OS add-on that connects the management interface and the component interface and allows management and component software to access MIF files. The service layer also includes a common interface called the local agent, which is used to manage individual components. Component interface (CI) - an {application program interface} (API) that sends status information to the appropriate MIF file via the service layer. Commands include Get, Set, and Event. Management interface (MI) - the management software's interface to the service layer. Commands are Get, Set, and List. CI, MI, and service layer drivers are available on the Internet. {Intel}'s {LANDesk Client Manager} (LDCM) is based on DMI. Version: 2.0s (as of 2000-01-19). {(http://dmtf.org/spec/dmis.html)}. {Sun overview (http://sun.com/solstice/products/ent.agents/presentations/sld014.html)}. (2000-01-19)
desktop publishing "text, application" (DTP) Using computers to lay out text and graphics for printing in magazines, newsletters, brochures, etc. A good DTP system provides precise control over templates, styles, fonts, sizes, colour, paragraph formatting, images and fitting text into irregular shapes. Example programs include {FrameMaker}, {PageMaker}, {InDesign} and {GeoPublish}. {(http://cs.purdue.edu/homes/gwp/dtp/dtp.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.text.desktop}. (2005-03-14)
devi ::: n. --> ; fem. of Deva. A goddess. html{color:
Dhrystone "benchmark" A short {synthetic benchmark} program by Reinhold Weicker "weicker.muc@sni.de", "weicker.muc@sni-usa.com", intended to be representative of system (integer) programming. It is available in {ADA}, {Pascal} and {C}. The current version is Dhrystone 2.1. The author says, "Relying on MIPS V1.1 (the result of V1.1) numbers can be hazardous to your professional health." Due to its small size, the memory system outside the {cache} is not tested. Compilers can too easily optimise for Dhrystone. String operations are somewhat over-represented. {Sources (ftp://ftp.nosc.mil/pub/aburto/)}. {Results (http://performance.netlib.org/performance/html/dhrystone.data.col0.html)}. (2002-03-26)
DHTML {Dynamic HTML}
di- ::: --> A prefix, signifying twofold, double, twice
denoting two atoms, radicals, groups, or equivalents, as the case may be. See Bi-, 2.
A prefix denoting through; also, between, apart, asunder, across. Before a vowel dia-becomes di-; as, diactinic; dielectric, etc. html{color:
Diffie-Hellman "cryptography" A {public-key encryption} {key exchange algorithm}. {FAQ (http://rsa.com/rsalabs/faq/html/3-6-1.html)}. (1999-03-15)
DigiCash "company" A company, started in April 1990, which aims to develop and license products to support electronic payment methods including {chip card}, software only, and hybrid. {Ecash} is their trial form of software-only electronic money. {(http://digicash.com/home.html)}. (1995-04-10)
digital envelope "cryptography" {(http://rsa.com/rsalabs/faq/html/2-2-4.html)}. [Summary?] (1999-03-16)
Digital Library Initiative A project to research digital libraries which aims to provide real collections to real users (high school students, University researchers and students, users in public libraries). The project is sponsored jointly by three US federal funding agencies, led by the National Science Foundation. The {University of Michigan}, one of the six sites selected in 1994 to collaborate, will provide collections on earth and space sciences. The project, known there as the University of Michigan Digital Library Project (UMDL), is a large, multi-year project headed by Daniel Atkins, Dean of the School of Information and Library Studies. {UMDL (http://http2.sils.umich.edu/UMDL/HomePage.html)}. (1995-02-23)
Digital Subscriber Line "communications, protocol" (DSL, or Digital Subscriber Loop, xDSL - see below) A family of {digital} {telecommunications} {protocols} designed to allow high speed data communication over the existing {copper} telephone lines between end-users and telephone companies. When two conventional {modems} are connected through the telephone system ({PSTN}), it treats the communication the same as voice conversations. This has the advantage that there is no investment required from the telephone company (telco) but the disadvantage is that the {bandwidth} available for the communication is the same as that available for voice conversations, usually 64 kb/s ({DS0}) at most. The {twisted-pair} copper cables into individual homes or offices can usually carry significantly more than 64 kb/s but the telco needs to handle the signal as digital rather than analog. There are many implementation of the basic scheme, differing in the communication {protocol} used and providing varying {service levels}. The {throughput} of the communication can be anything from about 128 kb/s to over 8 Mb/s, the communication can be either symmetric or asymmetric (i.e. the available bandwidth may or may not be the same {upstream} and {downstream}). Equipment prices and service fees also vary considerably. The first technology based on DSL was {ISDN}, although ISDN is not often recognised as such nowadays. Since then a large number of other protocols have been developed, collectively referred to as xDSL, including {HDSL}, {SDSL}, {ADSL}, and {VDSL}. As yet none of these have reached very wide deployment but wider deployment is expected for 1998-1999. {(http://cyberventure.com/~cedpa/databus-issues/v38n1/xdsl.html)}. {2Wire DSL provider lookup (http://2Wire.com/)}. ["Data Cooks, But Will Vendors Get Burned?", "Supercomm Spotlight On ADSL" & "Lucent Sells Paradine", Wilson & Carol, Inter@ctive Week Vol. 3
Digital Versatile Disc "storage" (DVD, formerly "Digital Video Disc") An optical storage medium with improved capacity and bandwidth compared with the {Compact Disc}. DVD, like CD, was initally marketed for entertainment and later for computer users. [When was it first available?] A DVD can hold a full-length film with up to 133 minutes of high quality video, in {MPEG-2} format, and audio. The first DVD drives for computers were read-only drives ("DVD-ROM"). These can store 4.7 GBytes - over seven times the storage capacity of CD-ROM. DVD-ROM drives read existing {CD-ROMs} and music CDs and are compatible with installed sound and video boards. Additionally, the DVD-ROM drive can read DVD films and modern computers can decode them in software in {real-time}. The DVD video standard was announced in November 1995. Matshusita did much of the early development but Philips made the first DVD player, which appeared in Japan in November 1996. In May 2004, Sony released the first dual-layer drive, which increased the disc capacity to 8.5 GB. Double-sided, dual-layer discs will eventually increase the capacity to 17 GB. Write-once DVD-R ("recordable") drives record a 3.9GB DVD-R disc that can be read on a DVD-ROM drive. Pioneer released the first DVD-R drive on 1997-09-29. By March 1997, {Hitachi} had released a rewritable DVD-RAM drive (by false analogy with {random-access memory}). DVD-RAM drives read and write to a 2.6 GB DVD-RAM disc, read and write-once to a 3.9GB DVD-R disc, and read a 4.7 GB or 8.5 GB DVD-ROM. Later, DVD-RAM discs could be read on DVD-R and DVD-ROM drives. {Background (http://tacmar.com/dvd_background.htm)}. {RCA home (http://imagematrix.com/DVD/home.html)}. (2006-01-07)
diplanar ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to two planes. html{color:
dipped ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Dip html{color:
dispersive ::: a. --> Tending to disperse. html{color:
dis "programming" A {CPython} {bytecode} {disassembler}. {dis home (https://docs.python.org/2/library/dis.html)}. (2014-06-08)
Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) An architecture consisting of {standard} programming interfaces, conventions and {server} functionalities (e.g. naming, distributed file system, {remote procedure call}) for distributing applications transparently across networks of {heterogeneous} computers. DCE is promoted and controlled by the {Open Software Foundation} (OSF). {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.soft-sys.dce}. {(http://dstc.edu.au/AU/research_news/dce/dce.html)}. (1994-12-07)
Distributed Queue Dual Bus "networking, standard" (DQDB) An {IEEE} {standard} for {metropolitan area networks}. {(http://ece.wpi.edu/~vlad/ee535/hw5/page1.html)}. [Details?] (2000-08-02)
distributed system A collection of (probably heterogeneous) automata whose distribution is transparent to the user so that the system appears as one local machine. This is in contrast to a network, where the user is aware that there are several machines, and their location, storage replication, load balancing and functionality is not transparent. Distributed systems usually use some kind of {client-server} organisation. Distributed systems are considered by some to be the "next wave" of computing. {Distributed Computing Environment} is the {Open Software Foundation}'s software architecture for distributed systems. {(http://dstc.edu.au/AU/research_news/dist-env.html)}. (1994-12-06)
Ditto Drive "hardware, storage" The Ditto {tape drives} range in capacity from 120 {megabytes} to 1.6 {gigabytes} ({data compression} can roughly double these figures). The newer devices are designed for special tapes, though they will read standard tape types. The largest of tape stores up 3.2 {GB}. Using an enhanced {floppy drive} card the transfer rate approaches the claimed 19 {MB}/minute. External {parallel} port versions are also available. {Compatibility details (http://iomega.com/support/techs/ditto/3040.html)}. (1997-03-26)
DOCMaker "text, tool, product" An application for the {Apple} {Macintosh} which creates stand-alone, self-running document {files}. It features scrollable and re-sizable windows, graphics, varied text styles and {fonts}, full printing capability, and links to other {software} and {information}. Companies such as Federal Express, GTE, {Hewlett-Packard}, {Iomega}, {Adobe Systems, Inc.}, {Apple Computer} and {Aladdin} use DOCMaker to distribute disk-based {documentation} with their products. {(http://hsv.tis.net/~greenmtn/docm1.html)}. (1998-01-27)
doctype decoration "humour" When a {web author} adds a {doctype declaration} but doesn't bother to write valid {HTML}. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2013-05-30)
Document Object Model "hypertext, language, web" A {W3C} specification for {application program interfaces} for accessing the content of {HTML} and {XML} documents. {(http://w3.org/DOM/)}. (1999-12-14)
doffing ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Doff html{color:
dog "tool" An enhanced version of the {Unix} {cat} command that, in addition to outputting the contents of files, can output the data obtained by fetching {URLs}. It also offers various output options such as line numbering. {Unix manual page}: {(http://www.penguin-soft.com/penguin/man/1/dog.html)}. (2009-06-12)
Domain Name System "networking" (DNS) A general-purpose distributed, replicated, data query service chiefly used on {Internet} for translating {hostnames} into {Internet addresses}. Also, the style of {hostname} used on the Internet, though such a name is properly called a {fully qualified domain name}. DNS can be configured to use a sequence of name servers, based on the domains in the name being looked for, until a match is found. The name resolution client (e.g. Unix's gethostbyname() library function) can be configured to search for host information in the following order: first in the local {hosts file}, second in {NIS} and third in DNS. This sequencing of Naming Services is sometimes called "name service switching". Under {Solaris} is configured in the file /etc/nsswitch.conf. DNS can be queried interactively using the command {nslookup}. It is defined in {STD 13}, {RFC 1034}, {RFC 1035}, {RFC 1591}. {BIND} is a common DNS server. {Info from Virtual Office, Inc. (http://virtual.office.com/domains.html)}. (2001-05-14)
DOOM "games" A simulated 3D moster-hunting action game for {IBM PCs}, created and published by {id Software}. The original press release was dated January 1993. A cut-down shareware version v1.0 was released on 10 December 1993 and again with some bug-fixes, as v1.4 in June 1994. DOOM is similar to Wolfenstein 3d (id Software, Apogee) but has better {texture mapping}; walls can be at any angle, of any thickness and have windows; lighting can fade into the distance or come from point sources; floors and ceilings can be of any height; many surfaces are animated; up to four players can play over a network or two by serial link; it has a high {frame rate} (comparable to TV on a {486}/33); DOOM isn't just a collection of connected closed rooms like Wolfenstein but sounds can travel anywhere and alert monsters of your approach. The shareware version is available from these sites: {Cactus (ftp://cactus.org/pub/IHHD/multi-player/)}, {Manitoba (ftp://ftp.cc.umanitoba.ca/pub/doom/)}, {UK (ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/ibmpc/games/id/)}, {South Africa (ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/pub/msdos/games/id/)}, {UWP ftp (ftp://archive.uwp.edu/pub/msdos/games/id/)}, {UWP http (http://archive.uwp.edu/pub/msdos/games/id/)}, {Finland (ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/msdos/games/id)}, {Washington (ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/pub/MSDOS_UPLOADS/games/doom)}. A {FAQ} by Hank Leukart: {UWP (ftp://ftp.uwp.edu/pub/msdos/games/id/home-brew/doom)}, {Washington (ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/pub/MSDOS_UPLOADS/games/doomstuff)}. {FAQ on WWW (http://venom.st.hmc.edu/~tkelly/doomfaq/intro.html)}. {Other links (http://gamesdomain.co.uk/descript/doom.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroups: {news:rec.games.computer.doom.announce}, {news:rec.games.computer.doom.editing}, {news:rec.games.computer.doom.help}, {news:rec.games.computer.doom.misc}, {news:rec.games.computer.doom.playing}, {news:alt.games.doom}, {news:comp.sys.ibm.pc.games.action}, {news:comp.sys.ibm.pc.games.announce}, {news:comp.sys.ibm.pc.games.misc}. Mailing List: "listserv@cedar.univie.ac.at" ("sub DOOML" in the message body, no subject). Telephone: +44 (1222) 362 361 - the UK's first multi-player DOOM and games server. (1994-12-14)
DOS requester "networking" An {MS-DOS} {client} that provides transparent redirection of printing and file accesses to a network {server}. It handles levels 3, 4 and 5 of the {Open Systems Interconnect} seven layer model. A DOS requester under {Novell NetWare} will interface to a {network card} driver with an {ODI} interface, and will be either a single executable (netx.exe) or a set of {VLMs} that are loaded on demand. In the {IBM}/{Microsoft} {LAN Manager}/{SMB} world, where the name {DOS redirector} is more common, there will be an {NDIS} interface driver and a net.exe executable. {NetWare Client 32 for DOS/Windows (http://developer.novell.com/research/appnotes/1996/may/01/)}. {(http://cad.strath.ac.uk/~davidm/projects/guide/requester.html)}. (1998-01-05)
double-ended queue "algorithm" /dek/ (deque) A {queue} which can have items added or removed from either end[?]. The Knuth reference below reports that the name was coined by E. J. Schweppe. [D. E. Knuth, "The Art of Computer Programming. Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms", second edition, Sections 2.2.1, 2.6, Addison-Wesley, 1973]. {Silicon Graphics (http://sgi.com/tech/stl/Deque.html)}. [Correct definition? Example use?] (2003-12-17)
douter ::: n. --> An extinguisher for candles. html{color:
dout ::: v. t. --> To put out. html{color:
dove plant ::: --> A Central American orchid (Peristeria elata), having a flower stem five or six feet high, with numerous globose white fragrant flowers. The column in the center of the flower resembles a dove; -- called also Holy Spirit plant. html{color:
dragomans ::: pl. --> of Dragoman html{color:
drank ::: imp. --> of Drink.
