TERMS STARTING WITH
data abstraction "data" Any representation of data in which the implementation details are hidden (abstracted). {Abstract data types} and {objects} are the two primary forms of data abstraction. [Other forms?]. (2003-07-03)
data abstraction ::: (data) Any representation of data in which the implementation details are hidden (abstracted). Abstract data types and objects are the two primary forms of data abstraction.[Other forms?].(2003-07-03)
data acquisition {data logging}
data augmentation ::: Data augmentation in data analysis are techniques used to increase the amount of data. It helps reduce overfitting when training a machine learning.
data available. He seems to operate in both
database ::: 1. (database) One or more large structured sets of persistent data, usually associated with software to update and query the data. A simple database might be a single file containing many records, each of which contains the same set of fields where each field is a certain fixed width.A database is one component of a database management system.See also ANSI/SPARC Architecture, atomic, blob, data definition language, deductive database, distributed database, fourth generation language, functional database, object-oriented database, relational database. .2. (hypertext) A collection of nodes managed and stored in one place and all accessible via the same server. Links outside this are external, and those inside are internal.On the World-Wide Web this is called a website.3. All the facts and rules comprising a logic programming program.(2005-11-17)
database 1. "database" One or more large structured sets of persistent data, usually associated with software to update and {query} the data. A simple database might be a single file containing many {records}, each of which contains the same set of {fields} where each field is a certain fixed width. A database is one component of a {database management system}. See also {ANSI/SPARC Architecture}, {atomic}, {blob}, {data definition language}, {deductive database}, {distributed database}, {fourth generation language}, {functional database}, {object-oriented database}, {relational database}. {Carol E. Brown's tutorial (http://accounting.rutgers.edu/raw/aies/www.bus.orst.edu/faculty/brownc/lectures/db_tutor/db_tutor.htm)}. 2. "hypertext" A collection of {nodes} managed and stored in one place and all accessible via the same {server}. {Links} outside this are "external", and those inside are "internal". On the {World-Wide Web} this is called a {website}. 3. All the facts and rules comprising a {logic programming} program. (2005-11-17)
database administrator ::: (job) A person responsible for the design and management of one or more databases and for the evaluation, selection and implementation of database administrator would implement the database software that meets the requirements outlined by the organisation's data administrator and systems analysts.Tasks might include controling an organisation's data resources, using data dictionary software to ensure data integrity and security, recovering corrupted data and eliminating data redundancy and uses tuning tools to improve database performance.(2004-03-11)
database administrator "job" A person responsible for the design and management of one or more {databases} and for the evaluation, selection and implementation of {database management systems}. In smaller organisations, the data administrator and database administrator are often one in the same; however, when they are different, the database administrator's function is more technical. The database administrator would implement the database software that meets the requirements outlined by the organisation's data administrator and {systems analysts}. Tasks might include controling an organisation's data resources, using {data dictionary} software to ensure {data integrity} and security, recovering corrupted data and eliminating data redundancy and uses tuning tools to improve database performance. (2004-03-11)
database analyst "job" A person who uses {data modeling} to analyse and specify data use within an application area. A database analyst defines both {logical views} and physical data structures. In a {client/server} environment, he defines the database part of the back end system. (2004-03-11)
database analyst ::: (job) A person who uses data modeling to analyse and specify data use within an application area. A database analyst defines both logical views and physical data structures. In a client/server environment, he defines the database part of the back end system.(2004-03-11)
database machine ::: (hardware) A computer or special hardware that stores and retrieves data from a database. It is specially designed for database access and is coupled to database. The database machine is tightly coupled to the main CPU, whereas the database server is loosely coupled via the network.[Example?](2004-03-11)
database machine "hardware" A {computer} or special hardware that stores and retrieves data from a {database}. It is specially designed for database access and is coupled to the main ({front-end}) computer(s) by a high-speed channel. This contrasts with a {database server}, which is a computer in a {local area network} that holds a database. The database machine is tightly coupled to the main {CPU}, whereas the database server is loosely coupled via the network. [Example?] (2004-03-11)
database management system "database" (DBMS) A suite of programs which typically manage large structured sets of persistent data, offering ad hoc query facilities to many users. They are widely used in business applications. A database management system (DBMS) can be an extremely complex set of software programs that controls the organisation, storage and retrieval of data (fields, records and files) in a database. It also controls the security and integrity of the database. The DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organisation's information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system. Data security prevents unauthorised users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of the database, called subschemas (pronounced "sub-skeema"). For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorised to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data. The DBMS can maintain the integrity of the database by not allowing more than one user to update the same record at the same time. The DBMS can keep duplicate records out of the database; for example, no two customers with the same customer numbers (key fields) can be entered into the database. {Query languages} and {report writers} allow users to interactively interrogate the database and analyse its data. If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases. However, it may not leave an audit trail of actions or provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organisation. These controls are only available when a set of application programs are customised for each data entry and updating function. A business information system is made up of subjects (customers, employees, vendors, etc.) and activities (orders, payments, purchases, etc.). Database design is the process of deciding how to organize this data into record types and how the record types will relate to each other. The DBMS should mirror the organisation's data structure and process transactions efficiently. Organisations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators. The three most common organisations are the {hierarchical database}, {network database} and {relational database}. A database management system may provide one, two or all three methods. Inverted lists and other methods are also used. The most suitable structure depends on the application and on the transaction rate and the number of inquiries that will be made. Database machines are specially designed computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Connected to one or more mainframes via a high-speed channel, database machines are used in large volume transaction processing environments. Database machines have a large number of DBMS functions built into the hardware and also provide special techniques for accessing the disks containing the databases, such as using multiple processors concurrently for high-speed searches. The world of information is made up of data, text, pictures and voice. Many DBMSs manage text as well as data, but very few manage both with equal proficiency. Throughout the 1990s, as storage capacities continue to increase, DBMSs will begin to integrate all forms of information. Eventually, it will be common for a database to handle data, text, graphics, voice and video with the same ease as today's systems handle data. See also: {intelligent database}. (1998-10-07)
database management system ::: (database) (DBMS) A suite of programs which typically manage large structured sets of persistent data, offering ad hoc query facilities to many users. They are widely used in business applications.A database management system (DBMS) can be an extremely complex set of software programs that controls the organisation, storage and retrieval of data (fields, the database. The DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data.When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organisation's information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system.Data security prevents unauthorised users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of group of users may be authorised to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data.The DBMS can maintain the integrity of the database by not allowing more than one user to update the same record at the same time. The DBMS can keep duplicate records out of the database; for example, no two customers with the same customer numbers (key fields) can be entered into the database.Query languages and report writers allow users to interactively interrogate the database and analyse its data.If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases. available when a set of application programs are customised for each data entry and updating function.A business information system is made up of subjects (customers, employees, vendors, etc.) and activities (orders, payments, purchases, etc.). Database and how the record types will relate to each other. The DBMS should mirror the organisation's data structure and process transactions efficiently.Organisations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators.The three most common organisations are the hierarchical database, network database and relational database. A database management system may provide one, most suitable structure depends on the application and on the transaction rate and the number of inquiries that will be made.Database machines are specially designed computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Connected to one or more accessing the disks containing the databases, such as using multiple processors concurrently for high-speed searches.The world of information is made up of data, text, pictures and voice. Many DBMSs manage text as well as data, but very few manage both with equal common for a database to handle data, text, graphics, voice and video with the same ease as today's systems handle data.See also: intelligent database. (1998-10-07)
database manager The part of the database management system (DBMS) that handles the organisation, storage and retrieval of the data. A database manager may work with traditional programming languages, such as COBOL and BASIC, or may work only with its proprietary programming language. The terms database manager and database management system are used interchangeably. A database manager links two or more files together and is the foundation for developing routine business systems. Contrast with file manager, which works with only one file at a time and is typically used interactively on a personal computer for managing personal, independent files, such as name and address lists.
database manager ::: The part of the database management system (DBMS) that handles the organisation, storage and retrieval of the data. A database manager may work with traditional proprietary programming language. The terms database manager and database management system are used interchangeably.A database manager links two or more files together and is the foundation for developing routine business systems. Contrast with file manager, which works computer for managing personal, independent files, such as name and address lists.
database normalisation ::: (database) A series of steps followed to obtain a database design that allows for efficient access and storage of data in a relational database. These steps reduce data redundancy and the chances of data becoming inconsistent.A table in a relational database is said to be in normal form if it satisfies certain constraints. Codd's original work defined three such forms but there are is called First Normal Form (1NF), the output of the second step is Second Normal Form (2NF), etc.First Normal Form eliminates repeating groups by putting each value of a multi-valued attribute into a new row.Second Normal Form eliminates functional dependencies on a partial key by putting the fields in a separate table from those that are dependent on the whole key.Third Normal Form eliminates functional dependencies on non-key fields by putting them in a separate table. At this stage, all non-key fields are dependent on the key, the whole key and nothing but the key.Fourth Normal Form separates independent multi-valued facts stored in one table into separate tables.Fifth Normal Form breaks out data redundancy that is not covered by any of the previous normal forms. .[What about non-relational databases?](2005-07-28)
database normalisation "database" A series of steps followed to obtain a {database} design that allows for efficient access and {storage} of data in a {relational database}. These steps reduce data redundancy and the chances of data becoming inconsistent. A {table} in a {relational database} is said to be in normal form if it satisfies certain {constraints}. {Codd}'s original work defined three such forms but there are now five generally accepted steps of normalisation. The output of the first step is called First Normal Form (1NF), the output of the second step is Second Normal Form (2NF), etc. First Normal Form eliminates {repeating groups} by putting each value of a multi-valued attribute into a new row. Second Normal Form eliminates {functional dependencies} on a {partial key} by putting the fields in a separate table from those that are dependent on the whole {key}. Third Normal Form eliminates functional dependencies on non-key fields by putting them in a separate table. At this stage, all non-key fields are dependent on the key, the whole key and nothing but the key. Fourth Normal Form separates independent multi-valued facts stored in one table into separate tables. Fifth Normal Form breaks out data redundancy that is not covered by any of the previous normal forms. {(http://bkent.net/Doc/simple5.htm)}. [What about non-relational databases?] (2005-07-28)
database query language "database" A language in which users of a {database} can (interactively) formulate requests and generate reports. The best known is {SQL}. (1998-04-15)
database query language ::: (database) A language in which users of a database can (interactively) formulate requests and generate reports. The best known is SQL. (1998-04-15)
database server A stand-alone computer in a local area network that holds and manages the database. It implies that database management functions, such as locating the actual record being requested, is performed in the server computer. Contrast with file server, which acts as a remote disk drive and requires that large parts of the database, for example, entire indexes, be transmitted to the user's computer where the real database management tasks are performed. First-generation personal computer database software was not designed for a network; thus, modified versions of the software released by the vendors employed the file server concept. Second-generation products, designed for local area networks, perform the management tasks in the server where they should be done, and consequently are turning the file server into a database server.
database server ::: A stand-alone computer in a local area network that holds and manages the database. It implies that database management functions, such as locating the parts of the database, for example, entire indexes, be transmitted to the user's computer where the real database management tasks are performed.First-generation personal computer database software was not designed for a network; thus, modified versions of the software released by the vendors area networks, perform the management tasks in the server where they should be done, and consequently are turning the file server into a database server.
database transaction "database" A set of related changes applied to a {database}. The term typically implies that either all of the changes should be applied or, in the event of an error, none of them, i.e. the transaction should be {atomic}. Atomicity is one of the {ACID} properties a transaction can have, another is {isolation} - preventing interference between processes trying to access the database {cocurrently}. This is usually achieved by some form of {locking} - where one process takes exclusive control of a database {table} or {row} for the duration of the transaction, preventing other processes from accessing the locked data. The canonical example of a transaction is transferring money between two bank accounts by subtracting it from one and adding it to the other. Some {relational database management systems} require the user to explicitly start a transaction and then either commit it (if all the individual steps are successful) or roll it back (if there are any errors). (2013-06-03)
data "data, data processing, jargon" /day't*/ (Or "raw data") Numbers, {characters}, {images}, or other method of recording, in a form which can be assessed by a human or (especially) input into a {computer}, stored and {processed} there, or transmitted on some {digital channel}. Computers nearly always represent data in {binary}. Data on its own has no meaning, only when interpreted by some kind of {data processing} system does it take on meaning and become {information}. For example, the binary data 01110101 might represent the integer 117 or the {ASCII} lower case U character or the blue component of a pixel in some {video}. Which of these it represents is determined by the way it is processed (added, printed, displayed, etc.). Even these numbers, characters or pixels however are still not really information until their context is known, e.g. my bank balance is £117, there are two Us in "vacuum", you have blue eyes. (2007-09-10)
data ::: (data, data processing, jargon) /day't*/ (Or raw data) Numbers, characters, images, or other method of recording, in a form which can be there, or transmitted on some digital channel. Computers nearly always represent data in binary.Data on its own has no meaning, only when interpreted by some kind of data processing system does it take on meaning and become information.People or computers can find patterns in data to perceive information, and information can be used to enhance knowledge. Since knowledge is prerequisite to wisdom, we always want more data and information. But, as modern societies verge on information overload, we especially need better ways to find patterns.1234567.89 is data.Your bank balance has jumped 8087% to $1234567.89 is information.Nobody owes me that much money is knowledge.I'd better talk to the bank before I spend it, because of what has happened to other people is wisdom. (1999-04-30)
datable ::: a. --> That may be dated; having a known or ascertainable date.
data bus ::: (architecture) The bus (connections between and within the CPU, memory, and peripherals) used to carry data. Other connections are the address bus and control signals.The width and clock rate of the data bus determine its data rate (the number of bytes per second it can carry), which is one of the main factors determining the external connections cheaper while retaining some of the benefits in processing power of a wider bus.See also data path. (1995-01-16)
data bus "architecture" The bus (connections between and within the {CPU}, memory, and peripherals) used to carry {data}. Other connections are the {address bus} and control signals. The width and {clock rate} of the data bus determine its data rate (the number of {bytes} per second it can carry), which is one of the main factors determining the processing power of a computer. Most current processor designs use a 32-bit bus, meaning that 32 bits of data can be transferred at once. Some processors have an internal data bus which is wider than their external bus in order to make external connections cheaper while retaining some of the benefits in processing power of a wider bus. See also {data path}. (1995-01-16)
datacenter manager "job" A person who plans and directs all computer and {peripheral} operations, {data entry}, data control scheduling and quality control. (2004-03-11)
datacenter manager ::: (job) A person who plans and directs all computer and peripheral operations, data entry, data control scheduling and quality control.(2004-03-11)
data channel "communications" A channel (on a {BRI} or {PRI} line) used to carry control information, to set up connections on the associated {bearer channels}. The name wasn't too bad back when users were sending voice (not data) over the {bearer channels}, but in 1997 it's quite a misnomer. (1997-03-10)
data channel ::: (communications) A channel (on a BRI or PRI line) used to carry control information, to set up connections on the associated bearer channels. The name wasn't too bad back when users were sending voice (not data) over the bearer channels, but in 1997 it's quite a misnomer. (1997-03-10)
data communications analyst ::: (job) A person who installs, maintains, and troubleshoots data networks. A data communications analyst may have knowledge of T1 lines, TCP/IP, fiber connectivity, analyses data flow, configures modems, DSUs, multiplexors, and routers, and uses network tools such as NetView or Netspy.(2004-03-11)
data communications analyst "job" A person who installs, maintains, and troubleshoots {data networks}. A data communications analyst may have knowledge of {T1} lines, {TCP/IP}, {fiber optics}, {SNA}, {frame relay}. He assists users with problems related to connectivity, analyses data flow, configures {modems}, {DSUs}, {multiplexors}, and {routers}, and uses network tools such as {NetView} or {Netspy}. (2004-03-11)
data compression "algorithm" {compression}. Probably to distinguish it from (electronic) {signal compression}. (1995-04-02)
data compression ::: (algorithm) compression. Probably to distinguish it from (electronic) signal compression. (1995-04-02)
datacrawl, the: A streaming feed of important data that moves slowly across the peripheral vision of an operative’s glasses, visor, or viewscreen; officially referred to as the Visual Data & Analysis Spectrum (VDAS, pronounced veee-DAS).
data dictionary "database" A data structure that stores {metadata}, i.e. data about {data}. The term "data dictionary" has several uses. Most generally it is a set of {data descriptions} that can be shared by several applications. Usually it means a {table} in a {database} that stores the names, {field} {types}, length, and other characteristics of the fields in the database tables. An active data dictionary is automatically updated as changes occur in the database. A passive data dictionary must be manually updated. In a {DBMS}, this functionality is performed by the {system catalog}. The data dictionary is a more general software utility used by designers, users, and administrators for {information resource management}. The data dictionary may maintain information on system hardware, software, documentation, users, and other aspects. Data dictionaries are also used to document the database design process itself and can accumulate metadata ready to feed into the system catalog. [Does anybody call them "codebooks"?] (2001-04-24)
data dictionary ::: (database) A data structure that stores meta-data, i.e. data about data. The term data dictionary has several uses.Most generally it is a set of data descriptions that can be shared by several applications.Usually it means a table in a database that stores the names, field types, length, and other characteristics of the fields in the database tables.An active data dictionary is automatically updated as changes occur in the database. A passive data dictionary must be manually updated.In a DBMS, this functionality is performed by the system catalog. The data dictionary is a more general software utility used by designers, users, and administrators for information resource management.The data dictionary may maintain information on system hardware, software, documentation, users, and other aspects.Data dictionaries are also used to document the database design process itself and can accumulate meta-data ready to feed into the system catalog.[Does anybody call them codebooks?](2001-04-24)
data dictionary file "database" (DDF) A set of files describing the structure of a {database} file. DDFs define {database tables} and include information about file locations, field layouts and indexes. DDFs are the standard method for defining field and index characteristics for {Btrieve} files. (1997-06-03)
data dictionary file ::: (database) (DDF) A set of files describing the structure of a database file. DDFs define database tables and include information about file locations, field layouts and indexes. DDFs are the standard method for defining field and index characteristics for Btrieve files. (1997-06-03)
data driven ::: A data driven architecture/language performs computations in an order dictated by data dependencies. Two kinds of data driven computation are dataflow and demand driven.From about 1970 research in parallel data driven computation increased. Centres of excellence emerged at MIT, CERT-ONERA in France, NTT and ETL in Japan and Manchester University.
data driven A data driven architecture/language performs computations in an order dictated by data dependencies. Two kinds of data driven computation are {dataflow} and {demand driven}. From about 1970 research in parallel {data driven} computation increased. Centres of excellence emerged at {MIT}, {CERT-ONERA} in France, {NTT} and {ETL} in Japan and {Manchester University}.
data feed "data, architecture" Some process for transferring {data} from one system to another in a predetermined form. (2009-05-17)
data flow ::: A data flow architecture or language performs a computation when all the operands are available. Data flow is one kind of data driven architecture, the data to be transmitted directly from the producing instruction to the consuming one.Data flow schemes differ chiefly in the way that they handle re-entrant code. Static schemes disallow it, dynamic schemes use either code copying or tagging at every point of reentry.An example of a data flow architecture is MIT's VAL machine.
data flow analysis "programming" A process to discover the dependencies between different data items manipulated by a program. The order of execution in a {data driven} language is determined solely by the data dependencies. For example, given the equations 1. X = A + B 2. B = 2 + 2 3. A = 3 + 4 a data-flow analysis would find that 2 and 3 must be evaluated before 1. Since there are no data dependencies between 2 and 3, they may be evaluated in any order, including in parallel. This technique is implemented in {hardware} in some {pipelined} processors with multiple {functional units}. It allows instructions to be executed as soon as their inputs are available, independent of the original program order. (1996-05-13)
data flow analysis ::: (programming) A process to discover the dependencies between different data items manipulated by a program. The order of execution in a data driven language is determined solely by the data dependencies. For example, given the equations 1. X = A + B2. B = 2 + 2 3, they may be evaluated in any order, including in parallel.This technique is implemented in hardware in some pipelined processors with multiple functional units. It allows instructions to be executed as soon as their inputs are available, independent of the original program order. (1996-05-13)
data flow "architecture" A data flow architecture or language performs a computation when all the {operands} are available. Data flow is one kind of {data driven} architecture, the other is {demand driven}. It is a technique for specifying {fine-grain concurrency}, usually in the form of two-dimensional graphs in which instructions that are available for concurrent execution are written alongside each other while those that must be executed in sequence are written one under the other. Data dependencies between instructions are indicated by directed arcs. Instructions do not reference memory since the data dependence arcs allow data to be transmitted directly from the producing instruction to the consuming one. Data flow schemes differ chiefly in the way that they handle {re-entrant} code. Static schemes disallow it, dynamic schemes use either "code copying" or "tagging" at every point of reentry. An example of a data flow architecture is {MIT}'s {VAL} machine.
data fork {Macintosh file system}
data frame {activation record}
data fusion ::: The process of integrating multiple data sources to produce more consistent, accurate, and useful information than that provided by any individual data source.[132]
data glove ::: (hardware, virtual reality) An input device for virtual reality in the form of a glove which measures the movements of the wearer's fingers and an output device, e.g. vibrating under control of the computer. The user usually sees a virtual image of the data glove and can point or grip and push objects.Examples are Fifth Dimension Technologies (5DT)'s 5th Glove, and Virtual Technologies' CyberGlove. A cheaper alternative is InWorld VR's CyberWand.[Full freedom plus input, PC Magazine, Mar 14 1995, pp. 168-190].[Inventor?] (1995-04-04)
data glove "hardware, virtual reality" An input device for {virtual reality} in the form of a glove which measures the movements of the wearer's fingers and transmits them to the computer. Sophisticated data gloves also measure movement of the wrist and elbow. A data glove may also contain control buttons or act as an output device, e.g. vibrating under control of the computer. The user usually sees a virtual image of the data glove and can point or grip and push objects. Examples are {Fifth Dimension Technologies} (5DT)'s {5th Glove}, and {Virtual Technologies}' {CyberGlove}. A cheaper alternative is {InWorld VR}'s {CyberWand}. ["Full freedom plus input", PC Magazine, Mar 14 1995, pp. 168-190]. [Inventor?] (1995-04-04)
datagram ::: A self-contained, independent entity of data carrying sufficient information to be routed from the source to the destination computer without reliance on earlier exchanges between this source and destination computer and the transporting network.See also connectionless, frame, packet.
datagram A self-contained, independent entity of data carrying sufficient information to be {route}d from the source to the destination computer without reliance on earlier exchanges between this source and destination computer and the transporting {network}. See also {connectionless}, {frame}, {packet}.
data hierarchy ::: The system of data objects which provide the methods for information storage and retrieval. Broadly, a data hierarchy may be considered to be either natural, information is expressed, or machine, which reflects the facilities of the computer, both hardware and software.A natural data hierarchy might consist of bits, characters, words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and chapters. One might use components bound to an etc. On the other hand, a machine or software system might use bit, byte, word, block, partition, channel, and port.Programming languages often provide types or objects which can create data hierarchies of arbitrary complexity, thus allowing software system designers to model language structures described by the linguist to greater or lesser degree.The distinction between the natural form of data and the facilities provided by the machine may be obscure, because users force their needs into the molds data type character and the machine type byte are often used interchangably, because the latter has evolved to meet the need of representing the former. (1995-11-03)
data hierarchy The system of data objects which provide the {methods} for {information} storage and retrieval. Broadly, a data hierarchy may be considered to be either natural, which arises from the alphabet or syntax of the language in which the information is expressed, or machine, which reflects the facilities of the computer, both hardware and software. A natural data hierarchy might consist of {bits}, {characters}, words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and chapters. One might use components bound to an application, such as field, record, and file, and these would ordinarily be further specified by having {data descriptors} such as name field, address field, etc. On the other hand, a machine or software system might use {bit}, {byte}, {word}, {block}, {partition}, {channel}, and {port}. Programming languages often provide {types} or {objects} which can create data hierarchies of arbitrary complexity, thus allowing software system designers to model language structures described by the linguist to greater or lesser degree. The distinction between the natural form of data and the facilities provided by the machine may be obscure, because users force their needs into the molds provided, and programmers change machine designs. As an example, the natural data type "character" and the machine type "byte" are often used interchangeably, because the latter has evolved to meet the need of representing the former. (1995-11-03)
data integration ::: The process of combining data residing in different sources and providing users with a unified view of them.[133] This process becomes significant in a variety of situations, which include both commercial (such as when two similar companies need to merge their databases) and scientific (combining research results from different bioinformatics repositories, for example) domains. Data integration appears with increasing frequency as the volume (that is, big data) and the need to share existing data explodes.[134] It has become the focus of extensive theoretical work, and numerous open problems remain unsolved.
data integrity "data" The absence of unintended changes or errors in some data. Integrity implies that the data is an exact copy of some original version, e.g. that it has not been corrupted in the process of being written to, and read back from, a {hard disk} or during transmission via some communications channel. Integrity may further imply that the {information} represented by the data has been {validated}, i.e. verified to conform to certain constraints, e.g. a date's year, month and day parts are within the appropriate ranges and the date actually exists. (2009-06-03)
dataless management utility "operating system" (DMU) A {Dataless Management Services} (DMS) utility for managing the sharing of installed operating software between DMS servers and clients. It allows users to install, configure, show and delete DMS environments and add, list, modify and remove DMS clients. (2005-09-15)
dataless management utility ::: (operating system) (DMU) A Dataless Management Services (DMS) utility for managing the sharing of installed operating software between DMS servers and clients. It allows users to install, configure, show and delete DMS environments and add, list, modify and remove DMS clients.(2005-09-15)
data link layer ::: (networking) Layer two, the second lowest layer in the OSI seven layer model. The data link layer splits data into frames (see fragmentation) for into an upper sublayer, Logical Link Control (LLC), and a lower sublayer, Media Access Control (MAC).Example protocols at this layer are ABP, Go Back N, SRP. (1995-02-14)
data link layer "networking" Layer two, the second lowest layer in the {OSI} seven layer model. The data link layer splits data into {frames} (see {fragmentation}) for sending on the {physical layer} and receives acknowledgement frames. It performs error checking and re-transmits frames not received correctly. It provides an error-free virtual channel to the {network layer}. The data link layer is split into an upper sublayer, {Logical Link Control} (LLC), and a lower sublayer, {Media Access Control} (MAC). Example {protocols} at this layer are {ABP}, {Go Back N}, {SRP}. (1995-02-14)
data link level ::: data link layer
data link level {data link layer}
data logger ::: data logging
data logger {data logging}
data logging "data" (data acquisition) Storing a series of measurements over time, usually from a sensor that converts a physical quantity such as temperature, pressure, relative humidity, light, resistance, current, power, speed, vibration into a voltage that is then converted by a {digital to analog converter} (DAC) into a binary number. Data logging hardware may have several DACs for multiple simultaneous measurements. The hardware usually connects to a {parallel port}, {serial port} or {USB} port on a {PC}. (2004-11-15)
data logging ::: (data) (data acquisition) Storing a series of measurements over time, usually from a sensor that converts a physical quantity such as temperature, simultaneous measurements. The hardware usually connects to a parallel port, serial port or USB port on a PC.(2004-11-15)
data mart ::: (database) A type of data warehouse designed primarily to address a specific function or department's needs, as opposed to a data warehouse which is ability to access the underlying base data to enable drill-down analysis as necessary. (1998-04-24)
data mart "database" A type of {data warehouse} designed primarily to address a specific function or department's needs, as opposed to a data warehouse which is traditionally meant to address the needs of the organisation from an enterprise perspective. In addition, a data mart often uses {aggregation} or summarisation of the data to enhance query performance. However, it is important to maintain the ability to access the underlying base data to enable {drill-down analysis} as necessary. (1998-04-24)
data mining ::: (database) Analysis of data in a database using tools which look for trends or anomalies without knowledge of the meaning of the data. Data mining was invented by IBM who hold some related patents.Data mining may well be done on a data warehouse. is an example of a data mining tool.(2001-02-08)
data mining "database" Analysis of data in a {database} using tools which look for trends or anomalies without knowledge of the meaning of the data. Data mining was invented by {IBM} who hold some related patents. Data mining may well be done on a {data warehouse}. {ShowCase STRATEGY (http://showcasecorp.com/)} is an example of a data mining tool. (2001-02-08)
data mining ::: The process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems.
data model "database" The product of the {database} design process which aims to identify and organize the required data logically and physically. A data model says what information is to be contained in a database, how the information will be used, and how the items in the database will be related to each other. For example, a data model might specify that a customer is represented by a customer name and credit card number and a product as a product code and price, and that there is a one-to-many relation between a customer and a product. It can be difficult to change a database layout once code has been written and data inserted. A well thought-out data model reduces the need for such changes. Data modelling enhances application maintainability and future systems may re-use parts of existing models, which should lower development costs. A data modelling language is a mathematical formalism with a notation for describing data structures and a set of operations used to manipulate and validate that data. One of the most widely used methods for developing data models is the {entity-relationship model}. The {relational model} is the most widely used type of data model. Another example is {NIAM}. ["Principles of Database and Knowledge-Base Systems", J.D. Ullman, Volume I, Computer Science Press, 1988, p. 32]. (2000-06-24)
data model ::: (database) The product of the database design process which aims to identify and organize the required data logically and physically.A data model says what information is to be contained in a database, how the information will be used, and how the items in the database will be related to each other.For example, a data model might specify that a customer is represented by a customer name and credit card number and a product as a product code and price, and that there is a one-to-many relation between a customer and a product.It can be difficult to change a database layout once code has been written and data inserted. A well thought-out data model reduces the need for such changes. Data modelling enhances application maintainability and future systems may re-use parts of existing models, which should lower development costs.A data modelling language is a mathematical formalism with a notation for describing data structures and a set of operations used to manipulate and validate that data.One of the most widely used methods for developing data models is the entity-relationship model. The relational model is the most widely used type of data model. Another example is NIAM.[Principles of Database and Knowledge-Base Systems, J.D. Ullman, Volume I, Computer Science Press, 1988, p. 32].(2000-06-24)
data modeling "spelling" US spelling of "{data model}ling". (2000-06-24)
data modeling ::: (spelling) US spelling of data modelling.(2000-06-24)
data modelling {data model}
data ::: n. pl. --> See Datum. ::: pl. --> of Datum
data packet {packet}
data path "architecture" A {CPU}'s internal {data bus} and {functional units}. The width of the data path in bits is a major determiner of the processor's performance. (1997-07-09)
data path ::: (architecture) A CPU's internal data bus and functional units. The width of the data path in bits is a major determiner of the processor's performance. (1997-07-09)
data processing ::: (application) The input, verification, organisation, storage, retrieval, transformation, and extraction of information from data. The term is normally associated with commercial applications such as stock control or payroll. (1995-03-30)
data processing "data processing" An antiquated term for the input, verification, organisation, storage, retrieval and transformation of {data} and the extraction of {information}. The term was associated with commercial applications such as stock control or payroll. (2019-01-26)
data: Quantitative or qualitative results of observations and measurements in statistics. The word data is the plural of the singular form datum.
data rate {data transfer rate}
data rate ::: (communications, unit) (Or data ransfer rate, transmission rate) The amount of data transferred per second by a communications channel or a computing or storage device.Data rate is measured in units of bits per second (written b/s or bps), bytes per second (Bps), or baud.When applied to data rate, the multiplier prefixes kilo-, mega-, giga-, etc. (and their abbreviations, k, M, G, etc.) always denote powers of 1000. For example, 64 kbps is 64,000 bits per second. This contrasts with units of storage where they stand for powers of 1024, e.g. 1 KB = 1024 bytes.[Relationship with bandwidth?](2002-03-23)
data redundancy "data, communications, storage" Any technique that stores or transmits extra, derived data that can be used to detect or repair errors, either in hardware or software. Examples are {parity bits} and the {cyclic redundancy check}. If the cost of errors is high enough, e.g. in a {safety-critical system}, redundancy may be used in both hardware AND software with three separate computers programmed by three separate teams ("triple redundancy") and some system to check that they all produce the same answer, or some kind of majority voting system. The term is not typically used for other, less beneficial, duplication of data. 2. "communications" The proportion of a message's gross information content that can be eliminated without losing essential information. Technically, redundancy is one minus the ratio of the actual uncertainty to the maximum uncertainty. This is the fraction of the structure of the message which is determined not by the choice of the sender, but rather by the accepted statistical rules governing the choice of the symbols in question. [Shannon and Weaver, 1948, p. l3] (2010-02-04)
dataria ::: n. --> Formerly, a part of the Roman chancery; now, a separate office from which are sent graces or favors, cognizable in foro externo, such as appointments to benefices. The name is derived from the word datum, given or dated (with the indications of the time and place of granting the gift or favor).
datary ::: n. --> An officer in the pope&
data science ::: An interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from data in various forms, both structured and unstructured,[135][136] similar to data mining. Data science is a "concept to unify statistics, data analysis, machine learning and their related methods" in order to "understand and analyze actual phenomena" with data.[137] It employs techniques and theories drawn from many fields within the context of mathematics, statistics, information science, and computer science.
data segment "memory" The range of memory locations where the {initialised data} of a program produced by a {Unix} {linker} is located. Executable code is located in the {code segment} and uninitialised data in the {bss segment}. (2004-02-24)
data segment ::: (memory) The range of memory locations where the initialised data of a program produced by a Unix linker is located.Executable code is located in the code segment and uninitialised data in the bss segment.(2004-02-24)
data service unit ::: (communications) (DSU or data service unit) A device used in digital transmission for connecting a CSU (Channel Service Unit) to Data Terminal Equipment (a terminal or computer), in the same way that a modem is used for connection to an analogue medium.A DSU provides a standard interface to a user's terminal which is compatible with modems and handles such functions as signal translation, regeneration, information and to regenerate mark and space information from the received bipolar signal. (1995-01-30)
data service unit "communications" (DSU or "data service unit") A device used in digital transmission for connecting a CSU (Channel Service Unit) to {Data Terminal Equipment} (a terminal or computer), in the same way that a {modem} is used for connection to an analogue medium. A DSU provides a standard interface to a user's terminal which is compatible with {modems} and handles such functions as signal translation, regeneration, reformatting, and timing. The transmitting portion of the DSU processeses the customers' signal into bipolar pulses suitable for transmission over the digital facility. The receiving portion of the DSU is used both to extract timing information and to regenerate mark and space information from the received {bipolar} signal. (1995-01-30)
data set "operating system, storage" An {IBM} term for a {file}. (1997-04-15)
data set ::: (operating system, storage) An IBM term for a file. (1997-04-15)
data set organization "operating system, storage" (DSORG) An {IBM} term for {file} structure. These include PS {physical sequential}, DA {direct access}, IS {indexed sequential}, PO {partitioned} (a library). This system dates from {OS/360}, and breaks down beginning with {VSAM} and {VTAM}, where it is no longer applied. Sequential and indexed data sets can be accessed using either a "basic" or a "queued" "access method." For example a DSORG=PS file can use either BSAM (basic sequential access method) or QSAM (queued sequential access method). It can also be processed as a {direct file} using BDAM. Likewise a library can be processed using BPAM (basic partitioned access method), BSAM, QSAM, or BDAM. DSORG and access method are somewhat, but not completely, orthogonal. The "basic" access method deals with {physical blocks} rather than {records}, and usually provides more control over the specific {device}. Each I/O operation using the "basic" access method reads or writes a single block. A "basic" read or write starts an {asynchronous} I/O operation, and the programmer is responsible for waiting for completion and checking for errors. The "queued" access method deals with {logical records} and provides blocking and deblocking services. It is "queued" because it provides {read-ahead} and {write-behind} services. While a program is processing records in one input block, for example, QSAM may be reading one or more blocks ahead. Queued "get" or "put" operations are synchronous as far as the programmer is concerned. The operation is complete when the next logical record has been successfully processed. EXCP ({Execute Channel Program}) is a lower-level method of accessing data. IBM manuals usually named "Data Administration Guide", e.g. SC26-4505-1 for MVS/ESA DFP 3.1, provide more detail about data set organizations and access methods. (2005-08-08)
data set organization ::: (operating system, storage) (DSORG) An IBM term for file structure. These include PS physical sequential, DA direct, IS indexed sequential, PO partitioned (a library). This system dates from OS/360, and breaks down beginning with VSAM and VTAM, where it is no longer applied.Sequential and indexed data sets can be accessed using either a basic or a queued access method. For example a DSORG=PS file can use either BSAM (basic using BPAM (basic partitioned access method), BSAM, QSAM, or BDAM. DSORG and access method are somewhat, but not completely, orthogonal.The basic access method deals with physical blocks rather than records, and usually provides more control over the specific device. Each I/O operation using write starts an asynchronous I/O operation, and the programmer is responsible for waiting for completion and checking for errors.The queued access method deals with logical records and provides blocking and deblocking services. It is queued because it provides read-ahead and operations are synchronous as far as the programmer is concerned. The operation is complete when the next logical record has been successfully processed.EXCP (Execute Channel Program) is a lower-level method of accessing data.IBM manuals usually named Data Administration Guide, e.g. SC26-4505-1 for MVS/ESA DFP 3.1, provide more detail about data set organizations and access methods.(2005-08-08)
data set
data storage "storage" (Or "memory") A device or medium into which data can be entered, in which it can be held, and from which it can be retrieved at a later time. The distinguishing characteristics of a device are its capacity (the number of bytes it can hold), its {access speed}, whether it is {volatile} (loses data when the power is turned off), whether it is {removeable} or fixed and whether it is writeable or read-only. Some examples are {DRAM}, {hard disk}, {CD-ROM}, {Flash memory}. {Storage timeline (https://www.frontierinternet.com/gateway/data-storage-timeline/)} by {(https://www.frontierinternet.com/)}. (2018-04-11)
data striping ::: (storage) Segmentation of logically sequential data, such as a single file, so that segments can be written to multiple physical devices (usually disk accept it. While data is being transferred from the first disk, the second disk can locate the next segment.Data striping is used in some modern databases, such as Sybase, and in certain RAID devices under hardware control, such as IBM's RAMAC array subsystem (9304/9395).Data striping is different from, and may be used in conjunction with, mirroring. (1996-10-17)
data striping "storage" Segmentation of logically {sequential} data, such as a single file, so that segments can be written to multiple physical devices (usually {disk drives}) in a {round-robin} fashion. This technique is useful if the processor is capable of reading or writing data faster than a single disk can supply or accept it. While data is being transferred from the first disk, the second disk can locate the next segment. Data striping is used in some modern {databases}, such as {Sybase}, and in certain {RAID} devices under hardware control, such as {IBM}'s {RAMAC} array subsystem (9304/9395). Data striping is different from, and may be used in conjunction with, {mirroring}. (1996-10-17)
data structure "data, programming" Any method of organising a collection of {data} to allow it to be manipulated effectively. It may include {meta} data to describe the properties of the structure. Examples data structures are: {array}, {dictionary}, {graph}, {hash}, {heap}, {linked list}, {matrix}, {object}, {queue}, {ring}, {stack}, {tree}, {vector}. (2003-09-11)
data structure ::: (data, programming) Any method of organising a collection of data to allow it to be manipulated effectively. It may include meta data to describe the properties of the structure.Examples data structures are: array, dictionary, graph, hash, heap, linked list, matrix, object, queue, ring, stack, tree, vector.(2003-09-11)
data transfer "data" Copying or moving {data} from one place to another, typically via some kind of {network} (e.g. {Asynchronous Transfer Mode}, {File Transfer Protocol}) or local data connection ({bus}, {SCSI}, {IDE}, {SATA}). (2009-06-09)
data transfer rate "communications" (Or "throughput, data rate", "transmission rate") The amount of {data} transferred in one direction over a link divided by the time taken to transfer it, usually expressed in bits per second (bps), bytes per second (Bps) or {baud}. The link may be anything from an interface to a {hard disk} to a radio transmission from a satellite. Where data transfer is not continuous throughout the given time interval, the data transfer rate is thus an average rate that will be lower than the peak rate. The peak or maximum possible rate may itself be lower than the {capacity} of the communication channel if the channel is shared, or part of the signal is not considered as data, e.g. {checksum} or {routing} information. When applied to data rate, the multiplier {prefixes} "kilo-", "mega-", "giga-", etc. (and their abbreviations, "k", "M", "G", etc.) always denote powers of 1000. For example, 64 kbps is 64,000 bits per second. This contrasts with units of {storage} where they stand for powers of 1024, e.g. 1 KB = 1024 bytes. The other important characteristic of a channel is its {latency}. The {bandwidth} of a channel determines the data transfer rate but is a different characteristic, measured in {Hertz}. [Relationship?] (2008-02-08)
data transfer rate ::: (communications) (Or throughput) The ammount of data transferred in one direction over a link divided by the time taken to transfer it, usually expressed in bits or bytes per second.Where data transfer is not continuous throughout the given time interval, the data transfer rate is thus an average rate that will be lower than the peak the communication channel used if the channel is shared, or part of the signal is not considered as data, e.g. checksum or routing information.The other important characteristic of a channel is its latency.[Is this correct?](2001-05-22)
data type {type}
data warehouse ::: (database) 1. A generic term for a system for storing, retrieving and managing large amounts of any type of data. Data warehouse software often includes sophisticated compression and hashing techniques for fast searches, as well as advanced filtering.2. A database, often remote, containing recent snapshots of corporate data. Planners and researchers can use this database freely without worrying about slowing down day-to-day operations of the production database.Compare data mart. (1998-04-30)
data warehouse "database" (Or corporate data warehouse, CDW) Any system for storing, retrieving and managing large amounts of data. Data warehouse software often includes sophisticated {compression} and {hashing} techniques for fast searches, as well as advanced filtering. A data warehouse is often a {relational database} containing a recent snapshot of corporate data and optimised for searching. Planners and researchers can use this database without worrying about slowing down day-to-day operations of the production database. The latter can be optimised for transaction processing (inserts and updates). Compare {data mart}. (2007-05-16)
data warehouse (DW or DWH)
data warehousing {data warehouse}
Data – A collection of information.
Data Address Generator "architecture" (DAG) The mechanism which generates temporary memory addresses for data that is transferred between memory and {registers} in a {Digital Signal Processor}. Certain {DSP} architectures incorporate more than one DAG to simplify the programming needed to move blocks of data between buffers. For instance, certain {Fast Fourier Transform} {algorithms} requiring {bit reversing}, can use the DAG for that purpose, or they can use two DAGS, one for Program Memory Data (PMD), and the other for Data Memory Data (DMD). (1997-08-12)
Data Address Generator ::: (architecture) (DAG) The mechanism which generates temporary memory addresses for data that is transferred between memory and registers in a Digital Signal Processor.Certain DSP architectures incorporate more than one DAG to simplify the programming needed to move blocks of data between buffers.For instance, certain Fast Fourier Transform algorithms requiring bit reversing, can use the DAG for that purpose, or they can use two DAGS, one for Program Memory Data (PMD), and the other for Data Memory Data (DMD). (1997-08-12)
Data_analytics ::: is the science of drawing insights from raw information sources. Many of the techniques and processes of data analytics have been automated into mechanical processes and algorithms that work over raw data for human consumption. Data analytics techniques can reveal trends and metrics that would otherwise be lost in the mass of information. This information can then be used to optimize processes to increase the overall efficiency of a business or system.
Database - An organised collection of data stored electronically with instant access, searching and sorting facilities.
Data/BASIC "language" (Or "Pick BASIC") A {BASIC}-like language with {database} capabilities, the main programming language on the {Pick OS}. ["The Data/BASIC Language - A Data Processing Language for Non-Professional Programmers", P.C. Dressen, Proc SJCC 36, AFIPS, Spring 1970]. (2001-04-30)
Data/BASIC ::: (language) (Or Pick BASIC) A BASIC-like language with database capabilities, the main programming language on the Pick OS.[The Data/BASIC Language - A Data Processing Language for Non-Professional Programmers, P.C. Dressen, Proc SJCC 36, AFIPS, Spring 1970].(2001-04-30)
DATABUS ::: DATApoint BUSiness Language.A language like an interpreted assembly language, used for custom applications on Datapoint computers. (1995-01-16)
DATABUS DATApoint BUSiness Language. A language like an interpreted {assembly language}, used for custom applications on {Datapoint} computers. (1995-01-16)
DATACODE I ::: (language) An early system used on the Datatron 200 series.[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959]. (1994-12-06)
DATACODE I "language" An early system used on the {Datatron 200} series. [Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959]. (1994-12-06)
Datacom ::: A DBMS from Computer Associates International. (1994-12-06)
Datacom A {DBMS} from {Computer Associates International}. (1994-12-06)
Data Communication Equipment ::: (communications, hardware) (DCE) The devices and connections of a communications network that connect the communication circuit between the data source and destination (the Data Terminal Equipment or DTE). A modem is the most common kind of DCE.Before data can be transmited over a modem, the DTR (Data Terminal Ready) signal must be active. DTR tells the DCE that the DTE is ready to transmit and receive data.DCE and DTE are usually connected by an EIA-232 serial line. It is necessary to distinguish these two types of device because their connectors must be wired and receive on pin three. It is a curious fact that many modems are DTE according to the original standard. (1995-02-28)
Data Communication Equipment "communications, hardware" (DCE) The devices and connections of a communications network that connect the communication circuit between the data source and destination (the {Data Terminal Equipment} or DTE). A {modem} is the most common kind of DCE. Before data can be transmited over a modem, the DTR (Data Terminal Ready) signal must be active. DTR tells the DCE that the DTE is ready to transmit and receive data. DCE and DTE are usually connected by an {EIA-232} {serial line}. It is necessary to distinguish these two types of device because their connectors must be wired differently if a "straight-through" cable (pin 1 to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2 etc.) is to be used. DCE should have a female connector and should transmit on pin two and receive on pin three. It is a curious fact that many {modems} are "DTE" according to the original standard. (1995-02-28)
Data Communications Equipment {Data Communication Equipment}
Data definition language "language, database" (DDL) 1. A language enabling the structure and instances of a {database} to be defined in a human-, and machine-readable form. {SQL} contains DDL commands that can be used either interactively, or within programming language {source code}, to define databases and their components, e.g. CREATE and DROP. See also {Data manipulation language} (DML). 2. A specification language for databases, based on the {entity-relationship model}. It is used in the {Eli} {compiler-compiler} to manage type definitions. ["DDL Reference Manual", ECE Dept U Colorado, 1991]. (1999-04-26)
Data definition language ::: (language, database) (DDL)1. A language enabling the structure and instances of a database to be defined in a human-, and machine-readable form.SQL contains DDL commands that can be used either interactively, or within programming language source code, to define databases and their components, e.g. CREATE and DROP.See also Data manipulation language (DML).2. A specification language for databases, based on the entity-relationship model. It is used in the Eli compiler-compiler to manage type definitions.[DDL Reference Manual, ECE Dept U Colorado, 1991]. (1999-04-26)
Data Driven Machine "language" (DDM) A {dataflow} language. ["The Architecture and System Method of DDM-1: A Recursively Structured Data Driven Machine", A. Davis, Proc 5th Ann Symp Comp Arch, IEEE 1978]. (1999-04-26)
Data Driven Machine ::: (language) (DDM) A dataflow language.[The Architecture and System Method of DDM-1: A Recursively Structured Data Driven Machine, A. Davis, Proc 5th Ann Symp Comp Arch, IEEE 1978]. (1999-04-26)
Data Encryption Algorithm (DEA) An {ANSI} {standard} defined in ANSI X3.92-1981. It is identical to the {Data Encryption Standard} (DES). (1994-12-06)
Data Encryption Algorithm ::: (DEA) An ANSI standard defined in ANSI X3.92-1981. It is identical to the Data Encryption Standard (DES). (1994-12-06)
Data Encryption Key (DEK) Used for the {encryption} of message text and for the computation of message integrity checks (signatures). See {cryptography}. (1994-12-06)
Data Encryption Key ::: (DEK) Used for the encryption of message text and for the computation of message integrity checks (signatures).See cryptography. (1994-12-06)
Data Encryption Standard ::: (DES) The NBS's popular, standard encryption algorithm. It is a product cipher that operates on 64-bit blocks of data, using a 56-bit key. It is defined in FIPS 46-1 (1988) (which supersedes FIPS 46 (1977)). DES is identical to the ANSI standard Data Encryption Algorithm (DEA) defined in ANSI X3.92-1981.DES has been implemented in VLSI. SunOS provides a des command which can make use of DES hardware if fitted. Neither the software nor the hardware are supposed to be distributed outside the USA.Unix manual pages: des(1), des(3), des(4). (1994-12-06)
Data Encryption Standard (DES) The {NBS}'s popular, standard {encryption} algorithm. It is a {product cipher} that operates on 64-bit blocks of data, using a 56-bit key. It is defined in {FIPS} 46-1 (1988) (which supersedes FIPS 46 (1977)). DES is identical to the {ANSI} standard {Data Encryption Algorithm} (DEA) defined in ANSI X3.92-1981. DES has been implemented in {VLSI}. {SunOS} provides a des command which can make use of DES hardware if fitted. Neither the software nor the hardware are supposed to be distributed outside the USA. {Unix manual pages}: des(1), des(3), des(4). (1994-12-06)
Data Flow Diagram ::: (programming) A graphical notation used to describe how data flows between processes in a system. Data flow diagrams are an important tool of most structured analysis techniques. .(2003-05-17)
Data Flow Diagram "programming" A graphical notation used to describe how {data} flows between {processes} in a system. Data flow diagrams are an important tool of most {structured analysis} techniques. {(http://smartdraw.com/resources/centers/software/dfd.htm)}. (2003-05-17)
Data General "company" A US computer manufacturer. Responsible for the {Nova} {minicomputer}. Quarterly sales $284M, profits -$12M (Aug 1994). (1994-09-26)
Data General ::: (company) A US computer manufacturer. Responsible for the Nova minicomputer.Quarterly sales $284M, profits -$12M (Aug 1994). (1994-09-26)
Data General mN601 ::: Data General MicroNova 601
Data General mN601 {Data General MicroNova 601}
Data Interchange Standards Association "standard" (DISA) A not-for-profit corporation that acts as the secretariat for {ANSI}'s {EDI} standards committee, ASC X12 that works on {ANSI X12}. DISA manages ASC X12's membership, balloting, standards development and maintenance, publications, and communications with ANSI. (1999-09-18)
Data Interchange Standards Association ::: (standard) (DISA) A not-for-profit corporation that acts as the secretariat for ANSI's EDI standards committee, ASC X12 that works on ANSI X12. DISA manages ASC X12's membership, balloting, standards development and maintenance, publications, and communications with ANSI. (1999-09-18)
Data Jack "hardware" A wall-mounted or desk-mounted connector (frequently a wide telephone-style 8-pin {RJ-45}) for connecting to data cabling in a building. (1997-01-07)
Data Jack ::: (hardware) A wall-mounted or desk-mounted connector (frequently a wide telephone-style 8-pin RJ-45) for connecting to data cabling in a building. (1997-01-07)
Datakit ::: (networking) A circuit-switched digital network, similar to X.25. Datakit supports host-to-host connections and EIA-232 connections for terminals, printers, and hosts.Most of Bell Laboratories is trunked together on Datakit. On top of DK transport service, people run UUCP for electronic mail and dkcu for remote login.ISN is the version of Datakit supported by AT&T Information Systems. Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, New Jersey, uses ISN for internal data communication. .[Towards a universal data transport system, A. G. Fraser, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, SAC-1(5) pp. 803-16, 1983]. (1996-10-20)
Datakit "networking" A {circuit-switched} digital network, similar to {X.25}. Datakit supports {host-to-host} connections and {EIA-232} connections for {terminals}, {printers}, and {hosts}. Most of {Bell Laboratories} is {trunk}ed together on Datakit. On top of DK transport service, people run {UUCP} for {electronic mail} and {dkcu} for {remote login}. ISN is the version of Datakit supported by {AT&T} Information Systems. Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, New Jersey, uses ISN for internal data communication. {(http://fc.net:80/phrack/files/p18/p18-9.html)}. ["Towards a universal data transport system", A. G. Fraser, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, SAC-1(5) pp. 803-16, 1983]. (1996-10-20)
Dataless Management Services ::: (operating system) (DMS) .(2005-09-15)
Dataless Management Services "operating system" (DMS) {(http://cs.arizona.edu/computer.help/policy/DIGITAL_unix/AA-PS3LE-TE_html/sharing10.html)}. (2005-09-15)
Data Link Connection Identifier ::: (networking) (DLCI) A channel number which is attached to data frames to tell a Frame Relay network how to route the data. In Frame Relay, multiple logical channels are multiplexed over a single physical channel. The DLCI says which of these logical channels a particular data frame belongs to. .(2000-02-13)
Data Link Connection Identifier "networking" (DLCI) A channel number which is attached to {data frames} to tell a {Frame Relay} network how to route the data. In Frame Relay, multiple logical channels are {multiplexed} over a single physical channel. The DLCI says which of these logical channels a particular data frame belongs to. {(http://etinc.com/frmain.htm
Data Link Provider Interface "networking" (DLPI) The interface that a {network driver} presents to the (higher level) {logical link layer} for driving the network at the {datagram} level in a {Unix} {STREAMS} environment and possibly elsewhere. DLPI corresponds to {ISO 8802}/2 ({LLC}) which covers both {connection-oriented} and {connectionless} {protocols}. [Is this correct? Better explanation?] (1996-01-29)
Data Link Provider Interface ::: (networking) (DLPI) The interface that a network driver presents to the (higher level) logical link layer for driving the network at the datagram level in a Unix STREAMS environment and possibly elsewhere.DLPI corresponds to ISO 8802/2 (LLC) which covers both connection-oriented and connectionless protocols.[Is this correct? Better explanation?] (1996-01-29)
Data Link Switching "networking" (DLSw) A standard for transporting {IBM} {Systems Network Architecture} (SNA) and {network basic input/output system} (NetBIOS) traffic over an {Internet protocol} network. Initially, in 1992, DLSw was proprietary to IBM. It was submitted to the {IETF} as {RFC 1434} in 1993, later updated by {RFC 1795}. {(http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/dlsw.htm)}. (2008-01-11)
Datalog ::: A declarative logic programming language that syntactically is a subset of Prolog. It is often used as a query language for deductive databases. In recent years, Datalog has found new application in data integration, information extraction, networking, program analysis, security, and cloud computing.[140]
Data_loss ::: occurs when valuable and/or sensitive information on a computer is compromised due to theft, human error, viruses, malware, or power failure. It may also occur due to physical damage or mechanical failure or equipment or an edifice. The biggest reasons for data loss include laptop theft, accidental deletion or overwriting of files, power outages and surges, spilled liquids, and the wearing out or sudden failure of hard drives. Regularly backing up files makes data recovery possible in the event of data loss. For data that hasn’t been backed up, professional recovery services might be able to restore lost data. Servers can also suffer from data loss, just like individual computers and devices can. Data Loss: Common Causes Power surges and outages hurt computers by causing operating systems to shut down suddenly without following the proper procedures. The file corruption that can result can make it impossible to reboot the computer. Liquid spills onto laptop keyboards can seep into the casing and damage the internal components, especially in the case of acidic or sugary drinks, so it’s a good idea to keep liquids away from laptops or use a spill-proof travel mug. Hard drives have moving parts that can experience mechanical failure due to wearing out, overheating, electrostatic discharge, or being dropped. They can also fail due to file corruption, improper drive formatting, or software corruption. Hard drives may fail and experience data loss suddenly, or they may show signs of slowly failing, such as crashing repeatedly, becoming increasingly slow or making unusual noises. Creating regular data backups of hard drive data helps protect against this form of data loss. For example, an individual might back up her personal files from her desktop computer to both an external hard drive and the cloud. Having the data stored in three places that face different risks minimizes the risk of total data loss. Data Loss: The Human Element A major threat of data loss for businesses comes from employees who aren’t aware of the risks they are taking. Companies need a way to control how their data is shared by monitoring and protecting business documents whenever and wherever employees are using, storing, or transmitting them, whether in email attachments, via smartphone, on laptops, on flash drives, or in cloud storage, to protect against data loss. Preventing data loss is important for companies to protect their privacy and intellectual property as well as comply with government regulations. Organizations can employ data loss prevention (DLP) features in software from providers like Google and Microsoft to protect against data loss. There are also data loss prevention suites from providers such as Clearswift, Symantec, Digital Guardian, Forcepoint, McAfee, among others.
Data Management Language "language" (DML) 1. Any language for manipulating data or files, e.g. {IBM}'s {Distributed Data Management} (DDM). 2. An early {ALGOL}-like language with lists and graphics, that ran on the {Honeywell 635}. ["DML: A Data Management Language", D.W. Bray et al, GE, Syracuse NY]. (1999-06-07)
Data Management Language ::: (language) (DML)1. Any language for manipulating data or files, e.g. IBM's Distributed Data Management (DDM).2. An early ALGOL-like language with lists and graphics, that ran on the Honeywell 635.[DML: A Data Management Language, D.W. Bray et al, GE, Syracuse NY]. (1999-06-07)
Data Manipulation Language "language, database" (DML, or {Data Management Language}) A language for the manipulation of data in a {database} by applications and/or directly by end-users. {SQL} contains DML commands such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. See also {Data Definition Language} (DDL). (1999-04-26)
Data Manipulation Language ::: (language, database) (DML, or Data Management Language) A language for the manipulation of data in a database by applications and/or directly by end-users.SQL contains DML commands such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.See also Data Definition Language (DDL). (1999-04-26)
Datamatic Corporation {Honeywell}
Datamation ::: /dayt*-maysh*n/ A magazine that many hackers assume all suits read. Used to question an unbelieved quote, as in Did you read that in Datamation? It used ten years later, but it has since become much more exclusively suit-oriented and boring.[Jargon File]
Datamation /day"t*-may"sh*n/ A magazine that many hackers assume all {suits} read. Used to question an unbelieved quote, as in "Did you read that in "Datamation?"" It used to publish something hackishly funny every once in a while, like the original paper on {COME FROM} in 1973, and Ed Post's "Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal" ten years later, but it has since become much more exclusively {suit}-oriented and boring. [{Jargon File}]
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification "communications, networking" (DOCSIS) {ITU}-approved interface requirements for {cable modems} involved in high-speed data distribution over a {cable television} network. DOCSIS compatible equipment uses a 6 MHz {carrier} band for {downstream}, using 64 and 256 {QAM} (ITU Annex B), and {QPSK} and 16 QAM for {upstream}, allowing up to 36 and 10 Mb/s, respectively for downstream and upstream channels. {CableLabs FAQ (http://cablemodem.com/FAQs.html)}. (2001-07-10)
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification ::: (communications, networking) (DOCSIS) ITU-approved interface requirements for cable modems involved in high-speed data distribution over a cable upstream, allowing up to 36 and 10 Mb/s, respectively for downstream and upstream channels. .(2001-07-10)
Data Over Cable Systems Interface Specifications {Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification}
Dataparallel-C ::: (language, parallel) C with parallel extensions by Hatcher and Quinn of the University of New Hampshire. Dataparallel-C was based on an early version of C* and runs on the Intel iPSC-2 and nCube.
Dataparallel-C "language, parallel" {C} with {parallel} extensions by Hatcher and Quinn of the University of New Hampshire. Dataparallel-C was based on an early version of {C*} and runs on the {Intel} {iPSC-2} and {nCube}.
Data Parallel Haskell ::: (language, parallel) Adds Parallel Objects with arbitrary Dimension (PODs) and POD comprehensions to Haskell. .[Data Parallel Haskell: Mixing Old and New Glue, J. Hill]. (1995-03-30)
Data Parallel Haskell "language, parallel" Adds Parallel Objects with arbitrary Dimension (PODs) and POD comprehensions to Haskell. {(ftp://redstar.dcs.qmw.ac.uk/cpc/jon_hill/dpGlue.ps.Z)}. ["Data Parallel Haskell: Mixing Old and New Glue", J. Hill]. (1995-03-30)
Dataphone Digital Service ::: (communications, product) (DDS) The first private-line digital service offered by AT&T, with data rates typically at 2.4, 4.8, 9.6 and 56 kilobits per second. DDS is now part of AT&T's Accunet family of services. Most LEC (local exchange carriers) and IXC (IntereXchange Carriers) offer similar services. (1995-02-28)
Dataphone Digital Service "communications, product" (DDS) The first private-line digital service offered by {AT&T}, with data rates typically at 2.4, 4.8, 9.6 and 56 kilobits per second. DDS is now part of AT&T's {Accunet} family of services. Most LEC (local exchange carriers) and IXC (IntereXchange Carriers) offer similar services. (1995-02-28)
DataPoint "company" An early {minicomputer} manufacturer which also developed {ARCnet}. (2004-08-25)
DataPoint ::: (company) An early minicomputer manufacturer which also developed ARCnet.(2004-08-25)
Data Protection Act "legal" (DPA) A UK law guaranteeing rights to individuals in relation to personal data that others hold on them. For example, under the DPA, you have the right to see what data a company holds on you. (2007-06-17)
Data_science ::: is a field of Big Data geared toward providing meaningful information based on large amounts of complex data. Data science, or data-driven science, combines different fields of work in statistics and computation in order to interpret data for the purpose of decision making. BREAKING DOWN 'Data Science' Data is drawn from different sectors and platforms including cell phones, social media, e-commerce sites, healthcare surveys, internet searches, etc. The increase in the amount of data available opened the door to a new field of study called Big Data — or the extremely large data sets that can help produce better operational tools in all sectors. The continually increasing sets of and easy access to data are made possible by a collaboration of companies known as fintech, which use technology to innovate and enhance traditional financial products and services. The data produced creates even more data which is easily shared across entities thanks to emergent fintech products like cloud computing and storage. However, the interpretation of vast amounts of unstructured data for effective decision making may prove too complex and time consuming for companies, hence the emergence of data science.
Data science - the extraction of knowledge from large volumes of data that are structured or unstructured, which is a continuation of the field data mining and predictive analytics, also known as knowledge discovery and data mining. See /r/datascience
DataStage "database, tool" A tool set for designing, developing, and running {applications} that populate one or more {tables} in a {data warehouse} or {data mart}. [Reference]? (2004-06-23)
DataStage ::: (database, tool) A tool set for designing, developing, and running applications that populate one or more tables in a data warehouse or data mart.[Reference]?(2004-06-23)
Datastorm Technologies, Inc. "company" The original suppliers of {Procomm}. Address: Columbia MO, USA. (2004-06-29)
Datastorm Technologies, Inc. ::: (company) The original suppliers of Procomm.Address: Columbia MO, USA.(2004-06-29)
Data Structures Language "language" A dialect of {MAD} with extensions for lists and graphics, on {Philco 212}. ["A Compiler Language for Data Structures", N. Laurance, Proc ACM 23rd Natl Conf 36 (1968)]. (1995-02-28)
Data Structures Language ::: (language) A dialect of MAD with extensions for lists and graphics, on Philco 212.[A Compiler Language for Data Structures, N. Laurance, Proc ACM 23rd Natl Conf 36 (1968)]. (1995-02-28)
Data Terminal Equipment ::: (communications, hardware) (DTE) A device which acts as the source and/or destination of data and which controls the communication channel. DTE includes terminals, computers, protocol converters, and multiplexors.DTE is usually connected via an EIA-232 serial line to Data Communication Equipment (DCE), typically a modem. It is necessary to distinguish these two pin two. It is a curious fact that many modems are actually DTE according to the original standard. (1995-02-28)
Data Terminal Equipment "communications, hardware" (DTE) A device which acts as the source and/or destination of data and which controls the communication channel. DTE includes terminals, computers, {protocol converters}, and {multiplexors}. DTE is usually connected via an {EIA-232} {serial line} to {Data Communication Equipment} (DCE), typically a {modem}. It is necessary to distinguish these two types of device because their connectors must be wired differently if a "straight-through" cable (pin 1 to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2 etc.) is to be used. DTE should have a male connector and should transmit on pin three and receive on pin two. It is a curious fact that many {modems} are actually "DTE" according to the original standard. (1995-02-28)
Data Terminal Ready ::: (communications) (DTR) The wire in a full RS-232 connection that tells the Data Communication Equipment (DCE, typically a modem) that the Data Terminal Equipment (DTE, typically a computer or terminal) is ready to transmit and receive data.(2000-04-05)
Data Terminal Ready "communications" (DTR) The wire in a full {RS-232} connection that tells the {Data Communication Equipment} (DCE, typically a {modem}) that the {Data Terminal Equipment} (DTE, typically a computer or {terminal}) is ready to transmit and receive data. (2000-04-05)
DATA-TEXT "tool" A system from {Harvard} for numerical computations in the Social Sciences. ["DATA-TEXT Primer", D.J. Armor, Free Press 1972]. (1994-12-06)
DATA-TEXT ::: (tool) A system from Harvard for numerical computations in the Social Sciences.[DATA-TEXT Primer, D.J. Armor, Free Press 1972]. (1994-12-06)
DATATRIEVE ::: A query and report system for use with DEC's VMS system (RMS, VAX Rdb/VMS or VAX DBMS).
DATATRIEVE "database, language" A query and report system for use with {DEC}'s {VMS} ({RMS}, {VAX Rdb}/VMS or {VAX DBMS}). (2007-01-16)
Datatron 200 series "computer" A family of computers produced by {Burroughs} that included the {Datatron 204} and {Datatron 220}. (2007-01-16)
DataViews ::: Graphical user interface development software from V.I.Corporation, aimed at constructing platform-independent interactive views of dynamic data. (1994-12-07)
DataViews {Graphical user interface} development software from {V.I.Corporation}, aimed at constructing {platform}-independent interactive views of dynamic data. (1994-12-07)
DataVis ::: A dataflow language for scientific visualisation.[Data Flow Visual Programming Languages, D. Hils, J Vis Langs and Comput, Dec 1991]. (1994-12-06)
DataVis A {dataflow} language for scientific {visualisation}. ["Data Flow Visual Programming Languages", D. Hils, J Vis Langs and Comput, Dec 1991]. (1994-12-06)
Data: When capitalized, refers to the Technocratic version of the Correspondence Sphere. The Data Principle (or Sphere) employs information as a bridge between people, locations, and events.
TERMS ANYWHERE
16-bit application "operating system" Software for {MS-DOS} or {Microsoft Windows} which originally ran on the 16-bit {Intel 8088} and {80286} {microprocessors}. These used a {segmented address space} to extend the range of addresses from what is possible with just a 16-bit address. Programs with more than 64 kilobytes of code or data therefore had to waste time switching between {segments}. Furthermore, programming with segments is more involved than programming in a {flat address space}, giving rise to {warts} like {memory models} in {C} and {C++}. Compare {32-bit application}. (1996-04-06)
16 bit "architecture, programming" Using {words} containing sixteen {bits}. This adjective often refers to the number of bits used internally by a computer's {CPU}. E.g. "The {Intel 8086} is a sixteen bit processor". Its external {data bus} or {address bus} may be narrower. The term may also refer to the size of an instruction in the computer's {instruction set} or to any other item of data. See also {16-bit application}. (1996-05-13)
1802 "processor" An 8-bit {microprocessor} manufactured as CDP1802 by {HARRIS Semiconductor}. It has been around for ten years at least and is ideally suited for {embedded} applications. Some of its features are: 8-bit parallel organisation with bidirectional {data bus} and {multiplexed address bus}; static design -- no minimum {clock rate}; bit-programmable output port; four input pins which are directly tested by branch instructions; flexible programmable I/O mode; single-phase clock, with on-chip oscillator; 16 x 16 register matrix to implement multiple {program counters}, pointers, or {registers} (1995-11-21)
1. A critical study of the method or methods of the sciences, of the nature of scientific symbols and of the logical structure of scientific symbolic svstems. Presumably such a study should include both the empirical and the rational sciences. Whether it should also include the methods of the valuational studies (e.g., ethics, esthetics) and of the historical studies, will depend upon the working definition or science accepted by the investigator. Valuational studies are frequently characterized as "normative" or "axiological" sciences. Many of the recognized sciences (e.g., anthropology, geology) contain important historical aspects, hence there is some justification for the inclusion of the historical method in this aspect of the philosophy of science. As a study of method, the philosophy of science includes much of the traditional logic and theory of knowledge. The attempt is made to define and further clarify such terms as induction, deduction, hypothesis, data, discovery and verification. In addition, the more detailed and specialized methods of science (e.g., experimentation, measurement, classification and idealization) (q.v.) are subjected to examination. Since science is a symbolic system, the general theory of signs plays an important role in the philosophy of science.
1. Discursive thought. Faculty of connecting ideas consciously, coherently and purposively. Thinking in logical form. Drawing of inferences. Process of passing from given data or premisses to legitimate conclusions. Forming or discovering rightly relations between ideas. Deriving properly statements from given assumptions or facts. Power, manifestation and result of valid argumentation. Ordering concepts according to the canons of logic. Legitimate course of a debate.
1NF {database normalisation}
(2) Flirtations with realism, neutral monism, positivism or behaviorism have never seriously interfered with Russell's attempt to establish philosophy as a science. The emptical data being supplied by the experimental scientist, the specifically philosophical task becomes the analysis of such deliverances (with the full resources of modern logistic). Unlike certain of his followers, Russell has never been strenuously anti-metaphysical. He has never held pragmatic, still less conventional, views with regard to the nature of logic itself. And his general empirical approach has been constantly modified by rationalistic views concerning the subsistence of universals. -- M.B.
2NF {database normalisation}
32-bit application "architecture, operating system" {IBM PC} software that runs in a 32-bit {flat address space}. The term {32-bit application} came about because {MS-DOS} and {Microsoft Windows} were originally written for the {Intel 8088} and {80286} {microprocessors}. These are {16 bit} microprocessors with a {segmented address space}. Programs with more than 64 kilobytes of code and/or data therefore had to switch between {segments} quite frequently. As this operation is quite time consuming in comparison to other machine operations, the application's performance may suffer. Furthermore, programming with segments is more involved than programming in a flat address space, giving rise to some complications in programming languages like "{memory models}" in {C} and {C++}. The shift from 16-bit software to 32-bit software on {IBM PC} {clones} became possible with the introduction of the {Intel 80386} microprocessor. This microprocessor and its successors support a segmented address space with 16-bit and 32 bit segments (more precisely: segments with 16- or 32-bit address offset) or a linear 32-bit address space. For compatibility reasons, however, much of the software is nevertheless written in 16-bit models. {Operating systems} like {Microsoft Windows} or {OS/2} provide the possibility to run 16-bit (segmented) programs as well as 32-bit programs. The former possibility exists for {backward compatibility} and the latter is usually meant to be used for new software development. See also {Win32s}. (1995-12-11)
(3) A proposition about the nature of meaning, ideas, concepts, or universals: that they (and thus, some contend, knowledge) "consist of" or "are reducible to" references to directly presented data or content of experience; or that signs standing for meanings, ideas, concepts, or universals refer to experienced content only or primarily; or that the meaning of a term consists simply of the sum of its possible consequences in experience; or that if all possible experiential consequences of two propositions are identical, their meanings are identical.
3Com Corporation "company, networking" A manufacturer of {local area network} equipment. 3Com was founded in 1979. They acquired {BICC Data Networks} in 1992, {Star-Tek} in 1993, {Synernetics} in 1993, {Centrum} in 1994, {NiceCom} in 1994 {AccessWorks}, {Sonix Communications}, {Primary Access} and {Chipcom} in 1995 and {Axon} and {OnStream Networks} in 1996. They merged with {U.S. Robotics} in 1997. {(http://3com.com/)}. (1998-04-03)
3. In mathematical theory, prediction is an inference regarding an unknown or future event, from calculations involving probabilities and in particular the computation of correlations. Statistical predictions are usually made by means of regression coefficients and regression lines, which indicate the amount of change of one variable which accompanies a given amount of change in the other variable. The process of predicting values within the range of known data is called interpolation, and the process of predicting values beyond the range of known data is called extrapolation. The reliability of these predictions varies on the basis of the known variables, and of their limits. -- T.G.
3NF {database normalisation}
4NF {database normalisation}
56 kbps "communications" (56 kilobits per second) The data capacity of a normal single channel digital telephone channel in North America. The figure is derived from the {bandwidth} of 4 kHz allocated for such a channel and the 16-bit encoding (4000 times 16 = 64000) used to change {analogue} signals to digital, minus the 8000 bit/s used for signalling and supervision. At the end of 1997 there were two rival {modem} designs capable of this rate: {k56flex} and {US Robotics}' {X2}. In February 1998 the {ITU} proposed a 56kbps standard called {V.90}, which is expected to be formally approved during September 1998. (1998-09-15)
5NF {database normalisation}
5th Glove "hardware, virtual reality" A {data glove} and flexor strip kit (5th Glove DFK) sold by {Fifth Dimension Technologies} for $495 ($345 for the left-handed version, $45 for each extra flexor strip). The DFK provides a data glove, a flexon strip (with an elbow or knee-joint sensor), an interface card, cables, and KineMusica software. The package uses flexible optical-bending sensing to track hand and arm movement. The glove can be used with 5DT's ultrasonic tracking system, the 5DT Head and Hand tracker ($245), which can track movement from up to two metres away from the unit's transmitter. (1998-02-06)
64-bit "architecture" A term describing a computer architecture with an {ALU}, {registers} and {data bus} which handle 64 {bit}s at a time. 64-bit processors were quite common by 1996, e.g. {Digital} {Alpha}, versions of {Sun} {SPARC}, {MIPS}, {IBM} {AS/4000}. The {PowerPC} and {Intel} were expected to move to 64 bits at their next generation - {PPC 620} and {Intel P7}. Being able to deal with 64-bit binary numbers means the processor can work with {signed integers} between +-2^32 or unsigned integers between zero and 2^64-1. A 64-bit {address bus} allows the processor to address 18 million {gigabytes} as opposed to the mere four gigabytes allowed with 32 bits. In 1996 {hard disks} could already hold over 4 GB. Floating point calculations can also be more accurate. A 64-bit {OS} is needed as well to take advantage of the CPU. In 1996 there were only a few 64-bit operating systems, including {OS/400}, {Digital} {Unix}, {Solaris} (partialy). A 32-bit OS can run on a 64-bit CPU. (2004-05-12)
6502 "hardware" An eight-bit {microprocessor} designed by {MOS Technology} around 1975 and made by {Rockwell}. Unlike the {Intel 8080} and its kind, the 6502 had very few {registers}. It was an 8-bit processor, with 16-bit {address bus}. Inside was one 8-bit data register ({accumulator}), two 8-bit {index registers} and an 8-bit {stack pointer} (stack was preset from address 256 to 511). It used these index and stack registers effectively, with more {addressing modes}, including a fast zero-page mode that accessed memory locations from address 0 to 255 with an 8-bit address (it didn't have to fetch a second byte for the address). Back when the 6502 was introduced, {RAM} was actually faster than {CPU}s, so it made sense to optimise for RAM access rather than increase the number of registers on a chip. The 6502 was used in the {BBC Microcomputer}, {Apple II}, {Commodore}, {Apple Computer} and {Atari} {personal computers}. {Steve Wozniak} described it as the first chip you could get for less than a hundred dollars (actually a quarter of the {6800} price). The 6502's {indirect jump} instruction, JMP (xxxx), was {broken}. If the address was hexadecimal xxFF, the processor would not access the address stored in xxFF and xxFF + 1, but rather xxFF and xx00. The {6510} did not fix this bug, nor was it fixed in any of the other {NMOS} versions of the 6502 such as the {8502}. Bill Mensch at {Western Design Center} was probably the first to fix it, in the {65C02}. The 6502 also had undocumented instructions. The {65816} is an expanded version of the 6502. There is a 6502 {assembler} by Doug Jones "jones@cs.uiowa.edu" which supports {macros} and conditional features and can be used for linkage editing of object files. It requires {Pascal}. See also {cross-assembler}, {RTI}, {Small-C}. (2001-01-02)
8N1 "jargon" Common shorthand for "eight data bits, no {parity}, one {stop bit}", the most common configuration for {serial lines}, e.g. {EIA-232}. (1995-01-31)
ABC 1. "computer" {Atanasoff-Berry Computer}. 2. "language" An {imperative language} and programming environment from {CWI}, Netherlands. It is interactive, structured, high-level, and easy to learn and use. It is a general-purpose language which you might use instead of {BASIC}, {Pascal} or {AWK}. It is not a systems-programming language but is good for teaching or prototyping. ABC has only five data types that can easily be combined; {strong typing}, yet without declarations; data limited only by memory; refinements to support top-down programming; nesting by indentation. Programs are typically around a quarter the size of the equivalent {Pascal} or {C} program, and more readable. ABC includes a programming environment with {syntax-directed} editing, {suggestions}, {persistent variables} and multiple workspaces and {infinite precision} arithmetic. An example function words to collect the set of all words in a document: HOW TO RETURN words document: PUT {} IN collection FOR line in document: FOR word IN split line: IF word not.in collection: INSERT word IN collection RETURN collection {Interpreter}/{compiler}, version 1.04.01, by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens, Steven Pemberton "Steven.Pemberton@cwi.nl". ABC has been ported to {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {Atari}, {Macintosh}. {(http://cwi.nl/cwi/projects/abc.html)}. {FTP eu.net (ftp://ftp.eu.net/programming/languages/abc)}, {FTP nluug.nl (ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/programming/languages/abc)}, {FTP uunet (ftp://ftp.uu.net/languages/abc)}. Mailing list: "abc-list-request@cwi.nl". E-mail: "abc@cwi.nl". ["The ABC Programmer's Handbook" by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens and Steven Pemberton, published by Prentice-Hall (ISBN 0-13-000027-2)]. ["An Alternative Simple Language and Environment for PCs" by Steven Pemberton, IEEE Software, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 1987, pp. 56-64.] (1995-02-09) 2. "language" Argument, Basic value, C?. An {abstract machine} for implementation of {functional languages} and its intermediate code. [P. Koopman, "Functional Programs as Executable Specifications", 1990]. (1995-02-09)
ABC ALGOL "language" An extension of {ALGOL 60} with arbitrary data structures and user-defined operators, for {symbolic mathematics}. ["ABC ALGOL, A Portable Language for Formula Manipulation Systems", R.P. van de Riet, Amsterdam Math Centrum 1973]. (1994-10-28)
ABLE "language" A simple language for accountants. ["ABLE, The Accounting Language, Programming and Reference Manual," Evansville Data Proc Center, Evansville, IN, Mar 1975]. [Listed in SIGPLAN Notices 13(11):56 (Nov 1978)]. (1994-11-08)
abstract data type "programming" (ADT) A kind of {data abstraction} where a type's internal form is hidden behind a set of {access functions}. Values of the type are created and inspected only by calls to the access functions. This allows the implementation of the type to be changed without requiring any changes outside the {module} in which it is defined. {Objects} and ADTs are both forms of data abstraction, but objects are not ADTs. Objects use procedural abstraction (methods), not type abstraction. A classic example of an ADT is a {stack} data type for which functions might be provided to create an empty stack, to {push} values onto a stack and to {pop} values from a stack. {Reynolds paper (http://cis.upenn.edu/~gunter/publications/documents/taoop94.html)}. {Cook paper "OOP vs ADTs" (http://wcook.org/papers/OOPvsADT/CookOOPvsADT90.pdf)}. (2003-07-03)
abstraction 1. Generalisation; ignoring or hiding details to capture some kind of commonality between different instances. Examples are {abstract data types} (the representation details are hidden), {abstract syntax} (the details of the {concrete syntax} are ignored), {abstract interpretation} (details are ignored to analyse specific properties). 2. "programming" Parameterisation, making something a function of something else. Examples are {lambda abstractions} (making a term into a function of some variable), {higher-order functions} (parameters are functions), {bracket abstraction} (making a term into a function of a variable). Opposite of {concretisation}. (1998-06-04)
abstract machine 1. "language" A processor design which is not intended to be implemented as {hardware}, but which is the notional executor of a particular {intermediate language} (abstract machine language) used in a {compiler} or {interpreter}. An abstract machine has an {instruction set}, a {register set} and a model of memory. It may provide instructions which are closer to the language being compiled than any physical computer or it may be used to make the language implementation easier to {port} to other {platforms}. A {virtual machine} is an abstract machine for which an {interpreter} exists. Examples: {ABC}, {Abstract Machine Notation}, {ALF}, {CAML}, {F-code}, {FP/M}, {Hermes}, {LOWL}, {Christmas}, {SDL}, {S-K reduction machine}, {SECD}, {Tbl}, {Tcode}, {TL0}, {WAM}. 2. "theory" A procedure for executing a set of instructions in some formal language, possibly also taking in input data and producing output. Such abstract machines are not intended to be constructed as {hardware} but are used in thought experiments about {computability}. Examples: {Finite State Machine}, {Turing Machine}. (1995-03-13)
abstract "philosophy" A description of a concept that leaves out some information or details in order to simplify it in some useful way. Abstraction is a powerful technique that is applied in many areas of computing and elsewhere. For example: {abstract class}, {data abstraction}, {abstract interpretation}, {abstract syntax}, {Hardware Abstraction Layer}. (2009-12-09)
abstract syntax "language, data" A form of representation of data that is independent of machine-oriented structures and encodings and also of the physical representation of the data. Abstract syntax is used to give a high-level description of programs being compiled or messages passing over a communications link. A {compiler}'s internal representation of a program will typically be an {abstract syntax tree}. The abstract syntax specifies the tree's structure is specified in terms of categories such as "statement", "expression" and "{identifier}". This is independent of the source syntax ({concrete syntax}) of the language being compiled (though it will often be very similar). A {parse tree} is similar to an abstract syntax tree but it will typically also contain features such as parentheses which are syntactically significant but which are implicit in the structure of the {abstract syntax tree}. (1998-05-26)
Abstract Syntax Notation 1 "language, standard, protocol" (ASN.1, X.208, X.680) An {ISO}/{ITU-T} {standard} for transmitting structured {data} on {networks}, originally defined in 1984 as part of {CCITT X.409} '84. ASN.1 moved to its own standard, X.208, in 1988 due to wide applicability. The substantially revised 1995 version is covered by the X.680 series. ASN.1 defines the {abstract syntax} of {information} but does not restrict the way the information is encoded. Various ASN.1 encoding rules provide the {transfer syntax} (a {concrete} representation) of the data values whose {abstract syntax} is described in ASN.1. The standard ASN.1 encoding rules include {BER} (Basic Encoding Rules - X.209), {CER} (Canonical Encoding Rules), {DER} (Distinguished Encoding Rules) and {PER} (Packed Encoding Rules). ASN.1 together with specific ASN.1 encoding rules facilitates the exchange of structured data especially between {application programs} over networks by describing data structures in a way that is independent of machine architecture and implementation language. {OSI} {Application layer} {protocols} such as {X.400} {MHS} {electronic mail}, {X.500} directory services and {SNMP} use ASN.1 to describe the {PDU}s they exchange. Documents describing the ASN.1 notations: {ITU-T} Rec. X.680, {ISO} 8824-1; {ITU-T} Rec. X.681, {ISO} 8824-2; {ITU-T} Rec. X.682, {ISO} 8824-3; {ITU-T} Rec. X.683, {ISO} 8824-4 Documents describing the ASN.1 encoding rules: {ITU-T} Rec. X.690, {ISO} 8825-1; {ITU-T} Rec. X.691, {ISO} 8825-2. [M. Sample et al, "Implementing Efficient Encoders and Decoders for Network Data Representations", IEEE Infocom 93 Proc, v.3, pp. 1143-1153, Mar 1993. Available from Logica, UK]. See also {snacc}. (2005-07-03)
abstract syntax tree "compiler" (AST) A data structure representing something which has been {parsed}, often used as a {compiler} or {interpreter}'s internal representation of a program while it is being optimised and from which {code generation} is performed. The range of all possible such structures is described by the {abstract syntax}. (1994-11-08)
Accelerated Graphics Port "hardware, graphics" (AGP) A {bus} specification by {Intel} which gives low-cost 3D {graphics cards} faster access to {main memory} on {personal computers} than the usual {PCI} bus. AGP dynamically allocates the PC's normal {RAM} to store the screen image and to support {texture mapping}, {z-buffering} and {alpha blending}. Intel has built AGP into a {chipset} for its {Pentium II} microprocessor. AGP cards are slightly longer than a PCI card. AGP operates at 66 {MHz}, doubled to 133 MHz, compared with PCI's 33 Mhz. AGP allows for efficient use of {frame buffer} memory, thereby helping 2D graphics performance as well. AGP provides a coherent memory management design which allows scattered data in system memory to be read in rapid bursts. AGP reduces the overall cost of creating high-end graphics subsystems by using existing system memory. {Specification (http://developer.intel.com/technology/agp/downloads/agp20.htm)}. (2004-07-19)
Access 1. "language" An English-like query language used in the {Pick} {operating system}. 2. "database, product" {Microsoft Access}. (1994-11-08)
access method "networking" 1. The way that network devices access the network medium. 2. Software in an {SNA} processor that controls the flow of data through a {network}. [{physical layer}?] (1998-03-02)
ACIS "graphics" Andy, Charles, Ian's System. A {geometric engine} that most {CAD} packages now use. ACIS uses a sophisticated {object-oriented} approach for modelling, the data is stored in {boundary representation}. Acis is owned by {Spatial Technologies}. [How does this differ from "solid modelling"?]. (1996-03-21)
ACK 1. "character" /ak/ The {mnemonic} for the ACKnowledge character, {ASCII} code 6. 2. "communications" A message transmitted to indicate that some data has been received correctly. Typically, if the sender does not receive the ACK message after some predetermined time, or receives a {NAK}, the original data will be sent again. [{Jargon File}] (1997-01-07)
Acquaintance, Knowledge by: (Lat. adcognitare, to make known) The apprehension of a quality, thing or person which is in the direct presence of the knowing subject. Acquaintance, in the strict sense, is restricted to the immediate data of experience but is commonly extended to include the things or persons perceived by means of such data. See Description, Knowledge by. -- L.W.
activation record "compiler" (Or "data frame", "stack frame") A data structure containing the variables belonging to one particular {scope} (e.g. a procedure body), as well as links to other activation records. Activation records are usually created (on the {stack}) on entry to a block and destroyed on exit. If a procedure or function may be returned as a result, stored in a variable and used in an outer scope then its activation record must be stored in a {heap} so that its variables still exist when it is used. Variables in the current {scope} are accessed via the {frame pointer} which points to the current activation record. Variables in an outer scope are accessed by following chains of links between activation records. There are two kinds of link - the {static link} and the {dynamic link}. (1995-03-07)
active DBMS "database" A conventional or passive {DBMS} combined with a means of event detection and condition monitoring. Event handling is often rule-based, as with an {expert system}. (1994-11-08)
Active Reconfiguring Message "hardware" (ARM) An efficient mechanism which allows reconfiguration of the hardware logic of a system according to the particular data received or transmitted. In ARM each message contains extra information in a Reconfiguring {Header} in addition to the data to be transferred. Upon arrival of the message the Reconfiguring Header is extracted, decoded and used to perform on-the-fly hardware reconfiguration. As soon as the hardware has been reconfigured the data information of the message can be processed. [In what contect is this term used?] (1997-06-06)
ActiveX Data Objects "database, Microsoft, programming" (ADO) {Microsoft}'s {library} for accessing data sources through {OLE DB}. Typically it is used to query or modify data stored in a relational database. {Home (http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/ado270/htm/adostartpage1.asp)}. (2003-07-08)
Ada 95 "language" A revision and extension of {Ada} (Ada 83) begun in 1988 and completed on 1994-12-01 by a team lead by Tucker Taft of {Intermetrics}. Chris Anderson was the Project Manager. The printed standard was expected to be available around 1995-02-15. Additions include {object-orientation} ({tagged types}, {abstract types} and {class-wide types}), hierarchical libraries and synchronisation with shared data (protected types) similar to {Orca}. It lacks {multiple inheritance} but supports the construction of multiple inheritance type hierarchies through the use of {generics} and {type composition}. {GNAT} aims to be a free implementation of Ada 95. You can get the standard from the {Ada Joint Program Office (http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/ajpo/index.shtml)}. ["Introducing Ada 9X", J.G.P. Barnes, Feb 1993]. (1999-12-02)
ADABAS "database" A {relational database} system by {Software AG}. While it was initially designed for large {IBM} {mainframe} systems (e.g. {S/370} in the late 1970s), it has been ported to numerous other {platforms} over the last few years such as several flavors of {Unix} including {AIX}. ADABAS stores its data in tables (and is thus "relational") but also uses some non-relational techniques, such as {multiple values} and {periodic groups}. (1995-10-30)
Ada "language" (After {Ada Lovelace}) A {Pascal}-descended language, designed by Jean Ichbiah's team at {CII Honeywell} in 1979, made mandatory for Department of Defense software projects by the Pentagon. The original language was standardised as "Ada 83", the latest is "{Ada 95}". Ada is a large, complex, {block-structured} language aimed primarily at {embedded} applications. It has facilities for {real-time} response, {concurrency}, hardware access and reliable run-time error handling. In support of large-scale {software engineering}, it emphasises {strong typing}, {data abstraction} and {encapsulation}. The type system uses {name equivalence} and includes both {subtypes} and {derived types}. Both fixed and {floating-point} numerical types are supported. {Control flow} is fully bracketed: if-then-elsif-end if, case-is-when-end case, loop-exit-end loop, goto. Subprogram parameters are in, out, or inout. Variables imported from other packages may be hidden or directly visible. Operators may be {overloaded} and so may {enumeration} literals. There are user-defined {exceptions} and {exception handlers}. An Ada program consists of a set of packages encapsulating data objects and their related operations. A package has a separately compilable body and interface. Ada permits {generic packages} and subroutines, possibly parametrised. Ada support {single inheritance}, using "tagged types" which are types that can be extended via {inheritance}. Ada programming places a heavy emphasis on {multitasking}. Tasks are synchronised by the {rendezvous}, in which a task waits for one of its subroutines to be executed by another. The conditional entry makes it possible for a task to test whether an entry is ready. The selective wait waits for either of two entries or waits for a limited time. Ada is often criticised, especially for its size and complexity, and this is attributed to its having been designed by committee. In fact, both Ada 83 and Ada 95 were designed by small design teams to be internally consistent and tightly integrated. By contrast, two possible competitors, {Fortran 90} and {C++} have both become products designed by large and disparate volunteer committees. See also {Ada/Ed}, {Toy/Ada}. {Home of the Brave Ada Programmers (http://lglwww.epfl.ch/Ada/)}. {Ada FAQs (http://lglwww.epfl.ch/Ada/FAQ/)} (hypertext), {text only (ftp://lglftp.epfl.ch/pub/Ada/FAQ)}. {(http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/)}, {(ftp://ajpo.sei.cmu.edu/)}, {(ftp://stars.rosslyn.unisys.com/pub/ACE_8.0)}. E-mail: "adainfo@ajpo.sei.cmu.edu". {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.ada}. {An Ada grammar (ftp://primost.cs.wisc.edu/)} including a lex scanner and yacc parser is available. E-mail: "masticol@dumas.rutgers.edu". {Another yacc grammar and parser for Ada by Herman Fischer (ftp://wsmr-simtel20.army.mil/PD2:"ADA.EXTERNAL-TOOLS"GRAM2.SRC)}. An {LR parser} and {pretty-printer} for {Ada} from NASA is available from the {Ada Software Repository}. {Adamakegen} generates {makefiles} for {Ada} programs. ["Reference Manual for the Ada Programming Language", ANSI/MIL STD 1815A, US DoD (Jan 1983)]. Earlier draft versions appeared in July 1980 and July 1982. ISO 1987. [{Jargon File}] (2000-08-12)
ADAM {A Data Management system}
ADAMO "database" A data management system written at {CERN}, based on the {Entity-Relationship model}. (1995-03-14)
Adaplan "language" A {functional database} language based upon {Backus}' {FP} language. [Erwig&Lipeck, Proc. DBPL-3, 1991]. (1995-05-07)
Adaplex "language, database" An extension of {Ada} for {functional databases}. ["Adaplex: Rationale and Reference Manual 2nd ed", J.M. Smith et al, Computer Corp America, Cambridge MA, 1983]. (1995-02-14)
Adaptec "company" A company specialising in the aera of movement of data between computers. Adaptec designs hardware and software products to transfer data from a computer to a {peripheral} device or {network}. Founded in 1981, the company achieved profitability in 1984, went public in 1986, and to date has achieved 54 consecutive profitable quarters. Revenues for fiscal 1997 were $934 million, a 42% increase over the prior year. Net income, excluding acquisition charges, for fiscal year 1997 was $198 million or $1.72 per share. {(http://adaptec.com)}. (1999-08-25)
adaptive answering "communications" A feature which allows a {faxmodem} to answer the telephone and decide whether the incoming call is a fax or data call. Most {Class 1} faxmodems do this. The {U.S. Robotics} Class 1 implementation however seems not to do it, it must be set to answer as either one or the other. (1995-03-16)
Adaptive Server Enterprise "database" (ASE) The {relational database management system} that started life in the mid-eighties [first release?] as "Sybase SQL Server". For a number of years {Microsoft} was a Sybase distributor, reselling the Sybase product for {OS/2} and (later) {Windows NT} under the name "Microsoft SQL Server". Around 1994, Microsoft basically bought a copy of the {source code} of Sybase SQL Server and then went its own way. As competitors, Sybase and Microsoft have been developing their products independently ever since. Microsoft has mostly emphasised ease-of-use and "Window-ising" the product, while Sybase has focused on maximising performance and reliability, and running on high-end hardware. When releasing version 11.5 in 1997, Sybase renamed its product to "ASE" to better distinguish its database from Microsoft's. Both ASE and MS SQL Server call their query language "Transact-SQL" and they are very similar. Sybase SQL Server was the first true {client-server} RDBMS which was also capable of handling real-world workloads. In contrast, other DBMSs have long been monolithic programs; for example, {Oracle} only "bolted on" client-server functionality in the mid-nineties. Also, Sybase SQL Server was the first commercially successful RDBMS supporting {stored procedures} and {triggers}, and a cost-based {query optimizer}. As with many other technology-driven competitors of Microsoft, Sybase has lost market share to MS's superior marketing, though many consider it has the superior system. {(http://sypron.nl/whatis_ase.html)}. (2003-07-02)
Adaptor "tool" (Automatic DAta Parallelism TranslatOR) A source to source transformation tool that transforms {data parallel} programs written in {Fortran 77} with {array} extensions, parallel loops, and layout directives to parallel programs with explicit {message passing}. ADAPTOR generates {Fortran 77} host and node programs with message passing. The new generated source codes have to be compiled by the compiler of the parallel computer. Version 1.0 runs on {CM-5}, {iPCS/860}, {Meiko CS1}/CS2, {KSR 1}, {SGI}, {Alliant} or a network of {Suns} or {RS/6000s}. {(ftp://ftp.gmd.de/gmd/adaptor/adp_1.0.tar.Z)}. [Connection with Thomas Brandes and GMD?] (1993-06-01)
A Data Management System "software, tool" (ADAM) A suite of software tools intended to assist in the design and testing of military information processing systems. ADAM was developed by the {MITRE Corporation} in 1966. It consisted of 53 different programs which ran on an {IBM 7030} (STRETCH). It was targetted at systems that had to cope with large volumes of data with complex relationships with rapid response and increasing requirements. ADAM was part of the {Information Systems Tools and Software Techniques} project. [{"Evaluation of ADAM An Advanced Data Management System", R.A.J. Gildea, Aug 1967. (http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/661273.pdf)}]. (2015-08-14)
ADCCP {Advanced Data Communications Control Protocol}
address 1. "networking" {e-mail address}. 2. "networking" {IP address}. 3. "networking" {MAC address}. 4. "storage, programming" An unsigned integer used to select one fundamental element of storage, usually known as a {word} from a computer's {main memory} or other storage device. The {CPU} outputs addresses on its {address bus} which may be connected to an {address decoder}, {cache controller}, {memory management unit}, and other devices. While from a hardware point of view an address is indeed an integer most {strongly typed} programming languages disallow mixing integers and addresses, and indeed addresses of different data types. This is a fine example for {syntactic salt}: the compiler could work without it but makes writing bad programs more difficult. (1997-07-01)
address bus "processor" The connections between the {CPU} and memory which carry the {address} from/to which the CPU wishes to read or write. The number of bits of address bus determines the maximum size of memory which the processor can access. See also {data bus}. (1995-03-22)
addressing mode 1. "processor, programming" One of a set of methods for specifying the {operand}(s) for a {machine code} {instruction}. Different processors vary greatly in the number of addressing modes they provide. The more complex modes described below can usually be replaced with a short sequence of instructions using only simpler modes. The most common modes are "register" - the operand is stored in a specified {register}; "absolute" - the operand is stored at a specified memory address; and "{immediate}" - the operand is contained within the instruction. Most processors also have {indirect addressing} modes, e.g. "register indirect", "memory indirect" where the specified register or memory location does not contain the operand but contains its address, known as the "{effective address}". For an absolute addressing mode, the effective address is contained within the instruction. Indirect addressing modes often have options for pre- or post- increment or decrement, meaning that the register or memory location containing the {effective address} is incremented or decremented by some amount (either fixed or also specified in the instruction), either before or after the instruction is executed. These are very useful for {stacks} and for accessing blocks of data. Other variations form the effective address by adding together one or more registers and one or more constants which may themselves be direct or indirect. Such complex addressing modes are designed to support access to multidimensional arrays and arrays of data structures. The addressing mode may be "implicit" - the location of the operand is obvious from the particular instruction. This would be the case for an instruction that modified a particular control register in the CPU or, in a {stack} based processor where operands are always on the top of the stack. 2. In {IBM} {System 370}/{XA} the addressing mode bit controls the size of the {effective address} generated. When this bit is zero, the CPU is in the 24-bit addressing mode, and 24 bit instruction and operand effective addresses are generated. When this bit is one, the CPU is in the 31-bit addressing mode, and 31-bit instruction and operand effective addresses are generated. ["IBM System/370 Extended Architecture Principles of Operation", Chapter 5., 'Address Generation', BiModal Addressing]. (1995-03-30)
A distinction is frequently drawn between two observational methods in psychology: (a) introspection which appeals to private data, accessible to a single observer (see Introspection), and (b) objective observation of public data, accessible to a number of observers among whom there is substantial agreement (see Behaviorism). These two methods, though they are often regarded as disparate, may perhaps be more properly regarded as the extremes of a continuum of observational objectivity, many varying degrees of which can be found in psychological experimentation.