of Drink ::: n. --> Wild oats, or darnel grass. See Drake a plant. html{color:
drug report "humour" A {bug report} so utterly incomprehensible that whoever submitted it must have been smoking crack. Even worse than a {chug report}. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2011-12-03)
dual-stack "networking" A term used to describe a network {node} running both {IPv4} and {IPv6} {protocol stacks} (or possibly others) at the same time. Such a machine can act as a {protocol converter} between the two networks. A node without dual-stack support can relay traffic in a protocol it does not support natively by use of {tunnelling}. {RFC 4213 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4213)} (2013-10-08)
duchess ::: n. --> The wife or widow of a duke; also, a lady who has the sovereignty of a duchy in her own right. html{color:
duchy ::: n. --> The territory or dominions of a duke; a dukedom. html{color:
Dynamic Drive Overlay "storage, software" (DDO) Software to allow a {system BIOS} that does not support {Logical Block Addressing} to access drives larger than 528 MB. The alternatives are to update the system BIOS or install an {EIDE controller} card with a suitable on-board BIOS. {Seagate (http://seagate.com/support/disc/drivers/discfile.shtml)}. (2001-03-18)
Dynamic HTML "language, web" (DHTML) The addition of {JavaScript} to {HTML} to allow web pages to change and interact with the user without having to communicate with the server. JavaScript allows the behaviour of the page to be controlled by code that is downloaded with the HTML. It does this by manipulating the {Document Object Model} (DOM). The term DHTML is often also taken to include the use of "style" information to give finer control of HTML layout. The style information can be supplied as {Cascading Style Sheets} (CSS) or as "style" attributes (which can be manipulated by JavaScript). Layers are often also used with DHTML. Both the JavaScript and style data can be included in the HTML file or in a separate file referred to from the HTML. Some web browsers allow other languages (e.g. {VBScript} or {Perl}) to be used instead of JavaScript but this is less common. DHTML can be viewed in {Internet Explorer} 4+, {Firefox} and {Netscape} Communicator 4+ but, as usual, Microsoft disagree on how DHTML should be implemented. The {Document Object Model} Group of the {World Wide Web Consortium} is developing standards for DHTML. {(http://w3c.org/DOM/)}. (2005-10-17)
Dynix Automated Library Systems "company" The world's largest supplier of library automation systems with European offices in France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and the UK. Dynix sell two library management systems - Horizon ({client/server}) and, Dynix ({host-based}). Both have {GUI} or {terminal interfaces}. Dynix also sell other products and services for {database} enrichment, interconnectivity, and on-line and {CD-ROM} databases. {(http://uk.dynix.com/dynix.html)}. (1995-04-28)
Dynix "library" A {host-based} library automation system from {Dynix Automated Library Systems}. First installed in 1993, it is now used in over 2000 libraries worldwide. Dynix runs on {Unix} using the {UniVerse} post relational database. The software is configurable using tables of parameters. It includes modules for cataloguing, circulation, OPAC, acquisitions, serials, reserve book room, advance bookings, homebound, BiblioBus, Pac Plus for Windows, Kids Catalog, Dynix Online Catalog, media bookings, and community information. {(http://uk.dynix.com/classic.html)}. (1995-04-28)
dziggetai ::: n. --> The kiang, a wild horse or wild ass of Thibet (Asinus hemionus). E () The fifth letter of the English alphabet. html{color:
eager evaluation Any {evaluation strategy} where evaluation of some or all function arguments is started before their value is required. A typical example is {call-by-value}, where all arguments are passed evaluated. The opposite of eager evaluation is {call-by-need} where evaluation of an argument is only started when it is required. The term "{speculative evaluation}" is very close in meaning to eager evaluation but is applied mostly to parallel architectures whereas eager evaluation is used of both sequential and parallel evaluators. Eager evaluation does not specify exactly when argument evaluation takes place - it might be done fully speculatively (all {redex}es in the program reduced in parallel) or may be done by the caller just before the function is entered. The term "eager evaluation" was invented by Carl Hewitt and Henry Baker "hbaker@netcom.com" and used in their paper ["The Incremental Garbage Collection of Processes", Sigplan Notices, Aug 1977. {(ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/hb/hbaker/Futures.html)}]. It was named after their "eager beaver" evaluator. See also {conservative evaluation}, {lenient evaluation}, {strict evaluation}. (1994-12-22)
eating one's own dogfood "programming" When a developer uses their own code for their own daily needs. Being a user as well as a developer creates the user empathy that is the hallmark of good software. The term seems to have originated at {Microsoft}. {(http://www.joelonsoftware.com/items/2004/04/16.html)} (2006-12-12)
Ecash "application" A trial form of {electronic funds transfer} over the {Internet} (and soon by {electronic mail}). The ecash software stores digital money, signed by a bank, on the user's local computer. The user can spend the digital money at any shop accepting ecash, without the trouble of having to open an account there first, or having to transmit credit card numbers. The shop just has to accept the money, and deposit it at the bank. The security is provided by a {public-key} {digital signature}. There process involves the issuing banks who exchange real money for ecash, users who have and spend ecash, shops who accept ecash payments, and clearing banks who clear payments received by shops. At the moment, all users and shops must have an account at {DigiCash}'s own bank, the "First Digital Bank" at bank.digicash.com. They can withdraw money from the bank, and convert it to ecash. Shops can be started by any ecash user. {(http://digicash.com/ecash/ecash-home.html)}. (1995-04-10)
editor "application" A program used to {edit} a {document}. Different types of document have different editors, e.g. a {text editor} for {text files}, an {image editor} for {images}, an {HTML editor} for {web pages}, etc. The term can be used for pretty much any kind of data modification, e.g. a {disk sector editor} which operates directly on the {hard disk}, bypassing the {filesystem}. (2007-07-11)
Egyptian brackets "programming, humour" A humourous term for {K&R} {indent style}, referring to the "one hand up in front, one down behind" pose which popular culture inexplicably associates with Egypt. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2011-11-30)
EIA-422 "communications, standard" (Formerly "RS-422") An {EIA} {serial line} {standard} which specifies 4-wire, {full-duplex}, {differential line}, {multi-drop} communications. The mechanical connections for this interface are specified by {EIA-449}. The maximum cable length is 1200m. Maximum data rates are 10Mbps at 1.2m or 100Kbps at 1200m. EIA-422 cannot implement a truly multi-point communications network (such as with {EIA-485}), although only one driver can be connected to up to ten receivers. The best use of EIA-422 is probably in {EIA-232} extension cords. {Comparing EIA-422, 423, 449 to RS-232-C (http://rad.com/networks/1995/rs232/rs449.htm)}. {Details on RS-232, 422, 423 and 485 (http://rs485.com/rs485spec.html)}. (2002-10-05)
EIA-423 "communications, standard" (Formerly "RS-423") An {EIA} {serial line} {standard} which specifies {single ended} communication. The mechanical connections for this interface are specified by {EIA-449}. Although it was originally intented as a successor of {EIA-232} it is not widely used. The {EIA-232} standard has its limits at 20kbps and 1.5m. EIA-423 can have a cable lenght of 1200m, and achieve a data rate of 100Kbps. When no data is being transmitted, the serial line is at a logical zero (+3 to +15 Volts). A logical one is represented as a signal level of -15 to -3 Volts. In practise, one often finds signals which switch between nominally +4.5 and +0.5 Volts. Such signals are large by modern standards, and because the impedance of the circuits is relatively high, the allowable bit rate is modest. The data is preceded by a start bit which is always a logical one. There may be seven or eight bits of data, possibly followed by an even or odd parity bit and one or two stop bits. A "break" condition is a continuous logical one on the line which is what would be observed if nothing was connected. {Comparing EIA-422, 423, 449 to RS-232-C (http://rad.com/networks/1995/rs232/rs449.htm)}. {Details on RS-232, 422, 423 and 485 (http://rs485.com/rs485spec.html)}. (2002-10-05)
EIA-485 "communications, standard" (Formerly "RS-485") An {EIA} {serial line} {standard} which specifies 2-wire, {half-duplex}, {differential line}, {multi-point} communications. Maximum cable length is 1200m. Maximum data rates are 10Mbps at 1.2m or 100Kbps at 1200m. EIA-485 can implement a truly multi-point communications network, and specifies up to 32 drivers and 32 receivers on a single (2-wire) bus. {Differential SCSI} uses EIA-485. {Details on RS-232, 422, 423, and 485 (http://rs485.com/rs485spec.html)}. (2003-04-18)
Electronic Commerce Dictionary "publication" A lexicon of {electronic commerce} terms. It includes over 900 terms and acronyms, and over 200 {website} addresses. It has entries on commerce over the {World-Wide Web}, {Internet} payment systems, The {National Information Infrastructure}, {Electronic Data Interchange}, {Electronic Funds Transfer}, {Public Key Cryptography}, {smart cards} and {digital cash}, computer and network security for commerce, marketing through electronic media. {(http://tedhaynes.com/haynes1/intro.html)}. (1999-03-24)
electronic funds transfer "application, communications" (EFT, EFTS, - system) Transfer of money initiated through electronic terminal, automated teller machine, computer, telephone, or {magnetic tape}. In the late 1990s, this increasingly includes transfer initiated via the {web}. The term also applies to credit card and automated bill payments. {Glossary (http://fms.treas.gov/eft/glossary.html)}. (1999-12-08)
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer "computer" (ENIAC) The first electronic {digital computer} and an ancestor of most computers in use today. ENIAC was developed by Dr. {John Mauchly} and {J. Presper Eckert} during World War II at the Moore School of the {University of Pennsylvania}. In 1940 Dr. {John Vincent Atanasoff} attended a lecture by Mauchly and subsequently agreed to show him his binary calculator, the {Atanasoff-Berry Computer} (ABC), which was partially built between 1937-1942. Mauchly used ideas from the ABC in the design of ENIAC, which was started in June 1943 and released publicly in 1946. ENIAC was not the first digital computer, {Konrad Zuse}'s {Z3} was released in 1941. Though, like the ABC, the Z3 was {electromechanical} rather than electronic, it was freely programmable via paper tape whereas ENIAC was only programmable by manual rewiring or switches. Z3 used binary representation like modern computers whereas ENIAC used decimal like mechanical calculators. ENIAC was underwritten and its development overseen by Lieutenant Herman Goldstine of the U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL). While the prime motivation for constructing the machine was to automate the wartime production of firing and bombing tables, the very first program run on ENIAC was a highly classified computation for Los Alamos. Later applications included weather prediction, cosmic ray studies, wind tunnel design, petroleum exploration, and optics. ENIAC had 20 {registers} made entirely from {vacuum tubes}. It had no other no memory as we currently understand it. The machine performed an addition in 200 {microseconds}, a multiplication in about three {milliseconds}, and a division in about 30 milliseconds. {John von Neumann}, a world-renowned mathematician serving on the BRL Scientific Advisory Committee, soon joined the developers of ENIAC and made some critical contributions. While Mauchly, Eckert and the Penn team continued on the technological problems, he, Goldstine, and others took up the logical problems. In 1947, while working on the design for the successor machine, EDVAC, von Neumann realized that ENIAC's lack of a central control unit could be overcome to obtain a rudimentary stored program computer (see the Clippinger reference below). Modifications were undertaken that eventually led to an {instruction set} of 92 "orders". {Von Neumann} also proposed the {fetch-execute cycle}. [R. F. Clippinger, "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC", Ballistic Research Laboratory Report No. 673, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, September 1948. {(http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/48eniac-coding)}]. [H. H. Goldstine, "The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann", Princeton University Press, 1972]. [K. Kempf, "Electronic Computers within the Ordnance Corps", Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 1961. {(http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/61ordnance)}]. [M. H. Weik, "The ENIAC Story", J. American Ordnance Assoc., 1961. {(http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html)}]. [How "general purpose" was ENIAC, compared to Zuse's {Z3}?] (2003-10-01)
element 1. "data, programming" One of the items of data in an {array}. 2. "language, text" One kind of node in an {SGML}, {HTML}, or {XML} {document} {tree}. An SGML element is typically represented by a start {tag} (""p"") and an end tag (""/p""). In some SGML implementations, some tags are omissible, as with ""/p"" in {HTML}. The start tag can contain {attributes} (""p lang="en-UK" class='stuff'""), which are an unordered set of key-value bindings for that element. Both the start tag and end tag for an element typically contain the "tag name" (also called the "{GI}" or generic identifier) for that element. In {XML}, an element is always represented either by an explicit start tag and end tag, or by an empty element tag (""img src='thing.{png}' alt='a dodad' /""). Other kinds of SGML node are: a section of character data ("foo"), a comment (""!-- bar --""), a markup declaration (""!ENTITY reg CDATA '&
elmen ::: a. --> Belonging to elms. html{color:
elm "messaging" A {full-screen} {MUA} for {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {MS Windows}, and {OS/2}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.mail.elm}. {FAQ (http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/elm/FAQ/faq.html)}. (1996-03-20)
emoticon "messaging" /ee-moh'ti-kon/ (Or "smiley") An {ASCII} {glyph} used to indicate an emotional state in text-only {electronic messaging} systems such as {chat}, {electronic mail}, {SMS} or {news}. Although originally intended mostly as jokes, emoticons are widely recognised if not expected; the lack of verbal and visual cues can otherwise cause non-serious comments to be misinterpreted, resulting in offence, arguments and {flame wars}. Hundreds of emoticons have been proposed, but only a few are in common use. These include: :-) "smiley face" (for humour, laughter, friendliness, occasionally sarcasm) :-( "frowney face" (for sadness, anger, or upset) ;-) "half-smiley" (ha ha only serious); also known as "semi-smiley" or "winkey face". :-/ "wry face" These are more recognisable if you tilt your head to the left. The first two are by far the most frequently encountered. Hyphenless forms of them are also common. The acronym "{lol}" is also often used in the same context for the same effect (and is easier to type). The emoticon was invented by one Scott Fahlman on the {CMU} {bboard} systems on 1982-09-19. He later wrote: "I had no idea that I was starting something that would soon pollute all the world's communication channels." {GLS} confirms that he remembers this original posting, which has subsequently been {retrieved from a backup (http://research.microsoft.com/~mbj/Smiley/BBoard_Contents.html)}. As with exclamation marks, overuse of the smiley is a mark of loserhood! More than one per paragraph is a fairly sure sign that you've gone over the line. [{Jargon File}] (2010-05-16)
Enhanced Small Disk Interface "storage, hardware" (ESDI) An obsolete {hard disk} {controller} {standard}, first introduced by {Maxtor} in 1983, and intended to be the successor to the original {ST-506}/{ST-412}. ESDI was faster and more reliable, but still could not compete with {IDE} and {SCSI}. EDSI used two cables: a 20-pin data cable to each drive and a single 34-pin control cable {daisy chain} with the controller at one end and a terminator at the other. In PCs, it supported up to two drives at 1-2MB/s with drives up to 2GB. {PC Guide (http://pcguide.com/ref/hdd/if/obsoESDI-c.html)}. (2003-08-01)
Enterprise JavaBeans "specification, business, programming" (EJB) A {server}-side {component architecture} for writing reusable {business logic} and {portable} {enterprise} applications. EJB is the basis of {Sun}'s {Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition} (J2EE). Enterprise JavaBean components are written entirely in {Java} and run on any EJB compliant server. They are {operating system}, {platform}, and {middleware} independent, preventing vendor {lock-in}. EJB servers provide system-level services (the "plumbing") such as {transactions}, security, {threading}, and {persistence}. The EJB architecture is inherently transactional, {distributed}, {multi-tier}, {scalable}, secure, and {wire protocol} neutral - any {protocol} can be used: {IIOP}, {JRMP}, {HTTP}, {DCOM} etc. EJB 1.1 requires {RMI} for communication with components. EJB 2.0 is expected to require support for RMI/IIOP. EJB applications can serve assorted clients: {browsers}, Java, {ActiveX}, {CORBA} etc. EJB can be used to wrap {legacy systems}. EJB 1.1 was released in December 1999. EJB 2.0 is in development. Sun claims broad industry adoption. 30 vendors are shipping server products implementing EJB. Supporting vendors include {IBM}, {Fujitsu}, {Sybase}, {Borland}, {Oracle}, and {Symantec}. An alternative is Microsoft's MTS ({Microsoft Transaction Server}). {(http://java.sun.com/products/ejb/)}. {FAQ (http://java.sun.com/products/ejb/faq.html)}. (2000-04-20)
entozoon ::: n. --> One of the Entozoa. html{color:
ephemeral port "networking" A {TCP} or {UDP} {port} number that is automatically allocated from a predefined range by the {TCP/IP stack} software, typically to provide the port for the client end of a {client-server} communication. {BSD} used ports 1024 through 4999 as ephemeral ports, though it is often desirable to increase this allocation. {(http://ncftpd.com/ncftpd/doc/misc/ephemeral_ports.html)}. (2002-10-06)
eraser stains code "humour, programming" {Code} that has been {refactored} many times, leaving swaths of {legacy code} and design; like paper that has been written on and erased so many times that the pencil marks are no longer the problem - the large greasy stain is. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2014-07-22)
Ethernet "networking" A {local area network} first described by Metcalfe & Boggs of {Xerox PARC} in 1976. Specified by {DEC}, {Intel} and {XEROX} (DIX) as {IEEE 802.3} and now recognised as the industry standard. Data is broken into {packets} and each one is transmitted using the {CSMA/CD} {algorithm} until it arrives at the destination without colliding with any other packet. The first {contention slot} after a transmission is reserved for an {acknowledge} packet. A {node} is either transmitting or receiving at any instant. The {bandwidth} is about 10 Mbit/s. Disk-Ethernet-Disk transfer rate with {TCP/IP} is typically 30 kilobyte per second. Version 2 specifies that {collision} detect of the transceiver must be activated during the {inter-packet gap} and that when transmission finishes, the differential transmit lines are driven to 0V (half step). It also specifies some {network management} functions such as reporting {collisions}, retries and {deferrals}. Ethernet cables are classified as "XbaseY", e.g. 10base5, where X is the data rate in {Mbps}, "base" means "{baseband}" (as opposed to {radio frequency}) and Y is the category of cabling. The original cable was {10base5} ("full spec"), others are {10base2} ("thinnet") and {10baseT} ("twisted pair") which is now (1998) very common. {100baseT} ("{Fast Ethernet}") is also increasingly common. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.dcom.lans.ethernet}. {(http://wwwhost.ots.utexas.edu/ethernet/ethernet-home.html)}. (1997-04-16)
evolutionary computation Computer-based problem solving systems that use computational models of evolutionary processes as the key elements in design and implementation. A number of evolutionary computational models have been proposed, including {evolutionary algorithms}, {genetic algorithms}, the {evolution strategy}, {evolutionary programming}, and {artificial life}. {The Hitchhiker's Guide to Evolutionary Computation (http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/bngusenet/comp/ai/genetic/top.html)}. {Bibliography (http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Ai/EC-ref.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.ai.genetic}. (1995-03-02)
Excalibur bug "humour, programming" The legendary bug that, despite repeated valliant attempts, none but the true king of all programmers can fix. Named after the sword in the stone in the legend of King Arthur. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2013-03-20)
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code "character, standard" /eb's*-dik/, /eb'see`dik/, /eb'k*-dik/, /ee`bik'dik`/, /*-bik'dik`/ (EBCDIC) A proprietary 8-bit {character set} used on {IBM} {dinosaurs}, the {AS/400}, and {e-Server}. EBCDIC is an extension to 8 bits of BCDIC (Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code), an earlier 6-bit character set used on IBM computers. EBCDIC was [first?] used on the successful {System/360}, anounced on 1964-04-07, and survived for many years despite the almost universal adoption of {ASCII} elsewhere. Was this concern for {backward compatibility} or, as many believe, a marketing strategy to lock in IBM customers? IBM created 57 national EBCDIC character sets and an International Reference Version (IRV) based on {ISO 646} (and hence ASCII compatible). Documentation on these was not easily accessible making international exchange of data even between IBM mainframes a tricky task. US EBCDIC uses more or less the same characters as {ASCII}, but different {code points}. It has non-contiguous letter sequences, some ASCII characters do not exist in EBCDIC (e.g. {square brackets}), and EBCDIC has some ({cent sign}, {not sign}) not in ASCII. As a consequence, the translation between ASCII and EBCDIC was never officially completely defined. Users defined one translation which resulted in a so-called de-facto EBCDIC containing all the characters of ASCII, that all ASCII-related programs use. Some printers, telex machines, and even electronic cash registers can speak EBCDIC, but only so they can converse with IBM mainframes. For an in-depth discussion of character code sets, and full translation tables, see {Guidelines on 8-bit character codes (ftp://ftp.ulg.ac.be/pub/docs/iso8859/iso8859.networking)}. {A history of character codes (http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/characcodehist.html)}. (2002-03-03)
Extensible HyperText Markup Language "hypertext, standard, web" (XHTML) A reformulation of {HTML} 4.01 in {XML}. Being XML means that XHTML can be viewed, edited, and validated with standard XML tools. At the same time, it operates as well as or better than HTML 4 in existing HTML 4 conforming user agents. The most important change is that all elements must be terminated, either with a closing tag or using the "tag.../" shorthand. So, instead of "input type=submit" you would write "input type="submit" /" The space before the "/" is required by some older browsers. Other differences are that tag and attribute names should be lower case and all attributes should be quoted. {XHTML Home (http://w3.org/TR/xhtml1/)}. {Quick Summary (http://technorealm.co.uk/design/html-to-xhtml-conversions.html)} (2006-01-19)
eyght ::: n. --> An island. See Eyot. html{color:
eyot ::: n. --> A little island in a river or lake. See Ait. html{color:
Facile "language" A {concurrent} extension of {ML} from {ECRC}. {(http://ecrc.de/facile/facile_home.html)}. ["Facile: A Symmetric Integration of Concurrent and Functional Programming", A. Giacalone et al, Intl J Parallel Prog 18(2):121-160, Apr 1989]. (1994-12-01)
factorial "mathematics" The mathematical {function} that takes a {natural number}, N, and returns the product of N and all smaller positive integers. This is written N! = N * (N-1) * (N-2) * ... * 1. The factorial of zero is one because it is an {empty product}. Factorial can be defined {recursively} as 0! = 1 N! = N * (N-1)! , N " 0 The {gamma function} is the equivalent for {real numbers}. For example, the number of ways of shuffling 52 playing cards is 52! or nearly 10^68. {52 Factorial (http://czep.net/weblog/52cards.html)}. (2012-11-23)
Fast Fourier Transform "algorithm" (FFT) An {algorithm} for computing the {Fourier transform} of a set of discrete data values. Given a finite set of data points, for example a periodic sampling taken from a real-world signal, the FFT expresses the data in terms of its component frequencies. It also solves the essentially identical inverse problem of reconstructing a signal from the frequency data. The FFT is a mainstay of {numerical analysis}. Gilbert Strang described it as "the most important algorithm of our generation". The FFT also provides the asymptotically fastest known algorithm for multiplying two {polynomials}. Versions of the algorithm (in {C} and {Fortran}) can be found on-line from the {GAMS} server {here (http://gams.nist.gov/cgi-bin/gams-serve/class/J1.html)}. ["Numerical Methods and Analysis", Buchanan and Turner]. (1994-11-09)
Fault Tolerant Unix "operating system" (FTX) {Stratus}'s own {Unix} {System V} Release 4 {multiprocessor} {operating system}. In 2016, FTX is supported but no longer developed. FTX was one of three operating systems supplied by Stratus on their hardware, the other two, {HP-UX} and {VOS}, were the more common choices, FTX was only sold on an exceptional basis. Early FTX 3.x releases used an in-house {virtual disk layer} (VDL) {driver}, but later releases switched to a version of {Veritas VxVM}. FTX supported many of the proprietary communications boards (ISDN, serial, parallel, X.25, etc.). {(http://www.openpa.net/systems/stratus_continuum.html)} (1998-07-06)
fear-driven development "jargon, humour" When project management adds more pressure (fires someone or something). A play on {test-driven development}. [arnis-l, {Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2014-09-04)
feathered ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Feather ::: a. --> Clothed, covered, or fitted with (or as with) feathers or wings; as, a feathered animal; a feathered arrow.
Furnished with anything featherlike; ornamented; fringed; as, land feathered with trees. html{color:
feather ::: n. --> One of the peculiar dermal appendages, of several kinds, belonging to birds, as contour feathers, quills, and down.
Kind; nature; species; -- from the proverbial phrase, "Birds of a feather," that is, of the same species.