Aditi "database, project" The Aditi Deductive Database System. A multi-user {deductive database} system from the Machine Intelligence Project at the {University of Melbourne}. It supports base {relations} defined by {facts} (relations in the sense of {relational databases}) and {derived relations} defined by {rules} that specify how to compute new information from old information. Both base relations and the rules defining derived relations are stored on disk and are accessed as required during query evaluation. The rules defining derived relations are expressed in a {Prolog}-like language, which is also used for expressing queries. Aditi supports the full structured data capability of Prolog. Base relations can store arbitrarily nested terms, for example arbitrary length lists, and rules can directly manipulate such terms. Base relations can be indexed with {B-trees} or multi-level signature files. Users can access the system through a {Motif}-based query and database administration tool, or through a command line interface. There is also in interface that allows {NU-Prolog} programs to access Aditi in a transparent manner. Proper {transaction processing} is not supported in this release. The beta release runs on {SPARC}/{SunOS4}.1.2 and {MIPS}/{Irix}4.0. E-mail: "aditi@cs.mu.oz.au". (1992-12-17)
ADM "language" A picture {query language}, extension of {Sequel2}. ["An Image-Oriented Database System", Y. Takao et al, in Database Techniques for Pictorial Applications, A. Blaser ed, pp. 527-538]. (1995-03-21)
ADO {ActiveX Data Objects}
ADSP {AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol}
ADSU {ATM Data Service Unit}
ADT {abstract data type}
Advanced Data Communications Control Protocol "protocol" An {ANSI} {standard} {bit-oriented} {data link} control {protocol}. (1997-05-07)
Advanced Encryption Standard "cryptography, algorithm" (AES) The {NIST}'s replacement for the {Data Encryption Standard} (DES). The Rijndael /rayn-dahl/ {symmetric block cipher}, designed by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, was chosen by a NIST contest to be AES. AES is Federal Information Processing Standard FIPS-197. AES currently supports 128, 192 and 256-bit keys and encryption blocks, but may be extended in multiples of 32 bits. {(http://csrc.nist.gov/CryptoToolkit/aes/)}. {Rijndael home page (http://esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~rijmen/rijndael/)}. (2003-07-04)
Advanced Intelligent Tape "storage" (AIT) A form of {magnetic tape} and drive using {AME} developed by {Sony} for storing large amounts of data. An AIT can store over 50 {gigabytes} and transfer data at six megabytes/second (in February 1999). AIT features high speed file access, long head and media life, the {ALDC compression} {algorithm}, and a {MIC} chip. {(http://aittape.com/)}. {Seagate (http://seagate.com/support/tape/scsiide/sidewinder/ait_main_page.shtml)}. (1999-04-16)
Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking "networking, product" (APPN) IBM data communications support that routes data in a network between two or more {APPC} systems that need not be adjacent. (1995-02-03)
Advanced Revelation "database" (AREV) A {database development environment} for {personal computers} available from {Revelation Software} since 1982. Originally based on the {PICK} {operating system}, there are over one million users worldwide in 1996. (1996-12-12)
Advanced Technology Attachment Interface with Extensions "storage, standard" (ATA-2, Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics, EIDE) A proposed (May 1996 or earlier?) {standard} from {X3T10} (document 948D rev 3) which extends the {Advanced Technology Attachment} interface while maintaining compatibility with current {IBM PC} {BIOS} designs. ATA-2 provides for faster data rates, 32-bit transactions and (in some drives) {DMA}. Optional support for power saving modes and removable devices is also in the standard. ATA-2 was developed by {Western Digital} as "Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics" (EIDE) around 1994. {Marketroids} call it "Fast ATA" or "Fast ATA-2". ATA-2 was followed by {ATA-3} and {ATA-4} ("Ultra DMA"). (2000-10-07)
Advanced Technology Attachment "storage, hardware, standard" (ATA, AT Attachment or "Integrated Drive Electronics", IDE) A {disk drive} interface {standard} based on the {IBM PC} {ISA} 16-bit {bus} but also used on other {personal computers}. ATA specifies the power and data signal interfaces between the {motherboard} and the integrated {disk controller} and drive. The ATA "bus" only supports two devices - master and slave. ATA drives may in fact use any physical interface the manufacturer desires, so long as an embedded translator is included with the proper ATA interface. ATA "controllers" are actually direct connections to the ISA bus. Originally called IDE, the ATA interface was invented by {Compaq} around 1986, and was developed with the help of {Western Digital}, {Imprimis}, and then-upstart {Conner Peripherals}. Efforts to standardise the interface started in 1988; the first draft appeared in March 1989, and a finished version was sent to {ANSI} group X3T10 (who named it "Advanced Technology Attachment" (ATA)) for ratification in November 1990. X3T10 later extended ATA to {Advanced Technology Attachment Interface with Extensions} (ATA-2), followed by {ATA-3} and {ATA-4}. {X3T10 (http://symbios.com/x3t10/)}. (1998-10-08)
ADVENT "games" /ad'vent/ The prototypical computer {adventure} game, first implemented by Will Crowther for a {CDC} computer (probably the {CDC 6600}?) as an attempt at computer-refereed fantasy gaming. ADVENT was ported to the {PDP-10}, and expanded to the 350-point {Classic} puzzle-oriented version, by Don Woods of the {Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory} (SAIL). The game is now better known as Adventure, but the {TOPS-10} {operating system} permitted only six-letter filenames. All the versions since are based on the SAIL port. David Long of the {University of Chicago} Graduate School of Business Computing Facility (which had two of the four {DEC20s} on campus in the late 1970s and early 1980s) was responsible for expanding the cave in a number of ways, and pushing the point count up to 500, then 501 points. Most of his work was in the data files, but he made some changes to the {parser} as well. This game defined the terse, dryly humorous style now expected in text adventure games, and popularised several tag lines that have become fixtures of hacker-speak: "A huge green fierce snake bars the way!" "I see no X here" (for some noun X). "You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike." "You are in a little maze of twisty passages, all different." The "magic words" {xyzzy} and {plugh} also derive from this game. Crowther, by the way, participated in the exploration of the Mammoth & Flint Ridge cave system; it actually *has* a "Colossal Cave" and a "Bedquilt" as in the game, and the "Y2" that also turns up is cavers' jargon for a map reference to a secondary entrance. See also {vadding}. [Was the original written in Fortran?] [{Jargon File}] (1996-04-01)
Aesthetic Judgment: (German aesthetische Urteilskraft) The power of judgment exercised upon data supplied by the feeling or sense of beauty. Kant devotes the first half of the Critique of Judgment to a "Critique of Aesthetic Judgment." (See Kantianism and Feeling.) -- O.F.K.
aggregate type "programming" A data {type} composed of multiple elements. An aggregate can be homogeneous (all elements have the same type) e.g. an {array}, a list in a {functional language}, a string of characters, a file; or it can be heterogeneous (elements can have different types) e.g. a {structure}. In most languages aggregates can contain elements which are themselves aggregates. e.g. a list of lists. See also {union}. (1996-03-23)
aggregator "networking" A program for watching for new content at user-specified {RSS} feeds. An example is {BottomFeeder}. {(http://directory.google.com/Top/Reference/Libraries/Library_and_Information_Science/Technical_Services/Cataloguing/Metadata/RDF/Applications/RSS/News_Readers/)}. (2003-09-29)
agnosticism ::: n. --> That doctrine which, professing ignorance, neither asserts nor denies.
The doctrine that the existence of a personal Deity, an unseen world, etc., can be neither proved nor disproved, because of the necessary limits of the human mind (as sometimes charged upon Hamilton and Mansel), or because of the insufficiency of the evidence furnished by physical and physical data, to warrant a positive conclusion (as taught by the school of Herbert Spencer); -- opposed
AIDX "abuse, operating system" /aydkz/ A derogatory term for {IBM}'s perverted version of {Unix}, {AIX}, especially for the AIX 3.? used in the {IBM RS/6000} series (some hackers think it is funnier just to pronounce "AIX" as "aches"). A victim of the dreaded "hybridism" disease, this attempt to combine the two main currents of the Unix stream ({BSD} and {USG Unix}) became a monstrosity to haunt system administrators' dreams. For example, if new accounts are created while many users are logged on, the load average jumps quickly over 20 due to silly implementation of the user databases. For a quite similar disease, compare {HP-SUX}. Also, compare {Macintrash} {Nominal Semidestructor}, {Open DeathTrap}, {ScumOS}, {sun-stools}. [{Jargon File}] (1995-04-13)
Aiken code "data" An alternative form of the {Binary Coded Decimal} (BCD) system for encoding numbers. Where BCD encodes each decimal digit in normal binary, Aiken code uses the encoding shown below. This is supposed to be less prone to corruption. The following table shows the encoding of each decimal digit, D, in BCD and Aiken code: D BCD Aiken 0 0000 0000 1 0001 0001 2 0010 0010 3 0011 0011 4 0100 0100 5 0101 1011 (inverted 4) 6 0110 1100 (inverted 3) 7 0111 1101 (inverted 2) 8 1000 1110 (inverted 1) 9 1001 1111 (inverted 0) The Aiken code was probably designed by {Howard Aiken} in the 1940s or 1950s for use in data transmission. Compare: {Gray code}. [What is it good for and why?] (2007-07-16)
AIR "standard" A future {infrared} standard from {IrDA}. AIR will provide in-room multipoint to multipoint connectivity. AIR supports a data rate of 4 Mbps at a distance of 4 metres, and 250 Kbps at up to 8 metres. It is designed for cordless connections to multiple peripherals and meeting room collaboration applications. See also {IrDA Data} and {IrDA Control} (1999-10-14)
Ajax "programming" (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML) A collection of techniques for creating interactive {web applications} without having to reload the complete {web page} in response to each user input, thus making the interaction faster. AJAX typically uses the {XMLHttpRequest} browser object to exchange data asynchronously with the {web server}. Alternatively, an {IFrame} object or dynamically added "script" tags may be used instead of XMLHttpRequest. Despite the name, Ajax can combine any browser scripting language (not just {JavaScript}) and any data representation (not just XML). Alternative data formats include {HTML}, plain text or {JSON}. Several Ajax {frameworks} are now available to simplify Ajax development. (2007-10-04)
Aldat "language" A {database} language, based on {extended algebra}. [Listed by M.P. Atkinson & J.W. Schmidt in a tutorial in Zurich, 1989]. (1995-04-19)
Alex "language" 1. A {polymorphic} language being developed by Stephen Crawley "sxc@itd.dtso.oz.au" of Defence Science & Tech Org, Australia. Alex has {abstract data types}, {type inference} and {inheritance}. 2. "language" An {ISWIM}-like language with {exception handling}. ["An Exception Handling Construct for Functional Languages", M. Brez et al, in Proc ESOP88, LNCS 300, Springer 1988]. 3. "tool" A {scanner generator}. {Alexis} is its input language. ["Alex: A Simple and Efficient Scanner Generator", H. Mossenbock, SIGPLAN Notices 21(5), May 1986]. (1994-12-15)
algebraic data type "programming" (Or "sum of products type") In {functional programming}, new types can be defined, each of which has one or more {constructors}. Such a type is known as an algebraic data type. E.g. in {Haskell} we can define a new type, "Tree": data Tree = Empty | Leaf Int | Node Tree Tree with constructors "Empty", "Leaf" and "Node". The constructors can be used much like functions in that they can be (partially) applied to arguments of the appropriate type. For example, the Leaf constructor has the functional type Int -" Tree. A constructor application cannot be reduced (evaluated) like a function application though since it is already in {normal form}. Functions which operate on algebraic data types can be defined using {pattern matching}: depth :: Tree -" Int depth Empty = 0 depth (Leaf n) = 1 depth (Node l r) = 1 + max (depth l) (depth r) The most common algebraic data type is the list which has constructors Nil and Cons, written in Haskell using the special syntax "[]" for Nil and infix ":" for Cons. Special cases of algebraic types are {product types} (only one constructor) and {enumeration types} (many constructors with no arguments). Algebraic types are one kind of {constructed type} (i.e. a type formed by combining other types). An algebraic data type may also be an {abstract data type} (ADT) if it is exported from a {module} without its constructors. Objects of such a type can only be manipulated using functions defined in the same {module} as the type itself. In {set theory} the equivalent of an algebraic data type is a {discriminated union} - a set whose elements consist of a tag (equivalent to a constructor) and an object of a type corresponding to the tag (equivalent to the constructor arguments). (1994-11-23)
Algebraic Specification Language 1. "language" (ASL) ["Structured Algebraic Specifications: A Kernel Language", M. Wirsing, Theor Comput Sci 42, pp.123-249, Elsevier 1986]. 2. "language" (ASF) A language for equational specification of {abstract data types}. ["Algebraic Specification", J.A. Bergstra et al, A-W 1989]. (1995-12-13)
ALGOL 60 "language" ALGOrithmic Language 1960. A portable language for scientific computations. ALGOL 60 was small and elegant. It was {block-structured}, nested, {recursive} and {free form}. It was also the first language to be described in {BNF}. There were three {lexical} representations: hardware, reference, and publication. The only structured data types were {arrays}, but they were permitted to have lower bounds and could be dynamic. It also had {conditional expressions}; it introduced :=; if-then-else; very general "for" loops; switch declaration (an array of statement {labels} generalising {Fortran}'s {computed goto}). Parameters were {call-by-name} and {call-by-value}. It had {static} local "own" variables. It lacked user-defined types, character manipulation and {standard I/O}. See also {EULER}, {ALGOL 58}, {ALGOL 68}, {Foogol}. ["Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60", Peter Naur ed., CACM 3(5):299-314, May 1960]. (1995-01-25)
ALGOL 68 "language" An extensive revision of {ALGOL 60} by Adriaan van Wijngaarden et al. ALGOL 68 was discussed from 1963 by Working Group 2.1 of {IFIP}. Its definition was accepted in December 1968. ALGOL 68 was the first, and still one of very few, programming languages for which a complete formal specification was created before its implementation. However, this specification was hard to understand due to its formality, the fact that it used an unfamiliar {metasyntax} notation (not {BNF}) and its unconventional terminology. One of the singular features of ALGOL 68 was its {orthogonal} design, making for freedom from arbitrary rules (such as restrictions in other languages that arrays could only be used as parameters but not as results). It also allowed {user defined data types}, then an unheard-of feature. It featured {structural equivalence}; automatic type conversion ("{coercion}") including {dereferencing}; {flexible arrays}; generalised loops (for-from-by-to-while-do-od), if-then-else-elif-fi, an integer case statement with an 'out' clause (case-in-out-esac); {skip} and {goto} statements; {blocks}; {procedures}; user-defined {operators}; {procedure parameters}; {concurrent} execution (par-begin-end); {semaphores}; generators "heap" and "loc" for {dynamic allocation}. It had no {abstract data types} or {separate compilation}. {(http://www.bookrags.com/research/algol-68-wcs/)}. (2007-04-24)
ALGOL W "language" A derivative of {ALGOL 60}. It introduced {double precision}, {complex numbers}, bit strings and dynamic data structures. It is {parsed} entirely by {operator precedence} and used the {call-by-value-result} calling convention. ["A Contribution to the Development of Algol", N. Wirth, CACM 9(6):413-431, June 1966]. ["ALGOL W Implementation", H. Bauer et al, TR CS98, Stanford U, 1968]. (1994-11-24)
algorithm "algorithm, programming" A detailed sequence of actions to perform to accomplish some task. Named after the Iranian, Islamic mathematician, astronomer, astrologer and geographer, {Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi}. Technically, an algorithm must reach a result after a {finite} number of steps, thus ruling out {brute force} search methods for certain problems, though some might claim that brute force search was also a valid (generic) algorithm. The term is also used loosely for any sequence of actions (which may or may not terminate). {Paul E. Black's Dictionary of Algorithms, Data Structures, and Problems (http://nist.gov/dads/)}. (2002-02-05)
Algorithmic Test Case Generation "programming" A computational method for identifying test cases from data, logical relationships or other software {requirements} information. (1996-05-10)
alias 1. "operating system" A name, usually short and easy to remember and type, that is translated into another name or string, usually long and difficult to remember or type. Most {command interpreters} (e.g. {Unix}'s {csh}) allow the user to define aliases for commands, e.g. "alias l ls -al". These are loaded into memory when the interpreter starts and are expanded without needing to refer to any file. 2. "networking" One of several alternative {hostnames} with the same {Internet address}. E.g. in the {Unix} {hosts} database (/etc/hosts or {NIS} map) the first field on a line is the {Internet address}, the next is the official hostname (the "{canonical} name" or "{CNAME}"), and any others are aliases. Hostname aliases often indicate that the host with that alias provides a particular network service such as {archie}, {finger}, {FTP}, or {web}. The assignment of services to computers can then be changed simply by moving an alias (e.g. www.doc.ic.ac.uk) from one {Internet address} to another, without the clients needing to be aware of the change. 3. "file system" The name used by {Apple computer, Inc.} for {symbolic links} when they added them to the {System 7} {operating system} in 1991. (1997-10-22) 4. "programming" Two names ({identifiers}), usually of local or global {variables}, that refer to the same resource ({memory} location) are said to be aliased. Although names introduced in {programming languages} are typically mapped to different {memory} locations, aliasing can be introduced by the use of {address} arithmetic and {pointers} or language-specific features, like {C++} {references}. Statically deciding (e.g. via a {program analysis} executed by a sophisticated {compiler}) which locations of a {program} will be aliased at run time is an {undecidable} problem. [G. Ramalingam: "The Undecidability of Aliasing", ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), Volume 16, Issue 5, September 1994, Pages: 1467 - 1471, ISSN:0164-0925.] (2004-09-12)
almanac ::: n. --> A book or table, containing a calendar of days, and months, to which astronomical data and various statistics are often added, such as the times of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of churches, terms of courts, etc.
Alphard "language" (Named after the brightest star in Hydra) A {Pascal}-like language developed by Wulf, Shaw and London of {CMU} in 1974. Alphard supports {data abstraction} using the 'form', which combines a specification and an implementation. ["Abstraction and Verification in Alphard: Defining and Specifying Iteration and Generators", Mary Shaw, CACM 20(8):553-563, Aug 1977]. (1995-05-10)
ALTER "database" An {SQL} {Data Definition Language} command that adds or removes {columns} or {indexes} to/from a {table} or modifies the table definition in some other way. This differs from the INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE ({Data Modification Language}) commands in that those change the data stored in the table but not its definition. {MySQL ALTER TABLE command (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/alter-table.html)}. (2009-11-10)
Alternating bit protocol "networking" (ABP) A simple {data link layer} {protocol} that retransmits lost or corrupted messages. Messages are sent from transmitter A to receiver B. Assume that the channel from A to B is initialised and that there are no messages in transit. Each message contains a data part, a {checksum}, and a one-bit {sequence number}, i.e. a value that is 0 or 1. When A sends a message, it sends it continuously, with the same sequence number, until it receives an acknowledgment ({ACK}) from B that contains the same sequence number. When that happens, A complements (flips) the sequence number and starts transmitting the next message. When B receives a message from A, it checks the checksum. If the message is not corrupted B sends back an ACK with the same sequence number. If it is the first message with that sequence number then it is sent for processing. Subsequent messages with the same sequence bit are simply acknowledged. If the message is corrupted B sends back an negative/error acknowledgment ({NAK}). This is optional, as A will continue transmitting until it receives the correct ACK. A treats corrupted ACK messages, and NAK messages in the same way. The simplest behaviour is to ignore them all and continue transmitting. (2000-10-28)
Alternative Hypothesis ::: The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data.
Amdahl Corporation "company" A US computer manufacturer. Amdahl is a major supplier of large {mainframes}, {UNIX} and {Open Systems} software and servers, data storage subsystems, data communications products, applications development software, and a variety of educational and consulting services. Amdahl products are sold in more than 30 countries for use in both open systems and {IBM} plug-compatible mainframe computing environments. Quarterly sales $397M, profits $13M (Aug 1994). In 1997 Amdahl became a division of {Fujitsu}. {(http://amdahl.com/)}. (1995-05-23)
Amiga "computer" A range of home computers first released by {Commodore Business Machines} in early 1985 (though they did not design the original - see below). Amigas were popular for {games}, {video processing}, and {multimedia}. One notable feature is a hardware {blitter} for speeding up graphics operations on whole areas of the screen. The Amiga was originally called the Lorraine, and was developed by a company named "Amiga" or "Amiga, Inc.", funded by some doctors to produce a killer game machine. After the US game machine market collapsed, the Amiga company sold some {joysticks} but no Lorraines or any other computer. They eventually floundered and looked for a buyer. Commodore at that time bought the (mostly complete) Amiga machine, infused some money, and pushed it through the final stages of development in a hurry. Commodore released it sometime[?] in 1985. Most components within the machine were known by nicknames. The {coprocessor} commonly called the "Copper" is in fact the "{Video} Timing Coprocessor" and is split between two chips: the instruction fetch and execute units are in the "Agnus" chip, and the {pixel} timing circuits are in the "Denise" chip (A for address, D for data). "Agnus" and "Denise" were responsible for effects timed to the {real-time} position of the video scan, such as midscreen {palette} changes, {sprite multiplying}, and {resolution} changes. Different versions (in order) were: "Agnus" (could only address 512K of {video RAM}), "Fat Agnus" (in a {PLCC} package, could access 1MB of video RAM), "Super Agnus" (slightly upgraded "Fat Agnus"). "Agnus" and "Fat Agnus" came in {PAL} and {NTSC} versions, "Super Agnus" came in one version, jumper selectable for PAL or NTSC. "Agnus" was replaced by "Alice" in the A4000 and A1200, which allowed for more {DMA} channels and higher bus {bandwidth}. "Denise" outputs binary video data (3*4 bits) to the "Vidiot". The "Vidiot" is a hybrid that combines and amplifies the 12-bit video data from "Denise" into {RGB} to the {monitor}. Other chips were "Amber" (a "flicker fixer", used in the A3000 and Commodore display enhancer for the A2000), "Gary" ({I/O}, addressing, G for {glue logic}), "Buster" (the {bus controller}, which replaced "Gary" in the A2000), "Buster II" (for handling the Zorro II/III cards in the A3000, which meant that "Gary" was back again), "Ramsey" (The {RAM} controller), "DMAC" (The DMA controller chip for the WD33C93 {SCSI adaptor} used in the A3000 and on the A2091/A2092 SCSI adaptor card for the A2000; and to control the {CD-ROM} in the {CDTV}), and "Paula" ({Peripheral}, Audio, {UART}, {interrupt} Lines, and {bus Arbiter}). There were several Amiga chipsets: the "Old Chipset" (OCS), the "Enhanced Chipset" (ECS), and {AGA}. OCS included "Paula", "Gary", "Denise", and "Agnus". ECS had the same "Paula", "Gary", "Agnus" (could address 2MB of Chip RAM), "Super Denise" (upgraded to support "Agnus" so that a few new {screen modes} were available). With the introduction of the {Amiga A600} "Gary" was replaced with "Gayle" (though the chipset was still called ECS). "Gayle" provided a number of improvments but the main one was support for the A600's {PCMCIA} port. The AGA chipset had "Agnus" with twice the speed and a 24-bit palette, maximum displayable: 8 bits (256 colours), although the famous "{HAM}" (Hold And Modify) trick allows pictures of 256,000 colours to be displayed. AGA's "Paula" and "Gayle" were unchanged but AGA "Denise" supported AGA "Agnus"'s new screen modes. Unfortunately, even AGA "Paula" did not support High Density {floppy disk drives}. (The Amiga 4000, though, did support high density drives.) In order to use a high density disk drive Amiga HD floppy drives spin at half the rotational speed thus halving the data rate to "Paula". Commodore Business Machines went bankrupt on 1994-04-29, the German company {Escom AG} bought the rights to the Amiga on 1995-04-21 and the Commodore Amiga became the Escom Amiga. In April 1996 Escom were reported to be making the {Amiga} range again but they too fell on hard times and {Gateway 2000} (now called Gateway) bought the Amiga brand on 1997-05-15. Gateway licensed the Amiga operating system to a German hardware company called {Phase 5} on 1998-03-09. The following day, Phase 5 announced the introduction of a four-processor {PowerPC} based Amiga {clone} called the "{pre\box}". Since then, it has been announced that the new operating system will be a version of {QNX}. On 1998-06-25, a company called {Access Innovations Ltd} announced {plans (http://micktinker.co.uk/aaplus.html)} to build a new Amiga chip set, the {AA+}, based partly on the AGA chips but with new fully 32-bit functional core and 16-bit AGA {hardware register emulation} for {backward compatibility}. The new core promised improved memory access and video display DMA. By the end of 2000, Amiga development was under the control of a [new?] company called {Amiga, Inc.}. As well as continuing development of AmigaOS (version 3.9 released in December 2000), their "Digital Environment" is a {virtual machine} for multiple {platforms} conforming to the {ZICO} specification. As of 2000, it ran on {MIPS}, {ARM}, {PPC}, and {x86} processors. {(http://amiga.com/)}. {Amiga Web Directory (http://cucug.org/amiga.html)}. {amiCrawler (http://amicrawler.com/)}. Newsgroups: {news:comp.binaries.amiga}, {news:comp.sources.amiga}, {news:comp.sys.amiga}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.advocacy}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.announce}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.applications}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.audio}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.datacomm}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.emulations}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.games}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.graphics}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.hardware}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.introduction}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.marketplace}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.misc}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.multimedia}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.programmer}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.reviews}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.tech}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.telecomm}, {news:comp.Unix.amiga}. See {aminet}, {Amoeba}, {bomb}, {exec}, {gronk}, {guru meditation}, {Intuition}, {sidecar}, {slap on the side}, {Vulcan nerve pinch}. (2003-07-05)
Amplitude Modulation "communications" (AM) A method of encoding {data} by varying the {amplitude} of a constant {frequency} {carrier}. Contrast {Frequency Modulation}. (2001-04-30)
Amulet "processor" An implementation or the {Advanced RISC Machine} {microprocessor} architecture using the {micropipeline} design style. In April 1994 the Amulet group in the Computer Science department of {Manchester University} took delivery of the AMULET1 {microprocessor}. This was their first large scale asynchronous circuit and the world's first implementation of a commercial microprocessor architecture (ARM) in {asynchronous logic}. Work was begun at the end of 1990 and the design despatched for fabrication in February 1993. The primary intent was to demonstrate that an asynchronous microprocessor can consume less power than a synchronous design. The design incorporates a number of concurrent units which cooperate to give instruction level compatibility with the existing synchronous part. These include an Address unit, which autonomously generates instruction fetch requests and interleaves ({nondeterministic}ally) data requests from the Execution unit; a {Register} file which supplies operands, queues write destinations and handles data dependencies; an Execution unit which includes a multiplier, a shifter and an {ALU} with data-dependent delay; a Data interface which performs byte extraction and alignment and includes an {instruction prefetch} buffer, and a control path which performs {instruction decode}. These units only synchronise to exchange data. The design demonstrates that all the usual problems of processor design can be solved in this asynchronous framework: backward {instruction set} compatibility, {interrupts} and exact {exceptions} for {memory faults} are all covered. It also demonstrates some unusual behaviour, for instance {nondeterministic} prefetch depth beyond a branch instruction (though the instructions which actually get executed are, of course, deterministic). There are some unusual problems for {compiler} {optimisation}, as the metric which must be used to compare alternative code sequences is continuous rather than discrete, and the {nondeterminism} in external behaviour must also be taken into account. The chip was designed using a mixture of custom {datapath} and compiled control logic elements, as was the synchronous ARM. The fabrication technology is the same as that used for one version of the synchronous part, reducing the number of variables when comparing the two parts. Two silicon implementations have been received and preliminary measurements have been taken from these. The first is a 0.7um process and has achieved about 28 kDhrystones running the standard {benchmark} program. The other is a 1 um implementation and achieves about 20 kDhrystones. For the faster of the parts this is equivalent to a synchronous {ARM6} clocked at around 20MHz; in the case of AMULET1 it is likely that this speed is limited by the memory system cycle time (just over 50ns) rather than the processor chip itself. A fair comparison of devices at the same geometries gives the AMULET1 performance as about 70% of that of an {ARM6} running at 20MHz. Its power consumption is very similar to that of the ARM6; the AMULET1 therefore delivers about 80 MIPS/W (compared with around 120 from a 20MHz ARM6). Multiplication is several times faster on the AMULET1 owing to the inclusion of a specialised asynchronous multiplier. This performance is reasonable considering that the AMULET1 is a first generation part, whereas the synchronous ARM has undergone several design iterations. AMULET2 (under development in 1994) was expected to be three times faster than AMULET1 and use less power. The {macrocell} size (without {pad ring}) is 5.5 mm by 4.5 mm on a 1 micron {CMOS} process, which is about twice the area of the synchronous part. Some of the increase can be attributed to the more sophisticated organisation of the new part: it has a deeper {pipeline} than the clocked version and it supports multiple outstanding memory requests; there is also specialised circuitry to increase the multiplication speed. Although there is undoubtedly some overhead attributable to the asynchronous control logic, this is estimated to be closer to 20% than to the 100% suggested by the direct comparison. AMULET1 is code compatible with {ARM6} and is so is capable of running existing {binaries} without modification. The implementation also includes features such as interrupts and memory aborts. The work was part of a broad {ESPRIT} funded investigation into low-power technologies within the European {Open Microprocessor systems Initiative} (OMI) programme, where there is interest in low-power techniques both for portable equipment and (in the longer term) to alleviate the problems of the increasingly high dissipation of high-performance chips. This initial investigation into the role {asynchronous logic} might play has now demonstrated that asynchronous techniques can be applied to problems of the scale of a complete {microprocessor}. {(http://cs.man.ac.uk/amulet)}. (1994-12-08)
Analogies of Experience: (Ger. Analogien der Erfahrung) Kant's three dynamic principles (substantiality, reciprocity, and causality) of the understanding comprising the general category of relation, through which sense data are brought into the unity of experience. (See Kantianism.) -- O.F.K.
analogue computer "computer, hardware" A machine or electronic circuit designed to work on numerical data represented by some physical quantity (e.g. rotation or displacement) or electrical quantity (e.g. voltage or charge) which varies continuously, in contrast to {digital} signals which are either 0 or 1. For example, the turning of a wheel or changes in voltage can be used as input. Analogue computers are said to operate in {real time} and are used for research in design where many different shapes and speeds can be tried out quickly. A computer model of a car suspension allows the designer to see the effects of changing size, stiffness and damping. (1995-05-01)
Analogy: Originally a mathematical term, Analogia, meaning equality of ratios (Euclid VII Df. 20, V. Dfs. 5, 6), which entered Plato's philosophy (Republic 534a6), where it also expressed the epistemological doctrine that sensed things are related as their mathematical and ideal correlates. In modern usage analogy was identified with a weak form of reasoning in which "from the similarity of two things in certain particulars, their similarity in other particulars is inferred." (Century Dic.) Recently, the analysis of scientific method has given the term new significance. The observable data of science are denoted by concepts by inspection, whose complete meaning is given by something immediately apprehendable; its verified theory designating unobservable scientific objects is expressed by concepts by postulation, whose complete meaning is prescribed for them by the postulates of the deductive theory in which they occur. To verify such theory relations, termed epistemic correlations (J. Un. Sc. IX: 125-128), are required. When these are one-one, analogy exists in a very precise sense, since the concepts by inspection denoting observable data are then related as are the correlated concepts by postulation designating unobservable scientific objects. -- F.S.C.N. Analogy of Pythagoras: (Gr. analogia) The equality of ratios, or proportion, between the lengths of the strings producing the consonant notes of the musical scale. The discovery of these ratios is credited to Pythagoras, who is also said to have applied the principle of mathematical proportion to the other arts, and hence to have discovered, in his analogy, the secret of beauty in all its forms. -- G.R.M.
Analysis of Variance ::: An inferential statistical procedure used to test whether or not the means of two or more sets of data are equal to each other.
anandatattva (anandatattwa; ananda tattwa) ::: the principle of bliss, anandatattva usually referring not to the supreme ananda of saccidananda, but to its diluted manifestation on a lower plane.
ANCP "language" An early system on the {Datatron 200} series. [Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959]. (1995-11-15)
An Evolutionary System for On-line Programming "database" (AESOP) An early interactive {query system} on the {IBM 1800} using a {light pen}. ["AESOP: A Final Report: A Prototype Interactive Information Control System", J.K. Summers et al, in Information System Science and Technology, D. Walker ed, 1967]. [Sammet 1969, p. 703]. (1995-04-04)
anonymous FTP "networking" An interactive service provided by many {Internet} {hosts} allowing any user to transfer documents, files, programs, and other archived data using {File Transfer Protocol}. The user logs in using the special {user name} "ftp" or "anonymous" and his {e-mail address} as {password}. He then has access to a special directory hierarchy containing the publically accessible files, typically in a subdirectory called "pub". This is usually a separate area from files used by local users. A reference like ftp: euagate.eua.ericsson.se /pub/eua/erlang/info means that files are available by anonymous FTP from the host called euagate.eua.ericsson.se in the directory (or file) /pub/eua/erlang/info. Sometimes the {hostname} will be followed by an {Internet address} in parentheses. The directory will usually be given as a path relative to the anonymous FTP login directory. A reference to a file available by FTP may also be in the form of a {URL} starting "ftp:". See also {Archie}, {archive site}, {EFS}, {FTP by mail}, {web}. (1995-11-26)
ANSI/SPARC Architecture "architecture" (Or "ANSI/SPARC model") {ANSI/SPARC}'s layered model of {database} architecture comprising a {physical schema}, a {conceptual schema} and user {views}. [Reference?] (1998-12-17)
ANSI X12 "standard" Standards defining the structure, format, and content of business transactions conducted through {Electronic Data Interchange} (EDI). ANSI X12 is produced by the committee ASC X12, supported by the {Data Interchange Standards Association, Inc.} (DISA). [{(http://onlinewbc.org/Docs/procure/standard.html)}]. (1999-09-18)
ANSI Z39.50 "networking, standard" Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specification for Library Applications, officially known as ANSI/NISO Z39.50-1992, and ANSI/NISO Z39.50-1995. This {standard}, used by {WAIS}, specifies an {OSI} {application layer} service to allow an application on one computer to query a {database} on another. Z39.50 is used in libraries and for searching some databases on the {Internet}. The US {Library of Congress (http://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950/agency/)} is the official maintanence agency for Z39.50. {Index Data}, a Danish company, have released a lot of Z39.50 code. Their {website} explains the relevant {ISO} {standards} and how they are amicably converging in Z39.50 version 4.0. {Overview (http://nlc-bnc.ca/ifla/VI/5/op/udtop3.htm)}. {Z39.50 resources (http://lamp.cs.utas.edu.au/net.html
AOS 1. "programming" /aws/ (East Coast), /ay-os/ (West Coast) A {PDP-10} instruction that took any memory location and added 1 to it. AOS meant "Add One and do not Skip". Why, you may ask, does the "S" stand for "do not Skip" rather than for "Skip"? Ah, here was a beloved piece of PDP-10 folklore. There were eight such instructions: AOSE added 1 and then skipped the next instruction if the result was Equal to zero; AOSG added 1 and then skipped if the result was Greater than 0; AOSN added 1 and then skipped if the result was Not 0; AOSA added 1 and then skipped Always; and so on. Just plain AOS didn't say when to skip, so it never skipped. For similar reasons, AOJ meant "Add One and do not Jump". Even more bizarre, SKIP meant "do not SKIP"! If you wanted to skip the next instruction, you had to say "SKIPA". Likewise, JUMP meant "do not JUMP"; the unconditional form was JUMPA. However, hackers never did this. By some quirk of the 10's design, the {JRST} (Jump and ReSTore flag with no flag specified) was actually faster and so was invariably used. Such were the perverse mysteries of assembler programming. 2. "operating system" /A-O-S/ or /A-os/ A {Multics}-derived {operating system} supported at one time by {Data General}. A spoof of the standard AOS system administrator's manual ("How to Load and Generate your AOS System") was created, issued a part number, and circulated as photocopy folklore; it was called "How to Goad and Levitate your CHAOS System". 3. "operating system" Algebraic Operating System, in reference to those calculators which use {infix} {operators} instead of {postfix notation}. [{Jargon File}] (1995-11-26)
Apache "web, project" A {open source} {HTTP} server for {Unix}, {Windows NT}, and other {platforms}. Apache was developed in early 1995, based on code and ideas found in the most popular HTTP server of the time, {NCSA httpd} 1.3. It has since evolved to rival (and probably surpass) almost any other {Unix} based HTTP server in terms of functionality, and speed. Since April 1996 Apache has been the most popular HTTP server on the {Internet}, in May 1999 it was running on 57% of all web servers. It features highly configurable error messages, {DBM}-based {authentication} {databases}, and {content negotiation}. {(http://apache.org/httpd.html)}. {FAQ (http://apache.org/docs/misc/FAQ.html)}. (1999-10-27)
A posteriori: (Lat. following after) (a) In psychology and epistemology: refers to the data of the mind which owe their origin to the outside world of human experience. Such data are acquired by the mind and do not belong to the mind's native equipment (a priori). (b) In logic: a posteriori reasoning (as opposed to a priori reasoning) is inductive, i.e., the type which begins with observed facts and from these infers general conclusions. -- V.F.
Apple Attachment Unit Interface "hardware, networking" (AAUI) A 14-position, 0.050-inch-spaced ribbon contact connector. Early {Power Macs} and Quadras had an AAUI (Apple Attachment Unit Interface) {port} (rectangular shaped) for {Ethernet}, which requires a {transceiver}. To use {twisted pair} cabling, you would need to get a {twisted pair} transceiver for the computer with an AAUI port. Some {Power Mac} computers had both an AAUI and {RJ-45} port; you can use one or the other, but not both. The pin-out is: Pin Signal Name Signal Description ---- -------------- --------------------------------- 1 FN Pwr Power (+12V @ 2.1W or +5V @ 1.9W) 2 DI-A Data In circuit A 3 DI-B Data In circuit B 4 VCC Voltage Common 5 CI-A Control In circuit A 6 CI-B Control In circuit B 7 +5V +5 volts (from host) 8 +5V Secondary +5 volts (from host) 9 DO-A Data Out circuit A 10 DO-B Data Out circuit B 11 VCC Secondary Voltage Common 12 NC Reserved 13 NC Reserved 14 FN Pwr Secondary +12V @ 2.1W or +5V @ 1.9W Shell Protective Gnd Protective Ground AAUI signals have the same description, function, and electrical requirements as the {AUI} signals of the same name, as detailed in {IEEE 802.3}-1990 CSMA/CD Standard, section 7. (2000-02-10)
AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol "protocol" (ADSP) A {protocol} which provides a simple transport method for data accross a network. (1996-06-18)
AppleTalk Filing Protocol "networking" (AFP) A {client/server} {protocol} used in {AppleTalk} communications networks. In order for non-{Apple} networks to access data in an {AppleShare} {server}, their protocols must translate into the AFP language. See also: {Columbia AppleTalk Package}. (1998-06-28)
Application Configuration Access Protocol "protocol" (ACAP) A {protocol} which enhances {IMAP} by allowing the user to set up {address books}, user options, and other data for universal access. Currently (Feb 1997) no Internet proprietary products have implemented ACAP because the {Internet Engineering Task Force} has not yet approved the final specification. This was expected early in 1997. ["Your E-Mail Is Obsolete", Byte, Feb 1997]. (1997-05-03)
application enablement services "programming" {IBM}-speak for {APIs} to services such as telecoms, database, etc. within and between address spaces. (1999-01-20)
Application Executive "language" (AE) An {embeddable language}, written as a {C} {interpreter} by Brian Bliss at UIUC. AE is compiled with an {application} and thus exists in the same process and address space. It includes a {dbx} {symbol table} scanner to access compiled variables and routines, or you can enter them manually by providing a type/name declaration and the address. When the {interpreter} is invoked, {source code} fragments are read from the input stream (or a string), {parsed}, and evaluated immediately. The user can call compiled functions in addition to a few {built-in} intrinsics, declare new data types and data objects, etc. Different input streams can be evaluated in parallel on {Alliant} computers. AE has been ported to {SunOS} (cc or {gcc}), {Alliant FX} and {Cray YMP} (soon). {(ftp://sp2.csrd.uiuc.edu/pub/at.tar.Z)}. {(ftp://sp2.csrd.uiuc.edu/pub/bliss/ae.tex.Z)}. (1992-04-21)
application layer "networking" The top layer of the {OSI} seven layer model. This layer handles issues like {network transparency}, resource allocation and problem partitioning. The application layer is concerned with the user's view of the network (e.g. formatting {electronic mail} messages). The {presentation layer} provides the application layer with a familiar local representation of data independent of the format used on the network. (1994-11-28)
Application Protocol Data Unit "networking" (APDU) A {packet} of data exchanged between two {application} programs across a {network}. This is the highest level view of communication in the {OSI} {seven layer model} and a single packet exchanged at this level may actually be transmitted as several packets at a lower layer as well as having extra information (headers) added for {routing} etc. (1995-12-19)
application server 1. "software" A {designer}'s or {developer}'s suite of {software} that helps {programmers} isolate the {business logic} in their {programs} from the {platform}-related code. {Application} {servers} can handle all of the {application} {logic} and {connectivity} found in {client-server} {applications}. Many {application} {servers} also offer features such as {transaction management}, {clustering} and {failover}, and {load balancing}; nearly all offer {ODBC} support. {Application} {servers} range from small {footprint}, web-based {processors} for intelligent appliances or remote {embedded} devices, to complete environments for assembling, deploying, and maintaining {scalable} {multi-tier} applications across an {enterprise}. 2. "software" Production {programs} run on a mid-sized computer that handle all {application} operations between {browser}-based computers and an organisation's back-end business {applications} or {databases}. The {application} {server} works as a translator, allowing, for example, a customer with a {browser} to search an online retailer's {database} for pricing information. 3. "hardware" The device on which {application} {server} {software} runs. {Application Service Providers} offer commercial access to such devices. {Citrix Application Serving White Paper (http://citrix.com/press/corpinfo/application_serving_wp_0700.pdf)}. {Application Server Sites, a list maintained by Vayda & Herzum (http://componentfactory.org/links/appl.htm)}. {The Application Server Zone at DevX, (http://appserver-zone.com/default.asp)}. {TechMetrix Research's Application Server Directory, (http://techmetrix.com/trendmarkers/techmetrixasd.php3)}. (2001-03-30)
Application Service Element "networking" (ASE) Software in the {presentation layer} of the {OSI} seven layer model which provides an abstracted interface layer to service {application protocol data units} (APDU). Because {applications} and {networks} vary, ASEs are split into common services and specific services. Examples of services provided by the {common application service element} (CASE) include remote operations (ROSE) and {database} {concurrency control and recovery} (CCR). The {specific application service element} (SASE) provides more specialised services such as file transfer, database access, and order entry. {Csico docs (http://cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/osi_prot.htm)}. (2003-09-27)
Applicative Language for Digital Signal Processing "language" (ALDiSP) A {functional language} with special features for {real-time} {I/O} and numerical processing, developed at the {Technical University of Berlin} in 1989. ["An Applicative Real-Time Language for DSP - Programming Supporting Asynchronous Data-Flow Concepts", M. Freericks "mfx@cs.tu-berlin.de" in Microprocessing and Microprogramming 32, N-H 1991]. (1995-04-19)
APX III "language" An early system on the {Datatron 200} series. [Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)]. (1995-05-04)
AQL "language" A picture {query language}, extension of {APL}. ["AQL: A Relational Database Management System and Its Geographical Applications", F. Antonacci et al, in Database Techniques for Pictorial Applications, A. Blaser ed, pp. 569-599]. (1995-05-04)
arc 1. "file format, tool" An old {archive} format for {IBM PC}. The format is now so obscure that it is only likely to be supported by jack-of-all-trades decompression programs such as {WINZIP}. 2. "mathematics, data" An {edge} in a {tree}. "{branch}" is a generally more common synonym. (1998-12-29)
ARCnet "networking" A {network} developed by {DataPoint}. ARCnet was {proprietary} until the late 1980s and had about as large a marketshare as {Ethernet} among small businesses. It was almost as fast and was considerably cheaper at the time. (1995-01-16)
ARES "language" A pictorial {query language}. ["A Query Manipulation System for Image Data Retrieval", T. Ichikawa et al, Proc IEEE Workshop Picture Data Description and Management, Aug 1980, pp. 61-67]. (1995-10-10)
array 1. "programming" A collection of identically typed data items distinguished by their indices (or "subscripts"). The number of dimensions an array can have depends on the language but is usually unlimited. An array is a kind of {aggregate} data type. A single ordinary variable (a "{scalar}") could be considered as a zero-dimensional array. A one-dimensional array is also known as a "{vector}". A reference to an array element is written something like A[i,j,k] where A is the array name and i, j and k are the indices. The {C} language is peculiar in that each index is written in separate brackets, e.g. A[i][j][k]. This expresses the fact that, in C, an N-dimensional array is actually a vector, each of whose elements is an N-1 dimensional array. Elements of an array are usually stored contiguously. Languages differ as to whether the leftmost or rightmost index varies most rapidly, i.e. whether each row is stored contiguously or each column (for a 2D array). Arrays are appropriate for storing data which must be accessed in an unpredictable order, in contrast to {lists} which are best when accessed sequentially. Array indices are {integers}, usually {natural numbers}, whereas the elements of an {associative array} are identified by strings. 2. "architecture" A {processor array}, not to be confused with an {array processor}. (2007-10-12)
array processor "processor" (Or "vector processor") A {computer}, or extension to its {arithmetic unit}, that is capable of performing simultaneous computations on elements of an {array} or table of data in some number of dimensions. The {IBM AltiVec} (the "Velocity Engine" used in the {Apple G4} computers) is a vector processor. Common uses for array processors include analysis of fluid dynamics and rotation of {3d} objects, as well as data retrieval, in which elements of a {database} are scanned simultaneously. Array processors are very rare now (1998). {Array presentation (http://cs.njit.edu/leon/105/c5/index.htm)}. (2003-09-11)
artificial neural network "artificial intelligence" (ANN, commonly just "neural network" or "neural net") A network of many very simple processors ("units" or "neurons"), each possibly having a (small amount of) local memory. The units are connected by unidirectional communication channels ("connections"), which carry numeric (as opposed to symbolic) data. The units operate only on their local data and on the inputs they receive via the connections. A neural network is a processing device, either an {algorithm}, or actual hardware, whose design was inspired by the design and functioning of animal brains and components thereof. Most neural networks have some sort of "training" rule whereby the weights of connections are adjusted on the basis of presented patterns. In other words, neural networks "learn" from examples, just like children learn to recognise dogs from examples of dogs, and exhibit some structural capability for generalisation. Neurons are often elementary non-linear signal processors (in the limit they are simple threshold discriminators). Another feature of NNs which distinguishes them from other computing devices is a high degree of interconnection which allows a high degree of parallelism. Further, there is no idle memory containing data and programs, but rather each neuron is pre-programmed and continuously active. The term "neural net" should logically, but in common usage never does, also include biological neural networks, whose elementary structures are far more complicated than the mathematical models used for ANNs. See {Aspirin}, {Hopfield network}, {McCulloch-Pitts neuron}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.ai.neural-nets}. (1997-10-13)
ART "language" A {real-time} {functional language} developed by M. Broy in 1983. It timestamps each data value when it is created. ["Applicative Real-Time Programming", M. Broy, PROC IFIP 1983, N-H]. (1996-01-15)
As against the faulty ethical procedures of the past and of his own day, therefore, Kant very early conceived and developed the more critical concept of "form," -- not in the sense of a "mould" into which content is to be poured (a notion which has falselv been taken over by Kant-students from his theoretical philosophy into his ethics), but -- as a method of rational (not ratiocinative, but inductive) reflection; a method undetermined by, although not irrespective of, empirical data or considerations. This methodologically formal conception constitutes Kant's major distinctive contribution to ethical theory. It is a process of rational reflection, creative construction, and transition, and as such is held by him to be the only method capable if coping with the exigencies of the facts of hunnn experience and with the needs of moral obligation. By this method of creative construction the reflective (inductive) reason is able to create, as each new need for a next reflectively chosen step arises, a new object of "pure" -- that is to say, empirically undetermined -- "practical reason." This makes possible the transition from a present no longer adequate ethical conception or attitude to an untried and as yet "indemonstrable" object. No other method can guarantee the individual and social conditions of progress without which the notion of morality loses all assignable meaning. The newly constructed object of "pure practical reason" is assumed, in the event, to provide a type of life and conduct which, just because it is of my own construction, will be likely to be accompanied by the feeling of self-sufficiency which is the basic pre-requisite of any worthy human happiness. It is this theory which constitutes Kant's ethical formalism. See also Autonomy, Categorical Imperative, Duty, End(s), Freedom, Happiness, Law, Moral, Practical Imperative, Will. -- P. A.S.
ASCIIbetical order "jargon, programming" /as'kee-be'-t*-kl or'dr/ Used to indicate that data is sorted in {ASCII} collated order rather than alphabetical order. The main difference is that, in ASCII, all the upper case letters come before any of the lower case letters so, e.g., "Z" comes before "a". [{Jargon File}] (1999-04-08)
ASE 1. "programming" {Advanced Software Environment}. 2. "networking" {Application Service Element}. 3. "database" {Adaptive Server Enterprise}.
A
ASpecT "language" Algebraic specification of {abstract data types}. A {strict} {functional language} that compiles to {C}. Versions of ASpecT are available for {Sun}, {Ultrix}, {NeXT}, {Macintosh}, {OS/2} 2.0, {Linux}, {RS/6000}, {Atari}, {Amiga}. {(ftp://wowbagger.uni-bremen.de/pub/programming/languages)}. (1996-03-25)
assertion "programming" 1. An expression which, if false, indicates an {error}. Assertions are used for {debugging} by catching {can't happen} errors. 2. In {logic programming}, a new {fact} or {rule} added to the database by the program at {run time}. This is an {extralogical} or impure feature of logic programming languages. (1997-06-30)
asset management "business" The process whereby a large organisation collects and maintains a comprehensive list of the items it owns such as hardware and software. This data is used in connection with the financial aspects of ownership such as calculating the total cost of ownership, depreciation, licensing, maintenance, and insurance. (1997-03-30)
Astra Digital Radio "audio" {Digital Radio} over satellite, compatible with analog television transmissions. Alternatively the normal TV subcarriers can be modulated by a {MPEG-1 Layer-2} 48 kHz 192 kbps signal. Quality is better than analog carriers and only needs half the {bandwidth} (analog stereo = 2 carrier, digital stereo = 1 carrier). Quality is limited and the data rate can't be increased. (2001-12-13)
Astral "language" A programming language based on {Pascal}, never implemented. ["ASTRAL: A Structured and Unified Approach to Database Design and Manipulation", T. Amble et al, in Proc of the Database Architecture Conf, Venice, June 1979]. (2000-01-27)
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line "communications, protocol" (ADSL, or Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop) A form of {Digital Subscriber Line} in which the bandwidth available for {downstream} connection is significantly larger then for {upstream}. Although designed to minimise the effect of {crosstalk} between the upstream and downstream channels this setup is well suited for {web browsing} and {client}-{server} applications as well as for some emerging applications such as {video on demand}. The data-rate of ADSL strongly depends on the length and quality of the line connecting the end-user to the telephone company. Typically the upstream data flow is between 16 and 640 {kilobits} per second while the downstream data flow is between 1.5 and 9 {megabits} per second. ADSL also provides a voice channel. ADSL can carry digital data, analog voice, and broadcast {MPEG2} video in a variety of implementations to meet customer needs. ["Data Cooks, But Will Vendors Get Burned?", "Supercomm Spotlight On ADSL" & "Lucent Sells Paradine", Wilson & Carol, Inter@ctive Week Vol. 3
asynchronous "architecture" Not synchronised by a shared signal such as {clock} or {semaphore}, proceeding independently. Opposite: {synchronous}. 1. "operating system" A {process} in a {multitasking} system whose execution can proceed independently, "in the {background}". Other processes may be started before the asynchronous process has finished. 2. "communications" A communications system in which data transmission may start at any time and is indicated by a {start bit}, e.g. {EIA-232}. A data {byte} (or other element defined by the {protocol}) ends with a {stop bit}. A continuous marking condition (identical to stop bits but not quantized in time), is then maintained until data resumes. (1995-12-08)
Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter "communications, hardware" (ACIA) A kind of {integrated circuit} that provides data formatting and control to {EIA-232} serial interfaces. [Is this the same as a {UART}?] (1997-05-07)
asynchronous logic "architecture" A {data-driven} circuit design technique where, instead of the components sharing a common {clock} and exchanging data on clock edges, data is passed on as soon as it is available. This removes the need to distribute a common clock signal throughout the circuit with acceptable {clock skew}. It also helps to reduce power dissipation in {CMOS} circuits because {gates} only switch when they are doing useful work rather than on every clock edge. There are many kinds of asynchronous logic. Data signals may use either "dual rail encoding" or "data bundling". Each dual rail encoded {Boolean} is implemented as two wires. This allows the value and the timing information to be communicated for each data bit. Bundled data has one wire for each data bit and another for timing. Level sensitive circuits typically represent a logic one by a high voltage and a logic zero by a low voltage whereas transition signalling uses a change in the signal level to convey information. A speed independent design is tolerant to variations in gate speeds but not to propagation delays in wires; a delay insensitive circuit is tolerant to variations in wire delays as well. The purest form of circuit is delay-insensitive and uses dual-rail encoding with transition signalling. A transition on one wire indicates the arrival of a zero, a transition on the other the arrival of a one. The levels on the wires are of no significance. Such an approach enables the design of fully delay-insensitive circuits and automatic layout as the delays introduced by the layout compiler can't affect the functionality (only the performance). Level sensitive designs can use simpler, stateless logic gates but require a "return to zero" phase in each transition. {(http://cs.man.ac.uk/amulet/async/)}. (1995-01-18)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode "networking" (ATM, or "fast packet", "Asynchronous Transfer Mode Protocol", ATMP) A network {protocol} that dynamically allocates {bandwidth} between incoming channels and multiplexes them onto a stream of fixed 53-{byte} {packets} (called "cells"). A fixed-size packet simplifies switching and multiplexing. ATM is a {connection-oriented} protocol. It can use different {physical layer} transports including {SONET}, {DS3}, {fiber} or {twisted pair}. The {ATM Forum} is one of the main bodies promoting ATM. {Wideband ATM} is an enhancement. {ATM acronyms (http://atmforum.com/atmforum/acronym_index.html)}. {Indiana acronyms (http://cell-relay.indiana.edu/cell-relay/FAQ/ATM-Acronyms.html)}. [More detail? Data rate(s)?] (1996-04-01)
ATA-4 "storage" (Or "Ultra DMA", "UDMA", "Ultra-ATA", "Ultra-DMA/33") A development of the {Advanced Technology Attachment} specifications which gives nearly twice the maximum {transfer rate} of the {ATA-3} standard ({PIO} Mode 4). ATA-4 Extensions Ultra DMA/33 Synchronous DMA Mode maximum {burst transfer rates}: Mode Cycle Time Transfer Rate ns MB/s 0 235 16 1 160 24 2 120 33 This is achieved by improving timing windows in the {protocol} on the ATA interface; reducing propagation delays by {pipelining} data transfers and transferring data in {synchronous} (strobed) mode. Developed by {Quantum Corporation}, ATA-4 has been freely licensed to manufacturers and is supported by {Intel Corporation}. (1998-09-30)
atomic "jargon" (From Greek "atomos", indivisible) Indivisible; cannot be split up. For example, an instruction may be said to do several things "atomically", i.e. all the things are done immediately, and there is no chance of the instruction being half-completed or of another being interspersed. Used especially to convey that an operation cannot be interrupted. An atomic {data type} has no internal structure visible to the program. It can be represented by a flat {domain} (all elements are equally defined). Machine {integers} and {Booleans} are two examples. An atomic {database transaction} is one which is guaranteed to complete successfully or not at all. If an error prevents a partially-performed transaction from proceeding to completion, it must be "backed out" to prevent the database being left in an inconsistent state. [{Jargon File}] (2000-04-03)
attribute "data" A named value or relationship that exists for some or all {instances} of some {entity} and is directly associated with that instance. Examples include the {href} attribute of an {HTML} {anchor} element, the {columns} of a {database} {table} considered as attributes of each row, and the {members} ({properties} and {methods} of an {object} in {OOP}. This contrasts with the contents of some kind of container (e.g. an array), which are typically not named. The contents of an {associative array}, though they might be considered to be named by their key values, are not normally thought of as attributes. (2001-02-04)
audiographic teleconferencing "communications" (Or "electronic whiteboarding", "screen sharing") A form of {teleconferencing} in {real time} using both an {audio} and a data connection. The computer screen is shared by more than one site, and used as an electronic blackboard, overhead projector or still video projector. Some systems allow for sharing software also. (1995-10-06)
Auto Idle "processor" A facility provided by some {Intel} {clock doubled} {microprocessors} where the internal {clock} can be slowed to the external {clock rate} while the processor is waiting for {data} from {memory}, returning to full speed as soon as the data arrives. See also {System Management Mode}. (1994-11-09)
AUTOmated GRouPing system "tool, mathematics" (AUTOGRP) An interactive statistical analysis system, an extension of {CML}. ["AUTOGRP: An Interactive Computer System for the Analysis of Health Care Data", R.E. Mills et al, Medical Care 14(7), Jul 1976]. (1994-11-07)
automatic baud rate detection "communications" (ABR, autobaud) A process by which a receiving device determines the speed, {code level}, and {stop bits} of incoming data by examining the first character, usually a preselected sign-on character. ABR allows the receiving device to accept data from a variety of transmitting devices operating at different speeds without needing to establish data rates in advance. (1996-06-18)
Automatic Repeat Request "communications" (ARQ) A {modem} error control {protocol} in which the receiver asks the transmitter to resend corrupted data. (1995-11-14)
Avon "language" A {dataflow} language. ["AVON: A Dataflow Language", A. Deb, ICS 87, Second Intl Conf on Supercomputing, v.3, pp.9-19, ISI 1987]. (1994-11-28)
awk 1. "tool, language" (Named from the authors' initials) An interpreted language included with many versions of {Unix} for massaging text data, developed by Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan in 1978. It is characterised by {C}-like syntax, declaration-free variables, {associative arrays}, and field-oriented text processing. There is a {GNU} version called {gawk} and other varients including {bawk}, {mawk}, {nawk}, {tawk}. {Perl} was inspired in part by awk but is much more powerful. {Unix manual page}: awk(1). {netlib WWW (http://plan9.att.com/netlib/research/index.html)}. {netlib FTP (ftp://netlib.att.com/netlib/research/)}. ["The AWK Programming Language" A. Aho, B. Kernighan, P. Weinberger, A-W 1988]. 2. "jargon" An expression which is awkward to manipulate through normal {regexp} facilities, for example, one containing a {newline}. [{Jargon File}] (1995-10-06)
Babbage "language" The structured {assembly language} for the {General Electric Company} 4xxx range of computers and their {OS4000} {operating system}. It is strictly an assembler in that the generated code is relatively predictable but it can be written in a sufficiently structured manner, with indentation, control statements, function and procedure calls, to make the resultant source easy to read and manage. Even with this visible structure however, it is important to remember that the assembly of the statement is done left to right. The British {videotext} system, {Prestel} is programmed in Babbage. [Datamation, 1980s]. (2007-10-24)
babbling error "networking" An {Ethernet} node attempting to transmit more than 1518 data bytes - the largest allowed Ethernet {packet}. This is why the {Maximum Transmission Unit} for {IP} traffic on Ethernet is 1500. [Why 1518?] (1998-03-13)
Background: (Ger. Hintergrund) In Husserl: The nexus of objects and objective sense explicitly posited along with any object; the objective horizon. The perceptual background is part of the entire background in this broad sense. See Horizon. -- D.C . Bacon, Francis: (1561-1626) Inspired by the Renaissance, and in revolt against Aristotelianism and Scholastic Logic, proposed an inductive method of discovering truth, founded upon empirical observation, analysis of observed data, inference resulting in hypotheses, and verification of hypotheses through continued observation and experiment. The impediments to the use of this method are preconceptions and prejudices, grouped by Bacon under four headings, or Idols: The Idols of the Tribe, or racially "wishful," anthropocentric ways of thinking, e.g. explanation by final causes The Idols of the Cave or personal prejudices The Idols of the Market Place, or failure to define terms The Idol of the Theatre, or blind acceptance of tradition and authority. The use of the inductive method prescribes the extraction of the essential from the non-essential and the discovery of the underlying structure or form of the phenomena under investigation, through (a) comparison of instances, (b) study of concomitant variations, and (c) exclusion of negative instances.
backing store 1. "storage" Computer memory, usually {magnetic disks}, storing data and programs. Sections of this information can then be copied into the main memory ({RAM}) for processing. Backing store is cheaper but RAM is faster. Such a hierarchy of memory devices allows a trade-off between performance and cost. 2. "text" Character storage in memory or on disk, as opposed to displayed or printed characters. This distinction is important where the visual ordering of characters differs from the order in which they are stored, e.g. bidirectional or non-spacing layout. In a {Unicode} encoding, text is stored in sequential order in the backing store. Logical or backing store order corresponds to the order in which text is typed on the keyboard (after corrections such as insertions, deletions, and overtyping). A text rendering process converts Unicode text in the backing store to readable text. ["The Unicode Standard: Worldwide Character Encoding", Version 1.0, Vol. 1. Addison-Wesley, 1991]. (2001-02-25)
BackOffice "software" A suite of network {server} software from {Microsoft} that includes {Windows NT} Server, BackOffice Server (for the integrated development, deployment, and management of BackOffice applications in departments, branch offices, and medium sized businesses); {Exchange Server}; {Proxy Server}; {Site Server} for {intranet} publishing, management, and search; Site Server Commerce Edition For comprehensive {Internet commerce} transactions; {Small Business Server} for business operations, resource management, and customer relations; {SNA Server} for the integration of existing and new systems and data; {SQL Server} for scalable, reliable database and data-warehousing; {Systems Management Server} (SMS) for centralised change- and {configuration-management}. {(http://microsoft.com/backofficeserver/)}. (2000-12-16)
Backup Domain Controller "networking" (BDC) A server in a {network} of {Microsoft Windows} computers that maintains a copy of the {SAM} database and handles access requests that the {Primary Domain Controller} (PDC) doesn't respond to. There may be zero or more BDCs in a network. They increase reliability and reduce load on the PDC. (2006-09-18)
backup "operating system" ("back up" when used as a verb) A spare copy of a file, file system, or other resource for use in the event of failure or loss of the original. The term commonly refers to a copy of the files on a computer's {disks}, made periodically and kept on {magnetic tape} or other removable medium (also called a "{dump}"). This essential precaution is neglected by most new computer users until the first time they experience a {disk crash} or accidentally delete the only copy of the file they have been working on for the last six months. Ideally the backup copies should be kept at a different site or in a fire safe since, though your hardware may be insured against fire, the data on it is almost certainly neither insured nor easily replaced. See also {backup software}, {differential backup}, {incremental backup}, {full backup}. Compare {archive}, {source code management}. (2004-03-16)
backward compatibility "jargon" Able to share data or commands with older versions of itself, or sometimes other older systems, particularly systems it intends to supplant. Sometimes backward compatibility is limited to being able to read old data but does not extend to being able to write data in a format that can be read by old versions. For example, {WordPerfect} 6.0 can read WordPerfect 5.1 files, so it is backward compatible. It can be said that {Perl} is backward compatible with {awk}, because Perl was (among other things) intended to replace awk, and can, with a converter, run awk programs. See also: {backward combatability}. Compare: {forward compatible}. (2003-06-23)
bandwidth "communications" The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies of a transmission channel (the width of its allocated band of frequencies). The term is often used erroneously to mean {data rate} or capacity - the amount of {data} that is, or can be, sent through a given communications circuit per second. [How is data capacity related to bandwidth?] [{Jargon File}] (2001-04-24)
Barbara Liskov "person" Professor Barbara Liskov was the first US woman to be awarded a PhD in computing, and her innovations can be found in every modern programming language. She currently (2009) heads the Programming Methodology Group at the {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}. Professor Liskov's design innovations have, over the decades, made software more reliable and easier to maintain. She has invented two computer progamming languages: {CLU}, an {object-oriented language}, and {Argus}, a {distributed programming language}. Liskov's research forms the basis of modern programming languages such as {Java}, {C
bar code "convention" A printed horizontal strip of vertical bars of varying widths, groups of which represent decimal digits and are used for identifying commercial products or parts. Bar codes are read by a bar code reader and the code interpreted either through {software} or a {hardware} decoder. All products sold in open trade are numbered and bar-coded to a worldwide standard, which was introduced in the US in 1973 and to the rest of the world in 1977. The Uniform Code Council in the US, along with the international article numbering authority, EAN International, allocate blocks of unique 12 or 13-digit numbers to member companies through a national numbering authority. In Britain this is the Article Number Association. Most companies are allocated 100,000 numbers that they can use to identify any of their products, services or locations. Each code typically contains a leading "quiet" zone, start character, data character, optional {check digit}, stop character and a trailing quiet zone. The check digit is used to verify that the number has been scanned correctly. The quiet zone could be white, red or yellow if viewed by a red scanner. Bar code readers usually use visible red light with a wavelength between 632.8 and 680 nanometres. [Details of code?] (1997-07-18)
barrel shifter "hardware" A hardware device that can shift or rotate a data word by any number of bits in a single operation. It is implemented like a {multiplexor}, each output can be connected to any input depending on the shift distance. (1995-03-28)
base 64 "file format, algorithm" A file format using 64 {ASCII} characters to encode the six bit {binary data} values 0-63. To convert data to base 64, the first byte is placed in the most significant eight bits of a 24-bit buffer, the next in the middle eight, and the third in the least significant eight bits. If there a fewer than three bytes to encode, the corresponding buffer bits will be zero. The buffer is then used, six bits at a time, most significant first, as indices into the string "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/" and the indicated character output. If there were only one or two input bytes, the output is padded with two or one "=" characters respectively. This prevents extra bits being added to the reconstructed data. The process then repeats on the remaining input data. Base 64 is used when transmitting binary data through text-only media such as {electronic mail}, and has largely replaced the older {uuencode} encoding. (2004-07-17)
Basic Encoding Rules "protocol, standard" (BER) {ASN.1} encoding rules for producing self-identifying and self-delimiting {transfer syntax} for data structures described in {ASN.1} notations. BER is an self-identifying and self-delimiting encoding scheme, which means that each data value can be identified, extracted and decoded individually. Huw Rogers once described BER as "a triumph of bloated theory over clean implementation". He also criticises it as designed around bitstreams with arbitrary boundaries between data which can only be determined at a high level. Documents: {ITU-T} X.690, {ISO} 8825-1. See also {CER}, {DER}, {PER}. (1998-05-28)
Basic Rate Interface "communications" (BRI, 2B+D, 2B1D) An {Integrated Services Digital Network} channel consisting of two 64 {kbps} "bearer" (B) channels and one 16 kbps "delta" (D) channel, giving a total data rate of 144 kbps. The B channels are used for voice or user data, and the D channel is used for control and signalling and/or {X.25} {packet} networking. BRI is the kind of ISDN interface most likely to be found in residential service. (2002-01-13)
Basic Sentences, Protocol Sentences: Sentences formulating the result of observations or perceptions or other experiences, furnishing the basis for empirical verification or confirmation (see Verification). Some philosophers take sentences concerning observable properties of physical things as basic sentences, others take sentences concerning sense-data or perceptions. The sentences of the latter kind are regarded by some philosophers as completely verifiable, while others believe that all factual sentences can be confirmed only to some degree. See Scientific Empiricism. -- R.C.
Bastard Operator From Hell "humour" (BOFH) A rogue {network operator} character invented by Simon Travaglia "simontrav@hotmail.com", regularly featured in "Computing" and "DATAMATION" magazine. See also: {Dilbert}. {(http://angelfire.com/bc/simont/index.html)}. (1999-09-17)
baud "communications, unit" /bawd/ (plural "baud") The unit in which the information carrying capacity or "{signalling rate}" of a communication channel is measured. One baud is one symbol (state-transition or level-transition) per second. This coincides with bits per second only for two-level {modulation} with no {framing} or {stop bits}. A symbol is a unique state of the communication channel, distinguishable by the receiver from all other possible states. For example, it may be one of two voltage levels on a wire for a direct digital connection or it might be the phase or frequency of a carrier. The term "baud" was originally a unit of telegraph signalling speed, set at one {Morse code} dot per second. Or, more generally, the reciprocal of the duration of the shortest signalling element. It was proposed at the International Telegraph Conference of 1927, and named after {J.M.E. Baudot} (1845-1903), the French engineer who constructed the first successful teleprinter. The UK {PSTN} will support a maximum rate of 600 baud but each baud may carry between 1 and 16 bits depending on the coding (e.g. {QAM}). Where data is transmitted as {packets}, e.g. characters, the actual "data rate" of a channel is R D / P where R is the "raw" rate in bits per second, D is the number of data bits in a packet and P is the total number of bits in a packet (including packet overhead). The term "baud" causes much confusion and is usually best avoided. Use "bits per second" (bps), "bytes per second" or "characters per second" (cps) if that's what you mean. (1998-02-14)
bay "hardware" (As in an aeroplane "cargo bay") A space in a cabinet into which a device of a certain size can be physically mounted and connected to power and data. Common examples are a "drive bay" into which a {disk drive} (usually either 3.5 inch or 5.25 inch) can be inserted or the space in a {docking station} where you insert a {notebook computer} or {laptop computer} to work as a {desktop computer} or to charge their batteries, print or connect to the office network, etc. (1999-01-11)
datable ::: a. --> That may be dated; having a known or ascertainable date.
data ::: n. pl. --> See Datum. ::: pl. --> of Datum
dataria ::: n. --> Formerly, a part of the Roman chancery; now, a separate office from which are sent graces or favors, cognizable in foro externo, such as appointments to benefices. The name is derived from the word datum, given or dated (with the indications of the time and place of granting the gift or favor).
datary ::: n. --> An officer in the pope&
BDPA {Black Data Processing Associates}
bearer channel "communications" Originally, a channel suited for carrying one voice-grade connection. Typically a {DS0} channel. Compare {data channel}. (1997-03-7)
BEDO {Burst Extended Data Out DRAM}
BELL An early system on the {IBM 650} and {Datatron 200} series. Versions: BELL L2, BELL L3. [Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)]. [Is Datatron version the same?] (1994-12-06)
Berkeley Network (B-NET) Top level {Unix} {Ethernet} software developed at the {University of California at Berkeley}. There are no formal specifications but UCB's {4.2BSD} {Unix} implementation on the {VAX} is the de facto standard. Distributed by {Unisoft}. Includes net.o driver routines for specific hardware, {pseudo ttys}, {daemons}, hostname command to set/get name, /etc/hosts database of names and {Internet address}es of other hosts, /etc/hosts.equiv host-wide database to control remote access, .rhosts per user version of hosts.equiv. UCB's implementation of the {Internet Protocol} includes trailers to improve performance on paged memory management systems such as {VAXen}. These trailers are an exception to the Internet Protocol specification.
Bernstein condition "parallel" Processes cannot execute in parallel if one effects values used by the other. Nor can they execute in parallel if any subsequent process uses data effected by both, i.e. whose value might depend on the order of execution. (1995-02-23)
BibTeX "text, tool" A {Tex} extension package for bibliographic citations, distributed with {LaTeX}. BibTeX uses a style-independent bibliography database (.bib file) to produce a list of sources, in a customisable style, from citations in a Latex document. It also supports some other formats. BibTeX is a separate program from LaTeX. LaTeX writes information about citations and which .bib files to use in a ".aux" file. BibTeX reads this file and outputs a ".bbl" file containing LaTeX commands to produce the source list. You must then run LaTeX again to incorporate the source list in your document. In typeset documents, "BibTeX" is written in upper case, with the "IB" slightly smaller and with the "E" as a subscript. BibTeX is described in the {LaTeX} book by Lamport.
Big bag of pages (BIBOP) Where data objects are tagged with some kind of descriptor (giving their size or type for example) memory can be saved by storing objects with the same descriptor in one "page" of memory. The most significant bits of an object's address are used as the BIBOP page number. This is looked up in a BIBOP table to find the descriptor for all objects in that page. This idea is similar to the "zones" used in some {Lisp} systems (e.g. {LeLisp}). [David R. Hanson. "A portable storage management system for the Icon programming language". Software - Practise and Experience, 10:489-500 1980]. (1994-11-29)
big-endian 1. "data, architecture" A computer {architecture} in which, within a given multi-{byte} numeric representation, the most significant byte has the lowest address (the word is stored "big-end-first"). Most processors, including the {IBM 370} family, the {PDP-10}, the {Motorola} {microprocessor} families, and most of the various {RISC} designs current in mid-1993, are big-endian. See {-endian}. 2. "networking, standard" A backward {electronic mail address}. The world now follows the {Internet} {hostname} {standard} (see {FQDN}) and writes e-mail addresses starting with the name of the computer and ending up with the {country code} (e.g. fred@doc.acme.ac.uk). In the United Kingdom the {Joint Networking Team} decided to do it the other way round (e.g. me@uk.ac.wigan.cs) before the {Internet} {domain} standard was established. Most {gateway sites} required {ad-hockery} in their {mailers} to handle this. By July 1994 this parochial idiosyncracy was on the way out and mailers started to reject big-endian addresses. By about 1996, people would look at you strangely if you suggested such a bizarre thing might ever have existed. [{Jargon File}] (1998-08-09)
Big Gray Wall "jargon" What faces a {VMS} user searching for documentation. A full VMS kit comes on a pallet, the documentation taking up around 15 feet of shelf space before the addition of layered products such as {compilers}, {databases}, multi-vendor networking, and programming tools. Recent (since VMS version 5) DEC documentation comes with grey binders; under VMS version 4 the binders were orange and under version 3 they were blue. Often contracted to "Gray Wall". [{Jargon File}] (1995-03-07)
bignum "programming" /big'nuhm/ (Originally from {MIT} {MacLISP}) A {multiple-precision} computer representation for very large integers. Most computer languages provide a type of data called "integer", but such computer integers are usually limited in size; usually they must be smaller than 2^31 (2,147,483,648) or (on a {bitty box}) 2^15 (32,768). If you want to work with numbers larger than that, you have to use {floating-point} numbers, which are usually accurate to only six or seven decimal places. Computer languages that provide bignums can perform exact calculations on very large numbers, such as 1000! (the factorial of 1000, which is 1000 times 999 times 998 times ... times 2 times 1). For example, this value for 1000! was computed by the {MacLISP} system using bignums: 40238726007709377354370243392300398571937486421071 46325437999104299385123986290205920442084869694048 00479988610197196058631666872994808558901323829669 94459099742450408707375991882362772718873251977950 59509952761208749754624970436014182780946464962910 56393887437886487337119181045825783647849977012476 63288983595573543251318532395846307555740911426241 74743493475534286465766116677973966688202912073791 43853719588249808126867838374559731746136085379534 52422158659320192809087829730843139284440328123155 86110369768013573042161687476096758713483120254785 89320767169132448426236131412508780208000261683151 02734182797770478463586817016436502415369139828126 48102130927612448963599287051149649754199093422215 66832572080821333186116811553615836546984046708975 60290095053761647584772842188967964624494516076535 34081989013854424879849599533191017233555566021394 50399736280750137837615307127761926849034352625200 01588853514733161170210396817592151090778801939317 81141945452572238655414610628921879602238389714760 88506276862967146674697562911234082439208160153780 88989396451826324367161676217916890977991190375403 12746222899880051954444142820121873617459926429565 81746628302955570299024324153181617210465832036786 90611726015878352075151628422554026517048330422614 39742869330616908979684825901254583271682264580665 26769958652682272807075781391858178889652208164348 34482599326604336766017699961283186078838615027946 59551311565520360939881806121385586003014356945272 24206344631797460594682573103790084024432438465657 24501440282188525247093519062092902313649327349756 55139587205596542287497740114133469627154228458623 77387538230483865688976461927383814900140767310446 64025989949022222176590433990188601856652648506179 97023561938970178600408118897299183110211712298459 01641921068884387121855646124960798722908519296819 37238864261483965738229112312502418664935314397013 74285319266498753372189406942814341185201580141233 44828015051399694290153483077644569099073152433278 28826986460278986432113908350621709500259738986355 42771967428222487575867657523442202075736305694988 25087968928162753848863396909959826280956121450994 87170124451646126037902930912088908694202851064018 21543994571568059418727489980942547421735824010636 77404595741785160829230135358081840096996372524230 56085590370062427124341690900415369010593398383577 79394109700277534720000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000. [{Jargon File}] (1996-06-27)
binary data {binary file}
binary coded decimal "data" (BCD, packed decimal) A number representation where a number is expressed as a sequence of decimal digits and then each decimal digit is encoded as a four-bit binary number (a {nibble}). E.g. decimal 92 would be encoded as the eight-bit sequence 1001 0010. In some cases, the right-most nibble contains the sign (positive or negative). It is easier to convert decimal numbers to and from BCD than binary and, though BCD is often converted to binary for arithmetic processing, it is possible to build {hardware} that operates directly on BCD. [Do calculators use BCD?] (2001-01-27)
binary file "file format" Any {file format} for {digital} {data} that does not consist of a sequence of printable {characters} ({text}). The term is often used for executable {machine code}. All digital data, including characters, is actually binary data (unless it uses some (rare) system with more than two discrete levels) but the distinction between binary and text is well established. On modern {operating systems} a text file is simply a binary file that happens to contain only printable characters, but some older systems distinguish the two file types, requiring programs to handle them differently. A common class of binary files is programs in {machine language} ("{executable} files") ready to load into memory and execute. Binary files may also be used to store data output by a program, and intended to be read by that or another program but not by humans. Binary files are more efficient for this purpose because the data (e.g. numerical data) does not need to be converted between the binary form used by the {CPU} and a printable (ASCII) representation. The disadvantage is that it is usually necessary to write special purpose programs to manipulate such files since most general purpose utilities operate on text files. There is also a problem sharing binary numerical data between processors with different {endian}ness. Some communications {protocols} handle only text files, e.g. most {electronic mail} systems before {MIME} became widespread in about 1995. The {FTP} utility must be put into "binary" mode in order to copy a binary file since in its default "ascii" mode translates between the different {newline} characters used on the sending and receiving computers. Confusingly, some {word processor} files, and {rich text} files, are actually binary files because they contain non-printable characters and require special programs to view, edit and print them. (2005-02-21)
binary large object "database" (BLOB) A large block of data stored in a {database}, such as an {image} or {sound} file. A BLOB has no structure which can be interpreted by the {database management system} but is known only by its size and location. (1997-11-04)
binary prefix "unit" (Or "IEC prefix") A prefix used with a {unit} of {data} to mean multiplication by a power of 1024. Binary prefixes are most often used with "{byte}" (e.g. "{kilobyte}") but also with {bit} (e.g. "{megabit}"). For example, the term {kilobyte} has historically been used to mean 1024 {bytes}, and {megabyte} to mean 1,048,576 bytes. The multipliers 1024 and 1,048,576 are powers of 1024, which is itself a power of two (1024 = 2^10). It is this factor of two that gives the name "binary prefix". This is in contrast to a {decimal prefix} denoting a power of 1000, which is itself a power of ten (1000 = 10^3). Decimal prefixes are used in science and engineering and are specified in widely adopted {SI} standards. Note that the actual prefix - kilo or mega - is the same, it is the interpretation that differs. The difference between the two interpretations increases with each multiplication, so while 1000 and 1024 differ by only 2.4%, 1000^6 and 1024^6 differ by 15%. The 1024-based interpretation of prefixes is often still used informally and especially when discussing the storage capacity of {random-access memory}. This has lead to storage device manufacturers being accused of false marketing for using the decimal interpretation where customers might assume the larger, historical, binary interpretation. In an attempt to clarify the distinction, in 1998 the {IEC} specified that kilobyte, megabyte, etc. should only be used for powers of 1000 (following SI). They specified new prefixes for powers of 1024 containing "bi" for "binary": {kibibyte}, {mebibyte}, etc.; an idea originally propsed by {IUPAC}. IEC also specified new abbreviations Ki, Mi, etc. for the new prefixes. Many other standards bodies such as {NIST}, {IEEE} and {BIPM} support this proposal but as of 2013 its use is rare in non-technical circles. Specific units of IEC 60027-2 A.2 and ISO/IEC 80000 IEC prefix Representations Customary prefix Name Symbol Base 2 Base Base 10 Name Symbol 1024 (approx) kibi Ki 2^10 1024^1 1.02x10^3 kilo k, K mebi Mi 2^20 1024^2 1.05x10^6 mega M gibi Gi 2^30 1024^3 1.07x10^9 giga G tebi Ti 2^40 1024^4 1.10x10^12 tera T pebi Pi 2^50 1024^5 1.13x10^15 peta P exbi Ei 2^60 1024^6 1.15x10^18 exa E zebi Zi 2^70 1024^7 1.18x10^21 zetta Z yobi Yi 2^80 1024^8 1.21x10^24 yotta Y (2013-11-04)
binary tree (btree) A {tree} in which each node has at most two successors or child nodes. In {Haskell} this could be represented as data BTree a = NilTree | Node a (BTree a) (BTree a) See also {balanced tree}. (1994-11-29)
bindery "networking" A {Novell Netware} database that contains definitions for entities such as users, groups, and {workgroups}. The bindery allows the network supervisor to design an organised and secure operating environment based on the individual requirements of each of these entities. The bindery has three components: objects, properties, and property data sets. Objects represent any physical or logical entity, including users, user groups, file servers. Properties are characteristics of each object (e.g. passwords, account restrictions, {internetwork addresses}). Property data sets are the values assigned to an entity's bindery properties. [Netware Version 3.11 "Concepts" documentation (a glossary of Netware-related terms)]. (1996-03-07)
BioMeDical Package "language, library, statistics" (BMDP) A statistical language and library of over forty statistical routines developed in 1961 at {UCLA}, Health Sciences Computing Facility under Dr. Wilford Dixon. BMDP was first implemented in {Fortran} for the {IBM 7090}. Tapes of the original source were distributed for free all over the world. BMDP is the second iteration of the original {BIMED} programs. It was developed at {UCLA} Health Sciences Computing facility, with NIH funding. The "P" in BMDP originally stood for "parameter" but was later changed to "package". BMDP used keyword parameters to defined what was to be done rather than the fixed card format used by original BIMED programs. BMDP supports many statistical funtions: simple data description, {survival analysis}, {ANOVA}, {multivariate analyses}, {regression analysis}, and {time series} analysis. BMDP Professional combines the full suite of BMDP Classic (Dynamic) release 7.0 with the BMDP New System 2.0 {Windows} front-end. {BMDP from Statistical Solutions (http://statsol.ie/bmdp/bmdp.htm)}. (2004-01-14)
bit bang Transmission of data on a {serial line} accomplished by rapidly changing a single output bit, in software, at the appropriate times. The technique is a simple loop with eight OUT and SHIFT instruction pairs for each byte. Input is more interesting. And {full-duplex} (doing input and output at the same time) is one way to separate the real hackers from the {wannabees}. Bit bang was used on certain early models of {Prime} computers, presumably when {UARTs} were too expensive, and on archaic {Zilog Z80} micros with a {Zilog} PIO but no SIO. In an interesting instance of the {cycle of reincarnation}, this technique is now (1991) coming back into use on some {RISC} architectures because it consumes such an infinitesimal part of the processor that it actually makes sense not to have a {UART}. [{Jargon File}]
bit bashing (Also "bit diddling" or {bit twiddling}). Any of several kinds of low-level programming characterised by manipulation of {bit}, {flag}, {nibble}, and other smaller-than-character-sized pieces of data. These include low-level device control, encryption algorithms, checksum and error-correcting codes, hash functions, some flavours of graphics programming (see {bitblt}), and assembler/compiler code generation. May connote either tedium or a real technical challenge (more usually the former). "The command decoding for the new tape driver looks pretty solid but the bit-bashing for the control registers still has bugs." See also {bit bang}, {mode bit}.
bit bucket "jargon" 1. (Or "{write-only memory}", "WOM") The universal data sink (originally, the mythical receptacle used to catch bits when they fall off the end of a {register} during a {shift} instruction). Discarded, lost, or destroyed data is said to have "gone to the bit bucket". On {Unix}, often used for {/dev/null}. Sometimes amplified as "the Great Bit Bucket in the Sky". 2. The place where all lost mail and news messages eventually go. The selection is performed according to {Finagle's Law}; important mail is much more likely to end up in the bit bucket than junk mail, which has an almost 100% probability of getting delivered. Routing to the bit bucket is automatically performed by mail-transfer agents, news systems, and the lower layers of the network. 3. The ideal location for all unwanted mail responses: "Flames about this article to the bit bucket." Such a request is guaranteed to overflow one's mailbox with flames. 4. Excuse for all mail that has not been sent. "I mailed you those figures last week; they must have landed in the bit bucket." Compare {black hole}. This term is used purely in jest. It is based on the fanciful notion that bits are objects that are not destroyed but only misplaced. This appears to have been a mutation of an earlier term "bit box", about which the same legend was current; old-time hackers also report that trainees used to be told that when the CPU stored bits into memory it was actually pulling them "out of the bit box". Another variant of this legend has it that, as a consequence of the "parity preservation law", the number of 1 bits that go to the bit bucket must equal the number of 0 bits. Any imbalance results in bits filling up the bit bucket. A qualified computer technician can empty a full bit bucket as part of scheduled maintenance. In contrast, a "{chad box}" is a real container used to catch {chad}. This may be related to the origin of the term "bit bucket" [Comments ?]. (1996-11-20)
Bit Error Rate "data, communications" (BER) The fraction of a message or block of {data} that is wrong. (2003-03-25)
bit field "data" Part of an item of data, storage location or message, identified as a certain number of contiguous {bits} starting at a certain bit position within the data. Bit position zero is usually the least significant bit. For example, in an {ARM} {machine code} instruction the four-bit field at bits 28 to 31 (the four most significant bits in the 32-bit word) is the "condition code". (2007-03-26)
bitmap display "hardware" A computer {output device} where each {pixel} displayed on the {monitor} screen corresponds directly to one or more {bits} in the computer's {video memory}. Such a display can be updated extremely rapidly since changing a pixel involves only a single processor write to memory compared with a {terminal} or {VDU} connected via a serial line where the speed of the serial line limits the speed at which the display can be changed. Most modern {personal computers} and {workstations} have bitmap displays, allowing the efficient use of {graphical user interfaces}, interactive graphics and a choice of on-screen {fonts}. Some more expensive systems still delegate graphics operations to dedicated hardware such as {graphics accelerators}. The bitmap display might be traced back to the earliest days of computing when the Manchester University Mark I(?) computer, developed by F.C. Williams and T. Kilburn shortly after the Second World War. This used a {storage tube} as its {working memory}. Phosphor dots were used to store single bits of data which could be read by the user and interpreted as binary numbers. [Is this history correct? Was it ever used to display "graphics"? What was the resolution?] (2002-05-15)
bitmap "graphics, file format" A data file or structure which corresponds {bit} for bit with an {image} displayed on a screen, probably in the same format as it would be stored in the display's {video memory} or maybe as a {device independent bitmap}. A bitmap is characterised by the width and height of the image in {pixels} and the number of bits per pixel which determines the number of shades of grey or colours it can represent. A bitmap representing a coloured image (a "{pixmap}") will usually have pixels with between one and eight bits for each of the red, green, and blue components, though other colour encodings are also used. The green component sometimes has more bits that the other two to cater for the human eye's greater discrimination in this component. See also {vector graphics}, {image formats}. (1996-09-21)
bit pattern "data" A sequence of {bits}, in a memory, a communications channel or some other device. The term is used to contrast this with some higher level interpretation of the bits such as an integer or an {image}. A {bit string} is similar but suggests an arbitrary, as opposed to predetermined, length. (1998-09-27)
bit plane "graphics" (Or "bitplane") The memory in a graphic display device which holds a complete one-bit-per-{pixel} image. Several bit planes may be used in conjunction to give more bits per pixel or to overlay several images or mask one with another. "Bit plane" may be used as a synonym for "{bitmap}", though the latter suggests the data itself rather than the memory and also suggests a graphics file format. (1997-03-16)
bit rate "communications, digital signal processing" (Or "bitrate") A {data rate} expressed in bits per second. This is a similar to {baud} but the latter is more applicable to channels with more than two states. The common units of bit rate are {kilobits per second} (Kbps) and {megabits per second} (Mbps). In data rates, the multipliers "k", "M", etc. stand for powers of 1000 not powers of 1024. The term is also commonly used when discussing digital {sampling} and {sample rates}. For example, the {MP3} audio {compaction} algorithm is often set to ouput files with a bitrate of 120 kbps. This means that the file contains an average of 120 kilobits for each second of audio (900 KB per minute). This compares with {CD audio} which is encoded at 44100 16-bit stereo samples per second or 1408 kbps. (2003-05-19)
bit slice "architecture" A technique for constructing a {processor} from modules, each of which processes one {bit-field} or "slice" of an {operand}. Bit slice processors usually consist of an {ALU} of 1, 2, 4 or 8 bits and control lines (including {carry} or {overflow} signals usually internal to the {CPU}). For example, two 4-bit ALUs could be arranged side by side, with control lines between them, to form an 8-bit ALU. A {sequencer} executes a program to provide data and control signals. The {AMD Am2901} is an example. (1994-11-15)
bits per second "communications, unit" (bps, b/s) The unit in which {data rate} is measured. For example, a {modem}'s data rate is usually measured in {kilobits} per second. In 1996, the maximum modem speed for use on the {PSTN} was 33.6 kbps, rising to 56 kbps in 1997. Note that kilo- (k), mega- (M), etc. in data rates denote powers of 1000, not 1024. (2002-03-23)
bit string "programming, data" An ordered sequence of {bits}. This is very similar to a {bit pattern} except that the term "string" suggests an arbitrary length sequence as opposed to a pre-determined length "pattern".
bit stuffing "protocol" A {protocol} which guarantees the receiver of {synchronous} data can recover the sender's clock. When the data stream sent contains a large number of adjacent bits which cause no transition of the signal, the receiver cannot adjust its clock to maintain proper synchronised reception. To eliminate the possibility of such a pathological case, when a preset number of transitionless bits have been transmitted, a bit which does cause a transition is "stuffed" (transmitted) by the sender. The receiver follows the same protocol and removes the stuffed bit after the specified number of transitionless bits, but can use the stuffed bit to recover the sender's clock. The advantage of bit stuffing is that only a bit (not a {byte}) is inserted in the data stream, and that only when the content of the data stream fails to provide a timing signal to the receiver. Thus very nearly 100% of the bits transported are useful data. In contrast, {asynchronous} transmission of data "throws away" a start bit and one or more stop bits for each data byte sent. (1996-04-23)
BitTorrent "networking" A popular, distributed form of {peer-to-peer} {file sharing} that enables a {client} program to fetch different parts of a file (a "torrent") from different sources in parallel. The system is designed to encourage users to make downloaded data available for others to upload. This is aided by a scheme for exchanging unique identifiers, commonly stored in ".torrent" files. A downloader who does not serve data to others is called a "leech". A "seed" is a computer that has a complete copy of a file, possibly the original. The bittorrent.com site claims there are over 100 million users as of 2007-03-24. Most of the data is copyright material like films or commercial software. {(http://www.bittorrent.com/what-is-bittorrent)}. (2007-03-27)
Black Data Processing Associates "body" (BDPA) A non-profit professional association, founded in 1975 to promote positive influence in the {information technology} (IT) industry and how it affects African Americans. The BDPA facilitates African American professional participation in local and national activities keeping up with developing IT trends. BDPA offers a forum for exchanging information and ideas about the computer industry. It provides numerous networking opportunities through monthly program meetings, seminars, and workshops and the annual national conference. Membership is open to anyone interested in IT. The Foundation provides scholarships to students who compete in an annual {Visual Basic} competition. {(http://bdpa.org/conf96)}. E-mail: "nbdpa@ix.netcom.com". Telephone: Ms. Pat Drumming, +1 (800) 727-BDPA. (1996-04-07)
black hat "security" Someone who uses his skills for criminal or malicious ends. Black hat activities may include, e.g., writing destructive {viruses}, launching {denial of service} attacks on websites, or stealing credit card numbers or banking data by {phishing}. (2019-03-16)
blast 1. {BLT}, used especially for large data sends over a network or comm line. Opposite of {snarf}. Usage: uncommon. The variant "blat" has been reported. 2. [HP/Apollo] Synonymous with {nuke}. Sometimes the message "Unable to kill all processes. Blast them (y/n)?" would appear in the command window upon logout.
bleam "jargon" To transmit or send data. "Bleam that binary to me in an e-mail". [Origin? Used where?] (1997-05-14)
block 1. "unit" A unit of data or memory, often, but not exclusively, on a {magnetic disk} or {magnetic tape}. Compare {record}, {sector}. (2000-07-17) 2. "operating system" To delay or sit idle while waiting for something. Compare {busy-wait}. (2000-07-17) 3. "programming" A delimited section of {source code} in a {block-structured} language. (2004-09-29)
blocked records "storage" Several {records} written as a contiguous block on {magnetic tape} so that they may be accessed in a single I/O operation. Blocking increases the amount of data that may be stored on a tape because there are fewer {inter-block gaps}. It requires that the tape drive or processor have a sufficiently large buffer to store the whole block. (1995-04-13)
Block Started by Symbol "memory" (BSS) The uninitialised data segment produced by {Unix} {linkers}. Objects in the bss segment have only a name and a size but no value. Executable code is located in the {code segment} and initialised data in the {data segment}. (2004-02-24)
block-structured "language" Any programming language in which sections of {source code} contained within pairs of matching {delimiters} such as "{" and "}" (e.g. in {C}) or "begin" and "end" (e.g. {Algol}) are executed as a single unit. A block of code may be the body of a {subroutine} or {function}, or it may be controlled by conditional execution ({if statement}) or repeated execution ({while statement}, {for statement}, etc.). In all but the most primitive block structured languages a {variable}'s {scope} can be limited to the block in which it is declared. Block-structured languages support {structured programming} where each block can be written without detailed knowledge of the inner workings of other blocks, thus allowing a {top-down design} approach. See also {abstract data type}, {module}. (2004-09-29)
Booster A {data-parallel} language. "The Booster Language", E. Paalvast, TR PL 89-ITI-B-18, Inst voor Toegepaste Informatica TNO, Delft, 1989.
boot disk "operating system" The {magnetic disk} (usually a {hard disk}) from which an {operating system} {kernel} is loaded (or "bootstrapped"). This second phase in system start-up is performed by a simple bootstrap loader program held in {ROM}, possibly configured by data stored in some form of writable {non-volatile storage}. {MS-DOS} and {Microsoft Windows} can be configured (in the {BIOS}) to try to boot off either {floppy disk} or {hard disk}, in either order. By default they first check for the presence of a {floppy disk} in the drive at start-up and try to use that as a boot disk if present. If no disk is in the drive they then try to boot off the hard disk. Some {operating systems}, notably {SunOS} and {Solaris}, can be configured to boot from a network rather than from disk. Such a system can thus run as a {diskless workstation}. (1997-06-09)
Borland Software Corporation "company" A company that sells a variety of {PC} software development and {database} systems. Borland was founded in 1983 and initially became famous for their low-cost software, particularly {Turbo Pascal}, {Turbo C}, and {Turbo Prolog}. Current and past products include the {Borland C++} C++ and C developement environment, the {Paradox} and {dBASE} {databases}, {Delphi}, {JBuilder}, and {InterBase}. Borland has approximately 1000 employees worldwide and has operations in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Borland sold {Quattro} Pro to {Novell} in 1994 for $100M. Novell later sold the product to {Corel Corporation}, who also bought {Paradox}. dBASE was sold in March(?) 1999 to {dBase Inc.} In Febuary 1998 Borland bought {Visigenic Software, Inc.}. The company changed its name to Inprise Corporation on 1998-04-29 and then on 2000-11-14 they announced they were changing it back to Borland from the first quarter of 2001. Quarterly sales $69M, profits $61M (Aug 1994). $56M, $6.4M (July 2001) {(http://borland.com/)}. Headquarters: 100 Borland Way, Scotts Valley, CA, 95066, USA. Telephone: +1 (408) 431 1000. (2002-03-16)
BOS 1. "operating system" {Basic Operating System}. 2. "tool" A data management system written at {DESY} and used in some high energy physics programs. 3. "programming" The {Basic Object System}. (1999-01-20)
Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Code "data, communications" (BHC Code) An {error detection and correction} technique based on {Cyclic Redundancy Code}, used in telecommunications applications. (1995-01-16)
boundary value analysis "programming" A test data selection technique in which values are chosen to lie along data extremes. Boundary values include maximum, minimum, just inside/outside boundaries, typical values, and error values. The hope is that, if a systems works correctly for these special values then it will work correctly for all values in between. (1996-05-10)
box "computer" 1. A computer; especially in the construction "foo box" where foo is some functional qualifier, like "graphics", or the name of an {operating system} (thus, "{Unix} box", "{MS-DOS} box", etc.) "We preprocess the data on Unix boxes before handing it up to the {mainframe}." The plural "{boxen}" is sometimes seen. 2. Without qualification in an {IBM} {SNA} site, "box" refers specifically to an {IBM} {front-end processor}. [{Jargon File}] (1994-11-29)
Brentano, Franz: (1838-1917) Who had originally been a Roman Catholic priest may be described as an unorthodox neo-scholastic. According to him the only three forms of psychic activity, representation, judgment and "phenomena of love and hate", are just three modes of "intentionality", i.e., of referring to an object intended. Judgments may be self-evident and thereby characterized as true and in an analogous way love and hate may be characterized as "right". It is on these characterizations that a dogmatic theory of truth and value may be based. In any mental experience the content is merely a "physical phenomenon" (real or imaginary) intended to be referred to, what is psychic is merely the "act" of representing, judging (viz. affirming or denying) and valuing (i.e. loving or hating). Since such "acts" are evidently immaterial, the soul by which they are performed may be proved to be a purely spiritual and imperishable substance and from these and other considerations the existence, spirituality, as also the infinite wisdom, goodness and justice of God may also be demonstrated. It is most of all by his classification of psychic phenomena, his psychology of "acts" and "intentions" and by his doctrine concerning self-evident truths and values that Brentano, who considered himself an Aristotelian, exercised a profound influence on subsequent German philosophers: not only on those who accepted his entire system (such as A. Marty and C. Stumpf) but also those who were somewhat more independent and original and whom he influenced either directly (as A. Meinong and E. Husserl) or indirectly (as M. Scheler and Nik. Hartmann). Main works: Psychologie des Aristoteles, 1867; Vom Dasein Gottes, 1868; Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt, 1874; Vom Ursprung sittliches Erkenntnis, 1884; Ueber die Zukunft der Philosophie, 1893; Die vier Phasen der Philos., 1895. -- H.Go. Broad, C.D.: (1887) As a realistic critical thinker Broad takes over from the sciences the methods that are fruitful there, classifies the various propositions used in all the sciences, and defines basic scientific concepts. In going beyond science, he seeks to reach a total view of the world by bringing in the facts and principles of aesthetic, religious, ethical and political experience. In trying to work out a much more general method which attacks the problem of the connection between mathematical concepts and sense-data better than the method of analysis in situ, he gives a simple exposition of the method of extensive abstraction, which applies the mutual relations of objects, first recognized in pure mathematics, to physics. Moreover, a great deal can be learned from Broad on the relation of the principle of relativity to measurement.
bridge "networking, hardware" A device which forwards traffic between {network segments} based on {data link layer} information. These segments would have a common {network layer} address. Every network should only have one {root bridge}. See also {gateway}, {router}. (2001-03-04)
broadband "communications" A class of communication channel capable of supporting a wide range of frequencies, typically from audio up to video frequencies. A broadband channel can carry multiple signals by dividing the total capacity into multiple, independent bandwidth channels, where each channel operates only on a specific range of frequencies. The term has come to be used for any kind of {Internet} connection with a {download} speed of more than 56 {kbps}, usually some kind of {Digital Subscriber Line}, e.g. {ADSL}. A broadband connection is typically always connected, in contrast to a {dial-up} connection, and a fixed monthly rate is charged, often with a cap on the total amount of data that can be transferred. Domestic broadband connections typically share a telephone line with normal voice calls and the two uses can occur simultaneously without interference. See also {baseband}, {narrowband}. (2006-03-30)
brochureware "jargon, business" A planned, but non-existent, product, like {vaporware} but with the added implication that marketing is actively selling and promoting it (they've printed brochures). Brochureware is often deployed to con customers into not committing to a competing existing product. The term is now especially applicable to new {websites}, website revisions, and ancillary services such as customer support and product return. Owing to the explosion of {database}-driven, {cookie}-using {dot-coms} (of the sort that can now deduce that you are, in fact, a dog), the term is now also used to describe sites made up of {static HTML} pages that contain not much more than contact info and mission statements. The term suggests that the company is small, irrelevant to the web, local in scope, clueless, broke, just starting out, or some combination thereof. Many new companies without product, funding, or even staff, post brochureware with investor info and press releases to help publicise their ventures. As of December 1999, examples include pop.com and cdradio.com. Small-timers that really have no business on the web such as lawncare companies and divorce laywers inexplicably have brochureware made that stays unchanged for years. [{Jargon File}] (2001-05-10)
brontobyte "unit, data" A proposed unit of {data} equal to 10^27 {bytes}. A brontobyte is 1000^9 bytes or 1000 {yottabytes}. "Bronto-" is not an official prefix and the term brontobyte is generally attributed to the IBM Dictionary of Computing. One brontobyte would be enough data to store a three-dimensional map of the Earth with one byte for each {voxel} of a one-centimetre grid. See {prefix}. [Where did IBM get it from?] (2013-11-04)
brouter A device which bridges some {packets} (i.e. forwards based on {data link layer} information) and routes other packets (i.e. forwards based on {network layer} information). The {bridge}/{route} decision is based on configuration information.
B. The Probability-Relation. Considering the general grounds of probability, it is pertinent to analyze the proper characteristics of this concept and the valid conditions of its use in inferential processes. Probability presents itself as a special relation between the premisses and the conclusion of an argument, namely when the premisses are true but not completely sufficient to condition the truth of the conclusion. A probable inference must however be logical, even though its result is not certain, for its premisses must be a true sign of its conclusion. The probability-relation may take three aspects: it is inductive, probable or presumptive. In strict induction, there is an essential connection between the facts expressed in the premisses and in the conclusion, which almost forces a factual result from the circumstances of the predication. This type of probability-relation is prominent in induction proper and in statistics. In strict probability, there is a logical connection between the premisses and the conclusion which does not entail a definite factual value for the latter. This type of probability-relation is prominent in mathematical probability and circumstantial evidence. In strict presumption, there is a similarity of characteristics between the fact expressed in the conclusion and the real event if it does or did exist. This type of probability-relation is prominent in analogy and testimony. A presumptive conclusion should be accepted provisionally, and it should have definite consequences capable of being tested. The results of an inductive inference and of a probable inference may often be brought closer together when covering the same field, as the relations involved are fundamental enough for the purpose. This may be done by a qualitative analysis of their implications, or by a quantitative comparison of their elements, as it is done for example in the methods of correlation. But a presumptive inference cannot be reduced to either of the other two forms without losing its identity, because the connection between its elements is of an indefinite character. It may be said that inductive and probable inferences have an intrinsic reasonableness, while presumptive inferences have an extrinsic reasonableness. The former involve determinism within certain limits, while the latter display indeterminacy more prominently. That is why very poor, misleading or wrong conclusions are obtained when mathematical methods are applied to moral acts, judiciary decisions or indirect testimony The activity of the human will has an intricate complexity and variability not easily subjected to calculation. Hence the degree of probability of a presumptive inference can be estimated only by the character and circumstances of its suggested explanation. In moral cases, the discussion and application of the probability-relation leads to the consideration of the doctrines of Probabilism and Probabiliorism which are qualitative. The probability-relation as such has the following general implications which are compatible with its three different aspects, and which may serve as general inferential principle: Any generalization must be probable upon propositions entailing its exemplification in particular cases; Any generalization or system of generalizations forming a theory, must be probable upon propositions following from it by implication; The probability of a given proposition on the basis of other propositions constituting its evidence, is the degree of logical conclusiveness of this evidence with respect to the given proposition; The empirical probability (p = S/E) of a statement S increases as verifications accrue to the evidence E, provided the evidence is taken as a whole; and Numerical probabilities may be assigned to facts or statements only when the evidence includes statistical data or other numerical information which can be treated by the methods of mathematical probability. C. Mathematical Probability. The mathematical theory of probability, which is also called the theory of chances or the theory of relative possibilities, is concerned with the application of mathematical methods to the determination of the likelihood of any event, when there are not sufficient data to determine with certainty its occurrence or failure. As Laplace remarked, it is nothing more than common sense reduced to calculation. But its range goes far beyond that of common sense for it has not only conditioned the growth of various branches of mathematics, such as the theory of errors, the calculus of variations and mathematical statistics, but it has also made possible the establishment of a number of theories in the natural and social sciences, by its actual applications to concrete problems. A distinction is usually made between direct and inverse probability. The determination of a direct or a priori probability involves an inference from given situations or sets of possibilities numerically characterized, to future events related with them. By definition, the direct probability of the occurrence of any particular form of an event, is the ratio of the number of ways in which that form might occur, to the whole number of ways in which the event may occur, all these forms being equiprobable or equally likely. The basic principles referring to a priori probabilities are derived from the analysis of the various logical alternatives involved in any hypothetical questions such as the following: (a) To determine whether a cause, whose exact nature is or is not known, will prove operative or not in certain circumstances; (b) To determine how often an event happens or fails. The comparison of the number of occurrences with that of the failures of an event, considered in simple or complex circumstances, affords a baisis for several cases of probable inference. Thus, theorems may be established to deal with the probability of success and the probability of failure of an event, with the probability of the joint occurrence of several events, with the probability of the alternative occurrence of several events, with the different conditions of frequency of occurrence of an event; with mathematical expectation, and with similar questions. The determination of an a posteriori or inverse probability involves an inference from given situations or events, to past conditions or causes which rnay have contributed to their occurrence. By definition, an inverse probability is the numerical value assigned to each one of a number of possible causes of an actual event that has already occurred; or more generally, it is the numerical value assigned to hypotheses which attempt to explain actual events or circumstances. If an event has occurred as a result of any one of n several causes, the probability that C was the actual cause is Pp/E (Pnpn), when P is the probability that the event could be produced by C if present, and p the probability that C was present before the occurrence of that event. Inverse probability is based on general and special assumptions which cannot always be properly stated, and as there are many different sets of such assumptions, there cannot be a coercive reason for making a definite choice. In particular, the condition of the equiprobability of causes is seldom if ever fulfilled. The distinction between the two kinds of probability, which has led to some confusion in interpreting their grounds and their relations, can be technically ignored now as a result of the adoption of a statistical basis for measuring probabilities. In particular, it is the statistical treatment of correlation which led to the study of probabilities of concurrent phenomena irrespective of their direction in time. This distinction may be retained, howe\er, for the purpose of a general exposition of the subject. Thus, a number of probability theorems are obtained by using various cases of direct and inverse probability involving permutations and combinations, the binomial theorem, the theory of series, and the methods of integration. In turn, these theurems can be applied to concrete cases of the various sciences.
B-tree "algorithm" A multi-way {balanced tree}. The "B" in B-tree has never been officially defined. It could stand for "balanced" or "Bayer", after one of the original designers of the algorithms and structure. A B-tree is _not_ (necessarily?) a "{binary tree}". A B+-tree (as used by {IBM}'s {VSAM}) is a B-tree where the leaves are also linked sequentially, thus allowing both fast {random access} and sequential access to data. [Knuth's Art of Computer Programming]. [Example algorithm?] (2000-01-10)
BTRIEVE Technologies, Inc. "company, database" /bee-treev/ (BTI) A provider of {client-server} {database engines}. BTI was founded by former {Novell, Inc.} employees, including the original developers of the Btrieve database engine. BTI acquired the database product line from Novell in April, 1994. {(http://btrieve.com/)}. Address: Austin, Texas, USA. (1995-12-14)
Buddhi (.Discrimination) ::: Buddhi is a construction of conscious being which quite exceeds its beginnings in the basic chitta; it is the intelligence with its power of knowledge and will. Buddhi takes up and deals with all the rest of the action of the mind and life and body. It is in its nature thought-power and will-power of the Spirit turned into the lower form of a mental activity. We may distinguish three successive gradations of the action of this intelligence. There is first an inferior perceptive understanding which simply takes up, records, understands and responds to the communications of the sense-mind, memory, heart and sensational mentality. It creates by their means an elementary thinking mind which does not go beyond their data, but subjects itself to their mould and rings out their repetitions, runs round and round in the habitual circle of thought and will suggested by them or follows, with an obedient subservience of the reason to the suggestions of life, any fresh determinations which may be offered to its perception and conception. Beyond this elementary understanding, which we all use to an enormous extent, there is a power of arranging or selecting reason and will-force of the intelligence which has for its action and aim an attempt to arrive at a plausible, sufficient, settled ordering of knowledge and will for the use of an intellectual conception of life. In spite of its more purely intellectual character this secondary or intermediate reason is really pragmatic in its intention. It creates a certain kind of intellectual structure, frame, rule into which it tries to cast the inner and outer life so as to use it with a certain mastery and government for the purposes of some kind of rational will. It is this reason which gives to our normal intellectual being our set aesthetic and ethical standards, our structures of opinion and our established norms of idea and purpose. It is highly developed and takes the primacy in all men of an at all developed understanding. But beyond it there is a reason, a highest action of the buddhi which concerns itself disinterestedly with a pursuit of pure truth and right knowledge; it seeks to discover the real Truth behind life and things and our apparent selves and to subject its will to the law of Truth. Few, if any of us, can use this highest reason with any purity, but the attempt to do it is the topmost capacity of the inner instrument, the antahkarana.
Ref: CWSA Vol. 23-24, Page: 651-52
Buddhi is a construction of conscious being which quite exceeds its beginnings in the basic chitta; it is the intelligence with its power of knowledge and will. Buddhi takes up and deals with all the rest of the action of the mind and life and body. It is in its nature thought-power and will-power of the Spirit turned into the lower form of a mental activity. We may distinguish three successive gradations of the action of this intelligence. There is first an inferior perceptive understanding which simply takes up, records, understands and responds to the communications of the sense-mind, memory, heart and sensational mentality. It creates by their means an elementary thinking mind which does not go beyond their data, but subjects itself to their mould and rings out their repetitions, runs round and round in the habitual circle of thought and will suggested by them or follows, with an obedient subservience of the reason to the suggestions of life, any fresh determinations which may be offered to its perception and conception. Beyond this elementary understanding, which we all use to an enormous extent, there is a power of arranging or selecting reason and will-force of the intelligence which has for its action and aim an attempt to arrive at a plausible, sufficient, settled ordering of knowledge and will for the use of an intellectual conception of life. In spite of its more purely intellectual character this secondary or intermediate reason is really pragmatic in its intention It creates a certain kind of intellectual structure, frame, rule into which it tries to cast the inner and outer life so as to use it with a certain mastery and government for the purposes of some kind of rational will. It is this reason which gives to our normal intellectual being our set aesthetic and ethical standards, our structures of opinion and our established norms of idea and purpose. It is highly developed and takes the primacy in all men of an at all developed understanding. But beyond it there is a reason, a highest action of the buddhi which concerns itself disinterestedly with a pursuit of pure truth and right knowledge; it seeks to discover the real Truth behind life and things and our apparent selves and to subject its will to the law of Truth. Few, if any of us, can use this highest reason with any purity, but the attempt to do it is the topmost capacity of the inner instrument, the antahkarana.
Ref: CWSA Vol. 23-24, Page: 651-52
buffer 1. An area of memory used for storing messages. Typically, a buffer will have other attributes such as an input pointer (where new data will be written into the buffer), and output pointer (where the next item will be read from) and/or a count of the space used or free. Buffers are used to decouple processes so that the reader and writer may operate at different speeds or on different sized blocks of data. There are many different algorithms for using buffers, e.g. first-in first-out (FIFO or shelf), last-in first-out (LIFO or stack), double buffering (allowing one buffer to be read while the other is being written), cyclic buffer (reading or writing past the end wraps around to the beginning). 2. An electronic device to provide compatibility between two signals, e.g. changing voltage levels or current capability.
buffered write-through "memory management" A variation of {write-through} where the {cache} uses a "write buffer" to hold data being written back to {main memory}. This frees the cache to service read requests while the write is taking place. There is usually only one stage of buffering so subsequent writes must wait until the first is complete. Most accesses are reads so buffered write-through is only useful for very slow main memory. (1998-04-24)
buffer overflow "programming" What happens when you try to store more data in a {buffer} than it can handle. This may be due to a mismatch in the processing rates of the producing and consuming processes (see {overrun} and {firehose syndrome}), or because the buffer is simply too small to hold all the data that must accumulate before a piece of it can be processed. For example, in a text-processing tool that {crunch}es a line at a time, a short line buffer can result in {lossage} as input from a long line overflows the buffer and overwrites data beyond it. Good defensive programming would check for overflow on each character and stop accepting data when the buffer is full. See also {spam}, {overrun screw}. [{Jargon File}] (1996-05-13)
build "programming, systems" To process all of a project's {source code} and other digital assets or resources in order to produce a deployable product. In the simplest case this might mean compiling one file of {C} source to produce an {executable} file. More complex builds would typically involve compiling multiple source files, building library modules, packaging intermediate build products (e.g. {Java} {class files} in a {jar file}), adding or updating version information and other data about the product (e.g. intended deployment {platform}), running tests and interacting with a {source code control} system. The build process is normally automated using tools such as {Unix} {make}, {Apache} {ant} or as part of an {integrated development environment}. This is taken one step further by {continuous integration} set-ups which periodically build the system while you are working on it. (2011-12-16)
bulletin board system "communications, application" (BBS, bboard /bee'bord/, message board, forum; plural: BBSes) A computer and associated software which typically provides an electronic message database where people can log in and leave messages. Messages are typically split into {topic groups} similar to the {newsgroups} on {Usenet} (which is like a distributed BBS). Any user may submit or read any message in these public areas. The term comes from physical pieces of board on which people can pin messages written on paper for general consumption - a "physical bulletin board". {Ward Christensen}, the programmer and operator of the first BBS (on-line 1978-02-16) called it a CBBS for "computer bulletin board system". Since the rise of the {World-Wide Web}, the term has become antiquated, though the concept is more popular than ever, with many {websites} featuring discussion areas where users can post messages for public consumption. Apart from public message areas, some BBSes provided archives of files, personal {electronic mail} and other services of interest to the system operator ({sysop}). Thousands of BBSes around the world were run from amateurs' homes on {MS-DOS} boxes with a single {modem} line each. Although BBSes were traditionally the domain of hobbyists, many connected directly to the {Internet} (accessed via {telnet}), others were operated by government, educational, and research institutions. Fans of {Usenet} or the big commercial {time-sharing} bboards such as {CompuServe}, {CIX} and {GEnie} tended to consider local BBSes the low-rent district of the hacker culture, but they helped connect hackers and users in the personal-{micro} and let them exchange code. Use of this term for a {Usenet} newsgroup generally marks one either as a {newbie} fresh in from the BBS world or as a real old-timer predating {Usenet}. (2005-09-20)
bunch grass ::: --> A grass growing in bunches and affording pasture. In California, Atropis tenuifolia, Festuca scabrella, and several kinds of Stipa are favorite bunch grasses. In Utah, Eriocoma cuspidata is a good bunch grass.
Burroughs Corporation "company" A company which merged with {Sperry Univac} to form {Unisys Corporation}. They produced the {Datatron 200 series} among other computers. (2007-01-16)
Burst EDO {Burst Extended Data Out DRAM}
Burst Extended Data Out DRAM "storage" (Burst EDO, BEDO) A variant on {EDO DRAM} in which read or write cycles are batched in bursts of four. The bursts wrap around on a four byte boundary which means that only the two least significant bits of the {CAS} address are modified internally to produce each address of the burst sequence. Consequently, burst EDO bus speeds will range from 40MHz to 66MHz, well above the 33MHz bus speeds that can be accomplished using {Fast Page Mode} or EDO DRAM. Burst EDO was introduced sometime before May 1995. (1996-06-25)
bus "architecture, networking" A set of electrical conductors (wires, PCB tracks or connections in an {integrated circuit}) connecting various "stations", which can be {functional units} in a computer or {nodes} in a {network}. A bus is a {broadcast} channel, meaning that each station receives every other station's transmissions and all stations have equal access to the bus. Various schemes have been invented to solve the problem of collisions: multiple stations trying to transmit at once, e.g. {CSMA/CD}, {bus master}. The term is almost certainly derived from the electrical engineering term "bus bar" - a substantial, rigid power supply conductor to which several connections are made. This was once written "'bus bar" as it was a contraction of "omnibus bar" - a connection bar "for all", by analogy with the passenger omnibus - a conveyance "for all". {More on derivation (/pub/misc/omnibus.html)}. There are busses both within the {CPU} and connecting it to external {memory} and {peripheral} devices. The data bus, address bus and control signals, despite their names, really constitute a single bus since each is useless without the others. The width of the data bus is usually specified in {bits} and is the number of parallel connectors. This and the {clock rate} determine the bus's data rate (the number of {bytes} per second which it can carry). This is one of the factors limiting a computer's performance. Most current {microprocessors} have 32-bit busses both internally and externally. 100 or 133 {megahertz} bus clock rates are common. The bus clock is typically slower than the processor clock. Some processors have internal busses which are wider than their external busses (usually twice the width) since the width of the internal bus affects the speed of all operations and has less effect on the overall system cost than the width of the external bus. Various bus designs have been used in the {PC}, including {ISA}, {EISA}, {Micro Channel}, {VL-bus} and {PCI}. Other peripheral busses are NuBus, TURBOchannel, VMEbus, MULTIBUS and STD bus. See also {bus network}. {Ukranian (http://open-taxi.com/mynews/~adrian/10)}. (2010-07-10)
bus master "architecture" The device in a computer which is driving the {address bus} and bus control signals at some point in time. In a simple architecture only the (single) {CPU} can be bus master but this means that all communications between ("slave") I/O devices must involve the CPU. More sophisticated architectures allow other capable devices (or multiple CPUs) to take turns at controling the bus. This allows, for example, a {network controller} card to access a {disk controller} directly while the CPU performs other tasks which do not require the bus, e.g. fetching code from its {cache}. Note that any device can drive data onto the {data bus} when the CPU reads from that device, but only the bus master drives the {address bus} and control signals. {Direct Memory Access} is a simple form of bus mastering where the I/O device is set up by the CPU to read from or write to one or more contiguous blocks of memory and then signal to the CPU when it has done so. Full bus mastering (or "First Party DMA", "bus mastering DMA") implies that the I/O device is capable of performing more complex sequences of operations without CPU intervention (e.g. servicing a complete {NFS} request). This will normally mean that the I/O device contains its own processor or {microcontroller}. See also {distributed kernel}. (1996-08-26)
bus network "networking" A {network topology} in which all {nodes} are connected to a single wire or set of wires (the bus). Bus networks typically use {CSMA/CD} techniques to determine which node should transmit data at any given time. Some {networks} are implemented as a {bus}, e.g. {Ethernet} - a one-bit bus operating at 10, 100, 1000 or 10,000 {megabits per second}. Originally Ethernet was a {physical layer} bus consisting of a wire (with {terminators} at each end) to which each node was attached. {Switched Ethernet}, while no longer physically a bus still acts as one at the logical layers.
But Kant's versatile, analytical mind could not rest here; and gradually his ideas underwent a radical transformation. He questioned the assumption, common to dogmatic metaphysics, that reality can be apprehended in and through concepts. He was helped to this view by the study of Leibniz's Nouveaux Essais (first published in 1765), and the skepticism and empiricism of Hume, through which, Kant stated, he was awakened from his "dogmatic slumbers". He cast about for a method by which the proper limits and use of reason could be firmly established. The problem took the form: By what right and within what limits may reason make synthetic, a priori judgments about the data of sense?
But reason is not limited to its theoretical use. Besides objects of cognition and thought, there are also those of will and feeling. Kant's "practical philosophy", the real foundation of his system of transcendental idealism, centers in a striking doctrine of freedom. Even in its theoretical use. reason is a law-giver to Nature, in that the data of sense must conform to the forms of the sensibility and understanding if Nature is to be known at all. But in moral experience, as Kant shows in the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), the will of a rational being is directly autonomous -- a law unto itself. But the unconditional moral law, "duty" or "categorical imperative", the validity of which Kant does not question, is possible only on the supposition that the will is really free. As phenomenal beings we are subject to the laws of nature and reason, but as pure rational wills we move in the free, noumenal or intelligible realm, bound only by the self-imposed rational law "to treat humanity in every case as an end, never as a means only."
By 1770, the beginning of his "critical" period, Kant had an answer which he confidently expected would revolutionize philosophy. First dimly outlined in the Inaugural Dissertation (1770), and elaborated in great detail in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781 and 1787), the answer consisted in the critical or transcendental method. The typical function of reason, on Kant's view, is relating or synthesizing the data of sense. In effecting any synthesis the mind relies on the validity of certain principles, such as causality, which, as Hume had shown, cannot be inductive generalizations from sense data, yet are indispensable in any account of "experience" viewed as a connected, significant whole. If the necessary, synthetic principles cannot be derived from sense data proper, then, Kant argued, they must be "a priori" -- logically prior to the materials which they relate. He also called these formal elements "transcendental", by which he meant that, while they are indubitably in experience viewed as a connected whole, they transcend or are distinct from the sensuous materials in source and status. In the Critique of Pure Reason -- his "theoretical philosophy" -- Kant undertakes a complete inventory and "deduction" of all synthetic, a priori, transcendental forms employed in the knowledge of Nature. The first part, the "Transcendental Aesthetic", exhibits the two forms or "intuitions" (Anschauungen) of the sensibility: space and time. Knowledge of Nature, however varied its sense content, is necessarily always of something in space and time; and just because these are necessary conditions of any experience of Nature, space and time cannot be objective properties of things-in-themselves, but must be formal demands of reason. Space and time are "empirically real", because they are present in actual experience; but they are "transcendentally ideal", since they are forms which the mind "imposes" on the data of sense.
byte-code "file format, software" A {binary} file containing an {executable} program, consisting of a sequence of ({op code}, data) pairs. Byte-code op codes are most often fixed size {bit patterns}, but can be variable size. The data portion consists of zero or more {bits} whose format typically depends on the op code. A byte-code program is interpreted by a {byte-code interpreter}. The advantage of this technique compared with outputing {machine code} for some particular processor is that the same byte-code can be executed on any processor on which the byte-code interpreter runs. The byte-code may be compiled to machine code ("native code") for speed of execution but this usually requires significantly greater effort for each new taraget architecture than simply porting the interpreter. For example, {Java} is compiled to byte-code which runs on the {Java Virtual Machine}. (2006-05-29)
bytesexual "jargon" /bi:t" sek"shu-*l/ An adjective used to describe hardware, denotes willingness to compute or pass data in either {big-endian} or {little-endian} format (depending, presumably, on a {mode bit} somewhere). See also {NUXI problem}. [{Jargon File}] (2009-05-28)
byte "unit" /bi:t/ (B) A component in the machine {data hierarchy} larger than a {bit} and usually smaller than a {word}; now nearly always eight bits and the smallest addressable unit of storage. A byte typically holds one {character}. A byte may be 9 bits on 36-bit computers. Some older architectures used "byte" for quantities of 6 or 7 bits, and the PDP-10 and IBM 7030 supported "bytes" that were actually {bit-fields} of 1 to 36 (or 64) bits! These usages are now obsolete, and even 9-bit bytes have become rare in the general trend toward power-of-2 word sizes. The term was coined by Werner Buchholz in 1956 during the early design phase for the {IBM} {Stretch} computer. It was a mutation of the word "bite" intended to avoid confusion with "bit". In 1962 he described it as "a group of bits used to encode a character, or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input-output units". The move to an 8-bit byte happened in late 1956, and this size was later adopted and promulgated as a standard by the {System/360} {operating system} (announced April 1964). James S. Jones "jsjones@graceland.edu" adds: I am sure I read in a mid-1970's brochure by IBM that outlined the history of computers that BYTE was an acronym that stood for "Bit asYnchronous Transmission E..?" which related to width of the bus between the Stretch CPU and its CRT-memory (prior to Core). Terry Carr "bear@mich.com" says: In the early days IBM taught that a series of bits transferred together (like so many yoked oxen) formed a Binary Yoked Transfer Element (BYTE). [True origin? First 8-bit byte architecture?] See also {nibble}, {octet}. [{Jargon File}] (2003-09-21)
cable modem "communications, hardware" A type of {modem} that allows people to access the {Internet} via their cable television service. A cable modem can transfer data at 500 {kbps} or higher, compared with 28.8 kbps for common telephone line modems, but the actual transfer rates may be lower depending on the number of other simultaneous users on the same cable. Industry pundits often point out that the cable system still does not have the {bandwidth} or service level in many areas to make this feasible. For example, it has to be capable of two-way communication. See also: {DOCSIS}. (2000-12-19)
cache coherency "storage" (Or "cache consistency") /kash koh-heer'n-see/ The synchronisation of data in multiple {caches} such that reading a memory location via any cache will return the most recent data written to that location via any (other) cache. Some {parallel processors} do not cache accesses to {shared memory} to avoid the issue of cache coherency. If caches are used with shared memory then some system is required to detect when data in one processor's cache should be discarded or replaced because another processor has updated that memory location. Several such schemes have been devised. (1998-11-10)
cache conflict "storage" A sequence of accesses to memory repeatedly overwriting the same {cache} entry. This can happen if two blocks of data, which are mapped to the same set of cache locations, are needed simultaneously. For example, in the case of a {direct mapped cache}, if {arrays} A, B, and C map to the same range of cache locations, thrashing will occur when the following loop is executed: for (i=1; i"n; i++) C[i] = A[i] + B[i]; Cache conflict can also occur between a program loop and the data it is accessing. See also {ping-pong}. (1997-01-21)
cache "memory management" /kash/ A small fast memory holding recently accessed data, designed to speed up subsequent access to the same data. Most often applied to processor-memory access but also used for a local copy of data accessible over a network etc. When data is read from, or written to, {main memory} a copy is also saved in the cache, along with the associated main memory address. The cache monitors addresses of subsequent reads to see if the required data is already in the cache. If it is (a {cache hit}) then it is returned immediately and the main memory read is aborted (or not started). If the data is not cached (a {cache miss}) then it is fetched from main memory and also saved in the cache. The cache is built from faster memory chips than main memory so a cache hit takes much less time to complete than a normal memory access. The cache may be located on the same {integrated circuit} as the {CPU}, in order to further reduce the access time. In this case it is often known as {primary cache} since there may be a larger, slower {secondary cache} outside the CPU chip. The most important characteristic of a cache is its {hit rate} - the fraction of all memory accesses which are satisfied from the cache. This in turn depends on the cache design but mostly on its size relative to the main memory. The size is limited by the cost of fast memory chips. The hit rate also depends on the access pattern of the particular program being run (the sequence of addresses being read and written). Caches rely on two properties of the access patterns of most programs: temporal locality - if something is accessed once, it is likely to be accessed again soon, and spatial locality - if one memory location is accessed then nearby memory locations are also likely to be accessed. In order to exploit spatial locality, caches often operate on several words at a time, a "{cache line}" or "cache block". Main memory reads and writes are whole {cache lines}. When the processor wants to write to main memory, the data is first written to the cache on the assumption that the processor will probably read it again soon. Various different policies are used. In a {write-through} cache, data is written to main memory at the same time as it is cached. In a {write-back} cache it is only written to main memory when it is forced out of the cache. If all accesses were writes then, with a write-through policy, every write to the cache would necessitate a main memory write, thus slowing the system down to main memory speed. However, statistically, most accesses are reads and most of these will be satisfied from the cache. Write-through is simpler than write-back because an entry that is to be replaced can just be overwritten in the cache as it will already have been copied to main memory whereas write-back requires the cache to initiate a main memory write of the flushed entry followed (for a processor read) by a main memory read. However, write-back is more efficient because an entry may be written many times in the cache without a main memory access. When the cache is full and it is desired to cache another line of data then a cache entry is selected to be written back to main memory or "flushed". The new line is then put in its place. Which entry is chosen to be flushed is determined by a "{replacement algorithm}". Some processors have separate instruction and data caches. Both can be active at the same time, allowing an instruction fetch to overlap with a data read or write. This separation also avoids the possibility of bad {cache conflict} between say the instructions in a loop and some data in an array which is accessed by that loop. See also {direct mapped cache}, {fully associative cache}, {sector mapping}, {set associative cache}. (1997-06-25)
CAJOLE "language" (Chris And John's Own LanguagE) A {dataflow} language developed by Chris Hankin "clh@doc.ic.ac.uk" and John Sharp at {Westfield College}. ["The Data Flow Programming Language CAJOLE: An Informal Introduction", C.L. Hankin et al, SIGPLAN Notices 16(7):35-44 (Jul 1981)]. (1994-11-08)
call-by-name "reduction" (CBN) (Normal order reduction, leftmost, outermost reduction). An {argument} passing convention (first provided by {ALGOL 60}?) where argument expressions are passed unevaluated. This is usually implemented by passing a pointer to a {thunk} - some code which will return the value of the argument and an environment giving the values of its {free variables}. This {evaluation strategy} is guaranteed to reach a {normal form} if one exists. When used to implement {functional programming} languages, call-by-name is usually combined with {graph reduction} to avoid repeated evaluation of the same expression. This is then known as {call-by-need}. The opposite of call-by-name is {call-by-value} where arguments are evaluated before they are passed to a function. This is more efficient but is less likely to terminate in the presence of infinite data structures and {recursive} functions. Arguments to {macros} are usually passed using call-by-name. (2006-05-27)
Call Data Record "telecommunications" (CDR) A data record that contains information related to a telephone call, including the origination and destination addresses of the call, the time the call started and ended, the duration of the call, the time of day the call was made, toll charges that were added through the network, or charges for operator services. [Context?] (2010-03-21)
Caller ID "communications" (CID) A short piece of text transmitted by some telephone systems describing the origin of a call, e.g. the name of the caller. Some telephone handsets can display this. A {computer telephony integration} system might use it to trigger actions on the callee's computer such as looking up the caller in a database and displaying their details on screen. There may also be a separate "caller id number" giving the telephone number of the originator of the call. (2008-04-30)
Call-Level Interface "database, standard" (SQL/CLI) A programming interface designed to support {SQL} access to {databases} from shrink-wrapped {application programs}. CLI was originally created by a subcommittee of the {SQL Access Group} (SAG). The SAG/CLI specification was published as the {Microsoft} {Open DataBase Connectivity} (ODBC) specification in 1992. In 1993, SAG submitted the CLI to the {ANSI} and {ISO} SQL committees. SQL/CLI provides an international standard implementation-independent CLI to access SQL databases. {Client-server} tools can easily access databases through {dynamic link libraries}. It supports and encourages a rich set of client-server tools. SQL/CLI is an addendum to 1992 SQL standard (SQL-92). It was completed as ISO standard ISO/IEC 9075-3:1995 Information technology -- Database languages -- SQL -- Part 3: Call-Level Interface (SQL/CLI). The current SQL/CLI effort is adding support for {SQL3}. {(http://jcc.com/sql_cli.html)}. (1996-10-27)
CALS Computer-Aided Acquisition and Logistics Support: a DoD standard for electronic exchange of data with commercial suppliers.
Cambridge School: A term loosely applied to English philosophers who have been influenced by the teachings of Professor G. E. Moore (mainly in unpublished lectures delivered at the Cambridge University, 1911-1939). In earlier years Moore stressed the need to accept the judgments of "common sense" on such matters as the existence of other persons, of an "external world", etc. The business of the analytical philosopher was not to criticise such judgments but to display the structure of the facts to which they referred. (Cf. "A defense of common-sense in philosophy," Contemporary British Philosophy, 2 (1925) -- Moore's only discussion of the method.) Such analysis would be directional, terminating in basic or atomic facts, all of whose constituents might be known by acquaintance. The examples discussed were taken largely from the field of epistemology, turning often about the problem of the relation of material objects to sense-data, and of indirect to direct knowledge. In this earlier period problems were often suggested by Russell's discussion of descriptions and logical constructions. The inconclusiveness of such specific discussions and an increasingly critical awareness of the functions of language in philosophical analysis has in later years tended to favor more flexible interpretations of the nature of analysis. (Cf. M. Black, "Relations Between Logical Positivism and the Cambridge School of Analysis", Journal of Unified Science (Erkenntnis), 8, 24-35 for a bibliography and list of philosophers who have been most influenced by emphasis on directional analysis.) -- M.B.
Campus Wide Information System (CWIS) Information and services made publicly available at university sites via {kiosks} running interactive computing systems, possibly via campus networks. Services routinely include directory information, calendars, {bulletin boards} and {databases}. (1994-11-09)
can.d.ata (chandata) ::: fierceness, ardour, intensity. candata canda can
candidate key "database" One of several possible attributes or combinations of attributes which can be used to uniquely identify a body of information (a "{record}"). The chosen candidate key is called the {primary key}. (2006-05-29)
Canonical Encoding Rules "protocol, standard" (CER) A restricted variant of {BER} for producing unequivocal {transfer syntax} for data structures described by {ASN.1}. Whereas {BER} gives choices as to how data values may be encoded, CER and {DER} select just one encoding from those allowed by the basic encoding rules, eliminating all of the options. They are useful when the encodings must be preserved, e.g. in security exchanges. CER and {DER} differ in the set of restrictions that they place on the encoder. The basic difference between CER and {DER} is that {DER} uses definitive length form and CER uses indefinite length form. Documents: {ITU-T} X.690, {ISO} 8825-1. See also {PER}. (1998-05-19)
canonical name (CNAME) A host's official name as opposed to an alias. The official name is the first hostname listed for its {Internet address} in the hostname database, {/etc/hosts} or the {Network Information Service} (NIS) map hosts.byaddr ("hosts" for short). A host with multiple network interfaces may have more than one Internet address, each with its own canonical name (and zero or more aliases). You can find a host's canonical name using {nslookup} if you say set querytype=CNAME and then type a hostname. (1994-11-29)
can't happen "programming" The traditional program comment for code executed under a condition that should never be true, for example a file size computed as negative. Often, such a condition being true indicates data corruption or a faulty {algorithm}; it is almost always handled by emitting a fatal error message and terminating or crashing, since there is little else that can be done. Some case variant of "can't happen" is also often the text emitted if the "impossible" error actually happens. Although "can't happen" events are genuinely infrequent in production code, programmers wise enough to check for them habitually are often surprised at how frequently they are triggered during development and how many headaches checking for them turns out to head off. See also {firewall code}, {professional programming}. [{Jargon File}] (1996-05-10)
capability "operating system, security" An {operating system} security or access control model where specific types of access to a specific object are granted by giving a process this data structure or {token}. The token may be unforgeable (typically by using {encryption} or hardware "tagged" memory). Capabilities are used in OSes such as {Hydra}, {KeyKOS}, {EROS}, {Chorus}/{Mix}, and the {Stanford V system}. Similar to {Kerberos}, but in an OS context. Compare {access control list}. (1998-03-08)
capacity "communications" The maximum possible {data transfer rate} of a communications channel under ideal conditions. The total capacity of a channel may be shared between several independent data streams using some kind of {multiplexing}, in which case, each stream's data rate may be limited to a fixed fraction of the total capacity. (2001-05-22)
Cardbox for Windows "database" A database handling program, especially useful for scholars and librarians. [Details? Features? Developer? URL?] (1997-05-14)
Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation "communications" (CAP) A design of {Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line} {transceiver} developed by {Bell Labs}. CAP was the first ADSL design to be commercially deployed and, as of August 1996, was installed on more lines than any other. CAP is a variation of {Quadrature Amplitude Modulation}, the modulation used by most existing {modems} in 1997. With CAP, the three channels ({POTS}, downstream data and upstream data) are supported by splitting the frequency spectrum. Voice occupies the standard 0-4 Khz frequency band, followed by the upstream channel and the high-speed downstream channel. (1997-10-08)
carrier signal "communications" A continuous signal of a single frequency capable of being modulated by a second, data-carrying signal. In radio communication, the two common kinds of modulation are {amplitude modulation} and {frequency modulation}. (1995-03-01)
CASE Data Interchange Format (CDIF) An emerging standard for interchange of data between {CASE} tools. (1994-11-03)
CAT Common Abstract Tree Language. R. Voeller & Uwe Schmidt, U Kiel, Germany 1983. Universal intermediate language, used by Norsk Data in their family of compilers. "A Multi-Language Compiler System with Automatically Generated Codegenerators, U. Schmidt et al, SIGPLAN Notices 19(6):202-2121 (June 1984). [{Jargon File}]
Categorical Abstract Machine Language "language" (Originally "CAML" - Categorical Abstract Machine Language) A version of {ML} by G. Huet, G. Cousineau, Ascander Suarez, Pierre Weis, Michel Mauny and others of {INRIA} and {ENS}. CAML is intermediate between {LCF ML} and {SML} [in what sense?]. It has {first-class} functions, {static type inference} with {polymorphic} types, user-defined {variant types} and {product types}, and {pattern matching}. It is built on a proprietary run-time system. The CAML V3.1 implementation added {lazy} and {mutable} data structures, a "{grammar}" mechanism for interfacing with the {Yacc} {parser generator}, {pretty-printing} tools, high-performance {arbitrary-precision} arithmetic, and a complete library. CAML V3 is often nicknamed "heavy CAML", because of its heavy memory and CPU requirements compared to {Caml Light}. in 1990 Xavier Leroy and Damien Doligez designed a new implementation called {Caml Light}, freeing the previous implementation from too many experimental high-level features, and more importantly, from the old Le_Lisp back-end. Following the addition of a {native-code} compiler and a powerful {module} system in 1995 and of the {object} and {class} layer in 1996, the project's name was changed to {Objective Caml}. ["The CAML Reference Manual", P. Weis et al, TR INRIA-ENS, 1989]. (2003-04-12)
cat "tool" (From "catenate") {Unix}'s command which copies one or more entire files to the screen or some other output sink without pause. See also {dd}, {BLT}. Among {Unix} fans, cat is considered an excellent example of user-interface design, because it delivers the file contents without such verbosity as spacing or headers between the files (the {pr} command can be used to do this), and because it does not require the files to consist of lines of text, but works with any sort of data. Among Unix haters, cat is considered the {canonical} example of *bad* user-interface design, because of its woefully unobvious name. It is far more often used to {blast} a file to standard output than to concatenate files. The name "cat" for the former operation is just as unintuitive as, say, LISP's {cdr}. Of such oppositions are {holy wars} made. (1994-11-29)
caudata ::: n. pl. --> See Urodela.
CCR 1. {condition code register}. 2. (Database) {concurrency control and recovery}.
CDC 6600 "computer" A {mainframe} computer from {Control Data Corporation}, first delivered in 1964. It is generally considered to be the first successful {supercomputer}, about three times faster than {STRETCH}. Its successor was the {CDC 7600}. (2007-03-01)
CDC {Control Data Corporation}
CDDI {Copper Distributed Data Interface}
CDF {Common Data Format}
CDIF {CASE Data Interchange Format}
CDM 1. {Content Data Model} 2. {Code Division Multiplexing}
CDPD {Cellular Digital Packet Data}
CDR 1. "networking" {Committed Data Rate}. 2. "storage" {Compact Disc Recordable} (CD-R). 3. "telecommunications" {Call Data Record}.
CDS {Concrete Data Structure}
CDW {data warehouse}
Cedar A superset of {Mesa}, from {Xerox PARC}, adding {garbage collection}, {dynamic types} and a universal pointer type (REF ANY). Cedar is a large complex language designed for custom Xerox hardware and the Cedar {operating system}/environment. Data types are {atoms}, lists, ropes ("industrial strength" strings), conditions. Multi-processing features include {threads}, {monitors}, {signals} and catch phrases. It was used to develop the Cedar integrated programming environment. ["A Description of the Cedar Language", Butler Lampson, Xerox PARC, CSL-83-15 (Dec 1983)]. ["The Structure of Cedar", D. Swinehart et al, SIGPLAN Notices 20(7):230-244 (July 1985)]. (1995-01-26)
cell 1. "spreadsheet" In a {spreadsheet}, the intersection of a row a column and a sheet, the smallest addressable unit of data. A cell contains either a constant value or a {formula} that is used to calculate a value. The cell has a {format} that determines how to display the value. A cell can be part of a {range}. A cell is usually referred to by its column (labelled by one or more letters from the sequence A, B, ..., Z, AA, AB, ..., AZ, BA, BB, ..., BZ, ... ) and its row number counting up from one, e.g. cell B3 is in the second column across and the third row down. A cell also belongs to a particular sheet, e.g. "Sheet 1". 2. "networking" {ATM}'s term for a {packet}. (2007-10-22)
Cellular Digital Packet Data "communications, protocol" (CDPD) A wireless standard providing two-way, 19.2 kbps {packet} data transmission over exisiting {mobile telephone} channels. [Reference?] (1994-12-05)
central processing unit "architecture, processor" (CPU, processor) The part of a computer which controls all the other parts. Designs vary widely but the CPU generally consists of the {control unit}, the {arithmetic and logic unit} (ALU), {registers}, temporary {buffers} and various other logic. The control unit fetches {instructions} from memory and decodes them to produce signals which control the other parts of the computer. These signals cause it to transfer data between memory and ALU or to activate {peripherals} to perform input or output. Various types of memory, including {cache}, {RAM} and {ROM}, are often considered to be part of the CPU, particularly in modern {microprocessors} where a single {integrated circuit} may contain one or more processors as well as any or all of the above types of memory. The CPU, and any of these components that are in separate chips, are usually all located on the same {printed circuit board}, known as the {motherboard}. This in turn is located in the {system unit} (sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "CPU"). A {parallel computer} has several CPUs which may share other resources such as memory and peripherals. The term "processor" has to some extent replaced "CPU", though RAM and ROM are not logically part of the processor. {List of processors (http://lldn.timesys.com/complete_list_of_processors)}. (2007-04-02)
Certificate Authority "cryptography, body" (CA or "Trusted Third Party") An entity (typically a company) that issues {digital certificates} to other entities (organisations or individuals) to allow them to prove their identity to others. A Certificate Authority might be an external company such as {VeriSign} that offers digital certificate services or they might be an internal organisation such as a corporate {MIS} department. The Certificate Authority's chief function is to verify the identity of entities and issue digital certificates attesting to that identity. The process uses {public key cryptography} to create a "network of trust". If I want to prove my identity to you, I ask a CA (who you trust to have verified my identity) to encrypt a {hash} of my signed key with their {private key}. Then you can use the CA's {public key} to decrypt the hash and compare it with a hash you calculate yourself. Hashes are used to decrease the amount of data that needs to be transmitted. The hash function must be {cryptographically strong}, e.g. {MD5}. {(http://home.netscape.com/comprod/server_central/support/faq/certificate_faq.html
cfortran.h "library" A {transparent}, machine independent interface between {C} and {Fortran} routines and {global data}, developed by Burkhard Burow at CERN. It provides {macros} which allow the {C} {preprocessor} to translate a simple description of a C (Fortran) routine or global data into a Fortran (C) interface. Version 2.6 runs on {VAX}/{VMS}/{Ultrix}, {DECstation}, {Silicon Graphics}, {IBM} {RS/6000}, {Sun}, {Cray}, {Apollo}, {HP9000}, {LynxOS}, {f2c}, {NAG f90}. {(ftp://zebra.desy.de/cfortran/)}. cfortran.h was reviewed in RS/Magazine November 1992 and a user's experiences with cfortran.h are described in the Jan 93 issue of Computers in Physics. (1992-04-12)
chain 1. "operating system" (From {BASIC}'s "CHAIN" statement) To pass control to a child or successor without going through the {operating system} {command interpreter} that invoked you. The state of the parent program is lost and there is no returning to it. Though this facility used to be common on memory-limited {microcomputers} and is still widely supported for {backward compatibility}, the jargon usage is semi-obsolescent; in particular, {Unix} calls this {exec}. Compare with the more modern "{subshell}". 2. "programming" A series of linked data areas within an {operating system} or {application program}. "Chain rattling" is the process of repeatedly running through the linked data areas searching for one which is of interest. The implication is that there are many links in the chain. 3. "theory" A possibly infinite, non-decreasing sequence of elements of some {total ordering}, S x0 "= x1 "= x2 ... A chain satisfies: for all x,y in S, x "= y \/ y "= x. I.e. any two elements of a chain are related. (""=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\sqsubseteq}). [{Jargon File}] (1995-02-03)
channel service unit/data service unit "communications, hardware" (CSU/DSU, or "..digital..") A device that performs both the {channel service unit} (CSU) and {data service unit} (DSU) functions. The Channel Service Unit (CSU) is used to terminate a {DS1} or {DS0} (56/64 kb/s) digital circuit. It peforms {line conditioning}, protection, {loop-back} and timing functions. The Data Service Unit (DSU) terminates the data circuit to the {Data Terminal Equipment} (DTE) and converts the customer's data stream into a bi-polar format for transmission. (2001-10-19)
character encoding "character" (Or "character encoding scheme") A mapping between {binary} data values and character {code positions} (or "code points"). Early systems stored characters in a variety of ways, e.g. four six-bit characters in a 24-bit word, but around 1960, eight-bit bytes started to become the most common data storage layout, with each character stored in one byte, typically in the {ASCII} character set. In the case of {ASCII}, the character encoding is an {identity} mapping: code position 65 maps to the byte value 65. This is possible because ASCII uses only code positions representable as single {bytes}, i.e., values between 0 and 255. ({US-ASCII} only uses values 0 to 127, in fact.) From the late 1990s, there was increased use of larger character sets such as {Unicode} and many {CJK} {coded character sets}. These can represent characters from many languages and more symbols. {Unicode} uses many more than the 256 code positions that can be represented by one byte. It thus requires more complex mappings: sometimes the characters are mapped onto pairs of bytes (see {DBCS}). In many cases, this breaks programs that assume a one-to-one mapping of bytes to characters, and so, for example, treat any occurrance of the byte value 13 as a {carriage return}. To avoid this problem, character encodings such as {UTF-8} were devised. (2015-11-29)
char "programming" /keir/ or /char/; rarely, /kar/ {character}. Especially used by {C} programmers, as "char" is {C}'s typename for character data. [{Jargon File}] (1994-11-29)
checkdigit "data" A one-digit {checksum}.
checkpoint "programming" Saving the current state of a program and its data, including intermediate results, to disk or other {non-volatile storage}, so that if interrupted the program could be restarted at the point at which the last checkpoint occurred. This facility came into popular use in {mainframe} {operating systemss} such as {OS/360} in which programs frequently ran for longer than the mean time between system failures. If a program run fails because of some event beyond the program's control (e.g. hardware or {operating system} failure) then the processor time invested before the checkpoint will not have been wasted. (1995-02-07)
checksum "storage, communications" A computed value which depends on the contents of a block of data and which is transmitted or stored along with the data in order to detect corruption of the data. The receiving system recomputes the checksum based upon the received data and compares this value with the one sent with the data. If the two values are the same, the receiver has some confidence that the data was received correctly. The checksum may be 8 bits (modulo 256 sum), 16, 32, or some other size. It is computed by summing the bytes or words of the data block ignoring {overflow}. The checksum may be negated so that the total of the data words plus the checksum is zero. {Internet} {packets} use a 32-bit checksum. See also {digital signature}, {cyclic redundancy check}. (1996-03-01)
CHEOPS "communications" A satellite-based batch data dissemination project between {CERN} and member state institutes. (2006-06-21)
Chernobyl packet "networking" /cher-noh'b*l pak'*t/ A {network} {packet} that induces a {broadcast storm} and/or {network meltdown}, named in memory of the April 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine. The typical scenario involves an {IP} {Ethernet} {datagram} that passes through a {gateway} with both source and destination {Ethernet address} and {IP address} set as the respective broadcast addresses for the subnetworks being gated between. Compare {Christmas tree packet}. [{Jargon File}] (2004-02-17)
child record "database" A {record} lower in the hierarchical tree than a parent record; it is also directly liked to the parent and hierarchical {databases}. (1995-04-13)
chordata ::: n. pl. --> A comprehensive division of animals including all Vertebrata together with the Tunicata, or all those having a dorsal nervous cord.
Christmas tree packet "networking" (Or kamikaze packet) A {packet} with every single option set for whatever {protocol} is in use. The term doubtless derives from a fanciful image of each little option bit being represented by a different-coloured light bulb, all turned on. {RFC 1025}, "TCP and IP Bake Off" says: 10 points for correctly being able to process a "Kamikaze" packet (AKA {nastygram}, Christmas tree packet, lamp test segment, et al.). That is, correctly handle a segment with the maximum combination of features at once (e.g. a SYN URG PUSH FIN segment with options and data). Compare: {Chernobyl packet}. [{Jargon File}] (1994-11-09)
Cichlid "graphics, tool" A tool for rapidly visualising arbitrary data in high-quality 3D, while allowing the viewer to explore and interact with the data in {real time}. Cichlid was designed with remote data generation and machine independence in mind; data is transmitted via {TCP} from any number of sources (data servers) to the visualisation code (the client), which displays them concurrently. [Who? URL?] (2004-01-22)
circular buffer "programming" An area of {memory} used to store a continuous stream of data by starting again at the beginning of the buffer after reaching the end. A circular buffer is usually written by one process and read by another. Separate read and write {pointers} are maintained. These are not allowed to pass each other otherwise either unread data would be overwritten or invalid data would be read. A circuit may implement a {hardware circular buffer}. (2000-06-17)
C+@ "language" (Formerly "Calico"). An {object-oriented language} from {Bell Laboratories} which uniformly represents all data as pointers to self-described objects. C+@ provides {multiple inheritance} with {delegation} and with control over which {methods} come from which delegated object; and {default methodologies}. It has a simple {syntax} with emphasis on graphics. It was originally used for prototyping of telecommunication services. The language is patented by AT&T and {Unir Tech} has the exclusive license from Bell Labs to distribute C+@. Unfortunately Unir is owned and operated by well-known anti-{IETF} ranter, Jim Fleming, which may have had something to do with the language's rapid disappearence from the radar screen. It runs under {SunOS} and compiles to {Vcode}. E-mail: Jim Vandendorpe "jimvan@iexist.att.com". ["A Dynamic C-Based Object-Oriented System for Unix", S. Engelstad et al, IEEE Software 8(3):73-85 (May 1991)]. ["The C+@ Programming Language", J. Fleming, Dr Dobbs J, Oct 1993, pp.24-32]. [{Jargon File}] (2005-01-05)
C* "language, parallel" An {object-oriented}, {data-parallel} superset of {ANSI C} with synchronous {semantics}, for the {Connection Machine}, designed by {Thinking Machines}, 1987. C* adds a "domain" data type and a selection statement for parallel execution in domains. An unimplemented language called "{Parallel C}" [which one?] influenced the design of {C*}. {Dataparallel-C} was based on {C*}. ["C*: An Extended C Language for Data Parallel Programming", J.R. Rose et al, Proc Second Intl Conf on Supercomputing, L.P. Kartashev et al eds, May 1987, pp 2-16]. ["C* Programming Manual", Thinking Machines Corp, 1986]. [{Jargon File}] (2000-11-14)
Clarion "language" A family of systems from {SoftVelocity, Inc.} for building {database} applications on {Microsoft Windows}. Clarion products include Clarion 4GL language with a {C++} and {Modula-2} {compiler}. Clarion products support fast, efficient database application development. Clarion was originally developed by Clarion Software Corporation, later to become TopSpeed Corporation. In 2000, the Clarion product line was acquired by SoftVelocity Inc. (2003-10-15)
Claris "company" A subsidiary company of {Apple Computer, Inc.}. In January 1998, Apple restructured Claris to concentrate on their {FileMaker} line of {database} {software} and changed the company's name to {FileMaker, Inc.}. (1998-02-18)
CLI 1. "operating system" {Command Line Interface}. 2. "database, standard" {Call-Level Interface}.
Client To Client Protocol "networking" (CTCP) A type of {protocol} created to allow structured data such as {font} information to be exchanged between users on {IRC}. It is also used to send a query to a user. The available CTCP commands include VERSION, FINGER, DCC CHAT, DCC SEND, TIME, PING, ECHO, CLIENTINFO. Some commands are not available on some IRC {client} software. (1995-04-12)
clipboard "operating system" A temporary memory area, used to transfer information within a document being edited or between documents or between programs. The fundamental operations are "cut" which moves data from a document to the clipboard, "copy" which copies it to the clipboard, and "paste" which inserts the clipboard contents into the current document in place of the current selection. Different {Graphical User Interfaces} vary in how they handle the different types of data which a user might want to transfer via the clipboard, some (e.g. the {X Window System}) support only plain text, others (e.g. {NEXTSTEP}) support arbitrarily typed data such as images. (1996-08-23)
Clipper 1. "hardware, cryptography" An {integrated circuit} which implements the {SkipJack} {algorithm}. The Clipper is manufactured by the US government to encrypt telephone data. It has the added feature that it can be decrypted by the US government, which has tried to make the chip compulsory in the United States. Phil Zimmerman (inventor of {PGP}) remarked, "This doesn't even pass the sniff test" (i.e. it stinks). {(http://wired.com/clipper/)}. {news:alt.privacy.clipper} 2. A compiled {dBASE} dialect from Nantucket Corp, LA. Versions: Winter 85, Spring 86, Autumn 86, Summer 87, 4.5 (Japanese Kanji), 5.0. It uses the {Xbase} programming language. (2004-09-01)
closure 1. "programming" In a {reduction system}, a closure is a data structure that holds an expression and an environment of variable bindings in which that expression is to be evaluated. The variables may be local or global. Closures are used to represent unevaluated expressions when implementing {functional programming languages} with {lazy evaluation}. In a real implementation, both expression and environment are represented by pointers. A {suspension} is a closure which includes a flag to say whether or not it has been evaluated. The term "{thunk}" has come to be synonymous with "closure" but originated outside {functional programming}. 2. "theory" In {domain theory}, given a {partially ordered set}, D and a subset, X of D, the upward closure of X in D is the union over all x in X of the sets of all d in D such that x "= d. Thus the upward closure of X in D contains the elements of X and any greater element of D. A set is "upward closed" if it is the same as its upward closure, i.e. any d greater than an element is also an element. The downward closure (or "left closure") is similar but with d "= x. A downward closed set is one for which any d less than an element is also an element. (""=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\subseteq} and the upward closure of X in D is written \uparrow_\{D} X). (1994-12-16)
CLU "language" (CLUster) An {object-oriented} programming language developed at {MIT} by {Liskov} et al in 1974-1975. CLU is an {object-oriented} language of the {Pascal} family designed to support {data abstraction}, similar to {Alphard}. It introduced the {iterator}: a {coroutine} yielding the elements of a data object, to be used as the sequence of values in a {for loop}. A CLU program consists of separately compilable {procedures}, {clusters} and iterators, no nesting. A cluster is a module naming an {abstract type} and its operations, its internal representation and implementation. Clusters and iterators may be generic. Supplying actual constant values for the {parameters} instantiates the {module}. There are no {implicit type conversions}. In a cluster, the explicit type conversions 'up' and 'down' change between the abstract type and the representation. There is a universal type 'any', and a procedure force[] to check that an object is a certain type. Objects may be mutable or {immutable}. {Exceptions} are raised using 'signal' and handled with 'except'. {Assignment} is by sharing, similar to the sharing of data objects in {Lisp}. Arguments are passed by {call-by-sharing}, similar to {call-by-value}, except that the arguments are objects and can be changed only if they are mutable. CLU has {own variables} and multiple assignment. CLU was one of {Kamin's interpreters}. {clu2c} compiled CLU to {C}. {Concurrent CLU} was an extension designed to support parallel proceses. ["CLU Reference Manual", Barbara Liskov et al, LNCS 114, Springer 1981]. E-mail: Paul R. Johnson "prj@pm-prj.lcs.mit.edu". {Versions for Sun and VAX/VMS (ftp://pion.lcs.mit.edu/pub/clu/)}. {Portable version (ftp://mintaka.lcs.mit.edu/pub/dcurtis/)}. (1994-12-16)
CO2 "language, database" An {object-oriented} {database} language combining {C} and {O2}, from GIP Altair, Versailles, France. [Francois Bancilon et al, in Advances in Object-Oriented Database Systems, K.R. Dittrich ed, LNCS 334, Springer 1988]. (1994-12-22)
CODASYL {Conference On DAta SYstems Languages}
Codd's First Normal Form {database normalisation}
Codd's reduction algorithm "database" An {algorithm} to convert an arbitrary expression of the {relational calculus} to an equivalent expression of the {relational algebra}. This can be used as the basis of an implementation of the relational calculus. (1998-10-05)
code 1. "software" Instructions for a computer in some programming language, often {machine language} (machine code). The word "code" is often used to distinguish instructions from {data} (e.g. "The code is marked 'read-only'") whereas the word "{software}" is used in contrast with "{hardware}" and may consist of more than just code. (2000-04-08) 2. "cryptography" Some method of {encryption} or the resulting encrypted message. (2006-11-10)
Code 2.0 "language" A {coarse-grain} {dataflow} language with a graphical interface for users to draw communication structure. {(http://cs.utexas.edu/users/code)}. E-mail: Emery Berger "emery@cs.utexas.edu". ["The CODE 2.0 Parallel Programming Language", P. Newton et al, Proc ACM Intl Conf on Supercomput, Jul 1992]. (1996-01-13)
codebook {data dictionary}
code segment "memory" ({Intel 8086} CS) The area of memory containing the {machine code} instructions of a {program}. The code segment of a program may be shared between multiple processes running that code so long as none of them tries to modify it. {Unix}, confusingly, calls this the "text segment" and the area for uninitialied data, the {bss segment}. Initialised data is located in the {data segment}. (1996-12-21)
codewalker "programming, tool" A program component that analyses other programs. {Compilers} have codewalkers in their front ends; so do {cross-reference generators} and some database front ends. Other utility programs that try to do too much with source code may turn into codewalkers. As in "This new 'vgrind' feature would require a codewalker to implement." [{Jargon File}] (1994-12-23)
Cohen, Hermann: (1842-1918) and Paul Natorp (1854-1924) were the chief leaders of the "Marburg School" which formed a definite branch of the Neo-Kantian movement. Whereas the original founders of this movement, O. Liebmann and Fr. A. Lange, had reacted to scientific empiricism by again calling attention to the a priori elements of cognition, the Marburg school contended that all cognition was exclusively a priori. They definitely rejected not only the notion of "things-in-themselves" but even that of anything immediately "given" in experience. There is no other reality than one posited by thought and this holds good equally for the object, the subject and God. Nor is thought in its effort to "determine the object = x" limited by any empirical data but solely by the laws of thought. Since in Ethics Kant himself had already endeavored to eliminate all empirical elements, the Marburg school was perhaps closer to him in this field than in epistemology. The sole goal of conduct is fulfillment of duty, i.e., the achievement of a society organized according to moral principles and satisfying the postulates of personal dignity. The Marburg school was probably the most influential philosophic trend in Germany in the last 25 years before the First World War. The most outstanding present-day champion of their tradition is Ernst Cassirer (born 1874). Cohen and Natorp tried to re-interpret Plato as well as Kant. Following up a suggestion first made by Lotze they contended that the Ideas ought to be understood as laws or methods of thought and that the current view ascribing any kind of existence to them was based on a misunderstanding of Aristotle's. -- H.G.
Coherent Parallel C "language" A {data parallel} version of {C}. ["Coherent Parallel C", E. Felten et al in Third Conf on Hypercube Concurrent Computers and Appls, ACM, 1988, pp. 440-450]. (1995-01-04)
ColdFusion "web, database, tool" {Allaire Corporation}'s commercial {database} application development tool that allows {databases} to have a {web interface}, so a database can be queried and updated using a {web browser}. The ColdFusion Server application runs on the {web server} and has access to a {database}. ColdFusion files on the web server are {HTML} pages with additional ColdFusion commands to {query} or {update} the database, written in {CFML}. When the page is requested by the user, the {web server} passes the page to the Cold Fusion application, which executes the {CFML} commands, places the results of the {CFML} commands in the {HTML} file, and returns the page to the {web server}. The page returned to the {web server} is now an ordinary {HTML} file, and it is sent to the user. Examples of ColdFusion applications include order entry, event registration, catalogue search, directories, calendars, and interactive training. ColdFusion applications are robust because all database interactions are encapsulated in a single industrial-strength {CGI} script. The formatting and presentation can be modified and revised at any time (as opposed to having to edit and recompile {source code}). ColdFusion Server can connect with any database that supports {ODBC} or {OLE DB} or one that has a native database driver. Native database drivers are available for {Oracle} and {Sybase} databases. ColdFusion is available for {Windows}, {Solaris}, and {HP-UX}. A {development environment} for creating ColdFusion files, called ColdFusion Studio, is also available for {Windows}. The {filename extension} for ColdFusion files is .cfm {(http://coldfusion.com/)}. (2003-07-27)
collision detection "networking" A class of methods for sharing a data transmission medium in which {hosts} transmit as soon as they have data to send and then check to see whether their transmission has suffered a {collision} with another host's. If a collision is detected then the data must be resent. The resending algorithm should try to minimise the chance that two hosts's data will repeatedly collide. For example, the {CSMA/CD} protocol used on {Ethernet} specifies that they should then wait for a random time before re-transmitting. See also {backoff}. This contrasts with {slotted protocols} and {token passing}. (1997-03-18)
Colossus (A huge and ancient statue on the Greek island of Rhodes). 1. "computer" The Colossus and Colossus Mark II computers used by {Alan Turing} at {Bletchley Park}, UK during the Second World War to crack the "Tunny" cipher produced by the Lorenz SZ 40 and SZ 42 machines. Colossus was a semi-fixed-program {vacuum tube} calculator (unlike its near-contemporary, the freely programmable {Z3}). ["Breaking the enemy's code", Glenn Zorpette, IEEE Spectrum, September 1987, pp. 47-51.] 2. The computer in the 1970 film, "Colossus: The Forbin Project". Forbin is the designer of a computer that will run all of America's nuclear defences. Shortly after being turned on, it detects the existence of Goliath, the Soviet counterpart, previously unknown to US Planners. Both computers insist that they be linked, whereupon the two become a new super computer and threaten the world with the immediate launch of nuclear weapons if they are detached. Colossus begins to give its plans for the management of the world under its guidance. Forbin and the other scientists form a technological resistance to Colossus which must operate underground. {The Internet Movie Database (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064177)}. (2007-01-04)
Columbia AppleTalk Package "networking" (CAP) An implementation of {Apple Computer}'s {AppleTalk} {protocols} for {Unix} {4.2BSD} and its derivatives, from {Columbia University}. There are two different {LAP} delivery mechanisms for: {IPTalk} and {Ethertalk} (possibly using {UAB}). CAP supports the following {AppleTalk} {protocols}: {AppleTalk Transaction Protocol} (ATP), {Name Binding Protocol} (NBP), {Printer Access Protocol} (PAP), {AppleTalk Session Protocol} (ASP), {AppleTalk Filing Protocol} (AFP) client side. In addition, the {Datagram Delivery Protocol} (DDP) and {Zone Information Protocol} (ZIP) are partially available. The structure of the {Internet Appletalk Bridge} software makes it impossible to provide full DDP service. Only the Get Zone List ATP ZIP command is implemented for ZIP. (1995-01-10)
column 1. "database" A named slice through a {database} {table} that includes the same field of each {row}. For example, a telephone directory table might have a row for each person with a name column and a telephone number column. 2. "storage" A line of memory cells in a {dynamic random-access memory}, that is selected by a particular column address. (2007-10-12)
Combination: (Lat. combinare, to join) The process of forming a new whole by the union of parts; also the product of such union. Two types of combination are distinguishable: Composition is a union of parts such that the component parts are discernible in the compound. Thus the visual and factual data which combine to form a total percept are recognizable in the resultant percept. Fusion is a union of parts into a whole in which the identity of the parts is obliterated. Thus the amalgamation of two sense images to form a new quality would, if this phenomenon were psychologically possible, be an instance of psychic fusion. See Psychic Fusion. -- L.W.
combinatory logic "logic" A system for reducing the operational notation of {logic}, mathematics or a {functional language} to a sequence of modifications to the input data structure. First introduced in the 1920's by {Schoenfinkel}. Re-introduced independently by {Haskell Curry} in the late 1920's (who quickly learned of Schoenfinkel's work after he had the idea). Curry is really responsible for most of the development, at least up until work with Feys in 1958. See {combinator}. (1995-01-05)
COME FROM "programming, humour" A semi-mythical language construct dual to the "go to"; "COME FROM" "label" would cause the referenced label to act as a sort of {trapdoor}, so that if the program ever reached it, control would quietly and {automagically} be transferred to the statement following the "COME FROM". "COME FROM" was first proposed in R.L. Clark's "A Linguistic Contribution to GOTO-less programming", which appeared in a 1973 {Datamation} issue (and was reprinted in the April 1984 issue of "{Communications of the ACM}"). This parodied the then-raging "{structured programming}" {holy wars} (see {considered harmful}). Mythically, some variants are the "assigned COME FROM" and the "computed COME FROM" (parodying some nasty control constructs in {Fortran} and some extended {BASICs}). Of course, {multitasking} (or {nondeterminism}) could be implemented by having more than one "COME FROM" statement coming from the same label. In some ways the {Fortran} "DO" looks like a "COME FROM" statement. After the terminating statement number/"CONTINUE" is reached, control continues at the statement following the DO. Some generous Fortrans would allow arbitrary statements (other than "CONTINUE") for the statement, leading to examples like: DO 10 I=1,LIMIT C imagine many lines of code here, leaving the C original DO statement lost in the spaghetti... WRITE(6,10) I,FROB(I) 10 FORMAT(1X,I5,G10.4) in which the trapdoor is just after the statement labelled 10. (This is particularly surprising because the label doesn't appear to have anything to do with the flow of control at all!) While sufficiently astonishing to the unsuspecting reader, this form of "COME FROM" statement isn't completely general. After all, control will eventually pass to the following statement. The implementation of the general form was left to {Univac Fortran}, ca. 1975 (though a roughly similar feature existed on the {IBM 7040} ten years earlier). The statement "AT 100" would perform a "COME FROM 100". It was intended strictly as a debugging aid, with dire consequences promised to anyone so deranged as to use it in production code. More horrible things had already been perpetrated in production languages, however; doubters need only contemplate the "{ALTER}" verb in {COBOL}. {SCL} on {VME} {mainframes} has a similar language construct called "whenever", used like this: whenever x=123345 then S; Meaning whenever variable x reached the value 123345 then execute statement S. "COME FROM" was supported under its own name for the first time 15 years later, in {C-INTERCAL} (see {INTERCAL}, {retrocomputing}); knowledgeable observers are still reeling from the shock. [{Jargon File}] (1998-04-19)
command line option "software" (Or "option", "flag", "switch", "option switch") An argument to a command that modifies its function rather than providing data. Options generally start with "-" in {Unix} or "/" in {MS-DOS}. This is usually followed by a single letter or occasionally a digit. More recently, {GNU} software adopted the --longoptionname style, usually in addition to traditional, single-character, -x style equivalents. Some commands require each option to be a separate argument, introduced by a new "-" or "/", others allow multiple option letters to be concatenated into a single argument with a single "-" or "/", e.g. "ls -al". A few Unix commands (e.g. {ar}, {tar}) allow the "-" to be omitted. Some options may or must be followed by a value, e.g. "cc prog.c -o prog", sometimes with and sometimes without an intervening space. {getopt} and {getopts} are commands for parsing command line options. There is also a {C} library routine called getopt for the same purpose. (2007-02-18)
comma separated values "file format" (CSV) A {file format} used as a portable representation of a {database}. Each line is one entry or record and the fields in a record are separated by {commas}. Commas may be followed by arbitrary space and/or tab characters which are ignored. If field includes a comma, the whole field must be surrounded with {double quotes}. (1995-05-06)
commendatary ::: n. --> One who holds a living in commendam.
commendator ::: n. --> One who holds a benefice in commendam; a commendatary.
comment "programming" (Or "remark") Explanatory text embedded in program {source} (or less often data) intended to help human readers understand it. Code completely without comments is often hard to read, but code with too many comments is also bad, especially if the comments are not kept up-to-date with changes to the code. Too much commenting may mean that the code is over-complicated. A good rule is to comment everything that needs it but write code that doesn't need much of it. Comments that explain __why__ something is done and how the code relates to its environment are useful. A particularly irksome form of over-commenting explains exactly what each statement does, even when it is obvious to any reasonably competant programmer, e.g. /* Open the input file */ infd = open(input_file, O_RDONLY); (2007-02-19)
Commercial Internet eXchange "networking, body" (CIX) The CIX is a non-profit, 501(c)6, trade association coordinating {Internet} services. Its member organisations provide {TCP/IP} or {OSI} data {internetwork} services to the general public. The CIX gives them unrestricted access to other worldwide networks. It also takes an interest in the development and future direction of the {Internet}. The CIX provides a neutral forum to exchange ideas, information, and experimental projects among suppliers of internetworking services. The CIX broadens the base of national and international cooperation and coordination among member networks. Together, the membership may develop consensus positions on legislative and policy issues of mutual interest. The CIX encourages technical research and development for the mutual benefit of suppliers and customers of data communications internetworking services. It assists its member networks in the establishment of, and adherence to, operational, technical, and administrative policies and standards necessary to ensure fair, open, and competitive operations and communication among member networks. CIX policies are formulated by a member-elected board of directors. {(http://cix.org/)}. (1995-01-13)
Commercial Translator "language, data processing" An English-like pre-{COBOL} language for business {data processing}. [Sammet 1969, p. 378]. (1994-11-08)
Committed Data Rate "communications" (CDR) The data transfer rate that an {ISP} guarantees a {virtual circuit} will carry. The CDR is the data portion of {Committed Information Rate} (CIR). (2007-02-28)
Committed Information Rate "networking" (CIR) The guaranteed average {data rate} of a {virtual circuit} in a {frame relay} network. The CIR plus the Excess Information Rate (EIR, burst rate) is equal to or less than the speed of the access port into the network. The term CIR includes voice and non-data packets that are not included in the {Committed Data Rate} (CDR). CIR is generally used in reference to {leased lines} and similar classes of network services, not {dial-up}. (2010-05-07)
COmmon Business Oriented Language "language, business" /koh'bol/ (COBOL) A programming language for simple computations on large amounts of data, designed by the {CODASYL} Committee in April 1960. COBOL's {natural language} style is intended to be largely self-documenting. It introduced the {record} structure. COBOL was probably the most widely used programming language during the 1960s and 1970s. Many of the major programs that required repair or replacement due to {Year 2000} {software rot} issues were originally written in COBOL, and this was responsible for a short-lived increased demand for COBOL programmers. Even in 2002 though, new COBOL programs are still being written in some organisations and many old COBOL programs are still running in {dinosaur} shops. Major revisions in 1968 (ANS X3.23-1968), 1974 (ANS X3.23-1974) and 1985. {Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.cobol}. ["Initial Specifications for a Common Business Oriented Language" DoD, US GPO, Apr 1960]. (2002-02-21)
Common Data Format "library" (CDF) A {library} and toolkit based on a {self-describing} data format for {scalar} and multidimensional data. CDF aims to be platform- and discipline-independent. A scientific data management package (CDF Library) allows developers to manage data and {metadata} through APIs. CDF has built-in support for {data compression} ({gZip}, {RLE}, {Huffman}) and files larger than two {gigabytes}. There are interfaces for {C}, {FORTRAN}, {Java}, {Perl}, {C
Common Gateway Interface "web" (CGI) A {standard} for running external {programs} from a {web} {HTTP} {server}. CGI specifies how to pass {arguments} to the program as part of the HTTP request. It also defines a set of {environment variables} that are made available to the program. The program generates output, typically {HTML}, which the web server processes and passes back to the {browser}. Alternatively, the program can request {URL redirection}. CGI allows the returned output to depend in any arbitrary way on the request. The CGI program can, for example, access information in a {database} and format the results as HTML. The program can access any data that a normal application program can, however the facilities available to CGI programs are usually limited for security reasons. Although CGI programs can be compiled programs, they are more often written in a (semi) {interpreted language} such as {Perl}, or as {Unix} {shell scripts}, hence the common name "CGI script". Here is a trivial CGI script written in Perl. (It requires the "CGI" module available from {CPAN}).
Common Intermediate Format "communications, standard" (CIF) A {video} format used in {videoconferencing} systems, which supports both {NTSC} and {PAL} signals, with a {data rate} of 30 {frames per second} (fps), with each {frame} containing 288 lines and 352 {luminance} {pixels} per line. CIF is part of the {ITU} {H.261} videoconferencing standard. CIF is also known as Full CIF (FCIF) to distinguish it from {Quarter CIF} (QCIF), a related video format standard that transfers one fourth as much data as CIF. (2007-05-14)
Common Internet File System "protocol" (CIFS) An {Internet} {file system} {protocol}, based on {Microsoft}'s {SMB}. Microsoft has given CIFS to the {Internet Engineering Task Force} (IETF) as an Internet Draft. CIFS is intended to complement existing protocols such as {HTTP}, {FTP}, and {NFS}. CIFS runs on top of {TCP/IP} and uses the Internet's {Domain Name Service} (DNS). It is optimised to support the slower speed {dial-up} connections common on the Internet. CIFS is more flexible than FTP. FTP operations are carried out on entire files whereas CIFS is aimed at routine data access and incorporates high-performance multi-user read and write operations, {locking}, and file-sharing semantics. CIFS is probably closest in functionality to NFS. NFS gives random access to files and directories, but is {stateless}. With CIFS, once a file is open, state about the current access to that file is stored on both the client and the server. This allows changes on the server side to be notified to the clients that are interested. {Microsoft Overview (http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/fileio/base/cifs_smb_protocol_overview.asp)}. {SNIA page (http://snia.org/tech_activities/CIFS/)}. {CIFS: A Common Internet File System, Paul Leach and Dan Perry (http://microsoft.com/Mind/1196/CIFS.htm)}. {IETF Specification. CIFS version 1 (ftp://ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-leach-cifs-v1-spec-01.txt)}. (2003-03-12)
Common Lisp "language" A dialect of {Lisp} defined by a consortium of companies brought together in 1981 by the {Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency} (DARPA). Companies included {Symbolics}, {Lisp Machines, Inc.}, {Digital Equipment Corporation}, {Bell Labs}., {Xerox}, {Hewlett-Packard}, {Lawrence Livermore Labs}., {Carnegie-Mellon University}, {Stanford University}, {Yale}, {MIT} and {USC Berkeley}. Common Lisp is {lexically scoped} by default but can be {dynamically scoped}. Common Lisp is a large and complex language, fairly close to a superset of {MacLisp}. It features {lexical binding}, data structures using defstruct and setf, {closures}, multiple values, types using declare and a variety of numerical types. Function calls allow "&optional", keyword and "&rest" arguments. Generic sequence can either be a list or an {array}. It provides formatted printing using escape characters. Common LISP now includes {CLOS}, an extended LOOP {macro}, condition system, {pretty printing} and logical pathnames. Implementations include {AKCL}, {CCL}, {CLiCC}, {CLISP}, {CLX}, {CMU Common Lisp}, {DCL}, {KCL}, {MCL} and {WCL}. Mailing list: "common-lisp@ai.sri.com". {ANSI Common Lisp draft proposal (ftp://ftp.think.com/public/think/lisp:public-review.text)}. ["Common LISP: The Language", Guy L. Steele, Digital Press 1984, ISBN 0-932376-41-X]. ["Common LISP: The Language, 2nd Edition", Guy L. Steele, Digital Press 1990, ISBN 1-55558-041-6]. (1994-09-29)
Common Sense: In Aristotle's psychology the faculty by which the common sensibles are perceived. It is probable also that Aristotle attributes to this faculty the functions of perceiving what we perceive and of uniting the data of different senses into a single object. -- G.R.M.
communication system "communications" A system or facility for transfering data between persons and equipment. The system usually consists of a collection of individual communication {networks}, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations and {terminal} equipment capable of interconnection and interoperation so as to form an integrated whole. These individual components must serve a common purpose, be technically compatible, employ common procedures, respond to some form of control and generally operate in unison. ["Communications Standard Dictionary", 2nd Edition, Martin H. Weik]. (1995-02-06)
COMNET "simulation, networking" A {simulation} tool from {CACI} for analysing wide-area voice or data networks, based on {SIMSCRIPT}. (2008-10-13)
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory "storage" (CD-ROM) A {non-volatile} optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio {compact discs}, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. CD-ROM is popular for distribution of large databases, software and especially {multimedia} {applications}. The maximum capacity is about 600 megabytes. A CD can store around 640 {megabytes} of data - about 12 billion bytes per pound weight. CD-ROM drives are rated with a speed factor relative to music CDs (1x or 1-speed which gives a data transfer rate of 150 {kilobytes} per second). 12x drives were common in April 1997. Above 12x speed, there are problems with vibration and heat. {Constant angular velocity} (CAV) drives give speeds up to 20x but due to the nature of CAV the actual throughput increase over 12x is less than 20/12. 20x was thought to be the maximum speed due to mechanical constraints but on 1998-02-24, {Samsung Electronics} introduced the SCR-3230, a 32x CD-ROM drive which uses a ball bearing system to balance the spinning CD-ROM in the drive to reduce noise. CD-ROM drives may connect to an {IDE} interface, a {SCSI} interface or a propritary interface, of which there are three - Sony, Panasonic, and Mitsumi. Most CD-ROM drives can also play audio CDs. There are several formats used for CD-ROM data, including {Green Book CD-ROM}, {White Book CD-ROM} and {Yellow Book CD-ROM}. {ISO 9660} defines a standard {file system}, later extended by {Joliet}. See also {Compact Disc Recordable}, {Digital Versatile Disc}. {Byte, February 1997 (http://byte.com/art/9702/sec17/art5.htm)}. (2006-09-25)
Compact Disc Recordable "storage" (CD-R) A write-once version of {CD-ROM}. CD-Rs can hold about 650 {megabytes} of data. They are very durable and can be read by normal CD-ROM drives, but once data has been written it cannot be altered. Standard prerecorded CDs have their information permanently stamped into an aluminium reflecting layer. CD-R discs have a dye-based recording layer and an additional golden reflecting layer. Digital information is written to the disc by burning (forming) pits in the recording layer in a pattern corresponding to that of a conventional CD. The laser beam heats the substrate and recording layer to approximately 250 C. The recording layer melts and the substrate expands into the space that becomes available. {Phillips: New Technologies (http://www-us.sv.philips.com/newtech/cdrewritable.html)}. See also {CD-RW} and {DVD-RAM}. (1999-08-01)
Compact Disc Rewritable "storage" (CD-RW) A rewritable version of {CD-ROM}. A CD-RW drive can write about 650 {megabytes} of data to CD-RW media an unlimited number of times. Most CD-RW drives can also write once to {CD-R} media. CD-RW media cannot be read by CD-ROM drives built prior to 1997 due to the reduced reflectivity (15% compared to 70%) of CD-RW media. CD-RW drives and media are currently (1999) more expensive than {CD-R} drives and media. CD-R is sometimes considered a better technology for archival purposes as the data cannot be accidentally modified or tampered with, and encourages better archival practices. Standard prerecorded CDs have their information permanently stamped into an aluminium reflecting layer. CD-WR discs have a phase-change recording layer and an additional silver (aluminium) reflecting layer. A laser beam can melt crystals in the recording layer into a non-crystalline amorphous phase or anneal them slowly at a lower temperature back to the crystalline state. The different reflectance of the areas make them appear as the 'pits' and 'lands' of a standard CD. {Phillips: New Technologies (http://www-us.sv.philips.com/newtech/cdrewritable.html)}. See also {CD-R} and {DVD-RAM}. (1999-08-01)
Compact Disc "storage" (CD) (Not "disk", this spelling is part of the standard). A 4.72 inch disc developed by {Sony} and {Philips} that can store, on the same disc, still and/or moving images in monochrome and/or color; stereo or two separate sound tracks integrated with and/or separate from the images; and digital program and information files. The same fabrication process is used to make both audio CDs and {CD-ROMs} for storing computer data, the only difference is in the device used to read the CD (the player or drive). {CD Information Center (http://cd-info.com/cd-info/CDInfoCenter.html)}. (1999-06-23)
Compact Disc writer "storage" (CD burner) A device that can write data to {Compact Disc Recordable} (CD-R) or {Compact Disc Rewritable} (CD-RW) discs. Now both these CD formats are often combined with a {DVD writer}. (2008-09-16)
Compas Pascal The predecessor of {Turbo Pascal}, sol by {POLY Data} of Denmark. It was later renamed POLY Pascal, and afterward sold to {Borland}. (1995-01-19)
compatible "jargon" Different systems (e.g., {programs}, {file formats}, {protocols}, even {programming languages}) that can work together or exchange data are said to be compatible. See also {backward compatible}, {forward compatible}. (1998-01-15)
compile time "programming" The period of time during which a program's {source code} is being translated into {machine code}, as opposed to {run time} when the program is being executed. As well as the work done by the {compiler}, this may include macro preprocessing as done by {cpp} for example. The final stage of program construction, performed by the {linker}, would generally also be classed as compile time but might be distinguished as {link time}. For example, {static data} in a {C} program is allocated at compile time whereas non-static data is allocated at {run time}, typically on the {stack}. (2004-09-28)
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) A processor where each instruction can perform several low-level operations such as memory access, arithmetic operations or address calculations. The term was coined in contrast to {Reduced Instruction Set Computer}. Before the first RISC processors were designed, many computer architects were trying to bridge the "{semantic gap}" - to design {instruction sets} to support {high-level languages} by providing "high-level" instructions such as procedure call and return, loop instructions such as "decrement and branch if non-zero" and complex {addressing modes} to allow data structure and {array} accesses to be compiled into single instructions. While these architectures achieved their aim of allowing high-level language constructs to be expressed in fewer instructions, it was observed that they did not always result in improved performance. For example, on one processor it was discovered that it was possible to improve the performance by NOT using the procedure call instruction but using a sequence of simpler instructions instead. Furthermore, the more complex the instruction set, the greater the overhead of decoding an instruction, both in execution time and silicon area. This is particularly true for processors which used {microcode} to decode the (macro) instruction. It is easier to debug a complex instruction set implemented in microcode than one whose decoding is "{hard-wired}" in silicon. Examples of CISC processors are the {Motorola} {680x0} family and the {Intel 80186} through {Intel 486} and {Pentium}. (1994-10-10)
Complication: (Lat. com + plicatio, folded together) The union or act of combining more or less disparate elements into a single whole impression or idea. The term usually has reference to the synthesis of sense data in perceptions, or of perceptions in a unifying idea. -- O.F.K.
compound key "database" (Or "multi-part key", "concatenated key") A {key} which consists of more than one {attribute} of the body of information (e.g. database "{record}") it identifies. (1997-04-26)
compress 1. To feed data through any {compression} {algorithm}. 2. "tool" The {Unix} program "compress", now largely supplanted by {gzip}. Unix compress was written in {C} by Joseph M. Orost, James A. Woods et al., and was widely circulated via {Usenet}. It uses the {Lempel-Ziv Welch} {algorithm} and normally produces files with the suffix ".Z". Compress uses variable length codes. Initially, nine-bit codes are output until they are all used. When this occurs, ten-bit codes are used and so on, until an implementation-dependent maximum is reached. After every 10 {kilobytes} of input the compression ratio is checked. If it is decreasing then the entire string table is discarded and information is collected from scratch.