The fringe of long hair on the legs of the setter and some other dogs.
A tuft of peculiar, long, frizzly hair on a horse.
One of the fins or wings on the shaft of an arrow. html{color:
feat ::: n. --> An act; a deed; an exploit.
A striking act of strength, skill, or cunning; a trick; as, feats of horsemanship, or of dexterity.
Dexterous in movements or service; skillful; neat; nice; pretty. ::: v. t. html{color:
fecundity ::: n. --> The quality or power of producing fruit; fruitfulness; especially (Biol.), the quality in female organisms of reproducing rapidly and in great numbers.
The power of germinating; as in seeds.
The power of bringing forth in abundance; fertility; richness of invention; as, the fecundity of God&
Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) {(ftp://fgdc.er.usgs.gov/gdc/html/fgdc.html)}. [Summary?] (1995-03-06)
Fermat's Last Post "humour" A post to a {bug tracker}, {mailing list} or {forum} in which the author claims to have found a simple fix or workaround for a bug, but never says what it is and never shows up again to explain it (even after others have been puzzling over the bug for years). [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2012-02-19)
File Allocation Table "file system" (FAT) The component of an {MS-DOS} or {Windows 95} {file system} which describes the {files}, {directories}, and free space on a {hard disk} or {floppy disk}. A disk is divided into {partitions}. Under the FAT {file system} each partition is divided into {clusters}, each of which can be one or more {sectors}, depending on the size of the partition. Each cluster is either allocated to a file or directory or it is free (unused). A directory lists the name, size, modification time and starting cluster of each file or subdirectory it contains. At the start of the partition is a table (the FAT) with one entry for each cluster. Each entry gives the number of the next cluster in the same file or a special value for "not allocated" or a special value for "this is the last cluster in the chain". The first few clusters after the FAT contain the {root directory}. The FAT file system was originally created for the {CP/M}[?] {operating system} where files were catalogued using 8-bit addressing. {MS DOS}'s FAT allows only {8.3} filenames. With the introduction of MS-DOS 4 an incompatible 16-bit FAT (FAT16) with 32-kilobyte {clusters} was introduced that allowed {partitions} of up to 2 gigabytes. Microsoft later created {FAT32} to support partitions larger than two gigabytes and {pathnames} greater that 256 characters. It also allows more efficient use of disk space since {clusters} are four kilobytes rather than 32 kilobytes. FAT32 was first available in {OEM} Service Release 2 of {Windows 95} in 1996. It is not fully {backward compatible} with the 16-bit and 8-bit FATs. {IDG article (http://idg.net/idgframes/english/content.cgi?vc=docid_9-62525.html)}. {(http://home.c2i.net/tkjoerne/os/fat.htm)}. {(http://teleport.com/~brainy/)}. {(http://209.67.75.168/hardware/fatgen.htm)}. {(http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q154/9/97.asp)}. Compare: {NTFS}. [How big is a FAT? Is the term used outside MS DOS? How long is a FAT16 filename?] (2000-02-05)
filename extension "filename extension" The portion of a filename, following the final point, which indicates the kind of data stored in the file - the {file type}. Many {operating systems} use filename extensions, e.g. {Unix}, {VMS}, {MS-DOS}, {Microsoft Windows}. They are usually from one to three letters (some sad old OSes support no more than three). Examples include "c" for {C} {source code}, "ps" for {PostScript}, "txt" for arbitrary text. {NEXTSTEP} and its descendants also use extensions on directories for a similar purpose. Apart from informing the user what type of content the file holds, filename extensions are typically used to decide which program to launch when a file is "run", e.g. by double-clicking it in a {GUI} {file browser}. They are also used by {Unix}'s {make} to determine how to build one kind of file from another. Compare: {MIME type}. {Tony Warr's comprehensive list (http://camalott.com/~rebma/filex.html)}. {FAQS.org Graphics formats (http://faqs.org/faqs/graphics/fileformats-faq/)}. (2002-04-19)
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard "storage, standard" (FHS) A {standard} designed to be used by {Unix} {distribution} developers, {package} developers, and system implementors. FHS consists of a set of {requirements} and guidelines for file and directory placement under {UNIX}-like {operating systems}. The {guidelines} are intended to support interoperability of applications, system administration tools, development tools, and scripts. These systems should also be supported with greater documentation uniformity. The standard is primarily intended to be a reference and is not a tutorial on how to manage a Unix filesystem or directory hierarchy. {(http://pathname.com/fhs/)}. {RedHat deviation (http://redhat.com/corp/support/manuals/RHL-6.0-Manual/install-guide/manual/doc084.html)}. (2001-05-24)
fill-out form "programming" A type of {user interface} used, for example, on the {web}, to organise a set of questions or options for the user so that it resembles a traditional paper form that is filled out. Typical query types are: fill-in-the-blank (text), menu of options, select zero or more, or select exactly one ("{radio buttons}"). Most {web browsers} support fill-out forms. {Overview (http://ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/fill-out-forms/overview.html)}. (1998-03-24)
first class module "programming" A {module} that is a {first class data object} of the {programming language}, e.g. a {record} containing {functions}. In a {functional language}, it is standard to have first class programs, so program building blocks can have the same status. {Claus Reinke's Virtual Bookshelf (http://informatik.uni-kiel.de/~cr/bib/bookshelf/Modules.html)}. (2004-01-26)
floater "programming" A report in a {bug tracking} system that "floats" at the top of the queue but never gets assigned to a developer, maybe because there is a {workaround}. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2012-04-25)
Floppy "programming, tool" A {Fortran} coding convention checker. A later version can generate {HTML}. See also {Flow}. ffccc posted to comp.sources.misc volume 12. (1996-08-23)
floptical "hardware, storage" (From "floppy disk" and "optical") A {floppy disk} which uses an optical tracking mechanism to improve the positioning accuracy of an ordinary magnetic head, thereby allowing more tracks and greater density. {Storage media FAQ (http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/arch-storage/part1/faq.html)}. (1995-03-15)
fnese ::: v. i. --> To breathe heavily; to snort. html{color:
foisty ::: a. --> Fusty; musty. html{color:
fo ::: n. --> The Chinese name of Buddha. html{color:
formal methods "mathematics, specification" Mathematically based techniques for the {specification}, development and verification of software and hardware systems. {Referentially transparent} languages are amenable to symbolic manipulation allowing {program transformation} (e.g. changing a clear inefficient specification into an obscure but efficient program) and proof of correctness. {Oxford FM archive (http://comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/formal-methods.html)}. (1996-05-15)
FORTH 1. "language" An interactive extensible language using {postfix syntax} and a data stack, developed by Charles H. Moore in the 1960s. FORTH is highly user-configurable and there are many different implementations, the following description is of a typical default configuration. Forth programs are structured as lists of "words" - FORTH's term which encompasses language keywords, primitives and user-defined {subroutines}. Forth takes the idea of subroutines to an extreme - nearly everything is a subroutine. A word is any string of characters except the separator which defaults to space. Numbers are treated specially. Words are read one at a time from the input stream and either executed immediately ("interpretive execution") or compiled as part of the definition of a new word. The sequential nature of list execution and the implicit use of the data stack (numbers appearing in the lists are pushed to the stack as they are encountered) imply postfix syntax. Although postfix notation is initially difficult, experienced users find it simple and efficient. Words appearing in executable lists may be "{primitives}" (simple {assembly language} operations), names of previously compiled procedures or other special words. A procedure definition is introduced by ":" and ended with ";" and is compiled as it is read. Most Forth dialects include the source language structures BEGIN-AGAIN, BEGIN-WHILE-REPEAT, BEGIN-UNTIL, DO-LOOP, and IF-ELSE-THEN, and others can be added by the user. These are "compiling structures" which may only occur in a procedure definition. FORTH can include in-line {assembly language} between "CODE" and "ENDCODE" or similar constructs. Forth primitives are written entirely in {assembly language}, secondaries contain a mixture. In fact code in-lining is the basis of compilation in some implementations. Once assembled, primitives are used exactly like other words. A significant difference in behaviour can arise, however, from the fact that primitives end with a jump to "NEXT", the entry point of some code called the sequencer, whereas non-primitives end with the address of the "EXIT" primitive. The EXIT code includes the scheduler in some {multi-tasking} systems so a process can be {deschedule}d after executing a non-primitive, but not after a primitive. Forth implementations differ widely. Implementation techniques include {threaded code}, dedicated Forth processors, {macros} at various levels, or interpreters written in another language such as {C}. Some implementations provide {real-time} response, user-defined data structures, {multitasking}, {floating-point} arithmetic, and/or {virtual memory}. Some Forth systems support virtual memory without specific hardware support like {MMUs}. However, Forth virtual memory is usually only a sort of extended data space and does not usually support executable code. FORTH does not distinguish between {operating system} calls and the language. Commands relating to I/O, {file systems} and {virtual memory} are part of the same language as the words for arithmetic, memory access, loops, IF statements, and the user's application. Many Forth systems provide user-declared "vocabularies" which allow the same word to have different meanings in different contexts. Within one vocabulary, re-defining a word causes the previous definition to be hidden from the interpreter (and therefore the compiler), but not from previous definitions. FORTH was first used to guide the telescope at NRAO, Kitt Peak. Moore considered it to be a {fourth-generation language} but his {operating system} wouldn't let him use six letters in a program name, so FOURTH became FORTH. Versions include fig-FORTH, FORTH 79 and FORTH 83. {FAQs (http://complang.tuwien.ac.at/forth/faq/faq-general-2.html)}. {ANS Forth standard, dpANS6 (http://taygeta.com/forth/dpans.html)}. FORTH Interest Group, Box 1105, San Carlos CA 94070. See also {51forth}, {F68K}, {cforth}, {E-Forth}, {FORML}, {TILE Forth}. [Leo Brodie, "Starting Forth"]. [Leo Brodie, "Thinking Forth"]. [Jack Woehr, "Forth, the New Model"]. [R.G. Loeliger, "Threaded Interpretive Languages"]. 2. {FOundation for Research and Technology - Hellas}. (1997-04-16)
forward compatibility "jargon" The ability to accept input from later versions of itself. Forward compatibility is harder to achieve than {backward compatibility}, since, in the backward case, the input format is know whereas a forward compatible system needs to cope gracefully with unknown future features. An example of future compatibility is the stipulation that a {web browser} should ignore {HTML tags} it does not recognise. See also {extensible}. (2003-06-23)
fourneau ::: n. --> The chamber of a mine in which the powder is placed. html{color:
fowled ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Fowl html{color:
Free On-line Dictionary of Computing "introduction" FOLDOC is a searchable dictionary of acronyms, jargon, programming languages, tools, architecture, operating systems, networking, theory, conventions, standards, mathematics, telecoms, electronics, institutions, companies, projects, products, history, in fact anything to do with computing. Copyright 1985 by Denis Howe Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, Front- or Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "{GNU Free Documentation License}". Please refer to the dictionary as "The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, http://foldoc.org/, Editor Denis Howe" or similar. Please make the URL both text (for humans) and a hyperlink (for Google). You can search the latest version of the dictionary at URL http://foldoc.org/. Where {LaTeX} commands for certain non-{ASCII} symbols are mentioned, they are described in their own entries. "\" is also used to represent the Greek lower-case lambda used in {lambda-calculus}. See {Pronunciation} for how to interpret the pronunciation given for some entries. Cross-references to other entries look {like this}. Note that not all cross-references actually lead anywhere yet, but if you find one that leads to something inappropriate, please let me know. Dates after entries indicate when that entry was last updated. {More about FOLDOC (about.html)}. (2018-05-22)
FreePPP "networking" The latest incarnation of {MacPPP}. FreePPP continues to be used by many MacOS users as an alternative to {Apple}'s {TCP/IP} stack. {(http://rockstar.com/ppp.shtml)}. (2000-11-25)
freeware "legal" {Software}, often written by enthusiasts and distributed at no charge by users' groups, or via the {web}, {electronic mail}, {bulletin boards}, {Usenet}, or other electronic media. At one time, "freeware" was a trademark of {Andrew Fluegelman}. It wasn't enforced after his death. "Freeware" should not be confused with "{free software}" (roughly, software with unrestricted redistribution) or "{shareware}" (software distributed without charge for which users can pay voluntarily). {Jim Knopf's story (http://freewarehof.org/sstory.html)}. [{Jargon File}] (2003-07-26)
frequently asked question "convention" (FAQ, or rarely FAQL, FAQ list) A document provided for many {Usenet} {newsgroups} (and, more recently, {web} services) which attempts to answer questions which new readers often ask. These are maintained by volunteers and posted regularly to the newsgroup. You should always consult the FAQ list for a group before posting to it in case your question or point is common knowledge. The collection of all FAQ lists is one of the most precious and remarkable resources on the {Internet}. It contains a huge wealth of up-to-date expert knowledge on many subjects of common interest. Accuracy of the information is greatly assisted by its frequent exposure to criticism by an interested, and occasionally well-informed, audience (the readers of the relevant newsgroup). The main {FTP archive} for FAQs is on a computer called {RTFM} at {MIT}, where they can be accessed either {by group (ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-group/comp.answers/)} or {by hierarchy (ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierarchy/)}. There is another archive at {Imperial College (ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/news-info/)}, London, UK and a {web} archive in {Ohio (http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/top.html)}, USA. The FAQs are also posted to {Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.answers}, {news:news.answers} and {news:alt.answers}. (1997-12-08)
frere ::: n. --> A friar. html{color:
frippery ::: n. --> Coast-off clothes.
Hence: Secondhand finery; cheap and tawdry decoration; affected elegance.
A place where old clothes are sold.
The trade or traffic in old clothes. ::: a. html{color:
friskful ::: a. --> Brisk; lively; frolicsome. html{color:
fromwards ::: prep. --> A way from; -- the contrary of toward. html{color:
front side bus "hardware" (FSB) The {bus} via which a {processor} communicates with its {RAM} and {chipset}; one half of the {Dual Independent Bus} (the other half being the {backside bus}). The {L2 cache} is usually on the FSB, unless it is on the same chip as the processor [example?]. In {PCI} systems, the PCI bus runs at half the FSB speed. {Intel}'s {Pentium 60} ran the bus and processor at 60 {MHz}. All later processors have used multipliers to increase the internal {clock} speed while maintaining the same external clock speed, e.g. the {Pentium 90} used a 1.5x multiplier. Modern {Socket 370} {motherboards} support multipliers from 4.5x to 8.0x, and FSB speeds from 50 MHz to a proposed 83 MHz standard. These higher speeds may cause problems with some PCI hardware. Altering the FSB speed and the multiplier ratio are the two main ways of {overclocking} processors. {Toms Hardware - The Bus Speed Guide (http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/bus-speed-guide,49.html)}. {Toms Hardware - The Overclocking Guide (http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/overclocking-guide,15.html)}. (2002-02-21)
frugivorous ::: a. --> Feeding on fruit, as birds and other animals. html{color:
Fujitsu "company" A Japanese elecronics corporation. Fujitsu owns {ICL}, {Amdahl Corporation}, and {DMR}. Home {USA (http://fujitsu.com/)}, {Japan (http://fujitsu.co.jp/index-e.html)}. (2000-04-03)
functional programming "programming" (FP) A program in a functional language consists of a set of (possibly {recursive}) {function} definitions and an expression whose value is output as the program's result. Functional languages are one kind of {declarative language}. They are mostly based on the {typed lambda-calculus} with constants. There are no {side-effects} to expression evaluation so an expression, e.g. a function applied to certain arguments, will always evaluate to the same value (if its evaluation terminates). Furthermore, an expression can always be replaced by its value without changing the overall result ({referential transparency}). The order of evaluation of subexpressions is determined by the language's {evaluation strategy}. In a {strict} ({call-by-value}) language this will specify that arguments are evaluated before applying a function whereas in a non-strict ({call-by-name}) language arguments are passed unevaluated. Programs written in a functional language are generally compact and elegant, but have tended, until recently, to run slowly and require a lot of memory. Examples of purely functional languages are {Clean}, {FP}, {Haskell}, {Hope}, {Joy}, {LML}, {Miranda}, and {SML}. Many other languages such as {Lisp} have a subset which is purely functional but also contain non-functional constructs. See also {lazy evaluation}, {reduction}. {Lecture notes (ftp://ftp.cs.olemiss.edu/pub/tech-reports/umcis-1995-01.ps)}. or the same {in dvi-format (ftp://ftp.cs.olemiss.edu/pub/tech-reports/umcis-1995-01.dvi)}. {FAQ (http://cs.nott.ac.uk/Department/Staff/gmh/faq.html)}. {SEL-HPC Article Archive (http://lpac.ac.uk/SEL-HPC/Articles/)}. (2003-03-25)
fuzzy logic A superset of {Boolean logic} dealing with the concept of partial truth -- {truth values} between "completely true" and "completely false". It was introduced by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh of {UCB} in the 1960's as a means to model the uncertainty of {natural language}. Any specific theory may be generalised from a discrete (or "crisp") form to a continuous (fuzzy) form, e.g. "fuzzy calculus", "fuzzy differential equations" etc. Fuzzy logic replaces Boolean truth values with degrees of truth which are very similar to probabilities except that they need not sum to one. Instead of an assertion pred(X), meaning that X definitely has the property associated with {predicate} "pred", we have a truth function truth(pred(X)) which gives the degree of truth that X has that property. We can combine such values using the standard definitions of fuzzy logic: truth(not x) = 1.0 - truth(x) truth(x and y) = minimum (truth(x), truth(y)) truth(x or y) = maximum (truth(x), truth(y)) (There are other possible definitions for "and" and "or", e.g. using sum and product). If truth values are restricted to 0 and 1 then these functions behave just like their Boolean counterparts. This is known as the "extension principle". Just as a Boolean predicate asserts that its argument definitely belongs to some subset of all objects, a fuzzy predicate gives the degree of truth with which its argument belongs to a {fuzzy subset}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.ai.fuzzy}. E-mail servers: "fuzzynet@aptronix.com", "rnalib@its.bldrdoc.gov", "fuzzy-server@til.com". {(ftp://ftp.hiof.no/pub/Fuzzy)}, {(ftp://ntia.its.bldrdoc.gov/pub/fuzzy)}. {FAQ (ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-group/comp.answers/fuzzy-logic)}. {James Brule, "Fuzzy systems - a tutorial", 1985 (http://life.anu.edu.au/complex_systems/fuzzy.html)}. {STB Software Catalog (http://krakatoa.jsc.nasa.gov/stb/catalog.html)}, includes a few fuzzy tools. [H.J. Zimmerman, "Fuzzy Sets, Decision Making and Expert Systems", Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1987]. ["Fuzzy Logic, State of the Art", Ed. R. Lowen, Marc Roubens, Theory and Decision Library, D: System theory, Knowledge Engineering and Problem Solving 12, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993, ISBN 0-7923-2324-6]. (1995-02-21)
gairishly ::: n. --> Alt. of Gairish/ness html{color:
games "games" "The time you enjoy wasting is not time wasted." -- {Bertrand Russell}. Here are some games-related pages on the {Web}: {Imperial Nomic (http://mit.edu:8001/people/achmed/fascist/)}, {Thoth's games and recreations page (http://cis.ufl.edu/~thoth/library/recreation.html)}, {Games Domain (http://wcl-rs.bham.ac.uk/GamesDomain)}, {Zarf's List of Games on the Web (http://leftfoot.com/games.html)}, {Dave's list of pointers to games resources (http://wcl-rs.bham.ac.uk/~djh/index.html)}, {Collaborative Fiction (http://asylum.cid.com/fiction/fiction.html)}. See also {3DO}, {ADL}, {ADVENT}, {ADVSYS}, {alpha/beta pruning}, {Amiga}, {CHIP-8}, {Core Wars}, {DROOL}, {empire}, {I see no X here.}, {Infocom}, {Inglish}, {initgame}, {life}, {minimax}, {moria}, {mudhead}, {multi-user Dimension}, {nethack}, {ogg}, {plugh}, {rogue}, {SPACEWAR}, {virtual reality}, {wizard mode}, {wumpus}, {xyzzy}, {ZIL}, {zorkmid}. See also {game theory}. (1996-03-03)
gamma correction "hardware" Adjustments applied during the display of a digital representation of colour on a screen in order to compensate for the fact that the {Cathode Ray Tubes} used in computer {monitors} (and televisions) produce a light intensity which is not proportional to the input {voltage}. The light intensity is actually proportional to the input voltage raised to the inverse power of some constant, called gamma. Its value varies from one display to another, but is usually around 2.5. Because it is more intuitive for the colour components (red, green and blue) to be varied linearly in the computer, the actual voltages sent to the monitor by the {display hardware} must be adjusted in order to make the colour component intensity on the screen proportional to the value stored in the computer's {display memory}. This process is most easily achieved by a dedicated module in the display hardware which simply scales the outputs of the {display memory} before sending them to the {digital-to-analogue converters}. More expensive {graphics cards} and {workstations} (particularly those used for {CAD} applications) will have a gamma correction facility. In combination with the "{white-point}" gamma correction is used to achieve precise colour matching. {Robert Berger's explanation of monitor gamma (http://cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/rwb/www/gamma.html)}. [{"Digital Imaging in C and the World Wide Web", W. David Schwaderer (http://itknowledge.com/)}]. (1999-02-01)
gas plasma display "electronics" A type of display containing super-energised neon gas, used mostly in flat {monitor} and television {screens}. Each {pixel} has a {transistor} that controls its colour and brightness. {Plasma (http://kipinet.com/mmp/mmp_apr96/dep_techwatch.html)}. {Flat Screen Technology (http://montegonet.com/plasma.html)}. {More about Gas Plasma (http://advancedplasma.com/whatis.html)}. [How does it work?] (1998-04-30)
General Public Virus "software, legal" A pejorative name for some versions of the {GNU} project {copyleft} or {General Public License} (GPL), which requires that any tools or {application programs} incorporating copylefted code must be source-distributed on the same terms as GNU code. Thus it is alleged that the copyleft "infects" software generated with GNU tools, which may in turn infect other software that reuses any of its code. {Copyright} law limits the scope of the GPL to "programs textually incorporating significant amounts of GNU code" so GPL is only passed on if actual GNU source is transmitted. This used to be the case with the {Bison} {parser} skeleton until its licence was fixed. {(http://org.gnu.de/manual/bison/html_chapter/bison_2.html
Generic Security Service Application Programming Interface "security, programming" (GSS-API) An application level interface ({API}) to system security services. It provides a generic interface to services which may be provided by a variety of different security mechanisms. {Vanilla} GSS-API supports {security contexts} between two entities (known as "principals"). GSS-API is a draft internet standard which is being developed in the {Common Authentication Technology Working Group} (cat-wg) of the {Internet Engineering Task Force} (IETF). Initial specifications for GSS-API appeared in {RFC 1508} and {RFC 1509}. Subsequent revisions appeared in several draft standards documents. {(http://dstc.qut.edu.au/~barton/work/project.html)}. (1996-05-19)
genetic algorithm (GA) An {evolutionary algorithm} which generates each individual from some encoded form known as a "chromosome" or "genome". Chromosomes are combined or mutated to breed new individuals. "Crossover", the kind of recombination of chromosomes found in sexual reproduction in nature, is often also used in GAs. Here, an offspring's chromosome is created by joining segments choosen alternately from each of two parents' chromosomes which are of fixed length. GAs are useful for multidimensional optimisation problems in which the chromosome can encode the values for the different variables being optimised. {Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (http://GAL4.GE.UIUC.EDU/illigal.home.html)} (IlliGAL). (1995-02-03)
genre ::: n. --> A style of painting, sculpture, or other imitative art, which illustrates everyday life and manners. html{color:
Geographic Information System "application" (GIS) A computer system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing and displaying data related to positions on the Earth's surface. Typically, a GIS is used for handling maps of one kind or another. These might be represented as several different layers where each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature (e.g. roads). Each feature is linked to a position on the graphical image of a map. Layers of data are organised to be studied and to perform statistical analysis (i.e. a layer of customer locations could include fields for Name, Address, Contact, Number, Area). Uses are primarily government related, town planning, local authority and public utility management, environmental, resource management, engineering, business, marketing, and distribution. {GIS dictionary (http://geo.ed.ac.uk/root/agidict/html/welcome.html)}. {(http://ncl.ac.uk/~ngraphic/wotzagis.html)}. (1995-12-21)
geometric mean "mathematics" The Nth {root} of the {product} of N numbers. If each number in a list of numbers was replaced with their geometric mean, then multiplying them all together would still give the same result. The geometric mean thus gives an average "factor" in a context where numbers are multiplied together, e.g. compound interest. {Wolfram (http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GeometricMean.html)}. (2007-03-16)
George Boole "person" 1815-11-02 - 2008-05-11 22:58 best known for his contribution to symbolic logic ({Boolean Algebra}) but also active in other fields such as probability theory, {algebra}, analysis, and differential equations. He lived, taught, and is buried in Cork City, Ireland. The Boole library at University College Cork is named after him. For centuries philosophers have studied logic, which is orderly and precise reasoning. George Boole argued in 1847 that logic should be allied with mathematics rather than with philosophy. Demonstrating logical principles with mathematical symbols instead of words, he founded {symbolic logic}, a field of mathematical/philosophical study. In the new discipline he developed, known as {Boolean algebra}, all objects are divided into separate classes, each with a given property; each class may be described in terms of the presence or absence of the same property. An electrical circuit, for example, is either on or off. Boolean algebra has been applied in the design of {binary} computer circuits and telephone switching equipment. These devices make use of Boole's two-valued (presence or absence of a property) system. Born in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK, George Boole was the son of a tradesman and was largely self-taught. He began teaching at the age of 16 to help support his family. In his spare time he read mathematical journals and soon began to write articles for them. By the age of 29, Boole had received a gold medal for his work from the British Royal Society. His 'Mathematical Analysis of Logic', a pamphlet published in 1847, contained his first statement of the principles of symbolic logic. Two years later he was appointed professor of mathematics at Queen's College in Ireland, even though he had never studied at a university. He died in Ballintemple, Ireland, on 1864-12-08. {Compton's Encyclopedia Online (http://comptons2.aol.com/encyclopedia/ARTICLES/00619_A.html)}. (1998-11-19)
Gerald Sussman "person" (Gerald J. Sussman, Jerry) A noted {hacker} at {MIT} and one of the developers of {SCHEME} and {6.001}. {(http://martigny.ai.mit.edu/~gjs/gjs.html)}. (1996-11-29)
ghetto code "humour, programming" A particularly inelegant and obviously suboptimal section of {code} that still meets the original requirements. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2014-05-14)
glabella ::: n. --> The space between the eyebrows, also including the corresponding part of the frontal bone; the mesophryon. ::: pl. --> of Glabellum html{color:
glatified ::: a. --> Pleased; indulged according to desire. html{color:
globigerina ::: n. --> A genus of small Foraminifera, which live abundantly at or near the surface of the sea. Their dead shells, falling to the bottom, make up a large part of the soft mud, generally found in depths below 3,000 feet, and called globigerina ooze. See Illust. of Foraminifera. html{color:
Glossary of Sanskrit Terms in Integral Yoga Literature ::: http://www.miraura.org/lit/skgl.html
GNU Free Documentation License "legal" (GFDL) The {Free Software Foundation}'s license designed to ensure the same freedoms for {documentation} that the {GPL} gives to {software}. This dictionary is distributed under the GFDL, see the copyright notice in the {Free On-line Dictionary of Computing} section (at the start of the source file). The full text follows. Version 1.1, March 2000 Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. 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TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See {here (http://gnu.org/copyleft/)}. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. End of full text of GFDL. (2002-03-09)
Gnuplot "tool" A command-driven interactive graphing program. Gnuplot can plot two-dimensional functions and data points in many different styles (points, lines, error bars); and three-dimensional data points and surfaces in many different styles (contour plot, mesh). It supports {complex} arithmetic and user-defined functions and can label title, axes, and data points. It can output to several different graphics file formats and devices. Command line editing and history are supported and there is extensive on-line help. Gnuplot is {copyright}ed, but freely distributable. It was written by Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley, Russell Lang, Dave Kotz, John Campbell, Gershon Elber, Alexander Woo and many others. Despite its name, gnuplot is not related to the {GNU} project or the {FSF} in any but the most peripheral sense. It was designed completely independently and is not covered by the {General Public License}. However, the {FSF} has decided to distribute gnuplot as part of the {GNU} system, because it is useful, redistributable software. Gnuplot is available for: {Unix} ({X11} and {NEXTSTEP}), {VAX}/{VMS}, {OS/2}, {MS-DOS}, {Amiga}, {MS-Windows}, {OS-9}/68k, {Atari ST} and {Macintosh}. E-mail: "info-gnuplot@dartmouth.edu". {FAQ} - {Germany (http://fg70.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~ig25/gnuplot-faq/)}, {UK (ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/news-info/comp.graphics.gnuplot)}, {USA (http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/graphics/gnuplot-faq/faq.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.graphics.gnuplot}. (1995-05-04)
Go "games, application" A thinking game with an oriental origin estimated to be around 4000 years old. Nowadays, the game is played by millions of people in (most notably) China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. In the Western world the game is practised by a yearly increasing number of players. On the {Internet} Go players meet, play and talk 24 hours/day on the {Internet Go Server} (IGS). {(http://cwi.nl/~jansteen/go/go.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:rec.games.go}. (1995-03-17)
gonotheca ::: n. --> A capsule developed on certain hydroids (Thecaphora), inclosing the blastostyle upon which the medusoid buds or gonophores are developed; -- called also gonangium, and teleophore. See Hydroidea, and Illust. of Campanularian. html{color:
gopher "networking, protocol" A {distributed} document retrieval system which started as a {Campus Wide Information System} at the {University of Minnesota}, and which was popular in the early 1990s. Gopher is defined in {RFC 1436}. The protocol is like a primitive form of {HTTP} (which came later). Gopher lacks the {MIME} features of HTTP, but expressed the equivalent of a document's {MIME type} with a one-character code for the "{Gopher object type}". At time of writing (2001), all Web browers should be able to access gopher servers, although few gopher servers exist anymore. Sir {Tim Berners-Lee}, in his book "Weaving The Web" (pp.72-73), related his opinion that it was not so much the protocol limitations of gopher that made people abandon it in favor of HTTP/{HTML}, but instead the legal missteps on the part of the university where it was developed: "It was just about this time, spring 1993, that the University of Minnesota decided that it would ask for a license fee from certain classes of users who wanted to use gopher. Since the gopher software being picked up so widely, the university was going to charge an annual fee. The browser, and the act of browsing, would be free, and the server software would remain free to nonprofit and educational institutions. But any other users, notably companies, would have to pay to use gopher server software. "This was an act of treason in the academic community and the Internet community. Even if the university never charged anyone a dime, the fact that the school had announced it was reserving the right to charge people for the use of the gopher protocols meant it had crossed the line. To use the technology was too risky. Industry dropped gopher like a hot potato." (2001-03-31)
Gopher object type A character specifying how to display a {Gopher} document. Current types are: 0 document 1 menu 2 CSO phone book entity 3 error 4 binhex binary 5 DOS binary (deprecated) 6 UU binary (deprecated) 7 index search 8 telnet connection 9 binary + duplicate server for previous object I image M MIME document T tn3270 based telnet connection c cal g GIF image h HTML s binary u {Usenet} newsgroup (1999-10-14)
Graphics Interchange Format "graphics, file format" /gif/, occasionally /jif/ (GIF, GIF 89A) A standard for digitised {images} compressed with the {LZW} {algorithm}, defined in 1987 by {CompuServe} (CIS). Graphics Interchange Format and GIF are service marks of {CompuServe} Incorporated. This only affects use of GIF within Compuserve, and pass-through licensing for software to access them, it doesn't affect anyone else's use of GIF. It followed from a 1994 legal action by {Unisys} against CIS for violating Unisys's {LZW} {software patent}. The CompuServe Vice President has stated that "CompuServe is committed to keeping the GIF 89A specification as an open, fully-supported, non-proprietary specification for the entire on-line community including the {web}". {Filename extension}: .gif. {File format (ftp://peipa.essex.ac.uk/ipa/info/file-formats)}. {GIF89a specification (http://asterix.seas.upenn.edu/~mayer/lzw_gif/gif89a.html)}. See also {progressive coding}, {animated GIF}. (2000-09-12)
gravery ::: n. --> The act, process, or art, of graving or carving; engraving. html{color:
Gray code "hardware" A {binary} sequence with the property that only one {bit} changes between any two consecutive elements (the two codes have a {Hamming distance} of one). The Gray code originated when {digital logic} circuits were built from {vacuum tubes} and electromechanical {relays}. Counters generated tremendous power demands and noise spikes when many bits changed at once. E.g. when incrementing a register containing 11111111, the {back-EMF} from the relays' collapsing magnetic fields required copious noise suppression. Using Gray code counters, any increment or decrement changed only one bit, regardless of the size of the number. Gray code can also be used to convert the angular position of a disk to digital form. A radial line of sensors reads the code off the surface of the disk and if the disk is half-way between two positions each sensor might read its bit from both positions at once but since only one bit differs between the two, the value read is guaranteed to be one of the two valid values rather than some third (invalid) combination (a {glitch}). One possible {algorithm} for generating a Gray code sequence is to toggle the lowest numbered bit that results in a new code each time. Here is a four bit Gray code sequence generated in this way: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 The codes were patented in 1953 by Frank Gray, a {Bell Labs} researcher. {(http://nist.gov/dads/HTML/graycode.html)}. (2002-08-29)
Great Renaming "history" The {flag day} in 1986 on which all of the non-local groups on the {Usenet} had their names changed from the net.- format to the current multiple-hierarchies scheme. Used especially in discussing the history of newsgroup names. "The oldest sources group is comp.sources.misc; before the Great Renaming, it was net.sources." {FAQ (http://vrx.net/usenet/history/rename.html)}. [{Jargon File}] (2000-07-14)
gry "human language" The suffix referred to in the following puzzle: Question: "Angry" and "hungry" are two words that end in "gry". What is the third word. Everyone knows what it means and everyone uses it every day. Look closely and I have already given you the third word. What is it? Answer: "what". Variants of this puzzle have circulated widely on the Internet for some years, usually in a corrupted form such as "Name three common English words ending in 'gry'", which has no third answer. {(http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/gry.htm)}. {(http://word-detective.com/gry.html)}. (2007-04-04)
gudgeon ::: n. --> A small European freshwater fish (Gobio fluviatilis), allied to the carp. It is easily caught and often used for food and for bait. In America the killifishes or minnows are often called gudgeons.
What may be got without skill or merit.
A person easily duped or cheated.
The pin of iron fastened in the end of a wooden shaft or axle, on which it turns; formerly, any journal, or pivot, or bearing, as the pintle and eye of a hinge, but esp. the end journal of a html{color:
gue ::: n. --> A sharper; a rogue. html{color:
gunstome ::: n. --> A cannon ball; -- so called because originally made of stone. html{color:
Gupta Corporation "company" The vendor of {SQLWindows}. Gupta Corporation provides application development and deployment software for {client-server} {applications}, consisting of a {relational database}, application development tools and transparent connectivity software. Gupta employs 400 people in 15 offices worldwide, including the United States, Europe and Asia. Gupta's 1993 fiscal year income was $5.6 million and their revenue was $56.1 million. Gupta sells client-server system components for networks of {personal computers}. {(http://wji.com/gupta/htmls/homepage.html)}. Address: 1060 Marsh Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. Telephone: +1 (415) 321 9500. Fax: +1 (415) 321 5471. (1997-04-28)
gynophore ::: n. --> The pedicel raising the pistil or ovary above the stamens, as in the passion flower.
One of the branches bearing the female gonophores, in certain Siphonophora. html{color:
H.261 "networking, standard" A {video compression} {standard} developed by {ITU-T} before 1992 to work with {integrated service digital network}. Data is compressed at the rate of 64P kilobits per second, where P can range from 1 to 30 depending on the number of ISDN channels used. This standard was developed primarily to support {video phones} and {video conferencing}. See also {ivs}. {(http://crs4.it/~luigi/MPEG/mpeggloss-h.html
H.264 "video, standard" (Or Advanced Video Coding, AVC) A low {bit rate} visual communication {standard} used in {video conferencing}. H.264 was developed by {MPEG} and {ITU-T} {VCEG} to replace {H.263}. {Video and image compression resources and research (http://www.vcodex.fsnet.co.uk/h264.html)}. (2007-03-16)
Habitat "networking, graphics" The original term for on-line graphical {virtual communities} or worlds. Created at Lucasfilm in 1985 by Randy Farmer and Chip Morningstar. {(http://communities.com/habitat.html)}. (1996-06-12)
haily ::: a. --> Of hail. html{color:
hairball {pub/js/hairball.html}
haitic ::: a. --> Pertaining to Ham or his descendants. html{color:
hakim ::: n. --> A wise man; a physician, esp. a Mohammedan.
A Mohammedan title for a ruler; a judge. html{color:
Hamiltonian problem "computability" (Or "Hamilton's problem") A problem in {graph theory} posed by {William Hamilton}: given a {graph}, is there a path through the graph which visits each {vertex} precisely once (a "Hamiltonian path")? Is there a Hamiltonian path which ends up where it started (a "Hamiltonian cycle" or "Hamiltonian tour")? Hamilton's problem is {NP-complete}. It has numerous applications, sometimes completely unexpected, in computing. {(http://ing.unlp.edu.ar/cetad/mos/Hamilton.html)}. (1997-07-18)
hamulus ::: n. --> A hook, or hooklike process.
A hooked barbicel of a feather. html{color:
Han character "character" (From the Han dynasty, 206 B.C.E to 25 C.E.) One of the set of {glyphs} common to Chinese (where they are called "hanzi"), Japanese (where they are called {kanji}), and Korean (where they are called {hanja}). Han characters are generally described as "ideographic", i.e., picture-writing; but see the reference below. Modern Korean, Chinese and Japanese {fonts} may represent a given Han character as somewhat different glyphs. However, in the formulation of {Unicode}, these differences were {folded}, in order to conserve the number of {code positions} necessary for all of {CJK}. This unification is referred to as "Han Unification", with the resulting character repertoire sometimes referred to as "Unihan". {Unihan reference at the Unicode Consortium (http://charts.unicode.org/unihan.html)}. [John DeFrancis, "The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy", University of Hawaii Press, 1984]. (1998-10-18)
hanuman ::: n. --> See Hoonoomaun. html{color:
Happy "tool" A dyslexic acronym for "A Yacc-like Haskell Parser generator". An {LALR1 grammar} {parser generator} for {Haskell}. Happy is written in Haskell, uses a parser generated by itself, and can be compiled using {ghc}, {hbc} or {gofer}. Happy uses an implementation of {monadic IO} built on top of stream IO, but this should change when the {Haskell 1.3} {standard} has been implemented. Version: 0.9 (1996-02-28). Happy is covered by the {General Public License}. {(http://dcs.gla.ac.uk/fp/software/happy.html)}. {(ftp://ftp.dcs.gla.ac.uk/pub/haskell/happy/)}. E-mail: "andy@dcs.gla.ac.uk", "simonm@dcs.gla.ac.uk". (1996-03-21)
hardy ::: a. --> Bold; brave; stout; daring; resolu?e; intrepid.