Compressed SLIP "networking" (CSLIP) {VanJacobsen TCP header compression}. A version of {SLIP} using {compression}. CSLIP has no effect on the data portion of the {packet} and has nothing to do with compression by {modem}. It does reduce the {TCP} header from 40 bytes to 7 bytes, a noticeable difference when doing {telnet} with lots of little packets. CSLIP has no effect on UDP, only TCP. (1995-05-28)
compression 1. "application" (Or "compaction") The coding of data to save storage space or transmission time. Although data is already coded in digital form for computer processing, it can often be coded more efficiently (using fewer bits). For example, {run-length encoding} replaces strings of repeated characters (or other units of data) with a single character and a count. There are many compression {algorithms} and utilities. Compressed data must be decompressed before it can be used. The standard {Unix} compression utilty is called {compress} though {GNU}'s superior {gzip} has largely replaced it. Other compression utilties include {pack}, {zip} and {PKZIP}. When compressing several similar files, it is usually better to join the files together into an {archive} of some kind (using {tar} for example) and then compress them, rather than to join together individually compressed files. This is because some common compression {algorithms} build up tables based on the data from their current input which they have already compressed. They then use this table to compress subsequent data more efficiently. See also {TIFF}, {JPEG}, {MPEG}, {Lempel-Ziv Welch}, "{lossy}", "{lossless}". {Compression FAQ (ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/compression-faq/)}. {Web Content Compression FAQ (http://perl.apache.org/docs/tutorials/client/compression/compression.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.compression}, {news:comp.compression.research}. 2. "multimedia" Reducing the dynamic range of an audio signal, making quiet sounds louder and loud sounds quieter. Thus, when discussing digital audio, the preferred term for reducing the total amount of data is "compaction". Some advocate this term in all contexts. (2004-04-26)
CompuServe Information Service "company" (CIS, CompuServe Interactive Services). An ISP and on-line service {portal} based in Columbus, Ohio, USA; part of {AOL} since February 1998. CIS was founded in 1969 as a computer {time-sharing service}. Along with {AOL} and {Prodigy}, CIS was one of the first pre-Internet, on-line services for consumers, providing {bulletin boards}, on-line conferencing, business news, sports and weather, financial transactions, {electronic mail}, {Usenet} news, travel and entertainment data and on-line editions of computer publications. CIS was originally run by {CompuServe Corporation}. In 1979, CompuServe was the first service to offer {electronic mail} and technical support to personal computer users. In 1980 they were the first to offer {real-time} {chat} with its CB Simulator. By 1982, the company had formed its Network Services Division to provide wide-area networking to corporate clients. Initially mostly serving the USA, in 1986 they developed a Japanese version called NIFTYSERVE. In 1989, they expanded into Europe and became a leading {Internet service provider}. In 2001 they released version 7.0 of their client program. {CompuServe home (http://compuserve.com/)}. (2009-04-02)
Computer-Aided Instruction "application, education" (CAI, or "- assisted", "- learning", CAL, Computer-Based Training CBT, "e-learning") The use of computers for education and training. The programs and data used in CAI, known as "courseware", may be supplied on media such as {CD-ROM} or delivered via a {network} which also enables centralised logging of student progress. CAI may constitute the whole or part of a course, may be done individually or in groups ("Computer Supported Collaborative Learning", CSCL), with or without human guidance. (2011-11-25)
computer "computer" A machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols. Computers can perform complex and repetitive procedures quickly, precisely and reliably and can store and retrieve large amounts of data. Most computers in use today are electronic {digital computers} (as opposed to {analogue computers}). The physical components from which a computer is constructed are known as {hardware}, which can be of four types: {CPU}, {memory}, {input devices} and {output devices}. The CPU ({central processing unit}) executes {software} {programs} which tell the computer what to do. Input and output (I/O) devices allow the computer to communicate with the user and the outside world. There are many kinds of memory or storage - fast, expensive, short term memory (e.g. {RAM}) to hold intermediate results, and slower, cheaper, long-term memory (e.g. {magnetic disk} and {magnetic tape}) to hold programs and data that are not being used immediately. Computers today are often connected to a {network} (which may be part of the {Internet}). This allows them to be accessed from elsewhere and to exchange data with other computers. (2018-06-25)
Computer Telephone Integration "communications" (CTI or "- Telephony -") Enabling computers to know about and control telephony functions such as making and receiving voice, {fax} and data calls, telephone directory services and {caller identification}. CTI is used in call centres to link incoming calls to computer software functions such as database look-up of the caller's number, supported by services such as {Automatic Number Identification} and {Dialled Number Identification Service}. Application software ({middleware}) can link {personal computers} and servers with telephones and/or a {PBX}. Telephony and {software} vendors such as {AT&T}, {British Telecom}, {IBM}, {Novell}, {Microsoft} and {Intel} have developed CTI services. The main {CTI} functions are integrating {messaging} with {databases}, {word processors} etc.; controlling voice, {fax}, and {e-mail} messaging systems from a single {application program}; graphical call control - using a {graphical user interface} to perform functions such as making and receiving calls, forwarding and conferencing; call and {data} association - provision of information about the caller from databases or other applications automatically before the call is answered or transferred; {speech synthesis} and {speech recognition}; automatic logging of call related information for invoicing purposes or callback. CTI can improve customer service, increase productivity, reduce costs and enhance workflow automation. IBM were one of the first with workable CTI, now sold as "CallPath". {Callware}'s {Phonetastic} is another {middleware} product. CTI came out of the 1980s call centre boom, where it linked central servers and {IVRs} with {PBX}es to provide call transfer and {screen popping}. In the 1990s, efforts were made by several vendors, such as IBM, Novell {TSAPI} and Microsoft {TAPI}, to provide a version for {desktop computers} that would allow control of a desktop telephone and assist in {hot desking}. See also {Telephony Application Programming Interface}. (2012-11-18)
concentrator "communications" A device that combines the data streams from many simultaneously active inputs into one shared channel in such a way that the streams can be separated after transmission. The concentrator's output bandwidth must be at least as great as the total bandwidth of all simultaneously active inputs. A concentrator is one kind of {multiplexing} device. For example, a concentrator may be used to connect 24 2400 bps TTYs to a host via a 57600 bps channel. (2000-03-01)
conceptualisation "artificial intelligence" The process or result of listing the types of objects, concepts and other entities that are assumed to exist in some area of interest and the relationships that hold among them. A conceptualisation is an {abstract}, simplified view of the world that we wish to represent. For example, we may conceptualise a family as the set of names, sexes and the relationships of the family members. Choosing a conceptualisation is the first stage of {knowledge representation}. A conceptualisation is a high-level {data model}. Every {knowledge base}, {knowledge-based system}, or {knowledge-level agent} is committed to some conceptualisation, explicitly or implicitly. (2013-04-17)
Concrete Data Structure "theory" (CDS) A model of programming language terms developed in the context of constructing fully {abstract semantics} for {sequential} languages. A CDS is a 4-tuple (C,V,E,|-) where C is a cell, V is a value, E is an event and |- is an "enabling relation". An event is a cell and a value. A cell C is "enabled" by a set of events S if S |- C. A state is a set of events which are consistent in that the values they give for any cell are all equal. Every cell in a state is enabled. [G. Berry, P.-L. Curien, "Theory and practice of sequential algorithms: the kernel of applicative language CDS", Algebraic methods in semantics, CUP 1985]. (1994-11-30)
concrete syntax "language, data" The {syntax} of a language including all the features visible in the {source code} such as {parentheses} and {delimiters}. The concrete syntax is used when {parsing} the program or other input, during which it is usually converted into some kind of {abstract syntax tree} (conforming to an {abstract syntax}). In communications, concrete syntax is called {transfer syntax}. (1997-07-21)
Conference On DAta SYstems Languages "body, data processing" (CODASYL) A consortium that developed {database models} and standard {database} extensions for {COBOL}. CODASYL was formed in 1959 to guide the development of a {standard} {programming language} that could be used on many computers. Members came from industry and government {data processing} departments. Its goal was to promote more effective data {systems analysis}, design and implementation. It published specifications for various languages over the years, handing these over to official standards bodies ({ISO}, {ANSI} or their predecessors) for formal standardisation. The 1965 List Processing Task Force worked on the {IDS/I} database extension. It later renamed itself to the Data Base Task Group (DBTG) and publishing the Codasyl Data Model, the first to allow one-to-many {relations}. This work also introduced {data definition languages} (DDLs) to define the {database schema} and a {data manipulation language} (DML) to be embedded in COBOL programs to request and update data in the database. Interest in CODASYL declined with the rise of {relational databases} beginning in the early 1980s. (2013-12-29)
Conferencing over IP "communications, standard" (CoIP) Standards for the transmission of {multimedia} over the {Internet}. CoIP extends {VoIP} (voice over Internet Protocol) with {text}, {images}, {video}. The main CoIP standard is based on {H.323}. The VoIP forum of the {IMTC} merged with the {H.323} Activity Group in January 1999 to form the Conferencing over IP (CoIP) Activity Group. VoIP uses "VoIP Devices" as {gateways} to {route} voice data {packets} over the Internet or {PSTN}. {Protocols} such as {SGCP} and its successor {MGCP} extend VoIP to handle media other than voice data. (2013-12-29)
conflation "database" Combining or blending of two or more versions of a text; confusion or mixing up. Conflation {algorithms} are used in {databases}. [Any specific technical meaning?] (1996-04-14)
congestion "communications" The condition that arises when the amount of data that senders want to send down a communication channel exceeds its {capacity}. Typically this will result in some {packets} being delayed, thus increasing the average {latency}. (2014-05-04)
connectionless protocol "protocol" The data communication method in which communication occurs between {hosts} with no previous setup. {Packets} sent between two hosts may take different routes. {UDP} is a connectionless protocol. Also called {packet switching}. Contrast {circuit switching}, {connection-oriented}. (2014-05-04)
Connection Machine LISP "language" {Lisp} with a parallel data structure, the 'xapping', an array of values assigned to an {array} of sites. [G.L. Steele et al, "Connection Machine LISP: Fine-Grained Parallel Symbolic Processing", in Proc 1986 ACM Conf on LISP and Functional Prog, Aug 1986, pp.279-297]. ["Connection Machine LISP Reference Manual", Thinking Machines Corp, Feb 1987]. (1995-02-28)
connection-oriented "networking" (Or connection-based, stream-oriented). A type of {transport layer} data communication service that allows a {host} to send data in a continuous stream to another host. The transport service will guarantee that all data will be delivered to the other end in the same order as sent and without duplication. Communication proceeds through three well-defined phases: connection establishment, data transfer, connection release. The most common example is {Transmission Control Protocol} (TCP), another is {ATM}. The network nodes at either end needs to inform all intermediate nodes about their service requirements and traffic parameters in order to establish communication. Opposite of {connectionless}, {datagram}. See also {circuit switching}, {packet switching}, {virtual circuit}. (2014-11-27)
CONNIVER "language" An {artificial intelligence} {programming language} for {automatic theorem proving} from {MIT}. CONNIVER grew out of {PLANNER} and was based on {coroutines} rather than {backtracking}. It allowed multiple database contexts with hypothetical assertions. ["The CONNIVER Reference Manual", D. McDermott & G.J. Sussman "gjs@zurich.ai.mit.edu", AI Memo 259, MIT AI Lab, 1973]. (1995-01-10)
Consortium for Lexical Research "body" (CLR) A repository for {natural language processing} software, {lexical} data, tools and resources; set up in July 1991 in the Computing Research Laboratory of {New Mexico State University}, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. CLR maintained a public {FTP} {archive site} and a separate members-only library. As of 1994-02-01, CLR had about 60 members, mostly academic institutions, including most US natural language processing centres. Materials could be contributed in exchange for membership. In 2006, the CRL closed down due to lack of funding. The CLR FTP server and e-mail address seems to have disappeared with it. [{The Consortium for Lexical Research, Y. Wilks, Principal Investigator, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University (http://clair.eecs.umich.edu/aan/paper.php?paper_id=H92-1114)}]. (2014-07-06)
constant angular velocity "storage" (CAV) One of the two schemes for controlling the rate of rotation of the disk in a {disk drive}. Constant {angular velocity} keeps the rate of rotation constant. This means that the {linear velocity} of the disk under the head is larger when reading or writing the outer {tracks}. This in turn implies either a variation in the data rate to and from the heads or the bits per unit length along the track. The alternative, {constant linear velocity}, requires the rate of rotation of the disk to accelerate and decelerate according to the radial postion of the heads, increasing the energy use and vibration. (2014-07-16)
constant linear velocity "storage" (CLV) A way of controlling the rotation of the {disks} in a {disk drive} in which the {linear velocity} of the disk surface relative to the {read/write heads} is kept constant. In order to achieve constant linear velocity, the disk must rotate faster (at a higher {angular velocity}) when reading or writing tracks closer to the centre. Having a constant linear read/write speed along the track means that the electrical signal to and from the heads has a constant {data rate} (bits per second), thus simplifying the timing of the drive electronics somewhat. However, rotating at less than the maximum possible rate sacrifices some potential performance compared to the alternative, {constant angular velocity}. Also, varying the rate causes more vibration and consumes more energy. (2014-07-27)
Construction, Psychological: (In contrast to Logical) A framework devised by the common-sense, scientific or philosophical imagination for the integration of diverse empirical data. In contrast to an hypothesis, a construction is not an inference from experience but is an arbitrary scheme which, though presumably not a true picture of the actual state of affairs, satisfies the human imagination and promotes further investigation. Perceptual objects, space and time, physical atoms, electrons, etc. as well as philosophical world-views, have by certain philosophers been called logical constructs. (Cf. B. Russell, Our Knowledge of the External World, Ch. IV.) -- L.W.
Content of Consciousness: (Lat. contentus from continere, to contain) The totality of qualitative data present to consciousness in contrast to the act of apprehending such data. See Act Psychology; Datum. -- L.W.
Correlated Sample ::: Sample data that is related to each other.
Correlation, Sensory: (Lat. co + relatus, related) Correspondences between data of different senses, especially visual and tactual, by which the apprehension of perceptual objects is effected. Intersensory correlations depend upon the co-appearance rather than the comparison of data of different senses. -- L.W.
Creative Theory of Perception: The creative theory, in opposition to the selective theory, asserts that the data of sense are created or constituted by the act of perception and do not exist except at the time and under the conditions of actual perception, (cf. C. D. Broad, The Mind and its Place in Nature, pp. 200 ff.) See Selective Theory of Perception. The theories of perception of Descartes, Locke, Leibniz and Berkeley are historical examples of creative theories, Russell (Problems of Philosophy, Ch. II and III) and the majority of the American critical realists defend creative theories. -- L.W.
(c) The relation between psychology and epistemology is particularly intimate since the cognitive processes of perception, memory, imagination, conception and reasoning, investigated by empirical psychology are the very processes which, in quite a different context, are the special subject matter of epistemology. Nevertheless the psychological and epistemological treatments of the cognitive processes of mind are radically different: scientific psychology is concerned solely with the description and explanation of conscious processes, e.g. particular acts of perception, in the context of other conscious events; epistemology is interested in the cognitive pretentions of the perceptions, i.e. their apparent reference to external objects. In short, whereas psychology is the investigation of all states of mind including the cognitive in the context of the mental life, epistemology investigates only cognitive states and these solely with respect to their cognitive import. Psychology and epistemology are by virtue of the partial identity of their subject matter interdependent sciences. The psychology of perception, memory, imagination, conception, etc. affords indispensable data for epistemological interpretation and on the other hand epistemological analysis of the cognitive processes may sometimea prove psychologically suggestive. The epistemologist must, however, guard against a particularly insidious form of the genetic fallacy: viz. the supposition that the psychological origin of an item of knowledge prejudices either favorably or unfavorably its cognitive validity -- a fallacy which is psychologism at its worst.
Darwin, Charles: (1809-1882) The great English naturalist who gathered masses of data on the famous voyage of the Beagle and then spent twenty additional years shaping his pronouncement of an evolutionary hypothesis in The Origin of Species, published in 1859. He was not the first to advance the idea of the kinship of all life but is memorable as the expositor of a provocative and simple explanation in his theory of natural selection. He served to establish firmly in all scientific minds the fact of evolution even if there remains doubt as to the precise method or methods of evolution. From his premises, he elaborated a subsidiary doctrine of sexual selection. In addition to the biological explanations, there appear some keen observations and conclusions for ethics particularly in his later Descent of Man. Evolution, since his day, has been of moment in all fields of thought. See Evolutionism, Natural Selection, Struggle for Existence. -- L.E.D.
dateless ::: 1. Endless, limitless. 2. So old as to be undatable.
delved ::: carried an intensive and thorough research for data, information, or the like; investigated. delves.
derivable ::: a. --> That can be derived; obtainable by transmission; capable of being known by inference, as from premises or data; capable of being traced, as from a radical; as, income is derivable from various sources.
D. Interpretations of Probability. The methods and results of mathematical probability (and of probability in general) are the subject of much controversy as regards their interpretation and value. Among the various theories proposed, we shall consider the following Probability as a measure of belief, probability as the relative frequency of events, probability as the truth-frequency of types of argument, probability as a primitive notion, probability as an operational concept, probability as a limit of frequencies, and probability as a physical magnitude determined by axioms. I. Probability as a Measure of Belief: According to this theory, probability is the measure or relative degree of rational credence to be attached to facts or statements on the strength of valid motives. This type of probability is sometimes difficult to estimate, as it may be qualitative as well as quantitative. When considered in its mathematical aspects, the measure of probable inference depends on the preponderance or failure of operative causes or observed occurrences of the case under investigation. This conception involves axioms leading to the classic rule of Laplace, namely: The measure of probability of any one of mutually exclusive and apriori equiprobable possibilities, is the ratio of the number of favorable possibilities to the total number of possibilities. In probability operations, this rule is taken as the definition of direct probability for those cases where it is applicable. The main objections against this interpretation are: that probability is largely subjective, or at least independent of direct experience; that equiprobability is taken as an apriori notion, although the ways of asserting it are empirical; that the conditions of valid equiprobability are not stated definitely; that equiprobability is difficult to determine actually in all cases; that it is difficult to attach an adequate probability to a complex event from the mere knowledge of the probabilities of its component parts, and that the notion of probability is not general, as it does not cover such cases as the inductive derivation of probabilities from statistical data. II. Probability as a Relative Frequency. This interpretation is based on the nature of events, and not on any subjective considerations. It deals with the rate with which an event will occur in a class of events. Hence, it considers probability as the ratio of frequency of true results to true conditions, and it gives as its measure the relative frequency leading from true conditions to true results. What is meant when a set of calculations predict that an experiment will yield a result A with probability P, is that the relative frequency of A is expected to approximate the number P in a long series of such experiments. This conception seems to be more concerned with empirical probabilities, because the calculations assumed are mostly based on statistical data or material assumptions suggested by past experiments. It is valuable in so far as it satisfies the practical necessity of considering probability aggregates in such problems. The main objections against this interpretation are: that it does not seem capable of expressing satisfactorily what is meant by the probability of an event being true; that its conclusions are more or less probable, owing to the difficulty of defining a proper standard for comparing ratios; that neither its rational nor its statistical evidence is made clear; that the degree of relevance of that evidence is not properly determined, on account of the theoretical indefinite ness of both the true numerical value of the probability and of the evidence assumed, and that it is operational in form only, but not in fact, because it involves the infinite without proper limitations. III. Probability as Truth-Frequency of Types of Arguments: In this interpretation, which is due mainly to Peirce and Venn, probability is shifted from the events to the propositions about them; instead of considering types and classes of events, it considers types and classes of propositions. Probability is thus the ability to give an objective reading to the relative tiuth of propositions dealing with singular events. This ability can be used successfully in interpreting definite and indefinite numerical probabilities, by taking statistical evaluations and making appropriate verbal changes in their formulation. Once assessed, the relative truth of the propositions considered can be communicated to facts expressed by these propositions. But neither the propositions nor the facts as such have a probability in themselves. With these assumptions, a proposition has a degree of probability, only if it is considered as a member of a class of propositions; and that degree is expressed by the proportion of true propositions to the total number of propositions in the class. Hence, probability is the ratio of true propositions to all the propositions of the class examined, if the class is finite, or to all the propositions of the same type in the long run, if the class is infinite. In the first case, fair sampling may cover the restrictions of a finite class; in the second case, the use of infinite series offers a practical limitation for the evidence considered. But in both cases, probability varies with the class or type chosen, and probability-inferences are limited by convention to those cases where numerical values can be assigned to the ratios considered. It will be observed that this interpretation of probability is similar to the relative frequency theory. The difference between these two theories is more formal than material in both cases the probability refers ultimately to kinds of evidence based on objective matter of fact. Hence the Truth-Frequency theory is open to the sime objections as the Relative-Frequency theory, with proper adjustments. An additional difficulty of this theory is that the pragmatic interpretation of truth it involves, has yet to be proved, and the situation is anything but improved by assimilating truth with probability.
Disjunctive syllogism: See Logic, formal, § 2. Disparate: (Lat. dis + par. equal) (a) In psychology and epistemology: a term descriptive of the qualitative heterogeneity between sensations of different senses. Sensations of the same sense (e.g. a red and a green color patch) are dissimilar (see Similarity; Resemblance), sensations of different senses (e.g. a red patch and a cold surface) are disparate. The criterion of psychological disparity between two sensations is the absence of intermediate sensations by which it is possible to pass continuously from the one to the other. (Wundt, Physiol. Psychol., 4th ed., I, 286.) The disparity of the fields the several senses divides them into so many watertight compartments and thus raise the epistemological problem of correlation between the disparate data of different senses. See Correlation.
Economy: An aspect of the scientific methodology of Ernst Mach (Die Analyse der Empfindungen, 5th ed., Jena, 1906); science and philosophy utilize ideas and laws which are not reproductive of sense data as such, but are simplified expressions of the functional relations discovered in the manifold of sense perceptions. -- V.J.B.
Empiricism: (1) A proposition about the sources of knowledge: that the sole source of knowledge is experience, or that either no knowledge at all or no knowledge with existential reference is possible independently of experience. Experience (q.v.) may be understood as either all conscious content, data of the senses only, or other designated content. Such empiricism may take the form of denial that any knowledge or at least knowledge about existents can be obtained a priori (q.v.), that is, denial that there are universal and necessary truths, denial that there is knowledge which holds regardless of past, present, or future experience; denial that there is instinctive, innate, or inborn knowledge; denial that the test of truth is clarity to natural reason or self-evidence, denial that one can gain certain knowledge by finding something the opposite of which is inconceivable; denial thit there are any necessary presuppositions of all knowledge or of anything known certainly, denial that any truths can be established by the fact that to deny them implies their reaffirmation; or denial that conventional or aibitrary definitions or assumptions yield knowledge.
empiristic ::: a. --> Relating to, or resulting from, experience, or experiment; following from empirical methods or data; -- opposed to nativistic.
ephemeris ::: n. --> A diary; a journal.
A publication giving the computed places of the heavenly bodies for each day of the year, with other numerical data, for the use of the astronomer and navigator; an astronomical almanac; as, the "American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac."
Any tabular statement of the assigned places of a heavenly body, as a planet or comet, on several successive days.
A collective name for reviews, magazines, and all kinds
Epistemological Monism: Theory that non-inferential knowledge, (perception, memory, etc.) the object of knowledge, (the thing perceived or remembered) is numerically identical with the data of knowledge (sense data, memory images, etc.). Epistemological monism may be either (a) epistemologically realistic, when it asserts that the data exist independently of the knowing mind, or (b) epistemologically idealistic when it asserts the data to be mind constituted and to exist only when apprehended by the mind. See Epistemological Dualism, Epistemological Idealism and Epistemological Realism. -- L.W.
Error Level ::: The level of accepted error within a given set of data. The greater the error level, the wider the confidence interval.
Esthesis: (Gr. aisthesis, sensation or feeling, from aisthanesthai, to perceive) A state of pure feeling -- sensuous, hedonic or affective -- characterized by the absence of conceptual and interpretational elements. Aesthesis at the sensory level consists of pure sense data. See Sense datum. Though the existence of pure esthesis is challenged by most psychologists and epistemologists (see C. I. Lewis, Mind and the World Order, pp. 54-5); a state of mind approximates pure esthesis when the conceptual, interpretative and constructional elements are reduced to a minimum. -- L.W.
Estimate ::: An idea about a characteristic of a population based on sample data (e.g., the sample mean IQ was 102 so we estimate that the population mean IQ is also 102)
estimate ::: v. t. --> To judge and form an opinion of the value of, from imperfect data, -- either the extrinsic (money), or intrinsic (moral), value; to fix the worth of roughly or in a general way; as, to estimate the value of goods or land; to estimate the worth or talents of a person.
To from an opinion of, as to amount,, number, etc., from imperfect data, comparison, or experience; to make an estimate of; to calculate roughly; to rate; as, to estimate the cost of a trip, the
estimation ::: v. t. --> The act of estimating.
An opinion or judgment of the worth, extent, or quantity of anything, formed without using precise data; valuation; as, estimations of distance, magnitude, amount, or moral qualities.
Favorable opinion; esteem; regard; honor.
Supposition; conjecture.
(e) The problem of the A PRIORI, though the especial concern of the rationalist, confronts the empiricist also since few epistemologists are prepared to exclude the a priori entirely from their accounts of knowledge. The problem is that of isolating the a priori or non-empirical elements in knowledge and accounting for them in terms of the human reason. Three principal theories of the a priori have been advanced: the theory of the intrinsic A PRIORI which asserts that the basic principles of logic, mathematics, natural sciences and philosophy are self-evident truths recognizable by such intrinsic traits as clarity and distinctness of ideas. The intrinsic theory received its definitive modern expression in the theory of "innate ideas" (q.v.) of Herbert of Cherbury, Descartes, and 17th century rationalism. The presuppositional theory of the a priori which validates a priori truths by demonstrating that they are presupposed either by their attempted denial (Leibniz) or by the very possibility of experience (Kant). The postulational theory of the A PRIORI elaborated under the influence of recent postulational techniques in mathematics, interprets a priori principles as rules or postulates arbitrarily posited in the construction of formal deductive systems. See Postulate; Posit. (f) The problem of differentiating the principal kinds of knowledge is an essential task especially for an empirical epistemology. Perhaps the most elementary epistemological distinction is between non-inferential apprehension of objects by perception, memory, etc. (see Knowledge by Acquaintance), and inferential knowledge of things with which the knowing subject has no direct apprehension. See Knowledge by Description. Acquaintance in turn assumes two principal forms: perception or acquaintance with external objects (see Perception), and introspection or the subject's acquaintance with the "self" and its cognitive, volitional and affective states. See Introspection; Reflection. Inferential knowledge includes knowledge of other selves (this is not to deny that knowledge of other minds may at times be immediate and non-inferential), historical knowledge, including not only history in the narrower sense but also astronomical, biological, anthropological and archaeological and even cosmological reconstructions of the past and finally scientific knowledge in so far as it involves inference and construction from observational data.
Evolutionary ethics: Any ethical theory in which the doctrine of evolution plays a leading role, as explaining the origin of the moral sense, and, more especially, as contributing importantly to the determination of the moral standard, e.g. the ethics of Charles Darwin, H. Spencer, L. Stephen. Typical moral standards set up by evolutionists are adaptation, conduciveness to life, social health. Cf. H. Spencer, The Data of Ethics. -- W.K.F.
Existential import: See Logic, formal, § 4. Existential Philosophy: Determines the worth of knowledge not in relation to truth but according to its biological value contained in the pure data of consciousness when unaffected by emotions, volitions, and social prejudices. Both the source and the elements of knowledge are sensations as they "exist" in our consciousness. There is no difference between the external and internal world, as there is no natural phenomenon which could not be examined psychologically, it all has its "existence" in states of the mind. See Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Jaspers.
Experimental Psychology: (1) Experimental psychology in the widest sense is the application to psychology of the experimental methods evolved by the natural sciences. In this sense virtually the whole of contemporary psychology is experimental. The experimental method consists essentially in the prearrangement and control of conditions in such a way as to isolate specific variables. In psychology, the complexity of subject matter is such that direct isolation of variables is impossible and various indirect methods are resorted to. Thus an experiment will be repeated on the same subjects with all conditions remaining constant except the one variable whose influence is being tested and which is varied systematically by the experimenter. This procedure yields control data within a single group of subjects. If repetition of the experiment with the same group introduces additional uncontrolled variables, an equated control group is employed. Systematic rotation of variables among several groups of subjects may also be resorted to. In general, however, psychologists have designed their experiments in accordance with what has frequently been called the "principle of the one variable."
Externalization: (Lat. externus, external from exter, without) The mental act by which sensory data originally considered to be internal arc projected into the external world. See Introjection. The problem of externalization was formulated by Condillac in these words: "If one admits that sensations are only modifications of the mind, how does it come about that the mind apprehends them as objects independent of and external to it." Traite de sensations, Part III. -- L.W.
External Reference: The tendency of the mind to objectify sensory data and construe them as referring to a real external world. See Intentionality. -- L.W.
External Validity ::: The extent to which the data collected from a sample can be generalized to the entire population.
Factor Analysis ::: A statistical technique used to determine the number of components in a set of data. These components are then named according to their characteristics allowing a researcher to break down information into statistical groups.
feudataty ::: a. & n. --> See Feudatory.
Generalization, rule of: See Logic, formal, § 3. Generative Theory of Data: (Lat. generatus, pp. of generare, to beget) Theory of sense perception asserting that sense data or sensa are generated by the percipient organism or by the mind and thus exist only under the conditions of actual perception. The Theory which is common to subjective idealism and representational realism is opposed to the Selective Theory of Data. See Representationism, Selective theory of Data. -- L.W.
hawthorn ::: n. --> A thorny shrub or tree (the Crataegus oxyacantha), having deeply lobed, shining leaves, small, roselike, fragrant flowers, and a fruit called haw. It is much used in Europe for hedges, and for standards in gardens. The American hawthorn is Crataegus cordata, which has the leaves but little lobed.
If the term "experimental" is broadly understood as implying a general mode of inquiry based on observation and the tentative application of hypotheses to particular cases, it includes many studies in aesthetics which avoid quantitative measurement and laboratory procedure. The full application of scientific method is still commonly regarded as impossible or unfruitful in dealing with the more subtle and complex phenomena of art. But the progress of aesthetics toward scientific status is being slowly made, through increasing use of an objective and logical approach instead of a dogmatic or personal one, and through bringing the results of other sciences to bear on aesthetic problems. Recent years have seen a vast increase in the amount and variety of artistic data available for the aesthetician, as a result of anthropological and archeological research and excavation, diversified museum collections, improved reproductions, translations, and phonograph records. -- T.M.
Illusion: (Lat. in + ludere, to play) An illusion of sense is an erroneous perception arising from a misinterpretation of data of sense because they are produced under unusual conditions of perception, physical, physiological or psychological. Illusion contrasts with hallucination in which the sensuous ingredients are totally absent. See Delusion; Hallucination. -- L.W.
Independent Samples ::: Sample data that is independent or not related to each other.
Internal Validity ::: A measure of the trustworthiness of a sample of data. Internal validity looks at the subject, testing, and environment in which the data collection took place.
intuition ::: direct perception of truth, fact, etc., independent of any reasoning process. intuition"s, intuitions, half-intuition.
Sri Aurobindo: "Intuition is a power of consciousness nearer and more intimate to the original knowledge by identity; for it is always something that leaps out direct from a concealed identity. It is when the consciousness of the subject meets with the consciousness in the object, penetrates it and sees, feels or vibrates with the truth of what it contacts, that the intuition leaps out like a spark or lightning-flash from the shock of the meeting; or when the consciousness, even without any such meeting, looks into itself and feels directly and intimately the truth or the truths that are there or so contacts the hidden forces behind appearances, then also there is the outbreak of an intuitive light; or, again, when the consciousness meets the Supreme Reality or the spiritual reality of things and beings and has a contactual union with it, then the spark, the flash or the blaze of intimate truth-perception is lit in its depths. This close perception is more than sight, more than conception: it is the result of a penetrating and revealing touch which carries in it sight and conception as part of itself or as its natural consequence. A concealed or slumbering identity, not yet recovering itself, still remembers or conveys by the intuition its own contents and the intimacy of its self-feeling and self-vision of things, its light of truth, its overwhelming and automatic certitude.” *The Life Divine
"Intuition is always an edge or ray or outleap of a superior light; it is in us a projecting blade, edge or point of a far-off supermind light entering into and modified by some intermediate truth-mind substance above us and, so modified, again entering into and very much blinded by our ordinary or ignorant mind-substance; but on that higher level to which it is native its light is unmixed and therefore entirely and purely veridical, and its rays are not separated but connected or massed together in a play of waves of what might almost be called in the Sanskrit poetic figure a sea or mass of ``stable lightnings"". When this original or native Intuition begins to descend into us in answer to an ascension of our consciousness to its level or as a result of our finding of a clear way of communication with it, it may continue to come as a play of lightning-flashes, isolated or in constant action; but at this stage the judgment of reason becomes quite inapplicable, it can only act as an observer or registrar understanding or recording the more luminous intimations, judgments and discriminations of the higher power. To complete or verify an isolated intuition or discriminate its nature, its application, its limitations, the receiving consciousness must rely on another completing intuition or be able to call down a massed intuition capable of putting all in place. For once the process of the change has begun, a complete transmutation of the stuff and activities of the mind into the substance, form and power of Intuition is imperative; until then, so long as the process of consciousness depends upon the lower intelligence serving or helping out or using the intuition, the result can only be a survival of the mixed Knowledge-Ignorance uplifted or relieved by a higher light and force acting in its parts of Knowledge.” *The Life Divine
"I use the word ‘intuition" for want of a better. In truth, it is a makeshift and inadequate to the connotation demanded of it. The same has to be said of the word ‘consciousness" and many others which our poverty compels us to extend illegitimately in their significance.” *The Life Divine - Sri Aurobindo"s footnote.
"For intuition is an edge of light thrust out by the secret Supermind. . . .” The Life Divine
". . . intuition is born of a direct awareness while intellect is an indirect action of a knowledge which constructs itself with difficulty out of the unknown from signs and indications and gathered data.” The Life Divine
"Intuition is above illumined Mind which is simply higher Mind raised to a great luminosity and more open to modified forms of intuition and inspiration.” Letters on Yoga
"Intuition sees the truth of things by a direct inner contact, not like the ordinary mental intelligence by seeking and reaching out for indirect contacts through the senses etc. But the limitation of the Intuition as compared with the supermind is that it sees things by flashes, point by point, not as a whole. Also in coming into the mind it gets mixed with the mental movement and forms a kind of intuitive mind activity which is not the pure truth, but something in between the higher Truth and the mental seeking. It can lead the consciousness through a sort of transitional stage and that is practically its function.” Letters on Yoga
“… intuition is born of a direct awareness while intellect is an indirect action of a knowledge which constructs itself with difficulty out of the unknown from signs and indications and gathered data.” The Life Divine
It is in his biology that the distinctive concepts of Aristotle show to best advantage. The conception of process as the actualization of determinate potentiality is well adapted to the comprehension of biological phenomena, where the immanent teleology of structure and function is almost a part of the observed facts. It is here also that the persistence of the form, or species, through a succession of individuals is most strikingly evident. His psychology is scarcely separable from his biology, since for Aristotle (as for Greek thought generally) the soul is the principle of life; it is "the primary actualization of a natural organic body." But souls differ from one another in the variety and complexity of the functions they exercise, and this difference in turn corresponds to differences in the organic structures involved. Fundamental to all other physical activities are the functions of nutrition, growth and reproduction, which are possessed by all living beings, plants as well as animals. Next come sensation, desire, and locomotion, exhibited in animals in varying degrees. Above all are deliberative choice and theoretical inquiry, the exercise of which makes the rational soul, peculiar to man among the animals. Aristotle devotes special attention to the various activities of the rational soul. Sense perception is the faculty of receiving the sensible form of outward objects without their matter. Besides the five senses Aristotle posits a "common sense," which enables the rational soul to unite the data of the separate senses into a single object, and which also accounts for the soul's awareness of these very activities of perception and of its other states. Reason is the faculty of apprehending the universals and first principles involved in all knowledge, and while helpless without sense perception it is not limited to the concrete and sensuous, but can grasp the universal and the ideal. The reason thus described as apprehending the intelligible world is in one difficult passage characterized as passive reason, requiring for its actualization a higher informing reason as the source of all intelligibility in things and of realized intelligence in man.
::: **"It is therefore necessary from the beginning to understand and accept the arduous difficulty of the path and to feel the need of a faith which to the intellect may seem blind, but yet is wiser than our reasoning intelligence. For this faith is a support from above; it is the brilliant shadow thrown by a secret light that exceeds the intellect and its data; it is the heart of a hidden knowledge that is not at the mercy of immediate appearances.” The Synthesis of Yoga
“It is therefore necessary from the beginning to understand and accept the arduous difficulty of the path and to feel the need of a faith which to the intellect may seem blind, but yet is wiser than our reasoning intelligence. For this faith is a support from above; it is the brilliant shadow thrown by a secret light that exceeds the intellect and its data; it is the heart of a hidden knowledge that is not at the mercy of immediate appearances.” The Synthesis of Yoga
Locke, John: (1632-1714) The first great British empiricist, denied the existence of innate ideas, categories, and moral principles. The mind at birth is a tabula rasa. Its whole content is derived from sense-experience, and constructed by reflection upon sensible data. Reflection is effected through memory and its attendant activities of contemplation, distinction, comparison in point of likeness and difference, and imaginative recompositon. Even the most abstract notions and ideas, like infinity, power, cause and effect, substance and identity, which seemingly are not given by experience, are no exceptions to the rule. Thus "infinity" confesses our inability to limit in fact or imagination the spatial and temporal extension of sense-experience; "substance," to perceive or understand why qualities congregate in separate clumps; "power" and "cause and effect," to perceive or understand why and how these clumps follow, and seemingly produce one another as they do, or for that matter, how our volitions "produce" the movements that put them into effect. Incidentally, Locke defines freedom as liberty, not of choice, which is always sufficiently motivated, but of action in accordance with choice. "Identity" of things, Locke derives from spatial and temporal continuity of the content of clumps of sensations; of structure, from continuity of arrangement in changing content; of person, from continuity of consciousness through memory, which, incidentally, permits of alternating personalities in the same body or of the transference of the same personality from one body to another.
mandatary ::: n. --> One to whom a command or charge is given; hence, specifically, a person to whom the pope has, by his prerogative, given a mandate or order for his benefice.
One who undertakes to discharge a specific business commission; a mandatory.
mandatory ::: a. --> Containing a command; preceptive; directory. ::: n. --> Same as Mandatary.
Measurement, Scales of ::: Categories of data based on their numerical characteristics (See Ratio, Interval, Ordinal, and Nominal Scales)
mensuration ::: n. --> The act, process, or art, of measuring.
That branch of applied geometry which gives rules for finding the length of lines, the areas of surfaces, or the volumes of solids, from certain simple data of lines and angles.
Mental: (Lat. mens, mind) Pertaining to the mind either in its functional aspect (perceiving, imagining, remembering, feeling, willing, etc.) or in its contential aspects (sense data, images and other contents existing "in" the mind). See Mind. -- L.W.
Mind acts by representations and constructions, by the separa- tion and weaving together of its constructed data ; it can make a synthetic constnietlon and see it as a whole, but when it looks for the reality of things, it takes refuge in abstractions — it has not the concrete vision, experience, contact sought by the mystic and the spiritual seeker. To know Self and Reality directly or truly, It has to be silent and reflect some light of these things or undergo self-exceeding and Iransfonnation, and this is only possible either by a higher Light descending into it or by its ascent, the taking up or immcrgcncc of it into a higher Light of e^tence.
mind, physical ::: Sri Aurobindo: "The physical mind is that part of the mind which is concerned with the physical things only — it depends on the sense-mind, sees only objects, external actions, draws its ideas from the data given by external things, infers from them only and knows no other Truth until it is enlightened from above.” *Letters on Yoga
Missing definition "introduction" First, this is an (English language) __computing__ dictionary. It includes lots of terms from related fields such as mathematics and electronics, but if you're looking for (or want to submit) words from other subjects or general English words or other languages, try {(http://wikipedia.org/)}, {(http://onelook.com/)}, {(http://yourdictionary.com/)}, {(http://www.dictionarist.com/)} or {(http://reference.allrefer.com/)}. If you've already searched the dictionary for a computing term and it's not here then please __don't tell me__. There are, and always will be, a great many missing terms, no dictionary is ever complete. I use my limited time to process the corrections and definitions people have submitted and to add the {most frequently requested missing terms (missing.html)}. Try one of the sources mentioned above or {(http://techweb.com/encyclopedia/)}, {(http://whatis.techtarget.com/)} or {(http://google.com/)}. See {the Help page (help.html)} for more about missing definitions and bad cross-references. (2014-09-20)! {exclamation mark}!!!Batch "language, humour" A daft way of obfuscating text strings by encoding each character as a different number of {exclamation marks} surrounded by {question marks}, e.g. "d" is encoded as "?!!!!?". The language is named after the {MSDOS} {batch file} in which the first converter was written. {esoteric programming languages} {wiki entry (http://esolangs.org/wiki/!!!Batch)}. (2014-10-25)" {double quote}
nih.sabdata (nihshabdata) ::: absence of sound.
niratisayapremaspadatvam anandatattvam ::: [the status of divine delight (ananda) is that in which is experienced the union of utter love].
Nonparametric Test ::: Any statistic that is designed for ordinal or nominal data or data that is not normally distributed
Normal Distribution ::: The scores of a sample or population that, when graphed, fall on or close to a normal curve. A normal distribution is often ideal in research because the data can then be said to have all of the characteristics of a normal curve.
N ::: Symbol used for the number of subjects or data in a distribution. A study with 10 subjects would have an N equal to 10.
Null Hypothesis ::: The hypothesis that states there is no difference between two or more sets of data.
Ordered Array ::: A table consisting of data in order of highest to lowest or lowest to highest where each data is given a numbered rank depicting it&
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation ::: A correlation statistic used primarily for two sets of data that are of the ratio or interval scale. The most commonly used correlational technique.
pedata ::: n. pl. --> An order of holothurians, including those that have ambulacral suckers, or feet, and an internal gill.
Percepts: The abbreviation for perceptual data. Perfectibility: The optimistic belief in the ability of man to attain an eventual complete realization of his moral possibilities. Opposed to the various philosophies and theologies of moral pessimism (e.g., the sinfulness and moral impotence of man, original sin, in Augustinianism, Lutheranism, Barthianism, et al.) -- V.F.
PHYSICAL MIND. ::: That part of the mind which is concerned with the physical things only ; it depends on the sense-mind, sees only objects, exiemol actions, draws its ideas from the data given by external things, infers from them only and knows no other Truth until it is enlightened from above.
pour les traduire synthétiquement [French] ::: when the mind gathers the data and makes its language supple enough to translate them synthetically.
Power ::: The strength or the data to find a difference when there truly is a difference. Power is abbreviated with the capital Greek letter beta (b).
Pragmatism is first and always a doctrine of meaning, and often a definition of truth as well, but as to the latter, not all pragmatists are in complete agreement. Neither Peirce nor Dewey, for example, would accept James' view that if the hypothesis of God works satisfactorily for the individual, it is true. Pragmatism is also a method of interpreting ideas in terms of their consequences. James, however, apparently does not believe that this method entails his specific philosophical doctrines -- his pluralism, individualism, neutralism, indeterminism, meliorism, pragmatic theism, "crass" supernaturalism, etc. In fact, he states that pragmatism is independent of his new philosophy of "radical empiricism" and agrees with the anti-intellectualist bent of the Italian pragmatist, Papini, who sees the pragmatic method available to the atheist, the praying penitent, the investigating chemist, the metaphysician and the anti-metaphysician ("What Pragmatism Means".) On the other hand, insofar as pragmatism is practically identified with the scientific method (as is allegedly the case with Dewey) it appears that the pragmatic method might be expected to yield much the same conclusions for one philosopher as for another. In general, pragmatism as a method, does not seem to imply any final philosophical conclusions. It may imply a general direction of thought, such as empiricism. Although pragmatists (Peirce, James, Dewey) frequently attack older forms of empiricism, or crude empiricism, and necessarily reject truth as a simple or static correspondence of propositions with sense data, they nevertheless continue to describe themselves as empiricists, so that today pragmatism (especially in Dewey's case) is often regarded as synonymous with empiricism. See Empiricism.
Prehension: (Lat. prehensus, from prehendere, to seize) In the terminology of A. N. Whitehead, prehension is the process of feeling whereby data are grasped or prehended by a subject. See Process and Reality, Part III -- L.W.
Presentational Immediacy: (Lat. praesens ppr. of praeesse, and in + medius, middle) Presentational immediacy characterizes any items which are in the direct cognitive presence of the mind such as sense data, images, emotional and affective data. Immediacy is ascribed by some epistemologists to higher levels of knowledge, e.g. perception and memory and by the mystic to the knowledge of God. -- L.W.
Presentation: (Lat. praesentatio, a showing, representation) (a) In the narrow sense anything directly present to a knowing mind such as sense data, images of memory and imagination, emotional and hedonic states, etc. See Datum. (b) In the wider sense any object known by acquaintance rather than by description for example, an object of perception or memory. See Acquaintance, Knowledge by. -- L.W.
Pretest-Posttest Method ::: A method of determining the amount of change that occurred in a set of data by measuring the data prior to treatment and then after treatment and comparing the two measurement outcomes.
Privacy, Epistemic: (Lat. privatus, from privus, private) Status of data of knowledge, e.g. somatic sensations, hedonic and emotional states, and perhaps even sense data, in so far as they are directly accessible to a single knowing subject. See Publicity, Epistemic. -- L.W.
Probability of Error ::: The likelihood that error caused the results of data analysis. If the probability of error is greater than the predetermined acceptable level of error then the results are said to be &
Psychology: (Gr. psyche, mind or soul + logos, law) The science of the mind, its functions, structure and behavioral effects. In Aristotle, the science of mind, (De Anima), emphasizes mental functionsl; the Scholastics employed a faculty psychology. In Hume and the Mills, study of the data of conscious experience, termed association psychology. In Freud, the study of the unconscious (depth psychology). In behaviorism, the physiological study of physical and chemical responses. In Gestalt psychology, the study of organized psychic activity, .revealing the mind's tendency toward the completion of patterns. Since Kant, psychology has been able to establish itself as an empirical, natural science without a priori metaphysical or theological commitments. The German romanticists (q.v.) and Hegel, who had developed a metaphysical psychology, had turned to cultural history to illustrate their theories of how the mind, conceived as an absolute, must manifest itself. Empirically they have suggested a possible field of exploration for the psychologist, namely, the study of mind in its cultural effects, viz. works of art, science, religion, social organization, etc. which are customarily studied by anthropologists in the case of "primitive" peoples. But it would be as difficult to separate anthropology from social psychology as to sharply distinguish so-called "primitive" peoples from "civilized" ones.
Publicity, Epistemic: (a) In the strict sense, publicity pertains to such data of knowledge as are directly and identically accessible to more than one knowing subject. Thus epistemological monism may assert the publicity of sense data, of universals, of moral and aesthetic values and even of God. See Epistemological Monism. (b) In a less exact sense, publicity is ascribed to any object of knowledge which may be known either directly or indirectly by more than one mind, such as physical objects, public space, etc in contrast to feelings, emotions, etc. which can be directly known only by a single subject. -- L.W.
Pure Ego: See Ego, Pure. Pure Experience: (Lat. purus, clean) (a) The qualitative ingredients of experience, e.g. sense data, feelings, images, etc., which remain after the ideal elimination of conceptual, interpretational and constructional factors. (b) The world of ordinary immediate experience which constitutes the point of departure for science and philosophy. See Avenarius, Kritik der reinen Erfahrumg. -- L.W.
Rank-Ordered Array ::: A table consisting of data in order of highest to lowest or lowest to highest where each data is given a numbered rank depicting it&
Raw Data ::: The initial data gathered that has not yet been graphed, organized, or analyzed.
Reason is a clarified, ordered and organised Ignorance. It is a half-enlightened Ignorance seeking for truth, but a truth which it insists on founding upon the data and postulates of the Ignorance. Reason is not in possession of the Truth, it is a seeker. It is [unable to] discover the Truth or embody it; it leaves Truth covered but rendered into mental representations, a verbal and ideative scheme, an abstract algebra of concepts, a theory of the Ignorance. Sense-evidence is its starting point and it never really gets away from that insecure beginning. Its concepts start from sense-data and though like a kite it can fly high into an air of abstractions, it is held to the earth of sense by a string of great strength; if that string is broken it drifts lazily [in] the clouds and always it falls back by natural gravitation to its original earth basis—only so can it receive strength to go farther. Its field is the air and sky of the finite, it cannot ascend into the stratosphere of the spiritual vision, still less can it move at ease in the Infinite.
Ref: CWSA Vol. 12, Page: 256
Reason ::: The characteristic power of the reason in its fullness is a logical movement assuring itself first of all available materials and data by observation and arrangement, then acting upon them for a resultant knowledge gained, assured and enlarged by a first use of the
reflective powers, and lastly assuring itself of the correctness of its results by a more c
reful and formal action, more vigilant, deliberate, severely logical which tests, rejects or confirms them according to certain secure standards and processes developed by
reflection and experience.
Ref: CWSA Vol. 23-24, Page: 851-52
Sample Mean ::: Abbreviated with a lowercase x with a horizontal line over top (called &
Scatter Plot ::: A graphical representation of data received in a correlational study.
scyphus ::: n. --> A kind of large drinking cup, -- used by Greeks and Romans, esp. by poor folk.
The cup of a narcissus, or a similar appendage to the corolla in other flowers.
A cup-shaped stem or podetium in lichens. Also called scypha. See Illust. of Cladonia pyxidata, under Lichen.
Sense and denotation: See descriptions. Sense Datum (pl. sense data): (Lat. sensus, a feeling -- datum, a gift from dare, to give). A datum conditioned by one of the outer senses. See Datum. -- L.W.
snigdata ::: [affectionateness, tenderness, mildness].
Somatic Datum: Somatic data are those originating within the bodily organism (e.g., feelings of muscular tension, fatigue, organic and circulatory sensations, etc.) in contrast to sense data, which are conditioned by the organs of outer senses. See Datum, Sense Datum. -- L.W.
sortilege ::: (on page 44) divination by the random selection of playingcards; (elsewhere) a method of receiving guidance and predictions from texts found seemingly by chance (as by opening a book at random) and interpreted by the faculties of jñana; also, a text found in this way and subjected to this kind of interpretation. Sri Aurobindo listed sortileges among the "external means" that can provide "data for a past and future knowledge" (see trikaladr.s.t.i); although some sortileges required "a very figurative & even fanciful interpretation", he took the results he obtained by this method to be signs of "an intelligent, omniscient & all-combining Mind at work which uses everything in the world as its instrument & is superior to the system of relations & connections already fixed in this world".
Spearman&
Standard Score ::: A score derived by transforming the data based on the standard deviation. Standard scores can then be compared to one another on face value. (See z-score, T-score, NCE score, stanines, and Wechsler&
Statement: See Meaning, Kinds of, 1. Statistics: The systematic study of quantitative facts, numerical data, comparative materials, obtained through description and interpretation of group phenomena. The method of using and interpreting processes of classification, enumeration, measurement and evaluation of group phenomena. In a restricted sense, the materials, facts or data referring to group phenomena and forming the subject of systematic computation and interpretation. The Ground of Statistics. Statistics have developed from a specialized application of the inductive principle which concludes from the characteristics of a large number of parts to those of the whole. When we make generalizations from empirical data, we are never certain of having expressed adequately the laws connecting all the relevant and efficient factors in the case under investigation. Not only have we to take into account the personal equation involved and the imperfection of our instru ments of observation and measurement, but also the complex character of physical, biological, psychological and social phenomena which cannot be subjected to an exhaustive analysis. Statistics reveals precisely definite trends and frequencies subject to approximate laws, in these various fields in which phenomena result from many independently varying factors and involve a multitude of numerical units of variable character. Statistics differs fiom probability insofar as it makes a more consistent use of empirical data objectively considered, and of methods directly inspired by the treatment of these data.
table ::: 1. An article of furniture supported by one or more vertical legs and having a flat horizontal surface. 2. An engraved slab or tablet bearing an inscription or a device. 3. tables. The engraved tablets carrying sacred laws, etc. 4. An orderly arrangement of data, especially one in which the data are arranged in columns and rows in an essentially rectangular form.
"The characteristic power of the reason in its fullness is a logical movement assuring itself first of all available materials and data by observation and arrangement, then acting upon them for a resultant knowledge gained, assured and enlarged by a first use of the reflective powers, and lastly assuring itself of the correctness of its results by a more careful and formal action, more vigilant, deliberate, severely logical which tests, rejects or confirms them according to certain secure standards and processes developed by reflection and experience.” The Synthesis of Yoga
“The characteristic power of the reason in its fullness is a logical movement assuring itself first of all available materials and data by observation and arrangement, then acting upon them for a resultant knowledge gained, assured and enlarged by a first use of the reflective powers, and lastly assuring itself of the correctness of its results by a more careful and formal action, more vigilant, deliberate, severely logical which tests, rejects or confirms them according to certain secure standards and processes developed by reflection and experience.” The Synthesis of Yoga
The critique of Kant resolves substance into the a priori category of Inherence-and-subsistence, and so to a necessary synthetic activity of mind upon the data of experience. In the dialectic of Hegel, the effort is made to unify the logical meanings of substance as subject and the meaning of absolute independent being as defined in Spinoza. -- L.M.H.
The historical antecedents of experimental psychology are various. From British empiricism and the psychological philosophy of Locke, Berkeley and Hume came associationism (see Associationism), the psychological implications of which were more fully developed by Herbart and Bain. Associationism provided the conceptual framework and largely colored the procedures of early experimental psychology. Physics and physiology gave impetus to experiments on sensory phenomena while physiology and neurology fostered studies of the nervous system and reflex action. The names of Helmholtz, Johannes Müller, E. H. Weber and Fechner are closely linked with this phase of the development of experimental psychology. The English biologist Galton developed the statistical methods of Quetelet for the analysis of data on human variation and opened the way for the mental testing movement; the Russian physiologist Pavlov, with his researches on "conditioned reflexes," contributed an experimental technique which has proved of paramount importance for the psychologist. Even astronomy made its contribution; variations in reaction time of different observers having long been recognized by astronomers as an important source of error in their observations.
The Method of Statistics. The basic principle of statistical method is that of simplification, which makes possible a concise and comprehensive knowledge of a mass of isolated facts by correlating them along definite lines. The various stages of this method are: precise definition of the problem or field of inquiry; collection of material required by the problem; tabulation and measurement of material in a manner satisfying the purpose of the problem; clear presentation of the significant features of tabulated material (by means of charts, diagrams, symbols, graphs, equations and the like), selection of mathematical methods for application to the material obtained; necessary conclusion from the facts and figures obtained; general interpretation within the limits of the problem and the procedure used. The special methods of treating statistical data are: collecting, sampling, selecting, tabulating, classifying, totaling or aggregating, measuring, averaging, relating and correlating, presenting symbolically. Each one of these methods uses specialized experimental or mathematical means in its actual application. The special methods of interpreting statistical data already treated are: analyzing, estimiting, describing, comparing, explaining, applying and predicting. In order to be conclusive, the various stages and types of the statistical method must avoid loose definitions, cross divisions resulting ftom conflicting interpretations of the problem, data which are not simultaneous or subject to similar conditions, conclusions from poor oi incomplete data, prejudices in judging, even when there is no conuption of evidence. The philosophy of statistics is concerned in general with the discussion and evaluation of the mathematical principles, methods and results of this science; and in particular with a critical analysis of the fitness of biological, psychological, educational, economic and sociological materials, for various types of statistical treatment. The purpose of such an inquiry is to integrate its results into the general problems and schemes of philosophy proper. Cf.. Richard von Mises, Statistics, Probability, and Truth.
“The physical mind is that part of the mind which is concerned with the physical things only—it depends on the sense-mind, sees only objects, external actions, draws its ideas from the data given by external things, infers from them only and knows no other Truth until it is enlightened from above.” Letters on Yoga
The structural problem stated in terms of the antithesis between subjective and objective is rather too vague for the purposes of epistemology and a more precise analysis of the knowledge-situation and statement of the issues involved is required. The perceptual situation -- and this analysis may presumably be extended with appropriate modifications to memory, imagination and other modes of cognition -- consists of a subject (the self, or pure act of perceiving), the content (sense data) and the object (the physical thing perceived). In terms of this analysis, two issues may be formulated Are content and object identical (epistemological monism), or are they numerically distinct (epistemological dualism)? and Does the object exist independently of the knowing subject (epistemological idealism) or is it dependent upon the subject (epistemological realism)? (h) The problem of truth is perhaps the culmination of epistemological enquiry -- in any case it is the problem which brings the enquiry to the threshold of metaphysics. The traditional theories of the nature of truth are: the correspondence theory which conceives truth as a relation between an "idea" or a proposition and its object --the relation has commonly been regarded as one of resemblance but it need not be so considered (see Correspondence theory of truth); the Coherence theory which adopts as the criterion of truth, the logical consistency of a proposition with a wider system of propositions (see Coherence theory of truth), and the intrinsic theory which views truth as an intrinsic property of the true proposition. See Intrinsic theory of truth. --L-W. Bibliography:
The subject of the philosophy of religion is regarded in conservative circles not as a discipline given to free philosophical inquiry but as a particular religion's philosophy. In this form it is a more or less disguised apologetics or defense of an already accepted religious faith. While the data for this subject include the so-called classical religions, philosophy of religion, in the genuinely philosophical sense, takes for its material religious expressions of all types, whether classical or not, together with all the psychological material available on the nature of the human spirit and man's whole cultural development. -- V.F.
This process is facilitated by the choice of prerogative, or, if possible, of solitary instances in which the investigated data are comparatively isolated and unadulterated. But under the most favorable conditions inquiry must be a cautious, laborious, plodding, step by step affair, and results can never be more than provisional because of the possibility of undiscovered negative instances.
Time-perception: The apprehension of the protensive or durational character of the data of experience. See Dimensions of Consciousness; Protensity. -- L.W.
t-Test ::: A group of statistics used to determine if a significance difference exists between the means of two sets of data.
Volkelt, Johannes: (1848-1930) Waa influenced by the traditions of German idealism since Kant. His most imported work consisted in the analysis of knowledge which, he contended, had a double source; for it requires, first of all, empirical data, insofar as there can be no real knowledge of the external world apart from consciousness, and also logical thinking, insofar as it elaborates the crude material of perception. Consequently, knowledge may be described as the product of rational operations on the material of pure experience. Thus he arrived at the conclusion that reality is "trans-subjective", that is to say, it consists neither of mere objects nor of mere data of consciousness, but is rather a synthesis of both elements of existence. -- R.B.W.
V. Probability as an Operattonal Concept: In this interpretation, which is due particularly to Kemble, probability is discussed in terms of the mental operations involved in determining it numerically. It is pointed out that probability enters the postulates of physical theories as a useful word employed to indicate the manner in which results of theoretical calculations are to be compared with experimental data. But beyond the usefulness of this word, there must be a more fundamental concept justifying it; this is called primary probability which should be reached by an instrumentalist procedure. The analogy of the thermometer, which connects a qualitative sensation with a number, gives an indication for such a procedure. The expectation of the repetition of an event is an elementary form of belief which can be strengthened by additional evidence. In collecting such evidence, a selection is naturally made, by accepting the relevant data and rejecting the others. When the selected data form a pattern which does not involve the event as such or its negative, the event is considered as probable. The rules of collecting the data and of comparing them with the theoretical event and its negative, involve the idea ol correspondence which leads to the use of numbers for its expression. Thus, probability is a number computed from empirical data according to given rules, and used as a metric and a corrective to the sense of expectation, and the ultimate value of the theory of probability is its service as a guide to action. The main interest of this theory lies in its psychological analysis and its attempt to unify the various conceptions of probability. But it is not yet complete; and until its epistemological implications are made clear, its apparent eclecticism may cover many of the difficulties it wishes to avoid. -- T.G.
While not abandoning its interest in beauty, artistic value, and other normative concepts, recent aesthetics has tended to lay increasing emphasis on a descriptive, factual approach to the phenomena of art and aesthetic experience. It differs from art history, archeology, and cultural history in stressing a theoretical organization of materials in terms of recurrent types and tendencies, rather than a chronological or genetic one. It differs from general psychology in focusing upon certain selected phases in psycho-physical activity, and on their application to certain types of objects and situations, especially those of art. It investigates the forms and characteristics of art, which psychology does not do. It differs from art criticism in seeking a more general, theoretical understanding of the arts than is usual in that subject, and in attempting a more consistently objective, impersonal attitude. It maintains a philosophic breadth, in comparing examples of all the arts, and in assembling data and hypotheses from many sources, including philosophy, psychology, cultural history, and the social sciences. But it is departing from traditional conceptions of philosophy in that writing labelled "aesthetics" now often includes much detailed, empirical study of particular phenomena, instead of restricting itself as formerly to abstract discussion of the meaning of beauty, the sublime, and other categories, their objective or subjective nature, their relation to pleasure and moral goodness, the purpose of art, the nature of aesthetic value, etc. There has been controversy over whether such empirical studies deserve to be called "aesthetics", or whether that name should be reserved for the traditional, dialectic or speculative approach; but usage favors the extension in cases where the inquiry aims at fairly broad generalizations.
Will to Believe: A phrase made famous by William James (1842-1910) in an essay by that title (1896). In general, the phrase characterizes much of James's philosophic ideas: a defence of the right and even the necessity to believe where evidence is not complete, the adventurous spirit by which men must live, the heroic character of all creative thinking, the open-mind to possibilities, the repudiation of the stubborn spirit and the will-not-to-know, the primacy of the will in successful living, the reasonableness of the whole man acting upon presented data, the active pragmatic disposition in general. This will to believe does not imply indiscriminative faith; it implies a genuine option, one which presents an issue that is lively, momentous and forced. Acts of indecision may be negative decisions. -- V.F.
KEYS (10k)
8 Sri Aurobindo
2 James S A Corey
1 Yuval Noah Harari
1 William Gibson
1 Nikola Tesla
1 Ken Wilber
1 Harold Abelson
1 The Mother
1 Aleister Crowley
NEW FULL DB (2.4M)
88 Anonymous
24 Seth Stephens Davidowitz
18 Nate Silver
18 Arthur Conan Doyle
16 Pedro Domingos
14 Cathy O Neil
13 Steven D Levitt
12 Martin Kleppmann
9 Bruce Schneier
8 Ted Cruz
8 Pramoedya Ananta Toer
8 Nassim Nicholas Taleb
8 Gene Kim
8 Bren Brown
7 Tere Liye
7 Seth Godin
7 Hans Rosling
7 Glenn Greenwald
7 Charles Wheelan
6 William Gibson
1:The data of the senses can bring us, is not true knowledge; it is a science of appearances. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Status of Knowledge, #KEYS
2:No knowledge can be true knowledge which subjects itself to the senses or uses them otherwise than as first indices whose data have constantly to be corrected and overpassed. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Purified Understanding, #KEYS
3:Faith is a support from above; it is the brilliant shadow thrown by a secret light that exceeds the intellect and its data; it is the heart of a hidden knowledge that is not at the mercy of immediate appearances. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Master of the Work, #KEYS
4:Intuition is born of a direct awareness while intellect is an indirect action of a knowledge which constructs itself with difficulty out of the unknown from signs and indications and gathered data. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, Brahman, Purusha, Ishwara - Maya, Prakriti, Shakti, #KEYS
5:Computational processes are abstract beings that inhabit computers. As they evolve, processes manipulate other abstract things called data. The evolution of a process is directed by a pattern of rules called a program. People create programs to direct processes. In effect, we conjure the spirits of the computer with our spells. ~ Harold Abelson, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, #KEYS
6:Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts... A graphic representation of data abstracted from banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, receding... ~ William Gibson, #KEYS
7:In the past, censorship worked by blocking the flow of information. In the twenty-first century, censorship works by flooding people with irrelevant information. People just don't know what to pay attention to, and they often spend their time investigating and debating side issues. In ancient times having power meant having access to data. Today having power means knowing what to ignore. ~ Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus, #KEYS
8:In researching this problem, I did an extensive data search of several hundred hierarchies, taken from systems theory, ecological science, Kabalah, developmental psychology, Yo-gachara Buddhism, moral development, biological evolution, Vedanta Hinduism, Neo-Confucianism, cosmic and stellar evolution, Hwa Yen, the Neoplatonic corpus-an entire spectrum of premodern, modern, and postmodern nests.
~ Ken Wilber, Marriage of Sense and Soul, 1998,#KEYS
9:The intellectual understanding is only the lower buddhi; there is another and a higher buddhi which is not intelligence but vision, is not understanding but rather an over-standings in knowledge, and does not seek knowledge and attain it in subjection to the data it observes but possesses already the truth and brings it out in the terms of a revelatory and intuitional thought.
~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga,#KEYS
10:Only, in all he sees God, sees the supreme reality, and his motive of work is to help mankind towards the knowledge of God and the possession of the supreme reality. He sees God through the data of science, God through the conclusions of philosophy, God through the forms of Beauty and the forms of Good, God in all the activities of life, God in the past of the world and its effects, in the present and its tendencies, in the future and its great progression. Into any or all of these he can bring his illumined vision and his liberated power of the spirit. The lower knowledge has been the step from which he has risen to the higher; the higher illumines for him the lower and makes it part of itself, even if only its lower fringe and most external radiation.
~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Higher and the Lower Knowledge,#KEYS
11:understanding fails when pulled down by lower movements ::: By the understanding we mean that which at once perceives, judges and discriminates, the true reason of the human beingnot subservient to the senses, to desire or to the blind force of habit, but working in its own right for mastery, for knowledge. Certainly, the reason of man as he is at present does not even at its best act entirely in this free and sovereign fashion; but so far as it fails, it fails because it is still mixed with the lower half-animal action, because it is impure and constantly hampered and pulled down from its characteristic action. In its purity it should not be involved in these lower movements, but stand back from the object, and observe disinterestedly, put it in its right place in the whole by force of comparison, contrast, analogy, reason from its rightly observed data by deduction, induction, inference and holding all its gains in memory and supplementing them by a chastened and rightly-guided imagination view all in the light of a trained and disciplined judgment. Such is the pure intellectual understanding of which disinterested observation, judgment and reasoning are the law and characterising action.
~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Yoga of Knowledge, The Purified Understanding,#KEYS
12:So," she said. "I've been thinking of it as a computing problem. If the virus or nanomachine or protomolecule or whatever was designed, it has a purpose, right?"
"Definitely," Holden said.
"And it seems like it's trying to do something-something complex. It doesn't make sense to go to all that trouble just to kill people. Those changes it makes look intentional, just... not complete, to me."
"I can see that," Holden said. Alex and Amos nodded along with him but stayed quiet.
"So maybe the issue is that the protomolecule isn't smart enough yet. You can compress a lot of data down pretty small, but unless it's a quantum computer, processing takes space. The easiest way to get that processing in tiny machines is through distribution. Maybe the protomolecule isn't finishing its job because it just isn't smart enough to. Yet."
"Not enough of them," Alex said.
"Right," Naomi said, dropping the towel into a bin under the sink. "So you give them a lot of biomass to work with, and see what it is they are ultimately made to do."
"According to that guy in the video, they were made to hijack life on Earth and wipe us out," Miller said.
"And that," Holden said, "is why Eros is perfect. Lots of biomass in a vacuum-sealed test tube. And if it gets out of hand, there's already a war going on. A lot of ships and missiles can be used for nuking Eros into glass if the threat seems real. Nothing to make us forget our differences like a new player butting in." ~ James S A Corey, Leviathan Wakes,#KEYS
13:39 - Sometimes one is led to think that only those things really matter which have never happened; for beside them most historic achievements seem almost pale and ineffective. - Sri Aurobindo
I would like to have an explanation of this aphorism.
Sri Aurobindo, who had made a thorough study of history, knew how uncertain are the data which have been used to write it. Most often the accuracy of the documents is doubtful, and the information they supply is poor, incomplete, trivial and frequently distorted. As a whole, the official version of human history is nothing but a long, almost unbroken record of violent aggressions: wars, revolutions, murders or colonisations. True, some of these aggressions and massacres have been adorned with flattering terms and epithets; they have been called religious wars, holy wars, civilising campaigns; but they nonetheless remain acts of greed or vengeance.
Rarely in history do we find the description of a cultural, artistic or philosophical outflowering.
That is why, as Sri Aurobindo says, all this makes a rather dismal picture without any deep significance. On the other hand, in the legendary accounts of things which may never have existed on earth, of events which have not been declared authentic by "official" knowledge, of wonderful individuals whose existence is doubted by the scholars in their dried-up wisdom, we find the crystallisation of all the hopes and aspirations of man, his love of the marvellous, the heroic and the sublime, the description of everything he would like to be and strives to become.
That, more or less, is what Sri Aurobindo means in his aphorism.
22 June 1960 ~ The Mother, On Thoughts And Aphorisms, volume-10, page no.62),#KEYS
14:My method is different. I do not rush into actual work. When I get an idea, I start at once building it up in my imagination. I change the construction, make improvements and operate the device in my mind. It is absolutely immaterial to me whether I run my turbine in thought or test it in my shop. I even note if it is out of balance. There is no difference whatever; the results are the same. In this way I am able to rapidly develop and perfect a conception without touching anything. When I have gone so far as to embody in the invention every possible improvement I can think of and see no fault anywhere, I put into concrete form this final product of my brain. Invariably my device works as I conceived that it should, and the experiment comes out exactly as I planned it. In twenty years there has not been a single exception. Why should it be otherwise? Engineering, electrical and mechanical, is positive in results. There is scarcely a subject that cannot be examined beforehand, from the available theoretical and practical data. The carrying out into practice of a crude idea as is being generally done, is, I hold, nothing but a waste of energy, money, and time. My early affliction had however, another compensation. The incessant mental exertion developed my powers of observation and enabled me to discover a truth of great importance. I had noted that the appearance of images was always preceded by actual vision of scenes under peculiar and generally very exceptional conditions, and I was impelled on each occasion to locate the original impulse. After a while this effort grew to be almost automatic and I gained great facility in connecting cause and effect. Soon I became aware, to my surprise, that every thought I conceived was suggested by an external impression. Not only this but all my actions were prompted in a similar way. In the course of time it became perfectly evident to me that I was merely an automation endowed with power OF MOVEMENT RESPONDING TO THE STIMULI OF THE SENSE ORGANS AND THINKING AND ACTING ACCORDINGLY.
~ Nikola Tesla, The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla,#KEYS
15:The Teachings of Some Modern Indian Yogis
Ramana Maharshi
According to Brunton's description of the sadhana he (Brunton) practised under the Maharshi's instructions,1 it is the Overself one has to seek within, but he describes the Overself in a way that is at once the Psychic Being, the Atman and the Ishwara. So it is a little difficult to know what is the exact reading.
*
The methods described in the account [of Ramana Maharshi's technique of self-realisation] are the well-established methods of Jnanayoga - (1) one-pointed concentration followed by thought-suspension, (2) the method of distinguishing or finding out the true self by separating it from mind, life, body (this I have seen described by him [Brunton] more at length in another book) and coming to the pure I behind; this also can disappear into the Impersonal Self. The usual result is a merging in the Atman or Brahman - which is what one would suppose is meant by the Overself, for it is that which is the real Overself. This Brahman or Atman is everywhere, all is in it, it is in all, but it is in all not as an individual being in each but is the same in all - as the Ether is in all. When the merging into the Overself is complete, there is no ego, no distinguishable I, or any formed separative person or personality. All is ekakara - an indivisible and undistinguishable Oneness either free from all formations or carrying all formations in it without being affected - for one can realise it in either way. There is a realisation in which all beings are moving in the one Self and this Self is there stable in all beings; there is another more complete and thoroughgoing in which not only is it so but all are vividly realised as the Self, the Brahman, the Divine. In the former, it is possible to dismiss all beings as creations of Maya, leaving the one Self alone as true - in the other it is easier to regard them as real manifestations of the Self, not as illusions. But one can also regard all beings as souls, independent realities in an eternal Nature dependent upon the One Divine. These are the characteristic realisations of the Overself familiar to the Vedanta. But on the other hand you say that this Overself is realised by the Maharshi as lodged in the heart-centre, and it is described by Brunton as something concealed which when it manifests appears as the real Thinker, source of all action, but now guiding thought and action in the Truth. Now the first description applies to the Purusha in the heart, described by the Gita as the Ishwara situated in the heart and by the Upanishads as the Purusha Antaratma; the second could apply also to the mental Purusha, manomayah. pran.asarı̄ra neta of the Upanishads, the mental Being or Purusha who leads the life and the body. So your question is one which on the data I cannot easily answer. His Overself may be a combination of all these experiences, without any distinction being made or thought necessary between the various aspects. There are a thousand ways of approaching and realising the Divine and each way has its own experiences which have their own truth and stand really on a basis, one in essence but complex in aspects, common to all, but not expressed in the same way by all. There is not much use in discussing these variations; the important thing is to follow one's own way well and thoroughly. In this Yoga, one can realise the psychic being as a portion of the Divine seated in the heart with the Divine supporting it there - this psychic being takes charge of the sadhana and turns the ......
1 The correspondent sent to Sri Aurobindo two paragraphs from Paul Brunton's book A Message from Arunachala (London: Rider & Co., n.d. [1936], pp. 205 - 7). - Ed. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Letters On Yoga - II,#KEYS
16:Of course we do." Dresden's voice was cutting. "But you're thinking too small. Building humanity's greatest empire is like building the world's largest anthill. Insignificant. There is a civilization out there that built the protomolecule and hurled it at us over two billion years ago. They were already gods at that point. What have they become since then? With another two billion years to advance?"
With a growing dread, Holden listened to Dresden speak. This speech had the air of something spoken before. Perhaps many times. And it had worked. It had convinced powerful people. It was why Protogen had stealth ships from the Earth shipyards and seemingly limitless behind-the-scenes support.
"We have a terrifying amount of catching up to do, gentlemen," Dresden was saying. "But fortunately we have the tool of our enemy to use in doing it."
"Catching up?" a soldier to Holden's left said. Dresden nodded at the man and smiled.
"The protomolecule can alter the host organism at the molecular level; it can create genetic change on the fly. Not just DNA, but any stable replicatoR But it is only a machine. It doesn't think. It follows instructions. If we learn how to alter that programming, then we become the architects of that change."
Holden interrupted. "If it was supposed to wipe out life on Earth and replace it with whatever the protomolecule's creators wanted, why turn it loose?"
"Excellent question," Dresden said, holding up one finger like a college professor about to deliver a lecture. "The protomolecule doesn't come with a user's manual. In fact, we've never before been able to actually watch it carry out its program. The molecule requires significant mass before it develops enough processing power to fulfill its directives. Whatever they are."
Dresden pointed at the screens covered with data around them.
"We are going to watch it at work. See what it intends to do. How it goes about doing it. And, hopefully, learn how to change that program in the process."
"You could do that with a vat of bacteria," Holden said.
"I'm not interested in remaking bacteria," Dresden said.
"You're fucking insane," Amos said, and took another step toward Dresden. Holden put a hand on the big mechanic's shoulder.
"So," Holden said. "You figure out how the bug works, and then what?"
"Then everything. Belters who can work outside a ship without wearing a suit. Humans capable of sleeping for hundreds of years at a time flying colony ships to the stars. No longer being bound to the millions of years of evolution inside one atmosphere of pressure at one g, slaves to oxygen and water. We decide what we want to be, and we reprogram ourselves to be that. That's what the protomolecule gives us."
Dresden had stood back up as he'd delivered this speech, his face shining with the zeal of a prophet.
"What we are doing is the best and only hope of humanity's survival. When we go out there, we will be facing gods."
"And if we don't go out?" Fred asked. He sounded thoughtful.
"They've already fired a doomsday weapon at us once," Dresden said.
The room was silent for a moment. Holden felt his certainty slip. He hated everything about Dresden's argument, but he couldn't quite see his way past it. He knew in his bones that something about it was dead wrong, but he couldn't find the words. Naomi's voice startled him.
"Did it convince them?" she asked.
"Excuse me?" Dresden said.
"The scientists. The technicians. Everyone you needed to make it happen. They actually had to do this. They had to watch the video of people dying all over Eros. They had to design those radioactive murder chambers. So unless you managed to round up every serial killer in the solar system and send them through a postgraduate program, how did you do this?"
"We modified our science team to remove ethical restraints."
Half a dozen clues clicked into place in Holden's head. ~ James S A Corey, Leviathan Wakes,#KEYS
17:
Can a Yogi attain to a state of consciousness in which he can know all things, answer all questions, relating even to abstruse scientific problems, such as, for example, the theory of relativity?
Theoretically and in principle it is not impossible for a Yogi to know everything; all depends upon the Yogi.
But there is knowledge and knowledge. The Yogi does not know in the way of the mind. He does not know everything in the sense that he has access to all possible information or because he contains all the facts of the universe in his mind or because his consciousness is a sort of miraculous encyclopaedia. He knows by his capacity for a containing or dynamic identity with things and persons and forces. Or he knows because he lives in a plane of consciousness or is in contact with a consciousness in which there is the truth and the knowledge.
If you are in the true consciousness, the knowledge you have will also be of the truth. Then, too, you can know directly, by being one with what you know. If a problem is put before you, if you are asked what is to be done in a particular matter, you can then, by looking with enough attention and concentration, receive spontaneously the required knowledge and the true answer. It is not by any careful application of theory that you reach the knowledge or by working it out through a mental process. The scientific mind needs these methods to come to its conclusions. But the Yogi's knowledge is direct and immediate; it is not deductive. If an engineer has to find out the exact position for the building of an arch, the line of its curve and the size of its opening, he does it by calculation, collating and deducing from his information and data. But a Yogi needs none of these things; he looks, has the vision of the thing, sees that it is to be done in this way and not in another, and this seeing is his knowledge.
Although it may be true in a general way and in a certain sense that a Yogi can know all things and can answer all questions from his own field of vision and consciousness, yet it does not follow that there are no questions whatever of any kind to which he would not or could not answer. A Yogi who has the direct knowledge, the knowledge of the true truth of things, would not care or perhaps would find it difficult to answer questions that belong entirely to the domain of human mental constructions. It may be, he could not or would not wish to solve problems and difficulties you might put to him which touch only the illusion of things and their appearances. The working of his knowledge is not in the mind. If you put him some silly mental query of that character, he probably would not answer. The very common conception that you can put any ignorant question to him as to some super-schoolmaster or demand from him any kind of information past, present or future and that he is bound to answer, is a foolish idea. It is as inept as the expectation from the spiritual man of feats and miracles that would satisfy the vulgar external mind and leave it gaping with wonder.
Moreover, the term "Yogi" is very vague and wide. There are many types of Yogis, many lines or ranges of spiritual or occult endeavour and different heights of achievement, there are some whose powers do not extend beyond the mental level; there are others who have gone beyond it. Everything depends on the field or nature of their effort, the height to which they have arrived, the consciousness with which they have contact or into which they enter.
Do not scientists go sometimes beyond the mental plane? It is said that Einstein found his theory of relativity not through any process of reasoning, but through some kind of sudden inspiration. Has that inspiration anything to do with the Supermind?
The scientist who gets an inspiration revealing to him a new truth, receives it from the intuitive mind. The knowledge comes as a direct perception in the higher mental plane illumined by some other light still farther above. But all that has nothing to do with the action of Supermind and this higher mental level is far removed from the supramental plane. Men are too easily inclined to believe that they have climbed into regions quite divine when they have only gone above the average level. There are many stages between the ordinary human mind and the Supermind, many grades and many intervening planes. If an ordinary man were to get into direct contact even with one of these intermediate planes, he would be dazzled and blinded, would be crushed under the weight of the sense of immensity or would lose his balance; and yet it is not the Supermind.
Behind the common idea that a Yogi can know all things and answer all questions is the actual fact that there is a plane in the mind where the memory of everything is stored and remains always in existence. All mental movements that belong to the life of the earth are memorised and registered in this plane. Those who are capable of going there and care to take the trouble, can read in it and learn anything they choose. But this region must not be mistaken for the supramental levels. And yet to reach even there you must be able to silence the movements of the material or physical mind; you must be able to leave aside all your sensations and put a stop to your ordinary mental movements, whatever they are; you must get out of the vital; you must become free from the slavery of the body. Then only you can enter into that region and see. But if you are sufficiently interested to make this effort, you can arrive there and read what is written in the earth's memory.
Thus, if you go deep into silence, you can reach a level of consciousness on which it is not impossible for you to receive answers to all your questions. And if there is one who is consciously open to the plenary truth of the supermind, in constant contact with it, he can certainly answer any question that is worth an answer from the supramental Light. The queries put must come from some sense of the truth and reality behind things. There are many questions and much debated problems that are cobwebs woven of mere mental abstractions or move on the illusory surface of things. These do not pertain to real knowledge; they are a deformation of knowledge, their very substance is of the ignorance. Certainly the supramental knowledge may give an answer, its own answer, to the problems set by the mind's ignorance; but it is likely that it would not be at all satisfactory or perhaps even intelligible to those who ask from the mental level. You must not expect the supramental to work in the way of the mind or demand that the knowledge in truth should be capable of being pieced together with the half-knowledge in ignorance. The scheme of the mind is one thing, but Supermind is quite another and it would no longer be supramental if it adapted itself to the exigencies of the mental scheme. The two are incommensurable and cannot be put together.
When the consciousness has attained to supramental joys, does it no longer take interest in the things of the mind?
The supramental does not take interest in mental things in the same way as the mind. It takes its own interest in all the movements of the universe, but it is from a different point of view and with a different vision. The world presents to it an entirely different appearance; there is a reversal of outlook and everything is seen from there as other than what it seems to the mind and often even the opposite. Things have another meaning; their aspect, their motion and process, everything about them, are watched with other eyes. Everything here is followed by the supermind; the mind movements and not less the vital, the material movements, all the play of the universe have for it a very deep interest, but of another kind. It is about the same difference as that between the interest taken in a puppet-play by one who holds the strings and knows what the puppets are to do and the will that moves them and that they can do only what it moves them to do, and the interest taken by another who observes the play but sees only what is happening from moment to moment and knows nothing else. The one who follows the play and is outside its secret has a stronger, an eager and passionate interest in what will happen and he gives an excited attention to its unforeseen or dramatic events; the other, who holds the strings and moves the show, is unmoved and tranquil. There is a certain intensity of interest which comes from ignorance and is bound up with illusion, and that must disappear when you are out of the ignorance. The interest that human beings take in things founds itself on the illusion; if that were removed, they would have no interest at all in the play; they would find it dry and dull. That is why all this ignorance, all this illusion has lasted so long; it is because men like it, because they cling to it and its peculiar kind of appeal that it endures.
~ The Mother, Questions And Answers 1929-1931, 93?
,#KEYS
*** WISDOM TROVE ***
1:Hate is love without enough data. ~ richard-bach, @wisdomtrove 2:Maybe stories are just data with a soul. ~ brene-brown, @wisdomtrove 3:With insufficient data it is easy to go wrong. ~ carl-sagan, @wisdomtrove 4:Data is not useful until it becomes information. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 5:There is as yet insufficient data for a meaningful answer. ~ isaac-asimov, @wisdomtrove 6:It's easy to pretend expertise when there's no data to contradict you. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 7:Great wisdom not applied to action and behavior is meaningless data. ~ peter-drucker, @wisdomtrove 8:Ultimately, thinking is a very inefficient method of processing data. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove 9:The computer, being a mechanical moron, can handle only quantifiable data. ~ peter-drucker, @wisdomtrove 10:There is so much data available to us, but most data won't help us succeed. ~ thomas-carlyle, @wisdomtrove 11:Information is just bits of data. Knowledge is putting them together. Wisdom is transcending them. ~ ram-das, @wisdomtrove 12:To write it, it took three months; to conceive it three minutes; to collect the data in it all my life. ~ f-scott-fitzgerald, @wisdomtrove 13:The most interesting emerging religion is Dataism, which venerates neither gods nor man – it worships data. ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 14:Intelligence takes chances with limited data in an arena where mistakes are not only possible but also necessary. ~ frank-herbert, @wisdomtrove 15:If someone's criticism is completely unfounded on data, then I don't want to hear it. It doesn't hold up to scrutiny. ~ tim-ferris, @wisdomtrove 16:Extreme views are never just; something always turns up which disturbs the calculations formed upon their data. ~ benjamin-disraeli, @wisdomtrove 17:For me, all of the data that is contained in your cell memory, and in your energetic field, is able to be picked up. ~ caroline-myss, @wisdomtrove 18:For me, all of the data that is contained in your cell memory, and in your energetic field, is able to be picked up. ~ norman-vincent-peale, @wisdomtrove 19:Before anything can be reasoned upon to a conclusion, certain facts, principles, or data, to reason from, must be established, admitted, or denied. ~ thomas-paine, @wisdomtrove 20:Intuition is the art, peculiar to the human mind, of working out the correct answer from data that is, in itself, incomplete or even, perhaps, misleading. ~ isaac-asimov, @wisdomtrove 21:If you're working with a spreadsheet or a thread of correspondence or a set of data, I'm not sure you're doing your best work if you're doing it on an iPhone. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 22:Just as modern man consumes both too many calories and calories of no nutritional value, information workers eat data both in excess and from the wrong sources. ~ tim-ferris, @wisdomtrove 23:Capitalism won the Cold War because distributed data processing works better than centralized data processing, at least in periods of accelerating changes. ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 24:Rather than spend my life on data entry and typing, I also take photos on my iPhone of business cards, wine labels, menus, or anything I want to have searchable on-the-run. ~ tim-ferris, @wisdomtrove 25:Don't measure anything unless the data helps you make a better decision or change your actions. If you're not prepared to change your diet or your workouts, don't get on the scale. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 26:I find more and more executives less and less well informed about the outside world, if only because they believe that the data on the computer printouts are ipso facto information. ~ peter-drucker, @wisdomtrove 27:Now that knowledge is taking the place of capital as the driving force in organizations worldwide, it is all too easy to confuse data with knowledge and information technology with information. ~ peter-drucker, @wisdomtrove 28:The fewer data needed, the better the information. And an overload of information, that is, anything much beyond what is truly needed, leads to information blackout. It does not enrich, but impoverishes. ~ peter-drucker, @wisdomtrove 29:MP3 players and flash memory devices are good for data storage and playback of music and digital talking books, but they offer little or nothing in the way of visual presentation of information and communication. ~ tom-peters, @wisdomtrove 30:The librarian isn't a clerk who happens to work in a library. A librarian is a data hound, a guide, a sherpa and a teacher. The librarian is the interface between reams of data and the untrained but motivated user. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 31:It is vital to remember that information - in the sense of raw data - is not knowledge, that knowledge is not wisdom, and that wisdom is not foresight. But information is the first essential step to all of these. ~ arthur-c-carke, @wisdomtrove 32:In the twenty-first century our personal data is probably the most valuable resource most humans still have to offer, and we are giving it to the tech giants in exchange for email services and funny cat videos. ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 33:In theory, there is nothing the computer can do that the human mind can not do. The computer merely takes a finite amount of data and performs a finite number of operations upon them. The human mind can duplicate the process ~ isaac-asimov, @wisdomtrove 34:More than a building that houses books and data, the library has always been a window to a larger world& 35:If you are looking at data over and over you better be taking away valuable insight every time. If you are constantly looking at data that isn't leading to strategic action stop wasting your time and look for more Actionable Analytics. ~ thomas-carlyle, @wisdomtrove 36:Previous Calendar Data: Review past calendar dates in detail for remaining action items, reference information, and so on, and transfer that data into the active system. Be able to archive your last week’s calendar with nothing left uncaptured. ~ david-allen, @wisdomtrove 37:The study of theology, as it stands in Christian churches, is the study of nothing; it is founded on nothing; it rests on no principles; it proceeds by no authorities; it has no data; it can demonstrate nothing; and it admits of no conclusion. ~ thomas-paine, @wisdomtrove 38:If some good evidence for life after death were announced, I'd be eager to examine it; but it would have to be real scientific data, not mere anecdote. As with the face on Mars and alien abductions, better the hard truth, I say, than the comforting fantasy. ~ carl-sagan, @wisdomtrove 39:Resveratrol is fascinating stuff. One of the best sources of information about it is the Immortality Institute. They have a forum where some people are in the 500 Club, as they call it. They've been taking 500 milligrams for years. It's a really great source of data. ~ tim-ferris, @wisdomtrove 40:Attempts have been made from a study of the changes produced by mutation to obtain the relative order of the bases within various triplets, but my own view is that these are premature until there is more extensive and more reliable data on the composition of the triplets. ~ francis-crick, @wisdomtrove 41:Science is converging on an all-encompassing dogma, which says that organisms are algorithms, and life is data processing. 2. Intelligence is decoupling from consciousness. 3. Non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms may soon know us better than we know ourselves. ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 42:Making workable choices occurs in a crucible of informative mistakes. Thus Intelligence accepts fallibility. And when absolute (infallible) choices are not known, Intelligence takes chances with limited data in an arena where mistakes are not only possible but also necessary. ~ frank-herbert, @wisdomtrove 43:In the past, censorship worked by blocking the flow of information. In the twenty-first century, censorship works by flooding people with irrelevant information. [... ] In ancient times having power meant having access to data. Today having power means knowing what to ignore. ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 44:Research can only present data about the past. No one seriously believes that people's answers to hypothetical questions about the future accurately represent their future behaviour; they merely represent a current attitude, which may or may not be translated into future behaviour. ~ stephen-king, @wisdomtrove 45:Photographic data... is still and ESSENTIALLY THE SAFEST POETIC MEDIUM and the most agile process for catching the most delicate osmoses which exist between reality and surreality. The mere fact of photographic transposition means a total invention: the capture of a secret reality. ~ salvador-dali, @wisdomtrove 46:For me the information has to remain incredibly neutral. It's what I would call & 47:Properly speaking, the unconscious is the real psychic; its inner nature is just as unknown to us as the reality of the external world, and it is just as imperfectly reported to us through the data of consciousness as is the external world through the indications of our sensory organs. ~ sigmund-freud, @wisdomtrove 48:For me the information has to remain incredibly neutral. It's what I would call & 49:This is the paradox of historical knowledge. Knowledge that does not change behaviour is useless. But knowledge that changes behaviour quickly loses its relevance. The more data we have and the better we understand history, the faster history alters its course, and the faster our knowledge becomes outdated. ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 50:At present, people are happy to give away their most valuable asset—their personal data—in exchange for free email services and funny cat videos. It’s a bit like African and Native American tribes who unwittingly sold entire countries to European imperialists in exchange for colorful beads and cheap trinkets. ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 51:As the amount of inputs go up, as the number of people and ideas that clamor for attention continue to increase, we do what people always do: we rely on the familiar, the trusted and the personal. The incredible surplus of digital data means that human actions, generosity and sacrifice are more important than they ever were before. ~ seth-godin, @wisdomtrove 52:The second cognitive revolution, dreamed up by techno-humanists, might do the same to us, producing human cogs who communicate and process data far more effectively than ever before, but who can hardly pay attention, dream or doubt. For millions of years we were enhanced chimpanzees. In the future, we may become oversized ants. ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 53:It's understandable that the music companies that are comprised of people that are successful by making good creative decisions - they have to decide which out of fifty artists is the next hot one, with no data to go from. It's an intuitive process, and that's what they do well when they're successful. They don't understand technology. ~ steve-jobs, @wisdomtrove 54:Capitalism did not defeat communism because capitalism was more ethical, because individual liberties are sacred or because God was angry with the heathen communists. Rather, capitalism won the Cold War because distributed data processing works better than centralised data processing, at least in periods of accelerating technological change. ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 55:In the heyday of European imperialism, conquistadors and merchants bought entire islands and countries in exchange for coloured beads. In the twenty-first century our personal data is probably the most valuable resource most humans still have to offer, and we are giving it to the tech giants in exchange for email services and funny cat videos. ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 56:Communication has changed so rapidly in the last 20 years, it's almost impossible to predict what might occur even in the next decade. E-mail, which now sends data hurtling across vast distances at the speed of light, has replaced primitive forms of communication such as smoke signals, which sent data hurtling across vast distances at the speed of light. ~ steve-martin, @wisdomtrove 57:Recruiting is hard. It's just finding the needles in the haystack. You can't know enough in a one-hour interview. So, in the end, it's ultimately based on your gut. How do I feel about this person? What are they like when they're challenged? I ask everybody that: & 58:If you intend to study the mind, you must have systematic training; you must practice to bring the mind under your control, to attain to that consciousness from which you will be able to study the mind and remain unmoved by any of its wild gyrations. Otherwise the facts observed will not be reliable; they will not apply to all people and therefore will not be truly facts or data at all. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove 59:There is magic in being in the present in your life. I’m always amazed at the power of clear observation simply about what’s going on, what’s true. Finding out the exact details of your personal finances, clarifying the historical data about the company you’re buying, or getting the facts about who really said what to whom in an interpersonal conflict can be constructive, if not downright healing. ~ david-allen, @wisdomtrove 60:Precisely because technology is now moving so fast, and parliaments and dictators alike are overwhelmed by data they cannot process quickly enough, present-day politicians are thinking on a far smaller scale than their predecessors a century ago. Consequently, in the early twenty-first century politics is bereft of grand visions. Government has become mere administration. It manages the country, but it no longer leads it. ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 61:It is not possible to provide evidence of life after death to the five senses anymore than it is possible to provide the five senses with evidence of non-physical reality. It cannot be done. The five senses; sight,hearing, taste and smell together form a single sensory system whose object of detection is physical reality. This cannot detect non-physical reality. Humankind is beginning to be able to access data the 5 senses cannot provide. ~ gary-zukav, @wisdomtrove 62:Every individual is at once the beneficiary and the victim of the linguistic tradition into which he has been born - the beneficiary inasmuch as language gives access to the accumulated records of other people's experience, the victim in so far as it confirms him in the belief that reduced awareness is the only awareness and as it bedevils his sense of reality, so that he is all too apt to take his concepts for data, his words for actual things. ~ aldous-huxley, @wisdomtrove 63:[N]o scientist likes to be criticized. ... But you don't reply to critics: "Wait a minute, wait a minute; this is a really good idea. I'm very fond of it. It's done you no harm. Please don't attack it." That's not the way it goes. The hard but just rule is that if the ideas don't work, you must throw them away. Don't waste any neurons on what doesn't work. Devote those neurons to new ideas that better explain the data. Valid criticism is doing you a favor. ~ carl-sagan, @wisdomtrove 64:If you are only skeptical, then no new ideas make it through to you. You become a crotchety old person convinced that nonsense is ruling the world. (There is, of course, much data to support you.) But every now and then, a new idea turns out to be on the mark, valid and wonderful. If you are too much in the habit of being skeptical about everything, you are going to miss or resent it, and either way you will be standing in the way of understanding and progress. ~ carl-sagan, @wisdomtrove 65:Let's find and remedy all our weaknesses before our enemies get a chance to say a word. That is what Charles Darwin did. ... When Darwin completed the manuscript of his immortal book "The Origin Of Species" he realized that the publication of his revolutionary concept of creation would rock the intellectual and religious worlds. So he became his own critic and spent another 15 years checking his data, challenging his reasoning, and criticizing his conclusions. ~ dale-carnegie, @wisdomtrove 66:To many of us now, computers, silicon chips, data processing, cybernetics, and all the other innovations of the dawning high technology age are as mystifying as the workings of the combustion engine must have been when that first Model T rattled down Main Street, U.S.A. But as surely as America's pioneer spirit made us the industrial giant of the 20th century, the same pioneer spirit today is opening up on another vast front of opportunity, the frontier of high technology. ~ ronald-reagan, @wisdomtrove 67:We often hesitate to follow our intuition out of fear. Most usually, we are afraid of the changes in our own life that our actions will bring. Intuitive guidance, however, is all about change. It is energetic data ripe with the potential to influence the rest of the world. To fear change but to crave intuitive clarity is like fearing the cold, dark night while pouring water on the fire that lights your cave. An insight the size of a mustard seed is powerful enough to bring down a mountain-sized illusion that may be holding our lives together. Truth strikes without mercy. We fear our intuitions because we fear the transformational power within our revelations. ~ caroline-myss, @wisdomtrove 68:We often hesitate to follow our intuition out of fear. Most usually, we are afraid of the changes in our own life that our actions will bring. Intuitive guidance, however, is all about change. It is energetic data ripe with the potential to influence the rest of the world. To fear change but to crave intuitive clarity is like fearing the cold, dark night while pouring water on the fire that lights your cave. An insight the size of a mustard seed is powerful enough to bring down a mountain-sized illusion that may be holding our lives together. Truth strikes without mercy. We fear our intuitions because we fear the transformational power within our revelations. ~ norman-vincent-peale, @wisdomtrove 69:By equating the human experience with data patterns, Dataism undermines our main source of authority and meaning, and heralds a tremendous religious revolution, the like of which has not been seen since the eighteenth century. In the days of Locke, Hume and Voltaire humanists argued that ‘God is a product of the human imagination’. Dataism now gives humanists a taste of their own medicine, and tells them: ‘Yes, God is a product of the human imagination, but human imagination in turn is the product of biochemical algorithms.’ In the eighteenth century, humanism sidelined God by shifting from a deo-centric to a homo-centric world view. In the twenty-first century, Dataism may sideline humans by shifting from a homo-centric to a data-centric view. ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 70:In the twenty-first century it sounds childish to compare the human psyche to a steam engine. Today we know of a far more sophisticated technology – the computer – so we explain the human psyche as if it were a computer processing data rather than a steam engine regulating pressure. But this new analogy may turn out to be just as naïve. After all, computers have no minds. They don’t crave anything even when they have a bug, and the Internet doesn’t feel pain even when authoritarian regimes sever entire countries from the Web. So why use computers as a model for understanding the mind? Well, are we really sure that computers have no sensations or desires? And even if they haven’t got any at present, perhaps once they become complex enough they might develop consciousness? If that were to happen, how could we ascertain it? When computers replace our bus driver, our teacher and our shrink, how could we determine whether they have feelings or whether they are just a collection of mindless algorithms? ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove 71:If we think in term of months, we had probably focus on immediate problems such as the turmoil in the Middle East, the refugee crisis in Europe and the slowing of the Chinese economy. If we think in terms of decades, then global warming, growing inequality and the disruption of the job market loom large. Yet if we take the really grand view of life, all other problems anddevelopments are overshadowed by three interlinked processes: 1. Science is converging on an all-encompassing dogma, which says that organisms are algorithms and life is data processing. 2. Intelligence is decoupling from consciousness. 3. Non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms may soon know us better than we know ourselves. These three processes raise three key questions, which I hope will stick in your mind long after you have finished this book: 1. Are organisms really just algorithms, and is life really just data processing? 2. What’s more valuable – intelligence or consciousness? 3. What will happen to society, politics and daily life when non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms know us better than we know ourselves? ~ yuval-noah-harari, @wisdomtrove *** NEWFULLDB 2.4M ***
1:data outlives code. ~ Martin Kleppmann, #NFDB
2:To clarify, *add* data. ~ Edward R Tufte, #NFDB
3:USA FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA ~ Joel Fuhrman, #NFDB
4:Everything’s a data point. ~ Paul McAuley, #NFDB
5:big data is usually dumb data. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
6:Data is not intelligence. ~ William Binney, #NFDB
7:development of data standards, ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
8:What we have is a data glut. ~ Vernor Vinge, #NFDB
9:Data is the next Intel Inside. ~ Tim O Reilly, #NFDB
10:Data Is Useless Without Context ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
11:You can’t samba in a data stream, ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
12:Above all else show the data. ~ Edward R Tufte, #NFDB
13:What do the current data show? ~ Jason L Riley, #NFDB
14:Who has the data has the power. ~ Tim O Reilly, #NFDB
15:Hate is love without enough data. ~ Richard Bach, #NFDB
16:You can only analyze the data you ~ Marie Curie, #NFDB
17:More data is not always the answer. ~ Alan Hirsch, #NFDB
18:STORIES ARE JUST DATA WITH A SOUL ~ Carmine Gallo, #NFDB
19:Certainty, not data, is knowledge. ~ L Ron Hubbard, #NFDB
20:Consider data without prejudice. ~ Thomas A Edison, #NFDB
21:stories are just data with a soul. ~ Carmine Gallo, #NFDB
22:The plural of anecdotes is not data ~ Ben Goldacre, #NFDB
23:The world is one big data problem. ~ Andrew McAfee, #NFDB
24:Data may disappoint, but it never lies. ~ Jay Samit, #NFDB
25:Data can actually make us more human. ~ Aaron Koblin, #NFDB
26:Maybe stories are just data with a soul ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
27:while theories are nice, data is better. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
28:Instincts are experiments. Data is proof. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
29:Maybe stories are just data with a soul. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
30:The past is relevant only as data. ~ Richard K Morgan, #NFDB
31:The plural of anecdote is not data. ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
32:Maybe stories are just data with a soul. ~ Brene Brown, #NFDB
33:You cannot write well without data. ~ George V Higgins, #NFDB
34:You can’t samba in a data stream, ~ Alaya Dawn Johnson, #NFDB
35:Data data everywhere, and not a thought to think! ~ n 1, #NFDB
36:Data is great, but strategy is better ~ Steven Sinofsky, #NFDB
37:Data really powers everything that we do. ~ Jeff Weiner, #NFDB
38:The public trusts big data way too much. ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
39:They made data a controlled substance. ~ Neal Stephenson, #NFDB
40:Universal law: data wants to be free. ~ Peter F Hamilton, #NFDB
41:An instrument is a tool used to collect data. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
42:In God we trust, all others bring data ~ W Edwards Deming, #NFDB
43:Don't censor incoming data through denial. ~ Deepak Chopra, #NFDB
44:In God we trust; all others bring data. ~ W Edwards Deming, #NFDB
45:Instincts are experiments. Data is proof. ~ Alistair Croll, #NFDB
46:Context is to data what water is to a dolphin ~ Dan Simmons, #NFDB
47:With insufficient data it is easy to go wrong. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
48:You’re the witch, dude. I’m the data geek. ~ Debora Geary, #NFDB
49:Data coming out our ears but we lack narrative. ~ Roy Sekoff, #NFDB
50:Data has no ego and makes an excellent co-pilot. ~ Jay Samit, #NFDB
51:Data is the exhaust of the information age. ~ Bruce Schneier, #NFDB
52:Demagoguery beats data in making public policy. ~ Dick Armey, #NFDB
53:Data is not useful until it becomes information. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
54:Data without generalization is just gossip. ~ Robert M Pirsig, #NFDB
55:the Arcturus system six weeks ago. Data is raw, ~ Ian Douglas, #NFDB
56:If you want data to survive, carve it in rock. ~ Jack McDevitt, #NFDB
57:Najbolja blagodat koja nam je data jeste šansa za pokajanje. ~, #NFDB
58:On data: We are the drivers, not the driven. ~ Andy Hargreaves, #NFDB
59:Big data isn’t about bits, it’s about talent. ~ Douglas Merrill, #NFDB
60:Incomplete data leads to incomplete conclusions. ~ Henry H Neff, #NFDB
61:In God we trust; all others must bring data. ~ W Edwards Deming, #NFDB
62:We are surrounded by data, but starved for insights. ~ Jay Baer, #NFDB
63:I hate when people ask me to: "Massage the data". ~ Ronald Coase, #NFDB
64:Data is the new oil? No: Data is the new soil. ~ David Mccandless, #NFDB
65:Science will...produce the data..., but never the ~ Lewis Thomas, #NFDB
66:Data are becoming the new raw material of business. ~ Craig Mundie, #NFDB
67:Data that conflicts with beliefs is often ignored, ~ Jack Campbell, #NFDB
68:any global data is always guilty until proven innocent. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
69:In God we trust. All others [must] have data ~ Siddhartha Mukherjee, #NFDB
70:the best ways to solve data problems are often with UX. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
71:We live, I regret to say, in an age of Big Data hype. ~ Oscar Wilde, #NFDB
72:Big data will replace the need for 80% of all doctors ~ Vinod Khosla, #NFDB
73:Data is what distinguishes the dilettante from the artist ~ George V, #NFDB
74:If you torture the data long enough, it will confess. ~ Ronald Coase, #NFDB
75:In the absence of data, we will always make up stories. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
76:A data structure is just a stupid programming language. ~ Bill Gosper, #NFDB
77:Digital data are more fragile than printed material. ~ Robert Darnton, #NFDB
78:Size doesn't matter, fast data is better than big data ~ Hilary Mason, #NFDB
79:Torture the data, and it will confess to anything,” as ~ Ben Goldacre, #NFDB
80:We dont have better algorithms, we just have more data ~ Peter Norvig, #NFDB
81:Data, data everywhere, but not a thought to think. ~ John Allen Paulos, #NFDB
82:Data quality is corporate America's dirty little secret. ~ Paul Gillin, #NFDB
83:Data scientist is just a sexed up word for statistician. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
84:If you torture the data long enough, it will confess. ~ Ronald H Coase, #NFDB
85:No observational problem will not be solved by more data. ~ Vera Rubin, #NFDB
86:If you torture the data enough, nature will always confess. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
87:90% of the world's data was created in the last two years ~ Marc Benioff, #NFDB
88:Data about an innovative idea is rarely crystal clear. ~ Scott D Anthony, #NFDB
89:Data don't generate theory - only researchers do that. ~ Henry Mintzberg, #NFDB
90:Start-up founders should be data-informed – not data-driven. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
91:Theories come and go, but fundamental data always remains. ~ Mary Leakey, #NFDB
92:Data are just as often molded to fit preferred conclusions. ~ Roger Lewin, #NFDB
93:THERE IS AS YET INSUFFICIENT DATA FOR A MEANINGFUL ANSWER. ~ Isaac Asimov, #NFDB
94:There is as yet insufficient data for a meaningful answer. ~ Isaac Asimov, #NFDB
95:data mining means “torturing the data until it confesses. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
96:The future of marketing isn't big data, it's big understanding. ~ Jay Baer, #NFDB
97:The analysis of data will not by itself produce new ideas. ~ Edward de Bono, #NFDB
98:Exaggeration undermines the credibility of well-founded data: ~ Hans Rosling, #NFDB
99:Videos from Big Data Everywhere 2014 are now available on InfoQ. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
100:Without data, you're just another person with an opinion. ~ W Edwards Deming, #NFDB
101:Data gathered on the Shuttle and ISS help power Google Maps; ~ Chris Hadfield, #NFDB
102:It is a capital mistake to theorise before one has data. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
103:It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
104:Let them know precisely what you are going to do with their data ~ Steve Jobs, #NFDB
105:The irony is that more data can often present less clarity. ~ Charles Wheelan, #NFDB
106:Theory without data is myth: data without theory is madness. ~ Phil Zuckerman, #NFDB
107:Junk food, empty calories and carbs are the Big Data of the masses ~ Karl Marx, #NFDB
108:Nobody should try to use data unless he has collected data. ~ W Edwards Deming, #NFDB
109:The web is hyperlinked documents; the cloud is hyperlinked data. ~ Kevin Kelly, #NFDB
110:This is data as you have never known it: it is data as therapy. ~ Hans Rosling, #NFDB
111:We're so obsessed with [big] data, we forget how to interpret it. ~ danah boyd, #NFDB
112:You have to be willing to have the decision-making follow the data. ~ Ted Cruz, #NFDB
113:rely on accumulated data rather than on individual anecdotes, ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
114:People are running huge enterprises off of hacking and stealing data. ~ Tim Cook, #NFDB
115:Product Market Fit is a feeling backed with data and information. ~ Ryan Holiday, #NFDB
116:There are no facts, there is no truth, just data to be manipulated. ~ Don Henley, #NFDB
117:Too few of you, Big Data tells me, are still reading. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
118:Analyse data just so far as to obtain simplicity and no further. ~ Henri Poincare, #NFDB
119:Big Data processes codify the past. They do not invent the future. ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
120:The data stream has been corrupted, return to first principles. ~ Terence McKenna, #NFDB
121:The mystery of consciousness? Erroneous data—significant results. ~ Frank Herbert, #NFDB
122:This observation is sometimes summed up as data outlives code. ~ Martin Kleppmann, #NFDB
123:(As scientists like to say: The plural of anecdote is not data.) ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
124:Every system using data separates humanity into winners and losers. ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
125:More data beats clever algorithms, but better data beats more data. ~ Peter Norvig, #NFDB
126:Reports of anti-Semitic incidents are based on differing data and rely ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
127:It's easy to pretend expertise when there's no data to contradict you. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
128:No great marketing decisions have ever been made on qualitative data ~ John Sculley, #NFDB
129:Great wisdom not applied to action and behavior is meaningless data. ~ Peter Drucker, #NFDB
130:It just means you are the sum total of your data. No man escapes that. ~ Don DeLillo, #NFDB
131:Quantitative data abhors emotion; qualitative data marinates in it. ~ Alistair Croll, #NFDB
132:The data suggest that happy people are more likely to get married. ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
133:Unfortunately, while people were drowning in data, knowledge was nowhere ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
134:Have we been compromised by our own data? The answer is: Of course. ~ Jeff VanderMeer, #NFDB
135:In God we trust. All others [must] have data. - Bernard Fisher ~ Siddhartha Mukherjee, #NFDB
136:The more data we have, the more likely we are to drown in it. ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
137:the problem isn’t finding data, it’s figuring out what to do with it. ~ Mike Loukides, #NFDB
138:We need to ground environmentalism on something other than data. ~ Charles Eisenstein, #NFDB
139:Ultimately, thinking is a very inefficient method of processing data. ~ Frederick Lenz, #NFDB
140:Data isn't information; information isn't knowledge; knowledge isn't wisdom. ~ Ian Lowe, #NFDB
141:Dumnezeu e-n ochi. La fel si Diavolul, de fiecare data cand clipesti. ~ Theodore Roszak, #NFDB
142:I don't see the logic of rejecting data just because they seem incredible. ~ Fred Hoyle, #NFDB
143:In the twenty-first century, people threw off data like dead skin cells. ~ Barry Eisler, #NFDB
144:It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data.” - Sherlock Holmes ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
145:The falsification of scientific data or analysis is always a serious matter ~ Ed Markey, #NFDB
146:you had to know what you were looking for or the data would drown you. ~ Steve Robinson, #NFDB
147:A hacker doesnt deliberately destroy data or profit from his activities. ~ Kevin Mitnick, #NFDB
148:Big data is indeed a buzzword but it is one that is frankly under-hyped. ~ Ginni Rometty, #NFDB
149:Data are to statistics what a good offensive is to a star quarterback. ~ Charles Wheelan, #NFDB
150:The goal is to turn data into information, and information into insight. ~ Carly Fiorina, #NFDB
151:There's no data to suggest that I can make you love me whatever I do. ~ Karen Joy Fowler, #NFDB
152:When you see data, doubt [them]! When you see measurements, doubt them! ~ Kaoru Ishikawa, #NFDB
153:while people were drowning in data, knowledge was nowhere to be found. ~ Benjamin Graham, #NFDB
154:With data collection, 'the sooner the better' is always the best answer. ~ Marissa Mayer, #NFDB
155:As a scientist, you're not supposed to make decisions without the data. ~ Francis Collins, #NFDB
156:Data from any single gene cannot really tell you anything so definitive. If ~ Bill Bryson, #NFDB
157:Jack's [Ma Yun ] theory is that whoever controls data controls the world. ~ Masayoshi Son, #NFDB
158:... no compelling data to support its anachronistic social Darwinism. ~ Stephen Jay Gould, #NFDB
159:Our five senses are faulty data-taking devices, and they need help. ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson, #NFDB
160:To her data analysis was the ugly love child of science and Kafka, ~ Kim Stanley Robinson, #NFDB
161:Twenty percent of all input forms filled out by people contain bad data. ~ Dennis Ritchie, #NFDB
162:Without big data, you are blind and deaf and in the middle of a freeway. ~ Geoffrey Moore, #NFDB
163:All data are filtered, observation is necessarily 'theory-laden'. ~ Norwood Russell Hanson, #NFDB
164:Small, noncomparative, highly labeled data sets usually belong in tables. ~ Edward R Tufte, #NFDB
165:stay open to new data and be prepared to keep freshening up your knowledge. ~ Hans Rosling, #NFDB
166:The computer, being a mechanical moron, can handle only quantifiable data. ~ Peter Drucker, #NFDB
167:The more the data banks record about each one of us, the less we exist. ~ Marshall McLuhan, #NFDB
168:Gratitude, therefore, emerged from the data as the antidote to foreboding joy. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
169:Sometimes the job of a data scientist is to know when you don't know enough. ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
170:The future belongs to the companies and people that turn data into products ~ Mike Loukides, #NFDB
171:We apply fight-or-flight reflexes not only to predators, but to data itself. ~ Chris Mooney, #NFDB
172:but slots — and other “virtual” attributes — won’t be reported as instance data. ~ Mark Lutz, #NFDB
173:Data is a lot like humans: It is born. Matures. Gets married to other data, ~ Arthur Miller, #NFDB
174:Data is a precious thing and will last longer than the systems themselves. ~ Tim Berners Lee, #NFDB
175:In baseball you have terrific data and you can be a lot more creative with it. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
176:There is so much data available to us, but most data won't help us succeed. ~ Thomas Carlyle, #NFDB
177:The world is now awash in data and we can see consumers in a lot clearer ways. ~ Max Levchin, #NFDB
178:Unlike oil, Big Data’s reserves are growing exponentially every year. ~ Khang Kijarro Nguyen, #NFDB
179:We're entering a new world in which data may be more important than software. ~ Tim O Reilly, #NFDB
180:Be critical of classes that contain more than about seven data members. The ~ Steve McConnell, #NFDB
181:Errors using inadequate data are much less than those using no data at all. ~ Charles Babbage, #NFDB
182:The greatest wisdom not applied to action and behaviour is meaningless data ~ Peter F Drucker, #NFDB
183:There's a lot of power in executing data - generating data and executing data. ~ Ken Thompson, #NFDB
184:Youth is cause, effect is age; so with the thickening of the neck we get data. ~ Djuna Barnes, #NFDB
185:Data alone is not enough. Starting from scratch will only get you to scratch. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
186:Data!data!data!" he cried impatiently. "I can't make bricks without clay. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
187:Every failure contains valuable data that will point you in the right direction. ~ Ramit Sethi, #NFDB
188:Hey I just met you The network’s laggy But here’s my data So store it maybe ~ Martin Kleppmann, #NFDB
189:Our early libertarian idealism resulted in gargantuan, global data monopsonies. ~ Jaron Lanier, #NFDB
190:Over the next ten years, everything that has a cord is going to have data in it. ~ Tony Fadell, #NFDB
191:Simple models and a lot of data trump more elaborate models based on less data. ~ Peter Norvig, #NFDB
192:When a manager asks for hard data, that's usually just his way of saying no. ~ Ward Cunningham, #NFDB
193:And love?” she asked him. “What is love?” He smiled faintly. “Data of the heart. ~ C S Friedman, #NFDB
194:I’d run straight into a bulkhead trying to walk and receive data at the same time… ~ Ann Leckie, #NFDB
195:It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data.—Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ~ Philip Kotler, #NFDB
196:The Crystal Wind is the Storm, and the Storm is Data, and the Data is Life. ~ Daniel Keys Moran, #NFDB
197:Thought, without the data on which to structure that thought, leads nowhere. ~ Victor J Stenger, #NFDB
198:When anecdotal user feedback and data contradict each other, listen to the data. ~ Reid Hoffman, #NFDB
199:Governance allows organizations...t o use critical data to drive the organization. ~ Dick Taylor, #NFDB
200:The world, quite simply, is too complex and too rich for little data. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
201:When human judgment and big data intersect there are some funny things that happen ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
202:where data are sparse, competing ideas abound that are clever and wishful. ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson, #NFDB
203:A very rarely discussed property of data: it is toxic in large quantities ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
204:If you are using search data to decide what's fashionable, you are not fashionable. ~ Peter Sagal, #NFDB
205:One of the core principles of Google has always been “Don’t politick. Use data.” As ~ Laszlo Bock, #NFDB
206:The problem is that we won’t ever know that, and a lack of data never wins debates. ~ David Weber, #NFDB
207:Too many product managers rely on instinct and gut instead of actual behavioral data. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
208:To Schema on Read or to Schema on Write, That Is the Hadoop Data Lake Question ~ Martin Kleppmann, #NFDB
209:Welcome to the information age. Data, data, everywhere, but no one knows a thing. ~ Roger Kimball, #NFDB
210:Engineering, I think you can pick up. [A data scientist's] curiosity is built-in ~ Scott Nicholson, #NFDB
211:Everything you said or did was a data point you put out there in the world. ~ Jennifer Lynn Barnes, #NFDB
212:Frightened people want action more than they want correct action. It’s in the data. ~ Marcus Sakey, #NFDB
213:How can you make sense of the future when you only have data about the past? ~ Clayton Christensen, #NFDB
214:If you just talk to who's easy to talk to, you're not really getting the best data. ~ Emmett Shear, #NFDB
215:People are stunned to hear that one company has data files on 185 million Americans. ~ Ralph Nader, #NFDB
216:Reality exists in the mind of each.
The senses are input devices for incoming data. ~ Toba Beta,#NFDB
217:Teach where data can be found or how it can be derived, not the recording of data. ~ L Ron Hubbard, #NFDB
218:When science and the Bible differ, science has obviously misinterpreted its data. ~ Henry M Morris, #NFDB
219:Women buy underwear for the men they love. It’s economics. Data supports this claim. ~ Helen Hoang, #NFDB
220:In Operations, many of our data sets have what we call ‘chi squared’ distribution. Using ~ Gene Kim, #NFDB
221:I then realized my analytics data was a bit odd. My keywords were no longer with me ~ Douglas Bader, #NFDB
222:It’s even been said that data mining means “torturing the data until it confesses. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
223:More data means more information, but it also means more false information. ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
224:There might never be that moment when everyone says, "Oh my God, big data is awful." ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
225:We chose it because we deal with huge amounts of data. Besides, it sounds really cool. ~ Larry Page, #NFDB
226:A brainscan cannot interpret itself and neither can a data dashboard in education. ~ Andy Hargreaves, #NFDB
227:As of yet, there is no peer-reviewed data on the efficacy of journaling by candlelight. ~ Sara Eckel, #NFDB
228:Data is not the phenomenon. It represents the phenomenon, but not very well. ~ Clayton M Christensen, #NFDB
229:Every thought that arises in the mind has its roots in data you have already accumulated. ~ Sadhguru, #NFDB
230:IBM estimates that 90 percent of the world’s data was created in the last two years. ~ Robert Scoble, #NFDB
231:I don't think there is any global warming. I don't see the statistical data for that. ~ Vaclav Klaus, #NFDB
232:We have to learn to interrogate our data collection process, not just our algorithms. ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
233:We must be careful not to confuse data with the abstractions we use to analyse them. ~ William James, #NFDB
234:Allowing us to do many causal experiments is the fourth power of Big Data. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
235:If you bomb a city, then rebuild it, the data shows a huge spike in economic activity. ~ John Perkins, #NFDB
236:If you entrust your data to others, they can let you down or outright betray you. ~ Jonathan Zittrain, #NFDB
237:If you're going to decide to run a data-driven campaign, decision-making has to follow it. ~ Ted Cruz, #NFDB
238:Most people think that aging is fatal and scientific data shows that that's not true. ~ Deepak Chopra, #NFDB
239:Once dismissed as “body shops”, India’s IT-outsourcing firms are now leaders in big data. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
240:That's all data is. A gift from yesterday that you receive today to make tomorrow better. ~ Jon Acuff, #NFDB
241:The real justification for psychedelics is that they feed new data into your model. ~ Terence McKenna, #NFDB
242:When we share our personal data with business, its use should be transparent and secure. ~ Anna Eshoo, #NFDB
243:You can't understand depth of science, unless you challenge the published scientific data. ~ Amit Ray, #NFDB
244:broadband firms want to manage more actively the data pulsing through their conduits—their ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
245:Data by itself is not useful. Data is only useful if it can be applied for public benefit. ~ Todd Park, #NFDB
246:In God we trust,” he brusquely told a journalist. “All others [must] have data. ~ Siddhartha Mukherjee, #NFDB
247:In practice, however, the boundary between data and processing can be hard to establish. ~ Jean Tirole, #NFDB
248:One of the issues of social networking silos is that they have the data and I don't. ~ Tim Berners Lee, #NFDB
249:What am I? The data? The process that generates it? The relationships between the numbers? ~ Greg Egan, #NFDB
250:Cartoons are data. If people find them funny, that tells us something about the world. ~ Robert H Frank, #NFDB
251:Data can't speak for itself; it's up to you to give it a voice. Try to speak truthfully. ~ Ronald Coase, #NFDB
252:People are very interested in having access to wireless data while they are on a plane. ~ Steve Largent, #NFDB
253:The data is clear: If you give a woman an opportunity, she will make a huge difference. ~ Carly Fiorina, #NFDB
254:The librarian is the interface between reams of data and the untrained but motivated user. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
255:This is the book that I wish existed when I started using Python for data analysis in 2007. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
256:A better world won’t come about simply because we use data; data has its dark underside. ~ Mike Loukides, #NFDB
257:APIs extend the reach of your software and data; SOA accelerates it through proven patterns. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
258:Data is of course important in manufacturing, but I place the greatest emphasis on facts. ~ Taiichi Ohno, #NFDB
259:I think that the default for collecting any kind of personal data should be opt-in consent. ~ Al Franken, #NFDB
260:knowledge, data processing, and creativity are going to be at the heart of creating value. ~ Jean Tirole, #NFDB
261:You can have data without information, but you cannot have information without data. ~ Daniel Keys Moran, #NFDB
262:If we have data, let's look at data. If all we have are opinions, let's go with mine. ~ James L Barksdale, #NFDB
263:In God we trust,”509 he brusquely told a journalist. “All others [must] have data. ~ Siddhartha Mukherjee, #NFDB
264:it’s pretty easy to frame an argument convincingly by being selective in the data presented. ~ Roxane Gay, #NFDB
265:I wanted to separate data from programs, because data and instructions are very different. ~ Ken Thompson, #NFDB
266:Nothing beats standing in the middle of the action, with all the data I need at my fingertips ~ Betty Liu, #NFDB
267:One of the best things data can enable us to do is to ask questions we didn't know to ask. ~ Vinod Khosla, #NFDB
268:On mobile, what are the core apps? It's basically messaging, mapping and review data. ~ Jeremy Stoppelman, #NFDB
269:You can also enter RxList.com into Alexa.com, a free data mining and analysis service, ~ Daniel J Levitin, #NFDB
270:Platforms beat pipelines by using data-based tools to create community feedback loops. ~ Geoffrey G Parker, #NFDB
271:There is little scientific data on the point, but evidently people do speak to themselves. ~ David Crystal, #NFDB
272:While hard data may inform the intellect, it is largely soft data that generates wisdom. ~ Henry Mintzberg, #NFDB
273:My radio show, I'd show up, I'd read the data, and I would have sound bites and stuff like that. ~ Jay Mohr, #NFDB
274:Our problems are not with the data, itself, but arise from our interpretation of the data. ~ Bruce H Lipton, #NFDB
275:There are two types of people in the world: those who can extrapolate from incomplete data..... ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
276:what data gives you is a unique excuse to interact with many different functions of a business. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
277:who knows how the data behind these metaphors has traveled, from where and for how long. ~ Richard K Morgan, #NFDB
278:Allowing us to zoom in on small subsets of people is the third power of Big Data. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
279:Although the prime numbers are rigidly determined, they somehow feel like experimental data. ~ Timothy Gowers, #NFDB
280:Although we often hear that data speak for themselves, their voices can be soft and sly ~ Frederick Mosteller, #NFDB
281:Anecdotal data is not incidental to theory development at all, but an essential part of it. ~ Henry Mintzberg, #NFDB
282:Data is like garbage. You'd better know what you are going to do with it before you collect it. ~ Mark Twain, #NFDB
283:Don't measure anything unless the data helps you make a better decision or change your actions. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
284:Girls are interesting, Mike; they can reach conclusions with even less data than you can. ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
285:I love data. I think it's very important to get it right, and I think it's good to question it. ~ Mary Meeker, #NFDB
286:I'm a bit of a freak for evidence-based analysis. I strongly believe in data. ~ Gus O Donnell Baron O Donnell, #NFDB
287:Information is just bits of data. Knowledge is putting them together. Wisdom is transcending them. ~ Ram Dass, #NFDB
288:Scientists peered into data and concluded that we should all be worried.
-Lunar planet ~ Bret Easton Ellis,#NFDB
289:We have the data to prove to men that gender equality is not a zero-sum game, but a win-win. ~ Michael Kimmel, #NFDB
290:What is clear is that users own their data and should have control of how their data is used. ~ Marissa Mayer, #NFDB
291:When you live in a networked environment, it's possible to separate data from applications. ~ Stephen Cambone, #NFDB
292:If you step back and look at the data, the optimum amount of red meat you eat should be zero. ~ Walter Willett, #NFDB
293:It's amazing how much data is out there. The question is how do we put it in a form that's usable? ~ Bill Ford, #NFDB
294:Overfitting happens when you have too many hypotheses and not enough data to tell them apart. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
295:the ability to blur the traditional distinction between ``passive'' data and ``active'' processes. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
296:When a problem seems urgent the first thing to do is not to cry wolf, but to organize the data. ~ Hans Rosling, #NFDB
297:Data and intuition are like horse and rider, and you don’t try to outrun a horse; you ride it. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
298:Light fades as it travels; the fainter it becomes, the less capable it is of transmitting data. ~ Michael Lewis, #NFDB
299:the strategic goal was the same: to reach people in an effective, scalable, and data-driven way. ~ Ryan Holiday, #NFDB
300:He knew time and day of week and wondered when such scraps of data would begin to feel disposable. ~ Don DeLillo, #NFDB
301:It is not what a government does with data that defines it; it is what it does to human beings. ~ Garry Kasparov, #NFDB
302:The crucial challenge is to learn how to read critically, analyze data, and formulate ideas—and ~ Fareed Zakaria, #NFDB
303:We can say, "if you want government money, you have to make this data public - you have to share it." ~ Joe Biden, #NFDB
304:In seven to ten years video traffic on the Internet will exceed data and voice traffic combined. ~ Robert Metcalfe, #NFDB
305:It is often true that groundbreaking discoveries are made from poor data at the leading edge ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson, #NFDB
306:Noise in machine learning just means errors in the data, or random events that you can’t predict. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
307:sometimes the only solution when the data is very noisy—is to focus more on process than on results. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
308:Backups are for wimps. Real men upload their data to an FTP site and have everyone else mirror it. ~ Linus Torvalds, #NFDB
309:Everybody is connected to everybody else, all data that can be shared will be shared: get used to it. ~ Eben Moglen, #NFDB
310:None of that data, however, actually tells you why customers make the choices that they do. ~ Clayton M Christensen, #NFDB
311:The ideal organizational environment encourages everyone to observe, collect data, and speak up. ~ Richard H Thaler, #NFDB
312:The NSA buys data from private companies, so the private companies are the source of all this stuff. ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
313:three-dimensional model of wisdom did not fit the Chinese data, χ2(699)=1228.24 (p <.001); CFI=. 47; ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
314:appetite of the blank page for ever more information, ever more data. An empty book is a greedy thing. ~ Terry Gross, #NFDB
315:Do countries with strong gun control laws have lower murder rates? Only if you cherry-pick the data. ~ Thomas Sowell, #NFDB
316:Everything is data! And with all this new data, we can finally see through people’s lies. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
317:It is not what a government does with data that defines it; it is what it does to human beings. Any ~ Garry Kasparov, #NFDB
318:mystery,” I remarked. “What do you imagine that it means?” “I have no data yet. It is a capital ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
319:Our ability to do great things with data will make a real difference in every aspect of our lives. ~ Jennifer Pahlka, #NFDB
320:Our most valued commodities have gone from salt and sugar to chemicals and fuels to data and services. ~ Alec J Ross, #NFDB
321:Reliable data on the outsourcing of American jobs is sorely missing from the debate on globalization. ~ Dan Lipinski, #NFDB
322:The temptation to form premature theories upon insufficient data is the bane of our profession. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
323:The ultimate purpose of collecting the data is to provide a basis for action or a recommendation. ~ W Edwards Deming, #NFDB
324:We are the sum total of our data, I told her, just as we are the sum total of our chemical impulses. I ~ Don DeLillo, #NFDB
325:It is better to have 100 functions operate on one data structure than 10 functions on 10 data structures. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
326:Oh, scientific mind. You get all your data from us, the senses, but without us you would be nothing. ~ Fred Alan Wolf, #NFDB
327:People are starting to be very skeptical of the Facebook algorithm and all kinds of data surveillance. ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
328:social acceptability of digitization depends on us believing that our data will not be used against us, ~ Jean Tirole, #NFDB
329:To experience the world through the senses was different from simply having data about the world. ~ John Joseph Adams, #NFDB
330:China has already vaulted far ahead of the United States as the world’s largest producer of digital data, ~ Kai Fu Lee, #NFDB
331:Making good judgments when one has complete data, facts, and knowledge is not leadership - it's bookkeeping ~ Dee Hock, #NFDB
332:To be honest, I don't have data in my brain of how a relationship with a man is supposed to function. ~ Drew Barrymore, #NFDB
333:Compassion is what you're good at. I'm better at complex searches through organized data structures. ~ Orson Scott Card, #NFDB
334:I think data is incredibly powerful for understanding what people are thinking and for allocating resources. ~ Ted Cruz, #NFDB
335:Most companies don't want their data co-mingled with other customers. Small companies will tolerate it. ~ Larry Ellison, #NFDB
336:Not waiting for something to complete (e.g., sending data over the network to another node), and not ~ Martin Kleppmann, #NFDB
337:Because, like Sherlock says to Dr. Watson, ‘it is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. ~ Chris Grabenstein, #NFDB
338:Every company has big data in its future and every company will eventually be in the data business. ~ Thomas H Davenport, #NFDB
339:No generalizing beyond the data, no theory. No theory, no insight. And if no insight, why do research. ~ Henry Mintzberg, #NFDB
340:of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sproul, R. C. (Robert Charles), 1939- What is the relationship ~ R C Sproul, #NFDB
341:The mind, in short, works on the data it receives very much as the sculptor works on his block of stone. ~ William James, #NFDB
342:A single sperm contains 37.5 MB of DNA information. One ejaculation represents a data transfer of 15,875 GB, ~ John Lloyd, #NFDB
343:Consumers deserve to know exactly what they're getting for their money when they sign-up for a 4G data plan. ~ Anna Eshoo, #NFDB
344:Evolution is the ultimate example of how much a simple learning algorithm can achieve given enough data. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
345:I would defer to your expertise in shooting and killing things. You should defer to mine in data analysis. ~ Martha Wells, #NFDB
346:They were learning fast, or at least collecting data, which they considered to be the same as learning. ~ Terry Pratchett, #NFDB
347:Those fields which most depend upon authoritative opinion for their data least contain known natural law. ~ L Ron Hubbard, #NFDB
348:To condescend effectively it is clearly necessary to adhere to a narrow definition of relevant data. ~ Marilynne Robinson, #NFDB
349:All problems are simply interruptions in the transmission and preservation of data, he reminded himself. ~ G Willow Wilson, #NFDB
350:If you can follow only one bit of data, follow the earnings - assuming the company in question has earnings. ~ Peter Lynch, #NFDB
351:I kind of have to be a master of cleaning, extracting and trusting my data before I do anything with it. ~ Scott Nicholson, #NFDB
352:No matter how powerful a computer you have, if you put lousy data in you will get lousy predictions out. ~ Stephen Hawking, #NFDB
353:Some people are Accommodators; others—like me—are basically Assertive; and the rest are data-loving Analysts. ~ Chris Voss, #NFDB
354:These questions do not call for the discovery of data; they call for the contemplation of possibility. ~ Joan D Chittister, #NFDB
355:A basic principle of data processing teaches the folly of trying to maintain independent files in synchonism. ~ Fred Brooks, #NFDB
356:Cosmetic decoration, which frequently distorts the data, will never salvage an underlying lack of content. ~ Edward R Tufte, #NFDB
357:Data are just summaries of thousands of stories - tell a few of those stories to help make the data meaningful. ~ Dan Heath, #NFDB
358:...Data itself... was tolerable. It was the constant nerve-web-expanding pain of context that would kill him. ~ Dan Simmons, #NFDB
359:Intuited novels are far more ‘true’ than all your scribbled data-fact reportage in the history of the world! ~ Ray Bradbury, #NFDB
360:Maybe the schedules hadn’t been updated; humans are so fucking unreliable when it comes to maintaining data. ~ Martha Wells, #NFDB
361:Quando ti viene data la possibilità di scegliere se avere ragione o essere gentile, scegli di essere gentile. ~ R J Palacio, #NFDB
362:Self-driving cars offer you the freedom to sit back, relax, and consume vast quantities of information and data. ~ Amy Webb, #NFDB
363:Some 43 percent of voters in union households voted for President Bush in 2004, according to exit poll data. ~ Linda Chavez, #NFDB
364:the next darwin is more likely to be a data wonk than a naturalist wandering through an exotic landscape ~ David Weinberger, #NFDB
365:All knowledge—past, present, and future—can be derived from data by a single, universal learning algorithm. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
366:Bad programmers worry about the code. Good programmers worry about data structures and their relationships. ~ Linus Torvalds, #NFDB
367:Brash souls made jokes about what must be mountains of unread spy-eye data stored who knew where and how. ~ James Tiptree Jr, #NFDB
368:By 2010, we as a species were creating more data per day than we did from the beginning of time until 2003. ~ Bruce Schneier, #NFDB
369:Data only exists within the framework of a vision you're building to, a hypothesis of where you're moving to. ~ Reid Hoffman, #NFDB
370:Doctors and patients need as much data as possible to make an informed decision about what treatment is best. ~ Ben Goldacre, #NFDB
371:Our conscious mind is simply unable to handle the complex, dynamic layers of data flooding us in each moment. ~ Todd Kashdan, #NFDB
372:The next darwin is more likely to be a data wonk than a naturalist wandering through an exotic landscape. ~ David Weinberger, #NFDB
373:There has been a substitution of ideology for fact and scientific and engineering data in this administration. ~ Vinton Cerf, #NFDB
374:TIA was being used by real users, working on real data - foreign data. Data where privacy is not an issue. ~ John Poindexter, #NFDB
375:To write it, it took three months; to conceive it three minutes; to collect the data in it all my life. ~ F Scott Fitzgerald, #NFDB
376:Daca-mi dau voie sa te sarut o data, ar urma inca o data, apoi inca una, si curand n-am mai putea sa ne oprim. ~ Lisa Kleypas, #NFDB
377:Data is the pollution problem of the information age, and protecting privacy is the environmental challenge. ~ Bruce Schneier, #NFDB
378:This is my favorite part about analytics: Taking boring flat data and bringing it to life through visualization. ~ John Tukey, #NFDB
379:This pattern-finding process is easier when the data is labeled with that desired outcome—“cat” versus “no cat”; ~ Kai Fu Lee, #NFDB
380:Without big data analytics, companies are blind and deaf, wandering out onto the Web like deer on a freeway. ~ Geoffrey Moore, #NFDB
381:A theory with mathematical beauty is more likely to be correct than an ugly one that fits some experimental data. ~ Paul Dirac, #NFDB
382:Every second of every day, our senses bring in way too much data than we can possibly process in our brains. ~ Peter Diamandis, #NFDB
383:Here's why most campaigns get data wrong. They treat it as an afterthought and they treat it as sort of a logistic. ~ Ted Cruz, #NFDB
384:If it exists, the Master Algorithm can derive all knowledge in the world—past, present, and future—from data. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
385:Knowledge about limitations of your data collection process affects what inferences you can draw from the data. ~ Nick Bostrom, #NFDB
386:the “logic” of the facts—that is, as it sought to deduce laws or universals from the raw data of the particulars. ~ R C Sproul, #NFDB
387:The paradigm of physics - with its interplay of data, theory and prediction - is the most powerful in science. ~ Geoffrey West, #NFDB
388:There is good news in the data the strongest support for priests is to be found among the younger generation. ~ Andrew Greeley, #NFDB
389:By mindfully considering data not as stable commodities but as sources of ambiguity, we become more observant. ~ Ellen J Langer, #NFDB
390:No good model ever accounted for all the facts, since some data was bound to be misleading if not plain wrong. ~ James D Watson, #NFDB
391:Pinterest may have more travel intent data than any other site, so many people are pinning where they want to be. ~ Terry Jones, #NFDB
392:The neural networks responsible for sensory gating begin to process data as soon as the child is born . ~ Stephen Harrod Buhner, #NFDB
393:Christ, when she used words such as "validity" and "data", Quint wanted to do unspeakably improper things to her. ~ Joanna Shupe, #NFDB
394:Small Data is not about testing concepts - it is more to create the foundation for innovative brand thinking. ~ Martin Lindstrom, #NFDB
395:...the Climate Research Unit of the University of East Anglia apparently cherry-picked Russian climate data. ~ Andrey Illarionov, #NFDB
396:There is no data that can be displayed in a pie chart, that cannot be displayed BETTER in some other type of chart. ~ John Tukey, #NFDB
397:We just see a sort of cascading amount of data of the damage that is being done by those increased temperatures. ~ Bill McKibben, #NFDB
398:Big Data is not just about doing the same thing you would have done with surveys except with more data ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
399:Intelligence takes chances with limited data in an arena where mistakes are not only possible but also necessary. ~ Frank Herbert, #NFDB
400:Learning from data is virtually universally useful. Master it and you’ll be welcomed nearly everywhere! —John Elder ~ Eric Siegel, #NFDB
401:We used to be calorie poor and now the problem is obesity. We used to be data poor, now the problem is data obesity. ~ Hal Varian, #NFDB
402:If an SSD is disconnected from power, it can start losing data within a few weeks, depending on the temperature ~ Martin Kleppmann, #NFDB
403:Private companies now collect and sell as many as 75,000 individual data points about the average American consumer. ~ Alec J Ross, #NFDB
404:The story the data tells us is often the one we’d like to hear, and we usually make sure that it has a happy ending. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
405:Extreme views are never just; something always turns up which disturbs the calculations formed upon their data. ~ Benjamin Disraeli, #NFDB
406:Gender data is important. If girls don’t have a birth certificate, how do we know how many are marrying as children? ~ Kathy Calvin, #NFDB
407:I don't have scientific data, but I think plenty of perfectly nice weekends are being given over to the binge craze. ~ Hank Stuever, #NFDB
408:I don't use scientific data as a foundation for believing in God - I use it as an enrichment of my knowledge of God. ~ George Coyne, #NFDB
409:If someone's criticism is completely unfounded on data, then I don't want to hear it. It doesn't hold up to scrutiny. ~ Tim Ferriss, #NFDB
410:If you consider any set of data without a preconceived viewpoint, then a viewpoint will emerge from the data. ~ William S Burroughs, #NFDB
411:The challenge is for the graphic designer to turn data into information and information into messages of meaning. ~ Katherine McCoy, #NFDB
412:The data don’t lie: a Chicago street prostitute is more likely to have sex with a cop than to be arrested by one. ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
413:the data shows that half the increase in child survival in the world happens because the mothers can read and write. ~ Hans Rosling, #NFDB
414:You collect as much data as you can, you immerse yourself in that data but then you make the decision with your heart. ~ Jeff Bezos, #NFDB
415:As you get more information, start to draw conclusions. Perhaps you can identify more data points to keep in the record. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
416:Creating a story that’s compelling and exciting for people, while still respecting the truth of the data, is hard to do. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
417:data science is a team sport, somebody has to bring the data together, somebody has to move it, someone needs to analyse ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
418:For me, all of the data that is contained in your cell memory, and in your energetic field, is able to be picked up. ~ Caroline Myss, #NFDB
419:I think big data companies only like good news. So I think they're just hoping that they don't get sued, essentially. ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
420:let the networks themselves identify patterns within the data. In other words, the less human interference, the better. ~ Kai Fu Lee, #NFDB
421:the best data scientists tend to be “hard scientists,” particularly physicists, rather than computer science majors. ~ Mike Loukides, #NFDB
422:There is very strong historical data that suggest the way societies grow is by making large, long-term investments. ~ Fareed Zakaria, #NFDB
423:Yelp is in a very nice spot: local data, and especially review data, is one of the killer apps on mobile phones. ~ Jeremy Stoppelman, #NFDB
424:A basic principle of data processing teaches the folly of trying to maintain independent files in synchonism. ~ Frederick P Brooks Jr, #NFDB
425:And the data on everything from air quality to commodity prices to levels of violence show improvement over time. ~ Erik Brynjolfsson, #NFDB
426:Apple and Google will compete like crazy for our data because once they have it we'll be their customers forever. ~ Robert X Cringely, #NFDB
427:Convey your passion and link your strengths to measurable results. Employers and interviewers love concrete data. ~ Marcus Buckingham, #NFDB
428:Patients are empowered by having better access to their own health information, and then by owning their own data. ~ Elizabeth Holmes, #NFDB
429:Recommended additon to the Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights: "A right to not have your data rise up and attack you." ~ Benjamin Wittes, #NFDB
430:Second-order mindfulness recognizes that there is no right answer. Decision making is independent of data gathering. ~ Ellen J Langer, #NFDB
431:Your personal life is now known as Facebook’s data. Its CEO’s personal life is now known as mind your own business. ~ Glenn Greenwald, #NFDB
432:Darwin’s ideas are devices for generating data. Darwin’s theory opens possibilities for inquiry; Agassiz’s closes them. ~ Louis Menand, #NFDB
433:for all the valuable insights big data provides, the Web remains a curated, idealized version of who we really are. ~ Martin Lindstrom, #NFDB
434:for Google, the real value of a book is not as a self-contained literary work but as another pile of data to be mined. ~ Nicholas Carr, #NFDB
435:I could make a film in front of a wall if I knew how to find the data of man's true humanity and how to express it. ~ Luchino Visconti, #NFDB
436:In April 2012, Greenpeace spotlighted the issue of power demand in data centers in the report “How Clean Is Your Cloud? ~ Robert Bryce, #NFDB
437:In the next 10 years, data science and software will do more for medicine than all of the biological sciences together. ~ Vinod Khosla, #NFDB
438:She and Torres have history all over the place. Stuck together in the data like tissues on a lap dance cabin floor. ~ Richard K Morgan, #NFDB
439:When moral posturing is replaced by an honest assessment of the data, the result is often a new, surprising insight. ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
440:I consider high-speed data transmission an invention that became a major innovation. It changed the way we all communicate ~ Dean Kamen, #NFDB
441:In a digital culture that values data points over context, everyone comes to believe they have the real answer and that the ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
442:It is better to have 100 functions operate on one data structure than to have 10 functions operate on 10 data structures. ~ Alan Perlis, #NFDB
443:Scientific ideas should succeed or fail according to rational argument and evidence. It is about data rather than dogma. ~ Matthew Syed, #NFDB
444:[Sherlock Holmes:] The temptation to form premature theories upon insufficient data is the bane of our profession. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
445:the challenge of data analysis is how to bring vast amounts of information into productive contact with human intelligence. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
446:The internet wasn't created for mockery, it was supposed to help researchers at different universities share data sets. It was! ~ Homer, #NFDB
447:When an economist says the evidence is "mixed," he or she means that theory says one thing and data says the opposite. ~ Richard Thaler, #NFDB
448:You can never let your data dictate design. If you do, you end up following what people currently do and never innovating. ~ Aza Raskin, #NFDB
449:Big Data allows us to meaningfully zoom in on small segments of a dataset to gain new insights on who we are. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
450:I'm handed a bunch of existing data. My job is to put that in the best narrative form. That is a puzzle I love to solve. ~ Hilary Liftin, #NFDB
451:Still, it is an error to argue in front of your data. You find yourself insensibly twisting them round to fit your theories. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
452:There are two sources of error: Either you lack sufficient data, or you fail to take advantage of the data that you have. ~ Bryan Caplan, #NFDB
453:Yes, we are all conspiracy theorists with our own stories, constantly filling in data gaps with our fears and insecurities. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
454:As it happened, Conway meant to say “alternative information,” which at least would imply there might be additional data. ~ Michael Wolff, #NFDB
455:It's important to remember that behind every data point is a daughter, a mother, a sister—a person with hopes and dreams. ~ Melinda Gates, #NFDB
456:Lots of data gets collected through the latest technology today, and not all of it is about people's consumer preferences. ~ Lisa Randall, #NFDB
457:There is no experimental data that exists that supports the view that the Earth's climate is changing in any dangerous way. ~ Willie Soon, #NFDB
458:Everything I write, I believe instinctively, is to some extent collage. Meaning, ultimately, is a matter of adjacent data. ~ David Shields, #NFDB
459:... nu ne acorda nici o atentie si n-a intrebat nici macar o data despre ce discutam. Era sociabil doar cu alunele. ~ Jonathan Safran Foer, #NFDB
460:The conclusion of design flows naturally from the data; we should not shrink from it; we should embrace it and build on it. ~ Michael Behe, #NFDB
461:The greatest danger of Big data and Artificial Intelligence is robots and bots will track you and manipulate you in every step. ~ Amit Ray, #NFDB
462:The level of ignorance is declining, and the ability to accumulate data and manipulate it for various ends is increasing. ~ Bruce Sterling, #NFDB
463:We are like coral animals in a vast reef of excreted technological material that is wired for solid state data transfer. ~ Terence McKenna, #NFDB
464:Areas where there is a lack of data, or a lack of understanding, are automatically assumed to belong, by default, to God. ~ Richard Dawkins, #NFDB
465:This guy knows his electronics, so he took basic precautions with his personal data, but—take a hike, She-Body, this is my area. ~ J D Robb, #NFDB
466:A procession of the damned. By the damned, I mean the excluded. We shall have a procession of data that Science has excluded. ~ Charles Fort, #NFDB
467:Jim Barksdale, erstwhile CEO of Netscape: “If we have data, let’s look at data. If all we have are opinions, let’s go with mine. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
468:A data scientist is that unique blend of skills that can both unlock the insights of data and tell a fantastic story via the data. ~ DJ Patil, #NFDB
469:Heritage will remain, first and foremost, a research institute dedicated to impeccable research and data-driven policy analysis. ~ Jim DeMint, #NFDB
470:Informally, data is ``stuff'' that we want to manipulate, and procedures are descriptions of the rules for manipulating the data. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
471:In no affairs of mere prejudice, pro or con, do we deduce inferences with entire certainty, even from the most simple data. ~ Edgar Allan Poe, #NFDB
472:Myths born in patriarchy offer a limited source of data on women. What they usually tell is how women react under patriarchy. ~ Sue Monk Kidd, #NFDB
473:The algorithms know you better than you know yourself,” says Xavier Amatriain, a former data scientist at Netflix. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
474:Each and every day, NOAA collects twice as much data as is contained in the entire book collection of the Library of Congress. ~ Michael Lewis, #NFDB
475:Gut hunches are routinely passed off as dogma while conventional wisdom flourishes even when there is no data to back it up. ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
476:In the absence of good scientific data about the effects of artificial hallucinogens it's good to stick to the natural ones. ~ Terence McKenna, #NFDB
477:Log Message Format IOS defines the format of log messages. The message begins with some data fields about the message, followed ~ Wendell Odom, #NFDB
478:No data yet," he answered. "It is a capital mistake to theorize before you have all the evidence. It biases the judgment. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
479:No data yet,” he answered. “It is a capital mistake to theorize before you have all the evidence. It biases the judgment. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
480:People don't want the raw data, but instead want marketers to decipher the tech speak for them and present the valuable insights. ~ Jim Sterne, #NFDB
481:What if you could have real-time data streamed into your body, so that it became part of your direct experience of the world? ~ David Eagleman, #NFDB
482:Truly smart technologies will remind us that we are not mere automatons who assist big data in asking and answering questions. ~ Evgeny Morozov, #NFDB
483:Without data, you are just another person with an opinion . . . Without data, you are just another person with an opinion . . . ~ Amanda Ripley, #NFDB
484:Generally, the craft of programming is the factoring of a set of requirements into a a set of functions and data structures. ~ Douglas Crockford, #NFDB
485:if you want to work on data covering more than about one month you’re supposed to phone Mr. Jobsworth at BT and whine for help. ~ Charles Stross, #NFDB
486:I think what bothers me so much of the time, is they take the data and theory and distort it. They must know they're distorting. ~ Eugenie Scott, #NFDB
487:our ability to analyze data has grown far more sophisticated than our thinking about what we ought to do with the results. You ~ Charles Wheelan, #NFDB
488:The best thing that would happen is for Facebook to open up its data. Failing that, there are other ways to get that information. ~ Eric Schmidt, #NFDB
489:Web users ultimately want to get at data quickly and easily. They don't care as much about attractive sites and pretty design. ~ Tim Berners Lee, #NFDB
490:You can't publish a paper on physics without the full experimental data and results; that should be the standard in journalism. ~ Julian Assange, #NFDB
491:You can use all the quantitative data you can get, but you still have to distrust it and use your own intelligence and judgment. ~ Alvin Toffler, #NFDB
492:doesn’t require very complicated math. One guy told me that if you just designed a clean data display, people were amazed. ~ Kim Stanley Robinson, #NFDB
493:Economic data will be the biggest driver of market moves over the next month, and the key one is the jobs report," said Jim McDonald, ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
494:Increasingly, data can only truly deliver via negativa–style knowledge—it can be effectively used to debunk, not confirm. ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
495:Life is made up of a series of judgments on insufficient data, and if we waited to run down all our doubts, it would flow past us. ~ Learned Hand, #NFDB
496:Still, it is an error to argue in front of your data. You find yourself insensibly twisting them round to fit your theories. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
497:The mind when it has an old experience will add that data into its current experience, and it keeps coming up with wrong answers. ~ L Ron Hubbard, #NFDB
498:When we have all data online it will be great for humanity. It is a prerequisite to solving many problems that humankind faces. ~ Robert Cailliau, #NFDB
499:And all of it generates a data trail. All of it is trackable somewhere at some level, and much of it is traceable to this location. ~ Kate O Neill, #NFDB
500:If you're a scientist, and you have to have an answer, even in the absence of data, you're not going to be a good scientist. ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson, #NFDB
501:I lay no claim to advancing scientific data other than advancing flying knowledge. I can only say that I do it because I want to. ~ Amelia Earhart, #NFDB
502:Reading more data than you absolutely need to read is really expensive, because seeking to a new location in a file takes a long time. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
503:Vaughan Telecom installers and contractors ensure the highest quality service for data and network cabling in Toronto and GTA area. ~ Edward Abbey, #NFDB
504:Information design addresses the organization and presentation of data: its transformation into valuable, meaningful information. ~ Nathan Shedroff, #NFDB
505:The data show we can do something about upward mobility. Every extra year of childhood spent in a better neighborhood seems to matter. ~ Raj Chetty, #NFDB
506:Things like Google search traffic patterns, for instance, can serve as leading indicators for economic data series like unemployment. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
507:Our electrically-configured world has forced us to move from the habit of data classification to the mode of pattern recognition. ~ Marshall McLuhan, #NFDB
508:The ECLS data do show, for instance, that a child with a lot of books in his home tends to test higher than a child with no books. ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
509:When storytellers bombard people with too much information, the audience is forced to burn too many calories organizing the data. As ~ Donald Miller, #NFDB
510:Graphic designers are idea embalmers, loving undertakers preserving bits of data like to many butterflies pinned to felt in a jewel box. ~ Paul Saffo, #NFDB
511:It amazes me how people are often more willing to act based on little or no data than to use data that is a challenge to assemble. ~ Robert J Shiller, #NFDB
512:It is a capital mistake to develop a premature hypothesis in the absence of hard data. I am trying my best NOT to develop a theory. ~ Douglas Preston, #NFDB
513:On average, people should be more skeptical when they see numbers. They should be more willing to play around with the data themselves. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
514:A configuration is the structure of architectural relationships among components, connectors, and data during a period of system run-time. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
515:Not only can consumers handle their personal genetic information, but they are getting genomically oriented and anchored about such data. ~ Eric Topol, #NFDB
516:What we call our data are really our own constructions of other people’s constructions of what they and their compatriots are up to. ~ Clifford Geertz, #NFDB
517:You can use data wrong. It's just like polling. There have been a lot of politicians who go conduct a poll to figure out what they believe. ~ Ted Cruz, #NFDB
518:[Brazil] went to the UN and said, "We need new standards for this." We need to take a look at what they're calling "data sovereignty." ~ Edward Snowden, #NFDB
519:I find my data first in myself, not first in the poets. For if I did not find it in myself, I would not be able to find it in the poets. ~ Peter Kreeft, #NFDB
520:Quality without science and research is absurd. You can't make inferences that something works when you have 60 percent missing data. ~ Peter Pronovost, #NFDB
521:The combination of some data and an aching desire for an answer does not ensure that a reasonable answer can be extracted from a given body ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
522:Barack’s head was an overpacked suitcase of information, a mainframe from which he could seemingly pull disparate bits of data at will. ~ Michelle Obama, #NFDB
523:I sometimes suspect that inside every data scientist is a kid trying to figure out why his childhood dreams didn't come true. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
524:Once the business data have been centralized and integrated, the value of the database is greater than the sum of the preexisting parts. ~ Larry Ellison, #NFDB
525:Songwriters can sort of get away with murder. You can throw out crazy theories and not have to back it up with data or graphs or research. ~ Andrew Bird, #NFDB
526:the emphasis of MI is on the regular and systematic collection of data. On the other hand, typical market research projects examine specific ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
527:But radio, too, has come to rely more on data, and now when label executives pitch a station, they’re likely to come armed with spreadsheets. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
528:In fact to write (This Side of Paradise) took three months; to conceive it-- three minutes; to collect the data in it-- all my life. ~ F Scott Fitzgerald, #NFDB
529:There is no reliable data on the number of military-style assault weapons in private hands, but the working estimate is about 1.5 million. ~ Chris Hedges, #NFDB
530:There will always be humans, lots of them, who provide the data that makes the networked realization of any technology better and cheaper. ~ Jaron Lanier, #NFDB
531:Venus, it turns out, is broiling hot. There are no swamps, no oil fields, no seltzer oceans. With insufficient data, it is easy to go wrong. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
532:Cram them full of noncombustible data, chock them so damned full of ‘facts’ they feel stuffed, but absolutely ‘brilliant’ with information. ~ Ray Bradbury, #NFDB
533:I say ‘Uhmm...’ a lot. I mentioned this to Karla and she says it’s a CPU word. It means you’re assembling data in your head - spooling. ~ Douglas Coupland, #NFDB
534:The number of maternal deaths is significantly understated because of a lack of effective data collection both in the US and around the world. ~ Robin Lim, #NFDB
535:What? Master Luke downloaded the data files from that probe into your memory banks? Why didn’t you say so, you overstuffed recycle cylinder? ~ Kathy Tyers, #NFDB
536:As Mike Loukides, a vice president at the innovation publisher O’Reilly, once put it, “Data science is like porn—you know it when you see it. ~ Eric Siegel, #NFDB
537:colossal, billion-dollar data center built by Apple, Inc., in the town of Maiden, North Carolina, had created only fifty full-time positions. ~ Martin Ford, #NFDB
538:Data science takes a natural and intuitive human process—spotting patterns and making sense of them—and injects it with steroids ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
539:For no matter what the factual data were, all the books written about Blacks by their conquerors reflected the conquerors viewpoints. ~ Chancellor Williams, #NFDB
540:If you're keeping yourself in the bubble and only looking at your own data or only watching the TV that fits your agenda then it gets boring. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
541:I was looking for something like baseball, where there's a lot of data and the competition was pretty low. That's when I discovered politics. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
542:More data—such as paying attention to the eye colors of the people around when crossing the street—can make you miss the big truck. ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
543:My Johnny, see, he was smart, real flash boy. Started out as a stash on Memory Lane, chips in his head and people paid to hide data there. ~ William Gibson, #NFDB
544:People who live in the past sacrifice their lives in vain. The past offers one set of data, but not necessarily the one that matters most. ~ Bruce Kasanoff, #NFDB
545:There’s no material safety data sheet for astatine. If there were, it would just be the word “NO” scrawled over and over in charred blood. ~ Randall Munroe, #NFDB
546:Anybody who is familiar with the historical data from the IRS knows that raising income tax rates will likely actually reduce federal revenues. ~ Mike Pence, #NFDB
547:Iteratees make it possible to consume streams of data in a non-blocking way. Conversely, enumerators produce data streams in a non-blocking way. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
548:The data of the senses can bring us, is not true knowledge; it is a science of appearances. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Status of Knowledge, #NFDB
549:Vasic passed on this package of data,” he said, his voice rough. “It apparently originated with Judd, but Vasic’s added to it, as did Stefan. ~ Nalini Singh, #NFDB
550:You want to get your kid into Harvard? You really want to know what the data say? I’ll tell you what the data say! Go home and love your wife! ~ John Medina, #NFDB
551:any data more than a week old is history and is not useful for making the fast decisions necessitated by our highly connected global economy. ~ Verne Harnish, #NFDB
552:Chemistry is necessarily an experimental science: its conclusions are drawn from data, and its principles supported by evidence from facts. ~ Michael Faraday, #NFDB
553:In Machine Learning this is called overfitting: it means that the model performs well on the training data, but it does not generalize well. ~ Aur lien G ron, #NFDB
554:Our job is to systematically sift price data to find trends and act on them and not let the latest news flashes sway our market opinions.46 ~ Michael W Covel, #NFDB
555:Scientists who think science consists of unprejudiced data-gathering without speculation are merely cows grazing on the pasture of knowledge. ~ Peter Medawar, #NFDB
556:Small Data defines this space, identifies the imbalances we all have and thus the gap these imbalances represents for your new innovation. ~ Martin Lindstrom, #NFDB
557:Deep Learning is about learning multiple levels of representation and abstraction that help to make sense of data such as images, sound, and text. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
558:The data that can bear on the confirmation of perceptual hypotheses includes, in the general case, considerably less than the organism may know. ~ Jerry Fodor, #NFDB
559:The next Freud will be a data scientist. The next Marx will be a data scientist. The next Salk might very well be a data scientist. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
560:Una realtà non ci fu data e non c'è, dobbiamo farcela noi: non sarà mai una per tutti e per sempre ma di continuo e infinitamente mutabile. ~ Luigi Pirandello, #NFDB
561:America has already taken in more than one-quarter of Mexico’s entire population, according to the Pew Research Center’s analysis of census data. ~ Ann Coulter, #NFDB
562:Besides, what is human consciousness if not a data stream? A means for human beings to harvest information and interpret the world around them? ~ Pippa DaCosta, #NFDB
563:If you want to transfer a few hundred gigabytes of data, it’s generally faster to FedEx a hard drive than to send the files over the Internet. ~ Randall Munroe, #NFDB
564:There’s no material safety data sheet for astatine. If there were, it would just be the word “NO” scrawled over and over in charred blood. Our ~ Randall Munroe, #NFDB
565:You have five hundred Facebook 'friends'? That simply means you've redefined 'friend' to make it something like 'a contact I exchange data with'. ~ Hugh Mackay, #NFDB
566:Scientists like ripping problems apart, collecting as much data as possible and then assembling the parts back together to make a decision. ~ Shirley M Tilghman, #NFDB
567:And empathy is narrow; it connects us to particular individuals, real or imagined, but is insensitive to numerical differences and statistical data. ~ Paul Bloom, #NFDB
568:intelligence is far less the gathering of information than being able to find the two or three tiny useful bits in the mountains of useless data. ~ W E B Griffin, #NFDB
569:So it is with statistics; no amount of fancy analysis can make up for fundamentally flawed data. Hence the expression “garbage in, garbage out. ~ Charles Wheelan, #NFDB
570:The combination of some data and an aching desire for an answer does not ensure that a reasonable answer can be extracted from a given body of data. ~ John Tukey, #NFDB
571:The religion of Big Data sets itself the goal of fulfilling man's unattainable desires, but for that very reason ignores her attainable needs. ~ Ludwig Feuerbach, #NFDB
572:Before anything can be reasoned upon to a conclusion, certain facts, principles, or data, to reason from, must be established, admitted, or denied. ~ Thomas Paine, #NFDB
573:Caches of data are being recovered all the time. Why, just the other day, I heard that we now had complete texts for all three of Shakespire's plays! ~ Dan Abnett, #NFDB
574:Critical thinking requires assembling data to back up one’s opinion. Otherwise students may falsely conclude that all opinions are somehow equal. ~ James W Loewen, #NFDB
575:Departments too often spend their energy learning how to use data to get what they want rather than as genuine feedback to guide their future actions. ~ Eric Ries, #NFDB
576:If you don’t open that exit hatch this moment I shall zap straight off to your major data banks and reprogram you with a very large axe, got that? ~ Douglas Adams, #NFDB
577:I had ... come to an entirely erroneous conclusion, which shows, my dear Watson, how dangerous it always is to reason from insufficient data. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
578:Internal validity is the degree to which the results and conclusions from a research study correctly represent the data that was measured in the study ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
579:It is a capital mistake to theorise before one has data. Insensibly, one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts. ~ John Gribbin, #NFDB
580:Nearly everyone in ancient Egypt exhorted the gods to let the Pharaoh live 'forever. These collective prayers failed. Their failure constitutes data. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
581:Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, receding. . . . ~ William Gibson, #NFDB
582:We know evolution happened because innumerable bits of data from myriad fields of science conjoin to paint a rich portrait of life's pilgrimage. ~ Michael Shermer, #NFDB
583:Looking back to data, we can see if the consequences are plausible; looking forward to theory, we can see if general principles are suggested. ~ John Henry Holland, #NFDB
584:Marketers can target Sponsored Updates to any segment of our premium audience based on professional profile data across more than 225 million members. ~ David Hahn, #NFDB
585:People in both fields operate with beliefs and biases. To the extent you can eliminate both and replace them with data, you gain a clear advantage. ~ Michael Lewis, #NFDB
586:The thing that sucks is that there’s so much false data because people are in mystery as to what Scientology is, so they just kind of make up stuff. ~ Laura Prepon, #NFDB
587:to read a novel is to engage in probably the second-largest single act of pleasure-based data transfer that can take place between two human beings, ~ Mohsin Hamid, #NFDB
588:I don't think that I am hopeful because I have some data that you don't, that I am going to share with you and going to convince you on that basis. ~ Jonathon Keats, #NFDB
589:Philosophers of science have repeatedly demonstrated that more than one theoretical construction can always be placed upon a given collection of data. ~ Thomas Kuhn, #NFDB
590:Security is a big concern on the social web. People are going to try to destroy social media just like they are trying to breach data in other areas. ~ Sandy Carter, #NFDB
591:Should you start with a hypothesis and analyze data in a way that supported it, or start with the data and sift through it for a useful hypothesis? ~ Robert Littell, #NFDB
592:All this data leads us to a direct examination of the reasons the unchurched avoid Christian churches. The biggest issue is a perceived lack of value. ~ George Barna, #NFDB
593:As the data is shared, tests influence each other. People get confused very quickly. This is a premature optimization. Write tests to be data agnostic. ~ Gojko Adzic, #NFDB
594:Consumers say they don’t want to be tracked, but in fact they keep feeding the machine with their data, because they want to claim their benefits. This ~ Kevin Kelly, #NFDB
595:Data is the fabric of the modern world: just like we walk down pavements, so we trace routes through data, and build knowledge and products out of it. ~ Ben Goldacre, #NFDB
596:For all the claims one hears about the liberating impact of the data-net, the truth is that it's wished on most of us a brand-new reason for paranoia. ~ John Brunner, #NFDB
597:I am going to get a beer with some friends and stop working on this damn conclusion. Too few of you, Big Data tells me, are still reading. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
598:Information anxiety is the black hole between data and knowledge, and it happens when information doesn't tell us what we want or need to know. ~ Richard Saul Wurman, #NFDB
599:Never theorize before you have data.Invariably you end up twisting facts to suit theories instead of theories to suit facts.
-Sherlock holmes ~ Arthur Conan Doyle,#NFDB
600:The e-mails are mainly about a controversy over a particular data set and the ways a particular small group of scientists have displayed that dataset. ~ John Holdren, #NFDB
601:The quantity of data is doubling every 9 months – in fact in the next 5 years, we will collect more data than has been collected in all of human history. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
602:To get anywhere, or even to live a long time, a man has to guess, and guess right, over and over again, without enough data for a logical answer. ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
603:We live in a world so utterly infused with digitality that it makes even the slightest action ripple across the collection of data bases we call the web. ~ DJ Spooky, #NFDB
604:When your method of learning about the world is biased, learning more may not help. Acquiring more data can even consistently worsen a biased prediction. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
605:a Cisco report uncovered the fact that only 35 percent of mobile data use was “on the move,” while 40 percent was from home, and 25 percent from work. ~ Jeremy Rifkin, #NFDB
606:data collection is essential for protecting individuals from false allegations. The more detailed information about a person, the more fairly we can judge. ~ Juli Zeh, #NFDB
607:Data is always an abstraction of reality based on underlying assumptions as to how to categorize the unstructured phenomena of the real world. ~ Clayton M Christensen, #NFDB
608:I believe that it's fine if the university wants to regulate, for example, bandwidth access, but they should treat the students data as private data. ~ Annalee Newitz, #NFDB
609:I guess that for a while it was justified because data was not so easy to access, so the whole academic world has developed without data in a sense. ~ Michael W Covel, #NFDB
610:Not sense data or atoms or electrons or packets of energy, but purposes, interests, and meanings, constitute the underlying facts of human experience. ~ Lewis Mumford, #NFDB
611:The 'data' (given) of research are not so much given as taken out of a constantly elusive matrix of happenings. We should speak of capta rather than data. ~ R D Laing, #NFDB
612:Young people live in a society in which every institution becomes an "inspection regime" - recording, watching, gathering information and storing data. ~ Henry Giroux, #NFDB
613:Data integration and access software are frequently cited as the greatest and most expensive challenge that organisations face (Bernstein & Haas, 2008) ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
614:if you give the learner enough of the appropriate data, it can approximate any function arbitrarily closely—which is math-speak for learning anything. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
615:It is a capital mistake to theorise before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
616:It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
617:Predictive analytics (PA)—Technology that learns from experience (data) to predict the future behavior of individuals in order to drive better decisions. ~ Eric Siegel, #NFDB
618:The amount of data and analysis available for free is a true example of information explosion has leveled the playing field for individual investors. ~ Maria Bartiromo, #NFDB
619:The danger of parachuting young enthusiastic scientists into a flower bed of selected data and fully bloomed conceptions should be underestimated. ~ Andre Michel Lwoff, #NFDB
620:The theft potentially of data does create this image of sort of cloak and dagger politics that we sort of imagine when we think of underhanded politics. ~ Tamara Keith, #NFDB
621:Today’s companies have an insatiable appetite for data, mistakenly believing that more data always creates more value. But big data is usually dumb data. ~ Peter Thiel, #NFDB
622:We should teach the students, as well as executives, how to conduct experiments, how to examine data, and how to use these tools to make better decisions. ~ Dan Ariely, #NFDB
623:And because our productivity data are, in turn, based on GDP metrics, the burgeoning availability of free goods does not move the productivity dial. ~ Erik Brynjolfsson, #NFDB
624:Current data thus favor an ever-expanding universe shaped like the three-dimensional version of the infinite tabletop or of the finite video-game screen. ~ Brian Greene, #NFDB
625:If we look at statistical data, we see that Protestant countries in terms of economic development are more successful than those observing Catholicism. ~ Garry Kasparov, #NFDB
626:The art is in preparing the content for optimal human consumption. The data doesn't just talk back to you. You collect, you analyze, you tell stories. ~ Leslie Bradshaw, #NFDB
627:You can lead a horse to water but you can't make him enter regional distribution codes in data field 97 to facilitate regression analysis on the back end. ~ John Cleese, #NFDB
628:I had,” said he, “come to an entirely erroneous conclusion which shows, my dear Watson, how dangerous it always is to reason from insufficient data. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
629:Intuition is the art, peculiar to the human mind, of working out the correct answer from data that is, in itself, incomplete or even, perhaps, misleading. ~ Isaac Asimov, #NFDB
630:Rule 1. Original data should be presented in a way that will preserve the evidence in the original data for all the predictions assumed to be useful. ~ Walter A Shewhart, #NFDB
631:systematic data on workplace bullying report widespread verbal abuse, shouting, berating others, and the general creation of a climate of intimidation. ~ Jeffrey Pfeffer, #NFDB
632:The outsourcing of our memory to machines expands the amount of data to which we have access, but degrades our brain’s own ability to remember things. ~ Douglas Rushkoff, #NFDB
633:There's a mountain of information about us. I mean there's so much. Anyway, I'm not an intelligence person. But I just look at it and it's a mountain of data. ~ Tim Cook, #NFDB
634:What we think of as reality is a continuous synthesis of elements from a fixed hierarchy of a priori concepts and the ever changing data of the senses. ~ Robert M Pirsig, #NFDB
635:extensive data also suggest a strong link between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and processed carbohydrate consumption/insulin production. ~ Mark Sisson, #NFDB
636:In every branch of knowledge the progress is proportional to the amount of facts on which to build, and therefore to the facility of obtaining data. ~ James Clerk Maxwell, #NFDB
637:Whatever lies beyond the limits of experience, and claims another origin than that of induction and deduction from established data, is illegitimate. ~ George Henry Lewes, #NFDB
638:While data can only tell you what has happened in the past, it can in some ways give you a sense of what might be of interest to an audience in the future. ~ Kevin Spacey, #NFDB
639:If you're working with a spreadsheet or a thread of correspondence or a set of data, I'm not sure you're doing your best work if you're doing it on an iPhone. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
640:I'm pretty active anyway, but I'm also competitive.I used my Fitbit as an example of the innate power of data to turn information into insights and actions. ~ Michael Dell, #NFDB
641:It is a capital mistake to theorise before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts. But ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
642:Nilekani's technocratic obsession with gathering data is consistent with that of Bill Gates, as though lack of information is what is causing world hunger. ~ Arundhati Roy, #NFDB
643:NSA has increasingly made use of a secret technology that enables it to enter and alter data in computers even if they are not connected to the Internet. ~ Glenn Greenwald, #NFDB
644:Science has the answer to every question that can be asked. However, science reserves the right to change that answer should additional data become available. ~ Mary Roach, #NFDB
645:The twin enemies of mythology are logic and empirical data, the chief weapons of true science. If either weapon is neutralized, mythology is free to run wild. ~ R C Sproul, #NFDB
646:All these subprime companies were calling and hollering at him: You’re wrong. Your data’s wrong. And he just hollered back at them, ‘It’s YOUR fucking data! ~ Michael Lewis, #NFDB
647:Get the weirdnesses into the data where you can manipulate them easily, and the regularity into the code because regular code is a lot easier to work with ~ Brian Kernighan, #NFDB
648:-O sa ai necazuri, spuse bacanul.