Confident; full of assurance; in a bad sense, morally hardened; shameless.
Strong; firm; compact.
Inured to fatigue or hardships; strong; capable of endurance; as, a hardy veteran; a hardy mariner.
Able to withstand the cold of winter. html{color:
harslet ::: n. --> See Haslet. html{color:
Harvard Mark II Machine "computer, history" A {relay}-based computer designed and built by {Howard Aiken}, with support from {IBM}, for the United States Navy's Naval Proving Ground, between 1942 - 1947. The Harvard Mark II was the second in a series of four {electro-mechanical} computers that were forerunners of the {ENIAC}. {Harvard machines (http://hoc.co.umist.ac.uk/storylines/compdev/electromechanical/harvardmarkmachines.html)}. (2003-09-13)
hash character "character" "
Haskell Curry "person" Haskell Brooks Curry (1900-09-12 - 1982-09-01). The logician who re-invented and developed {combinatory logic}. The {functional programming} language {Haskell} was named after him. {Biography (http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Curry.html)}. (1999-01-08)
Haskell "language" (Named after the logician {Haskell Curry}) A {lazy} {purely functional} language largely derived from {Miranda} but with several extensions. Haskell was designed by a committee from the {functional programming} community in April 1990. It features static {polymorphic} typing, {higher-order functions}, user-defined {algebraic data types}, and {pattern-matching} {list comprehensions}. Innovations include a {class} system, systematic operator {overloading}, a {functional I/O} system, functional {arrays}, and {separate compilation}. Haskell 1.3 added many new features, including {monadic I/O}, standard libraries, {constructor classes}, {labeled fields} in datatypes, {strictness} {annotations}, an improved {module} system, and many changes to the Prelude. {Gofer} is a cut-down version of Haskell with some extra features. {Filename extension}: .hs, .lhs ({literate programming}). {(http://haskell.org/)}. ["Report on the Programming Language Haskell Version 1.1", Paul Hudak & P. Wadler eds, CS Depts, U Glasgow and Yale U., Aug 1991]. [Version 1.2: SIGPLAN Notices 27(5), Apr 1992]. {Haskell 1.3 Report (http://haskell.cs.yale.edu/haskell-report/haskell-report.html)}. Mailing list: "haskell-request@cs.yale.edu". Yale Haskell - Version 2.0.6, Haskell 1.2 built on {Common Lisp}. {(ftp://nebula.cs.yale.edu/pub/haskell/yale/)}. Glasgow Haskell (GHC) - Version 2.04 for {DEC Alpha}/{OSF}2; {HPPA1.1}/{HPUX}9,10; {SPARC}/{SunOs} 4, {Solaris} 2; {MIPS}/{Irix} 5,6; {Intel 80386}/{Linux},{Solaris} 2,{FreeBSD},{CygWin} 32; {PowerPC}/{AIX}. GHC generates {C} or {native code}. {(ftp://ftp.dcs.glasgow.ac.uk/pub/haskell/glasgow/)}. E-mail: "glasgow-haskell-request@dcs.glasgow.ac.uk". Haskell-B - Haskell 1.2 implemented in {LML}, generates {native code}. {(ftp://ftp.cs.chalmers.se/pub/haskell/chalmers/)}. E-mail: "hbc@cs.chalmers.se". (1997-06-06)
Haskell User's Gofer System "language" (HUGS) An implementation of {Haskell} derived from {Gofer} 2.30b with an interactive development environment much like Gofer's. Almost all of the features of Haskell 1.2 are implemented with the exception of the {module} system. Hugs supports Haskell style {type class}es, a full prelude, {derived instances}, defaults, {overloaded} numeric {literals} and {pattern matching}, and {bignum} arithmetic. {Home (http://cs.nott.ac.uk/Department/Staff/mpj/hugs.html)}. {(ftp://ftp.cs.nott.ac.uk/pub/haskell/hugs)}. E-mail: Mark P. Jones "mpj@cs.nott.ac.uk". (1995-02-14)
hate-driven development "programming, humour" A play on {test-driven development} for use when a piece of {code} is not necessarily broken but you hate the way it is written so much that you feel compelled to rewrite it. {[Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}] (2014-09-30)
Haze "graphics" An {X Window System} {window manager} designed to be light-weight and look like {MacOS}. Haze is based on {mlvwm}. It support {virtual desktops}, configurable menu bar and shaded windows. {Haze home (http://www.escomposlinux.org/jes/description.html)}. (2010-05-03)
hearselike ::: a. --> Suitable to a funeral. html{color:
Hebbian learning "artificial intelligence" The most common way to train a {neural network}; a kind of {unsupervised learning}; named after canadian neuropsychologist, Donald O. Hebb. The {algorithm} is based on Hebb's Postulate, which states that where one cell's firing repeatedly contributes to the firing of another cell, the magnitude of this contribution will tend to increase gradually with time. This means that what may start as little more than a coincidental relationship between the firing of two nearby neurons becomes strongly causal. Despite limitations with Hebbian learning, e.g., the inability to learn certain patterns, variations such as {Signal Hebbian Learning} and {Differential Hebbian Learning} are still used. {(http://neuron-ai.tuke.sk/NCS/VOL1/P3_html/node14.html)}. (2003-11-07)
Helvetica "text" One of the most widely used {sans-serif} {typefaces}, developed in 1957 by Swiss typeface designer Max Miedinger with Eduard Hoffmann. Originally called Neue Haas Grotesk, it was renamed Helvetica for the international market. Helvetica is very similar to the common {Arial} typeface. The name is Latin for Swiss. {Linotype (http://www.linotype.com/526/helvetica-family.html)}. (2013-09-19)
hemuse ::: n. --> The roebuck in its third year. html{color:
Hewlett-Packard (HP) Hewlett-Packard designs, manufactures and services electronic products and systems for measurement, computation and communications. The company's products and services are used in industry, business, engineering, science, medicine and education in approximately 110 countries. HP was founded in 1939 and employs 96600 people, 58900 in the USA. They have manufacturing and R&D establishments in 54 cities in 16 countries and approximately 600 sales and service offices in 110 countries. Their revenue (in 1992/1993?) was $20.3 billion. The Chief Executive Officer is Lewis E. Platt. HP's stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange and the Pacific, Tokyo, London, Frankfurt, Zurich and Paris exchanges. Quarterly sales $6053M, profits $347M (Aug 1994). {(http://hp.com/home.html)}. (1994-09-26)
Hierarchical Music Specification Language "language, music" (HMSL) A programming language for experimental music composition and performance. It is a set of {object-oriented} extensions to {Forth}. (Its near-total unintelligibility to people unfamiliar with {Forth} has led some to expand "HMSL" as "Her Majesty's Secret Language".) Phil Burk (who also later developed {pForth}), Larry Polansky, and David Rosenboom started developing HMSL in 1980 while working at the {Mills College Center for Contemporary Music (http://mills.edu/LIFE/CCM/CCM.homepage.html)}. As of June 1998, development is ongoing. {(http://softsynth.com/hmsl/)}. (1998-09-07)
Higgs Bugson "humour" A hypothetical {bug} predicted to exist based on a small number of possibly related event log entries and vague anecdotal user reports. The Higgs Bugson is difficult to reproduce because you don't really know if it's there, and if it is there what is causing it. To find one you will need a Large Hadron Debugger. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2012-08-31)
High Speed Circuit Switched Data "communications" (HSCSD) A planned feature of {GSM Phase 2} defining a standard for {circuit switched} data transmission over a {GSM} link at up to 57.6 (78.8?) {kbps}. This is achieved by concatenating up to four consecutive GSM {timeslots}, each of which is capable of 14.4 kbit/s. It uses {multiplexing} and {compression} or filtering. The following services toward the fixed network are supported: {V.34} up to 28.8 kbps and {V.110} with rate adaptation up to 38.4 kbps. HSCSD is aimed at {mobile workstation} users. As it is circuit switched, it is suited to {streaming} applications such as {video conferencing} and {multimedia}. {Bursty} applications like {electronic mail}, are more suited to {packet switched} data (as in {GPRS}). {Ericsson (http://ericsson.com/wireless/products/mobsys/gsm/subpages/wise/subpages/hscsd.shtml)}. {(http://gsmworld.com/)}. (1999-12-04)
Hindenbug "humour" A catastrophic, data-destroying {bug}, after the 1937 Hindenburg airship disaster. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2012-10-20)
history 1. "history" {Virginia Tech history of computing (http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/index.html)}. {IT Rentals computing timeline (http://www.itrentals.com/historyofcomputing/)}. 2. "operating system" A record of previous user inputs (e.g. to a {command interpreter}) which can be re-entered without re-typing them. The major improvement of the {C shell} (csh) over the {Bourne shell} (sh) was the addition of a command history. This was still inferior to the history mechanism on {VMS} which allowed you to recall previous commands as the current input line. You could then edit the command using cursor motion, insert and delete. These sort of history editing facilities are available under {tcsh} and {GNU Emacs}. 3. The history of the world was once discussed in {Usenet} newsgroups {news:soc.history} and {news:alt.history}. (2013-08-04)
hmake "programming" A {compilation manager} for {Haskell}. hmake recompiles a given module or program by extracting dependencies between {source} modules and issuing appropriate compiler commands to rebuild only changed modules. hmake can use whatever Haskell compilers and preprocessors you have installed. If an .hi interface file is unchanged then changes in the corresponding implementation code will not trigger recompilation of calling code. {hmake interactive} is an interactive development environment built on hmake. Malcolm Wallace of the {York Functional Programming Group} developed hmake in 2005 based on Thomas Hallgren's hbcmake and nhc13make. {hmake home (http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/fp/hmake/hmake.html)}. (2009-11-24)
HMTL "spelling" Do you mean {HTML}? (1998-06-30)
hoboy ::: n. --> A hautboy or oboe. html{color:
hodgepodge ::: n. --> A mixed mass; a medley. See Hotchpot. html{color:
hoful ::: a. --> Careful; wary. html{color:
Honeywell "company" A US company known for its {mainframes} and {operating systems}. The company's history is long and tortuous, with many mergers, acquisitions and name changes. A company formed on 1886-04-23 to make furnace regulators eventually merged in 1927 with another company formed in 1904 by a young plumbing and heating engineer named Mark Honeywell who was perfecting the heat generator. A 1955 joint venture with {Raytheon Corp.}, called {Datamatic Corporation}, marked Honeywell's entry into the computer business. Their first computer was the {D-1000}. In 1960 Honeywell bought out Raytheon's interest and the name changed to {Electronic Data Processing} (EDP) then in 1963 it was officially renamed Honeywell Inc. In 1970 Honeywell merged its computer business with {General Electric}'s to form Honeywell Information Systems. In 1986 a joint venture with the french company {Bull} and japanese {NEC Corporation} created Honeywell Bull. By 1991 Honeywell had withdrawn from the computer business, focussing more on aeropspace. {CII Honeywell} was an important department. Honeywell operating systems included {GCOS} and {Multics}. See also: {brain-damaged}. {History (http://www51.honeywell.com/honeywell/about-us/our-history.html)}. (2009-01-14)
hook-billed ::: a. --> Having a strongly curved bill. html{color:
hoplite ::: n. --> A heavy-armed infantry soldier. html{color:
HotJava "web" A modular, extensible {web} {browser} from {Sun Microsystems} that can execute programs written in the {Java} programming language. These programs, known as "{applets}", can be included (like images) in {HTML} pages. Because Java programs are compiled into machine independent {bytecodes}, applets can run on any {platform} on which HotJava runs - currently (December 1995) {SPARC}/{Solaris} 2 and {Intel 80x86}/{Windows 95}, {Windows NT}. {(http://java.sun.com/hotjava.html)}. (1995-12-10)
Hotline Communications Ltd. "company" The company that developes and distributes {Hotline Connect}. {(http://BigRedH.com/index2.html)}. (1999-12-07)
hoult ::: n. --> A piece of woodland; a small wood. [Obs.] See Holt. html{color:
href "web" ({hypertext} reference) The attribute of an {HTML} "a" (anchor or link) tag, whose value gives the {URL} of the {web page} or other resource that the link points to. For example, "a href="http://foldoc.org/""FOLDOC href definition"/a" would display an anchor pointing to this dictionary. (2008-02-22)
HTLM Do you mean {HTML}?
HTML {Hypertext Markup Language}
HTML+ "hypertext, standard" A proposed successor to {HTML}. HTML+ was a superset of HTML designed to extend the capabilities of the language to incorporate better support for {multimedia} objects in documents. (1994-10-27)
HTTL Do you mean {HTTP} or {HTML}?
HTTPd "web" (Hypertext transfer protocol daemon). An {HTTP/1.0}-compatible {server}, written by Rob McCool "robm@ncsa.uiuc.edu" of {NCSA}, for making {hypertext} and other documents available to {web browsers}. HTTPd is designed to be small and fast and to work with most HTTP/0.9 and HTTP/1.0 {browsers}. You can customise your server to execute searches and handle {HTML} {forms}. It also supports {server side include} files, allowing you to include the output of commands or other files in {HTML} documents. The current (1994-08-08) version is 1.3. {(http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/docs/Overview.html)}. E-mail: "httpd@ncsa.uiuc.edu". (1995-01-16)
http://www.miraura.org/lit/engl.html
hunks ::: n. --> A covetous, sordid man; a miser; a niggard. html{color:
Hurd "operating system" The {GNU} project's replacement for the {Unix} {kernel}. The Hurd is a collection of {servers} that run on the {Mach} {microkernel} to implement {file systems}, {network protocols}, file access control, and other features that are implemented by the Unix kernel or similar kernels such as {Linux}. The GNU {C Library} provides the {Unix} {system call} interface, and calls the Hurd for services it can't provide itself. The Hurd aims to establish a framework for shared development and maintenance, allowing a broad range of users to share projects without knowing much about the internal workings of the system - projects that might never have been attempted without freely available source, a well-designed interface, and a multi-server-based design. Currently there are free ports of the {Mach} {kernel} to the {Intel 80386} {IBM PC}, the {DEC} {PMAX} {workstation}, the {Luna} {88k}, with more in progress, including the {Amiga} and {DEC} {Alpha}-3000 machines. According to Thomas Bushnell, BSG, the primary architect of the Hurd: 'Hurd' stands for 'Hird of Unix-Replacing Daemons' and 'Hird' stands for 'Hurd of Interfaces Representing Depth'. Possibly the first software to be named by a pair of {mutually recursive} acronyms. {The Hurd Home (http://gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd.html)}. [June 1994 GNU's Bulletin]. (2004-02-24)
hydra code "humour, programming" {Code} that cannot be fixed because each time a {bug} is remove, two new bugs grow in its place. Named after the many-headed Hydra of Greek mythology. [{Dodgy Coder (http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]. (2014-01-04)
hypertext "hypertext" A term coined by Ted Nelson around 1965 for a collection of documents (or "nodes") containing cross-references or "links" which, with the aid of an interactive {browser} program, allow the reader to move easily from one document to another. The extension of hypertext to include other media - {sound}, {graphics}, and {video} - has been termed "{hypermedia}", but is usually just called "hypertext", especially since the advent of the {web} and {HTML}. (2000-09-10)
hypertext link "hypertext" (Or "{hyperlink}", "button", formerly "span", "region", "extent") A pointer from within the content of one {hypertext} {node} (e.g. a {web page}) to another node. In {HTML} (the language used to write web pages), the source and destination of a {link} are known as "anchors". A source anchor may be a word, phrase, image or the whole node. A destination anchor may be a whole node or some position within the node. A {hypertext browser} displays source anchors in some distinctive way. When the user activates the link (e.g. by clicking on it with the {mouse}), the browser displays the destination anchor to which the link refers. Anchors should be recognisable at all times, not, for example, only when the mouse is over them. Originally links were always underlined but the modern preference is to use {bold} text. In {HTML}, anchors are created with "a..".."/a" anchor elements. The opening "a" tag of a source anchor has an "href" (hypertext reference) {attribute} giving the destination in the form of a {URL} - usually a whole "page". E.g. "a href="http://foldoc.org/"" Free On-line Dictionary of Computing"/a" Destination anchors can be used in HTML to name a position within a page using a "name" attribute. E.g. "a name="chapter3"" The name or "fragment identifier" is appended to the URL of the page after a "
Hypertext Markup Language "hypertext, web, standard" (HTML) A {hypertext} document format used on the {web}. HTML is built on top of {SGML}. "Tags" are embedded in the text. A tag consists of a """, a "directive" (in lower case), zero or more parameters and a """. Matched pairs of directives, like ""title"" and ""/title"" are used to delimit text which is to appear in a special place or style. Links to other documents are in the form "a href="http://machine.edu/subdir/file.html""foo"/a" where ""a"" and ""/a"" delimit an "anchor", "href" introduces a hypertext reference, which is most often a {Uniform Resource Locator} (URL) (the string in double quotes in the example above). The link will be represented in the browser by the text "foo" (typically shown underlined and in a different colour). A certain place within an HTML document can be marked with a named anchor, e.g.: "a name="baz"" The "fragment identifier", "baz", can be used in an href by appending "
Hypertext Transfer Protocol "protocol" (HTTP) The {client-server} {TCP/IP} {protocol} used on the {web} for the exchange of {HTML} documents. It conventionally uses {port} 80. See also {Uniform Resource Locator}. (1994-10-27)
HyperText Transmission Protocol, Secure "protocol" (HTTPS) A variant of {HTTP} used by {Netscape} for handling secure transactions. The {Netscape Navigator} supports a {URL} {access method}, "https", for connecting to {HTTP} {servers} using {SSL}. "https" is a unique protocol that is simply {SSL} underneath {HTTP}. You need to use "https://" for HTTP {URLs} with {SSL}, whereas you continue to use "http://" for HTTP URLs without SSL. The default "https" {port} number is 443, as assigned by the {Internet Assigned Numbers Authority}. {(http://netscape.com/info/security-doc.html)}. (1995-01-16)
hythe ::: n. --> A small haven. See Hithe. I () I, the ninth letter of the English alphabet, takes its form from the Phoenician, through the Latin and the Greek. The Phoenician letter was probably of Egyptian origin. Its original value was nearly the same as that of the Italian I, or long e as in mete. Etymologically I is most closely related to e, y, j, g; as in dint, dent, beverage, L. bibere; E. kin, AS. cynn; E. thin, AS. /ynne; E. dominion, donjon, dungeon. html{color:
IBM 701 "computer" ("Defense Calculator") The first of the {IBM 700 series} of computers. The IBM 701 was annouced internally on 1952-04-29 as "the most advanced, most flexible high-speed computer in the world". Known as the Defense Calculator while in development at {IBM Poughkeepsie Laboratory}, it went public on 1953-04-07 as the "IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machines" (plural because it consisted of eleven connected units). The 701 was the first IBM large-scale electronic computer manufactured in quantity and their first commercial {scientific computer}. It was the first IBM machine in which programs were stored in an internal, addressable, electronic memory. It was developed and produced in less than two years from "first pencil on paper" to installation. It was key to IBM's transition from {punched card} machines to electronic computers. It consisted of four {magnetic tape drives}, a {magnetic drum} memory unit, a {cathode-ray tube storage unit}, an L-shaped {arithmetic and control unit} with an operator's panel, a {punched card {reader}, a printer, a card punch and three power units. It performed more than 16,000 additions or subtractions per second, read 12,500 digits a second from tape, print 180 letters or numbers a second and output 400 digits a second from punched-cards. The IBM 701 ran the following languages and systems: {BACAIC}, {BAP}, {DOUGLAS}, {DUAL-607}, {FLOP}, {GEPURS}, {JCS-13}, {KOMPILER}, {LT-2}, {PACT I}, {QUEASY}, {QUICK}, {SEESAW}, {SHACO}, {SO 2}, {Speedcoding}, {SPEEDEX}. {IBM History (http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/701/701_intro.html)}. (2005-06-20)