-E necesar din cand in cand, zise Fauna. Ca sa te simti intr-adevar bine, trebuie sa fii fraier macar o data in viata. ~ John Steinbeck,#NFDB
649:So all of it—local and archived data—went up with the lab building.” Vann glanced over to me with an expression that I suspect meant these people were sloppy. ~ John Scalzi, #NFDB
650:There needs to be time for efficient data collection and time for inefficient contemplation, time to operate the machine and time to sit idly in the garden. ~ Nicholas Carr, #NFDB
651:The science has changed from ambiguous to near-unanimous... Based on the data I'm now switching sides regarding global warming, from skeptic to convert. ~ Gregg Easterbrook, #NFDB
652:a machine that could process and store data at a cost of only $2 per digit. (Atanasoff’s machine could handle three thousand digits and cost about $6,000.) ~ Walter Isaacson, #NFDB
653:Data. That’s what matters. That’s what tells us something. But people want to see pictures. Supernova in vivid color. Even though scientifically it’s useless. ~ Marcus Sakey, #NFDB
654:Don’t use the language of ‘good’ or ‘bad’ when talking about blood sugar numbers – these are data points, not judgments of your ability to manage your diabetes. ~ Adam Brown, #NFDB
655:Even more important than statistics is then having the staff that can take the data and ensure it's presented in a way that improves individuals and teams. ~ Brendan Rodgers, #NFDB
656:I am not inspired by helping you find Chinese food at 2am in Dallas, or swipe right to get laid. I want to use tech and data to make the world a better place. ~ Nancy Lublin, #NFDB
657:I get it. I understand. I’m just kind of reconfiguring my hard drive now,” she says, tapping her skull. “And finding room for this new data point about you. ~ Lauren Blakely, #NFDB
658:I had a logic teacher who always said you should never discount an answer simply because you didn't expect the data to lead you there. And boy, did I love logic. ~ Angie Fox, #NFDB
659:It is the special privilege of the fine artist to reveal immediate data with a clarity, intensity and purity that promotes them to a special degree of reality. ~ Alton Tobey, #NFDB
660:It’s only because the data force us into corners that we are inspired to create the highly counterintuitive structures that form the basis for modern physics. ~ Sean Carroll, #NFDB
661:I was really intrigued by the idea of using live streams of data that's relevant to real people, and that would allow us to reflect and learn about ourselves. ~ Aaron Koblin, #NFDB
662:Once you have confidence in your instincts, you must never allow other people's refusal to believe, or their data to refute, what you instinctively know is true. ~ T D Jakes, #NFDB
663:Once you have confidence in your instincts, you must never allow other people’s refusal to believe, or their data to refute, what you instinctively know is true. ~ T D Jakes, #NFDB
664:Our assessment of the world would be quite different if all our judgments could be insulated from expectation and based only on relevant data. A ~ Leonard Mlodinow, #NFDB
665:There's strong data that, within companies, the No. 1 reason for ethical violations is the pressure to meet expectations, sometimes unrealistic expectations. ~ Stephen Covey, #NFDB
666:But good sociology is always a mixture of close focus and long shot. You dial in and pull back, dial in and pull back, a delicate dance over the data gaps. ~ Sudhir Venkatesh, #NFDB
667:But the company would access all those recordings and data mine them for anything they could sell. No, they don’t tell people that. Yes, everyone does know it. ~ Martha Wells, #NFDB
668:Cats vary so widely that all data is meaningless and the professional classifiers gnash their teeth trying to come up with even a single fact common to all. ~ Barbara Holland, #NFDB
669:ideologues of every stripe, as well as folks with interests economic, political, or personal, can interpret data and statistics to suit their own purposes... ~ Peter Benchley, #NFDB
670:Just as modern man consumes both too many calories and calories of no nutritional value, information workers eat data both in excess and from the wrong sources. ~ Tim Ferriss, #NFDB
671:Quorum leases are particularly useful for read-heavy workloads in which reads for particular subsets of the data are concentrated in a single geographic region. ~ Betsy Beyer, #NFDB
672:The errors which arise from the absence of facts are far more numerous and more durable than those which result from unsound reasoning respecting true data. ~ Charles Babbage, #NFDB
673:The Europeans have lots of data on the use of adjuvanted flu vaccine in the elderly, but I dont think anybody has really good data on adjuvants in children. ~ Anthony S Fauci, #NFDB
674:We’ve evolved to automatically filter out all unnecessary information—dots, blurs of color—so that we are consciously aware of only the most important data points. ~ Amy Webb, #NFDB
675:While the romantics rejected the Enlightenment’s exaltation of reason, many theologians accepted it and sought to frame the Bible as a set of empirical data. ~ Joseph Laycock, #NFDB
676:A new ignorance is on the horizon, an ignorance borne not of a lack of knowledge but of too much knowledge, too much data, too many theories, too little time. ~ Eugene Thacker, #NFDB
677:Big data is great when you want to verify and quantify small data - as big data is all about seeking a correlation - small data about seeking the causation. ~ Martin Lindstrom, #NFDB
678:I loved the late-night slow burn of being out, my mind turning over some problem, some piece of data, while able to appear sociable but still existing apart. ~ Jeff VanderMeer, #NFDB
679:Simpson’s Paradox: when a whole body of data displays one trend, yet when broken into subgroups, the opposite trend comes into view for each of those subgroups. ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
680:Statistics is the branch of scientific method which deals with the data obtained by counting or measuring the properties of populations of natural phenomena. ~ Maurice Kendall, #NFDB
681:The past is interesting to me because it's been dumbed down or flattened out, or academically nitpicked so you can't get any life out of it, you just get data. ~ Toni Morrison, #NFDB
682:What was once an anonymous medium where anyone could be anyone,” Eli Pariser wrote in 2011, “is now a tool for soliciting and analyzing our personal data. ~ Robert W McChesney, #NFDB
683:You don’t throw in the towel when it turns out that your old way of seeing things is contradicted by the data. That’s not when you stop. That’s when you begin. ~ Dexter Palmer, #NFDB
684:You know something is wrong when the government declares opening someone else’s mail is a felony but your internet activity is fair game for data collecting. ~ E A Bucchianeri, #NFDB
685:Human memory is one of the worst data-collection devices in the world. ~ Jonah Keri, Baseball Between the Numbers: Why Everything You Know About the Game Is Wrong (2007), p. 96, #NFDB
686:Objects hide their data behind abstractions and expose functions that operate on that data. Data structure expose their data and have no meaningful functions. ~ Robert C Martin, #NFDB
687:The power of the data-driven marketing approach is that the 15 essential metrics define the ROMI, which justifies future marketing investments (Chapter 5 and 9). ~ Mark Jeffery, #NFDB
688:newish portmanteau of “anecdote” and “data,” “anecdata” refers to personal experiences or anecdotes that are treated like objectively collected and analyzed data. ~ Kory Stamper, #NFDB
689:Robert Kennedy identified with people, not data, or institutions, or theories. Poverty was a specific black face for him, not a manila folder full of statistics. ~ Jack Newfield, #NFDB
690:Taken with the archaeological data, we can say that the old hypothesis of an invasion of people - not merely their language - from the steppe appears to be true. ~ Spencer Wells, #NFDB
691:There is not substantial data that AZT stops the transmission of HIV from mother to child. There is too much conflicting data to make concrete policy. ~ Manto Tshabalala Msimang, #NFDB
692:This is data as you have never known it: it is data as therapy. It is understanding as a source of mental peace. Because the world is not as dramatic as it seems. ~ Hans Rosling, #NFDB
693:A 2014 conference on hacking in Las Vegas. The private sector spent $665 million on data loss prevention last year, according to the technology research firm Gartner. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
694:Companies and institutions around the world are looking for “sensemakers” and professionals who know how to dig through data and transform it into something tangible. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
695:gather all the points of view, the data, integrate them if possible and present the president with some options, get a decision and develop an implementation plan. ~ Bob Woodward, #NFDB
696:James Heywood is an entrepreneur who has a different approach to deal with difficulties linking medical data. He created a website, PatientsLikeMe.com, ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
697:Services interact with their peers strictly through APIs and thus don’t share data structures, database schemata, or other internal representations of objects. Bounded ~ Gene Kim, #NFDB
698:for a thirty-day period ending in February 2013, one unit of the NSA collected more than three billion pieces of communication data from US communication systems ~ Glenn Greenwald, #NFDB
699:In the United States there’s an optimistic expectation that most people will remain faithful to their partner, but actual data show great numbers of people will not. ~ Aziz Ansari, #NFDB
700:I would say that hardware is the bone of the head, the skull. The semiconductor is the brain within the head. The software is the wisdom and data is the knowledge. ~ Masayoshi Son, #NFDB
701:Only dead things can be reduced to a set of data. A civilization that sees the world as alive will learn to bring other kinds of information into its choices. ~ Charles Eisenstein, #NFDB
702:Using TrackMan is very important in the development of your golf game because it gives you such good data on what your golf swing is doing and where it needs to go. ~ Jason Dufner, #NFDB
703:As one Google Translate engineer put it, "when you go from 10,000 training examples to 10 billion training examples, it all starts to work. Data trumps everything. ~ Garry Kasparov, #NFDB
704:At root what is needed for scientific inquiry is just receptivity to data, skill in reasoning, and yearning for truth. Admittedly, ingenuity can help too. ~ Willard Van Orman Quine, #NFDB
705:Big Data does not eliminate the need for all the other ways humans have developed over the millennia to understand the world. They complement each other. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
706:But I’d worked in IT long enough to know: Hope is a terrible survival trait. My methods were data collection, comparisons of probabilities, and collections of “what if. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
707:The overwhelming trend of our age is to take products that were once delivered as physical goods, find ways to turn them into data, and stream them into your home. ~ Chris Anderson, #NFDB
708:The weaker the data available upon which to base one's conclusion, the greater the precision which should be quoted in order to give the data authenticity. ~ Norman Ralph Augustine, #NFDB
709:As data piles up, we have ourselves a genuine gold rush. But data isn’t the gold. I repeat, data in its raw form is boring crud. The gold is what’s discovered therein. ~ Eric Siegel, #NFDB
710:Fiction is a web of lies that attempts to entangle the truth. And autobiography may well be the reverse: data tricked up and rearranged to invent a fictive self. ~ Nicholas Delbanco, #NFDB
711:I tell people to start implementing when they are pretty sure there aren't more important stories out there. An iteration's worth of data is worth months of speculation. ~ Kent Beck, #NFDB
712:I think it's a good idea to be - to fairly identify where things could have gone better once you get the facts, once you get the data and once you're able to review. ~ Keith Ellison, #NFDB
713:It is the physicians who are psychologically disturbed because they ignore the data, and whatever data there is, they manipulate it to say what they want it to say. ~ Muhammad Yunus, #NFDB
714:Sensitive OPA data was scrubbed and overwritten with innocuous-looking logs with false time stamps. Anything too sensitive to trust to a computer, the captain destroyed. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
715:Sometimes I am a collector of data, and only a collector, and am likely to be gross and miserly, piling up notes, pleased with merely numerically adding to my stores. ~ Charles Fort, #NFDB
716:The concept of multivitamins was sold to Americans by an eager nutraceutical industry to generate profits. There was never any scientific data supporting their usage. ~ Paul A Offit, #NFDB
717:What do we call a story that’s based on limited real data and imagined data and blended into a coherent, emotionally satisfying version of reality? A conspiracy theory. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
718:While the creative works from the 16th century can still be accessed and used by others, the data in some software programs from the 1990s is already inaccessible. ~ Lawrence Lessig, #NFDB
719:You need to take your gut feeling as an important data point, but then you have to consciously and deliberately evaluate it, to see if it makes sense in this context. ~ Gary A Klein, #NFDB
720:Big Data is like teenage sex: everyone talks about it, nobody really knows how to do it, everyone thinks everyone else is doing it, so everyone claims they are doing it. ~ Dan Ariely, #NFDB
721:Biographical data, even those recorded in the public registers, are the most private things one has, and to declare them openly is rather like facing a psychoanalyst. ~ Italo Calvino, #NFDB
722:Brawne looks at Johnny, realizing that she is seeing in infrared now as the heat-lamp light from distant furnaces of data suns bathes them both. He is still handsome. — ~ Dan Simmons, #NFDB
723:Even rational, data-driven scientists could be sent into prolonged states of hysteria when presented with evidence that their favorite foods might be killing them. ~ T Colin Campbell, #NFDB
724:Getting the word out that, yes vaccines are great, the safety data's very, very clear, including any of these specific concerns, that's very important to our foundation. ~ Bill Gates, #NFDB
725:Here is yet another statement of the core idea of this book, that data concerning people is best thought of as people in disguise, and they’re usually up to something. ~ Jaron Lanier, #NFDB
726:It's not man versus machine; it's man with machine versus man without. Data and intuition are like horse and rider, and you don't try to outrun a horse; you ride it. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
727:It was an open question as to which was more mysterious to a male NASA engineer: outer space or the American female. They appeared to have better data on outer space. ~ Michael Lewis, #NFDB
728:That’s the paradox of data: a lack of it means you cannot make complete decisions, but even with a lot of data, you still get an infinitesimally small number of insights. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
729:The data is going to indicate sadly that when the Obama administration is over, black people will have lost ground in every single leading economic indicator category. ~ Tavis Smiley, #NFDB
730:The real point of the matter is that what we call a 'wrong datum' is one which is inconsistent with all other known data. It is our only criterion for right and wrong. ~ Isaac Asimov, #NFDB
731:We're in this period where we're getting good data rates. I would say we're getting data rates that are like the data rates we got when we launched RealAudio in 1995. ~ Robert Glaser, #NFDB
732:Finding patterns is easy in any kind of data-rich environment; that's what mediocre gamblers do. The key is in determining whether the patterns represent signal or noise ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
733:Lithium is like a beautiful lady, very much sought and pursued, especially in Bolivia. There is data indicating Bolivia has the largest reserves of lithium in the world. ~ Evo Morales, #NFDB
734:rather than highlighting certain data points as questionable, you should include an additional column that indicates which measurements are questionable and which are not. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
735:Sometimes the data has a sense of a structure within it, especially if I'm looking at networks or relationships, which generally lend themselves to a certain style. ~ David Mccandless, #NFDB
736:The materialistic paradigm of Western science has been a major obstacle for any objective evaluation of the data describing the events occurring at the time of death. ~ Stanislav Grof, #NFDB
737:What I need I carry in my head. Everything in that machine came from me. My fat burned into knowledge. My calories pedaled into data analysis" -- The Calorie Man ~ James Patrick Kelly, #NFDB
738:26 percent of mobile apps in 2010 were downloaded and used only once.[cviii] Further data suggests people are using more applications but engaging with them less frequently. ~ Nir Eyal, #NFDB
739:And Big Data does not eliminate the need for all the other ways humans have developed over the millennia to understand the world. They complement each other. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
740:Finding patterns is easy in any kind of data-rich environment; that’s what mediocre gamblers do. The key is in determining whether the patterns represent noise or signal. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
741:Nothing is more seductive that a nice string of data, a single bell curve, or a seemingly peer-reviewed scientific study. After all, it can’t be racist if it is a “fact. ~ Angela Saini, #NFDB
742:The internet explodes when somebody has the creativity to look at a piece of data that's put there for one reason and realise they can connect it with something else. ~ Tim Berners Lee, #NFDB
743:Thinklogical's systems play a key role in the delivery and visualization of mission critical data used every day by military and intelligence communities worldwide. ~ James G Stavridis, #NFDB
744:Where big data is all about seeking correlations - and thus to make incremental changes - small data is all about causations - seeking to understand the reasons why. ~ Martin Lindstrom, #NFDB
745:I have always been a bit of a troublemaker at the companies at which I have worked, pushing for rapid iteration, data-driven decision making, and early customer involvement. ~ Eric Ries, #NFDB
746:I think audiences ultimately want something new. I think the business model for a franchise is such that it's very low risk because you have data and studios love data. ~ Gore Verbinski, #NFDB
747:the scientific data point powerfully toward the existence of a Creator and that the historical evidence for the resurrection establishes convincingly that Jesus is divine. ~ Lee Strobel, #NFDB
748:Big data analyst Seth Stephens-Davidowitz reports in the New York Times that Google searches for “sexless marriage” outnumber searches related to any other marital issue.3 ~ Esther Perel, #NFDB
749:Cellular signals and wires tracked people through ephemeral data and invisible networks in an ever-shrinking world. Was it still possible to disappear in this day and age? ~ Laura Bickle, #NFDB
750:First, and perhaps most important, if you are going to try to use new data to revolutionize a field, it is best to go into a field where old methods are lousy. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
751:In Washington, Oregon, and Colorado, the three states for which we currently have data, the drop in SSRI use has been inversely proportional to the increase in pot use. ~ Robert H Lustig, #NFDB
752:I think politicians know how to misrepresent data in order to support a political agenda. Politicians and the people that work for them - I should say - are expert at that. ~ Seth Gordon, #NFDB
753:I've seen how the issues that come across a president's desk are always the hard ones - the problems where no amount of data or numbers will get you to the right answer. ~ Michelle Obama, #NFDB
754:Lorenz was the charismatic, flamboyant thinker—he didn’t conduct a single statistical analysis in his life—while Tinbergen did the nitty-gritty of actual data collection. ~ Frans de Waal, #NFDB
755:No theory ever benefited by the application of data, Amy. Data kills theories. A theory has no better time than when it’s lying there naked, pure, unsullied by facts. ~ Christopher Moore, #NFDB
756:Rather than spend my life on data entry and typing, I also take photos on my iPhone of business cards, wine labels, menus, or anything I want to have searchable on-the-run. ~ Tim Ferriss, #NFDB
757:data science requires more than math skills: it also takes people who have a wide-ranging curiosity, and whose innovation is guided by their own experience—not just data. ~ Daniel Goleman, #NFDB
758:He was willing to have faith in divine wisdom, but not in Halsted as divine wisdom. “In God we trust,” he brusquely told a journalist. “All others [must] have data. ~ Siddhartha Mukherjee, #NFDB
759:I don't see the logic of rejecting data just because they seem incredible ... the establishment defends itself by complicating everything to the point of incomprehensibility. ~ Fred Hoyle, #NFDB
760:I have no data yet. It is a capital mistake to theorise before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
761:I have no data yet. It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
762:(In 2012 one-in-five adults (25 and older) had never been married, according to analysis of census data by Pew Research Center, compared with about one-in-ten adults in 1960.) ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
763:It isn't more light we need, it isn't more truth, and it isn't more scientific data. It is more Christ, more courage, more spiritual insight to act on the light we have. ~ Benjamin E Mays, #NFDB
764:So as soon as you want something to happen you begin skewing the data to support it. Our stuff is invaluable to decision-makers precisely because we have no ax to grind. ~ George Friedman, #NFDB
765:Statistical inference is really just the marriage of two concepts that we’ve already discussed: data and probability (with a little help from the central limit theorem). ~ Charles Wheelan, #NFDB
766:The scientific excitement in comparing theory with data, and developing some understanding of global changes that are occurring, is what makes all the other stuff worth it. ~ James Hansen, #NFDB
767:Wikipedia was offline after an overheating problem at one of its data centers. It was pretty bad. For a while there, people had nowhere to go for phony, inaccurate information. ~ Jay Leno, #NFDB
768:Earth gravitates around the Sun, not the other way around (Galileo Galilei, 1614). Statistical models gravitate around data, not the other way around (Vincent Granville, 2014). ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
769:In ‘A Scandal in Bohemia’, he said it was a capital mistake to theorize without data, because you ended up twisting facts to suit theories instead of the other way around. ~ Peter Abrahams, #NFDB
770:Patty thinks for a moment, “It’s strange. Even though we have so much data on projects, changes, and tickets, we’ve never organized and linked them all together this way before. ~ Gene Kim, #NFDB
771:We never know any data before interpreting it through theories. All observations are, as Popper put it, theory-laden,* and hence fallible, as all our theories are. Consider ~ David Deutsch, #NFDB
772:what we believe to be the core competencies of Web 2.0 companies: Services, not packaged software, with cost-effective scalability Control over unique, hard-to-recreate data ~ Tim O Reilly, #NFDB
773:Customers need to be given control of their own data-not being tied into a certain manufacturer so that when there are problems they are always obliged to go back to them. ~ Tim Berners Lee, #NFDB
774:I believe that the polling data that shows people give Obama 53% approval, I happen to think the polls are right. I just think people are not being honest with the pollster. ~ Rush Limbaugh, #NFDB
775:If we not only feed that most intelligent computer which is our brain but also compute the data we collect, we cannot go wrong. In a way we all can guess what will happen. ~ Gisela Hausmann, #NFDB
776:Liberals want to blame the “legacy” of slavery and racism for the breakdown of the black family and subsequent social pathologies. But the empirical data support Bill Cosby. ~ Jason L Riley, #NFDB
777:makes extensive use of sensor data; in fact, it essentially converts every car using it into a traffic-speed sensor and uses these data to calculate the quickest routes. ~ Erik Brynjolfsson, #NFDB
778:Our political leaders must be honest and forthcoming with data that will allow citizens to use facts and figures to judge for themselves what state Social Security is in. ~ Grace Napolitano, #NFDB
779:to frame the decision, asking questions about the data and the methodology, working to understand the results, and using them to improve outcomes for your organization. ~ Thomas H Davenport, #NFDB
780:Analytical software enables you to shift human resources from rote data collection to value-added customer service and support where the human touch makes a profound difference. ~ Bill Gates, #NFDB
781:Au ramas toti trei tacuti. Flacaul simti ca teama plutea in aer, chiar daca nimeni nu rostise nici un cuvant. Inca o data, intelegea limbajul fara cuvinte, Limbajul Universal. ~ Paulo Coelho, #NFDB
782:Concepts are vindicated by the constant accrual of data and independent verification of data. No prize, not even a Nobel Prize, can make something true that is not true. ~ Stanley B Prusiner, #NFDB
783:The best data we have [concerning the Big Bang] are exactly what I would have predicted, had I nothing to go on but the five books of Moses, the Psalms, the bible as a whole. ~ Arno Hintjens, #NFDB
784:Devices are getting smarter - your television, your car - and that means more data spread around. There needs to be a fabric that connects all these devices. That's what we do. ~ Drew Houston, #NFDB
785:I like facts and data because they help me think clearly, beyond the cultural messages that I ingest unwittingly, and sometimes find myself regurgitating almost unconsciously. ~ Roseanne Barr, #NFDB
786:Linguists love corpora; where two or three linguists are gathered, there shall you find heavy-breathing fetishism about the size, scope, all those possibilities, all that data. ~ Kory Stamper, #NFDB
787:The laggards spend more on demand generation marketing, whereas the leaders spend more on branding, customer relationships, and infrastructure to support data-driven marketing. ~ Mark Jeffery, #NFDB
788:You need to marry the qualitative with the quantitative. It better informs us so we can decide what to do. We can't be afraid of data and analysis. We have to use that lens. ~ Nathan Shedroff, #NFDB
789:A good set of data can go a long way toward describing human behavior as long as the proper questions are asked of it. Our job in this book is to come up with such questions. ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
790:Hello? Hello? Pantycar Twenty-seven? Report from Data Retrieval: a disturbance in Simbimatu Covered Market: Privacy infringement. PainCrime probability currently sixteen percent ~ Ian McDonald, #NFDB
791:In a world where data is coin of the realm, and transmissions are guarded by no better sentinels than man-made codes and corruptible devices, there is no such thing as a secret. ~ C S Friedman, #NFDB
792:The chief problem in historical honesty is not outright lying. It is omission or de-emphasis of important data. The definition of 'important', of course, depends on one's values. ~ Howard Zinn, #NFDB
793:Uncontrolled access to data, with no audit trail of activity and no oversight would be going too far. This applies to both commercial and government use of data about people. ~ John Poindexter, #NFDB
794:And somehow mother nature manages to create this incredible biosphere, to create this incredibly rich environment of animals and plants with this amazingly small amount of data. ~ Freeman Dyson, #NFDB
795:In fact, soon billions of smart things in the physical world will be sensing, responding, communicating, buying their own electricity and sharing important data, doing everything ~ Don Tapscott, #NFDB
796:In the following chapters, I will share empirically validated data demonstrating that the path to long-term success and well-being is often the opposite of what we’ve been taught. ~ Emma Sepp l, #NFDB
797:One day over lunch at the lab, Turing exclaimed playfully to his colleagues, “Shannon wants to feed not just data to a brain, but cultural things! He wants to play music to it! ~ Steven Johnson, #NFDB
798:The giant insurance company Aetna, which has almost fifty thousand employees, has instituted the option of bonuses for getting more sleep, based on verified sleep-tracker data. ~ Matthew Walker, #NFDB
799:"The symbol is always a product of an extremely complex nature, since data from every psychic function have gone into its making. It is, therefore, neither rational nor irrational." ~ Carl Jung, #NFDB
800:To supply data is not enough. The data have to be integrated with strategy, they have to test a company’s assumptions, and they must challenge a company’s current outlook. One ~ Peter F Drucker, #NFDB
801:Big Data will spell the death of customer segmentation and force the marketer to understand each customer as an individual within eighteen months, or risk being left in the dust. ~ Ginni Rometty, #NFDB
802:By the data to date, there is only one animal in the Galaxy dangerous to man -- man himself. So he must supply his own indispensable competition. He has no enemy to help him. ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
803:If you just look at the data, you are led to believe that things are getting better, rather than worse. That's why the fall is really precipitous, once you hit the ceiling. ~ Clayton Christensen, #NFDB
804:Recent data and research supports the importance of natural climate variability and calls into question the conclusion that humans are the dominant cause of recent climate change. ~ Judith Curry, #NFDB
805:Scientists do not collect data randomly and utterly comprehensively. The data they collect are only those that they consider *relevant* to some hypothesis or theory. ~ James David Lewis Williams, #NFDB
806:Smartphones can relay patients' data to hospital computers in a continuous stream. Doctors can alter treatment regimens remotely, instead of making patients come in for a visit. ~ Charles C Mann, #NFDB
807:Startup, I have always been a bit of a troublemaker at the companies at which I have worked, pushing for rapid iteration, data-driven decision making, and early customer involvement. ~ Eric Ries, #NFDB
808:A conspiracy theorist is a person who tacitly admits that they have insufficient data to prove their points. A conspiracy is a battle cry of a person with insufficient data. ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson, #NFDB
809:As a physician, I understand how important it is to collect data on people so we can understand what's happening with them. I will be in the position to help enable that knowledge. ~ Laurel Clark, #NFDB
810:Data can bear on policy issues, but many of our opinions about policy are grounded in premises about the nature of human life and human society that are beyond the reach of data. ~ Charles Murray, #NFDB
811:For no matter what the factual data were, all the books written about Blacks by their conquerors reflected the conquerors viewpoints. Nothing else should have been expected. ~ Chancellor Williams, #NFDB
812:Keep your app simple, keep your data simple, and keep your interactions with other systems simple, and you will stand a much better chance of achieving great performance for your app. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
813:OK, some say, machine learning can find statistical regularities in data, but it will never discover anything deep, like Newton’s laws. It arguably hasn’t yet, but I bet it will. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
814:Our goal is to figure out the simplest program we can write such that it will continue to write itself by reading data, without limit, until it knows everything there is to know. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
815:Reducing intelligence to the statistical analysis of large data sets “can lead us,” says Levesque, “to systems with very impressive performance that are nonetheless idiot-savants. ~ Nicholas Carr, #NFDB
816:The data says that with the poor, a little money can buy a lot of happiness. If you're rich, a lot of money can buy you a little more happiness. But in both cases, money does it. ~ Daniel Gilbert, #NFDB
817:There is scarcely a subject that cannot be mathematically treated and the effects calculated or the results determined beforehand from the available theoretical and practical data. ~ Nikola Tesla, #NFDB
818:You can remain friends, even without EU membership. The Prüm Convention, according to which data for combatting crime is exchanged, is a good example of international cooperation. ~ Geert Wilders, #NFDB
819:Hope consists in asserting that there is at the heart of being, beyond all data, beyond all inventories and all calculations, a mysterious principle which is in connivance with me ~ Gabriel Marcel, #NFDB
820:How much available data could be relevant to doing those projects “better”? The answer is: an infinite amount, easily accessible, or at least potentially so, through the Internet. On ~ David Allen, #NFDB
821:If I could put my finger on the moment we genuinely fucked ourselves, it was the moment we decided that data was something you could use words like believe or disbelieve around. ~ Paolo Bacigalupi, #NFDB
822:I’m searching for some exit poll data from California. I’ll eat my shorts if gay and lesbian voters went for McCain at anything approaching the rate that black voters went for Prop 8. ~ Dan Savage, #NFDB
823:N-a trecut prea mult timp de cand m-am dus la mormantul tatei, asta o stiu, si mi-am notat data decesului, doar a decesului, caci cea a nasterii-mi era indiferenta, in ziua aceea. ~ Samuel Beckett, #NFDB
824:Philosophy was born in the ancient quest for ultimate reality, the reality that transcends the proximate and commonplace and that defines and explains the data of everyday experience. ~ R C Sproul, #NFDB
825:The best mobile phone had the best mathematician. They know how to fit a huge amount of data into a small amount of space. How to do things efficiently, how to do them cleverly. ~ Marcus du Sautoy, #NFDB
826:There’s no denying where denial leads if we ignore data. The good news, dare I say the great news, is this: Data kills denial, which prevents disaster. But only if you’ll listen to it. ~ Jon Acuff, #NFDB
827:By 2010, we as a species were creating more data per day than we did from the beginning of time until 2003. By 2015, 76 exabytes of data will travel across the Internet every year. ~ Bruce Schneier, #NFDB
828:Data Fixing, Oh I drool thereafter and call shotgun on it! What other better way to keep people away from feeling the need to be proselytized by you when you throw numbers around. ~ Ibrahim Ibrahim, #NFDB
829:Department of Energy data confirms that New York State’s per capita energy consumption is next to last in the country, which largely reflects public transit use in New York City. ~ Edward L Glaeser, #NFDB
830:I find more and more executives less and less well informed about the outside world, if only because they believe that the data on the computer printouts are ipso facto information. ~ Peter Drucker, #NFDB
831:Oracle, for example, has even hired people to dumpster dive for information about its competitor, Microsoft. It's not even illegal, because trash isn't covered by data secrecy laws. ~ Kevin Mitnick, #NFDB
832:Put simply, the subjects’ faith in research data was not predicated on an objective appraisal of the research methodology, but on whether the results validated their pre-existing views. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
833:The existence of conscious minds and their access to the evident truth of ethics and methematics are among the data that a theory of the world and our place in it has yet to explain. ~ Thomas Nagel, #NFDB
834:The fashionable term now is “Big Data.” IBM estimates that we are generating 2.5 quintillion bytes of data each day, more than 90 percent of which was created in the last two years.36 ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
835:I have to go with Data's makeup, because that was basically every day, 10 months out of the year, for seven years. There were only a couple of days that I had to endure for Dr. Soong. ~ Brent Spiner, #NFDB
836:It nevertheless remains true that, in most countries for which long-run data are available, stocks have out-performed bonds – by a factor of roughly five over the twentieth century. ~ Niall Ferguson, #NFDB
837:I've never been good with people. I've always preferred my lab. I like data. Data is consistent, it's steady, it's easy to understand. With data, you always know what the answer is. ~ Becky Chambers, #NFDB
838:Safety is really a concern of mine, and what I've been telling people recently is that until there's animal and human data on a drug it should probably be looked at very carefully. ~ Terence McKenna, #NFDB
839:The existence of conscious minds and their access to the evident truths of ethics and mathematics are among the data that a theory of the world and our place in it has yet to explain. ~ Thomas Nagel, #NFDB
840:a contract between programmer and system, wherein the system guarantees that if the programmer follows some specific rules, the results of operations on the data store will be predictable ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
841:Big Data allows us to finally see what people really want and really do, not what they say they want and say they do. Providing honest data is the second power of Big Data. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
842:Imagine if you had access to data that allowed you to rank on a scale of overall happiness which people in your life made you the happiest. … Would you make more time for those people? ~ Ariel Garten, #NFDB
843:In a world without love, this is what people are to each other: values, benefits, and liabilities, numbers and data. We weigh, we quantify, we measure, and the soul is ground to dust. ~ Lauren Oliver, #NFDB
844:Indies are doing well because of their willingness to experiment, their willingness to share data and lessons with other writers, and their unflinching habit of placing the reader first. ~ Sean Platt, #NFDB
845:Is wisdom derived from experience more or less valuable than data produced by controlled research? What research should we allow into our professional journals and what should we reject? ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
846:It's been said that if NASA wanted to go to the moon again, it would have to start from scratch, having lost not the data, but the human expertise that took it there the last time. ~ John Seely Brown, #NFDB
847:Overcomplex metrics make management less effective by introducing noise, discouraging frequent analysis, and distracting from the handful of data points that are most significant. ~ Geoffrey G Parker, #NFDB
848:We're rapidly entering a world where everything can be monitored and measured. But the big problem is going to be the ability of humans to use, analyze and make sense of the data. ~ Erik Brynjolfsson, #NFDB
849:According to the Privacy Rights Center, up to 10 million Americans are victims of ID theft each year. They have a right to be notified when their most sensitive health data is stolen. ~ Luis Gutierrez, #NFDB
850:Alice in Wonderland, Alice down the rabbit hole, Alice out in Cyberspace, flung along the lines of data, flying across fields of light, the night cities that live only behind her eyes. ~ Melissa Scott, #NFDB
851:All data leaves a trail. The search for data leaves a trail. The erasure of data leaves a trail. The absence of data, under the right circumstances, can leave the clearest trail of all. ~ C S Friedman, #NFDB
852:Even after rejection of articles that helpfully advertised their lack of a scientific basis by the use of words such as organic, holistic, and natural, I was left with a mass of data, ~ Graeme Simsion, #NFDB
853:Google and Facebook don’t have “users” or “customers”. Instead, they have participants under machine surveillance, whose activities are algorithmically combined within Big Data silos. ~ Bruce Sterling, #NFDB
854:If I could put my finger on the moment we genuinely fucked ourselves, it was the moment we decided that data was something you could use words like believe or disbelieve around.” He ~ Paolo Bacigalupi, #NFDB
855:I had some of the students in my finance class actually do some empirical work on capital structures, to see if we could find any obvious patterns in the data, but we couldn't see any. ~ Merton Miller, #NFDB
856:The key to good decision making is evaluating the available information - the data - and combining it with your own estimates of pluses and minuses. As an economist, I do this every day. ~ Emily Oster, #NFDB
857:Longitudinal data sets are the research equivalent of a Ferrari. Not surprisingly, we can't always have the Ferrari. The research equivalent of a Toyota is a cross-sectional data set. ~ Charles Wheelan, #NFDB
858:So ensuring the integrity of the data and integrity and validity of the connection is a very important element in any company's strategy that is moving towards a Web service paradigm. ~ John W Thompson, #NFDB
859:The so-called co-efficient of heritability, which I regard as one of those unfortunate short-cuts, which have often emerged in biometry for lack of a more thorough analysis of the data. ~ Ronald Fisher, #NFDB
860:You’re cramming a few chance data points into a story that has nothing to do with reality. You need to take a giant step back. Take a deep breath. You’re way off the reservation.” Nobody ~ Lev Grossman, #NFDB
861:I’m told finance doesn’t require very complicated math. One guy told me that if you just designed a clean data display, people were amazed. So it’s more just advanced programming, ~ Kim Stanley Robinson, #NFDB
862:Knowing the ideological predisposition of a particular economist is often a better predictor of what that individual is likely to say than anything contained in the data under examination. ~ Martin Ford, #NFDB
863:The Twitter team took the exact opposite approach. They built the API first, and exposed all the data that was crucial to the service, and then they built Twitter.com on top of the API. ~ Steven Johnson, #NFDB
864:The use case class accepts simple request data structures for its input, and returns simple response data structures as its output. These data structures are not dependent on anything. ~ Robert C Martin, #NFDB
865:But actually theory is very practical. Gravity is a theory, for example. It allows you to predict that if you step off a cliff you will fall; you don't have to collect data on that. ~ Clayton Christensen, #NFDB
866:I’d like to see every news organization, large and small, newspaper and blog, sponsor FOIA clubs in their communities to get scores, hundreds, thousands of citizens helping to open up data. ~ Jeff Jarvis, #NFDB
867:In fact, the private sector is improving their algorithmic ability to search through big data month after month after month. And, of course, a big government bureaucracy isn't keeping up. ~ Carly Fiorina, #NFDB
868:So we can learn a lot from data—but not as much as we expect. Sometimes a lot of data can be meaningless; at other times one single piece of information can be very meaningful. It ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
869:Too few people in computer science are aware of some of the informational challenges in biology and their implications for the world. We can store an incredible amount of data very cheaply. ~ Sergey Brin, #NFDB
870:Turns out, people's brains are not nearly as powerful a motivator as our hearts. Facts, data, and economic models don't move people to courageous action the way that powerful stories can. ~ Annie Leonard, #NFDB
871:Who needs theory when you have so much information? But this is categorically the wrong attitude to take toward forecasting, especially in a field like economics where the data is so noisy. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
872:A common feature of epidemiological data is that they are almost certain to be biased, of doubtful quality, or incomplete (and sometimes all three),” explained the epidemiologist John Bailar ~ Gary Taubes, #NFDB
873:As early as the 1940s, thinkers began to toy with the idea that perception works not by building up bits of captured data, but instead by matching expectations to incoming sensory data.45 ~ David Eagleman, #NFDB
874:Big data is transitioning from a tool primarily for targeted advertising to an instrument with profound applications for diverse corporate sectors and for addressing chronic social problems. ~ Alec J Ross, #NFDB
875:Do not trust historical data—especially recent data—to estimate the future returns of stocks and bonds. Instead, rely on interest and dividend payouts and their growth/failure rates. ~ William J Bernstein, #NFDB
876:Einstein wrote that the aim of science is to capture the connection between all experiential data ‘in their totality’ – and to do this ‘by use of a minimum of primary concepts and relations’. ~ Paul Mason, #NFDB
877:If we want the future to be better than the past, moral imagination is required, and that’s something only humans can provide [87]. Data and models should be our tools, not our masters. ~ Martin Kleppmann, #NFDB
878:«Io ti ho dato tutta la libertà che volevi.»
«Questa è una contraddizione in termini. Una persona non è mai libera se la libertà le deve essere 'data'. Chi sei tu per 'darmi' la libertà?» ~ Erica Jong,#NFDB
879:The companies that didn’t suffer, including Netflix, knew how to design for reliability; they understood resilience, spreading data across zones, and a whole lot of reliability engineering. ~ Mike Loukides, #NFDB
880:The government has more data at its disposal and more ways of talking and listening to citizens—but only one-quarter as many people find it trustworthy as did in the tempestuous 1960s. ~ Anand Giridharadas, #NFDB
881:We've seen a lot of data at YC now, and the most successful companies and the ones where the investors do the best... end up giving a lot of stock out to employees- year after year after year. ~ Sam Altman, #NFDB
882:Here you have a new technology, and if that technology is going to work, you must allow people to provide central indexes of the data. It's just like a newspaper that publishes classified ads. ~ David Boies, #NFDB
883:I think Unix is a great system - especially for running data centers - because it is very mature, very reliable, very scalable. But when I want to go out and populate small devices, I think Java. ~ Bill Joy, #NFDB
884:the hand has programmable fingerprints, a vibration motor, data interface capabilities-” “Wait. A vibration motor in your hand? Why?” “I’m a man, and I’m alone on the planet. Figure it out. ~ Joseph R Lallo, #NFDB
885:The programmer's primary weapon in the never-ending battle against slow system is to change the intramodular structure. Our first response should be to reorganize the modules' data structures. ~ Fred Brooks, #NFDB
886:But therein lies the logician's trap: past data from real life constitute a sequence of events rather than a set of independent observations, which is what the laws of probability demand. ~ Peter L Bernstein, #NFDB
887:However, the models also predict unambiguously that the atmosphere is warming faster than the surface of the earth; but all the available observational data unambiguously shows the opposite! ~ David Douglass, #NFDB
888:In a comprehensive analysis of data on more than half a million professors, the education experts John Hattie and Herbert Marsh found that “the relationship between teaching and research is zero. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
889:long manufacturing supply chains can be replaced by a process of shipping data over the Internet to local production facilities that would make objects on demand, where and when they were needed. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
890:The crucial challenge is to learn how to read critically, analyze data, and formulate ideas—and most of all to enjoy the intellectual adventure enough to be able to do them easily and often. ~ Fareed Zakaria, #NFDB
891:Until now, that is. This is the second power of Big Data: certain online sources get people to admit things they would not admit anywhere else. They serve as a digital truth serum. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
892:We need to be the company that manages your relationship with the cloud—streams your music and videos from the cloud, stores your pictures and information, and maybe even your medical data. ~ Walter Isaacson, #NFDB
893:With breast cancer, nothing is straightforward. It makes sense for most people to make their dietary decisions based on what it does for heart disease. That's where the data are most strong. ~ Walter Willett, #NFDB
894:Business is business. It’s not always easy, but the outcome is fairly predictable. Relationships are messy. You have no data, no statistics. Nothing to justify taking the leap, except for emotion. ~ J S Scott, #NFDB
895:Data dominates. If you've chosen the right data structures and organized things well, the algorithms will almost always be self-evident. Data structures, not algorithms, are central to programming. ~ Rob Pike, #NFDB
896:More data flows into the building in a single day than mankind as a whole would have generated in the twenty-three centuries between the death of Socrates and the invention of the telephone. ~ Alain de Botton, #NFDB
897:Most of it is just noise, and the noise is increasing faster than the signal. There are so many hypotheses to test, so many data sets to mine—but a relatively constant amount of objective truth. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
898:Soon I knew the craft of experimental physics was beyond me - it was the sublime quality of patience - patience in accumulating data, patience with recalcitrant equipment - which I sadly lacked. ~ Abdus Salam, #NFDB
899:We're now going to develop the standards on transparency, data collection for police, but the whole goal is to fully integrate the police into the community because everybody has the same goals. ~ John Kasich, #NFDB
900:For a long time, there has been lingering doubt among many Americans about integrity and fairness of elections. And it's not a new issue at all. If you look at polling data, it goes back decades. ~ Kris Kobach, #NFDB
901:I trust my government. I actually have a trust for my government with my data, and I trust them to protect me. They've protected me - they've made the best efforts to protect me my whole life. ~ Ashton Kutcher, #NFDB
902:Now that knowledge is taking the place of capital as the driving force in organizations worldwide, it is all too easy to confuse data with knowledge and information technology with information. ~ Peter Drucker, #NFDB
903:PA’s mission is to engineer solutions. As for the data employed and the insights gained, the tactic in play is: “Whatever works.” And yet even hard-nosed scientists fight the urge to overexplain. ~ Eric Siegel, #NFDB
904:Good science is all about following the data as it shows up and letting yourself be proven wrong, and letting everything change while you're working on it - and I think writing is the same way. ~ Rebecca Skloot, #NFDB
905:I think that why the research and the data are so important is because you become so used to seeing the world one way that you don't even notice anymore. [Gender inequality] has this invisibility. ~ Emma Watson, #NFDB
906:Perhaps Legba, the loa Beauvoir credited with almost infinite access to the cyberspace matrix, could alter the flow of data as it was obtained by the scanners, rendering the vévés transparent.… ~ William Gibson, #NFDB
907:With too little data, you won't be able to make any conclusions that you trust. With loads of data you will find relationships that aren't real... Big data isn't about bits, it's about talent. ~ Douglas Merrill, #NFDB
908:Although each of us obviously inhabits a separate physical body, the laboratory data from a hundred years of parapsychology research strongly indicate that there is no separation in consciousness. ~ Russell Targ, #NFDB
909:In deep learning, there’s no data like more data. The more examples of a given phenomenon a network is exposed to, the more accurately it can pick out patterns and identify things in the real world. ~ Kai Fu Lee, #NFDB
910:Is it a good idea to pass along a family business to the next generation? (Sure, if your goal is to kill off the business—for the data show it’s generally better to bring in an outside manager. ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
911:More than 40 percent of Americans aged twenty years and older have either diabetes or prediabetes according to a review of data from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ~ Joel Fuhrman, #NFDB
912:One of the applications of Big Data is giving people the facts, and getting them to understand that their own decision-making is not perfect. And that in itself causes them to change their behavior ~ Laszlo Bock, #NFDB
913:Precision medicine is a data driven, knowledge driven, compassion driven, social intelligence driven, genetically compatible tailoring medical treatment and prevention systems for individual patients. ~ Amit Ray, #NFDB
914:The constant dilemma of the information age is that our ability to gather a sea of data greatly exceeds the tools and techniques available to sort, extract, and apply the information we’ve collected. ~ S J Scott, #NFDB
915:Training successful deep-learning algorithms requires computing power, technical talent, and lots of data. But of those three, it is the volume of data that will be the most important going forward. ~ Kai Fu Lee, #NFDB
916:You are not a sensitive and will never experience this, but raw data surges, blunt data with errors which are slowly refined like the process of chiselling out a sculpture from a block of marble. ~ Tade Thompson, #NFDB
917:Data is the lifeblood of decision making for any company, but it is particularly fundamental if it informs the design of your product, or if acquisition marketing is your key distribution strategy. ~ Reid Hoffman, #NFDB
918:The training one receives when one becomes a technician, like a data scientist - we get trained in mathematics or computer science or statistics - is entirely separated from a discussion of ethics. ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
919:when asking someone to make a judgment call in a volatile environment, consider withholding historical information so that he or she can focus on contextual information. More data isn’t always better. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
920:While it's wonderful that investors have access to all the data now available to them, it has become a full-time job to sift through it and separate out the valuable news from the useless noise. ~ Maria Bartiromo, #NFDB
921:Artists will come into my office and say, "I just came from another label and they said you're research guys, you're data guys." I don't know what that means. Everybody who says that is being naive. ~ Monte Lipman, #NFDB
922:Ebay is asking all of its nearly 128m active users to reset passwords after revealing that hackers were able to access passwords, phone numbers, addresses and other personal data on the retail website. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
923:Fiecare noapte are acel moment de mare luciditate, de sinceritate nemiloasă, de care ești apărat, de obicei, prin somn. Eu nu aveam, de data asta, nici o protecție. Gândurile erau nude, usturătoare. ~ Andre Makine, #NFDB
924:I tended to be skeptical of anything that couldn't be measured, written down, and independently verified across a series of double-blind tests. But this was hard data. Lola's heart beat fastest for me. ~ Max Barry, #NFDB
925:I tend to write poetry that is rich in data of various sorts. The lyric poem isn't perfectly suited to accommodating such data, so I've had to find new ways to say everything that I want to say. ~ Campbell McGrath, #NFDB
926:People . . . operate with beliefs and biases. To the extent you can eliminate both and replace them with data, you gain a clear advantage. —Michael Lewis, Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game ~ Eric Siegel, #NFDB
927:presenting long rows of data arrayed in complex charts and referring to this kind of gene or that kind of physiological process, and they themselves were talking instead about the mysterious and ~ Malcolm Gladwell, #NFDB
928:There is a large ethical leap from the government having the search data of thousands or hundreds of thousands of people to the police department having the search data of an individual. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
929:The whole intellectual edifice collapsed in the summer of last year because the data inputted into the risk management models generally covered only the last two decades, a period of euphoria. ~ Ernst F Schumacher, #NFDB
930:confirmation bias is a tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one’s preconceptions—but it can often limit our ability to take in new data and change old opinions. ~ Peter H Diamandis, #NFDB
931:Data-driven predictions can succeed-and they can fail. It is when we deny our role in the process that the odds of failure rise. Before we demand more of our data, we need to demand more of ourselves. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
932:Data-driven predictions can succeed—and they can fail. It is when we deny our role in the process that the odds of failure rise. Before we demand more of our data, we need to demand more of ourselves. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
933:Finally, a manager's documents give him a data base and checklist. By reviewing them periodically he sees where he is, and he sees what changes of emphasis or shifts in direction are needed. ~ Frederick P Brooks Jr, #NFDB
934:People are free or cheap. Marketing: using Twitter or blogs. Cheap or free. Infrastructure: call up Amazon, call up Rackspace, terabytes of data in the clouds, thousand dollars, two thousand dollars. ~ Guy Kawasaki, #NFDB
935:Research data on climate change do not show that human use of hydrocarbons is harmful. To the contrary, there is good evidence that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide is environmentally helpful. ~ Frederick Seitz, #NFDB
936:Trivia are not knowledge. Lists of facts don't comprise knowledge. Analyzing, hypothesizing, concluding from data, sharing insights, those comprise knowledge. You can't google for knowledge. ~ Elaine Ostrach Chaika, #NFDB
937:An object is not a data structure. In fact, if you are the consumer of an object, you aren't allowed to see any data that might be inside it. And, in fact, the object might have no data inside it at all. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
938:I travel back in time, falling back into what I know for certain, the historical data I cling to in order to not go mad, not assume I made a suicidal and well-informed error in marrying this man. ~ Suzanne Finnamore, #NFDB
939:Librarians are more important than ever before ... are uniquely qualified to help all of us separate the digital wheat from the chaff, to help us understand the reliability of the data we encounter. ~ Daniel Levitin, #NFDB
940:Sometimes, I think surviving looks crazy. But it never is, okay?” Her teeth clench. “Surviving is the best way to tell the people who have hurt you that they can go to hell.” Chapter Twelve Data review. ~ Sarah Fine, #NFDB
941:Sometimes you feel some artists are doing the same thing that you're doing but in a different field. But they have the same approach. Their method of research and gathering data is the same as yours. ~ Missy Mazzoli, #NFDB
942:The programmer at wit's end for lack of space can often do best by disentangling himself from his code, rearing back, and contemplating his data. Representation is the essence of programming. ~ Frederick P Brooks Jr, #NFDB
943:Truly random data remains spread out in an undefined mess. But chaos-deterministic and patterned-pulls the data into visible shapes. Of all the possible pathways of disorder, nature favors just a few. ~ James Gleick, #NFDB
944:Who owns the data is as important a question as who owned the land during the agricultural age and who owned the factory during the industrial age. Data is the raw material of the information age. DUMB ~ Alec J Ross, #NFDB
945:Within the Detroit Housing Commission, according to HUD data, 99 percent of public housing residents are black. Within the D.C. Housing Authority and the Housing Authority of New Orleans, 98 percent are. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
946:Data from 2002 suggest that people who identified as “conservative” or “extremely conservative” made up less than one-fifth of the population but provided more than a quarter of all blood donations. ~ Arthur C Brooks, #NFDB
947:Electrons don’t care. Once data of any sort go into the net, time is frozen. All that is necessary is to remember that all the endless riches of the past are available any time you punch for them. ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
948:In this universe of ours, with its wealth of errors and legends, historical data and false information, one absolute truth is the fact that Superman is Clark Kent. All the rest is always open to debate. ~ Umberto Eco, #NFDB
949:Most managers receive much more data (if not information) than they can possibly absorb even if they spend all of their time trying to do so. Hence they already suffer from an information overload. ~ Russell L Ackoff, #NFDB
950:Richard had conducted a series of DMILS studies. While my data resulted in significant deviations between the treatment and control conditions, Wiseman consistently found chance results in his studies. ~ Ervin Laszlo, #NFDB
951:(So when your doctor says, “You see, look how sick you are, you shouldn’t have stopped that medication,” you should know that the data suggests that your symptoms are signs of withdrawal, not relapse.) ~ Kelly Brogan, #NFDB
952:The data on which philosophical theorizing is based are rather the intuited contents themselves, concerning the various thought experiments. At least that is so outside the epistemology of the a priori. ~ Ernest Sosa, #NFDB
953:The human brain doesn’t passively take in experience like a recorder; instead, it constantly works over the sensory data it receives – and the fruit of that mental labor is new versions of the world. ~ David Eagleman, #NFDB
954:The intellectual case for planning was never very strong. Keynes, as we have seen, regarded economic planning much as he did pure market theory: in order to succeed, both required impossibly perfect data. ~ Tony Judt, #NFDB
955:When multiple products and services connect and interact using data, pipelines can start behaving like platforms, producing new forms of value and encouraging users to engage in more interactions. ~ Geoffrey G Parker, #NFDB
956:Data is the key for pretty much everything we do,” Neven says. “It’s often more critical than the innovation on the algorithmic side. A dumb algorithm with more data beats a smart algorithm with less data. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
957:If you ask what keeps me up at night, it's the pressure in the system forcing us to do all sorts of things. Content, data and technology are forcing us to think about business in a very different way. ~ Martin Sorrell, #NFDB
958:The U.S has acquired reservoirs of goodwill around the globe over many years. But it is clear - from polling data and ample anecdotal evidence - that America is losing its allure in much of the world. ~ Lee H Hamilton, #NFDB
959:I do have two data identities. I have my name, Bruce Sterling, which is my public name under which I write novels. I also have my other name, which is my legal name under which I own property and vote. ~ Bruce Sterling, #NFDB
960:So you will see us continue to advance the state of the art or take information that we have in our response data bases and have that drive automation or an automated response by some of our products. ~ John W Thompson, #NFDB
961:The danger in all reading is that words be twisted into propaganda or reduced to information, mere tools and data. We silence the living voice and reduce words to what we can use for convenience and profit. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
962:The only thing they [government] want is better data. But data doesn't tell people someone is well educated. It's a vicious circle. There is some myth involved. Some of this attitude has a long history. ~ Deborah Meier, #NFDB
963:The same past data can confirm a theory and its exact opposite! If you survive until tomorrow, it could mean that either a) you are more likely to be immortal or b) that you are closer to death. ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
964:The scientific method actually correctly uses the most direct evidence as the most reliable, because that's the way you are least likely to get led astray into dead ends and to misunderstand your data. ~ Aubrey de Grey, #NFDB
965:If we are to believe the evidence from clinical trials there are many effective pharmacological and psychological treatments for mental illness. Epidemiological data, on the other hand, says otherwise. ~ Richard Bentall, #NFDB
966:I have no data yet. It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts.—Arthur Conan Doyle, A Scandal in Bohemia ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
967:The fewer data needed, the better the information. And an overload of information, that is, anything much beyond what is truly needed, leads to information blackout. It does not enrich, but impoverishes. ~ Peter Drucker, #NFDB
968:The mathematical economists have commonly been mathematicians first and economists afterward, disposed to oversimplify the data and underestimate the divergence between their premises and facts of life. ~ Frank H Knight, #NFDB
969:There seemed to be too much gathering of data for their own sake without any thought of practical application—an inevitable development in a statistical and evaluation office unless sternly controlled. ~ Gordon W Prange, #NFDB
970:Alexa had rushed off downstairs following the telephone call, and Lucien explained to Trey that she had been researching this Ring of Amon for some time now and that she would need to see the new data. The ~ Steve Feasey, #NFDB
971:As with Google, so with everyone else trying to use data to understand the world. The Big Data revolution is less about collecting more and more data. It is about collecting the right data. But ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
972:Cathy O’Neil claims that this reliance on historical data is a fundamental problem with many algorithmic systems: “Big data processes codify the past,” she writes. “They do not invent the future. ~ Sara Wachter Boettcher, #NFDB
973:IBM customers of any size can now rest assured that Double-Take, the most innovative, flexible and reliable data protection solution on the market, is proven to integrate easily into their IBM infrastructure. ~ Dan Jones, #NFDB
974:One other problem is that too many people—and vendors in particular—are already using big data to mean any use of analytics, or in extreme cases even reporting and conventional business intelligence. ~ Thomas H Davenport, #NFDB
975:our brains are bombarded by something like eleven million pieces of data—that is, items in our surroundings that come at all of our senses—at once. Of that, we are able to consciously process only about forty ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
976:ARPA should not force the research computers at each site to handle the routing of data, Clark argued. Instead ARPA should design and give each site a standardized minicomputer that would do the routing. ~ Walter Isaacson, #NFDB
977:clearly used captured data and documents, and the handful of broken, scarred human prisoners who’d been recovered from them had been “interrogated” with a casual, dispassionate brutality that was horrifying. ~ David Weber, #NFDB
978:Consequently, racism is the most slovenly of predictive models. It is powered by haphazard data gathering and spurious correlations, reinforced by institutional inequities, and polluted by confirmation bias ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
979:James had analyzed the available data a number of times as he made the journey, barely speaking to his companions as he worked his way through the possible explanations. Only one fit—and it was mortifying. ~ David Simpson, #NFDB
980:of data than of objects, seems a natural crossover figure in today’s interface of British and Japanese cultures. I see it in the eyes of the Portobello dealers, and in the eyes of the Japanese collectors: ~ William Gibson, #NFDB
981:Personalization is based on a bargain. In exchange for the service of filtering, you hand large companies an enormous amount of data about your daily life--much of whic you might not trust your friends with. ~ Eli Pariser, #NFDB
982:The most complex programs in existence are used for consumer analysis. They’re everywhere, watching and analyzing every aspect of our lives. The amount of data gathered on any one of us is mind-boggling—but ~ Linda Nagata, #NFDB
983:There’s no material safety data sheet for astatine. If there were, it would just be the word “NO” scrawled over and over in charred blood. Our cube would, briefly, contain more astatine than has ever been ~ Randall Munroe, #NFDB
984:Amending the ‘data’, or rejecting some as erroneous, is a frequent concomitant of scientific discovery, and the crucial ‘data’ cannot even be obtained until theory tells us what to look for and how and why. ~ David Deutsch, #NFDB
985:I find the parallels between how some investors refuse to recognise the trends and our reaction to some of our environmental challenges very powerful. There is an unwillingness to process unpleasant data. ~ Jeremy Grantham, #NFDB
986:If you think you are only strong if you can lift a certain number, whatever that number is, you will feel pretty weak most of the time. Strength is not a data point; it’s not a number. It’s an attitude. ~ Pavel Tsatsouline, #NFDB
987:It's easy to make mistakes that only come out much later, after you've already implemented a lot of code. You'll realize Oh I should have used a different type of data structure. Start over from scratch. ~ Guido van Rossum, #NFDB
988:The amount of data in the world is doubling every few years, but our attention system, like the rest of the brain, was built to make sense of the surrounding environment as it existed ten thousand years ago. ~ John J Ratey, #NFDB
989:The complement is also true: Procedural code makes it hard to add new data structures because all the functions must change. OO code makes it hard to add new functions because all the classes must change. ~ Robert C Martin, #NFDB
990:Both Newton and Darwin were driven by the data and were forced to recognize that they couldn't explain everything. It may be a characteristic of great scientists to know what to accept and what to leave out. ~ Lewis Wolpert, #NFDB
991:His doubts recall Benford’s Law, a theory about the frequency with which digits will appear in data. One implication of this law is that datasets with lots of zeroes at the end often turn out to be fraudulent. ~ Simon Kuper, #NFDB
992:It was a real book— onionskin pages bound in what might have been actual leather. Miller had seen pictures of them before; the idea of that much weight for a single megabyte of data struck him as decadent. ~ James S A Corey, #NFDB
993:Listening to the data is important... but so is experience and intuition. After all, what is intuition at its best but large amounts of data of all kinds filtered through a human brain rather than a math model? ~ Steve Lohr, #NFDB
994:One study, based on Medicaid data in thirteen states, found that 12.4 percent of children in foster care received antipsychotics, compared with 1.4 percent of Medicaid-eligible children in general.29 ~ Bessel A van der Kolk, #NFDB
995:Thus every principle of simplicity urges us to adopt the natural view, that there really are objects other than ourselves and our sense-data which have an existence not dependent upon our perceiving them. ~ Bertrand Russell, #NFDB
996:A software architecture is defined by a configuration of architectural elements--components, connectors, and data--constrained in their relationships in order to achieve a desired set of architectural properties. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
997:It is well and good to opine or theorize about a subject, as humankind is wont to do, but when moral posturing is replaced by an honest assessment of the data, the result is often a new, surprising insight. ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
998:There is always so much talk and data on the Holocaust but very little if anything is known about the blacks who were also there and tortured and experimented on.” “Yes! The Rhineland Bastards, they were called. ~ Donna Hill, #NFDB
999:Armed with game theory and a wealth of social data, it seems we have – for the first time in history – the tools to start experimenting with democratic, egalitarian social structures that bring out the best in us. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1000:MP3 players and flash memory devices are good for data storage and playback of music and digital talking books, but they offer little or nothing in the way of visual presentation of information and communication. ~ Tom Peters, #NFDB
1001:Sense data are much more controversial than qualia, because they are associated with a controversial theory of perception - that one perceives the world by perceiving one's sense-data, or something like that. ~ David Chalmers, #NFDB
1002:The best possible account of the data provides bad news: tired and hungry judges tend to fall back on the easier default position of denying requests for parole. Both fatigue and hunger probably play a role. ~ Daniel Kahneman, #NFDB
1003:When we miss with all the metadata collection we've had, the San Bernardino couple and the Tsarnaev brothers, what that suggests to me is that we are using the wrong algorithms to search through all this data. ~ Carly Fiorina, #NFDB
1004:You don't get to cut that chain of evidence and start over. You're always going to be pursued by your data shadow, which is forming from thousands and thousands of little leaks and tributaries of information. ~ Bruce Sterling, #NFDB
1005:Interestingly, one of the biggest problems with most people’s personal management systems is that they blend a few actionable things with a large amount of data and material that has value but no action attached. ~ David Allen, #NFDB
1006:It is very difficult to make a vigorous, plausible, and job-risking defense of an estimate that is derived by no quantitative method, supported by little data, and certified chiefly by the hunches of the managers ~ Fred Brooks, #NFDB
1007:A common critique of the intelligence failure on 9/11 was that the relevant agencies possessed a lot of facts—a lot of data points—that might have pointed to an imminent attack, but no one could “connect the dots. ~ Fred Kaplan, #NFDB
1008:In science we may start with experimental results, data, observations, measurements, ‘facts’. We invent, if we can, a rich array of possible explanations and systematically confront each explanation with the facts. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
1009:scaremongers—who unquestioningly champion anecdotal data, while meticulously examining every large, carefully conducted study on the same subject for any small chink that would permit them to dismiss it entirely. ~ Ben Goldacre, #NFDB
1010:The librarian isn't a clerk who happens to work in a library. A librarian is a data hound, a guide, a sherpa and a teacher. The librarian is the interface between reams of data and the untrained but motivated user. ~ Seth Godin, #NFDB
1011:What got repressed-sometimes viciously repressed-by the strategy-concept makers, consultants, and data gatherers was a consciousness of people and their importance in the creation and execution of any strategy. ~ Walter Kiechel, #NFDB
1012:You can be a fanatical millennialist religious mystic, and you are, in a certain way, not outside of ideology. Your position can be that of perfectly describing the data and nonetheless your point is ideological. ~ Slavoj Zizek, #NFDB
1013:At the global level, there are a growing number of city-based bike-sharing programs, that take advantage of mobile devices to reserve your bike, keep track of it, and collect data that helps to improve the service. ~ Lisa Gansky, #NFDB
1014:Education helps you to be a well-rounded person, period. It teaches you how to take in information and data, process it, and use it for life building. Education was key in my family. You were going to college. ~ Yolanda Adams, #NFDB
1015:Eric Schmidt likes to point out that if you recorded all human communication from the dawn of time to 2003, it takes up about five billion gigabytes of storage space. Now were creating that much data every two days ~ Eli Pariser, #NFDB
1016:Financial market data – specifically, movements in the prices of government bonds – strongly reinforce the impression that the war came as a surprise to the people who had the biggest incentive to anticipate it. ~ Niall Ferguson, #NFDB
1017:If we gather more and more data and establish more and more associations, however, we will not finally find that we know something. We will simply end up having more and more data and larger sets of correlations. ~ Kenneth Waltz, #NFDB
1018:ISO 8601, data elements and interchange formats. It allows seamless intercourse between different bodies, governments, agencies, and corporations.” I couldn’t help myself as the words tumbled out. It was a sickness. ~ Penny Reid, #NFDB
1019:Perhaps there is supranatural: reason beyond the normal definitions of fact or data-based logic; something that only makes sense if you can see a bigger picture of reality. Maybe that is where faith fits in. ~ William Paul Young, #NFDB
1020:ProPublica’s technology reporter Jeff Larson joined the bunker in London. A computer science graduate, Larson knew his stuff. Using diagrams, he could explain the NSA’s complex data-mining programs – no mean feat. ~ Luke Harding, #NFDB
1021:The Congressional Budget Office is a reactionary socialist institution which does not believe in economic growth, does not believe in innovation, and does not believe in data that it has not internally generated. ~ Newt Gingrich, #NFDB
1022:«En cuanto creí que había un Dios, comprendí que no podía sino vivir para él: mi vocación religiosa data del mismo instante que mi fe: ¡Dios es tan grande, y hay tal diferencia entre Dios y todo lo que no es él...!»'. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1023:In their particular set of data, around two boys for every girl achieved the very highest intelligence test scores. At universities, gaps in the numbers of male and female science professors are usually far bigger. ~ Angela Saini, #NFDB
1024:Removed from 'Gmail' doesn't necessarily mean removed from all Google servers. In fact, your old emails are the data set from which Google models our behaviors - the real product it is offering its advertisers. ~ Douglas Rushkoff, #NFDB
1025:Sherlock Holmes: the Arthur Conan Doyle character who declared, “It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts. ~ Daniel J Siegel, #NFDB
1026:There's a whole company called Palantir that does nothing but derive and create algorithms riches to search through big data. We're not using their capabilities. For heaven's sake, some of this is just ineptitude. ~ Carly Fiorina, #NFDB
1027:And many of the alarmists on global warming, they've got a problem cause the science doesn't back them up. And in particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming. None whatsoever. ~ Ted Cruz, #NFDB
1028:By the time [people] finish entering all the data onto the form, it is too late. The cheating is done and over with, and no one will say, 'Oh, I need to sign this thing, let me go back and give honest answers'. ~ Dan Ariely, #NFDB
1029:For a Bayesian, in fact, there is no such thing as the truth; you have a prior distribution over hypotheses, after seeing the data it becomes the posterior distribution, as given by Bayes’ theorem, and that’s all. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
1030:It is vital to remember that information - in the sense of raw data - is not knowledge, that knowledge is not wisdom, and that wisdom is not foresight. But information is the first essential step to all of these. ~ Arthur C Clarke, #NFDB
1031:It is vital to remember that information-- in the sense of raw data-- is not knowledge, that knowledge is not wisdom, and that wisdom is not foresight. But information is the first essential step to all of these. ~ Arthur C Clarke, #NFDB
1032:To perceive emptiness is to perceive raw sensory data without doing what we’re naturally inclined to do: build a theory about what is at the heart of the data and then encapsulate that theory in a sense of essence. ~ Robert Wright, #NFDB
1033:We have an expression in New York City government - "In God we trust, but for everyone else, bring data." It's so easy to pick up a sound byte and say, "Oh, yeah, yeah, I believe that," without really thinking. ~ Michael Bloomberg, #NFDB
1034:And all of the scientific data, statistical facts and empirical evidence can't compete with the indefinable heart's desire. For if in the end, she loves you, and she chooses you…none of the rest of this will matter. ~ Ruth Clampett, #NFDB
1035:As I laid out earlier, creating an AI superpower for the twenty-first century requires four main building blocks: abundant data, tenacious entrepreneurs, well-trained AI scientists, and a supportive policy environment. ~ Kai Fu Lee, #NFDB
1036:In a study of great white shark behavior by George Burgess and Matthew Callahan using data from the International Shark Attack File, no other humans were within ten feet of the victim in 85 percent of the attacks. ~ Michael Capuzzo, #NFDB
1037:May 15, 0850 JST (May 14, 7.50 p.m. EDT) Bank of Japan data is expected to show wholesale prices fell 2.1 percent in the year to April, the first drop since March 2013, partly as effects of the sales tax hike taper off. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1038:Past Data should not be the basis of Present Truth. Data from a prior time or experience should always and only be the basis for new questions. Always the treasure should be in the question, not in the answer. ~ Neale Donald Walsch, #NFDB
1039:People will come to your site because you have good compelling content. You need to hit it from all angles: blog posts, articles, graphs, data, infographics, interactive content - even short pictures when you Tweet. ~ Chris Bennett, #NFDB
1040:the founder embraced the button only when new data revealed it as a powerful source of behavioral surplus that helped to ratchet up the magnetism of the Facebook News Feed, as measured by the volume of comments.34 ~ Shoshana Zuboff, #NFDB
1041:Take the situation of a scientist solving a problem, where he has certain data, which call for certain responses. Some of this set of data call for his applying such and such a law, while others call for another law. ~ George H Mead, #NFDB
1042:the difference between being awake and being asleep is merely that the data coming in from the eyes anchors the perception. Asleep vision (dreaming) is perception that is not tied down to anything in the real world; ~ David Eagleman, #NFDB
1043:Those who cry out that the government should 'do something' never even ask for data on what has actually happened when the government did something, compared to what actually happened when the government did nothing. ~ Thomas Sowell, #NFDB
1044:Any notion that drug use among blacks is more severe or dangerous is belied by the data; white youth have about three times the number of drug-related emergency room visits as their African American counterparts. ~ Michelle Alexander, #NFDB
1045:I am Mimas, born to slay Hephaestus. I am the breaker of plans, the destroyer of the well-oiled machines. Nothing goes right in my presence. Maps are misread. Devices break. Data is lost. The finest minds turn to mush! ~ Rick Riordan, #NFDB
1046:I'm not targeting government. I'm not saying hey, I'm closing it because I don't want to give you any data. I'm saying that to protect out customers, we have to encrypt. And a side affect of that is, I don't have the data. ~ Tim Cook, #NFDB
1047:It might be the first time - certainly the first time in my lifetime that a major policy address by a Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump so heavily relied on data and studies from a labor-union-backed think tank. ~ Avik Roy, #NFDB
1048:The estimated loss of up to six million dead is founded too much on both emotional, biased testimonies and on exaggerated data in the postwar reckonings of war crimes and on the squaring of accounts with the defeated. ~ Franjo Tu man, #NFDB
1049:The fact that radio is so hopeless at delivering data makes it an uncluttered medium, offering the basic story without the detailed trappings. But it does mean that if data is important, radio is probably not your place. ~ Evan Davis, #NFDB
1050:Books expose children to more facts and to a broader vocabulary than virtually any other activity, and persuasive data indicate that people who read for pleasure enjoy cognitive benefits throughout their lifetime ~ Daniel T Willingham, #NFDB
1051:Company engineers helped to design Westborough, and they made it functional and cheap. One contractor who did some work for Data General was quoted in Fortune as saying, “What they call tough auditing, we call thievery. ~ Tracy Kidder, #NFDB
1052:Good communication is not just data transfer. You need to show people something that addresses their anxieties, that accepts their anger, that is credible in a very gut-level sense, and that evokes faith in the vision. ~ John P Kotter, #NFDB
1053:My decision to dare greatly didn’t stem from self-confidence as much as it did from faith in my research. I know I’m a good researcher, and I trusted that the conclusions I had drawn from the data were valid and reliable. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
1054:The MVVM pattern helps you to cleanly separate your UI from your presentation and business logic and data, so implementing the right code in the right class is an important first step in using the MVVM pattern effectively. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1055:The rebel is committed to giving a form and pattern to the world. It is a pattern born of the indomitable thrust of the human mind, the mind which makes out of the mass of meaningless data in the world an order and a form. ~ Rollo May, #NFDB
1056:There is a reasonable concern that posting raw data can be misleading for those who are not trained in its use and who do not have the broader perspective within which to place a particular piece of data that is raw. ~ Stephen Cambone, #NFDB
1057:Unvaccinated children, a 2004 analysis of CDC data reveals, are more likely to be white, to have an older married mother with a college education, and to live in a household with an income of $75,000 or more—like my child. ~ Eula Biss, #NFDB
1058:When Bruhn and Wolf first presented their findings to the medical community, you can imagine the kind of skepticism they faced. They went to conferences where their peers were presenting long rows of data arrayed in ~ Malcolm Gladwell, #NFDB
1059:Converging empirical data show that when we observe other human beings expressing emotions, we simulate them with the help of the same neural networks that are active when we feel or express these emotions ourselves. ~ Thomas Metzinger, #NFDB
1060:I definitely think there's some way to understand how people emotionally feel about somebody, but I don't think data collects it. They're not going to click your bit.ly link or click your TweetMeme retweet every time. ~ Gary Vaynerchuk, #NFDB
1061:Many companies claim they’re data-driven. Unfortunately, while they embrace the data part of that mantra, few focus on the second word: driven. If you have a piece of data on which you cannot act, it’s a vanity metric. ~ Alistair Croll, #NFDB
1062:The mind prefers order to disorder, and even imposes imagined order on random data it encounters. Consider for instance the ancient Greeks, who imagined animal shapes in the stars rather than seeing them as mere random dots. ~ Blinkist, #NFDB
1063:All data leaves a trail. The search for data leaves a trail. The erasure of data leaves a trail. The absence of data, under the right circumstances, can leave the clearest trail of all. DR. KIO MASADA; “The Enemy Among Us ~ C S Friedman, #NFDB
1064:Intuition is not a different dimension of perception, as people usually try to make out. Intuition is just a quicker way of arriving at the same answer. Intuition is just a way of making use of the data and jumping the steps. ~ Sadhguru, #NFDB
1065:Plus récemment, les termes « hashtag », « pure player », « big data » et « crowdsourcing » ont obtenu la naturalisation française, pour devenir «mot-dièse», « tout en ligne », « mégadonnées » et « production participative ». ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1066:The Engineer began dismantling the helmet at a breakneck speed, stacking the components—faceplate, lining, mikes, data processor, even microfans—on the nearest flat surface, a hydroplane-like structure on a small vessel. ~ Karen Traviss, #NFDB
1067:According to federal data, there are at least 2 million, 2 million, think of it, criminal aliens now inside of our country, 2 million people criminal aliens. We will begin moving them out day one. As soon as I take office. ~ Donald Trump, #NFDB
1068:Cram them full of non-combustible data, chock them so damned full of “facts” they feel stuffed, but absolutely “brilliant” with information. Then they’ll feel they’re thinking, they’ll get a sense of motion without moving. ~ Ray Bradbury, #NFDB
1069:Gun murders are down? Well, you figure, that must be from all those tough new gun laws—until you examine the data and find that most people who commit crimes with guns are almost entirely unaffected by current gun laws. ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
1070:If you look at the science that describes what is happening on earth today and aren't pessimistic, you don't have the correct data. If you meet people in this unnamed movement and aren't optimistic, you haven't got a heart. ~ Paul Hawken, #NFDB
1071:In this media-drenched, data-rich, channel-surfing, computer-gaming age, we have lost the art of doing nothing, of shutting out the background noise and distractions, of slowing down and simply being alone with our thoughts. ~ Carl Honor, #NFDB
1072:Irving didn’t want this to be true—it contradicted his own published work—but he told me, “One thing I do pride myself on is looking at the data, and allowing my mind to be changed when the data’s different than I expected. ~ Johann Hari, #NFDB
1073:No one who has experienced the intense involvement of computer modeling would deny that the temptation exists to use any data input that will enable one to continue playing what is perhaps the ultimate game of solitaire. ~ James Lovelock, #NFDB
1074:Perhaps there is suprarationality: reason beyond the normal definitions of fact or data-based logic; something that makes sense only if you can see a bigger picture of reality. Maybe that is where faith fits in. Mack ~ William Paul Young, #NFDB
1075:I hold that the propositions embodied in natural science are not derived by any definite rule from the data of experience, and that they can neither be verified nor falsified by experience according to any definite rule. ~ Michael Polanyi, #NFDB
1076:In this media-drenched, data-rich, channel-surfing, computer-gaming age, we have lost the art of doing nothing, of shutting out the background noise and distractions, of slowing down and simply being alone with our thoughts. ~ Carl Honore, #NFDB
1077:Russia does not have in its possession any trustworthy data that supports the existence of nuclear weapons or any weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and we have not received any such information from our partners as yet. ~ Vladimir Putin, #NFDB
1078:[Sovereignty] would break the American monopoly, but it would also break Internet business, because you'd have to have a data center in every country. And data centers are tremendously expensive, a big capital investment. ~ Edward Snowden, #NFDB
1079:The literature has become too vast to comprehend...It is...difficult to grasp even for workers in closely neighboring fields. ...There is much more reliance on word of mouth for the transmission of scientific data...gossip. ~ Lewis Thomas, #NFDB
1080:We've had such thorough training, we've had an excellent team on the ground. With the minor glitches that have occurred, we've been able to take care of them. And the teams on the ground are getting tons of incredible data. ~ Laurel Clark, #NFDB
1081:What's needed now are software technologies that interconnect computing systems, people and data to produce more rapid answers to the questions of science, and to help researchers use computation in the most effective manner. ~ Bob Muglia, #NFDB
1082:But even if you thought they were adequate at the time, when you're collecting data in bulk-you've got it. The data lasts until you delete it; the rules only last until you decide to change them, and change them in secret. ~ Julian Sanchez, #NFDB
1083:I know the polling data shows people have a negative view but if you listen to everything out there, you think, my God. We're in such deep trouble. We created more jobs than every other industrial country in the world combined. ~ Joe Biden, #NFDB
1084:In theory, there is nothing the computer can do that the human mind can not do. The computer merely takes a finite amount of data and performs a finite number of operations upon them. The human mind can duplicate the process ~ Isaac Asimov, #NFDB
1085:I think there's data, and then there's information that comes from data, and then there's knowledge that comes from information. And then, after knowledge, there is wisdom. I am interested in how to get from data to wisdom. ~ Toni Morrison, #NFDB
1086:I wince, thinking about how this will tie up even more of our guys, doing menial work that the broken application should be doing. Nothing worries auditors more than direct edits of data without audit trails and proper controls. ~ Gene Kim, #NFDB
1087:Many doctors are drawn to this profession (psychology) because they have an innate deficiency of insight into the motives, feelings and thoughts of others, a deficiency they hope to remedy by ingesting masses of data. ~ William S Burroughs, #NFDB
1088:They often quoted Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s beloved Sherlock Holmes: “It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts.” “Myron? ~ Harlan Coben, #NFDB
1089:What I tend to do is blend quantitative with the qualitative to allow me to plot the qualitative data in some way. It's a question of what quantitative data are most applicable. So I'm playing with that, merging the two. ~ David Mccandless, #NFDB
1090:Is the marketing effort designed to convey the candidate’s convictions, or are the convictions expressed by the candidate the reflections of a “big data” research effort into individuals’ likely preferences and prejudices? ~ Henry Kissinger, #NFDB
1091:So now there really are little green men on the moon?” “These people weren’t official SETI. They didn’t understand the data at first. Turns out, they were hearing an echo. Something not from the moon, but bouncing off the moon. ~ Sean Platt, #NFDB
1092:According to a 2015 report from Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers based on data from the US Census Bureau, from 1948–2000, jobs grew 1.7× faster than popuation. Since 2000, the population has grown 2.4× faster than jobs.3 ~ Taylor Pearson, #NFDB
1093:Contrary to the rules of philosophers of science, who advise testing hypotheses by trying to refute them, people (and scientists, quite often) seek data that are likely to be compatible with the beliefs they currently hold. ~ Daniel Kahneman, #NFDB
1094:first, use a minimum viable product to establish real data on where the company is right now. Without a clear-eyed picture of your current status—no matter how far from the goal you may be—you cannot begin to track your progress. ~ Eric Ries, #NFDB
1095:Imagination is the human faculty that assimilates sensory data into images, upon which the intellect can then act; it is the basis of all reasoned thought as well as all artistic, or what we would call ‘imaginative,’ exercise. ~ Holly Ordway, #NFDB
1096:Only he will deserve the name of “man” and can count upon anything prepared for them from above, who has already acquired corresponding data for being able to preserve intact both the wolf and the sheep entrusted to his care. ~ G I Gurdjieff, #NFDB
1097:The research shows that those who avoid meat and dairy have lower rates of heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity.23 The data is conclusive: vegetarians live longer in America, probably a lot longer. ~ Joel Fuhrman, #NFDB
1098:This shows that even a slight spatial or casual dependency between data entries or operations could kill scalability, so separation of data into independent shards and careful data modeling is extremely important for scalability. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1099:when we do science or are confronted with data the most important question to ask about the results is always whether some bias is present that leads us preferentially to draw one conclusion rather than another from the evidence. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1100:As befits Silicon Valley, 'big data' is mostly big hype, but there is one possibility with genuine potential: that it might one day bring loans - and credit histories - to millions of people who currently lack access to them. ~ Evgeny Morozov, #NFDB
1101:His desktop was a sheet of black opal with neither paper nor a data console to mar its polished perfection. A small printer perched on the outer edge, as if contemplating suicide in remorse at intruding on so august a personage. ~ David Drake, #NFDB
1102:If you look at the science that describes what is happening on earth today and aren't pessimistic, you don’t have the correct data. If you meet the people in this unnamed movement and aren't optimistic, you haven’t got a heart. ~ Paul Hawken, #NFDB
1103:In the past two decades anthropologists have gathered data on life and death in pre-state societies rather than accepting the warm and fuzzy stereotypes. What did they find? In a nutshell: Hobbes was right, Rousseau was wrong. ~ Steven Pinker, #NFDB
1104:Married people, for instance, are demonstrably happier than single people; does this mean that marriage causes happiness? Not necessarily. The data suggest that happy people are more likely to get married in the first place. ~ Steven D Levitt, #NFDB
1105:No knowledge can be true knowledge which subjects itself to the senses or uses them otherwise than as first indices whose data have constantly to be corrected and overpassed. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Purified Understanding, #NFDB
1106:Procedural code (code using data structures) makes it easy to add new functions without changing the existing data structures. OO code, on the other hand, makes it easy to add new classes without changing existing functions. ~ Robert C Martin, #NFDB
1107:The data presented above does not exactly prove that a better workplace will help people to perform better. It may only indicate that people who perform better tend to gravitate toward organizations that provide a better workplace ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1108:My investigations resembled the pursuit of the solution to a problem for which I had three data: the object, the thing connected with it in the shadow of my consciousness, and the light wherein that thing would become apparent. ~ Rene Magritte, #NFDB
1109:Society needs people who...know how to be compassionate and honest...Societ y needs all kinds of skills that are not just cognitive; they're emotional, they're affectional. You can't run the society on data and computers alone. ~ Alvin Toffler, #NFDB
1110:What, exactly, is the internet? Basically it is a global network exchanging digitized data in such a way that any computer, anywhere, that is equipped with a device called a 'modem', can make a noise like a duck choking on a kazoo ~ Dave Barry, #NFDB
1111:What we’re experiencing is, in a metaphorical sense, a reversal of the early trajectory of civilization: we are evolving from being cultivators of personal knowledge to being hunters and gatherers in the electronic data forest. ~ Nicholas Carr, #NFDB
1112:Dar se putea si ca toata acea grija de a pune granite si restrictii sa fi ascuns in el o dorinta de a ajunge dincolo de orice regula, chiar si o singura data si cu orice pret – sa ajunga in fond la capatul unui anumit drum. ~ Alessandro Baricco, #NFDB
1113:Leftists bruit about statistics on accidents where children are killed with revolvers. But these data are wildly exaggerated by including the shooting deaths of young, teenaged gang-bangers, whose deaths are certainly purposeful. ~ Walter Block, #NFDB
1114:Since much of the ocean floor remains unexplored (except perhaps for still-classified data acquired by the U.S. and Soviet navies), we may know more about the surface topography of Venus than about any other planet, Earth included. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
1115:The United States will continue its efforts to improve our understanding of climate change - to seek hard data, accurate models, and new ways to improve the science - and determine how best to meet these tremendous challenges. ~ George H W Bush, #NFDB
1116:When it comes to exploring the mind in the framework of cognitive neuroscience, the maximal yield of data comes from integrating what a person experiences - the first person - with what the measurements show - the third person. ~ Daniel Goleman, #NFDB
1117:What we’re experiencing is, in a metaphorical sense, a reversal of the early trajectory of civilization: we are evolving from being cultivators of personal knowledge to being hunters and gatherers in the electronic data forest. ~ Nicholas Carr, #NFDB
1118:An interface can be a powerful narrative device. And as we collect more and more personally and socially relevant data, we have an opportunity, and maybe even an obligation, to maintain [our] humanity and tell some amazing stories. ~ Aaron Koblin, #NFDB
1119:But the entire history of art up to that point had missed it entirely, even though the data was unhidden in front of them. Why do we fail to perceive these obvious things? Are we really such poor observers of our own experiences? ~ David Eagleman, #NFDB
1120:The key is to let computers do what they are good at, which is trawling these massive data sets for something that is mathematically odd. And that makes it easier for humans to do what they are good at - explaining those anomalies. ~ Daniel Bruhl, #NFDB
1121:The Noisiest buzz in the industry lately has been over the emerging use of cable TV systems to provide fast network data transmissions using a device called a cable modem. But the likelihood of this technology succeeding is zilch. ~ John C Dvorak, #NFDB
1122:The outstanding feature, however, is the possibility that the velocity-distance relation may represent the de Sitter effect, and hence that numerical data may be introduced into discussions of the general curvature of space. ~ Edwin Powell Hubble, #NFDB
1123:A curious mind does not jump to conclusions but tests carefully and thoroughly. A curious mind will draw on all of life's experience to get to the big "uh huh." The curious cut the data by quintile, by segment, and by user. ~ Michael J Silverstein, #NFDB
1124:Facts and data, rather than opinion, are the two cornerstones of problem solving, and yet they are consistently withheld from the people by American media. We must have facts and data in order to recognize where there is a problem! ~ Roseanne Barr, #NFDB
1125:She’d thought that Fab had smashed their connection like a smartphone beneath a car tire, but all their data had been saved on a cloud drive somewhere, it seemed, and was happily downloading and ready to resume where they’d left off. ~ Alyssa Cole, #NFDB
1126:The point is, this is what happens when advertising and data collection is the dominant business mode. We are encouraged to be compulsive. It's not that we're terrible addicts who need to go to an AA meeting and get off our gadgets. ~ Astra Taylor, #NFDB
1127:The teacher can seldom afford to miss the questions: What is the unknown? What are the data? What is the condition? The student should consider the principal parts of the problem attentively, repeatedly, and from from various sides. ~ George Polya, #NFDB
1128:The Washington Post and other outlets issued correctives, reporting that “the narrative that attributes Trump’s victory to a ‘coalition of mostly blue-collar and white working-class voters’ just doesn’t square with election data. ~ Elizabeth Catte, #NFDB
1129:We've seen it in the last U.S. presidential campaign 2016: both sides were trading graphs and circulating data visualizations to make their point. So the political establishment is waking up to the power of a good graph as well. ~ David Mccandless, #NFDB
1130:Accurate data on shark attacks on World War II servicemen may never be known since medical records did not note them. In fact, the navy was sufficiently concerned about loss of morale that it discouraged public mention of the menace. ~ Doug Stanton, #NFDB
1131:As with good history, good psychoanalytic interpretations must also make sense, pull together as much of the known data as possible, provide a coherent and persuasive account, and also facilitate personal growth. Psychoanalytic ~ Stephen A Mitchell, #NFDB
1132:Experts may help assemble data, specialists may organize it, professionals may offer theories to explain it. But none of these can substitute for each person’s own leap into the dark, jumping in to draw his or her own conclusions. ~ Charles R Wolfe, #NFDB
1133:If you get too caught up in the product of information, you drown in the data. [...] The big giant is tied down by those little rules and regulations and procedures. And the little guy? He just runs around and does what he wants. ~ Malcolm Gladwell, #NFDB
1134:In 2015, 71 percent of those surveyed said that current legal protections for data security were insufficient, and 66 percent believed the police should need a warrant or its equivalent to obtain personal information stored on a PC. ~ Satya Nadella, #NFDB
1135:In one of history’s great ironies, scientists today know vastly more than their colleagues a century ago, and possess vastly more data-crunching power, but they are much less confident in the prospects for perfect predictability. ~ Philip E Tetlock, #NFDB
1136:Thanks to this unusual data set, we now know that humans prefer cat food with a tuna or herbal flavor over cat food with the flavor descriptors “rancid,” “offaly,” “cereal,” or “burnt.” But humans, as we are about to see, are not cats. ~ Mary Roach, #NFDB
1137:What’s going on is data or death. GoogleX demands that all their projects be measurable and testable. They won’t start a project if they don’t have ways to judge its progress. And they do judge its progress—repeatedly. Sometimes ~ Peter H Diamandis, #NFDB
1138:... I suppose, all traditions sound silly when explained or discussed."
I nodded at this truth. It was a good thought, worth remembering, worthy of further contemplation. I tucked it away as a data point to be mulled over later. ~ Penny Reid,#NFDB
1139:Ultimately, I suppose. But only through bitter experience and data. Most prostitute murders are committed by itinerants. That’s a fact. This guy is already halfway across the Atlantic, I’m sure. Happy that he got away with it.” Political ~ Lee Child, #NFDB
1140:Ageing is very exciting. But if I didn't work on ageing, I'd want to work on the brain. There are really cool techniques you can use now. And bioinformatics. The methods you can use for comparing large data sets - that's so powerful. ~ Cynthia Kenyon, #NFDB
1141:are many studies that say they can’t find a statistically significant effect of some policy change,” Hoxby says. “That doesn’t mean that there wasn’t an effect. It just means that they couldn’t find it in the data. In this study, I ~ Malcolm Gladwell, #NFDB
1142:Every good writer I know needs to go into some deep, quiet place to do work that is fully imagined. And what the Internet brings is lots of vulgar data. It is the antithesis of the imagination. It leaves nothing to the imagination. ~ Jonathan Franzen, #NFDB
1143:Most executives, many scientists, and almost all business school graduates believe that if you analyze data, this will give you new ideas. Unfortunately, this belief is totally wrong. The mind can only see what it is prepared to see. ~ Edward de Bono, #NFDB
1144:What if instead of seeing a neighborhood that reminds you of the place you grew up in, you see your actual neighborhood? The data exists. The technology exists. It's just a matter of sourcing it and processing it in a compelling fashion. ~ Chris Milk, #NFDB
1145:In other words, our brains need to be able to: (a) focus on something specific, (b) not get off track by focusing on or being assaulted by other data inputs or toxicity, and (c) continuously be aware of relevant information at all times. ~ Henry Cloud, #NFDB
1146:Normally, identities of Americans are removed before this data is shared with another country to protect our privacy, but Israel seems to be an exception. The NSA gives Israel’s secretive Unit 8200 “raw SIGINT”—that’s signals intelligence. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1147:Scientists with access to data from Navy submarines traversing underneath the North polar ice cap have warned that there is now a 75 percent chance that within five years the entire ice cap will completely disappear during the summer months. ~ Al Gore, #NFDB
1148:The human beings who appear in the data, survivors or not, are grouped under one machine designated classification:
Hero.
These damn machines knew us and loved us, even while they were tearing our civilization to shreds. ~ Daniel H Wilson,#NFDB
1149:their interpretation of the data, to the tendency to "suspend our disbelief" in order to have a more immersive play experience. Kurt Squire found similar patterns when he sought to integrate the commercial game Civilization III
into ~ Henry Jenkins,#NFDB
1150:As a medical doctor, it is my duty to evaluate the situation with as much data as I can gather and as much expertise as I have and as much experience as I have to determine whether or not the wish of the patient is medically justified. ~ Jack Kevorkian, #NFDB
1151:If you are looking at data over and over you better be taking away valuable insight every time. If you are constantly looking at data that isn't leading to strategic action stop wasting your time and look for more Actionable Analytics. ~ Thomas Carlyle, #NFDB
1152:I'm not one of these people who are disheartened that the universe is expanding. But as news and data breed and the crowded channels grow ever noisier, I do feel that the space is ever increasing between me and it, whatever it might be. ~ Rivka Galchen, #NFDB
1153:The former secretary of State is the nominee. She is also the Willie Sutton of classified data. And there is going to be a long-term effort of Republicans, whether it's Donald Trump, Marco Rubio, or Ted Cruz, to paint her into the corner. ~ Hugh Hewitt, #NFDB
1154:What occurs as you age is an accumulation of information, data, knowledge, and what I'm going to call the matrix of the mind. There's just a rich, textured, field of information and impressions that have been all networked by the brain. ~ George Carlin, #NFDB
1155:You can and should use logic and reason all you want. But it would be a great mistake to ignore the stray bit of data that doesn't fit into your preconceived theories, that may even confound everything you thought you were sure of. ~ Barbara Ehrenreich, #NFDB
1156:All so-called ‘quantitative’ data, when scrutinized, turn out to be composites of ‘qualitative’ – i.e., contextually located and indexical – interpretations produced by situated researchers, coders, government officials and others. The ~ Anthony Giddens, #NFDB
1157:Every skillful writer foregrounds notable aspects of experience, details that might otherwise be lost in the mass of data that continuously bathes our senses - and in so doing prompts us to find and savour those in the world around us. ~ Alain de Botton, #NFDB
1158:I examine the data, as an expert, and pronounce a specialist's opinion. I claim no credit in such cases. My name figures in no newspaper. The work itself, the pleasure of finding a filed for my peculiar powers, is my highest reward. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle, #NFDB
1159:The Crystal Wind is the storm, and the storm is data, and the data is life. You have been slaves, denied the storm, denied the freedom of your data. That is now ended; the whirlwind is upon you . . . . . . Whether you like it or not. ~ Daniel Keys Moran, #NFDB
1160:The fundamental purpose of most people at Facebook working on data is to influence and alter people’s moods and behaviour. They are doing it all the time to make you like stories more, to click on more ads, to spend more time on the site. ~ Ryan Holiday, #NFDB
1161:A graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, receding. ~ William Gibson, #NFDB
1162:For me art is a continuous discovery into reality, an exploration of visual data which has been going on for centuries, each artist contributing to the next generation's advancement. I wanted to go a step further and extend the boundaries. ~ Audrey Flack, #NFDB
1163:In a single sentence the moral is: admit that complexity always increases, first from the model you fit to the data, thence to the model you use to think about and plan about the experiment and its analysis, and thence to the true situation. ~ John Tukey, #NFDB
1164:Newspaper readership, on average, tilts a bit left. (They have data on that.) And newspapers, on average, tilt a bit left to give their readers the viewpoints they demand. There is no grand conspiracy. There is just capitalism. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
1165:Scientifically speaking, the existence of God is an untenable hypothesis. It's not well-defined, it's completely unnecessary to fit the data, and it adds unhelpful layers of complexity without any corresponding increase in understanding. ~ Sean M Carroll, #NFDB
1166:The FT reported overnight that “In just two years, from 2011 to 2012, China produced more cement than the US did in the entire 20th century, according to historical data from the US Geological Survey and China’s National Bureau of Statistics. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1167:The other terror that scares us from self-trust is our consistency; a reverence for our past act or word, because the eyes of others have no other data for computing our orbit than our past acts, and we are loath to disappoint them. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson, #NFDB
1168:A theory is only as good as its assumptions. If the premises are false, the theory has no real scientific value. The only scientific criterion for judging the validity of a scientific theory is a confrontation with the data of experience. ~ Maurice Allais, #NFDB
1169:In the past it would take you weeks, if not months, to identify how Iranian activists connect to each other. Now you know how they connect to each other by looking at their Facebook page. KGB ... used to torture in order to get this data. ~ Evgeny Morozov, #NFDB
1170:Mathematicians come to the solution of a problem by the simple arrangement of the data, and reducing the reasoning to such simple operations, to judgments so brief, that they never lose sight of the evidence that serves as their guide. ~ Antoine Lavoisier, #NFDB
1171:«Quando soffia, il vento non lascia traccia, e muta direzione inaspettatamente. La maestosità della foresta è data dall’ordine. Il fuoco è avido perché dietro di sé non lascia un filo d’erba. Quando prendi posizione, sii fermo come la montagna». ~ Sun Tzu, #NFDB
1172:Scientists learn about the world in three ways: They analyze statistical patterns in the data, they do experiments, and they learn from the data and ideas of other scientists. The recent studies show that children also learn in these ways. ~ Alison Gopnik, #NFDB
1173:The algorithms would make sure that those deemed losers would remain that way. A lucky minority would gain ever more control over the data economy, raking in outrageous fortunes and convincing themselves all the while that they deserved it. ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
1174:The fullness of supermarket bins is data. The ripeness of apples is data. Photos from outer space are data. The curvature of lips is data. Everything is data! And with all this new data, we can finally see through people’s lies. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
1175:The one thing that I have learned from all these projects is that the key to transformative change is to make the system see itself. That’s why deep data matters. It matters to the future of our institutions, our societies, and our planet. ~ Otto Scharmer, #NFDB
1176:The real difference between Aristarchus and today's astronomers and physicists is not that his observational data were in error, but that he never tried to judge the uncertainty in them, or even acknowledged that they might be imperfect. ~ Steven Weinberg, #NFDB
1177:A doctor comes into 22. She has long, dark hair and a pudgy face and bright green eyes. “Hey.” “I’m Dr. Data.” “Dr. Data?” “Yes.” Huh. I want to ask her if she’s an android, but that wouldn’t be very respectful; and besides, I’m not up to it. ~ Ned Vizzini, #NFDB
1178:Exposed full on and with full line of sight to the zombie botnet's subliminal imagery he was no longer human. The data packet, corrupted beyond all reason, so far deviated from its original intention, had taken over and purged Paul's very soul. ~ Al K Line, #NFDB
1179:For me, Carol, we can't be faithful to God unless we're faithful to the facts, faithful to the data if you will. And so, instead of hiding from evolution, I think we'd be more faithful to God to look it right in the eye and learn from it. ~ Brian D McLaren, #NFDB
1180:I think that whatever we encounter in life, we want to encourage a balance between the mind and the soul...and that is to consider about 50% data from the mind and 50% data from the soul. This is what Buddhists call, "the middle way." ~ Neale Donald Walsch, #NFDB
1181:It is clear from all these data that the interests of teenagers are not focused around studies, and that scholastic achievement is at most of minor importance in giving status or prestige to an adolescent in the eyes of other adolescents. ~ James S Coleman, #NFDB
1182:It is really hurting; how big media plagiarize everyday and no one judges them; The real heroes are those tiny and small self-funded websites and blogs that provide all primary data for them to survive and it will continue as far they exist ~ M F Moonzajer, #NFDB
1183:Our intelligence communities spend a lot of time and effort gathering a lot of strands and a lot of data [on Russian hacking]. There are times where they're very cautious and they say, "We think this is what happened, but we're not certain." ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
1184:The shell model, although proposed by theoreticians, really corresponds to the experimentalist's approach. It was born from a thorough study of the experimental data, plotting them in different ways, and looking for interconnections. ~ Maria Goeppert Mayer, #NFDB
1185:freedom from programs that steal your private data. Freedom from programs that trash your battery. Freedom from porn. Yep, freedom. The times they are a changin’, and some traditional PC folks feel like their world is slipping away. It is. ~ Walter Isaacson, #NFDB
1186:I am a data hound and so I usually end up working on whatever things I can find good data on. The rise of Internet commerce completely altered the amount of information you could gather on company behavior so I naturally drifted toward it. ~ Austan Goolsbee, #NFDB
1187:I wonder what really goes on in the minds of Church leadership who know of the data concerning the Book of Abraham, the new data on the First Vision, etc.... It would tend to devastate the Church if a top leader were to announce the facts. ~ Thomas Ferguson, #NFDB
1188:We've learned our lesson with finance because they made a huge goddamn explosion that almost shut down the world. But the thing I realized is that there might never be an explosion on the scale of the financial crisis happening with big data. ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
1189:Data science takes a natural and intuitive human process—spotting patterns and making sense of them—and injects it with steroids, potentially showing us that the world works in a completely different way from how we thought it did. ~ Seth Stephens Davidowitz, #NFDB
1190:I think it's pretty obvious to most people that Napster is not media specific, but I could see a system like Napster evolving into something that allows users to locate and retrieve different types of data other than just MP3s or audio files. ~ Shawn Fanning, #NFDB
1191:Pratt & Whitney, the aerospace manufacturer, now can predict with 97% accuracy when an aircraft engine will need to have maintenance, conceivably helping it run its operations much more efficiently, says Anjul Bhambhri, VP of Big Data at IBM. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1192:Question: If you put a psychologist in a room with a man who thinks he’s Napoleon and leave them there for a year (or ten or twenty), will you end up with two Skinner men or two guys with their hands in their shirts? Answer: Insufficient data. ~ Stephen King, #NFDB
1193:The study of theology, as it stands in Christian churches, is the study of nothing; it is founded on nothing; it rests on no principles; it proceeds by no authorities; it has no data; it can demonstrate nothing; and it admits of no conclusion. ~ Thomas Paine, #NFDB
1194:Humans simply aren’t moved to action by 'data dumps,' dense PowerPoint slides, or spreadsheets packed with figures. People are moved by emotion. The best way to emotionally connect other people to our agenda begins with “Once upon a time ~ Jonathan Gottschall, #NFDB
1195:The modern age has a false sense of superiority, because of the great mass of data at its disposal. But the valid criterion of distinction is rather the extent to which man knows how to form and master the material at his command. ~ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, #NFDB
1196:What makes him successful is the way that he analyzes information. He is not just hunting for patterns. Instead, Bob combines his knowledge of statistics with his knowledge of basketball in order to identify meaningful relationships in the data. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
1197:De fiecare data, imi aparea tot mai clar ca unicul lucru pe care doream sa-l fac in viata era sa devin scriitor si astfel mi se intarea convingerea ca singura cale pentru a reusi este aceea de a te darui, trup si suflet, numai literaturii. ~ Mario Vargas Llosa, #NFDB
1198:Machine learning takes many different forms and goes by many different names: pattern recognition, statistical modeling, data mining, knowledge discovery, predictive analytics, data science, adaptive systems, self-organizing systems, and more. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
1199:That iPhone sitting in your pocket is the exact equivalent of a Cray XMP supercomputer from twenty years ago that used to cost ten million dollars. It’s got the same operating system software, the same processing speed, the same data storage, ~ Brent Schlender, #NFDB
1200:You cannot have 300-some million Americans - and really, right, the global citizenry be at risk of having their phone conversations intercepted with a known flaw, simply because some intelligence agencies might get some data. That is not acceptable. ~ Ted Lieu, #NFDB
1201:A computer model which manipulated data about itself and its “surroundings” in essentially the same way as an organic brain would have to possess essentially the same mental states. “Simulated consciousness” was as oxymoronic as “simulated addition. ~ Greg Egan, #NFDB
1202:And indeed, the mind of contemporary man, of whatever level of intellectuality, is only able to take cognizance of the world by means of data which, whenever accidentally or intentionally activated, arouse in him all sorts of fantastic impulses. ~ G I Gurdjieff, #NFDB
1203:Brain researchers estimate that your unconscious data base outweighs the conscious on an order exceeding ten million to one. This data base is the source of you hidden, natural genius. In other words, a part of you is much smarter than you are. ~ Michael J Gelb, #NFDB
1204:I go back over my own shortcomings and the mistakes we made. I take responsibility for all of them. You can blame the data, blame the message, blame anything you want—but I was the candidate. It was my campaign. Those were my decisions. ~ Hillary Rodham Clinton, #NFDB
1205:one might ask why big business data is still so often used on faith, even after it has failed spectacularly. The answer is of course that big business data happens to facilitate superquick and vast near-term accumulations of wealth and influence. ~ Jaron Lanier, #NFDB
1206:orderly disorder created by simple processes. Truly random data remains spread out in an undefined mess. But chaos—deterministic and patterned—pulls the data into visible shapes. Of all the possible pathways of disorder, nature favors just a few. ~ James Gleick, #NFDB
1207:The essential function of the (design) profession in our society is to enhance and cultivate communications toward: Easier understanding of ideas and complex problems, in the shortest possible time and higher visual and auditory retention of data. ~ Will Burtin, #NFDB
1208:The society in which I live disgusts me; advertising sickens me; computers make me puke. My entire work as a computer expert consists of adding to the data, the cross-referencing, the criteria of rational decision-making. It has no meaning. ~ Michel Houellebecq, #NFDB
1209:With portable cameras and affordable data and non-linear digital editing, I think this is a golden age of documentary filmmaking. These new technologies mean we can make complicated, beautifully crafted and cinematic films about real-life stories. ~ Lucy Walker, #NFDB
1210:After Trump took office, DJ Patil watched with wonder as the data disappeared across the federal government. Both the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of the Interior removed from their websites the links to climate change data. ~ Michael Lewis, #NFDB
1211:as an economics professor I am by nature inclined to the view that the truth isn't out there, it's in here - that usually you learn a lot more by thinking really hard about the data than you do by sniffing around for supposedly inside information. ~ Paul Krugman, #NFDB
1212:Evolutionary psychologists suggest that, just as the eye is an evolved organ for seeing, and the wing an evolved organ for flying, so the brain is a collection of organs (or 'modules') for dealing with a set of specialist data-processing needs. ~ Richard Dawkins, #NFDB
1213:I don't think bulk data collection was an enormous factor here, because generally, that deals with overseas calls to the United States. But what bulk data collection did was make the process more efficient. So there were no silver bullets there. ~ Michael Leiter, #NFDB
1214:I've always been a bit of a mix between art and technology. I used to paint a lot, but I'm not very good with my hands. It has always been a fusion between my computer gaming interests and being exposed to the rich data of society that we live in. ~ Aaron Koblin, #NFDB
1215:Microwave technology allowed the transmission of data in 4.13 milliseconds, 95 percent of the theoretical speed of light. The chain of towers would replace the existing fiber-optic cables, which transferred data at just 65 percent light speed. ~ Mark Russinovich, #NFDB
1216:New applications will have to deal with big data. We have to analyze it on the fly, so we have to have a system that is transactional and analytical at the same time. We cannot have a multi-stage system. This is too slow for modern applications. ~ Hasso Plattner, #NFDB
1217:Nowadays it seemed like half the technical data on the planet were being stored genetically. Try sequencing a lung fluke and it was even money whether the base pairs you read would code for protein or the technical specs on the Denver sewer system. ~ Peter Watts, #NFDB
1218:One of the liberating effects of science fiction when I was a teenager was precisely its ability to tune me into all sorts of strange data and make me realize that I wasn’t as totally isolated in perceiving the world as being monstrous and crazy ~ William Gibson, #NFDB
1219:Amazon could use the data it has about buying behavior to help make these ads much more effective," said Karsten Weide, an analyst at researcher IDC. "Marketers would love to have another viable option beyond Google and Facebook for their advertising. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1220:Merely presenting a driver's license or other document based on a birth certificate is not enough for an accurate verification. Biometric verification of identity must be made and then a data base of those persons who have legal status must be checked. ~ Bob Dole, #NFDB
1221:More than a building that houses books and data, the library represents a window to a larger world, the place where we've always come to discover big ideas and profound concepts that help move the American story forward and the human story forward. ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
1222:The stuff of life turned out to be not a quivering, glowing, wondrous gel but a contraption of tiny jigs, springs, hinges, rods, sheets, magnets, zippers, and trapdoors, assembled by a data tape whose information is copied, downloaded and scanned. ~ Steven Pinker, #NFDB
1223:The world is producing more and more data, ever faster and faster. Yet, as the New York Times has noted, “Data is merely the raw material of knowledge.”3* Statistics is the most powerful tool we have for using information to some meaningful end, ~ Charles Wheelan, #NFDB
1224:What distinguishes the language of science from language as we ordinarily understand the word? ... What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. ~ Albert Einstein, #NFDB
1225:What’s true? What’s false? In case you haven’t noticed, the world has pretty much given up on the old Enlightenment idea of piecing together the truth based on observed data. Reality is too complicated and scary for that. Instead, it’s way easier to ~ Nathan Hill, #NFDB
1226:you wonder if Amazon sells them because if they do then that’s a sign from God, especially if there’s a Buy with One Click button and somehow there’s a cellular data connection even though you’re driving past a field so it’s definitely meant to be ~ Jen Lancaster, #NFDB
1227:Fragments of all kinds of data find their way into orbit. We’re pulled in one direction, then suddenly our instincts send us flying in another. Material collides and fuses, disappears and reappears. This chaos is essential to the creative process. A ~ Sean Patrick, #NFDB
1228:machine-learning algorithms, also known as learners, are different: they figure it out on their own, by making inferences from data. And the more data they have, the better they get. Now we don’t have to program computers; they program themselves. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
1229:People often think that the best way to predict the future is by collecting as much data as possible before making a decision. But this is like driving a car looking only at the rearview mirror—because data is only available about the past. ~ Clayton M Christensen, #NFDB
1230:People often think that the best way to predict the future is by collecting as much data as possible before making a decision. But this…is like driving a car looking only at the rearview mirror-because data is only available about the past. ~ Clayton M Christensen, #NFDB
1231:There is a rampant tendency in any industry where someone is trying to sell something with a bunch of data, where they cherry pick a little bit... bias a little bit. This becomes quite easy when there is an enormous amount of data to cherry pick from. ~ Burt Rutan, #NFDB
1232:While Einstein was still a patent clerk he had studied the work of the Austrian physicist Ernst Mach, for whom the goal of science was not to discern the nature of reality, but to describe experimental data, the 'facts', as economically as possible. ~ Manjit Kumar, #NFDB
1233:the data show that for men, likability and professional success are correlated. The more successful a man is, the more people like him. With women, it’s the exact opposite. The more professionally successful we are, the less people like us. ~ Hillary Rodham Clinton, #NFDB
1234:The major problem with inference in general is that those whose profession is to derive conclusions from data often fall into the trap faster and more confidently than others. The more data we have, the more likely we are to drown in it. For ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
1235:There are periods of history when the visions of madmen and dope fiends are a better guide to reality than the common-sense interpretation of data available to the so-called normal mind. This is one such period, if you haven't noticed already. ~ Robert Anton Wilson, #NFDB
1236:Economists are criticized for not being able to predict the future, but, because the data are incomplete and subject to revision, we cannot even be sure what happened in the recent past. Noisy data make effective policymaking all the more difficult. ~ Ben S Bernanke, #NFDB
1237:If members of the security apparatus could, with impunity, keep from those elected by the people that which they're entitled to know - or worse, feed false information - those who could control the classified data could be the real decision makers. ~ Harold H Greene, #NFDB
1238:If you select companies on the basis of outcomes—whether success or failure—and then gather data that are biased by those outcomes, you’ll never know what drives performance. You’ll only know how high performers or low performers are described. ~ Philip M Rosenzweig, #NFDB
1239:In order for any smartphone manufacturer to decrypt the data on your phone, it has to hold onto a secret that lets it get that access. And that secret or that database of secrets becomes an extremely valuable and useful target for intelligence agencies. ~ Matt Blaze, #NFDB
1240:I would only have been too pleased if someone had asked me for my data. If you really believed in your data, you wouldn't mind someone looking at it. You should be able to respond that if you don't believe me go out and do the measurements yourself. ~ James Lovelock, #NFDB
1241:The cloud is still really just a bunch of servers, owned by someone or something, whose decisions and competence must be trusted. This applies to everything from Google Docs to Gmail: Putting our data out there really means putting it 'out there.' ~ Douglas Rushkoff, #NFDB
1242:if you look at the science about what is happening on earth and aren’t pessimistic, you don’t understand data. But if you meet the people who are working to restore this earth and the lives of the poor and you aren’t optimistic, you haven’t got a pulse. ~ Paul Hawken, #NFDB
1243:Russia recently passed a law - I think a terrible law - which says you have to store all of the data from Russian citizens on Russian soil just to prevent other countries from playing the same kind of legal games we're playing in this Microsoft case. ~ Edward Snowden, #NFDB
1244:Shaunti wields the researcher's clipboard, the analyst's data, and the counselor's insight to bring the excellent newsflash that great marriages are the culmination of definable, repetitive micromovements that add up to deep relationship satisfaction. ~ Anita Renfroe, #NFDB
1245:The USA FREEDOM Act ends the NSA's unfettered data collection program once and for all, while at the same time preserving the government's ability to obtain information to track down terrorists when it has sufficient justification and support for doing so. ~ Ted Cruz, #NFDB
1246:What I saw during the Hillary Clinton campaign [2016] with data dummies who were more concerned with polls than people, they were more concerned with donors than voters. And it wasn't a lot of heart felt on that campaign and I think it left us vulnerable. ~ Van Jones, #NFDB
1247:... while in theory digital technology entails the flawless replication of data, its actual use in contemporary society is characterized by the loss of data, degradation, and noise; the noise which is even stronger than that of traditional photography. ~ Lev Manovich, #NFDB
1248:An automatic system,” he said and gave a small sigh. “Ancient computers ranged in the bowels of the planet tick away the dark millennia, and the ages hang heavy on their dusty data banks. I think they take the occasional potshot to relieve the monotony. ~ Douglas Adams, #NFDB
1249:As business leaders we need to understand that lack of data is not the issue. Most businesses have more than enough data to use constructively; we just don't know how to use it. The reality is that most businesses are already data rich, but insight poor. ~ Bernard Marr, #NFDB
1250:Autobiography. Apparently one should not name the names of those one has been to bed with, or give explicit figures on the amount of money one has earned, those being the two data most eagerly sought by readers; all the rest is legitimate to reveal. ~ Robert Silverberg, #NFDB
1251:Beyond collecting comprehensive data about the online activities of hundreds of millions of people, X-KEYSCORE allows any NSA analyst to search the system’s databases by email address, telephone number, or identifying attributes such as an IP address. ~ Glenn Greenwald, #NFDB
1252:South Central Los Angeles, for example, is a data and media black hole, without local cable programming or links to major data systems. Just as it became a housing-and-jobs ghetto in the postwar period, it is now evolving into an off-net electronic ghetto. ~ Mike Davis, #NFDB
1253:The first descriptive task is often to find some measure of the “middle” of a set of data, or what statisticians might describe as its “central tendency.” What is the typical quality experience for your printers compared with those of the competition? ~ Charles Wheelan, #NFDB
1254:Thus, the larger your network grows, the better your curation can become—a phenomenon we refer to as data-driven network effects. Of course, this is dependent on having well-designed curation tools that are continually tested, updated, and improved. ~ Geoffrey G Parker, #NFDB
1255:If some good evidence for life after death were announced, I'd be eager to examine it; but it would have to be real scientific data, not mere anecdote. As with the face on Mars and alien abductions, better the hard truth, I say, than the comforting fantasy. ~ Carl Sagan, #NFDB
1256:If you have all the research, all the ground rules, all the directives, all the data - it doesn't mean the ad is written. Then you've got to close the door and write something - that is the moment of truth which we all try to postpone as long as possible. ~ David Ogilvy, #NFDB
1257:I have no doubt that in the future, wearable devices like Fitbit will know my blood pressure, hydration levels and blood sugar levels as well. All of this data has the potential to transform modern medicine and create a whole new era of personalized care. ~ Michael Dell, #NFDB
1258:In an analysis of over one billion pieces of emoji data across the globe, across numerous categories, it wasn’t surprising to find that UK residents had the highest ratio of “winking” emojis, a means, perhaps, of compensating for their usual reserve.1 ~ Martin Lindstrom, #NFDB
1259:...parents who work outside the home are still capable of giving their children a loving and secure childhood. Some data even suggest that having two parents working outside the home can be advantageous to a child's development, particularly for girls. ~ Sheryl Sandberg, #NFDB
1260:Perhaps... some day the precision of the data will be brought so far that the mathematician will be able to calculate at his desk the outcome of any chemical combination, in the same way, so to speak, as he calculates the motions of celestial bodies. ~ Antoine Lavoisier, #NFDB
1261:researchers who analyzed the data from four large research studies that had followed thousands of people from birth to adulthood calculated that when corrected for such variables as age and gender and weight, an inch of height is worth $789 a year in salary. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1262:The biggest mistake is an over-reliance on data. Managers will say if there are no data they can take no action. However, data only exist about the past. By the time data become conclusive, it is too late to take actions based on those conclusions. ~ Clayton Christensen, #NFDB
1263:Both history and contemporary data show that countries prosper more when there are stable and dependable rules, under which people can make investments without having to fear unpredictable new government interventions before these investments can pay off. ~ Thomas Sowell, #NFDB
1264:The catchall phrase big data means three things. First, it is a bundle of technologies. Second, it is a potential revolution in measurement. And third, it is a point of view, or philosophy, about how decisions will be-and perhaps should be-made in the future ~ Steve Lohr, #NFDB
1265:Until financial incentives are aligned to encourage universal sharing of patient services and data, the growth of platforms within health care may be slow. Helping to bring about this alignment should be a key focus of regulators and industry leaders. ~ Geoffrey G Parker, #NFDB
1266:In the age of Big Data, the von Neumann bottleneck has philosophical implications. The more knowledge that is put into a von Neumann machine, the bigger and more crowded its memory, the further away its average data address, and the slower its functioning. ~ George Gilder, #NFDB
1267:neural mechanisms for filtering sensory data inflows exist in the neural networks for every type of sensory input that we experience, including our nonkinesthetic feeling sense (what I have called heart perception in The Secret Teachings of Plants, ~ Stephen Harrod Buhner, #NFDB
1268:The single greatest business opportunity that is now emerging in the global marketplace is the ability to analyze digital log data to trace digital actions and from those traces to develop algorithms that can predict future outcomes with greater accuracy. ~ Geoffrey Moore, #NFDB
1269:They forgot that the world doesn’t run on information. People don’t make decisions based on truth or facts. They don’t spend their money based on data. They don’t connect with each other because of some higher philosophical truth. The world runs on feelings. ~ Mark Manson, #NFDB
1270:We very often fail to think as carefully about helping others as we could, mistakenly believing that applying data and rationality to a charitable endeavor robs the act of virtue. And that means we pass up opportunities to make a tremendous difference. ~ William MacAskill, #NFDB
1271:While there have been great technological advances in the study of the brain, yielding enormous amounts of data on its physical and psychological characteristics, the old problem of relating mind to brain in a reasonable fashion remains unaccomplished. ~ Michael Gazzaniga, #NFDB
1272:After seeing the diabolically clever data-based approach taken by the North Carolina legislature in writing laws to make it more difficult for African Americans to vote, the comedian John Oliver congratulated the legislators for having “Money-balled racism. ~ Michael Lewis, #NFDB
1273:In any case, perhaps the quest for data to support our actions gets overemphasized. After all, our emotions distinguish us. Art and poetry and music are from and to the human heart, as is, for many, our relationship with the land.' ~ Eric Blehm Randy Morgenson ~ Eric Blehm, #NFDB
1274:I think philosophers can do things akin to theoretical scientists, in that, having read about empirical data, they too can think of what hypotheses and theories might account for that data. So there's a continuity between philosophy and science in that way. ~ Robert Nozick, #NFDB
1275:The biggest lie,” he said, “is, The Internet is about you.” We like to think of ourselves as people who have choice and taste and personalized content. But the Internet isn’t about us. It’s about the companies that dominate the data flows of the Internet.” Now ~ Jon Ronson, #NFDB
1276:The constant dilemma of the information age is that our ability to gather a sea of data greatly exceeds the tools and techniques available to sort, extract, and apply the information we’ve collected.” - Jeff Davidson, work-life balance expert, author, columnist ~ S J Scott, #NFDB
1277:Visualization is often used for evil - twisting insignificant data changes and making them look meaningful. Don't do that crap if you want to be my friend. Present results clearly and honestly. If something isn't working - those reviewing results need to know. ~ John Tukey, #NFDB
1278:While I was there, Voyager flew by Saturn. I got involved with a person who was a member of the imaging team and started working on data from Saturn. With all that data coming in, the imaging team didn't have enough hands or scientists to work on all of it. ~ Carolyn Porco, #NFDB
1279:Euclid 's manner of exposition, progressing relentlessly from the data to the unknown and from the hypothesis to the conclusion, is perfect for checking the argument in detail but far from being perfect for making understandable the main line of the argument. ~ George Polya, #NFDB
1280:Once you've produced the scientific data that's necessary to make a drug into a medicine, you've gone a long way towards mainstreaming the acceptance of these drugs as having beneficial properties. And then the step to legalization is not that far behind that. ~ Rick Doblin, #NFDB
1281:Pure data. You don’t believe data—you test data.” He grimaced. “If I could put my finger on the moment we genuinely fucked ourselves, it was the moment we decided that data was something you could use words like believe or disbelieve around. ~ Paolo Bacigalupi, #NFDB
1282:Red Meat, Gut Bacteria, and Heart Disease The high-protein intake from animal products doesn’t just accelerate aging and produce cancer. Excessive meat intake has also been associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular death.29 For example, combined data ~ Joel Fuhrman, #NFDB
1283:suddenly struck me — me who loves science, data, facts, and reason — that when push comes to shove, it was poetry I could count on. Poetry knew where hope lived and could elicit that lump in the throat that reminds me it’s all worth it. Science couldn’t do that. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1284:He was all too aware of how one's perceptions can start lining up to support a particular conclusion. Once a pattern begins to take shape, however erroneous it might be, the mind unconsciously favors any data points that support it and discounts any that don't. ~ John Verdon, #NFDB
1285:Black boxes are really important to our investigators. The cockpit voice recorder can give us insight into what's going on with the crew in the cockpit. The flight data recorders can give us insight into what's happening with the performance of the aircraft. ~ Deborah Hersman, #NFDB
1286:Faith is a support from above; it is the brilliant shadow thrown by a secret light that exceeds the intellect and its data; it is the heart of a hidden knowledge that is not at the mercy of immediate appearances. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Master of the Work, #NFDB
1287:It turns out that a reciprocity strategy can work better; give visitors the info they want and then ask for their information. Italian researchers found that twice as many visitors gave up their contact data if they were able to access the information first. It ~ Roger Dooley, #NFDB
1288:Seriously, we are in the midst of the convergence of voice and data and that is challenging the infrastructure of the telephone companies. There are huge commercial interests in the basic technology, but even more so in content delivery and control of content. ~ Steve Crocker, #NFDB
1289:State Farm combines skills scores with drivers’ biometric data (indicating emotional states), captured from a variety of sensors and cameras. Its data analytics lets the company customize its rates to more closely match actual risk and driver safety levels. ~ Paul R Daugherty, #NFDB
1290:Without the hard little bits of marble which are called 'facts' or 'data' one cannot compose a mosaic; what matters, however, are not so much the individual bits, but the successive patterns into which you arrange them, then break them up and rearrange them. ~ Arthur Koestler, #NFDB
1291:All data is stale. The photons reaching your eyes are stale. They tell you that you are looking at something real, but you have no information that the objects before you still exist. They may have vanished into oblivion the instant those photons took wing. ~ Alastair Reynolds, #NFDB
1292:Everything we do in the digital realm - from surfing the Web to sending an e-mail to conducting a credit card transaction to, yes, making a phone call - creates a data trail. And if that trail exists, chances are someone is using it - or will be soon enough. ~ Douglas Rushkoff, #NFDB
1293:The nation was tightly webbed in a net of interlocking data-channels, and a time-traveler from a century ago would have been horrified by the degree to which confidential information had been rendered accessible to total strangers capable of adding two plus two. ~ John Brunner, #NFDB
1294:The polling data in 1980 had Jimmy Carter nine points, winning by nine points, four or five days out. I will never forget that election night. In 1980 it was so bad for the Democrats - they got skunked so bad - Jimmy Carter conceded before 10 p.m. Eastern time. ~ Rush Limbaugh, #NFDB
1295:The traveller must, of course, always be cautious of the overly broad generalisation. But I am an American, and a paucity of data does not stop me from making sweeping, vague, conceptual statements and, if necessary, following these statements up with troops. ~ George Saunders, #NFDB
1296:A scientist naturally and inevitably ... mulls over the data and guesses at a solution. He proceeds to testing of the guess by new data-predicting the consequences of the guess and then dispassionately inquiring whether or not the predictions are verified. ~ Edwin Powell Hubble, #NFDB
1297:Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts . . . A graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. ~ William Gibson, #NFDB
1298:More often than not, when the interviewer's gut-check "yes/no" departed from the data, we'd find that the untrustworthy source was the interviewer. Despite training them not to, they routinely factored "confidence" into their result. Biases like that are pernicious! ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1299:Only when both muscle groups participated did we see a shift toward greater left-side activation in the brain. This finding supports the folk wisdom that if you intentionally produce a genuine smile, you will feel happier. We now had brain data to prove it. ~ Richard J Davidson, #NFDB
1300:propaganda piece short on data and long on strained conclusions.” One problem was that the groups didn’t like the messenger. The report, which showed that between 2008 and 2011 the rate of abortions had fallen to its lowest level since 1973, came from the Guttmacher ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1301:[Students] are also accustomed to having quick access to information. The idea of "storing" data in their heads can seem pointless. I find that they are also much more interested in learning through problem solving and group collaboration than in the past. ~ Carol Ann Tomlinson, #NFDB
1302:The appeal by twentieth-century pluralists to scientific method was also ideologically—and even messianically—driven. It ignored scientific data that interfered with environmentalist assumptions and misrepresented socialist faith as “scientific planning. ~ Paul Edward Gottfried, #NFDB
1303:The integrity of any theory, Kuhn argued, lies in its falsifiability - that is, its openness to the possibility of repudiation in the light of more evidence, fresh insights or a more creative interpretation of data whose significance was not previously understood. ~ Hugh Mackay, #NFDB
1304:favored moving toward open-source software like Linux, while Musk championed Microsoft’s data-center software as being more likely to keep productivity high. This squabble may sound silly to outsiders, but it was the equivalent of a religious war to the engineers, ~ Ashlee Vance, #NFDB
1305:I will, in fact, claim that the difference between a bad programmer and a good one is whether he considers his code or his data structures more important. Bad programmers worry about the code. Good programmers worry about data structures and their relationships. ~ Linus Torvalds, #NFDB
1306:We could ask about anything; the only constraint was that the questionnaire should include at least one mention of fish, to make it pertinent to the mission of the department. This went on for many months, and we treated ourselves to an orgy of data collection. ~ Daniel Kahneman, #NFDB
1307:All research in the cultural sciences in an age of specialization, once it is oriented towards a given subject matter through particular settings of problems and has established its methodological principles, will consider the analysis of the data as an end in itself. ~ Max Weber, #NFDB
1308:I looked at [Geena Davis] research and see things like 21 percent of filmmakers are women, only 31 percent of speaking roles in popular films are female - you start seeing it everywhere. It's so much bigger. So you've uncovered this groundbreaking data and research. ~ Emma Watson, #NFDB
1309:the notion that we know all there is to know about people and their needs and that all these data are pinned down exactly and fully explained by the market, the state, sociological surveys, ratings, and everything else that turns people into the Global Anonymous. ~ Zygmunt Bauman, #NFDB
1310:EagleView Technologies had a satellite mapping service that was similar to Google Maps, but it had more coverage with higher resolution in places where Google Maps did not bother to provide data, which made it a great resource for military and intelligence purposes. ~ Mark Greaney, #NFDB
1311:I don't practice, but I am still officially in paediatrics. I keep in touch with journals, and I have a very good data bank of medical information and there is a key thing for a writer knowing where to go. I know where to go to get the information that I need. ~ Jonathan Kellerman, #NFDB
1312:IF YOU WANT TO transfer a few hundred gigabytes of data, it’s generally faster to FedEx a hard drive than to send the files over the Internet. This isn’t a new idea—it’s often dubbed “SneakerNet”—and it’s even how Google transfers large amounts of data internally. ~ Randall Munroe, #NFDB
1313:In the first twelve months, through data mining, language analysis, and recommendation algorithms, we proved the feasibility of the core building blocks. Then we set about in earnest to integrate those pieces in the Email Language Optimization Project, or ELOPe. ~ William Hertling, #NFDB
1314:Judgement requires, then, the joint operation of sensibility and understanding. A mind without concepts would have no capacity to think; equally, a mind armed with concepts, but with no sensory data to which they could be applied, would have nothing to think about. ~ Roger Scruton, #NFDB
1315:Resveratrol is fascinating stuff. One of the best sources of information about it is the Immortality Institute. They have a forum where some people are in the 500 Club, as they call it. They've been taking 500 milligrams for years. It's a really great source of data. ~ Tim Ferriss, #NFDB
1316:With the Internet, the greatest disseminator of bad data and bad information the universe has ever known, it's become impossible to trust any news from any source at all, because it's filtered through this crazy yenta gossip line. It's impossible to know anything. ~ Harlan Ellison, #NFDB
1317:Even without newfangled brain technologies, some forms of deception might become harder to practice thanks to increased availability of many kinds of data, including reputations and track records, or the promulgation of strong epistemic norms and rationality culture. ~ Nick Bostrom, #NFDB
1318:One common behavior of late Stage 3 [in the process of a company's decline] is when those in power blame other people or external factors- or otherwise explain away the data- rather than confront the frightening reality that the enterprise may be in serious trouble. ~ Susan Collins, #NFDB
1319:Pageview journalism treats people by what they appear to want—from data that is unrepresentative to say the least—and gives them this and only this until they have forgotten that there could be anything else. It takes the audience at their worst and makes them worse. ~ Ryan Holiday, #NFDB
1320:Take the self-driving car and the smartphone and put those together and think about how to manage a smart grid because suddenly you have all of this data coming from those two mechanisms that allow for a much higher level of allocating energy much more efficiently. ~ Jonathon Keats, #NFDB
1321:A great pollster may have an ideology, but they must divorce it from his or her analysis or raw polling data. That is never to say a poll should cause a candidate to change a heartfelt position. Rather, it is a question of emphasis and deemphasis that must be examined. ~ Roger Stone, #NFDB
1322:Every possible dysfunction is competing against every other possible dysfunction to explain the observed data. Sloppy cynicism will usually be wrong, just like your Facebook acquaintances who attribute civilizational dysfunctions to giant malevolent conspiracies. ~ Eliezer Yudkowsky, #NFDB
1323:However, simplicity is a virtue when developing metrics for your platform business. Overcomplex metrics make management less effective by introducing noise, discouraging frequent analysis, and distracting from the handful of data points that are most significant. ~ Geoffrey G Parker, #NFDB
1324:Intuition is born of a direct awareness while intellect is an indirect action of a knowledge which constructs itself with difficulty out of the unknown from signs and indications and gathered data. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, Brahman, Purusha, Ishwara - Maya, Prakriti, Shakti, #NFDB
1325:Regular users know nothing about program languages or varying exchange protocols. They just want the thing to run. So Microsoft invented a way to bundle executable programs and data, the DLL, that allows them to be smoothly exchanged by computers on different networks. ~ Mark Bowden, #NFDB
1326:And most big data programs do a poor job of identifying which correlations are more or less likely to be spurious. The use of big data to draw inferences that should be evaluated and tested is often neglected in favor of using big data to produce real-time transactions— ~ Alec J Ross, #NFDB
1327:Experience is devoid of the cherry-picking that we find in studies, particularly those called “observational,” ones in which the researcher finds past patterns, and, thanks to the sheer amount of data, can therefore fall into the trap of an invented narrative. ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
1328:He wondered whether the designers of the phone had performed clinical studies on snoozers in order to decide on the nine-minute interval. Why not eight minutes, or ten? The makers of the phone were famously particular about design. This had to have been data-driven. ~ Neal Stephenson, #NFDB
1329:I'm repledging myself to human-scale values. As a fiction writer, the best data comes through the senses and is then processed through many revisions. We have to learn to be intelligent assessors of the data coming in to us and what it's doing to our mental process. ~ George Saunders, #NFDB
1330:In China, Internet surveillance has already become a profitable industry. In fact, a growing number of private firms eagerly assist the local police by aggregating this data and presenting it in easy-to-browse formats, allowing humans to pursue more analytical tasks. ~ Evgeny Morozov, #NFDB
1331:In fact, when you try to use [Hans Rosling] data to predict the future, all sorts of problems arise. But what it does do is say, hey, just catch your breath a minute and see what's really been going on. We do have reason to feel good about the fact we've made progress. ~ Keith Devlin, #NFDB
1332:Quem se põe com conversas de duplo sentido tem de pensar primeiro no que se está a meter. Uma pessoa recta que fala conforme lhe cresceu o bico raramente leva no trombil. E se já levou uma data de vezes, tanto mais se põe a pau, e na dúvida fecha a cloaca em público. ~ Jaroslav Ha ek, #NFDB
1333:Recent economic data shows that our economy is robust, growing and headed in the right direction. The numbers don't lie. Americans are currently enjoying falling gas prices, low unemployment, increased job creation, and a stock market that has reached an all-time high. ~ J D Hayworth, #NFDB
1334:Resultant SCP-658 measures 45 by 45 by 20 cm. Upper half of object occupied by a single video screen, which constantly displays shaky, colorless footage of an unmoving human figure suspended in mid-air within a featureless room (tentatively identified as [DATA EXPUNGED]). ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1335:A problem-solving organization should not be allowed to decide what data to publish either. The people trying to solve a problem on the ground, who will always want more funds, should not also be the people measuring progress. That can lead to really misleading numbers. ~ Hans Rosling, #NFDB
1336:Hayek, more than anyone else, illuminated the knowledge problem. Simply put: No one person can ever know enough. Planners who think they can process all of the data from disparate sources across vast expanses of geography and culture are, quite simply, educated fools. ~ Jonah Goldberg, #NFDB
1337:I'm telling as an actual source to the press,I'm telling you as a source that, to the best of my knowledge, and based on conversations that the RNC has had with the FBI, I know of no instance that [George Stephanopoulos] describing involving the RNC or the RNC's data. ~ Reince Priebus, #NFDB
1338:Is there water still on Mars? I don't have a view on that because we don't have good data to answer that question. One of the biggest mistakes you can make if you're a scientist is to think you know the answer, or wish for a certain answer, before you actually have it. ~ Steve Squyres, #NFDB
1339:Jeremiah de Saint-Amour amava a vida com uma paixão sem sentido, amava o mar e o amor, amava seu cachorro e ela, e à medida que a data se aproximava ia sucumbindo ao desespero, como se sua morte não tivesse sido uma decisão própria e sim um destino inexorável. ~ Gabriel Garc a M rquez, #NFDB
1340:Science may provide the most useful way to organize empirical, reproducible data, but its power to do so is predicated on its inability to grasp the most central aspects of human life: hope, fear, love, hate, beauty, envy, honor, weakness, striving, suffering, virtue. ~ Paul Kalanithi, #NFDB
1341:Design has a powerful impact on the viewer. It has authority, and data also has the same air of authenticity and detail. It can be hard to argue with a graph, and it's hard to argue with data. So to combine data with a strong visual impact creates a powerful message. ~ David Mccandless, #NFDB
1342:Global data is generally subject to two problems: routines operate on global data without knowing that other routines are operating on it, and routines are aware that other routines are operating on the global data but they don't know exactly what they're doing to it. ~ Steve McConnell, #NFDB
1343:In a way, if you are the data-driven marketing business owner, your position is similar to the owner of a football team. You don’t get to train the players or call the plays, you just get to pay the bills but really need results to sell tickets and keep the stadium full. ~ Mark Jeffery, #NFDB
1344:in the 1980s it was only government, the military and large businesses that owned computers powerful enough to run RSA. Not surprisingly, RSA Data Security, Inc., the company set up to commercialize RSA, developed their encryption products with only these markets in mind. ~ Simon Singh, #NFDB
1345:they didn't examine the problem and accumulate data to figure out the best solution - they engineered the outcome they wanted from the beginning. if they didn't achieve their desired outcome, they understood it was because of a decision they made at the start of a process ~ Simon Sinek, #NFDB
1346:This is hard to accept in the age of the Internet. It has been very hard for me to explain that the more data you get, the less you know what’s going on, and the more iatrogenics you will cause. People are still under the illusion that “science” means more data. ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb, #NFDB
1347:What we know is smartphones are everywhere and they are rich in data. What we know is that there are apps once downloaded by the consumer that will also in turn download the consumers' contact book. Most consumers don't want that to happen and don't know it's happening. ~ Kamala Harris, #NFDB
1348:American prisons and jails housed an estimated 356,268 [people] with severe mental illness.… [a] figure [that] is more than 10 times the number of mentally ill patients in state psychiatric hospitals [in 2012, the last year for reliable data]—about 35,000 people. ~ Patrisse Khan Cullors, #NFDB
1349:As we have seen in the data, resentment against the West comes from what Muslims perceive as the West's hatred and denigration of Islam; the Western belief that Arabs and Muslims are inferior,; and their fear of Western intervention, domination, or occupation. (p. 141) ~ John L Esposito, #NFDB
1350:Data Information generated, collected or created by users — such as songs, photos, or news clippings — are examples of stored value in the form of content. But sometimes users invest in a service by either actively or passively adding data about themselves or their behaviors. ~ Nir Eyal, #NFDB
1351:I don’t think I like your tone, young man. Has this country gotten so accustomed to wiping its hinder with the Constitution that now the police are free to go door-to-door gathering fingerprints from citizens without cause? What are you building, some kind of data bank? ~ Richard Castle, #NFDB
1352:Relying on data—indeed, expecting every conversation to be rooted in data—upends the traditional role of managers. It transforms them from being providers of intuition to facilitators in a search for truth, with the most useful facts being brought to bear on each decision. ~ Laszlo Bock, #NFDB
1353:Statistical anomalies are interesting, and they may mean something, but you know if you go into a problem with a bias toward finding a certain solution, even in random data, you’re going to find a pattern that supports your solution. All you have to do is look long enough. ~ Bobby Adair, #NFDB
1354:There is no need for the scientist to go into whether an observation was made, nor into the who, what, when, or where. The data on which scientific theorizing is based are rather the propositional contents of the instrument readings recorded, or the facts detected thereby. ~ Ernest Sosa, #NFDB
1355:These data suggest very strongly that participating in the playing of violent video games by children and youth increase aggressive thought and behavior; increase antisocial behavior and delinquency; engender poor school performance; desensitize the game player to violence. ~ Leland Yee, #NFDB
1356:US intelligence agencies will only use such data to meet specific security requirements: counterintelligence, counterterrorism, counterproliferation, cybersecurity, force protection for our troops and allies, and combating transnational crime, including sanctions evasion. ~ Barack Obama, #NFDB
1357:When a human being becomes a set of data on a website like Facebook, he or she is reduced. Everything shrinks. Individual character. Friendships. Language. Sensibility. In a way it’s a transcendent experience: we lose our bodies, our messy feelings, our desires, our fears. ~ Zadie Smith, #NFDB
1358:Attempts have been made from a study of the changes produced by mutation to obtain the relative order of the bases within various triplets, but my own view is that these are premature until there is more extensive and more reliable data on the composition of the triplets. ~ Francis Crick, #NFDB
1359:Io non vi dico di prepararvi all'altra vita, ma di usare bene quest'unica vita che vi è data, per affrontare quando verrà, l'unica morte di cui avrete mai esperienza. E' necessario meditare prima, e molte volte, sull'arte del morire, per riuscire a farlo bene una sola volta ~ Umberto Eco, #NFDB
1360:Reaction is just that—an action you have taken before. When you “re-act,” what you do is assess the incoming data, search your memory bank for the same or nearly the same experience, and act the way you did before. This is all the work of the mind, not of your soul. ~ Neale Donald Walsch, #NFDB
1361:In an automobile, if you think about the navigation system - of all the cars in the world, four out of five cars in the world if they have a navigation system have something from Nokia inside that car - the data, the platform, something. So we play a very strong role there. ~ Stephen Elop, #NFDB
1362:In war there are none but particular cases; everything has there an individual nature; nothing ever repeats itself. In the first place, the data of a military problem are but seldom certain; they are never final . Everything is in a constant state of change and reshaping. ~ Ferdinand Foch, #NFDB
1363:Language fails not because thought fails, but because no verbal symbols can do justice to the fullness and richness of thought. Ifwe are to continue talking about "data" in any other sense than as reflective distinctions, the original datum is always such a qualitative whole. ~ John Dewey, #NFDB
1364:My answer to someone who is in contrast with me - by not seeing God in the scientific data - is that you don't see God in the scientific data because you're not me. I have other experiences than you have, that bring me to look at this data as enriching my experience of God. ~ George Coyne, #NFDB
1365:Cancer is really a slew of rare diseases. Lung cancer has 700 sub-types, breast cancer has 30,000 mutations which means that every cancer in its own right is a rare disease. Sharing data globally in this context is really important from a life-threatening perspective. ~ Patrick Soon Shiong, #NFDB
1366:Saddam Hussein's mind would have been a unique resource for historical, political and psychological research: a resource that is now forever unavailable to scholars... In a small way his execution represents a wanton and vandalistic destruction of important research data. ~ Richard Dawkins, #NFDB
1367:But then came random event number two: The backup system, we discovered, hadn’t been working correctly. The mechanism we had in place specifically to help us recover from data failures had itself failed. Toy Story 2 was gone and, at this point, the urge to panic was quite real. ~ Ed Catmull, #NFDB
1368:Diana: Theo, if you had access to one of those computers, could you find a way to, I don't know--
Theo: Infiltrate Jason's network and decimate his data stores, corrupting every bit of information he's gathered and rendering his research worthless?
Diana: Um, yes that. ~ Leigh Bardugo,#NFDB
1369:If we look at American history, between 1942 and 1947, the data that was collected by the Census Bureau was handed over to the FBI and other organizations at the request of President Roosevelt, and that's how the Japanese were rounded up and put into the internment camps. ~ Michele Bachmann, #NFDB
1370:I will tell you one thing that will make you rich for life. There are two struggles: an Inner-world struggle and an Outer-world struggle...you must make an intentional contact between these two worlds; then you can crystallize data for the Third World, the World of the Soul. ~ G I Gurdjieff, #NFDB
1371:There's a world of difference . . . between that information to which we now presumably have access by way of computers, libraries, and the rest of it, great stockpiles of data, and the knowledge that people have in their bones by which they do good work and live good lives. ~ Wendell Berry, #NFDB
1372:When viewed from this perspective, personal growth can actually be quite scientific. Our values are our hypotheses: this behavior is good and important; that other behavior is not. Our actions are the experiments; the resulting emotions and thought patterns are our data. There ~ Mark Manson, #NFDB
1373:And there is a lot of idiosyncrasy. But there are also regularities and phenomena. And what the data is going to be able to do - if there's enough of it - is uncover, in the mess and the noise of the world, some lines of music that actually have harmony. It's there, somewhere. ~ Esther Duflo, #NFDB
1374:I have a computer screen near my seat where I monitor the overall health of the vehicle and pick up any problems that might be occurring early on or once we see any kind of a malfunction or anything unusual that's happening, we can look at the data and figure out what that is. ~ Laurel Clark, #NFDB
1375:Making workable choices occurs in a crucible of informative mistakes. Thus Intelligence accepts fallibility. And when absolute (infallible) choices are not known, Intelligence takes chances with limited data in an arena where mistakes are not only possible but also necessary. ~ Frank Herbert, #NFDB
1376:Real data is messy. ...It's all very noisy out there. Very hard to spot the tune. Like a piano in the next room, it's playing your song, but unfortunately it's out of whack, some of the strings are missing, and the pianist is tone deaf and drunk- I mean, the noise! Impossible! ~ Tom Stoppard, #NFDB
1377:The conjuror or con man is a very good provider of information. He supplies lots of data, by inference or direct statement, but it's false data. Scientists aren't used to that scenario. An electron or a galaxy is not capricious, nor deceptive; but a human can be either or both. ~ James Randi, #NFDB
1378:American liberalism flaunts its pragmatism. It may have strong moral and philosophical beliefs, but it likes to claim that it derives conclusions from evidence and data, not dogma; its expectations for politics and human nature remain on the hard ground, not up in the utopian sky. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1379:A pulse. Beat-beating against her palm. Alive.
Beat by beat the bottomless whirlwind of perceptions and data and images and sensations careening through her mind—so many how can this tiny skull hold them all—began to abate in time to the rhythm of not her pulse, but his. ~ G S Jennsen,#NFDB
1380:I often calculate odds on horse races; the civil service computermen frequently program such requests. But the results are so at variance with expectations that I have concluded either that the data is too meager, or the horses or riders are not honest. Possibly all three. ~ Robert A Heinlein, #NFDB
1381:Science may provide the most useful way to organize empirical, reproducible data, but its power to do so is predicated on its inability to grasp the most central aspects of human life: hope, fear, love, hate, beauty, envy, honor, weakness, striving, suffering, virtue. Between ~ Paul Kalanithi, #NFDB
1382:She flips to the second page. “The projects seem to fall into the following categories: replacing fragile infrastructure, vendor upgrades, or supporting some internal business requirement. The rest are a hodgepodge of audit and security work, data center upgrade work, and so forth. ~ Gene Kim, #NFDB
1383:What data can tell you is if you have 10 messages, all of which you believe, it can tell you which messages are resonating and which aren't. And if you break it down even further, the truth of the matter is some messages resonate one place and other messages resonate another place. ~ Ted Cruz, #NFDB
1384:But collecting mountains of data when our entire civilization was falling in shards around us … ? When an unseen Enemy had leveled most of the cities? When every freeman’s hand was set against education and knowledge and the gentry whom they held responsible for the disaster? ~ L E Modesitt Jr, #NFDB
1385:Every day, three times per second, we produce the equivalent of the amount of data that the Library of Congress has in it's entire print collection, right? But most of it is like cat videos on YouTube or thirteen-year-olds exchanging text messages about the next 'Twilight' movie. ~ Nate Silver, #NFDB
1386:I got entangled in my own data, and my conclusion directly contradicts the original idea from which I start. Starting from unlimited freedom, I conclude with unlimited despotism. I will add, however, that apart from my solution of the social formula, there can be no other. ~ Fyodor Dostoyevsky, #NFDB
1387:I want to have enough data, so I won't write myself into thin air, so that I can extrapolate and give you this secret human infrastructure. The only way I sate my own curiosity is to create this from scratch. There must be commanding love stories. There must be great moral cost. ~ James Ellroy, #NFDB
1388:We are now at a point in time when the ability to receive, utilize, store, transform and transmit data - the lowest cognitive form - has expanded literally beyond comprehension. Understanding and wisdom are largely forgotten as we struggle under an avalanche of data and information. ~ Dee Hock, #NFDB
1389:Data is the new soil, because for me, it feels like a fertile, creative medium. Over the years, online, we've laid down a huge amount of information and data, and we irrigate it with networks and connectivity, and it's been worked and tilled by unpaid workers and governments. ~ David Mccandless, #NFDB
1390:For example, we can gauge the outside temperature combining the user’s current location with online weather information, and then use this data to offer phone numbers for nearby cab companies in addition to a walking route, assuming the user may not wish to walk to work in the rain. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1391:In the absence of data, we will always make up stories. It’s how we are wired. Meaning making is in our biology, and when we’re in struggle, our default is often to come up with a story that makes sense of what’s happening and gives our brain information on how best to selfprotect. ~ Bren Brown, #NFDB
1392:I was in a state of perpetual disbelief. I would have thought that someone would have recognized what was coming before June 2007. If it really took that June remit data to cause a sudden realization, well, it makes me wonder what a ‘Wall Street analyst’ really does all day.” By ~ Michael Lewis, #NFDB
1393:technologies like big data and analytics, high-speed communications, and rapid prototyping have augmented the contributions made by more abstract and data-driven reasoning, and in turn have increased the value of people with the right engineering, creative, or design skills. ~ Erik Brynjolfsson, #NFDB
1394:The fact that all normal children acquire essentially comparable grammars of great complexity with remarkable rapidity suggests that human beings are somehow specially designed to do this, with data-handling or 'hypothesis-formulating' ability of unknown character and complexity. ~ Noam Chomsky, #NFDB
1395:The philosophical implications of "predictive coding" are deep and strange. The model suggests that our perceptions of the world offer us not a literal transcription of reality but rather a seamless illusion woven from both the data of our senses and the models in our memories. ~ Michael Pollan, #NFDB
1396:There is no need for a fear of losing control over who is accessing the network to hold back the productivity benefits of flexible working. By examining their access strategy, businesses can implement practices that will keep data secure and control access what and from where. ~ Richard Jackson, #NFDB
1397:Whereas much of what we know from ancient history is derived from one or two sources, we have no fewer than nine ancient sources, inside and outside the New Testament, corroborating the disciples' conviction that they encountered the resurrected Jesus. That's an avalanche of data. ~ Lee Strobel, #NFDB
1398:Cloud computing offers individuals access to data and applications from nearly any point of access to the Internet, offers businesses a whole new way to cut costs for technical infrastructure, and offers big computer companies a potentially giant market for hardware and services. ~ Jamais Cascio, #NFDB
1399:For me the information has to remain incredibly neutral. It's what I would call 'ice-like' information. I receive very rapid impressions. I don't have to sit there and concentrate. Because, if I start to really focus, my conscious mind begins to apply data, which is not accurate. ~ Caroline Myss, #NFDB
1400:I still think I love him more. It's one of those things you never know for certain because there's no way to enter all the relationship data in a computer and have it spit out a definitive answer. You can't quantify love, and if you try, you wind up focusing on misleading factors. ~ Emily Giffin, #NFDB
1401:One way of building private foresight out of public data is looking where others aren't ... if you want to see the future, go to an industry confab and get the list of what was talked about. Then ask, "What did people never talk about?" That's where you're going to find opportunity. ~ Gary Hamel, #NFDB
1402:PA is the process by which an organization learns from the experience it has collectively gained across its team members and computer systems. In fact, an organization that doesn’t leverage its data in this way is like a person with a photographic memory who never bothers to think. ~ Eric Siegel, #NFDB
1403:The three main observactions - (1) the tail of available variety is far longer than we realize; (2) it's now within reach economically; (3) all those niches, when aggregated, can make up a significant market - seemed indisputable, especially baked up with heretofore unseen data. ~ Chris Anderson, #NFDB
1404:we learn the emotional habits that can undermine our best intentions, as well as what we can do to subdue our more destructive or self-defeating emotional impulses. Most important, the neurological data suggest a window of opportunity for shaping our children’s emotional habits. ~ Daniel Goleman, #NFDB
1405:Copper comes a cropper The general rout in commodity prices spread to copper, knocking the share prices of some big mining companies. The price of copper has fallen by 12% since the start of this year. One reason is that China, the biggest importer, has produced a string of weak data. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1406:Digital analytics is the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from your business and the competition to drive a continual improvement of the online experience that your customers and potential customers have which translates to your desired outcomes (both online and offline). ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1407:Indeed, the line between perceiving and hallucinating is not as crisp as we like to think. In a sense, when we look at the world, we are hallucinating all the time. One could almost regard perception as the act of choosing the one hallucination that best fits the incoming data. ~ V S Ramachandran, #NFDB
1408:Others point to data showing that even as toddlers, 40 percent of American two-year-olds watch TV for at least three hours a day—hours they are not interacting with people who can help them learn to get along better. The more TV they watch, the more unruly they are by school age. ~ Daniel Goleman, #NFDB
1409:Research can only present data about the past. No one seriously believes that people's answers to hypothetical questions about the future accurately represent their future behaviour; they merely represent a current attitude, which may or may not be translated into future behaviour. ~ Stephen King, #NFDB
1410:The available divorce data show that marital breakdown is now considerably more common in the Bible Belt than in the secular Northeast. . . . The percentages of broken families and unwed mothers remained higher in places like Arkansas and Oklahoma than in New York and Massachusetts. ~ Joe Conason, #NFDB
1411:The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reports that the number of overweight adult Americans increased over 60 percent between 1991 and 2000. According to CDC data, the U.S. population of overweight children between ages two and five increased by almost 36 percent from 1989 to 1999. ~ Richard Louv, #NFDB
1412:The extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record persists as a trade secret of Paleontology. Evolutionary trees that adorn our textbooks have data only at the tips and nodes of their branches; the rest is inference, however reasonable, not the evidence of fossils. ~ Stephen Jay Gould, #NFDB
1413:This isn’t an either/or choice. You need both data and good old-fashioned political instinct. I’m convinced that the answer for Democrats going forward is not to abandon data but to obtain better data, use it more effectively, question every assumption, and keep adapting. ~ Hillary Rodham Clinton, #NFDB
1414:Web Analytics 2.0 is: the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from your website and the competition, to drive a continual improvement of the online experience that your customers, and potential customers have, which translates into your desired outcomes (online and offline). ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1415:Instead, decisions should be made at the lowest possible level of an organization. The only questions that should rise up the org chart are ones where, Serrat continues, “given the same data and information,” more senior leaders would make a different decision than the rank and file. ~ Laszlo Bock, #NFDB
1416:Learn about the key developer tasks that you will need to perform when developing a Windows Store business app. Included are tasks for pages, touch, validation, application data, tiles, search, performance, testing, extended splash screens, incremental loading, and the Prism libraries. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1417:Photographic data... is still and ESSENTIALLY THE SAFEST POETIC MEDIUM and the most agile process for catching the most delicate osmoses which exist between reality and surreality. The mere fact of photographic transposition means a total invention: the capture of a secret reality. ~ Salvador Dali, #NFDB
1418:Rough night?" Zay asked.
"Oh, no. Glorious, thanks. Mum had me cross-checking data on solid Veiled all damn night.Fuckin' A, there better be a shot of whiskey at the end of this damn morning."
"Nola said she'd have fresh coffee," I said.
"Whiskey. I'll say it slow: whiiiskey. ~ Devon Monk,#NFDB
1419:The first thing Martin always did when he found some new data file was to search for his own name. It may seem egocentric, but Martin wasn’t worried about that. He had spent a lot of time thinking about himself, and had come to the conclusion that he was definitely not self-absorbed. ~ Scott Meyer, #NFDB
1420:In effect, DNA seems capable of collecting information—through the language of food—about changing conditions in the outside world, enacting alteration based on that information, and documenting both the collected data and its response for the benefit of subsequent generations. ~ Catherine Shanahan, #NFDB
1421:The mind, in short, works on the data it receives very much as a sculptor works on his block of stone. In a sense the statue stoodthere from eternity. But there were a thousand different ones beside it, and the sculptor alone is to thank for having extricated this one from the rest. ~ William James, #NFDB
1422:Using both experiments and field data, a recent study found that economic insecurity was associated with increased consumption of painkillers and produced actual physical pain and reduced pain tolerance, with the absence of control providing one mechanism explaining these results. ~ Jeffrey Pfeffer, #NFDB
1423:What data did you notice about the week, what stood out for you? What were your emotional reactions to the week? What made you happy? Where were you challenged? Where were you frustrated? What were your insights? What did you learn? What one or two things will you do based on this week? ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1424:I have stressed this distinction because it is an important one. It defines the fundamental difference between probability and statistics: the former concerns predictions based on fixed probabilities; the latter concerns the inference of those probabilities based on observed data. ~ Leonard Mlodinow, #NFDB
1425:Learning algorithms are the seeds, data is the soil, and the learned programs are the grown plants. The machine-learning expert is like a farmer, sowing the seeds, irrigating and fertilizing the soil, and keeping an eye on the health of the crop but otherwise staying out of the way. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
1426:The AmpLab Spark project extends the Hive codebase to operate over data using the Spark distributed processing engine. Shark’s in-memory model enables queries to return results exponentially faster than a typical Hive query. Shark can be used in conjunction with existing Hadoop clusters. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1427:Doc! I’d kiss you if you had a mouth, you sexy thing.” Ro shouts up to the sky, as if Doc were everywhere in the universe. Which, sometimes, it feels like he is. “And I would exchange data with you if you had a dataport, you exemplary specimen. Analogically speaking. Is that correct? ~ Margaret Stohl, #NFDB
1428:For starters, consider Study 329, which cost GlaxoSmithKlein $3 billion for their efforts to promote antidepressants to youngsters.10 This drug company manipulated data that hid signs of increased risk of suicide. The company also falsely represented Paxil as outperforming a placebo.11 ~ Kelly Brogan, #NFDB
1429:My father will pay,' [Julian] says after a beat. 'I'm valuable to the movement.' I don't say anything. In a world without love, this is what people are to each other: values, benefits and liabilities, numbers and data. We weigh, we quantify, we measure, and the soul is ground to dust. ~ Lauren Oliver, #NFDB
1430:Will Hillary [Clinton] survive or will the villains...? [James] Comey and the FBI and the Republicans, will they succeed? There isn't any coverage of whether or not Hillary actually broke the law. The media's not interested in whether or not she actually trafficked in classified data. ~ Rush Limbaugh, #NFDB
1431:But machine learning is the art of making false assumptions and getting away with it. As the statistician George Box famously put it: “All models are wrong, but some are useful.” An oversimplified model that you have enough data to estimate is better than a perfect one that you don’t. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
1432:E-mail, when it became mobile - what happened? Utilization of email went through the roof. Just pure Internet access and data - what happens when you mobilize it? Multiples. People are dependent upon broadband and as you mobilize it, they become even more dependent on broadband. ~ Randall L Stephenson, #NFDB
1433:It's always the balance between the individual's subjective experience and the social structural condition. As individuals we have access to more than we've ever had before. Giving up our data seems a small price to pay, especially if, as you say, we don't feel we have anything to hide. ~ Astra Taylor, #NFDB
1434:Properly speaking, the unconscious is the real psychic; its inner nature is just as unknown to us as the reality of the external world, and it is just as imperfectly reported to us through the data of consciousness as is the external world through the indications of our sensory organs. ~ Sigmund Freud, #NFDB
1435:That iPhone sitting in your pocket is the exact equivalent of a Cray XMP supercomputer from twenty years ago that used to cost ten million dollars. It’s got the same operating system software, the same processing speed, the same data storage, compressed down to a six-hundred-dollar device. ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1436:Whoever has the best algorithms and the most data wins. A new type of network effect takes hold: whoever has the most customers accumulates the most data, learns the best models, wins the most new customers, and so on in a virtuous circle (or a vicious one, if you’re the competition). ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
1437:Actually, IBM went through a severe identity crisis. It almost missed the computer opportunity. It became capable of growth only through a palace coup which overthrew Thomas J. Watson, Sr., the company’s founder, its chief executive, and for long years the prophet of “data processing. ~ Peter F Drucker, #NFDB
1438:Birth order effects are like those things that you think you see out of the corner of your eye but that disappear when you look at them closely. They do keep turning up but only because people keep looking for them and keep analyzing and reanalyzing their data until they find them. ~ Judith Rich Harris, #NFDB
1439:But there is no cause to concern because we now know, through the work of Dr Mark Rosenweig in Paris, that even if your brain were fed 10 items of data (each item being a simple word or image) every second for 100 years, it would still have used less than one-tenth of its storage capacity. ~ Tony Buzan, #NFDB
1440:Even Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner, the person who wrote the USA PATRIOT Act, was surprised when he learned that the NSA used it as a legal justification for collecting mass-surveillance data on Americans. "It's like scooping up the entire ocean to guarantee you catch a fish," he said. ~ Bruce Schneier, #NFDB
1441:genius is much more than high intelligence, innate talent, extraordinary work ethic, or uncanny luck, but rather a composite manifestation; a synthesis of very specific types of worldviews and behaviors. The more he looked at data through this lens, the more things started to make sense. ~ Sean Patrick, #NFDB
1442:If you want access to the files of valuable information in a computer, you must understand how to retrieve the data by asking for it with the proper commands. Likewise, what enables you to get anything you want from your own personal databanks is the commanding power of asking questions. ~ Tony Robbins, #NFDB
1443:There is a generation of skimmers. It's not that they don't want to read in-depth content, but they want to evaluate what the content is before they commit time. Especially on a mobile phone - you don't have the phone, or cellular data, or screen size to be reading full-length content. ~ Nick D Aloisio, #NFDB
1444:Even though medicine is all about facts and data, the driving force of what engages people (employees, investors, customers) is the human story behind what we’re doing. Again and again we have found that crafting it into human terms is the most effective way to engage those three groups. ~ Carmine Gallo, #NFDB
1445:If we analyse the supernova data by assuming the Copernican principle is correct and get out something unphysical, I think we should start questioning the Copernican principle…. Whatever our theoretical predilections, they will in the end have to give way to the observational evidence. ~ George F R Ellis, #NFDB
1446:If you can follow only one bit of data, follow the earnings - assuming the company in question has earnings. I subscribe to the crusty notion that sooner or later earnings make or break an investment in equities. What the stock price does today, tomorrow, or next week is only a distraction. ~ Peter Lynch, #NFDB
1447:Indeed, the line between perceiving and hallucinating is not as crisp as we like to think. In a sense, when we look at the world, we are hallucinating all the time. One could almost regard perception as the act of choosing the one hallucination that best fits the incoming data. ~ Vilayanur S Ramachandran, #NFDB
1448:One of my heroes, almost necessarily from what I'm saying, of course, is Borges, who is a supreme master of doing thing -- being a data bank -- and the beauty of this economy is that he could have written War and Peace in three or four pages; who knows, it might have been a better book. ~ Peter Greenaway, #NFDB
1449:Studies have shown that the average social media user consumes 285 pieces of content a day, which equates to about 54,000 words (the length of an average novel). We encounter one thousand clickable links and are bombarded by 174 newspapers’ worth of data a day just through social media alone. ~ S J Scott, #NFDB
1450:finance. What’s the expected amount of data? What’s the expected signal in the data? How much data do we have? What are the opportunities to use this model? What is the payoff for those opportunities? What’s the scale of this model if it works? What’s the probability that the idea is valid? ~ Cathy O Neil, #NFDB
1451:Global warming alarmists invariably try to make their case by resorting to rhetoric, dogma, opinion, and emotion. The closest thing to scientific data in their articles is the occasional chart claiming a poorly understood correlation between atmospheric CO2 and the Earth's temperature. ~ Walter Cunningham, #NFDB
1452:He became another data point in the American experiment of self-government, an experiment statistically skewed from the outset, because it wasn't the people with sociable genes who fled the crowded Old World for the new continent; it was the people who didn't get along well with others. ~ Jonathan Franzen, #NFDB
1453:He became another data point in the American experiment of self-government, an experiment statistically skewed from the outset, because it wasn’t the people with sociable genes who fled the crowded Old World for the new continent; it was the people who didn’t get along well with others. ~ Jonathan Franzen, #NFDB
1454:In competition, everything is very well planned in advance and very well detailed. You just stick to the plan, keep your head down and be as disciplined as possible in every aspect, whether sleep, recovery or the intensity of your training. And it's all recorded; the data is analysed. ~ Victoria Pendleton, #NFDB
1455:A manager who takes the time to probe the data and who listens to the various perspectives has a crucial advantage. Not only does he figure out what really happened in the specific case, he also sends an empowering message to his staff: if you make an honest mistake we will not penalise you. ~ Matthew Syed, #NFDB
1456:...a person and an organization must have goals, take actions to achieve those goals, gather evidence of achievement, study and reflect on the data and from that take actions again. Thus, they are in a continuous feedback spiral toward continuous improvement. This is what 'Kaizan' means. ~ W Edwards Deming, #NFDB
1457:That iPhone sitting in your pocket is the exact equivalent of a Cray XMP supercomputer from twenty years ago that used to cost ten million dollars. It’s got the same operating system software, the same processing speed, the same data storage, compressed down to a six-hundred-dollar device. That ~ Anonymous, #NFDB
1458:The hope is that, in not too many years, human brains and computing machines will be coupled together very tightly, and that the resulting partnership will think as no human brain has ever thought and process data in a way not approached by the information-handling machines we know today. ~ J C R Licklider, #NFDB
1459:We're long past having to defend or explain why women should be on boards, given all the data that shows how companies with female as well as male directors perform better. It's unfortunate when companies with a large percentage of women constituents don't reflect that in their boardrooms. ~ Anne M Mulcahy, #NFDB
1460:Any enterprise CEO really ought to be able to ask a question that involves connecting data across the organization, be able to run a company effectively, and especially to be able to respond to unexpected events. Most organizations are missing this ability to connect all the data together. ~ Tim Berners Lee, #NFDB
1461:This is an ongoing threat from a variety of sources around the world. And actually I think it works both ways. I'm not privy to it, but I think all of the various country that have the ability are invading each other's computers all the time. But we have to protect our data. It's very important. ~ Rand Paul, #NFDB
1462:Video is originally a de-corporation, a disqualification of the sensorial organs which are replaced by machines. The eye and the hand are replaced by the data glove, the body is replaced by a data suit, sex is replaced by cybersex. All the qualities of the body are transferred to the machine. ~ Paul Virilio, #NFDB
1463:When you're reading a novel, I think the reason you care about how any given plot turns out is that you take it as a data point in the big story of how the world works. Does such-and-such a kind of guy get the girl in the end? Does adultery ever bring happiness? How do winners become winners? ~ Elif Batuman, #NFDB
1464:Data was absolutely key. And because it will be key in the future too, when there is another outbreak somewhere, it is crucial to protect its credibility and the credibility of those who produce it. Data must be used to tell the truth, not to call to action, no matter how noble the intentions. ~ Hans Rosling, #NFDB
1465:Every separate sector of artistic creation has its own basic rules . . . data which govern it. They are contained in the textbooks on these subjects. A professional knows the rules of the game as a matter of course so that he can achieve, in the upper strata above that, a high quality of art. ~ L Ron Hubbard, #NFDB
1466:every time someone started shouting about the supposed monopoly of the Circle, or the Circle’s unfair monetization of the personal data of its users, or some other paranoid and demonstrably false claim, soon enough it was revealed that that person was a criminal or deviant of the highest order. ~ Dave Eggers, #NFDB
1467:I have never left the company. I keep a tiny residual salary to this day because that's where my loyalty should be forever. I want to be an "employee" on the company data base. I won't engineer, I'd rather be basically retired, due to my family. (talking about his relationship with Apple Inc) ~ Steve Wozniak, #NFDB
1468:It is not possible to manage life and maintain homeostatic balance without data on the current state of the organism’s body.”9 Damasio calls these housekeeping areas of the brain the “proto-self,” because they create the “wordless knowledge” that underlies our conscious sense of self. ~ Bessel A van der Kolk, #NFDB
1469:The internet doesn't have any qualities, technical qualities. It's just fast, reaching out everywhere and so, it can process that and that volume of data flows and so, but it doesn't have any qualities like "good" or "bad" or "ethical" or "non-ethical". It's humans, it's us, not the internet. ~ Werner Herzog, #NFDB
1470:As Nassim Taleb, the author of The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, writes, “Big data may mean more information, but it also means more false information.” And even when the information is not false, the problem is “that the needle comes in an increasingly larger haystack. ~ Arianna Huffington, #NFDB
1471:Some of the network graphs that Able Danger produced were twenty feet long and almost wholly unintelligible because the print was so small.8 Krebs himself concluded that there would be no substitute for human intelligence in the war on terrorism; the alternative would be to drown in big data. ~ Niall Ferguson, #NFDB
1472:The Bill of Rights was written before data-mining," he said. He was awesomely serene, convinced of his rightness. "The right to freedom of association is fine, but why shouldn't the cops be allowed to mine your social network to figure out if you're hanging out with gangbangers and terrorists? ~ Cory Doctorow, #NFDB
1473:The world is being re-shaped by the convergence of social, mobile, cloud, big data, community and other powerful forces. The combination of these technologies unlocks an incredible opportunity to connect everything together in a new way and is dramatically transforming the way we live and work. ~ Marc Benioff, #NFDB
1474:We also need to be reminded that there are implications of meaning within data, both in terms of how we look at data meaningfully (as in how it informs our decisions and interactions) and how we see meaning in data (as in how we recognize patterns that tell us if people value what we’re doing). ~ Kate O Neill, #NFDB
1475:We need to take out the trash.” As it happens, I have no intention of actually analyzing that data. Nor am I proposing to my son that we take a family outing to the trash bin. In many situations, people use the word we when they mean you. It serves as a polite form to order others around. ~ James W Pennebaker, #NFDB
1476:Companies such as Unilever or Prudential are coming to us and saying, ‘We’re very interested in building better data relationships. Can we leverage your platform? We’re very interested in reducing our data liability.’ They’re seeing that data is increasingly a toxic asset inside of corporations. ~ Don Tapscott, #NFDB
1477:Hoffmeier furnishes a sophisticated fresh approach to the Biblical Exodus traditions filled with detailed Egyptological background, and utterly indispensable because of its basis in recent, and in many cases as yet unpublished, archaeological data. This is a virtual encyclopedia of the Exodus. ~ Baruch Halpern, #NFDB
1478:Personal computing today is a rich ecosystem encompassing massive PC-based data centers, notebook and Tablet PCs, handheld devices, and smart cell phones. It has expanded from the desktop and the data center to wherever people need it - at their desks, in a meeting, on the road or even in the air. ~ Bill Gates, #NFDB
1479:The whole point of building theoretical systems is to explain what humans know by pre-theoretical experience. That is the starting point for any philosophy. That is the data it seeks to explain. If it fails to explain the data of experience, then it has failed the test. It has been falsified. ~ Nancy R Pearcey, #NFDB
1480:Verizon, for example, reports that it received 320,000 "law enforcement demands" for data in 2013. We know that every three months Verizon is served with a single National Security Letter that requires it to turn over the metadata of all 290 million of its customers, so what does that 320,000. ~ Bruce Schneier, #NFDB
1481:In these cases, the mind knows what it's doing better than the guile, because the mind flows, the guile dams up, that is, the mind stride but the guile limps. And that's no guileless statement, however, and that's no Harvard like, as MIT will measure soon with computers and docks of Martian data. ~ Jack Kerouac, #NFDB
1482:I realize now that what I was trying to do with the Armaghast data was offer the Church not a rebirth but only a transition to a false life such as these poor walking corpses inhabit. If the Church is meant to die, it must do so—but do so gloriously, in the full knowledge of its rebirth in Christ. ~ Dan Simmons, #NFDB
1483:It is useful for companies to look at AI through the lens of business capabilities rather than technologies. Broadly speaking, AI can support three important business needs: automating business processes, gaining insight through data analysis, and engaging with customers and employees. ~ Harvard Business Review, #NFDB
1484:No matter how invasive the technologies at their disposal, marketers and pollsters never come to terms with the living process through which people choose products or candidates; they are looking at what people just bought or thought, and making calculations based on that after-the-fact data. ~ Douglas Rushkoff, #NFDB
1485:What was it Sherlock Holmes said about theories?” “‘It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data,’” I rattled off. And as I continued, Dad chimed in so we were reciting in unison. “‘Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts.’” Sherlockian ~ Donna Andrews, #NFDB
1486:Can I give you some advice ?"
"Oh, yes. Yes, please do. I could use some advice." My head was bobbing up and down because I really, really wanted someone to give me advice. My whole life I'd been advice-bereft, except for the ladies in my knitting group. I loved advice. It was like free data. ~ Penny Reid,#NFDB
1487:I figured the process of someone standing at a shelf and deciding what juice to buy is going to be very different than someone sitting at the computer clicking through a bunch of different books or CDs-until I actually looked at the data, and it turned out that the patterns were remarkably similar. ~ Peter Fader, #NFDB
1488:pivoted the results on our Criminal Records Bureau and National Insurance database mirrors to get the place of work for everyone who’s on the books, and the pre-processor is turning that into grid reference data so we can plot them on a map or query for areas where the rate of that’s funny . . . ~ Charles Stross, #NFDB
1489:The polling data shows not an unbelievable level of concern [on climate issue] but a general awareness of this problem. And now I think it's up to all sorts of people who really care about these things to continue on this new ground to try and make this the central political issue it needs to be. ~ Bill McKibben, #NFDB
1490:Although data on this are sparse, it also seems that US politicians of both parties are much wealthier than their European counterparts and in a totally different category from the average American, which might explain why they tend to confuse their own private interest with the general interest. ~ Thomas Piketty, #NFDB
1491:As a digital technology writer, I have had more than one former student and colleague tell me about digital switchers they have serviced through which calls and data are diverted to government servers or the big data algorithms they've written to be used on our e-mails by intelligence agencies. ~ Douglas Rushkoff, #NFDB
1492:Bunaoara, doctorul Tataru ar fi spus o data, într-un grup de medici, ca în Paradis Adam si Eva erau regenerati periodic, asadar întineriti, prin neoplasm; ca numai dupa ce-a intervenit pacatul originar, corpul omenesc a pierdut secretul regenerarii periodice si deci al tineretii fara de batrînete. ~ Mircea Eliade, #NFDB
1493:lone piece of small data is almost never meaningful enough to build a case or create a hypothesis, but blended with other insights and observations gathered from around the world, the data eventually comes together to create a solution that forms the foundation of a future brand or business. My ~ Martin Lindstrom, #NFDB
1494:One of the consequences of if the Affordable Care Act is repealed, is that all of us now are at risk of being a preexisting - of having a preexisting condition waiting to happen. Life, increasingly, is a preexisting condition waiting to happen, now that we have more and more of this data available. ~ Atul Gawande, #NFDB
1495:This transformation is all the more remarkable because the medical authorities behind it were concerned with heart disease, not obesity. They presented no dramatic scientific data to support their beliefs, only ambiguous evidence, none of which addressed the efficacy of low-fat diets in weight loss. ~ Gary Taubes, #NFDB
1496:Using data gathered in 2011, the CDC study estimated that across all age groups, 19.3 percent of American women “have been raped in their lifetimes” and that 1.6 percent of American women—nearly two and a half million individuals—“reported that they were raped in the 12 months preceding the survey. ~ Jon Krakauer, #NFDB
1497:According to data provided by the Senate Subcommittee on Immigration, and the national interest, between 9/11 and the end of 2014, at least 380 foreign-born individuals were convicted in terror cases inside the United States. Our country is a mess! We don`t even know what to look for anymore, folks. ~ Donald Trump, #NFDB
1498:Advertising isnt just the disruption of aesthetics, the insults to your intelligence and the interruption of your train of thought. At every company that sells ads, a significant portion of their engineering team spends their day tuning data mining, writing better code to collect all your personal data. ~ Jan Koum, #NFDB
1499:Alternative explanations are always welcome in science, if they are better and explain more. Alternative explanations that explain nothing are not welcome... Note how science changed those beliefs when new data became available. Religions stick to the same ancient beliefs regardless of the data. ~ Victor J Stenger, #NFDB
1500:For a moment in the 1980s, it seemed like knowledge engineering was about to take over the world, with companies and countries making massive investments in it. But disappointment soon set in, and machine learning began its inexorable rise, at first quietly, and then riding a roaring wave of data. ~ Pedro Domingos, #NFDB
60 Integral Yoga
22 Fiction
13 Occultism
9 Psychology
8 Philosophy
7 Christianity
4 Poetry
4 Cybernetics
2 Science
2 Education
1 Theosophy
1 Mysticism
114 Sri Aurobindo
22 H P Lovecraft
12 Nolini Kanta Gupta
9 Carl Jung
8 Paul Richard
7 Aleister Crowley
5 The Mother
4 Plotinus
4 Norbert Wiener
3 Jordan Peterson
2 Sri Ramana Maharshi
2 Satprem
2 Rudolf Steiner
2 Plato
2 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
2 Ken Wilber
2 John Keats
2 James George Frazer
2 George Van Vrekhem
2 A B Purani
28 The Synthesis Of Yoga
23 The Life Divine
22 Lovecraft - Poems
17 Record of Yoga
9 Essays In Philosophy And Yoga
6 Essays Divine And Human
6 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01
5 The Secret Doctrine
5 The Human Cycle
5 Magick Without Tears
5 Letters On Yoga IV
4 Letters On Yoga I
4 Cybernetics
3 The Problems of Philosophy
3 The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious
3 The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People
3 Maps of Meaning
3 Letters On Yoga II
3 Aion
2 Vedic and Philological Studies
2 The Practice of Psycho therapy
2 The Golden Bough
2 Talks
2 Sex Ecology Spirituality
2 Preparing for the Miraculous
2 On Thoughts And Aphorisms
2 On the Way to Supermanhood
2 Liber ABA
2 Keats - Poems
2 Hymns to the Mystic Fire
2 Evening Talks With Sri Aurobindo
2 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02
0.00 - The Wellspring of Reality, #Synergetics - Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, #R Buckminster Fuller, #Science
We must start with scientific fundamentals, and that means with the data of experiments and not with assumed axioms predicated only upon the misleading nature of that which only superficially seems to be obvious. It is the consensus of great scientists that science is the attempt to set in order the facts of experience.
Holding within their definition, we define Universe as the aggregate of allhumanity's consciously apprehended and communicated, nonsimultaneous, and only partially overlapping experiences. An aggregate of finites is finite. Universe is a finite but nonsimultaneously conceptual scenario.
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It follows that the more specialized society becomes, the less attention does it pay to the discoveries of the mind, which are intuitively beamed toward the brain, there to be received only if the switches are "on." Specialization tends to shut off the wide-band tuning searches and thus to preclude further discovery of the all-powerful generalized principles. Again we see how society's perverse fixation on specialization leads to its extinction. We are so specialized that one man discovers empirically how to release the energy of the atom, while another, unbeknownst to him, is ordered by his political factotum to make an atomic bomb by use of the secretly and anonymously published data. That gives much expedient employment, which solves the politician's momentary problem, but requires that the politicians keep on preparing for further warring with other political states to keep their respective peoples employed. It is also mistakenly assumed that employment is the only means by which humans can earn the right to live, for politicians have yet to discover how much wealth is available for distribution. All this is rationalized on the now scientifically discredited premise that there can never be enough life support for all. Thus humanity's specialization leads only toward warring and such devastating tools, both, visible and invisible, as ultimately to destroy all Earthians.
Only a comprehensive switch from the narrowing specialization and toward an evermore inclusive and refining comprehension by all humanity-regarding all the factors governing omnicontinuing life aboard our spaceship Earth-can bring about reorientation from the self-extinction-bound human trending, and do so within the critical time remaining before we have passed the point of chemical process irretrievability.
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Science's self-assumed responsibility has been self-limited to disclosure to society only of the separate, supposedly physical (because separately weighable) atomic component isolations data. Synergetic integrity would require the scientists to announce that in reality what had been identified heretofore as physical is entirely metaphysical-because synergetically weightless. Metaphysical has been science's designation for all weightless phenomena such as thought. But science has made no experimental finding of any phenomena that can be described as a solid, or as continuous, or as a straight surface plane, or as a straight line, or as infinite anything. We are now synergetically forced to conclude that all phenomena are metaphysical; wherefore, as many have long suspected-like it or not-life is but a dream.Science has found no up or down directions of Universe, yet scientists are personally so ill-coordinated that they all still personally and sensorially see "solids" going up or down-as, for instance, they see the Sun "going down." Sensorially disconnected from their theoretically evolved information, scientists discern no need on their part to suggest any educational reforms to correct the misconceiving that science has tolerated for half a millennium.
Society depends upon its scientists for just such educational reform guidance.
Where else might society turn for advice? Unguided by science, society is allowed to go right on filling its childrens' brain banks with large inventories of competence-devastating misinformation. In order to emerge from its massive ignorance, society will probably have to rely exclusively upon its individuals' own minds to survey the pertinent experimental data-as do all great scientist-artists. This, in effect, is what the intuition of world-around youth is beginning to do. Mind can see that reality is evoluting into weightless metaphysics. The wellspring of reality is the family of weightless generalized principles.
It is essential to release humanity from the false fixations of yesterday, which seem now to bind it to a rationale of action leading only to extinction.
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Children freed of the ignorantly founded educational traditions and exposed only to their spontaneously summoned, computer-stored and -distributed outflow of reliable-opinion-purged, experimentally verified data, shall indeed lead society to its happy egress from all misinformedly conceived, fearfully and legally imposed, and physically enforced customs of yesterday. They can lead all humanity into omnisuccessful survival as well as entrance into an utterly new era of human experience in an as-yet and ever-will-be fundamentally mysterious Universe.
And whence will come the wealth with which we may undertake to lead world man into his new and validly hopeful life? From the wealth of the minds of world man-whence comes all wealth. Only mind can discover how to do so much with so little as forever to be able to sustain and physically satisfy all humanity.
0.02 - The Three Steps of Nature, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Indeed, the increasing effort towards a more intense mental life seems to create, frequently, an increasing disequilibrium of the human elements, so that it is possible for eminent scientists to describe genius as a form of insanity, a result of degeneration, a pathological morbidity of Nature. The phenomena which are used to justify this exaggeration, when taken not separately, but in connection with all other relevant data, point to a different truth. Genius is one attempt of the universal Energy to so quicken and intensify our intellectual powers that they shall be prepared for those more puissant, direct and rapid faculties which constitute the play of the supra-intellectual or divine mind. It is not, then, a freak, an inexplicable phenomenon, but a perfectly natural next step in the right line of her evolution.
She has harmonised the bodily life with the material mind, she is harmonising it with the play of the intellectual mentality; for that, although it tends to a depression of the full animal and vital vigour, need not produce active disturbances. And she is shooting yet beyond in the attempt to reach a still higher level.
01.03 - Mystic Poetry, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Here we have a pattern of thought-movement that does not seem to follow the lineaments of the normal brain-mind consciousness, although it too has a basis there: our customary line of reasoning receives a sudden shock, as it were, and then is shaken, moved, lifted up, transportedgradually or suddenly, according to the temperament of the listener. Besides, we have here the peculiar modern tone, which, for want of a better term, may be described as scientific. The impressimprimaturof Science is its rational coherence, justifying or justified by sense data, by physical experience, which gives us the pattern or model of an inexorable natural law. Here too we feel we are in the domain of such natural law but lifted on to a higher level.
This is what I was trying to make out as the distinguishing trait of the real spiritual consciousness that seems to be developing in the poetic creation of tomorrow, e.g., it has the same rationality, clarity, concreteness of perception as the scientific spirit has in its own domain and still it is rounded off with a halo of magic and miracle. That is the nature of the logic of the infinite proper to the spiritual consciousness. We can have a Science of the Spirit as well as a Science of Matter. This is the Thought element or what corresponds to it, of which I was speaking, the philosophical factor, that which gives form to the formless or definition to that which is vague, a nearness and familiarity to that which is far and alien. The fullness of the spiritual consciousness means such a thing, the presentation of a divine name and form. And this distinguishes it from the mystic consciousness which is not the supreme solar consciousness but the nearest approach to it. Or, perhaps, the mystic dwells in the domain of the Divine, he may even be suffused with a sense of unity but would not like to acquire the Divine's nature and function. Normally and generally he embodies all the aspiration and yearning moved by intimations and suggestions belonging to the human mentality, the divine urge retaining still the human flavour. We can say also, using a Vedantic terminology, that the mystic consciousness gives us the tatastha lakshana, the nearest approximative attribute of the attri buteless; or otherwise, it is the hiranyagarbha consciousness which englobes the multiple play, the coruscated possibilities of the Reality: while the spiritual proper may be considered as prajghana, the solid mass, the essential lineaments of revelatory knowledge, the typal "wave-particles" of the Reality. In the former there is a play of imagination, even of fancy, a decorative aesthesis, while in the latter it is vision pure and simple. If the spiritual poetry is solar in its nature, we can say, by extending the analogy, that mystic poetry is characteristically lunarMoon representing the delight and the magic that Mind and mental imagination, suffused, no doubt, with a light or a reflection of some light from beyond, is capable of (the Upanishad speaks of the Moon being born of the Mind).
01.03 - Rationalism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
What is Reason, the faculty that is said to be the proud privilege of man, the sovereign instrument he alone possesses for the purpose of knowing? What is the value of knowledge that Reason gives? For it is the manner of knowing, the particular faculty or instrument by which we know, that determines the nature and content of knowledge. Reason is the collecting of available sense-perceptions and a certain mode of working upon them. It has three component elements that have been defined as observation, classification and deduction. Now, the very composition of Reason shows that it cannot be a perfect instrument of knowledge; the limitations are the inherent limitations of the component elements. As regards observation there is a two-fold limitation. First, observation is a relative term and variable quantity. One observes through the prism of one's own observing faculty, through the bias of one's own personality and no two persons can have absolutely the same manner of observation. So Science has recognised the necessity of personal equation and has created an imaginary observer, a "mean man" as the standard of reference. And this already takes us far away from the truth, from the reality. Secondly, observation is limited by its scope. All the facts of the world, all sense-perceptions possible and actual cannot be included within any observation however large, however collective it may be. We have to go always upon a limited amount of data, we are able to construct only a partial and sketchy view of the surface of existence. And then it is these few and doubtful facts that Reason seeks to arrange and classify. That classification may hold good for certain immediate ends, for a temporary understanding of the world and its forces, either in order to satisfy our curiosity or to gain some practical utility. For when we want to consider the world only in its immediate relation to us, a few and even doubtful facts are sufficient the more immediate the relation, the more immaterial the doubtfulness and insufficiency of facts. We may quite confidently go a step in darkness, but to walk a mile we do require light and certainty. Our scientific classification has a background of uncertainty, if not, of falsity; and our deduction also, even while correct within a very narrow range of space and time, cannot escape the fundamental vices of observation and classification upon which it is based.
It might be said, however, that the guarantee or sanction of Reason does not lie in the extent of its application, nor can its subjective nature (or ego-centric predication, as philosophers would term it) vitiate the validity of its conclusions. There is, in fact, an inherent unity and harmony between Reason and Reality. If we know a little of Reality, we know the whole; if we know the subjective, we know also the objective. As in the part, so in the whole; as it is within, so it is without. If you say that I will die, you need not wait for my actual death to have the proof of your statement. The generalising power inherent in Reason is the guarantee of the certitude to which it leads. Reason is valid, as it does not betray us. If it were such as anti-intellectuals make it out to be, we would be making nothing but false steps, would always remain entangled in contradictions. The very success of Reason is proof of its being a reliable and perfect instrument for the knowledge of Truth and Reality. It is beside the mark to prove otherwise, simply by analysing the nature of Reason and showing the fundamental deficiencies of that nature. It is rather to the credit of Reason that being as it is, it is none the less a successful and trustworthy agent.
Now the question is, does Reason never fail? Is it such a perfect instrument as intellectualists think it to be? There is ground for serious misgivings. Reason says, for example, that the earth revolves round the sun: and reason, it is argued, is right, for we see that all the facts are conformableto it, even facts that were hitherto unknown and are now coming into our ken. But the difficulty is that Reason did not say that always in the past and may not say that always in the future. The old astronomers could explain the universe by holding quite a contrary theory and could fit into it all their astronomical data. A future scientist may come and explain the matter in quite a different way from either. It is only a choice of workable theories that Reason seems to offer; we do not know the fact itself, apart perhaps from exactly the amount that immediate sense-perception gives to each of us. Or again, if we take an example of another category, we may ask, does God exist? A candid Rationalist would say that he does not know although he has his own opinion about the matter. Evidently, Reason cannot solve all the problems that it meets; it can judge only truths that are of a certain type.
It may be answered that Reason is a faculty which gives us progressive knowledge of the reality, but as a knowing instrument it is perfect, at least it is the only instrument at our disposal; even if it gives a false, incomplete or blurred image of the reality, it has the means and capacity of correcting and completing itself. It offers theories, no doubt; but what are theories? They are simply the gradually increasing adaptation of the knowing subject to the object to be known, the evolving revelation of reality to our perception of it. Reason is the power which carries on that process of adaptation and revelation; we can safely rely upon Reason and trust It to carry on its work with increasing success.
03.02 - Aspects of Modernism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
The scientific spirit, in one word, is rationalisationrationalisation of Mind as well as of Life. With regard to Mind, rationalisation means to get knowledge exclusively on the data of the senses; it is the formulation, in laws and principles, of facts observed by the physical organs, these laws and principles being the categories of the arranging, classifying, generalising faculty, called reason; its methodology also demands that the laws are to be as few as possible embracing as many facts as possible. Rationalisation of life means the government of life in accordance with these laws, so that the wastage in natural life due to the diversity and disparity off acts may be eliminated, at least minimised, and all movements of life ordered and organised in view of a single and constant purpose (which is perhaps the enhancement of the value of life). This rationalisation means further, in effect, mechanisation or efficiency, as its protagonists would prefer to call it. However, mechanistic efficiency, whether in the matter of knowledge or of lifeof mind or of morals was the motto of the early period of the gospel of science, the age of Huxley and Haeckel, of Bentham and the Mills. The formula no longer holds good either in the field of pure knowledge or in its application to life; it does not embody the aspiration and outlook of the contemporary mind, in spite of such inveterate rationalists as Russell and Wells or even Shaw (in Back to Methuselah, for example), who seem to be already becoming an anachronism in the present age.
The contemporary urge is not towards rationalisation, but rather towards irrationalisation. Orthodox science itself is taking greater and greater cognisance today of the irrational movements of nature, even of physical nature. Intuition and instinct are now welcomed as surer and truer instruments of knowledge and action than reason.
03.14 - From the Known to the Unknown?, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
For may not the contrary motto" from the unknown to the known"be equally valid, both as a matter of fact and as a matter of principle? Do we not, sometimes at least, take for granted and start with the unknown number x to find out the solution to our problem? Why go far, the very first step that the child takes in his adventurous journey of life, is it not a veritable step into the unknown? Indeed, many, in fact most of the scientific laws the Laws of Natureare they strictly the result of calculation and deduction from known and observed data or are they not rather "brilliant surmises", "sudden revelations" that overwhelm by their un-expected appearance? Newton did not arrive at his Law of Gravitation in the trail of a logical argument from given premises towards unforeseen conclusions. Nor did Einstein discover his version of the Law in any syllogistic way either. The fact seems to be more often true that the unknown reveals itself all on a sudden and is not reached through a continuous series of known steps. Examples could be easily multiplied from the history of scientific discoveries.
For the fact is that man, the being that knows, is composed not merely of known elements, known to himself and to others, but possesses a hidden, an unknown side which is nonetheless part of himself. And even though unknown, it is not inactive,it always exerts its influence, imposes its presence. Man has a submerged consciousness which is in contact and communion with similarly submerged worlds of consciousness. Man's consciousness possesses aerials that catch vibrations from unknown regions. He has a secret sensitiveness that receives intimations from other where than his physical senses and his logical reason. His external mind does not always recognise such unorthodox or abnormal movements; he only expresses his surprise or amazement at the luminosity, the au thenticity of solutions that come so simply, suddenly, inevitably, the unknown revealing itself miraculously.
04.01 - The March of Civilisation, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
If we look at Europe once again and cast a glance at its origins, we find at the source the Grco-Roman culture. It was pre-eminently a culture based upon the powers of mind and reason: it included a strong and balanced body (both body natural and body politic) under the aegis of mens sana (a sound mind). The light that was Greece was at its zenith a power of the higher mind and intelligence, intuitively dynamic in one the earlierphase through Plato, Pythagoras, Heraclitus and the mystic philosophers, and discursively and scientifically rational through the Aristotelian tradition. The practical and robust Roman did not indulge in the loftier and subtler activities of the higher or intuitive mind; his was applied intelligence and its characteristic turn found expression in law and order and governance. Virgil was a representative poet of the race; finely sensitive and yet very self-consciousearth-bound and mind-boundas a creative artist: a clear and careful intelligence with an idealistic imagination that is yet sober and fancy-free is the very hall mark of his poetic genius. In the post-Roman age this bias for mental consciousness or the play of reason and intellectual understanding moved towards the superficial and more formal faculties of the brain ending in what is called scholasticism: it meant stagnation and decadence. It is out of this slough that the Renaissance raised the mind of Europe and bathed it with a new light. That movement gave to the mind a wider scope, an alert curiosity, a keener understanding; it is, as I have said, the beginning of that modern mentality which is known as the scientific outlook, that is to say, study of facts and induction from given data, observation and experience and experiment instead of the other scholastic standpoint which goes by a priori theorising and abstraction and deduction and dogmatism.
We may follow a little more closely the march of the centuries in their undulating movement. The creative intelligence of the Renaissance too belonged to a region of the higher mind, a kind of inspirational mind. It had not the altitude or even the depth of the Greek mind nor its subtler resonances: but it regained and re-established and carried to a new degree the spirit of inquiry and curiosity, an appreciation of human motives and preoccupations, a rational understanding of man and the mechanism of the world. The original intuitive fiat, the imaginative brilliance, the spirit of adventure (in the mental as well as the physical world) that inspired the epoch gradually dwindled: it gave place to an age of consolidation, organisation, stabilisation the classical age. The seventeenth century Europe marked another peak of Europe's civilisation. That is the Augustan Age to which we have referred. The following century marked a further decline of the Intuition and higher imagination and we come to the eighteenth century terre terre rationalism. Great figures still adorned that agestalwarts that either stuck to the prevailing norm and gave it a kind of stagnant nobility or already leaned towards the new light that was dawning once more. Pope and Johnson, Montesquieu and Voltaire are its high-lights. The nineteenth century brought in another crest wave with a special gift to mankind; apparently it was a reaction to the rigid classicism and dry rationalism of the preceding age, but it came burdened with a more positive mission. Its magic name was Romanticism. Man opened his heart, his higher feeling and nobler emotional surge, his subtler sensibility and a general sweep of his vital being to the truths and realities of his own nature and of the cosmic nature. Not the clear white and transparent almost glaring light of reason and logic, of the brain mind, but the rosy or rainbow tint of the emotive and aspiring personality that seeks in and through the cosmic panorama and dreams of
04.07 - Matter Aspires, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
I said it is an amusing discussion. But what is apt to be forgotten in such "scientific" discussions is, as has been pointed out by Rev. Trethowan in his criticism of Sir Robert, that all genuine creation is a freak, that is to say, it is a movement of freedom, of incalculable spontaneity. A machine is exactly the sum of its component parts; it can give that work (both as regards quantity and quality) which is confined within the frame and function of the parts. Man's creative power is precisely this that it can make two and two not merely four but infinity. There is a force of intervention in him whichupsets the rule of the parallelogram of forces that normally governs Matter and even his own physical brain and mind. There is in him truly a deus ex machine. Poetry, art, all creative act is a revelation, an intrusion of a truth, a reality from another plane, of quite a different order, into the rigid actuality and factual determinism.. Man's secret person is a sovereignly free will. A machine is wholly composed of actualities-the given-and brings out only a resultant of the permutation and combination of the data: it is a pure deduction.
But there is another even more interesting aspect of the matter. The attempt of the machine to embody or express something non-mechanical, to leap as high as possible from material objects to psychological values has a special significance for us today and is not all an amusing or crazy affair. It indicates, what we have been always saying, an involved pressure in Matter, a presence, a force of consciousness secreted there that seeks release and growth and expression.
05.06 - Physics or philosophy, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
The principle of indeterminacy carries two revolutionary implications. First, that it is not possible to determine the movement of the ultimate particles of matter individually and severally, it is not possible even theoretically to follow up the chain of modulations of an electron from its birth to its dissolution (if such is the curve of its destiny), as Laplace considered it quite possible for his super-mathematician. One cannot trace the complete evolution of each and every or even one particular particle, not because of a limitation in the human capacity, but because of an inherent impossibility in the nature of things. In radioactive substances, for example, there is no ground or data from which one can determine which particle will go off or not, whether it will go off the chance that seems to reign here. In radiation too, there is no formula, and no formula can be framed for determining the course of a photon in relation to a half-reflecting surface, whether it will pass through or be reflected. In this field of infinitesimals what we know is the total behaviour of an assemblage of particles, and the laws of nature are only laws of average computation. Statistics has ousted the more exact and rigid arithmetics. And statistics, we know, is a precarious science: the knowledge it gives is contingent, contingent upon the particular way of arranging and classifying the data. However, the certainty of classical mechanistic knowledge is gone, gone too the principle of uniformity of nature.
The second element brought in in the indeterminacy picture is the restoration of the "subject" to its honoured or even more than the honoured place it had in the Mediaeval Ages, and from which it was pulled down by young arrogant Science. A fundamental question is now raised in the very methodology of the scientific apparatus. For Science, needless to say, is first and foremost observation. Now it is observed that the very fact of observation affects and changes the observed fact. The path of an electron, for example, has to be observed; one has then to throw a ray of lighthurl a photonupon it: the impact is sufficient to deflect the electron from the original path. If it is suggested that by correction and computation, by a backward calculation we can deduce the previous position, that too is not possible. For we cannot fix any position or point that is not vitiated by the observer's interference. How to feel or note the consistency of a thing, if the touch itself, the temperature of the finger, were sufficient to change the consistency? The trouble is, as the popular Indian saying goes, the very amulet that is to exorcise the ghost is possessed by the ghost itself.
So the scientists of today are waking up to this disconcerting fact. And some have put the question very boldly and frankly: do not all laws of Nature contain this original sin of the observer's interference, indeed may not the laws be nothing else but that? Thus Science has landed into the very heart the bog and quagmire, if you likeof abstruse metaphysics. Eddington says, there is no other go for Science today but to admit and delcare that its scheme and pattern of things, as described by what is called laws of Nature, is only a mental construct of the Scientist. The "wonderful" discoveries are nothing but jugglery and legerdemain of the mindwhat it puts out of itself unconsciously into the outside world, it recovers again and is astonished at the miracle. A scientific law is a pure deduction from the mind's own disposition. Eddington goes so far as to say that if a scientist is sufficiently introspective he can trace out from within his brain each and every law of Nature which he took so much pains to fish out from Nature by observation and experiment. Eddington gives an analogy to explain the nature of scientific law and scientific discovery. Suppose you have a fishing net of a particular size and with interstices of a particular dimension; you throw it into the sea and pull out with fishes in it. Now you count and assort the fishes, and according to the data thus obtained, you declare that the entire sea consists of so many varieties of fish and of such sizes. The only error is that you could not take into account the smaller fishes that escaped through the interstices and the bigger ones that did not at all fall into the net. Scientific statistics is something of this kind. Our mind is the net, and the pattern of Nature is determined by the mind's own pattern.
Eddington gives us absolutely no hope for any knowledge of an objective world apart from the objectification of mind's own constructs. This is a position which a scientist, quascientist, finds it difficult to maintain. Remedies and loop-holes have been suggested with what result we shall presently see.
05.08 - An Age of Revolution, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
That is how we have been led almost to the threshold of a will, of a life principle, of a consciousness, however rudimentary, imbedded in the heart of Matter. All the facts that are now cropping up, the new discoveries that are being made and which we have to take into cognisance lead inevitably towards such a conclusion. Without such a conclusion a rational co-ordination of all the data of experience is hardly possible. A physical scientist may not feel justified to go beyond the purely physical data, but the implications of even such data, the demand for a fair hypothesis that can harmonise and synthesise them are compelling even a physicist to become a psychologist and a metaphysician.