ICMP Router Discovery Protocol "protocol" (IRDP) A {routing} {protocol} used by {Microsoft Windows} {DHCP} clients and various {Unix} flavors. {Vulnerability (http://securiteam.com/securitynews/Most_DHCP_clients_are_vulnerable_to_an_IRDP_attack.html)}. [Details? Reference?] (1999-10-31)
IDEF0 "modeling" A minor elaboration on {SADT}. {IDEF Home (http://www.idef.com/idef0.html)}. (2007-02-12)
image map "web" An image in an {HTML} document with "hot spots" which when clicked on in a suitable {browser}, act as {anchors} or links to other information. For example, an image of a map of the world might provide links to resources related to different countries. Clicking on a country would take the user to the relevant information. [Documentation URL?] (1995-12-05)
index.html "web" The default {HTML} page served by most {web servers} in response to a request for a {directory}. The name suggests that the page will contain some kind of index of the contents of the requested directory. For example, if the content for {website} example.com is stored in the {file system} in directory /var/www/example.com, then a request for http://example.com/products would return the contents of file /var/www/example.com/products/index.html. A {website}'s {home page} follows the same logic. For the above example, a request for http://example.com/ would return the contents of /var/www/example.com/index.html. It is often possible, and occasionally necessary, to specify index.html explicitly in the URL, as in http://example.com/index.html, though modern practice is to omit it. If you're looking for {FOLDOC's home page (/)} at http://foldoc.org/index.html, then you followed an out-of-date link. Please update your bookmark to http://foldoc.org/ or inform the owner of the site you came from. {Microsoft}, of course, has to be different and uses default.htm instead of index.html. The variant index.htm is a throw-back to the days when some file systems only allowed three-character file name extensions. (2014-06-22)
index.htm {index.html}
infobot "chat" A {bot} that serves as a common database of information (often noteworthy {URLs}) for users on a {chat} system. Infobots often have a simple {chatbot interface}, responding to key-phrases, as well as to direct queries. Here, in a real conversation, the bot Purl's first response is triggered by the phrase "just tell me", and its second response is triggered by being directly asked "perlfunc?": "eesh" can someone tell me what: $num9 = substr($number,9,1); means "Tkil" eesh -- man perlfunc, look at "substr". "eesh" just tell me "purl" Didn't your momma ever tell you, "Go look it up in the dictionary"?! "Tkil" eesh -- no. that's all we'll tell you. read the documentation. "Tkil" eesh -- if you haven't man pages or perldoc, you can read them on the 'net. "Tkil" purl, perlfunc? "purl" well, perlfunc is Perl builtin functions, at man perlfunc or http://perl.com/CPAN-local/doc/manual/html/pod/perlfunc.html {(http://cs.cmu.edu/~lenzo/infobot.html/)}. (1998-10-30)
Information and Communication Technology "education" (ICT) The study of the technology used to handle information and aid communication. The phrase was coined by [?] Stevenson in his 1997 report to the UK government and promoted by the new National Curriculum documents for the UK in 2000. In addition to the subjects included in {Information Technology} (IT), ICT emcompasses areas such as {telephony}, {broadcast media} and all types of {audio} and {video} processing and transmission. {(http://rubble.ultralab.anglia.ac.uk/stevenson/ICTUKIndex.html)}. (2008-09-19)
Information Innovation A group of companies with offices in Amsterdam and New York which acts as an information filter for the {web}. They analyse what happens in the Web community and organise the Web's information so that it is accessible and efficient to use. Information Innovation provides: "The Management Guide" - a guide for managers in the information age. The Guide consists of 22 parts, each concentrating on a particular technology or issue facing managers. Topics range from {Artificial Intelligence} and Telecommunications to Finance and Marketing. Each part contains references to additional valuable information, including {CD ROMs}, conferences, magazines, articles and books. "The Hypergraphic Matrix" - a "hypergraphic" matrix of 250 graphics discussing the interrelationships between technology, change, business functions and specific industries. "Dictionary" - the largest Internet dictionary on management and technology. "The Delphi Oracle" - a comprehensive guide to the latest management ideas and issues. Over 500 articles and books have been read, analysed, rated and catalogued. "Management Software" - a guide to software which is useful to managers. Both Web software, Internet software and commecial products are included in this guide. "The Web Word" - an information service about the Web. It includes a regular newsletter and databases about Web resources, news, interviews with Web personalities and, of course, the most comprehensive guide to sites. "Web Bibliography" - a guide to the latest Web information printed. Over 150 articles, magazines, market research reports and books are catalogued. "The Power Launch Pad" - our own list of useful sites on the Web. Also includes links to our own lists of special subjects such as Finance, Telecommunications, Manufacturing, Technology and so forth. {(http://euro.net/innovation/WelcomeHP.html)}. E-mail: "innovation@euronet.nl". (1994-10-27)
irvingite ::: n. --> The common designation of one a sect founded by the Rev. Edward Irving (about 1830), who call themselves the Catholic Apostolic Church. They are highly ritualistic in worship, have an elaborate hierarchy of apostles, prophets, etc., and look for the speedy coming of Christ. html{color:
jackmen ::: pl. --> of Jackman html{color:
jamdani ::: n. --> A silk fabric, with a woven pattern of sprigs of flowers. html{color:
jet-black ::: a. --> Black as jet; deep black. html{color:
jetsam ::: n. --> Alt. of Jetson html{color:
jetty ::: a. --> Made of jet, or like jet in color. ::: n. --> A part of a building that jets or projects beyond the rest, and overhangs the wall below.
A wharf or pier extending from the shore.
A structure of wood or stone extended into the sea to html{color:
johannisberger ::: n. --> A fine white wine produced on the estate of Schloss (or Castle) Johannisberg, on the Rhine. html{color:
jorum ::: n. --> A large drinking vessel; also, its contents. html{color:
kinetogenesis ::: n. --> An instrument for producing curves by the combination of circular movements; -- called also kinescope. html{color:
kytoplasma ::: n. --> See Karyoplasma. L () L is the twelfth letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It is usually called a semivowel or liquid. Its form and value are from the Greek, through the Latin, the form of the Greek letter being from the Phoenician, and the ultimate origin prob. Egyptian. Etymologically, it is most closely related to r and u; as in pilgrim, peregrine, couch (fr. collocare), aubura (fr. LL. alburnus). html{color:
labara ::: pl. --> of Labarum html{color:
ladied ::: a. --> Ladylike; not rough; gentle. html{color:
ladrone ::: n. --> A robber; a pirate; hence, loosely, a rogue or rascal. html{color:
lamasery ::: n. --> A monastery or convent of lamas, in Thibet, Mongolia, etc. html{color:
languaging ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Language html{color:
larixinic ::: a. --> Of, or derived from, the larch (Larix); as, larixinic acid. html{color:
lavrock ::: n. --> Same as Laverock. html{color:
leontodon ::: n. --> A genus of liguliflorous composite plants, including the fall dandelion (L. autumnale), and formerly the true dandelion; -- called also lion&
libatory ::: a. --> Pertaining to libation. html{color:
lid ::: n. --> That which covers the opening of a vessel or box, etc.; a movable cover; as, the lid of a chest or trunk.
The cover of the eye; an eyelid.
The cover of the spore cases of mosses.
A calyx which separates from the flower, and falls off in a single piece, as in the Australian Eucalypti.
The top of an ovary which opens transversely, as in the fruit of the purslane and the tree which yields Brazil nuts. html{color:
lightning ::: n. --> A discharge of atmospheric electricity, accompanied by a vivid flash of light, commonly from one cloud to another, sometimes from a cloud to the earth. The sound produced by the electricity in passing rapidly through the atmosphere constitutes thunder.
The act of making bright, or the state of being made bright; enlightenment; brightening, as of the mental powers. ::: vb. n. html{color:
liman ::: n. --> The deposit of slime at the mouth of a river; slime. html{color:
linum ::: n. --> A genus of herbaceous plants including the flax (Linum usitatissimum). html{color:
lionly ::: a. --> Like a lion; fierce. html{color:
liza ::: n. --> The American white mullet (Mugil curema). html{color:
llanos ::: pl. --> of Llano html{color:
loess ::: n. --> A quaternary deposit, usually consisting of a fine yellowish earth, on the banks of the Rhine and other large rivers. html{color:
lough ::: n. --> A loch or lake; -- so spelt in Ireland. ::: obs. strong imp. --> of Laugh. html{color:
lytta ::: n. --> A fibrous and muscular band lying within the longitudinal axis of the tongue in many mammals, as the dog. M () M, the thirteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant, and from the manner of its formation, is called the labio-nasal consonant. See Guide to Pronunciation, // 178-180, 242. html{color:
maian ::: n. --> Any spider crab of the genus Maia, or family Maiadae. html{color:
mardi gras ::: n. --> The last day of Carnival; Shrove Tuesday; -- in some cities a great day of carnival and merrymaking. html{color:
marionette ::: n. --> A puppet moved by strings, as in a puppet show.
The buffel duck. html{color:
meliaceous ::: a. --> Pertaining to a natural order (Meliacae) of plants of which the genus Melia is the type. It includes the mahogany and the Spanish cedar. html{color:
melon ::: n. --> The juicy fruit of certain cucurbitaceous plants, as the muskmelon, watermelon, and citron melon; also, the plant that produces the fruit.
A large, ornamental, marine, univalve shell of the genus Melo. html{color:
menial ::: n. --> Belonging to a retinue or train of servants; performing servile office; serving.
Pertaining to servants, esp. domestic servants; servile; low; mean.
A domestic servant or retainer, esp. one of humble rank; one employed in low or servile offices.
A person of a servile character or disposition. html{color:
mercat ::: n. --> Market; trade. html{color:
mesal ::: a. --> Same as Mesial. html{color:
mesogastrium ::: n. --> The umbilical region.
The mesogaster. html{color:
mesonotum ::: n. --> The dorsal portion of the mesothorax of insects. html{color:
mida ::: n. --> The larva of the bean fly. html{color:
Missing definition "introduction" First, this is an (English language) __computing__ dictionary. It includes lots of terms from related fields such as mathematics and electronics, but if you're looking for (or want to submit) words from other subjects or general English words or other languages, try {(http://wikipedia.org/)}, {(http://onelook.com/)}, {(http://yourdictionary.com/)}, {(http://www.dictionarist.com/)} or {(http://reference.allrefer.com/)}. If you've already searched the dictionary for a computing term and it's not here then please __don't tell me__. There are, and always will be, a great many missing terms, no dictionary is ever complete. I use my limited time to process the corrections and definitions people have submitted and to add the {most frequently requested missing terms (missing.html)}. Try one of the sources mentioned above or {(http://techweb.com/encyclopedia/)}, {(http://whatis.techtarget.com/)} or {(http://google.com/)}. See {the Help page (help.html)} for more about missing definitions and bad cross-references. (2014-09-20)! {exclamation mark}!!!Batch "language, humour" A daft way of obfuscating text strings by encoding each character as a different number of {exclamation marks} surrounded by {question marks}, e.g. "d" is encoded as "?!!!!?". The language is named after the {MSDOS} {batch file} in which the first converter was written. {esoteric programming languages} {wiki entry (http://esolangs.org/wiki/!!!Batch)}. (2014-10-25)" {double quote}
mittent ::: a. --> Sending forth; emitting. html{color:
monitrix ::: n. --> A female monitor. html{color:
monkery ::: n. --> The life of monks; monastic life; monastic usage or customs; -- now usually applied by way of reproach.
A collective body of monks. html{color:
monseigneur ::: n. --> My lord; -- a title in France of a person of high birth or rank; as, Monseigneur the Prince, or Monseigneur the Archibishop. It was given, specifically, to the dauphin, before the Revolution of 1789. (Abbrev. Mgr.) html{color:
mrs. ::: --> The customary abbreviation of Mistress when used as a title of courtesy, in writing and printing. html{color:
naphthyl ::: n. --> A hydrocarbon radical regarded as the essential residue of naphthalene. html{color:
nazirite ::: n. --> A Nazarite. html{color:
newtonian ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to Sir Isaac Newton, or his discoveries. ::: n. --> A follower of Newton. html{color:
nomad ::: n. --> One of a race or tribe that has no fixed location, but wanders from place to place in search of pasture or game. ::: a. --> Roving; nomadic. html{color:
nucha ::: n. --> The back or upper part of the neck; the nape. html{color:
nyula ::: n. --> A species of ichneumon (Herpestes nyula). Its fur is beautifully variegated by closely set zigzag markings. O () O, the fifteenth letter of the English alphabet, derives its form, value, and name from the Greek O, through the Latin. The letter came into the Greek from the Ph/nician, which possibly derived it ultimately from the Egyptian. Etymologically, the letter o is most closely related to a, e, and u; as in E. bone, AS. ban; E. stone, AS. stan; E. broke, AS. brecan to break; E. bore, AS. beran to bear; E. dove, AS. d/fe; E. html{color:
orthopinacoid ::: n. --> A name given to the two planes in the monoclinic system which are parallel to the vertical and orthodiagonal axes. html{color:
otopathy ::: n. --> A diseased condition of the ear. html{color:
parrock ::: n. --> A croft, or small field; a paddock. html{color:
pexity ::: n. --> Nap of cloth. html{color:
pitmen ::: pl. --> of Pitman html{color:
plim ::: v. i. --> To swell, as grain or wood with water. html{color:
point-blank ::: n. --> The white spot on a target, at which an arrow or other missile is aimed.
With all small arms, the second point in which the natural line of sight, when horizontal, cuts the trajectory.
With artillery, the point where the projectile first strikes the horizontal plane on which the gun stands, the axis of the piece being horizontal. html{color:
pot-sure ::: a. --> Made confident by drink. html{color:
pounding ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Pound ::: n. --> The act of beating, bruising, or breaking up; a beating.
A pounded or pulverized substance. html{color:
pounds ::: pl. --> of Pound
of Pound html{color:
precogitate ::: v. t. --> To cogitate beforehand. html{color:
prosopolepsy ::: n. --> Respect of persons; especially, a premature opinion or prejudice against a person, formed from his external appearance. html{color:
proved ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Prove html{color:
pseudofilaria ::: n. --> One of the two elongated vibratile young formed by fission of the embryo during the development of certain Gregarinae. html{color:
purity ::: n. --> The condition of being pure.
freedom from foreign admixture or deleterious matter; as, the purity of water, of wine, of drugs, of metals.
Cleanness; freedom from foulness or dirt.
Freedom from guilt or the defilement of sin; innocence; chastity; as, purity of heart or of life.
Freedom from any sinister or improper motives or views.
Freedom from foreign idioms, or from barbarous or improper html{color:
raglan ::: n. --> A loose overcoat with large sleeves; -- named from Lord Raglan, an English general. html{color:
ravel ::: v. t. --> To separate or undo the texture of; to take apart; to untwist; to unweave or unknit; -- often followed by out; as, to ravel a twist; to ravel out a stocking.
To undo the intricacies of; to disentangle.
To pull apart, as the threads of a texture, and let them fall into a tangled mass; hence, to entangle; to make intricate; to involve. html{color:
reis ::: pl. --> of Rei ::: n. --> The word is used as a Portuguese designation of money of account, one hundred reis being about equal in value to eleven cents.
A common title in the East for a person in authority, especially the captain of a ship. html{color:
reviewal ::: n. --> A review. html{color:
rhotacism ::: n. --> An oversounding, or a misuse, of the letter r; specifically (Phylol.), the tendency, exhibited in the Indo-European languages, to change s to r, as wese to were. html{color:
ropalic ::: a. --> See Rhopalic. html{color:
rosemary ::: n. --> A labiate shrub (Rosmarinus officinalis) with narrow grayish leaves, growing native in the southern part of France, Spain, and Italy, also in Asia Minor and in China. It has a fragrant smell, and a warm, pungent, bitterish taste. It is used in cookery, perfumery, etc., and is an emblem of fidelity or constancy. html{color:
rugulose ::: a. --> Somewhat rugose. html{color:
rupellary ::: n. --> Rocky. html{color:
schedule ::: n. --> A written or printed scroll or sheet of paper; a document; especially, a formal list or inventory; a list or catalogue annexed to a larger document, as to a will, a lease, a statute, etc. ::: v. t. --> To form into, or place in, a schedule. html{color:
schooling ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of School ::: n. --> Instruction in school; tuition; education in an institution of learning; act of teaching.
Discipline; reproof; reprimand; as, he gave his son a good schooling. html{color:
schrode ::: n. --> See Scrod. html{color:
sham ::: n. --> That which deceives expectation; any trick, fraud, or device that deludes and disappoint; a make-believe; delusion; imposture, humbug.
A false front, or removable ornamental covering. ::: a. --> False; counterfeit; pretended; feigned; unreal; as, a sham html{color:
sheeny ::: a. --> Bright; shining; radiant; sheen. html{color:
short-dated ::: a. --> Having little time to run from the date. html{color:
snail ::: n. --> Any one of numerous species of terrestrial air-breathing gastropods belonging to the genus Helix and many allied genera of the family Helicidae. They are abundant in nearly all parts of the world except the arctic regions, and feed almost entirely on vegetation; a land snail.
Any gastropod having a general resemblance to the true snails, including fresh-water and marine species. See Pond snail, under Pond, and Sea snail. html{color:
spicy ::: superl. --> Flavored with, or containing, spice or spices; fragrant; aromatic; as, spicy breezes.
Producing, or abounding with, spices.
Fig.: Piquant; racy; as, a spicy debate. html{color:
stum ::: n. --> Unfermented grape juice or wine, often used to raise fermentation in dead or vapid wines; must.
Wine revived by new fermentation, reulting from the admixture of must. ::: v. t. --> To renew, as wine, by mixing must with it and raising a html{color:
tablecloth ::: n. --> A cloth for covering a table, especially one with which a table is covered before the dishes, etc., are set on for meals. html{color:
tabler ::: n. --> One who boards.
One who boards others for hire. html{color:
tartary ::: n. --> Tartarus. html{color:
tennu ::: n. --> The tapir. html{color:
thomite ::: n. --> A Thomaean. html{color:
thriving ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Thrive html{color:
tigelle ::: n. --> Same as Tigella. html{color:
toxiphobia ::: n. --> An insane or greatly exaggerated dread of poisons. html{color:
tracer ::: n. --> One who, or that which, traces. html{color:
trichromic ::: a. --> Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, three colors or color sensations.
Containing three atoms of chromium. html{color:
turn-buckle ::: n. --> A loop or sleeve with a screw thread at one end and a swivel at the other, -- used for tightening a rod, stay, etc.
A gravitating catch, as for fastening a shutter, the end of a chain, or a hasp. html{color:
vallecula ::: n. --> A groove; a fossa; as, the vallecula, or fossa, which separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum.
One of the grooves, or hollows, between the ribs of the fruit of umbelliferous plants. html{color:
vendition ::: n. --> The act of vending, or selling; sale. <[01;31m[Kh1[m[K>Moved Permanently
The document has moved here.
Apache/2.4.25 (Unix) OpenSSL/1.0.1e-fips mod_bwlimited/1.4 mod_fcgid/2.3.9 Server at www.freedictionary.com Port 80 html> html> <html lang="en">
vouchment ::: n. --> A solemn assertion. html{color:
vying ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Vie ::: --> a. & n. from Vie. W () the twenty-third letter of the English alphabet, is usually a consonant, but sometimes it is a vowel, forming the second element of certain diphthongs, as in few, how. It takes its written form and its html{color:
warbling ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Warble html{color:
wayz-goose ::: n. --> A stubble goose.
An annual feast of the persons employed in a printing office. html{color:
welding ::: p. pr. & vb. n. --> of Weld html{color:
wharves ::: pl. --> of Wharf html{color:
whatnot ::: n. --> A kind of stand, or piece of furniture, having shelves for books, ornaments, etc.; an etagere. html{color:
wheatsel bird ::: --> The male of the chaffinch. html{color:
when ::: adv. --> At what time; -- used interrogatively.
At what time; at, during, or after the time that; at or just after, the moment that; -- used relatively.
While; whereas; although; -- used in the manner of a conjunction to introduce a dependent adverbial sentence or clause, having a causal, conditional, or adversative relation to the principal proposition; as, he chose to turn highwayman when he might have continued an honest man; he removed the tree when it was the best in html{color:
whence ::: adv. --> From what place; hence, from what or which source, origin, antecedent, premise, or the like; how; -- used interrogatively.
From what or which place, source, material, cause, etc.; the place, source, etc., from which; -- used relatively. html{color:
whereret ::: v. t. --> To hurry; to trouble; to tease.
To box (one) on the ear; to strike or box. (the ear); as, to wherret a child. html{color:
williwaw ::: n. --> Alt. of Willywaw html{color:
winsome ::: a. --> Cheerful; merry; gay; light-hearted.
Causing joy or pleasure; gladsome; pleasant. html{color:
wold ::: n. --> A wood; a forest.
A plain, or low hill; a country without wood, whether hilly or not.
See Weld. html{color:
women ::: pl. --> of Herdswoman
of Woman ::: n. --> pl. of Woman. html{color:
won ::: imp. & p. p. --> of Win ::: --> imp. & p. p. of Win. ::: v. i. html{color:
xyst ::: n. --> Alt. of Xystus html{color:
zuisin ::: n. --> The American widgeon. html{color:
KEYS (10k)
5 ?
1 M Alan Kazlev
1 Elon Musk
NEW FULL DB (2.4M)
20 Anonymous
4 ?
2 Tim Berners Lee
2 Nicola Griffith
2 Mark Zuckerberg
2 Jeanette Winterson
2 Brad Stone
1:The nearest thing Common Lisp has to a motto is the koan-like description, the programmable programming language.
~ ?, http://www.gigamonkeys.com/book/introduction-why-lisp.html,#KEYS
2:If Lisp is a 'programmable programming language,' then Scheme is an assemble-it-at-home kit for making yourself a programmable programming language. JavaScript does not have this quality AT ALL.
~ ?, http://raganwald.com/2013/07/19/javascript-is-a-lisp.html,#KEYS
3:The centre of the Mother's symbol represent the Divine Consciousness, the Supreme Mother, the Mahashakti.
The four petals of the Mother's symbol represent the four Aspects or Personalities of the Mother; Maheshwari (Wisdom), Mahalakshmi(Harmony), Mahakali(Strength) and Mahasaraswati (Perfection).
The twelve petals of the Mother's symbol represent; Sincerity, Humility, Gratitude, Perseverance, Aspiration, Receptivity, Progress, Courage, Goodness, Generosity, Equality, Peace.
~ ?, https://www.auroville.com/silver-ring-mother-s-symbol.html, [T5],#KEYS
4:Elon Musks Reading List
J. E. Gordon - Structures: Or Why Things Don't Fall Down
Walter Isaacson - Benjamin Franklin: An American Life
Walter Isaacson - Einstein: His Life and Universe
Nick Bostrom - Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies
Erik M. Conway & Naomi Oreskes - Merchants of Doubt
William Golding - Lord of the Flies
Peter Thiel - Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future
Isaac Asimov - The Foundation Trilogy
~ Elon Musk, CNBC,#KEYS
5:Four Powers Of The Mother
In talking about the four powers of the Mother, it helps to know that in India, traditionally, the evolutionary principle of creation is approached, and adored, as the great Mother. Sri Aurobindo distinguishes four main powers and personalities through which this evolutionary force manifests.
Maheshwari - One is her personality of calm wideness and comprehending wisdom and tranquil benignity and inexhaustible compassion and sovereign and surpassing majesty and all-ruling greatness.
Mahakali - Another embodies her power of splendid strength and irresistible passion, her warrior mood, her overwhelming will, her impetuous swiftness and world-shaking force.
Mahalakshmi - A third is vivid and sweet and wonderful with her deep secret of beauty and harmony and fine rhythm, her intricate and subtle opulence, her compelling attraction and captivating grace.
Mahasaraswati - The fourth is equipped with her close and profound capacity of intimate knowledge and careful flawless work and quiet and exact perfection in all things.
~ ?, https://www.auroville.com/silver-ring-mother-s-symbol.html,#KEYS
6:
An Informal Integral Canon: Selected books on Integral Science, Philosophy and the Integral Transformation
Sri Aurobindo - The Life Divine
Sri Aurobindo - The Synthesis of Yoga
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin - The Phenomenon of Man
Jean Gebser - The Ever-Present Origin
Edward Haskell - Full Circle - The Moral Force of Unified Science
Oliver L. Reiser - Cosmic Humanism and World Unity
Christopher Hills - Nuclear Evolution: Discovery of the Rainbow Body
The Mother - Mother's Agenda
Erich Jantsch - The Self-Organizing Universe - Scientific and Human Implications of the Emerging Paradigm of Evolution
T. R. Thulasiram - Arut Perum Jyothi and Deathless Body
Kees Zoeteman - Gaiasophy
Ken Wilber - Sex Ecology Spirituality: The Spirit of Evolution
Don Edward Beck - Spiral Dynamics: Mastering Values, Leadership, and Change
Kundan Singh - The Evolution of Integral Yoga: Sri Aurobindo, Sri Ramakrishna, and Swami Vivekananda
Sean Esbjorn-Hargens - Integral Ecology: Uniting Multiple Perspectives on the Natural World
~ M Alan Kazlev, Kheper,#KEYS
7:In the Judeo-Christian tradition, it is called 'the resurrection body ' and 'the glorified body.' The prophet Isaiah said, 'The dead shall live, their bodies shall rise' (Isa. 26:19). St. Paul called it 'the celestial body' or 'spiritual body ' (soma pneumatikon) (I Corinthians 15:40). In Sufism it is called 'the most sacred body ' (wujud al-aqdas) and 'supracelestial body ' (jism asli haqiqi). In Taoism, it is called 'the diamond body,' and those who have attained it are called 'the immortals' and 'the cloudwalkers.' In Tibetan Buddhism it is called 'the light body.' In Tantrism and some schools of yoga, it is called 'the vajra body,' 'the adamantine body,' and 'the divine body.' In Kriya yoga it is called 'the body of bliss.' In Vedanta it is called 'the superconductive body.' In Gnosticism and Neoplatonism, it is called 'the radiant body.' In the alchemical tradition, the Emerald Tablet calls it 'the Glory of the Whole Universe' and 'the golden body.' The alchemist Paracelsus called it 'the astral body.' In the Hermetic Corpus, it is called 'the immortal body ' (soma athanaton). In some mystery schools, it is called 'the solar body.' In Rosicrucianism, it is called 'the diamond body of the temple of God.' In ancient Egypt it was called 'the luminous body or being' (akh). In Old Persia it was called 'the indwelling divine potential' (fravashi or fravarti). In the Mithraic liturgy it was called 'the perfect body ' (soma teilion). In the philosophy of Sri Aurobindo, it is called 'the divine body,' composed of supramental substance. In the philosophy of Teilhard de Chardin, it is called 'the ultrahuman'.
~ ?, http://herebedragons.weebly.com/homo-lumen.html,#KEYS
*** WISDOM TROVE ***
*** NEWFULLDB 2.4M ***
1:buc2008/presskit.html) has been updated ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
2:When it comes to languages, I'm passably fluent in HTML. ~ Bernie Su, #NFDB
3:Web Server라고 부릅니다. Apache는 제품이름입니다. Web Server는 html 파일을 PC 웹 브라우저로 보내주는 역할을 합니다. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
4:Only text is allowed within the title element. Other HTML elements aren’t allowed. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
5:I fix things now and then, more often tweak HTML and make scripts to do things. ~ Dennis Ritchie, #NFDB
6:It makes my head explode when there are people who think you can do everything in HTML. ~ James Gosling, #NFDB
7:The TV Tropes QC page is every single idiotic comment from my forums distilled into one HTML document. ~ Jeph Jacques, #NFDB
8:apply a font if it is available to it, which is not always the case. HTML code writers may list in preferential ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
9:, #NFDB
10:I was taught at school never to start a sentence without knowing the end of it. ~ Paul Dirac, http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Printonly/Dirac.html, #NFDB
11:This is exactly how the World Wide Web works: the HTML files are the pithy description on the paper tape, and your Web browser is Ronald Reagan. ~ Neal Stephenson, #NFDB
12:HTML 4.01 has three document types: Strict, Transitional, and Frameset. Both HTML5 and XHTML 1.1 have one document type, but XHTML 1.0, like HTML 4.01, has three ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
13:The nearest thing Common Lisp has to a motto is the koan-like description, the programmable programming language.
~ ?, http://www.gigamonkeys.com/book/introduction-why-lisp.html,#NFDB
14:In '93 to '94, every browser had its own flavor of HTML. So it was very difficult to know what you could put in a Web page and reliably have most of your readership see it. ~ Tim Berners Lee, #NFDB
15:If you use the original World Wide Web program, you never see a URL or have to deal with HTML. That was a surprise to me - that people were prepared to painstakingly write HTML. ~ Tim Berners Lee, #NFDB
16:The web browser will only be able to apply a font if it is available to it, which is not always the case. HTML code writers may list in preferential order font families to use when rendering ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
17:The whole HTML validation exercise is questionable, but validating as XHTML is flat-out masochism. Only recommended for those that enjoy pain. Or programmers. I can’t always tell the difference. ~ Jeff Atwood, #NFDB
18:All the PHP code I've seen in that experience has been messy, unmaintainable crap. Spaghetti SQL wrapped in spaghetti PHP wrapped in spaghetti HTML, replicated in slightly-varying form in dozens of places. ~ Tim Bray, #NFDB
19:He has all the virtues I dislike and none of the vices I admire."
[On British Labour politician Stafford Cripps.] ~ Winston S Churchill,#NFDB
20:el aleph.html (El aleph) - Tu subrayado en la posición 55-56 | Añadido el jueves, 14 de agosto de 2014 12:43:01 filósofos que sintieron que dilatar la vida de los hombres era dilatar su agonía y multiplicar el número de sus muertes. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
21:I have successfully avoided enjoying opera all my life.
-quoted in Entertainment Weeky, http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20548... ~ Stephen Sondheim,#NFDB
22:If Lisp is a 'programmable programming language,' then Scheme is an assemble-it-at-home kit for making yourself a programmable programming language. JavaScript does not have this quality AT ALL.
~ ?, http://raganwald.com/2013/07/19/javascript-is-a-lisp.html,#NFDB
23:The beauty of HTML was that one-way linking made it very simple to spread because you could put something up and take no responsibility whatsoever. And that creates a society in which people display no responsibility whatsoever. That's the problem. ~ Jaron Lanier, #NFDB
24:The web browser will only be able to apply a font if it is available to it, which is not always the case. HTML code writers may list in preferential order font families to use when rendering text. The font list is separated by commas (as shown above). ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
25:The fundamental deficiency in HTML is that it reduces hypertext and the intertwinedness of human communication to a question of how it is rendered and what happens when you click on it. ... HTML is to the browser what PostScript is to the laser printer. ~ Erik Naggum, #NFDB
26:browser will only be able to apply a font if it is available to it, which is not always the case. HTML code writers may list in preferential order font families to use when rendering text. The font list is separated by commas (as shown above). Internal link ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
27:web browser will only be able to apply a font if it is available to it, which is not always the case. HTML code writers may list in preferential order font families to use when rendering text. The font list is separated by commas (as shown above). Internal link ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
28:Built-in back-ends include: ascii (ASCII format) beamer (LaTeX Beamer format) html (HTML format) icalendar (iCalendar format) latex (LaTeX format) man (Man page format) md (Markdown format) odt (OpenDocument Text format) org (Org format) texinfo (Texinfo format) ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
29:You can generate nice-looking HTML documentation for your vocabularies using SpecGen. See https://github.com/specgen/specgen for details. Alternatives include OWL-Doc, LODE, and Parrot. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
30:The prime reason the Google homepage is so bare is due to the fact that the founders didn't know HTML and just wanted a quick interface. In fact, it was noted that the SUBMIT button was a long time coming and hitting the RETURN key was the only way to burst Google into life. ~ Marissa Mayer, #NFDB
31:Earlier in my political career, I had the opportunity to read the speech, and I almost threw up. (http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/post/santorum-says-he-almost-threw-up-after-reading-jfk-speech-on-separation-of-church-and-state/2012/02/26/gIQA91hubR_blog.html) ~ Michael C Burgess, #NFDB
32:available in HTML and CSS. In the absence of a font being found, the web browser will use its default font, which may be a user defined one. Depending on the web browser, a user can in fact override the font defined by the code writer. This may be for personal taste reasons, but may also ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
33:Solitude my solace, wrapped around me
like layers of golden hair. Stacks of books
and I can sing as loud as I please all day and night.
[from the poem, Rapunzel: I like the Quiet] ~ Jeannine Hall Gailey,#NFDB
34:I had to practice this line to use with people who come to signings and
things: ‘I’m sorry, I don’t have sex with strangers.’
--Laurell K. Hamilton, www.locusmag.com/2000/Issues/09/Hamil... ~ Laurell K Hamilton,#NFDB
35:I think there certainly was a milestone in the '90s with regards to the Internet achieving critical mass. There were several magical factors that came together: the creation of HTML by Tim Berners-Lee, the drop in the price of communications, and all the PCs out there that you could put this software into. ~ Bill Gates, #NFDB
36:Nuclear, ecological, chemical, economic — our arsenal of Death by Stupidity is impressive for a species as smart as Homo sapiens ["Strange New World," http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/20/boo...]. ~ Jeanette Winterson, #NFDB
37:available in HTML and CSS. In the absence of a font being found, the web browser will use its default font, which may be a user defined one. Depending on the web browser, a user can in fact override the font defined by the code writer. This may be for personal taste reasons, but may also be because of some physical limitation of the user - such as the need for a larger font ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
38:booby-trapped message is viewed. "This bug allows remote HTML content to be loaded, replacing the content of the original e-mail message," a user with the GitHub name jansoucek wrote in a readme file accompanying the exploit. "JavaScript is disabled in this UIWebView, but it is still possible to build a functional password 'collector' using simple HTML and CSS [ cascading style sheets ]. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
39:THE Heavenly Circuit; Berenice's Hair;
Tent-pole of Eden; the tent's drapery;
Symbolical glory of the earth and air!
The Father and His angelic hierarchy
That made the magnitude and glory there
Stood in the circuit of a needle's eye.
Some found a different pole, and where it stood
A pattern on a napkin dipped in blood.
www.cptryon.org/prayer/xstations/veil.html
~ William Butler Yeats, Veronicas Napkin
,#NFDB
40:Graham, Paul. “Schlep Blindness,” January 2012. http://paulgraham.com/schlep.html [132] Gascoigne, Joel. “Buffer October Update: $2,388,000 Annual Revenue Run Rate, 1,123,000 Users,” November 7, 2013. http://open.bufferapp.com/buffer-octo.... ~ Nir Eyal, #NFDB
41:It is winter now,
and the roses are blooming again,
their petals bright against the snow.
My father died last April;
my sisters no longer write,
except at the turning of the year,
content with their fine houses
and their grandchildren.
Beast and I
putter in the gardens
and walk slowly on the forest paths.
[from the poem, Beauty and the Beast: An Anniversary] ~ Jane Yolen,#NFDB
42:It isn't that information is exploding, but accessibility is. There's just about as much information this year as there was last year; it's been growing at a steady rate. It's just that now it's so much more accessible because of information technology. The consensus is that a Web crawler could get to a terabyte of publicly accesible HTML. A terabyte is about a million books. the UC Berkeley library has about 8 million books, and the Library of Congress has 20 million books. ~ Hal Varian, #NFDB
43:The centre of the Mother's symbol represent the Divine Consciousness, the Supreme Mother, the Mahashakti.
The four petals of the Mother's symbol represent the four Aspects or Personalities of the Mother; Maheshwari (Wisdom), Mahalakshmi(Harmony), Mahakali(Strength) and Mahasaraswati (Perfection).
The twelve petals of the Mother's symbol represent; Sincerity, Humility, Gratitude, Perseverance, Aspiration, Receptivity, Progress, Courage, Goodness, Generosity, Equality, Peace.
~ ?, https://www.auroville.com/silver-ring-mother-s-symbol.html, [T5],#NFDB
44:Milestone 3 - HTML 5 Renderer JavaScript Special Content Viewers Target functionally complete: August 15th, 2010 This milestone's objective is to provide ability to view content that cannot be paginated effectively. This includes: Floating element viewers for: Floating image elements Floating table elements Floating text elements Test Suite Milestone 4 - HTML 5 File Format Integration Target functionally complete: Depends on when KindleGen and the Fragment SDK is ready This milestone is focused on integration with the HTML 5 file format produced ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
45:browser will only be able to apply a font if it is available to it, which is not always the case. HTML code writers may list in preferential order font families to use when rendering text. The font list is separated by commas (as shown above). To avoid unexpected results, the last font family on the font list will be one of the five generic families which are by default always available in HTML and CSS. In the absence of a font being found, the web browser will use its default font, which may be a user defined one. Depending on the web browser, a user can in ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
46:Elon Musks Reading List
J. E. Gordon - Structures: Or Why Things Don't Fall Down
Walter Isaacson - Benjamin Franklin: An American Life
Walter Isaacson - Einstein: His Life and Universe
Nick Bostrom - Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies
Erik M. Conway & Naomi Oreskes - Merchants of Doubt
William Golding - Lord of the Flies
Peter Thiel - Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future
Isaac Asimov - The Foundation Trilogy
~ Elon Musk, CNBC,#NFDB
47:I owe a huge debt to Anaïs Nin, because I fell into her diaries, essays, and collected letters in my Twenties and Thirties like a fish falling into water. She was, in some ways, a deeply flawed human being, and perhaps she makes a strange kind of hero for someone like me, committed to the ethical and spiritual dimensions of my craft as well as to the technical ones, but a hero and strong influence she remains nonetheless.
Source: Her blog. ~ Terri Windling,#NFDB
48:BBCODE
[b]Bold - Полужирный[/b]
[i]Italic - Наклонный[/i]
[u]Underline - Подчёркнутый[/u]
[s]Strikethrough - Зачёркнутый[/s]
[color=green]Green - Цветной[/color]
[size=200]Size 200 - Размер 200[/size]
[quote]Quote - Цитата[/quote]
[list]
[*]Red
[*]Blue
[*]Yellow
[/list]
HTML
Strong
Strong 2
Italic
Italic 2
Strikethrough
Strikethrough 2
Underline
Mono width
Size 30
Color
Quote~ Carl Sandburg,#NFDB
49:On the ghosts in Moorehawke & Into The Grey/Taken Away:
The ghosts ...are symbolic of those unresolved moments in history that linger, and affect the next generation. Sometimes this happens without that generation ever really knowing the truth of what has come before. This is so true of war, I think, where we are often only left the stories that the previous generation wanted us to hear... How much harder would the truth be to deny were it lingering about as an actual manifestation of the past? ~ Celine Kiernan,#NFDB
50:A notable group of exceptions to all the previous systems are Interactive LISP [...] and TRAC. Both are functionally oriented (one list, the other string), both talk to the user with one language, and both are "homoiconic" in that their internal and external representations are essentially the same. They both have the ability to dynamically create new functions which may then be elaborated at the users's pleasure. Their only great drawback is that programs written in them look like King Burniburiach's letter to the Sumerians done in Babylonian cuniform! ~ Alan Kay in his 1969 PhD thesis: The Reactive Engine (PhD). University of Utah. URL: http://www.mprove.de/diplom/gui/kay69.html, #NFDB
51:FLEISCHMANN: How are you feeling at the moment?
BERNHARD: Extremely content, I have to say. The water's splashing, the sun is shining; simple Spaniards and Englishmen who can't be understood [are talking]—an ideal constellation. But it won't last long. All of a sudden the whole thing is struck by a bolt of lightning that destroys it completely. But perhaps today it’ll last all the way through till night; anything’s possible. Occasionally everything’s nice for a couple of days at a stretch.
—Thomas Bernhard Interviewed by Krista Fleischmann ~ Thomas Bernhard,#NFDB
52:But I suspect the reported number of good novels this year is a result of 9/11 and all the other alarums of recent years. I think it set a certain gear into movement, unseen, silent, at the heart of many writers. Writers with children, writers with that hope of a peaceful century; a sort of literary battle stations. I was not surprised to hear Ali Smith describe her wonderful book The Accidental as a war book.
Sebastian Barry, in interview with TMO (2005) ~ Sebastian Barry,#NFDB
53:Usenet bulletin-board posting, August 21, 1994: Well-capitalized start-up seeks extremely talented C/C++/Unix developers to help pioneer commerce on the Internet. You must have experience designing and building large and complex (yet maintainable) systems, and you should be able to do so in about one-third the time that most competent people think possible. You should have a BS, MS, or PhD in Computer Science or the equivalent. Top-notch communication skills are essential. Familiarity with web servers and HTML would be helpful but is not necessary. Expect talented, motivated, intense, and interesting co-workers. Must be willing to relocate to the Seattle area (we will help cover moving costs). Your compensation will include meaningful equity ownership. Send resume and cover letter to Jeff Bezos. ~ Brad Stone, #NFDB
54:There is a bit [in Why Be Happy When You Could be Normal?] where I talk about 'keeping the heart awake to love and beauty.' That’s very difficult in our world, even when things are going well. It’s not a world with much room for love and beauty. The daily news is [filled with] everything that goes wrong in our world, and everything horrible and unpleasant. I think that saturates your mind with negativity. I really think we need something to counteract that. I don’t think it’s Pollyanna or sentimental to focus on the ways we support one another on the micro level.
(from "It is the Imagination that Counts") ~ Jeanette Winterson,#NFDB
55:Mensagem postada na Usenet, 21 de agosto de 1994: Start-up com bom capital busca programadores de C/C++/Unix muito talentosos para projeto pioneiro de comércio pela internet. É necessário ter experiência em projetar e desenvolver sistemas grandes e complexos (que possam ser atualizados) e ser capaz de fazer isso em um terço do tempo considerado possível. Exigimos bacharelado, mestrado ou Ph.D. em ciência da computação ou formação equivalente. Grande facilidade de comunicação é essencial. É desejável, mas não imprescindível, ter familiaridade com servidores de Web e HTML. Esperamos trabalhar com pessoas talentosas, motivadas, apaixonadas e interessantes que tenham disponibilidade para se mudar para Seattle (ajudaremos com os custos da mudança). Oferecemos uma participação significativa nas ações da empresa. Enviar currículo e carta de apresentação para Jeff Bezos. Endereço: Cadabra Inc. 10.704 N.E. 28th St., Bellevue, WA 98004 Oferecemos as mesmas oportunidades para todos. ~ Brad Stone, #NFDB
56:Four Powers Of The Mother
In talking about the four powers of the Mother, it helps to know that in India, traditionally, the evolutionary principle of creation is approached, and adored, as the great Mother. Sri Aurobindo distinguishes four main powers and personalities through which this evolutionary force manifests.
Maheshwari - One is her personality of calm wideness and comprehending wisdom and tranquil benignity and inexhaustible compassion and sovereign and surpassing majesty and all-ruling greatness.
Mahakali - Another embodies her power of splendid strength and irresistible passion, her warrior mood, her overwhelming will, her impetuous swiftness and world-shaking force.
Mahalakshmi - A third is vivid and sweet and wonderful with her deep secret of beauty and harmony and fine rhythm, her intricate and subtle opulence, her compelling attraction and captivating grace.
Mahasaraswati - The fourth is equipped with her close and profound capacity of intimate knowledge and careful flawless work and quiet and exact perfection in all things.
~ ?, https://www.auroville.com/silver-ring-mother-s-symbol.html,#NFDB
57:YA stories feature a young adult protagonist or protagonists and usually focus on that character’s journey toward maturity (the tradition of the Bildungsroman.). Learning about love / relationships is an important part of that stage in our lives, so it’s not surprising so many writers are building strong romantic elements into their YA stories. I don’t remember quite such an emphasis on romance in the books my children read as young adults, so I do think the approach has changed. Within my genre of fantasy, there’s been an upsurge of paranormal romance, partly generated by the Twilight books, but also reflecting the popularity of this sub-genre with adult readers. There are far more female fantasy writers (and female fantasy readers) than there were, say, twenty years ago, and perhaps female writers are more confident about including a good love story in a fantasy novel.
(2012 Interview by Helen Lowe: The Supernatural Underground: An Interview with Juliet Marillier Discussing "Shadowfell".) ~ Juliet Marillier,#NFDB
58:
An Informal Integral Canon: Selected books on Integral Science, Philosophy and the Integral Transformation
Sri Aurobindo - The Life Divine
Sri Aurobindo - The Synthesis of Yoga
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin - The Phenomenon of Man
Jean Gebser - The Ever-Present Origin
Edward Haskell - Full Circle - The Moral Force of Unified Science
Oliver L. Reiser - Cosmic Humanism and World Unity
Christopher Hills - Nuclear Evolution: Discovery of the Rainbow Body
The Mother - Mother's Agenda
Erich Jantsch - The Self-Organizing Universe - Scientific and Human Implications of the Emerging Paradigm of Evolution
T. R. Thulasiram - Arut Perum Jyothi and Deathless Body
Kees Zoeteman - Gaiasophy
Ken Wilber - Sex Ecology Spirituality: The Spirit of Evolution
Don Edward Beck - Spiral Dynamics: Mastering Values, Leadership, and Change
Kundan Singh - The Evolution of Integral Yoga: Sri Aurobindo, Sri Ramakrishna, and Swami Vivekananda
Sean Esbjorn-Hargens - Integral Ecology: Uniting Multiple Perspectives on the Natural World
~ M Alan Kazlev, Kheper, #reading list,#NFDB
59:Ever since I first read Midori Snyder’s essay, ‘The Armless Maiden and the Hero’s Journey’ in The Journal of Mythic Arts, I couldn’t stop thinking about that particular strand of folklore and the application of its powerful themes to the lives of young women. There are many different versions of the tale from around the world, and the ‘Armless Maiden’ or ‘Handless Maiden’ are just two of the more familiar. But whatever the title, we are essentially talking about a narrative that speaks of the power of transformation – and, perhaps more significantly when writing young adult fantasy, the power of the female to transform herself. It’s a rite of passage; something that mirrors the traditional journey from adolescence to adulthood.
Common motifs of the stories include – and I am simplifying pretty drastically here – the violent loss of hands or arms for the girl of the title, and their eventual re-growth as she slowly regains her autonomy and independence. In many accounts there is a halfway point in the story where a magician builds a temporary replacement pair of hands for the girl, magical hands and arms that are usually made entirely of silver. What I find interesting is that this isn’t where the story ends; the gaining of silver hands simply marks the beginning of a whole new test for our heroine. ~ Karen Mahoney,#NFDB
60:I once expected to spend seven years walking around the world on foot. I walked from Mexico to Panama where the road ended before an almost uninhabited swamp called the Choco Colombiano. Even today there is no road. Perhaps it is time for me to resume my wanderings where I left off as a tropical tramp in the slums of Panama. Perhaps like Ambrose Bierce who disappeared in the desert of Sonora I may also disappear. But after being in all mankind it is hard to come to terms with oblivion - not to see hundreds of millions of Chinese with college diplomas come aboard the locomotive of history - not to know if someone has solved the riddle of the universe that baffled Einstein in his futile efforts to make space, time, gravitation and electromagnetism fall into place in a unified field theory - never to experience democracy replacing plutocracy in the military-industrial complex that rules America - never to witness the day foreseen by Tennyson 'when the war-drums no longer and the battle-flags are furled, in the parliament of man, the federation of the world.'
I may disappear leaving behind me no worldly possessions - just a few old socks and love letters, and my windows overlooking Notre-Dame for all of you to enjoy, and my little rag and bone shop of the heart whose motto is 'Be not inhospitable to strangers lest they be angels in disguise.' I may disappear leaving no forwarding address, but for all you know I may still be walking among you on my vagabond journey around the world."
[Shakespeare & Company, archived statement] ~ George Whitman,#NFDB
61:In the Judeo-Christian tradition, it is called 'the resurrection body ' and 'the glorified body.' The prophet Isaiah said, 'The dead shall live, their bodies shall rise' (Isa. 26:19). St. Paul called it 'the celestial body' or 'spiritual body ' (soma pneumatikon) (I Corinthians 15:40). In Sufism it is called 'the most sacred body ' (wujud al-aqdas) and 'supracelestial body ' (jism asli haqiqi). In Taoism, it is called 'the diamond body,' and those who have attained it are called 'the immortals' and 'the cloudwalkers.' In Tibetan Buddhism it is called 'the light body.' In Tantrism and some schools of yoga, it is called 'the vajra body,' 'the adamantine body,' and 'the divine body.' In Kriya yoga it is called 'the body of bliss.' In Vedanta it is called 'the superconductive body.' In Gnosticism and Neoplatonism, it is called 'the radiant body.' In the alchemical tradition, the Emerald Tablet calls it 'the Glory of the Whole Universe' and 'the golden body.' The alchemist Paracelsus called it 'the astral body.' In the Hermetic Corpus, it is called 'the immortal body ' (soma athanaton). In some mystery schools, it is called 'the solar body.' In Rosicrucianism, it is called 'the diamond body of the temple of God.' In ancient Egypt it was called 'the luminous body or being' (akh). In Old Persia it was called 'the indwelling divine potential' (fravashi or fravarti). In the Mithraic liturgy it was called 'the perfect body ' (soma teilion). In the philosophy of Sri Aurobindo, it is called 'the divine body,' composed of supramental substance. In the philosophy of Teilhard de Chardin, it is called 'the ultrahuman'.
~ ?, http://herebedragons.weebly.com/homo-lumen.html,#NFDB
62:From an interview with Susie Bright:
SB: You were recently reviewed by the New York Times. How do you think the mainstream media regards sex museums, schools and cultural centers these days? What's their spin versus your own observations?
[Note: Here's the article Susie mentions: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/05/nat... ]
CQ: Lots of people have seen the little NY Times article, which was about an event we did, the Belle Bizarre Bazaar -- a holiday shopping fair where most of the vendors were sex workers selling sexy stuff. Proceeds went to our Exotic Dancers' Education Project, providing dancers with skills that will help them maximize their potential and choices. This event got into the Times despite the worries of its author, a journalist who'd been posted over by her editor. She thought the Times was way too conservative for the likes of us, which may be true, except they now have so many column inches to fill with distracting stuff that isn't about Judith Miller!
The one thing the Times article does not do is present the spectrum of the Center for Sex & Culture's work, especially the academic and serious side of what we do. This, I think, points to the real answer to your question: mainstream media culture remains quite nervous and touchy about sex-related issues, especially those that take sex really seriously. A frivolous take (or a good, juicy, shocking angle) on a sex story works for the mainstream press: a sex-positive and serious take, not so much. When the San Francisco Chronicle did its article about us a year ago, the writer focused just on our porn collection. Now, we very much value that, but we also collect academic journals and sex education materials, and not a word about those! I think this is one really essential linchpin of sex-negative or erotophobic culture, that sex is only allowed to be either light or heavy, and when it's heavy, it's about really heavy issues like abuse. Recently I gave some quotes about something-or-other for a Cosmo story and the editors didn't want to use the term "sexologist" to describe me, saying that it wasn't a real word! You know, stuff like that from the Times would not be all that surprising, but Cosmo is now policing the language? Please! ~ Carol Queen,#NFDB
63:From an interview with Susie Bright:
SB: You were recently reviewed by the New York Times. How do you think the mainstream media regards sex museums, schools and cultural centers these days? What's their spin versus your own observations?
[Note: Here's the article Susie mentions: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/05/nat... ]
CQ: Lots of people have seen the little NY Times article, which was about an event we did, the Belle Bizarre Bazaar -- a holiday shopping fair where most of the vendors were sex workers selling sexy stuff. Proceeds went to our Exotic Dancers' Education Project, providing dancers with skills that will help them maximize their potential and choices. This event got into the Times despite the worries of its author, a journalist who'd been posted over by her editor. She thought the Times was way too conservative for the likes of us, which may be true, except they now have so many column inches to fill with distracting stuff that isn't about Judith Miller!
The one thing the Times article does not do is present the spectrum of the Center for Sex & Culture's work, especially the academic and serious side of what we do. This, I think, points to the real answer to your question: mainstream media culture remains quite nervous and touchy about sex-related issues, especially those that take sex really seriously. A frivolous take (or a good, juicy, shocking angle) on a sex story works for the mainstream press: a sex-positive and serious take, not so much. When the San Francisco Chronicle did its article about us a year ago, the writer focused just on our porn collection. Now, we very much value that, but we also collect academic journals and sex education materials, and not a word about those! I think this is one really essential linchpin of sex-negative or erotophobic culture, that sex is only allowed to be either light or heavy, and when it's heavy, it's about really heavy issues like abuse. Recently I gave some quotes about something-or-other for a Cosmo story and the editors didn't want to use the term "sexologist" to describe me, saying that it wasn't a real word! You know, stuff like that from the Times would not be all that surprising, but Cosmo is now policing the language? Please! ~ Carol Queen,#NFDB
64:Chain code Labs to be able to Host an additional Run regarding Its Month-Long Bitcoin Html coding Class
Chain code Labs, the newest York-based improvement company and also a major factor to Bitcoin Core, will be organizing an extra edition involving its Bitcoin residency put in the first weeks of 2018. The program expects to help designers overcome the particular steep understanding curve connected with becoming a protocol-level contributor for you to projects just like Bitcoin Key. In doing, therefore , Chaincode Amenities hopes to aid expand Bitcoin’s development neighborhood.
“Last 12 months was the 1st run, ” Chaincode System developer David Newbery advised Bitcoin Journal. “We have today taken the favorable stuff from this and attempted to make it a lot more focused along with useful for occupants this year. ”
The Residency Program
Chain code Labs, inside collaboration together with Matt Corallo - who also worked from Blockstream this past year but became a member of Chaincode Facility since: organized typically the residency plan for the first time throughout September in addition to October connected with 2016. Another edition begins on The month of January 29, 2018, and will previous until Feb. 23.
Newbery himself has been one of the guests of this initial residency software. He was afterward hired simply by Chaincode Amenities and has given that been the most prolific contributing factors to the Bitcoin Core job.
Now, he or she is coordinating the next of a couple of legs in the new course.
“Chaincode System exists to boost Bitcoin, ” said Newbery. “We do that by simply contributing to Bitcoin Core, yet each of people has a lot with the freedom to accomplish what we consider is important. As well as the main function of this residency program is always to try to improve the designer community. ”
Specifically, classes will cover standard protocol design, adversarial thinking, risk models plus security things to consider, as well as deal with some of Bitcoin’s biggest problems, like climbing, fungibility and also privacy. Guests will mostly discover by doing and might even commence contributing to often the Bitcoin-Central project through the residency. Through the program will have them assisted from the entire Chaincode Labs crew - Alex Morcos, Suhas Daftuar, Shiny Corallo, Ruben Newbery along with Russ Yanofsky. There are often guest loudspeakers. ~ Andrew Peterson,#NFDB
65:[T]he old stories of human relationships with animals can't be discounted. They are not primitive; they are primal. They reflect insights that came from considerable and elaborate systems of knowledge, intellectual traditions and ways of living that were tried, tested, and found true over many thousands of years and on all continents.
But perhaps the truest story is with the animals themselves because we have found our exemplary ways through them, both in the older world and in the present time, both physically and spiritually. According to the traditions of the Seneca animal society, there were medicine animals in ancient times that entered into relationships with people. The animals themselves taught ceremonies that were to be performed in their names, saying they would provide help for humans if this relationship was kept. We have followed them, not only in the way the early European voyagers and prenavigators did, by following the migrations of whales in order to know their location, or by releasing birds from cages on their sailing vessels and following them towards land, but in ways more subtle and even more sustaining. In a discussion of the Wolf Dance of the Northwest, artists Bill Holm and William Reid said that 'It is often done by a woman or a group of women. The dance is supposed to come from the wolves. There are different versions of its origin and different songs, but the words say something like, 'Your name is widely known among the wolves. You are honored by the wolves.'
In another recent account, a Northern Cheyenne ceremonialist said that after years spent recovering from removals and genocide, indigenous peoples are learning their lost songs back from the wolves who retained them during the grief-filled times, as thought the wolves, even though threatened in their own numbers, have had compassion for the people....
It seems we have always found our way across unknown lands, physical and spiritual, with the assistance of the animals. Our cultures are shaped around them and we are judged by the ways in which we treat them. For us, the animals are understood to be our equals. They are still our teachers. They are our helpers and healers. They have been our guardians and we have been theirs. We have asked for, and sometimes been given, if we've lived well enough, carefully enough, their extraordinary powers of endurance and vision, which we have added to our own knowledge, powers and gifts when we are not strong enough for the tasks required of us. We have deep obligations to them. Without other animals, we are made less.
(from her essay "First People") ~ Linda Hogan,#NFDB
--- Overview of noun html
The noun html has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts)
1. hypertext markup language, hypertext mark-up language, HTML ::: (a set of tags and rules (conforming to SGML) for using them in developing hypertext documents)
--- Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun html
1 sense of html
Sense 1
hypertext markup language, hypertext mark-up language, HTML
=> markup language
=> terminology, nomenclature, language
=> word
=> language unit, linguistic unit
=> part, portion, component part, component, constituent
=> relation
=> abstraction, abstract entity
=> entity
--- Hyponyms of noun html
--- Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun html
1 sense of html
Sense 1
hypertext markup language, hypertext mark-up language, HTML
=> markup language
--- Coordinate Terms (sisters) of noun html
1 sense of html
Sense 1
hypertext markup language, hypertext mark-up language, HTML
-> markup language
=> standard generalized markup language, SGML
=> hypertext markup language, hypertext mark-up language, HTML
--- Grep of noun html
html
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