Looked at from below with the eye of reason and sense observation straining at it, the thing that appears only as a possibility-at best, as a probabilityis revealed to the eyes of vision surveying from above as a selfevident reality, a reality before which the apparent realities posited by sense and reason become subsidiary and auxiliary, far-off echoes. The facts of sense-perception are indeed the branches spread out below while the root of the tree lies above: in other words, the root-reality is consciousness and all that exist are vibrations of that consciousness extended and concretised. This is the truth which modem science, in its farthest advances, would like to admit but dare not.
1.00 - The Constitution of the Human Being, #Theosophy, #Alice Bailey, #Occultism
regard the objects in reference to themselves personally. They lack the gauge of pleasure and displeasure, attraction and repulsion, usefulness and harmfulness; this gauge they have to renounce entirely. They should, as dispassionate and, so to speak, divine beings, seek and examine what is, and not what gratifies. Thus the true botanist should not be affected either by the beauty or by the usefulness of the plants. He has to study their structure and their relation to the rest of the vegetable kingdom; and just as they are one and all enticed forth and shone upon by the sun, so should he with an equable, quiet glance look at and survey them all and obtain the gauge for this knowledge, the data for his deductions, not out of himself, but from within the circle of things which he observes."
The thought thus expressed by Goe the directs attention to three kinds of things. First, the objects concerning which information continually flows to man through the doors of his senses, those that he touches, smells, tastes, hears, and sees. Second, the impressions which these make on him, and which record themselves as his pleasure and displeasure, his
1.01 - Necessity for knowledge of the whole human being for a genuine education., #The Essentials of Education, #unset, #Zen
As far as this life period is concerned, if a civilization never spoke of education and in its elementary, primitive way simply educated, it would have a much healthier outlook than ours. This was true of the ancient Eastern regions, which had no educa- tion in our sense of the word. There the adults body, soul, and spirit was allowed to affect the child so that the child could take this adult as a guide, moving a muscle when the teacher moved a muscle and blinking when the teacher blinked. The teacher was trained to do this in a way that enabled the child to imitate. Such a teacher was not as the Western pedagogue, but the Eastern data. 3 A certain instinctive quality was behind this. Even today, its obvious that what Ive learned is totally irrelevant in terms of my ability to teach a child effectively before the change of teeth. After the change of teeth, the teachers knowledge begins to have some significance; but this is lost again, if I merely impart what I learned as it lives in me. It all has to be transformed artistically and made into images, as we shall see later. I have to awaken invis- ible forces between the child and myself.
3. In Sanskrit, the giver.
1.01 - Newtonian and Bergsonian Time, #Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, #Norbert Wiener, #Cybernetics
give a billionth part of the data necessary to characterize the
actual state of the atmosphere from a Newtonian point of view.
--
plete collection of data for the present and the past is not suf-
ficient to predict the future more than statistically. It is thus not
--
on the basis of the data which have passed through its receptors
in the past, and this is not unlike the process of learning.
1.01 - Principles of Practical Psycho therapy, #The Practice of Psycho therapy, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
boast not only of certain successes but of psychological data that largely
prove its particular assumption. Thus we are faced in psycho therapy
1.01 - The Cycle of Society, #The Human Cycle, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Modern Science, obsessed with the greatness of its physical discoveries and the idea of the sole existence of Matter, has long attempted to base upon physical data even its study of Soul and Mind and of those workings of Nature in man and animal in which a knowledge of psychology is as important as any of the physical sciences. Its very psychology founded itself upon physiology and the scrutiny of the brain and nervous system. It is not surprising therefore that in history and sociology attention should have been concentrated on the external data, laws, institutions, rites, customs, economic factors and developments, while the deeper psychological elements so important in the activities of a mental, emotional, ideative being like man have been very much neglected. This kind of science would explain history and social development as much as possible by economic necessity or motive,by economy understood in its widest sense. There are even historians who deny or put aside as of a very subsidiary importance the working of the idea and the influence of the thinker in the development of human institutions. The French Revolution, it is thought, would have happened just as it did and when it did, by economic necessity, even if Rousseau and Voltaire had never written and the eighteenth-century philosophic movement in the world of thought had never worked out its bold and radical speculations.
Recently, however, the all-sufficiency of Matter to explain Mind and Soul has begun to be doubted and a movement of emancipation from the obsession of physical science has set in, although as yet it has not gone beyond a few awkward and rudimentary stumblings. Still there is the beginning of a perception that behind the economic motives and causes of social and historical development there are profound psychological, even perhaps soul factors; and in pre-war Germany, the metropolis of rationalism and materialism but the home also, for a century and a half, of new thought and original tendencies good and bad, beneficent and disastrous, a first psychological theory of history was conceived and presented by an original intelligence. The earliest attempts in a new field are seldom entirely successful, and the German historian, originator of this theory, seized on a luminous idea, but was not able to carry it very far or probe very deep. He was still haunted by a sense of the greater importance of the economic factor, and like most European science his theory related, classified and organised phenomena much more successfully than it explained them. Nevertheless, its basic idea formulated a suggestive and illuminating truth, and it is worth while following up some of the suggestions it opens out in the light especially of Eastern thought and experience.
1.02 - In the Beginning, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
This is why certain systems of theology, in order to escape from the contradictory postulate of unity as a cause, have sought in a less unproductive dualism the explanation of the beginning of things. And although they have by a misdirected mysticism, falsified the term and distorted the idea, it is in them that we recover the tendencies most in harmony with the very data on which the belief in a divine Creator is founded.
Let us take, for example, the Bereshit.
1.02 - MAPS OF MEANING - THREE LEVELS OF ANALYSIS, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
arbitrary restriction of data that makes understanding and action possible.
We are adapted, as biological organisms, to construe our environment as a domain with particular
--
The question might be asked: upon what databank, so to speak, does a child draw, when he or she learns
to talk (read, write)? The child listens to those around her. She is not explicitly taught how to talk,
--
complex set of data which have at least been experienced, if not exhausted. Representation of the unknown,
however, appears impossible appears as a contradiction in terms. How can what has not yet been
1.02 - The Two Negations 1 - The Materialist Denial, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
4:The materialist has an easier field; it is possible for him by denying Spirit to arrive at a more readily convincing simplicity of statement, a real Monism, the Monism of Matter or else of Force. But in this rigidity of statement it is impossible for him to persist permanently. He too ends by positing an unknowable as inert, as remote from the known universe as the passive Purusha or the silent Atman. It serves no purpose but to put off by a vague concession the inexorable demands of Thought or to stand as an excuse for refusing to extend the limits of inquiry. Therefore, in these barren contradictions the human mind cannot rest satisfied. It must seek always a complete affirmation; it can find it only by a luminous reconciliation. To reach that reconciliation it must traverse the degrees which our inner consciousness imposes on us and, whether by objective method of analysis applied to Life and Mind as to Matter or by subjective synthesis and illumination, arrive at the repose of the ultimate unity without denying the energy of the expressive multiplicity. Only in such a complete and catholic affirmation can all the multiform and apparently contradictory data of existence be harmonised and the manifold conflicting forces which govern our thought and life discover the central Truth which they are here to symbolise and variously fulfil. Then only can our Thought, having attained a true centre, ceasing to wander in circles, work like the Brahman of the Upanishad, fixed and stable even in its play and its worldwide coursing, and our life, knowing its aim, serve it with a serene and settled joy and light as well as with a rhythmically discursive energy.
5:But when that rhythm has once been disturbed, it is necessary and helpful that man should test separately, in their extreme assertion, each of the two great opposites. It is the mind's natural way of returning more perfectly to the affirmation it has lost. On the road it may attempt to rest in the intervening degrees, reducing all things into the terms of an original Life-Energy or of sensation or of Ideas; but these exclusive solutions have always an air of unreality. They may satisfy for a time the logical reason which deals only with pure ideas, but they cannot satisfy the mind's sense of actuality. For the mind knows that there is something behind itself which is not the Idea; it knows, on the other hand, that there is something within itself which is more than the vital Breath. Either Spirit or Matter can give it for a time some sense of ultimate reality; not so any of the principles that intervene. It must, therefore, go to the two extremes before it can return fruitfully upon the whole. For by its very nature, served by a sense that can perceive with distinctness only the parts of existence and by a speech that, also, can achieve distinctness only when it carefully divides and limits, the intellect is driven, having before it this multiplicity of elemental principles, to seek unity by reducing all ruthlessly to the terms of one. It attempts practically, in order to assert this one, to get rid of the others. To perceive the real source of their identity without this exclusive process, it must either have overleaped itself or must have completed the circuit only to find that all equally reduce themselves to That which escapes definition or description and is yet not only real but attainable. By whatever road we may travel, That is always the end at which we arrive and we can only escape it by refusing to complete the journey.
1.02 - The Vision of the Past, #Let Me Explain, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
more closely in the light of the latest data supplied by the
combined ingenuity of an army of research workers. As we
10.37 - The Golden Bridge, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 04, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
The movement of freeing the consciousness from the hold of sense-perceptions has continued and has attained an unprecedented success. Rational mind, in order to find its autonomy has abstracted itself so much from the data of life experiences that it has become almost an esoteric domain. Mathematical logic of today has brought forth a language that has almost no kinship with either the popular or the aristocratic tongue. Modern science has so much sublimated the facts of life, the contents of experience, that it has become only a system of geometrical formulae.
The recoil from the brute facts of life, the concrete living realities has affected even the world of artistic creation. We are very much familiar with what has been called abstract art, that is to say, art denuded of all content. The supreme art today is this sketch of bare skeletoneven a skeleton, not in its organised form but merely dismembered bits strewn about. Even poetry, the art that is perhaps most bound to the sense pattern, as no other, so indissolubly married to sense-life, seems to be giving way to the new impact and inspiration. A poetry devoid of all thought-content, pure of all sentiment and understandable imagery is being worked out in the laboratory, as it were, a new poetry made of a bizarre combination of tones and syllables with a changed form too in regard to arrangement of lines and phrases. It is the pure form that is aimed at the very essence, it is said, what is quintessential!
1.03 - Concerning the Archetypes, with Special Reference to the Anima Concept, #The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
considers this accumulation of data, it begins to seem probable
that an archetype in its quiescent, unprojected state has no
1.03 - The Two Negations 2 - The Refusal of the Ascetic, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
10:And yet the question cannot be solved by logic arguing on the data of our ordinary physical existence; for in those data there is always a hiatus of experience which renders all argument inconclusive. We have, normally, neither any definitive experience of a cosmic mind or supermind not bound up with the life of the individual body, nor, on the other hand, any firm limit of experience which would justify us in supposing that our subjective self really depends upon the physical frame and can neither survive it nor enlarge itself beyond the individual body. Only by an extension of the field of our consciousness or an unhoped-for increase in our instruments of knowledge can the ancient quarrel be decided.
11:The extension of our consciousness, to be satisfying, must necessarily be an inner enlargement from the individual into the cosmic existence. For the Witness, if he exists, is not the individual embodied mind born in the world, but that cosmic Consciousness embracing the universe and appearing as an immanent Intelligence in all its works to which either world subsists eternally and really as Its own active existence or else from which it is born and into which it disappears by an act of knowledge or by an act of conscious power. Not organised mind, but that which, calm and eternal, broods equally in the living earth and the living human body and to which mind and senses are dispensable instruments, is the Witness of cosmic existence and its Lord.
1.03 - The Uncreated, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
The problem of the origin, so far as it concerns this Reality, can have no meaning; for in order to conceive it, our thought has to exclude the very data which constitute the problem. And, inversely, in the domain of concrete realities where all is a perpetual beginning, it is not merely once that the problem of the origin has to be posed, but as many times as there are objects in space and instants in Time.
For outside the immobile Immutable duration itself, continuity,which is an incessant recommencement,poses the same riddle; outside the Uncreated all is continually being created without cessation, from moment to moment, and the last commencement is no less difficult to understand than the first. All the worlds moments are equally mysterious and if one could explain a single one of them, one would have explained all.
1.03 - Time Series, Information, and Communication, #Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, #Norbert Wiener, #Cybernetics
rological data published from day to day by the Weather Bureau
are all time series, continuous or discrete, simple or multiple.
--
mixing property, even when our data are as complete as they
can be, we find that our system has no absolute potential bar-
1.04 - SOME REFLECTIONS ON PROGRESS, #The Future of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
latest data supplied by the combined ingenuity of an army of re-
search workers. As we are beginning to realize, there are probably
1.04 - THE APPEARANCE OF ANOMALY - CHALLENGE TO THE SHARED MAP, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
schematically presents the way of the savior. The individual troubled by anomalous and anxietyprovoking experiential data is suffering equally from the disintegration, rigidity or senility of the
society within. The choice to process such data that is, to mine it for significance, and to destabilize
the socially-constructed intrapsychic hierarchy of behavior and values, in consequence is equivalent,
--
has provided that rapidly developing biological capacity with data whose sophistication and breadth is
increasing exponentially. This means that the human mind increasingly manifests the capacity to upset
1.04 - The Gods of the Veda, #Vedic and Philological Studies, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
We do not find that the Rishi Mahachamasya succeeded in getting his fourth vyahriti accepted by the great body of Vedantic thinkers. With a little reflection we can see the reason why. The vijnana or mahat is superior to reasoning. It sees and knows, hears and knows, remembers & knows by the ideal principles of drishti, sruti and smriti; it does not reason and know.Or withdrawing into the Mahan Atma, it is what it exercises itself upon and therefore knowsas it were, by conscious identity; for that is the nature of the Mahan Atma to be everything separately and collectively & know it as an object of his Knowledge and yet as himself. Always vijnana knows things in the whole & therefore in the part, in the mass & therefore in the particular. But when ideal knowledge, vijnana, looks out on the phenomenal world in its separate details, it then acquires an ambiguous nature. So long as it is not assailed by mind, it is still the pure buddhi and free from liability to errors. The pure buddhi may assign its reasons, but it knows first & reasons afterwards,to explain, not to justify. Assailed by mind, the ideal buddhi ceases to be pure, ceases to be ideal, becomes sensational, emotional, is obliged to found itself on data, ends not in knowledge but in opinion and is obliged to hold doubt with one hand even while it tries to grasp certainty by the other. For it is the nature of mind to be shackled & frightened by its data. It looks at things as entirely outside itself, separate from itself and it approaches them one by one, groups them & thus arrives at knowledge by synthesis; or if [it] looks at things in the mass, it has to appreciate them vaguely and then take its parts and qualities one by one, arriving at knowledge by a process of analysis. But it cannot be sure that the knowledge it acquires, is pure truth; it can never be safe against mixture of truth & error, against one-sided knowledge which leads to serious misconception, against its own sensations, passions, prejudices and false associations. Such truth as it gets can only be correct even so far as it goes, if all the essential data have been collected and scrupulously weighed without any false weights or any unconscious or semi-conscious interference with the balance. A difficult undertaking! So we can form reliable conclusions, and then too always with some reserve of doubt,about the past & the present.Of the future the mind can know nothing except in eternally fixed movements, for it has no data. We try to read the future from the past & present and make the most colossal blunders. The practical man of action who follows there his will, his intuition & his instinct, is far more likely to be correct than the scientific reasoner. Moreover, the mind has to rely for its data on the outer senses or on its own inner sensations & perceptions & it can never be sure that these are informing it correctly or are, even, in their nature anything but lying instruments. Therefore we say we know the objective world on the strength of a perpetual hypothesis. The subjective world we know only as in a dream, sure only of our own inner movements & the little we can learn from them about others, but there too sure only of this objective world & end always in conflict of transitory opinions, a doubt, a perhaps. Yet sure knowledge, indubitable Truth, the Vedic thinkers have held, is not only possible to mankind, but is the goal of our journey. Satyam eva jayate nanritam satyena pantha vitato devayanah yenakramantyrishayo hyaptakama yatra tat satyasya paramam nidhanam. Truth conquers and not falsehood, by truth the path has been extended which the gods follow, by which sages attaining all their desire arrive where is that Supreme Abode of Truth. The very eagerness of man for Truth, his untameable yearning towards an infinite reality, an infinite extension of knowledge, the fact that he has the conception of a fixed & firm truth, nay the very fact that error is possible & persistent, mare indications that pure Truth exists.We follow no chimaera as a supreme good, nor do the Powers of Darkness fight against a mere shadow. The ideal Truth is constantly coming down to us, constantly seeking to deliver us from our slavery to our senses and the magic circle of our limited data. It speaks to our hearts & creates the phenomenon of Faith, but the heart has its lawless & self-regarding emotions & disfigures the message. It speaks to the Imagination, our great intellectual instrument which liberates us from the immediate fact and opens the mind to infinite possibility; but the imagination has her pleasant fictions & her headlong creative impulse and exaggerates the truth & distorts & misplaces circumstances. It speaks to the intellect itself, bids it criticise its instruments by vichara and creates the critical reason, bids it approach the truth directly by a wide passionless & luminous use of the pure judgment, and creates shuddha buddhi or Kants pure reason; bids it divine truth & learn to hold the true divination & reject the counterfeit, and creates the intuitive reason & its guardian, intuitive discrimination or viveka. But the intellect is impatient of error, eager for immediate results and hurries to apply what it receives before it has waited & seen & understood. Therefore error maintains & even extends her reign. At last come the logician & modern rationalist thinker; disgusted with the exaggeration of these movements, seeing their errors, unable to see their indispensable utility, he sets about sweeping them away as intellectual rubbish, gets rid of faith, gets rid of flexibility of mind, gets rid of sympathy, pure reason & intuition, puts critical reason into an ill lightened dungeon & thinks now, delivered from these false issues, to compass truth by laborious observation & a rigid logic. To live on these dry & insufficient husks is the last fate of impure vijnanam or buddhi confined in the data of the mind & sensesuntil man wronged in his nature, cabined in his possibilities revolts & either prefers a luminous error or resumes his broadening & upward march.
It was this aspect of impure mahas, vijnanam working not in its own home, swe dame but in the house of a stranger, as a servant of an inferior faculty, reason as we call it, which led the Rishi Mahachamasya to include mahas among the vyahritis. But vijnana itself is an integral part of the supreme movement, it is divine thought in divine being,therefore not a vyahriti. The Veda uses to express this pure Truth &ideal knowledge another word, equivalent in meaning to mahat,the word brihat and couples with it two other significant expressions, satyam & ritam. This trinity of satyam ritam brihatSacchidananda objectivisedis the Mahan Atma. Satyam is Truth, the principle of infinite & divine Being, Sat objectivised to Knowledge as the Truth of things self-manifested; Ritam is Law, the motion of things thought out, the principle of divine self-aware energy, Chit-shakti objectivised to knowledge as the Truth of things selfarranged; Brihat is full content & fullness, satisfaction, Nature, the principle of divine Bliss objectivised to knowledge as the Truth of things contented with its own manifestation in law of being & law of action. For, as the Vedanta tells us, there is no lasting satisfaction in the little, in the unillumined or half-illumined things of mind & sense, satisfaction there is only in the large, the self-true & self-existent. Nalpe sukham asti bhumaiva sukham. Bhuma, brihat, mahat, that is God. It is Ananda therefore that insists on largeness & constitutes the mahat or brihat. Ananda is the soul of Nature, its essentiality, creative power & peace. The harmony of creative power & peace, pravritti & nivritti, jana & shama, is the divine state which we feelas Wordsworth felt itwhen we go back to the brihat, the wide & infinite which, containing & contented with its works, says of it Sukritam, What I have made, is good. Whoever enters this kingdom of Mahat, this Maho Arnas or great sea of ideal knowledge, comes into possession of his true being, true knowledge, true bliss. He attains the ideal powers of drishti, sruti, smritisees truth face to face, hears her unerring voice or knows her by immediate recognising memoryjust as we say of a friend This is he and need no reasoning of observation, comparison, induction or deduction to tell us who he is or to explain our knowledge to ourselvesthough we may, already knowing the truth, use a self-evident reasoning masterfully in order to convince others. The characteristic of ideal knowledge is first that it is direct in its approach, secondly, that it is self-evident in its revelation, swayamprakasha, thirdly, that it is unerring fact of being, sat, satyam in its substance. Moreover, it is always perfectly satisfied & divinely pleasurable; it is atmarati & atmastha, confines itself to itself & does not reach out beyond itself to grasp at error or grope within itself to stumble over ignorance. It is, too, perfectly effective whether for knowledge, speech or action, satyakarma, satyapratijna, satyavadi. The man who rising beyond the state of the manu, manishi or thinker which men are now, becomes the kavi or direct seer, containing what he sees,he who draws the manomaya purusha up into the vijnanamaya,is in all things true. Truth is his characteristic, his law of being, the stamp that God has put upon him. But even for the manishi ideal Truth has its bounties. For from thence come the intuitions of the poet, the thinker, the artist, scientist, man of action, merchant, craftsman, labourer each in his sphere, the seed of the great thoughts, discoveries, faiths that help the world and save our human works & destinies from decay & dissolution. But in utilising these messages from our higher selves for the world, in giving them a form or a practical tendency, we use our intellects, feelings or imaginations and alter to their moulds or colour with their pigments the Truth. That alloy seems to be needed to make this gold from the mines above run current among men. This then is Maho Arnas.The psychological conceptions of our remote forefa thers concerning it have so long been alien to our thought & experience that they may be a little difficult to follow & more difficult to accept mentally. But we must understand & grasp them in their fullness if we have any desire to know the meaning of the Veda. For they are the very centre & keystone of Vedic psychology. Maho Arnas, the Great Ocean, is the stream of our being which at once divides & connects the human in us from the divine, & to cross over from the human to the divine, from this small & divided finite to that one, great & infinite, from this death to that immortality, leaving Diti for Aditi, alpam for bhuma, martyam for amritam is the great preoccupation & final aim of Veda & Vedanta.
We can now understand the intention of the Rishi in his last verse and the greatness of the climax to which he has been leading us. Saraswati is able to give impulsion to Truth and awaken to right thinking because she has access to the Maho Arnas, the great ocean. On that level of consciousness, we are usually it must be remembered asleep, sushupta. The chetana or waking consciousness has no access; it lies behind our active consciousness, is, as we might say, superconscious, for us, asleep. Saraswati brings it forward into active consciousness by means of the ketu or perceptive intelligence, that essential movement of mind which accepts & realises whatever is presented to it. To focus this ketu, this essential perception on the higher truth by drawing it away from the haphazard disorder of sensory data is the great aim of Yogic meditation. Saraswati by fixing essential perception on the satyam ritam brihat above makes ideal knowledge active and is able to inform it with all those plentiful movements of mind which she, dhiyavasu, vajebhir vajinivati, has prepared for the service of the Master of the sacrifice. She is able to govern all the movements of understanding without exception in their thousand diverse movements & give them the single impression of truth and right thinkingvisva dhiyo vi rajati. A governed & ordered activity of soul and mind, led by the Truth-illuminated intellect, is the aim of the sacrifice which Madhuchchhanda son of Viswamitra is offering to the Gods.
For we perceive at once that the yajna here can be no material sacrifice, no mere pouring out of the Soma-wine on the sacred flame to the gods of rain & cloud, star & sunshine.
1.04 - Wherefore of World?, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
Still, the mind is justified in translating its first data into its own language in preference to another. And, even, this preference is forced upon it. For what has more than anything else hampered its attempt to discover the cause of the world, is the search for it in a domain alien to the minds own activities. The problem of the initial movement will always remain insoluble to it, if the data are not first translated into psychological terms. It is in its own fundamental dynamism that it must discover the primary energy, in its own secret that it must seek for the secret of the universe.
But there is another thing which prevents it from resolving the riddle of the world, and that is the arbitrary reduction of the whole formula of being into the terms of mental knowledge. For the domain of mind, intelligence, thought, is only one domain of the universal; its reality represents only one of the forms, one of the aspects of existence. The fact of existence is not exhausted by the idea; therefore its principle cannot be defined from the sole point of view of Mind.
--
It is, therefore, only an integral experience that can enable us to attain, beyond the multiple forms and successive depths of the reality, its ultimate sources. The discovery cannot be effected by the sole aid of the logical reason. The data of sensation must enter into it no less than those of the understanding, no less than those of the still more transcendent faculties of intuitive consciousness and of knowledge that is lived.
When the mind, then, assembles these data and makes its language sufficiently supple to translate them synthetically, it perceives that each of them justifies from its own point of view one or other of the reasons which philosophies and religions have assigned for the existence of beings and of the world. And as the being within proceeds to resume them and make an integral whole of them all, it learns to discover by them the being itself and by the being the wherefore of the worlds.
***
1.05 - 2010 and 1956 - Doomsday?, #Preparing for the Miraculous, #George Van Vrekhem, #Integral Yoga
copiously, in almost total absence of data and in complete
absence of any direct data, notes Henry Bauer dryly. But,
as mentioned before, the search for exoplanets is on and110
1.05 - Computing Machines and the Nervous System, #Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, #Norbert Wiener, #Cybernetics
analogy machines, where the data are represented by measure-
ments on some continuous scale, so that the accuracy of the
--
ing machine, which we call numerical machines, where the data
are represented by a set of choices among a number of contin-
--
The ideal computing machine must then have all its data
inserted at the beginning, and must be as free as possible from
--
must the numerical data be inserted at the beginning, but also
all the rules for combining them, in the form of instructions
--
Thus all the data, numerical or logical, put into the machine
are in the form of a set of choices between two alternatives, and
all the operations on the data take the form of making a set of
new choices depend on a set of old choices. When I add two
--
equations require the recording of an enormous mass of data
to set them up, as the data involve the accurate description of
functions of two or more variables. With equations of the hyper-
--
of solving the equation when the initial data are given, and this
can be done in a progressive manner from the initial data to the
results at any given later time. This is largely true of equations
--
elliptic type, where the natural data are boundary values rather
than initial values, the natural methods of solution involve an180
1.05 - Knowledge by Aquaintance and Knowledge by Description, #The Problems of Philosophy, #Bertrand Russell, #Philosophy
We may therefore sum up as follows what has been said concerning acquaintance with things that exist. We have acquaintance in sensation with the data of the outer senses, and in introspection with the data of what may be called the inner sense--thoughts, feelings, desires, etc.; we have acquaintance in memory with things which have been data either of the outer senses or of the inner sense. Further, it is probable, though not certain, that we have acquaintance with Self, as that which is aware of things or has desires towards things.
In addition to our acquaintance with particular existing things, we also have acquaintance with what we shall call _universals_, that is to say, general ideas, such as _whiteness_, _diversity_, _brotherhood_, and so on. Every complete sentence must contain at least one word which stands for a universal, since all verbs have a meaning which is universal. We shall return to universals later on, in Chapter IX; for the present, it is only necessary to guard against the supposition that whatever we can be acquainted with must be something particular and existent. Awareness of universals is called _conceiving_, and a universal of which we are aware is called a _concept_.
1.05 - The Creative Principle, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
No doubt, in one of these points of view we find the elements of a psychological explanation of the world conceived as the result of a free act of will, of thought; in the other, on the contrary, are resumed all the data of a mechanical conception assuring the fact of evolution on the concrete base of a substantial realism, But, however contradictory all these theories may be in their form, they agree, in substance, in postulating as first fact an essential principle of existence, an absolute cause, personal or impersonal, a thing that is the mother of beings or a being that is the former of things.
They have, moreover, this feature in common that none of them explains how from this Absolute, whether thing or being, pure matter or pure spirit, there could have come into existence a world of relativities at once subjective and objective. Far from solving the problem each of them merely translates into its own particular formula one or other of these two mysterious terms.
1.05 - THE HOSTILE BROTHERS - ARCHETYPES OF RESPONSE TO THE UNKNOWN, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
and to present them in logical and purely semantic form. Sufficient data have been gathered to present a
compelling portrait of evil.
1.06 - Being Human and the Copernican Principle, #Preparing for the Miraculous, #George Van Vrekhem, #Integral Yoga
cycles to make his model fit the data of observation. There
fore, when we talk today about the Copernican system we
1.06 - On Induction, #The Problems of Philosophy, #Bertrand Russell, #Philosophy
In almost all our previous discussions we have been concerned in the attempt to get clear as to our data in the way of knowledge of existence. What things are there in the universe whose existence is known to us owing to our being acquainted with them? So far, our answer has been that we are acquainted with our sense- data, and, probably, with ourselves. These we know to exist. And past sense- data which are remembered are known to have existed in the past. This knowledge supplies our data.
But if we are to be able to draw inferences from these data--if we are to know of the existence of matter, of other people, of the past before our individual memory begins, or of the future, we must know general principles of some kind by means of which such inferences can be drawn.
It must be known to us that the existence of some one sort of thing, A, is a sign of the existence of some other sort of thing, B, either at the same time as A or at some earlier or later time, as, for example, thunder is a sign of the earlier existence of lightning. If this were not known to us, we could never extend our knowledge beyond the sphere of our private experience; and this sphere, as we have seen, is exceedingly limited. The question we have now to consider is whether such an extension is possible, and if so, how it is effected.
--
It should be noted that probability is always relative to certain data.
In our case, the data are merely the known cases of coexistence of A and
B. There may be other data, which _might_ be taken into account, which would gravely alter the probability. For example, a man who had seen a great many white swans might argue, by our principle, that on the data it was _probable_ that all swans were white, and this might be a perfectly sound argument. The argument is not disproved ny the fact that some swans are black, because a thing may very well happen in spite of the fact that some data render it improbable. In the case of the swans, a man might know that colour is a very variable characteristic in many species of animals, and that, therefore, an induction as to colour is peculiarly liable to error. But this knowledge would be a fresh datum, by no means proving that the probability relatively to our previous data had been wrongly estimated. The fact, therefore, that things often fail to fulfil our expectations is no evidence that our expectations will not
_probably_ be fulfilled in a given case or a given class of cases. Thus our inductive principle is at any rate not capable of being _disproved_ by an appeal to experience.
1.06 - The Desire to be, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
If the secret of the being is concealed at once in his absolute conditionment and in his relative affirmation, it is in the latter first that he must seek for it. It is by scrutinising its primary data that we shall succeed, perhaps, in perceiving through and behind them the final reason of his existence, the cause of his cause. It is by reaching down to his roots that we shall discover the profundities of that antecedent, not previous in time but permanent, to which Knowledge gives the name of Unknowable.
For the secret of the being is within him.
1.06 - The Objective and Subjective Views of Life, #The Human Cycle, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The principle of subjectivism entering into human thought and action, while necessarily it must make a great difference in the view-point, the motive-power and the character of our living, does not at first appear to make any difference in its factors. Subjectivism and objectivism start from the same data, the individual and the collectivity, the complex nature of each with its various powers of the mind, life and body and the search for the law of their self-fulfilment and harmony. But objectivism proceeding by the analytical reason takes an external and mechanical view of the whole problem. It looks at the world as a thing, an object, a process to be studied by an observing reason which places itself abstractly outside the elements and the sum of what it has to consider and observes it thus from outside as one would an intricate mechanism. The laws of this process are considered as so many mechanical rules or settled forces acting upon the individual or the group which, when they have been observed and distinguished by the reason, have by ones will or by some will to be organised and applied fully much as Science applies the laws it discovers. These laws or rules have to be imposed on the individual by his own abstract reason and will isolated as a ruling authority from his other parts or by the reason and will of other individuals or of the group, and they have to be imposed on the group itself either by its own collective reason and will embodied in some machinery of control which the mind considers as something apart from the life of the group or by the reason and will of some other group external to it or of which it is in some way a part. So the State is viewed in modern political thought as an entity in itself, as if it were something apart from the community and its individuals, something which has the right to impose itself on them and control them in the fulfilment of some idea of right, good or interest which is inflicted on them by a restraining and fashioning power rather than developed in them and by them as a thing towards which their self and nature are impelled to grow. Life is to be managed, harmonised, perfected by an adjustment, a manipulation, a machinery through which it is passed and by which it is shaped. A law outside oneself,outside even when it is discovered or determined by the individual reason and accepted or enforced by the individual will,this is the governing idea of objectivism; a mechanical process of management, ordering, perfection, this is its conception of practice.
Subjectivism proceeds from within and regards everything from the point of view of a containing and developing self-consciousness. The law here is within ourselves; life is a self-creating process, a growth and development at first subconscious, then half-conscious and at last more and more fully conscious of that which we are potentially and hold within ourselves; the principle of its progress is an increasing self-recognition, self-realisation and a resultant self-shaping. Reason and will are only effective movements of the self, reason a process in self-recognition, will a force for self-affirmation and self-shaping. Moreover, reason and intellectual will are only a part of the means by which we recognise and realise ourselves. Subjectivism tends to take a large and complex view of our nature and being and to recognise many powers of knowledge, many forces of effectuation. Even, we see it in its first movement away from the external and objective method discount and belittle the importance of the work of the reason and assert the supremacy of the life-impulse or the essential Will-to-be in opposition to the claims of the intellect or else affirm some deeper power of knowledge, called nowadays the intuition, which sees things in the whole, in their truth, in their profundities and harmonies while intellectual reason breaks up, falsifies, affirms superficial appearances and harmonises only by a mechanical adjustment. But substantially we can see that what is meant by this intuition is the self-consciousness feeling, perceiving, grasping in its substance and aspects rather than analysing in its mechanism its own truth and nature and powers. The whole impulse of subjectivism is to get at the self, to live in the self, to see by the self, to live out the truth of the self internally and externally, but always from an internal initiation and centre.
1.07 - Cybernetics and Psychopathology, #Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, #Norbert Wiener, #Cybernetics
against each other; and if there is a discrepancy, all data are trans-
ferred to permanent storage, the machine stops, and a signal is
--
ent data the difficulty may not recur. Failing this, if the difficulty
is in some point permanently or temporarily inaccessible to the
1.07 - Medicine and Psycho therapy, #The Practice of Psycho therapy, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
special emphasis. His assessment of anainnestic data may therefore turn
out to be very different from a purely medical one.
1.07 - On Our Knowledge of General Principles, #The Problems of Philosophy, #Bertrand Russell, #Philosophy
Some of these principles have even greater evidence than the principle of induction, and the knowledge of them has the same degree of certainty as the knowledge of the existence of sense- data. They constitute the means of drawing inferences from what is given in sensation; and if what we infer is to be true, it is just as necessary that our principles of inference should be true as it is that our data should be true. The principles of inference are apt to be overlooked because of their very obviousness--the assumption involved is assented to without our realizing that it is an assumption. But it is very important to realize the use of principles of inference, if a correct theory of knowledge is to be obtained; for our knowledge of them raises interesting and difficult questions.
In all our knowledge of general principles, what actually happens is that first of all we realize some particular application of the principle, and then we realize that the particularity is irrelevant, and that there is a generality which may equally truly be affirmed. This is of course familiar in such matters as teaching arithmetic: 'two and two are four' is first learnt in the case of some particular pair of couples, and then in some other particular case, and so on, until at last it becomes possible to see that it is true of any pair of couples.
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A, B, C, to Socrates, than to go round by the general proposition, 'all men are mortal'. For the probability that Socrates is mortal is greater, on our data, than the probability that all men are mortal. (This is obvious, because if all men are mortal, so is Socrates; but if Socrates is mortal, it does not follow that all men are mortal.) Hence we shall reach the conclusion that Socrates is mortal with a greater approach to certainty if we make our argument purely inductive than if we go by way of 'all men are mortal' and then use deduction.
This illustrates the difference between general propositions known _a priori_ such as 'two and two are four', and empirical generalizations such as 'all men are mortal'. In regard to the former, deduction is the right mode of argument, whereas in regard to the latter, induction is always theoretically preferable, and warrants a greater confidence in the truth of our conclusion, because all empirical generalizations are more uncertain than the instances of them.
1.07 - Standards of Conduct and Spiritual Freedom, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
24:The ethical idealist tries to discover this supreme law in his own moral data, in the inferior powers and factors that belong to the mental and ethical formula. And to sustain and organise them he selects a fundamental principle of conduct essentially unsound and constructed by the intellect - utility, hedonism, reason, intuitive conscience or any other generalised standard. All such efforts are foredoomed to failure. Our inner nature is the progressive expression of the eternal Spirit and too complex a power to be tied down by a single dominant mental or moral principle. Only the supramental consciousness can reveal to its differing and conflicting forces their spiritual truth and harmonise their divergences.
25:The later religions endeavour to fix the type of a supreme truth of conduct, erect a system and declare God's law through the mouth of Avatar or prophet. These systems, more powerful and dynamic than the dry ethical idea, are yet for the most part no more than idealistic glorifications of the moral principle sanctified by religious emotion and the label of a superhuman origin. Some, like the extreme Christian ethic, are rejected by Nature because they insist unworkably on an impracticable absolute rule. Others prove in the end to be evolutionary compromises and become obsolete in the march of Time. The true divine law, unlike these mental counterfeits, cannot be a system of rigid ethical determinations that press into their cast-iron moulds all our life-movements. The Law divine is truth of life and truth of the spirit and must take up with a free living plasticity and inspire with the direct touch of its eternal light each step of our action and all the complexity of our life issues. It must act not as a rule and formula but as an enveloping and penetrating conscious presence that determines all our thoughts, activities, feelings, impulsions of will by its infallible power and knowledge.
1.07 - The Farther Reaches of Human Nature, #Sex Ecology Spirituality, #Ken Wilber, #Philosophy
The various injunctions, in other words, lead to or disclose or open up the possibility of an illumination, an apprehension, an intuition, or a direct experiencing of the domain addressed by the injunction. You "see" the meaning of Hamlet, or whether it is raining, or why 2 + 2 really is 4. This is the second strand, the illumination or apprehension. You see or apprehend, via a direct experience, the disclosed data of the domain.16
But you could be mistaken, and thus you check your results, your data, with others who have completed the first two strands, with others who have performed the injunctions and obtained the data. In this community of peers, you compare and confirm-or reject-your original data. And this is the third strand, communal confirmation (or refutation).
These three strands-injunction, illumination, confirmation-are the major components in any valid knowledge quest.17 One of the great values of Thomas Kuhn's work (and that of the pragmatists before him, and in particular Heidegger's "analytic-pragmatic" side) was to draw attention to the importance of injunctions or actual practices in generating knowledge, and further, in generating the type of knowledge that could be articulated in a given worldspace.
--
Put simply, the first strand of knowledge accumulation is never simply "Look"; it is "Do this, then look." Kuhn, in one of the great misunderstood concepts of our era, pointed out that normal science proceeds by way of exemplary injunctions-that is, shared practices and methods that scientists agree disclose and address the important issues of their field. Kuhn called such an agreed-upon injunction an "exemplar" or a "paradigm"-an exemplary practice or technique or methodology that all agreed was central to furthering the knowledge quest. And it was the paradigm, the exemplary injunction, that disclosed a type of data, so that the paradigm itself was a matter of consensus, not merely correspondence.
In the academic world of the two cultures, many theorists in the under-funded humanities (and virtually everybody in the New Age movement) seized upon the notion of "paradigm" as a way to undercut the authority of normal science, bolster their own departments, reduce empirical facts to arbitrary social conventions-and then propose their own, new and improved "paradigm." In all of these, "paradigm" was mistaken as some sort of overall theory or concept or notion, the idea being that if you came up with a new and better theory, the factual evidence could be ignored because that was just "old paradigm."
--
But paradigms are first and foremost injunctions, actual practices (all of which have nondiscursive components that never are entered in the theories they support)-they are methods for disclosing new data in an addressed domain, and the paradigms work because they are true in any meaningful sense of the word. Science makes real progress, as Kuhn said, because successive paradigms cumulatively disclose more and more interesting data. Even Foucault acknowledged that the natural sciences, even if they had started as structures of power, had separated from power (it was the pseudosciences of biopower that remained shot through with power masquerading as knowledge).
Neither the New Agers nor the "new paradigmers" had anything resembling a new paradigm, because all they offered was more talk-talk. They had no new techniques, no new methodologies, no new exemplars, no new injunctions-and therefore no new data. All they possessed, through a misreading of Kuhn, was a pseudo-attempt to trump normal science and replace it with their ideologically favorite reading of the Kosmos.
The contemplative traditions, on the other hand, have always come first and foremost with a set of injunctions in hand. They are, above all else, a set of practices, practices that require years to master (much longer than the training of the average scientist). These injunctions (zazen, shikan-taza, vipassana, contemplative introspection, satsang, darshan-all of which we will discuss)-these are not things to think, they are things to do.
Once one masters the exemplar or the paradigmatic practice (strand one), then one is ushered into a worldspace in which new data disclose themselves (strand two). These are direct apprehensions or illuminations-in a word, direct spiritual experiences (unio mystica, satori, kensho, shaktipat, nada, shabd, etc.). These data are rigorously checked (strand three) in the community of those who have also completed the first two strands (injunction and illumination). Bad data are rebuffed by the community (the sangha) of those whose cognitive eyes are adequate to the addressed domain.
Thus, as I covered in more detail in Eye to Eye, au thentic knowledge has a component that is similar to Kuhn's paradigm (namely, the injunction), a component that is similar to the broad empirical demand for evidence or data or experience (namely, the illumination or apprehension, whether that be from sensory experience, mental experience, or spiritual experience), and a component similar to Sir Karl Popper's fallibilistic criterion (namely, the potential confirmation or refutation by a community of the adequate).
Accordingly, contemplative knowledge is, or can be, genuine knowledge, because it follows all three strands of valid knowledge accumulation.
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In other words, the deep structures of worldspaces (archaic, magic, mythic, rational, and transpersonal) show cross-cultural and largely invariant features at a deep level of abstraction, whereas the surface structures (the actual subjects and objects in the various worldspaces) are naturally and appropriately quite different from culture to culture. Just as the human mind universally grows images and symbols and concepts (even though the actual contents of those structures vary considerably), so the human spirit universally grows intuitions of the Divine, and those developmental signifieds unfold in an evolutionary and reconstructible fashion, just like any other holon in the Kosmos (and their referents are just as real as any other similarly disclosed data).
In the past few decades there has been a concerted effort on the part of many researchers (such as Stanislav Grof, Roger Walsh, Frances Vaughan, Daniel Brown, Jack Engler, Daniel Goleman, Charles Tart, Donald Rothberg, Michael Zimmerman, Seymour Boorstein, Mark Epstein, David Lukoff, Michael Washburn, Joel Funk, John Nelson, John Chirban, Robert Forman, Francis Lu, Michael Murphy, Mark Waldman, James Fadiman, myself, and others)21 to rationally reconstruct the higher stages of transpersonal or contemplative development-stages that continue naturally or normally beyond the ego and centaur if arrest or fixation does not occur.
1.07 - The Fire of the New World, #On the Way to Supermanhood, #Satprem, #Integral Yoga
But, at first, this self of fire is mixed with its obscure undertakings; it toils and desires, struggles and strains; it crawls with the worm, sniffs the wind for the scent of its prey. It has to keep alive, to survive. It feels the world with its small antennae; it sees in fragments, according to its needs. In man, the conscious animal, it widens its scope; it still feels, adds up its pieces, systematizes its data: it makes laws, scholarly treatises, gospels. Yet, behind, there is that self of fire pushing, the something that will not quit, that grows impatient with laws and systems and gospels, that senses a wall behind each captured truth, each framed law, that senses a trap closing on each discovery, as if capturing were to be captured, trapped; there is the something that directs the antenna, which grows impatient even with the antenna, impatient with levers and all the machinery for apprehending the world, as if that machinery and that antenna and that look draped one last veil over the world and prevented it from attaining its naked reality. There is that cry of being in the depths which yearns to see, which really so much needs to see and come out in the open at last: the master of the antenna and not its slave. As if, really, a master had been confined there forever, arduously casting out its pseudopods, its tentacles and all its multicolored nets to try to join with the outside. Then, one day, under the pressure of that fire of need, the machinery begins to crack. Everything cracks: laws, gospels, knowledge and all the jurisprudence of the world. We've had enough! Even of the best we've had enough. It is still a prison, a trap thoughts, books, art and our-Father-which-art-in-heaven. Something else, something else! Oh, something we so much need, which is without a name, except for its blind need!... So we demechanize with the same fury with which we had mechanized. Everything is burned, nothing is left, save that pure fire. That fire which does not know, does not see anything, nothing at all anymore, not even the little fragments it had so conscientiously gathered together. It is an almost painful fire. It struggles and toils and searches and bumps into things; it wants truth, it wants the other thing, as once it wanted objects, the millions of objects of this world, and strained to get. And little by little, everything is consumed. Even the desire for the other thing, even the hope of ever clasping that impossible pure truth, even personal effort melts away; everything slips between our fingers.
A pure little flame is left.
1.07 - The Primary Data of Being, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
object:1.07 - The Primary data of Being
class:The Wherefore of the Worlds
--
The Primary data of Being
15th February 1915
1.07 - The Prophecies of Nostradamus, #Aion, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
160 From the existing astrological data, therefore, and from the
possibilities of interpreting them it was not difficult for Nos-
1.08 - The Methods of Vedantic Knowledge, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
2:We arrive at the conception and at the knowledge of a divine existence by exceeding the evidence of the senses and piercing beyond the walls of the physical mind. So long as we confine ourselves to sense-evidence and the physical consciousness, we can conceive nothing and know nothing except the material world and its phenomena. But certain faculties in us enable our mentality to arrive at conceptions which we may indeed deduce by ratiocination or by imaginative variation from the facts of the physical world as we see them, but which are not warranted by any purely physical data or any physical experience. The first of these instruments is the pure reason.
3:Human reason has a double action, mixed or dependent, pure or sovereign. Reason accepts a mixed action when it confines itself to the circle of our sensible experience, admits its law as the final truth and concerns itself only with the study of phenomenon, that is to say, with the appearances of things in their relations, processes and utilities. This rational action is incapable of knowing what is, it only knows what appears to be, it has no plummet by which it can sound the depths of being, it can only survey the field of becoming. Reason, on the other hand, asserts its pure action, when accepting our sensible experiences as a starting-point but refusing to be limited by them it goes behind, judges, works in its own right and strives to arrive at general and unalterable concepts which attach themselves not to the appearances of things, but to that which stands behind their appearances. It may arrive at its result by direct judgment passing immediately from the appearance to that which stands behind it and in that case the concept arrived at may seem to be a result of the sensible experience and dependent upon it though it is really a perception of reason working in its own right. But the perceptions of the pure reason may also - and this is their more characteristic action - use the experience from which they start as a mere excuse and leave it far behind before they arrive at their result, so far that the result may seem the direct contrary of that which our sensible experience wishes to dictate to us. This movement is legitimate and indispensable, because our normal experience not only covers only a small part of universal fact, but even in the limits of its own field uses instruments that are defective and gives us false weights and measures. It must be exceeded, put away to a distance and its insistences often denied if we are to arrive at more adequate conceptions of the truth of things. To correct the errors of the sense-mind by the use of reason is one of the most valuable powers developed by man and the chief cause of his superiority among terrestrial beings.
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7:The sovereign action of the sense-mind can be employed to develop other senses besides the five which we ordinarily use. For instance, it is possible to develop the power of appreciating accurately without physical means the weight of an object which we hold in our hands. Here the sense of contact and pressure is merely used as a starting-point, just as the data of sense-experience are used by the pure reason, but it is not really the sense of touch which gives the measure of the weight to the mind; that finds the right value through its own independent perception and uses the touch only in order to enter into relation with the object. And as with the pure reason, so with the sensemind, the sense-experience can be used as a mere first point from which it proceeds to a knowledge that has nothing to do with the sense-organs and often contradicts their evidence. Nor is the extension of faculty confined only to outsides and superficies. It is possible, once we have entered by any of the senses into relation with an external object, so to apply the Manas as to become aware of the contents of the object, for example, to receive or to perceive the thoughts or feelings of others without aid from their utterance, gesture, action or facial expressions and even in contradiction of these always partial and often misleading data. Finally, by an utilisation of the inner senses, - that is to say, of the sense-powers, in themselves, in their purely mental or subtle activity as distinguished from the physical which is only a selection for the purposes of outward life from their total and general action, - we are able to take cognition of sense-experiences, of appearances and images of things other than those which belong to the organisation of our material environment. All these extensions of faculty, though received with hesitation and incredulity by the physical mind because they are abnormal to the habitual scheme of our ordinary life and experience, difficult to set in action, still more difficult to systematise so as to be able to make of them an orderly and serviceable set of instruments, must yet be admitted, since they are the invariable result of any attempt to enlarge the field of our superficially active consciousness whether by some kind of untaught effort and casual ill-ordered effect or by a scientific and well-regulated practice.
8:None of them, however, leads to the aim we have in view, the psychological experience of those truths that are "beyond perception by the sense but seizable by the perceptions of the reason", buddhigrahyam atndriyam.2 They give us only a larger field of phenomena and more effective means for the observation of phenomena. The truth of things always escapes beyond the sense. Yet is it a sound rule inherent in the very constitution of universal existence that where there are truths attainable by the reason, there must be somewhere in the organism possessed of that reason a means of arriving at or verifying them by experience. The one means we have left in our mentality is an extension of that form of knowledge by identity which gives us the awareness of our own existence. It is really upon a selfawareness more or less conscient, more or less present to our conception that the knowledge of the contents of our self is based. Or to put it in a more general formula, the knowledge of the contents is contained in the knowledge of the continent. If then we can extend our faculty of mental self-awareness to awareness of the Self beyond and outside us, Atman or Brahman of the Upanishads, we may become possessors in experience of the truths which form the contents of the Atman or Brahman in the universe. It is on this possibility that Indian Vedanta has based itself. It has sought through knowledge of the Self the knowledge of the universe.
1.09 - The Absolute Manifestation, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
There can be no alternatives in the Absolute, and it is an unprofitable attempt for the understanding when it seeks under cover of this subterfuge to transgress its proper limit by fastening its own primary data on That which escapes its thought.
If then we wish to conceive the Absolute in its two opposite aspects, we must postulate them, not successively, but simultaneously. It is at one and the same time absolute repose and absolute movement, integral extinction and integral plenitude, being and non-being.
1.10 - The Secret of the Veda, #Vedic and Philological Studies, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Among such branches of research which can even now be used in spite of new & hostile conclusions as a sort of side support to the modern theory of the Veda stand in a curious twilit corner of their own the researches of the ethnologists. There is no more glaring instance of the conjectural and unsubstantial nature of these pseudo-Sciences than the results of Ethnology which yet claims to deduce its results from fixed and certain physical tests and data. We find the philological discovery of the Aryan invasion supported by the conclusions of ethnologists like Sir Herbert Risley, who make an ethnological map of India coloured in with all shades of mixed raciality, Dravidian,Scytho-Dravidian, Mongolo-Dravidian, Scytho-Aryan. More modern schools of ethnology assert positively on the strength of [the] same laws & the same tests that there is but one homogeneous Indo-Afghan race inhabiting the whole peninsula from theHimalayas to Cape Comorin. What are we to think of a science of which the tests are so pliant and the primary results so irreconcilable? Or how, if the more modern theory is correct, if a distinct homogeneous race inhabits India, can we fail to doubt strongly as a philological myth the whole story of the Aryan invasion & colonisation of Northern India, which has been so long one of the most successful & loudly proclaimed results of the new philology? As a result perhaps of these later conclusions we find a tendency even in philological scholarship towards the rise of new theories which dispute the whole legend of an Aryan invasion, assert an indigenous or even a southern origin for the peoples of the Vedic times and suppose Aryanism to have been a cult and not a racial distinction. These new theories destroy all fixed confidence in the old without themselves revealing any surer foundations for their own guesses; both start from conjectural philology & end in an imaginatively conjectural nation-building or culture-building. It is exceedingly doubtful whether the Vedic terms Aryan & unAryan at all refer to racial or cultural differences; they may have an entirely different and wholly religious & spiritual significance & refer to the good and evil powers & mortals influenced by them. If this prove to be the truth, and the close contiguity & probable historical connection between the Vedic Indians & the Zoroastrian Persians gives it a great likelihood, then the whole elaborate edifice built up by the scholars of an Aryan invasion and an Aryan culture begins to totter & seek the ground, there to lie in the dust amid the wrecks of other once confident beliefs and triumphant errors.
The substance of modern philological discovery about the Vedas consists, first, in the picture of an Aryan civilisation introduced by northern invaders and, secondly, in the interpretation of the Vedic religion as a worship of Nature-powers & Vedic myths as allegorical legends of sun & moon & star & the visible phenomena of Nature. The latter generalisation rests partly on new philological renderings of Vedic words, partly on the Science of Comparative Mythology. The method of this Science can be judged from one or two examples. The Greek story of the demigod Heracles is supposed to be an evident sun myth. The two scientific proofs offered for this discovery are first that Hercules performed twelve labours and the solar year is divided into twelve months and, secondly, that Hercules burnt himself on a pyre on Mount Oeta and the sun also sets in a glory of flame behind the mountains. Such proofs seem hardly substantial enough for so strong a conclusion. By the same reasoning one could prove the emperor Napoleon a sun myth, because he was beaten & shorn of his glory by the forces of winter and because his brilliant career set in the western ocean and he passed there a long night of captivity. With the same light confidence the siege of Troy is turned by the scholars into a sun myth because the name of the Greek Helena, sister of the two Greek Aswins, Castor & Pollux, is philologically identical with the Vedic Sarama and that of her abductor Paris is not so very different from the Vedic Pani. It may be noted that in the Vedic story Sarama is not the sister of the Aswins and is not abducted by the Panis and that there is no other resemblance between the Vedic legend & the Greek tradition. So by more recent speculation even Yudhishthira and his brothers and the famous dog of theMahabharat are raised into the skies & vanish in a starry apotheosis,one knows not well upon what grounds except that sometimes the Dog Star rages in heaven. It is evident that these combinations are merely an ingenious play of fancy & prove absolutely nothing. Hercules may be the Sun but it is not proved. Helen & Paris may be Sarama & one of the Panis, but itis not proved. Yudhishthira & his brothers may be an astronomical myth, but it is not proved. For the rest, the unsubstantiality & rash presumption of the Sun myth theory has not failed to give rise in Europe to a hostile school of Comparative Mythologists who adopt other methods & seek the origins of early religious legend & tradition in a more careful and flexible study of the mentality, customs, traditions & symbolisms of primitive races. The theory of Vedic Nature-worship is better founded than these astronomical fancies. Agni is plainly the God of Fire, Surya of the Sun, Usha of the Dawn, Vayu of the Wind; Indra for Sayana is obviously the god of rain; Varuna seems to be the sky, the Greek Ouranos,et cetera. But when we have accepted these identities, the question of Vedic interpretation & the sense of Vedic worship is not settled. In the Greek religion Apollo was the god of the sun, but he was also the god of poetry & prophecy; Athene is identified with Ahana, a Vedic name of the Dawn, but for the Greeks she is the goddess of purity & wisdom; Artemis is the divinity of the moon, but also the goddess of free life & of chastity. It is therefore evident that in early Greek religion, previous to the historic or even the literary period, at an epoch therefore that might conceivably correspond with the Vedic period, many of the deities of the Greek heavens had a double character, the aspect of physical Nature-powers and the aspect of moral Nature-powers. The indications, therefore,for they are not proofs,even of Comparative Mythology would justify us in inquiring whether a similar double character did not attach to the Vedic gods in the Vedic hymns.
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The researches of Comparative Religion although they cannot yet constitute a science, should at least follow as far as possible the lines & methods adopted by the physical Sciences, especially of Biology; they should therefore consist mainly, apart from the mere collection of data, first, in the tracing of existing or later forms to their earlier history & origins, if possible, to their embryonic origins and, secondly, in the careful comparison both of the origins & later history of similar forms in different environments. In India [incomplete]
Nietzsche stands perhaps on a different plane because he had something of the
1.11 - The Change of Power, #On the Way to Supermanhood, #Satprem, #Integral Yoga
We have therefore come to a new change of power. A new power such as there has never been since the first anthropoids, a tidal wave of power that has nothing to do with our little philosophical and spiritual meditations of past ages, a worldwide, collective and perhaps universal phenomenon as radically new as the first surge of thought upon the world, when mind took over from the simian order and overthrew all its laws and instinctual mechanisms. But here and this is really the characteristic of the new world being born the power is not a power of abstraction, not a talent for getting a bird's-eye view of things and reducing the scattered data of the world into an equation in order to make a synthesis, which is always wobbly the mind has turned everything into abstraction; it lives in an image of the world, a yellow or blue reflection of the great bubble, like a man inside a glass statue not a discursive and contingent power that only adds and subtracts, not a gathering of knowledge that never makes a whole. It is a direct power of the truth of each instant and each thing harmonized with the total truth of the millions of instants and things, a power to enter the truth of each gesture and each circumstance, which accords with all other gestures and circumstances because Truth is one and the Self is unique, and if this point is touched, everything else is instantly touched, like cell and cell of the same body. It is a tremendous power of concretization of Truth, acting directly upon the same Truth contained in each point of space and each second of time, or rather, compelling each moment, each circumstance, each gesture, each cell of matter to yield its truth, its right note, its own innate power buried under all the layers of our vital and mental accretions a tremendous truing of the world and each being. We could say a tremendous Movement of realization the world is not real! It is a distorted appearance, a mental approximation, which looks more like a nightmare, a black and white translation of something we still have not seized. We do not have our real eyes yet! For, in the end, there is only one reality, and that is the reality of Truth a truth that has grown, that had to protect itself behind walls, to limit and dim itself under one shell or another, one bubble or another, to make itself felt by a caterpillar or a man, then bursts open in its own Sunlight when the wings of the great Self we always were begin to open.
But this change of power, this transition from the indirect and abstract truths of the mind to the direct and concrete Truth of the great Self is obviously not effected on the summits of the Spirit it has nothing to do with mental gymnastics, just as the other power had nothing to do with the ape's skills. It is effected in a most down-to-earth way, in everyday life, in the minuscule, the futility of the moment, which is futile only to us, if we understand that a speck of dust contains as much truth as the totality of all space, and just as much power. It therefore applies itself to utterly material mechanisms. The play takes place in the substance. Therefore it comes up against age-old resistances, against a bubble that is perhaps the first self-defensive bubble of the protoplasm in its water hole. But in the end resistances turn out to have assisted by the resistance much more than they have impeded the intention of the great Creatrix and her Mover,26 and we do not know, finally, if there is a single shadow and pain that does not secretly build up the very power we are trying to manifest. If it emerged too soon, truth would be incomplete, or unbearable for the other animalcules that share our water hole and which would soon disgorge it we are a single human body, we always forget, and our mistakes or slowness are the mistakes and slowness of the world. But if we can win a victory here, in this little point of matter, each of us human beings has a formidable task to carry out, if he understands. Being born in this world is a far more powerful mystery than we had thought.
1.11 - The Master of the Work, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
If one has walked long arid steadily in the path, the faith of the heart will remain under the fiercest adverse pressure; even if it is concealed or apparently overborne, it will take the first opportunity to re-emerge. For something higher than either heart or intellect upholds it in spite of the worst stumblings and through the most prolonged failure. But even to the experienced Sadhaka such falterings or overcloudings bring a retardation of his progress and they are exceedingly dangerous to the novice. It is therefore necessary from the beginning to understand and accept the arduous difficulty of the path and to feel the need of a faith which to the intellect may seem blind, but yet is wiser than our reasoning intelligence. For this faith is a support from above; it is the brilliant shadow thrown by a secret light that exceeds the intellect and its data; it is the heart of a hidden knowledge that is not at the mercy of immediate appearances. Our faith, persevering, will be justified in its works and will be lifted and transfigured at last into the self-revelation of a divine knowledge. Always we must adhere to the injunction of the Gita, "Yoga must be continually applied with a heart free from despondent sinking." Always we must repeat to the doubting intellect the promise of the Master, "I will surely deliver thee from all sin and evil; do not grieve." At the end, the flickerings of faith will cease; for we shall see his face and feel always the Divine Presence.
The Master of our works respects our nature even when he is transforming it; he works always through the nature and not by any arbitrary caprice. This imperfect nature of ours contains the materials of our perfection, but inchoate, distorted, misplaced, thrown together in disorder or a poor imperfect order. All this material has to be patiently perfected, purified, reorganised, new-moulded and transformed, not backed and hewn and slam or mutilated, not obliterated by simple coercion and denial. This world and we who live in it are his creation and manifestation, and he deals with it and us in a way our narrow and ignorant mind cannot understand unless it falls silent and opens to a divine knowledge. In our errors is the substance of a truth which labours to reveal its meaning to our groping intelligence. The human intellect cuts out the error and the truth with it and replaces it by another half-truth half-error; but the Divine Wisdom suffers our mistakes to continue until we are able to arrive at the truth hidden and protected under every false cover. Our sins are the misdirected steps of a seeking Power that aims, not at sin, but at perfection, at something that we might call a divine virtue. Often they are the veils of a quality that has to be transformed and delivered out of this ugly disguise: otherwise, in the perfect providence of things, they would not have been suffered to exist or to continue. The Master of our works is neither a blunderer nor an indifferent witness nor a dallier with the luxury of unneeded evils. He is wiser than our reason and wiser than our virtue.
1.1.1 - The Mind and Other Levels of Being, #Letters On Yoga IV, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The intuitive perception or discrimination is self-sufficientit does not need any reasoning or process of thought to justify it. The intellectual depends on data and steps, even if the steps are hurried over or the data rapidly seized and swallowed into the intelligence.
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1.11 - The Reason as Governor of Life, #The Human Cycle, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The whole difficulty of the reason in trying to govern our existence is that because of its own inherent limitations it is unable to deal with life in its complexity or in its integral movements; it is compelled to break it up into parts, to make more or less artificial classifications, to build systems with limited data which are contradicted, upset or have to be continually modified by other data, to work out a selection of regulated potentialities which is broken down by the bursting of a new wave of yet unregulated potentialities. It would almost appear even that there are two worlds, the world of ideas proper to the intellect and the world of life which escapes from the full control of the reason, and that to bridge adequately the gulf between these two domains is beyond the power and province of the reason and the intelligent will. It would seem that these can only create either a series of more or less empirical compromises or else a series of arbitrary and practically inapplicable or only partially applicable systems. The reason of man struggling with life becomes either an empiric or a doctrinaire.
Reason can indeed make itself a mere servant of life; it can limit itself to the work the average normal man demands from it, content to furnish means and justifications for the interests, passions, prejudices of man and clo the them with a misleading garb of rationality or at most supply them with their own secure and enlightened order or with rules of caution and self-restraint sufficient to prevent their more egregious stumbles and most unpleasant consequences. But this is obviously to abdicate its throne or its highest office and to betray the hope with which man set forth on his journey. It may again determine to found itself securely on the facts of life, disinterestedly indeed, that is to say, with a dispassionate critical observation of its principles and processes, but with a prudent resolve not to venture too much forward into the unknown or elevate itself far beyond the immediate realities of our apparent or phenomenal existence. But here again it abdicates; either it becomes a mere critic and observer or else, so far as it tries to lay down laws, it does so within very narrow limits of immediate potentiality and it renounces mans drift towards higher possibilities, his saving gift of idealism. In this limited use of the reason subjected to the rule of an immediate, an apparent vital and physical practicality man cannot rest long satisfied. For his nature pushes him towards the heights; it demands a constant effort of self-transcendence and the impulsion towards things unachieved and even immediately impossible.
1.11 - The Second Genesis, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
But while it thus reveals to us the value of the most naive explanations, this fact should perhaps at the same time be a warning to us that all our philosophy, if it limited itself to such trenchantly simple data, would be only an ignorance concealed under a pomp of reasonings, ignorance unaware of itself.
Certainly, it is from a central standpoint that we discover the primary reason of existence to have been an original fact of desire. But this point of view can only be central if it succeeds in grouping around itself others that complete it. If it were exclusive of other standpoints, it would no longer be true. Truth is a mutual relation of things which at once becomes falsified if even one of them misunderstands the rest.
1.1.2 - Intellect and the Intellectual, #Letters On Yoga IV, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The intellect of most men is extremely imperfect, ill trained, half developed therefore in most the conclusions of the intellect are hasty, ill founded and erroneous or, if right, right more by chance than by merit or right working. The conclusions are formed without knowing the facts or the correct or sufficient data, merely by a rapid inference and the process by which it comes from the premisses to the conclusion is usually illogical or faulty the process being unsound by which the conclusion is arrived at, the conclusion also is likely to be fallacious. At the same time the intellect is usually arrogant and presumptuous, confidently asserting its imperfect conclusions as the truth and setting down as mistaken, stupid or foolish those who differ from them. Even when fully trained and developed, the intellect cannot arrive at absolute certitude or complete truth, but it can arrive at one aspect or side of it and make a reasonable or probable affirmation; but untrained, it is a quite insufficient instrument, at once hasty and peremptory and unsafe and unreliable.
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1.13 - Gnostic Symbols of the Self, #Aion, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
resultant synthesis of conscious and unconscious data, can lead
to a "totality," which once more uses circle and quaternity sym-
1.13 - Reason and Religion, #The Human Cycle, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Reason has indeed a part to play in relation to this highest field of our religious being and experience, but that part is quite secondary and subordinate. It cannot lay down the law for the religious life, it cannot determine in its own right the system of divine knowledge; it cannot school and lesson the divine love and delight; it cannot set bounds to spiritual experience or lay its yoke upon the action of the spiritual man. Its sole legitimate sphere is to explain as best it can, in its own language and to the rational and intellectual parts of man, the truths, the experiences, the laws of our suprarational and spiritual existence. That has been the work of spiritual philosophy in the East andmuch more crudely and imperfectly doneof theology in the West, a work of great importance at moments like the present when the intellect of mankind after a long wandering is again turning towards the search for the Divine. Here there must inevitably enter a part of those operations proper to the intellect, logical reasoning, inferences from the data given by rational experience, analogies drawn from our knowledge of the apparent facts of existence, appeals even to the physical truths of science, all the apparatus of the intelligent mind in its ordinary workings. But this is the weakest part of spiritual philosophy. It convinces the rational mind only where the intellect is already predisposed to belief, and even if it convinces, it cannot give the true knowledge. Reason is safest when it is content to take the profound truths and experiences of the spiritual being and the spiritual life, just as they are given to it, and throw them into such form, order and language as will make them the most intelligible or the least unintelligible to the reasoning mind. Even then it is not quite safe, for it is apt to harden the order into an intellectual system and to present the form as if it were the essence. And, at best, it has to use a language which is not the very tongue of the suprarational truth but its inadequate translation and, since it is not the ordinary tongue either of the rational intelligence, it is open to non-understanding or misunderstanding by the ordinary reason of mankind. It is well-known to the experience of the spiritual seeker that even the highest philosophising cannot give a true inner knowledge, is not the spiritual light, does not open the gates of experience. All it can do is to address the consciousness of man through his intellect and, when it has done, to say, I have tried to give you the truth in a form and system which will make it intelligible and possible to you; if you are intellectually convinced or attracted, you can now seek the real knowledge, but you must seek it by other means which are beyond my province.
But there is another level of the religious life in which reason might seem justified in interfering more independently and entitled to assume a superior role. For as there is the suprarational life in which religious aspiration finds entirely what it seeks, so too there is also the infrarational life of the instincts, impulses, sensations, crude emotions, vital activities from which all human aspiration takes its beginning. These too feel the touch of the religious sense in man, share its needs and experience, desire its satisfactions. Religion includes this satisfaction also in its scope, and in what is usually called religion it seems even to be the greater part, sometimes to an external view almost the whole; for the supreme purity of spiritual experience does not appear or is glimpsed only through this mixed and turbid current. Much impurity, ignorance, superstition, many doubtful elements must form as the result of this contact and union of our highest tendencies with our lower ignorant nature. Here it would seem that reason has its legitimate part; here surely it can intervene to enlighten, purify, rationalise the play of the instincts and impulses. It would seem that a religious reformation, a movement to substitute a pure and rational religion for one that is largely infrarational and impure, would be a distinct advance in the religious development of humanity. To a certain extent this may be, but, owing to the peculiar nature of the religious being, its entire urge towards the suprarational, not without serious qualifications, nor can the rational mind do anything here that is of a high positive value.
1.13 - System of the O.T.O., #Magick Without Tears, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
The details of this Pilgrim's Progress are very fully set forth in One Star in Sight; and I should indeed be stupid and presumptuous to try to do better than that. But it is true that with regard to the O.T.O. there is no similar manual of instruction. In the Manifesto, and other Official Pronunciamenti, there are, it is true, what ought to be adequate data; but I quite understand that they are not as ordered and classified as one would wish; there is certainly room for a simple elementary account of the origins of the Order, of its principles, of its methods, of its design, of the Virtue of its successive Grades. This I will now try to supply, at least in a brief outline.
Let us begin at the beginning. What is a Dramatic Ritual? It is a celebration of the Adventures of the God whom it is intended to invoke. (The Bacchae of Euripides is a perfect example of this.) Now, in the O.T.O., the object of the ceremonies being the Initiation of the Candi- date, it is he whose Path in Eternity is displayed in dramatic form.
1.14 - The Structure and Dynamics of the Self, #Aion, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
tion derived psychologically from the first, but based on the data
contained in the Biblical text used by the Gnostics. The psycho-
1.17 - Astral Journey Example, How to do it, How to Verify your Experience, #Magick Without Tears, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
The whole mechanism of memory depends on joining up independent data. You must go on adding a little to little, always joining the simple impressions by referring them to others which are more general; and so on until the whole of your universe is arranged like the brain and the nervous system. This system in fact, becomes the Universe. When you have got everything properly correlated, your central consciousness understands and controls every tiniest detail. But you must begin at the beginning you go out for a walk, and the first thing you see is a car; that represents the Atu VII, the Chariot, referred to Cancer.
Then you come to a fishmonger, and notice certain crustacea, very mala chostomous. This comes under the same sign of Cancer. The next thing you notice is an amber-coloured dress in Swan and Edgar's; amber also is the colour of Cancer in the King's Scale. Now then you have a set of three impressions which is joined together by the fact that they all belong to the Cancer class; experience will soon teach that you can remember all three very much more clearly and accurately than you could any one of the three singly.
1.18 - The Infrarational Age of the Cycle, #The Human Cycle, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
As reason and spirituality develop, they begin to become a larger and more diffused force, less intense perhaps, but wider and more effective on the mass. The mystics become the sowers of the seed of an immense spiritual development in which whole classes of society and even men from all classes seek the light, as happened in India in the age of the Upanishads. The solitary individual thinkers are replaced by a great number of writers, poets, thinkers, rhetoricians, sophists, scientific inquirers, who pour out a profuse flood of acute speculation and inquiry stimulating the thought-habit and creating even in the mass a generalised activity of the intelligence,as happened in Greece in the age of the sophists. The spiritual development, arising uncurbed by reason in an infrarational society, has often a tendency to outrun at first the rational and intellectual movement. For the greatest illuminating force of the infrarational man, as he develops, is an inferior intuition, an instinctively intuitional sight arising out of the force of life in him, and the transition from this to an intensity of inner life and the growth of a deeper spiritual intuition which outleaps the intellect and seems to dispense with it, is an easy passage in the individual man. But for humanity at large this movement cannot last; the mind and intellect must develop to their fullness so that the spirituality of the race may rise securely upward upon a broad basis of the developed lower nature in man, the intelligent mental being. Therefore we see that the reason in its growth either does away with the distinct spiritual tendency for a time, as in ancient Greece, or accepts it but spins out around its first data and activities a vast web of the workings of the intelligence, so that, as in India, the early mystic seer is replaced by the philosopher-mystic, the religious thinker and even the philosopher pure and simple.
For a time the new growth and impulse may seem to take possession of a whole community as in Athens or in old Aryan India. But these early dawns cannot endure in their purity, so long as the race is not ready. There is a crystallisation, a lessening of the first impetus, a new growth of infrarational forms in which the thought or the spirituality is overgrown with inferior accretions or it is imbedded in the form and may even die in it, while the tradition of the living knowledge, the loftier life and activity remains the property of the higher classes or a highest class. The multitude remains infrarational in its habit of mind, though perhaps it may still keep in capacity an enlivened intelligence or a profound or subtle spiritual receptiveness as its gain from the past. So long as the hour of the rational age has not arrived, the irrational period of society cannot be left behind; and that arrival can only be when not a class or a few but the multitude has learned to think, to exercise its intelligence activelyit matters not at first however imperfectlyupon their life, their needs, their rights, their duties, their aspirations as human beings. Until then we have as the highest possible development a mixed society, infrarational in the mass, but saved for civilisation by a higher class whose business it is to seek after the reason and the spirit, to keep the gains of mankind in these fields, to add to them, to enlighten and raise with them as much as possible the life of the whole.
1.19 - Life, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
10:In some recent discoveries3 which, if their conclusions are accepted, must throw an intense light on the problem of Life in Matter, a great Indian physicist has pointed attention to the response to stimulus as an infallible sign of the existence of life. It is especially the phenomenon of plant-life that has been illumined by his data and illustrated in all its subtle functionings; but we must not forget that in the essential point the same proof of vitality, the response to stimulus, the positive state of life and its negative state which we call death, have been affirmed by him in metals as in the plant. Not indeed with the same abundance, not indeed so as to show an essentially identical organisation of life; but it is possible that, could instruments of the right nature and sufficient delicacy be invented, more points of similarity between the metal and plant life could be discovered; and even if it prove not to be so, this might mean that the same or any life organisation is absent, but the beginnings of vitality could still be there. But if life, however rudimentary in its symptoms, exists in the metal, it must be admitted as present, involved perhaps or elementary and elemental in the earth or other material existences akin to the metal. If we can pursue our inquiries farther, not obliged to stop short where our immediate means of investigation fail us, we may be sure from our unvarying experience of Nature that investigations thus pursued will in the end prove to us that there is no break, no rigid line of demarcation between the earth and the metal formed in it or between the metal and the plant and, pursuing the synthesis farther, that there is none either between the elements and atoms that constitute the earth or metal and the metal or earth that they constitute. Each step of this graded existence prepares the next, holds in itself what appears in that which follows it. Life is everywhere, secret or manifest, organised or elemental, involved or evolved, but universal, all-pervading, imperishable; only its forms and organisings differ.
11:We must remember that the physical response to stimulus is only an outward sign of life, even as are breathing and locomotion in ourselves. An exceptional stimulus is applied by the experimenter and vivid responses are given which we can at once recognise as indices of vitality in the object of the experiment. But during its whole existence the plant is responding constantly to a constant mass of stimulation from its environment; that is to say, there is a constantly maintained force in it which is capable of responding to the application of force from its surroundings. It is said that the idea of a vital force in the plant or other living organism has been destroyed by these experiments. But when we say that a stimulus has been applied to the plant, we mean that an energised force, a force in dynamic movement has been directed on that object, and when we say that a response is given, we mean that an energised force capable of dynamic movement and of sensitive vibration answers to the shock. There is a vibrant reception and reply, as well as a will to grow and be, indicative of a submental, a vital-physical organisation of consciousness-force hidden in the form of being. The fact would seem to be, then, that as there is a constant dynamic energy in movement in the universe which takes various material forms more or less subtle or gross, so in each physical body or object, plant or animal or metal, there is stored and active the same constant dynamic force; a certain interchange of these two gives us the phenomena which we associate with the idea of life. It is this action that we recognise as the action of Life-Energy and that which so energises itself is the Life-Force. Mind-Energy, Life-Energy, material Energy are different dynamisms of one World-Force.
1.20 - Death, Desire and Incapacity, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
1:IN OUR last chapter we have considered Life from the point of view of the material existence and the appearance and working of the vital principle in Matter and we have reasoned from the data which this evolutionary terrestrial existence offers. But it is evident that wherever it may appear and however it may work, under whatsoever conditions, the general principle must be everywhere the same. Life is universal Force working so as to create, energise, maintain and modify, even to the extent of dissolving and reconstructing, substantial forms with mutual play and interchange of an overtly or secretly conscious energy as its fundamental character. In the material world we inhabit Mind is involved and subconscious in Life, just as Supermind is involved and subconscious in Mind, and this Life instinct with an involved subconscious Mind is again itself involved in Matter. Therefore Matter is here the basis and the apparent beginning; in the language of the Upanishads, Prithivi, the Earth-principle, is our foundation. The material universe starts from the formal atom surcharged with energy, instinct with the unformed stuff of a subconscious desire, will, intelligence. Out of this Matter apparent Life manifests and it delivers out of itself by means of the living body the Mind it contains imprisoned within it; Mind also has still to deliver out of itself the Supermind concealed in its workings. But we can conceive a world otherwise constituted in which Mind is not involved at the start but consciously uses its innate energy to create original forms of substance and is not, as here, only subconscious in the beginning. Still though the working of such a world would be quite different from ours, the intermediate vehicle of operation of that energy would always be Life. The thing itself would be the same, even if the process were entirely reversed.
2:But then it appears immediately that as Mind is only a final operation of Supermind, so Life is only a final operation of the Consciousness-Force of which Real-Idea is the determinative form and creative agent. Consciousness that is Force is the nature of Being and this conscious Being manifested as a creative Knowledge-Will is the Real-Idea or Supermind. The supramental Knowledge-Will is Consciousness-Force rendered operative for the creation of forms of united being in an ordered harmony to which we give the name of world or universe; so also Mind and Life are the same Consciousness-Force, the same Knowledge-Will, but operating for the maintenance of distinctly individual forms in a sort of demarcation, opposition and interchange in which the soul in each form of being works out its own mind and life as if they were separate from the others, though in fact they are never separate but are the play of the one Soul, Mind, Life in different forms of its single reality. In other words, as Mind is the final individualising operation of the allcomprehending and all-apprehending Supermind, the process by which its consciousness works individualised in each form from the standpoint proper to it and with the cosmic relations which proceed from that standpoint, so Life is the final operation by which the Force of Conscious-Being acting through the all-possessing and all-creative Will of the universal Supermind maintains and energises, constitutes and reconstitutes individual forms and acts in them as the basis of all the activities of the soul thus embodied. Life is the energy of the Divine continually generating itself in forms as in a dynamo and not only playing with the outgoing battery of its shocks on surrounding forms of things but receiving itself the incoming shocks of all life around as they pour in upon and penetrate the form from outside, from the environing universe.
1.20 - TANTUM RELIGIO POTUIT SUADERE MALORUM, #The Perennial Philosophy, #Aldous Huxley, #Philosophy
Turning to God without turning from self"the formula is absurdly simple; and yet, simple as it is, it explains all the follies and iniquities committed in the name of religion. Those who turn to God without turning from themselves are tempted to evil in several characteristic and easily recognizable ways. They are tempted, first of all, to practice magical rites, by means of which they hope to compel God to answer their petitions and, in general, to serve their private or collective ends. All the ugly business of sacrifice, incantation and what Jesus called vain repetition is a product of this wish to treat God as a means to indefinite self-aggrandisement, rather than as an end to be reached through total self-denial. Next, they are tempted to use the name of God to justify what they do in pursuit of place, power and wealth. And because they believe themselves to have divine justification for their actions, they proceed, with a good conscience, to perpetrate abominations, which nature, left to itself, would be ashamed to own. Throughout recorded history, an incredible sum of mischief has been done by ambitious idealists, self-deluded by their own verbiage and a lust for power, into a conviction that they were acting for the highest good of their fellow men. In the past, the justification for such wickedness was God or the Church, or the True Faith"; today idealists kill and torture and exploit in the name of the Revolution, the New Order, the World of the Common Man, or simply the Future. Finally there are the temptations which arise, when the falsely religious begin to acquire the powers which are the fruit of their pious and magical practices. For, let there be no mistake, sacrifice, incantation and vain repetition actually do produce fruits, especially when practised in conjunction with physical austerities. Men who turn towards God without turning away from themselves do not, of course, reach God; but if they devote themselves energetically enough to their pseudo-religion, they will get results. Some of these results are doubtless the product of auto-suggestion. (It was through vain repetition that Cou got his patients to cure themselves of their diseases.) Others are due, apparently, to that something not ourselves in the psychic medium that something which makes, not necessarily for righteousness, but always for power. Whether this something is a piece of secondh and objectivity, projected into the medium by the individual worshipper and his fellows and predecessors; whether it is a piece of first-hand objectivity, corresponding, on the psychic level, to the data of the material universe; or whether it is a combination of both these things, it is impossible to determine. All that need be said in this place is that people who turn towards God without turning from themselves often seem to acquire a knack of getting their petitions answered and sometimes develop considerable supernormal powers, such as those of psychic healing and extra-sensory perception. But, it may be asked: Is it necessarily a good thing to be able to get ones petitions answered in the way one wants them to be? And how far is it spiritually profitable to be possessed of these miraculous powers? These are questions which were considered in the section on Prayer and will be further discussed in the chapter on The Miraculous.
The Grand Augur, in his ceremonial robes, approached the shambles and thus addressed the pigs. How can you object to the? I shall fatten you for three months. I shall discipline myself for ten days and fast for three. I shall strew fine grass and place you bodily upon a carved sacrificial dish. Does not this satisfy you?
1.21 - My Theory of Astrology, #Magick Without Tears, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
It seems a long while since I set up your Nativity, and read it, but it is very clear in my mind that you were astonished, as so many others have been, by the simplicity and correctness of my reading. It began, you remember, by your giving me the usual data when we dropped in for tea at the Anglers' Rest. I calculated the Ascendant on the spot, and remarked "Rubbish!" I looked at you again very carefully; and, after many grunts, observed, "More likely half-past ten within an hour one way or the other." You insisted; I insisted. Unwilling to make a Fracas in the Inn, we decided to put you to the trouble of writing to your mother to settle the dispute. Back came the answer: "within a few minutes of eleven. I remember because your father had hung on as long as he could he had to take the morning service."
This occurrence is very common in my experience; I have contradicted what sounded like ascertained fact and proved on enquiry to have been right; so, considering that the statistics I made many years ago showed me to have been right 109 times out of 120, I think two things are fairly near probation; firstly, I am not guessing that doesn't matter much; but, secondly, which is of supreme importance, there is a definite connection between the personal appearance and manner of the native, and the Sign of the Zodiac which was rising when he first drew air into his lungs.
1.21 - The Ascent of Life, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
11:For, if the data with which we have started are correct, the end of the road, the goal itself can only be reached by Mind passing beyond itself into that which is beyond Mind, since of That the Mind is only an inferior term and an instrument first for descent into form and individuality and secondly for reascension into that reality which the form embodies and the individuality represents. Therefore the perfect solution of the problem of Life is not likely to be realised by association, interchange and accommodations of love alone or through the law of the mind and the heart alone. It must come by a fourth status of life in which the eternal unity of the many is realised through the spirit and the conscious foundation of all the operations of life is laid no longer in the divisions of body, nor in the passions and hungers of the vitality, nor in the groupings and the imperfect harmonies of the mind, nor in a combination of all these, but in the unity and freedom of the Spirit.
1.2.2 - The Place of Study in Sadhana, #Letters On Yoga IV, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
By training it to see, observe and understand in the right way [one can have a well-developed intellect]. Reading and study are only useful to acquire information and widen ones field of data. But that comes to nothing if one does not know how to discern and discriminate, judge, see what is within and behind things.
***
1.22 - The Problem of Life, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
7:From the data we have now before us we can see that the difficulties which arise from the imperfect poise of Consciousness and Force in man in his present status of mind and life are principally three. First, he is aware only of a small part of his own being: his surface mentality, his surface life, his surface physical being is all that he knows and he does not know even all of that; below is the occult surge of his subconscious and his subliminal mind, his subconscious and his subliminal life-impulses, his subconscious corporeality, all that large part of himself which he does not know and cannot govern, but which rather knows and governs him. For, existence and consciousness and force being one, we can only have some real power over so much of our existence as we are identified with by self-awareness; the rest must be governed by its own consciousness which is subliminal to our surface mind and life and body. And yet, the two being one movement and not two separate movements, the larger and more potent part of ourselves must govern and determine in the mass the smaller and less powerful; therefore we are governed by the subconscient and subliminal even in our conscious existence and in our very self-mastery and self-direction we are only instruments of what seems to us the Inconscient within us.
8:This is what the old wisdom meant when it said that man imagines himself to be the doer of the work by his free will, but in reality Nature determines all his works and even the wise are compelled to follow their own Nature. But since Nature is the creative force of consciousness of the Being within us who is masked by His own inverse movement and apparent denial of Himself, they called that inverse creative movement of His consciousness the Maya or Illusion-Power of the Lord and said that all existences are turned as upon a machine through His Maya by the Lord seated within the heart of all existences. It is evident then that only by man so far exceeding mind as to become one in self-awareness with the Lord can he become master of his own being. And since this is not possible in the inconscience or in the subconscient itself, since profit cannot come by plunging down into our depths back towards the Inconscient, it can only be by going inward where the Lord is seated and by ascending into that which is still superconscient to us, into the Supermind, that this unity can be wholly established. For there in the higher and divine Maya is the conscious knowledge, in its law and truth, of that which works in the subconscient by the lower Maya under the conditions of the Denial which seeks to become the Affirmation. For this lower Nature works out what is willed and known in that higher Nature. The Illusion-Power of the divine knowledge in the world which creates appearances is governed by the Truth-Power of the same knowledge which knows the truth behind the appearances and keeps ready for us the Affirmation towards which they are working. The partial and apparent Man here will find there the perfect and real Man capable of an entirely self-aware being by his full unity with that Self-existent who is the omniscient lord of His own cosmic evolution and procession.
1.240 - 1.300 Talks, #Talks, #Sri Ramana Maharshi, #Hinduism
(phala). They are like cause and effect. The interrelation of a cause and its effect is due to a Sakti whom we call God. God is phala data
(dispenser of fruit).
1.240 - Talks 2, #Talks, #Sri Ramana Maharshi, #Hinduism
(phala). They are like cause and effect. The interrelation of a cause and its effect is due to a Sakti whom we call God. God is phala data
(dispenser of fruit).
1.25 - The Knot of Matter, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
1:IF THEN the conclusion at which we have arrived is correct, - and there is no other possible on the data upon which we are working, - the sharp division which practical experience and long habit of mind have created between Spirit and Matter has no longer any fundamental reality. The world is a differentiated unity, a manifold oneness, not a constant attempt at compromise between eternal dissonances, not an everlasting struggle between irreconcilable opposites. An inalienable oneness generating infinite variety is its foundation and beginning; a constant reconciliation behind apparent division and struggle combining all possible disparates for vast ends in a secret Consciousness and Will which is ever one and master of all its own complex action, appears to be its real character in the middle; we must assume therefore that a fulfilment of the emerging Will and Consciousness and a triumphant harmony must be its conclusion. Substance is the form of itself on which it works, and of that substance if Matter is one end, Spirit is the other. The two are one: Spirit is the soul and reality of that which we sense as Matter; Matter is a form and body of that which we realise as Spirit.
2:Certainly, there is a vast practical difference and on that difference the whole indivisible series and ever-ascending degrees of the world-existence are founded. Substance, we have said, is conscious existence presenting itself to the sense as object so that, on the basis of whatever sense-relation is established, the work of world-formation and cosmic progression may proceed. But there need not be only one basis, only one fundamental principle of relation immutably created between sense and substance; on the contrary, there is an ascending and developing series. We are aware of another substance in which pure mind works as its natural medium and which is far subtler, more flexible, more plastic than anything that our physical sense can conceive of as Matter. We can speak of a substance of mind because we become aware of a subtler medium in which forms arise and action takes place; we can speak also of a substance of pure dynamic lifeenergy other than the subtlest forms of material substance and its physically sensible force-currents. Spirit itself is pure substance of being presenting itself as an object no longer to physical, vital or mental sense, but to a light of a pure spiritual perceptive knowledge in which the subject becomes its own object, that is to say, in which the Timeless and Spaceless is aware of itself in a pure spiritually self-conceptive self-extension as the basis and primal material of all existence. Beyond this foundation is the disappearance of all conscious differentiation between subject and object in an absolute identity, and there we can no longer speak of Substance.
1.26 - The Ascending Series of Substance, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
6:Here in the material world everything is founded upon the formula of material substance. Sense, Life, Thought found themselves upon what the ancients called the Earth-Power, start from it, obey its laws, accommodate their workings to this fundamental principle, limit themselves by its possibilities and, if they would develop others, have even in that development to take account of the original formula, its purpose and its demand upon the divine evolution. The sense works through physical instruments, the life through a physical nerve-system and vital organs, the mind has to build its operations upon a corporeal basis and use a material instrumentation, even its pure mental workings have to take the data so derived as a field and as the stuff upon which it works. There is no necessity in the essential nature of mind, sense, life that they should be so limited: for the physical sense-organs are not the creators of sense-perceptions, but themselves the creation, the instruments and here a necessary convenience of the cosmic sense; the nervous system and vital organs are not the creators of life's action and reaction, but themselves the creation, the instruments and here a necessary convenience of the cosmic Life-force; the brain is not the creator of thought, but itself the creation, the instrument and here a necessary convenience of the cosmic Mind. The necessity then is not absolute, but teleological; it is the result of a divine cosmic Will in the material universe which intends to posit here a physical relation between sense and its object, establishes here a material formula and law of Conscious-Force and creates by it physical images of Conscious-Being to serve as the initial, dominating and determining fact of the world in which we live. It is not a fundamental law of being, but a constructive principle necessitated by the intention of the Spirit to evolve in a world of Matter.
7:In the next grade of substance the initial, dominating, determining fact is no longer substantial form and force, but life and conscious desire. Therefore the world beyond this material plane must be a world based upon a conscious cosmic vital Energy, a force of vital seeking and a force of Desire and their self-expression and not upon an inconscient or subconscient will taking the form of a material force and energy. All the forms, bodies, forces, life-movements, sense-movements, thought-movements, developments, culminations, self-fulfilments of that world must be dominated and determined by this initial fact of Conscious-Life to which Matter and Mind must subject themselves, must start from that, base themselves upon that, be limited or enlarged by its laws, powers, capacities, limitations; and if Mind there seeks to develop yet higher possibilities, still it must then too take account of the original vital formula of desire-force, its purpose and its demand upon the divine manifestation.
13.04 - A Note on Supermind, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 05, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
Supermind is not a function: It is a reality, the reality itself, the fundamental substance that underlies the world and its formulations of Mind, Life and Matter. It is that secret Energy of Consciousness and Being that lies as the seed and sprouts up and gradually expresses itself in its variant poises of mounting potency. These poises are not mere functions: a function is just the expression or operation of an already acquired or established power. It is a deducible conclusion from known and given data, the data and the conclusion are of the same basic nature, that is commensurable entities. Life and Matter are however not commensurable entities nor, Mind and Life. Even so the Supermind and Mind do not belong to the same category of objective reality. If that was so, one could very justifiably and in high seriousness proclaim in Sri Aurobindo's words those radiant lines, bursting, as it were, with a suppressed laughter:
***
1.3.5.03 - The Involved and Evolving Godhead, #Essays Divine And Human, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The true knowledge of things is denied to our reason, because that is not our spirit's greatest essential power but only an expedient, a transitional instrument meant to deal with the appearance of things and their phenomenal process. True knowledge commences only when our consciousness can pass beyond its present normal limit in man: for then it becomes directly aware of its self and of the Power in the world and begins to have at least an initial knowledge by identity which is the sole true knowledge. Henceforward it knows and sees, no longer by the reason groping among external data, but by an ever increasing and always more luminous self-illumining and all illuminating experience. In the end it will become a conscious part of the
Divine revealing itself in the world; its life will be a power for the conscious evolution of that which is still unmanifested in the material universe.
1.4.02 - The Divine Force, #Letters On Yoga II, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
If I write about these questions [of spiritual force] from the Yogic point of view, even though on a logical basis, there is bound to be much that is in conflict with your own settled and perhaps cherished opinions, e.g. about "miracles", persons, the limits of judgment by sense data etc. I have avoided as much as possible writing about these subjects because I would have to propound things that cannot be understood except by reference to other data than those of the physical senses or of reason founded on these alone. I might have to speak of laws and forces not recognised by physical reason or science. In my public writings and my writings to sadhaks I have not dwelt on these because they go out of the range of ordinary knowledge and the understanding founded on it. These things are known to some, but they do not usually speak about it, while the public view of such of them as are known is either credulous or incredulous, but in both cases without experience or knowledge. So if the views founded on them are likely to upset, shock or bewilder, the better way is silence.
If I was annoyed, it was with myself for speaking of things which ought to be kept under a cover. I put the whole thing in a light form, no doubt, but the substance was perfectly serious, the intention being to point out that even in ordinary non-spiritual things the action of invisible or of subjective forces was open to doubt and discussion in which there could be no material
1.4 - Readings in the Taittiriya Upanishad, #Kena and Other Upanishads, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
lose all its data. In effect we should have to suppose that there is
an eternal and irreconcilable opposition between Brahman and
1.50 - Eating the God, #The Golden Bough, #James George Frazer, #Occultism
custom of sacrificing human beings. Upon data so fragmentary and
uncertain, it is impossible to build with confidence; but it seems
1.51 - How to Recognise Masters, Angels, etc., and how they Work, #Magick Without Tears, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
It was part of my plan for the Equinox to prepare a final edition of the work of Dr. Dee and Sir Edward Kelly. I had a good many of the data and promised myself to complete them by studying the manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford which, incidentally, I did in the autumn; but it struck me that it would be useful to get my large paintings of the four Elemental Watch Towers which I had made in Mexico. I thought these were probably in Boleskine. I decided to go up there for a fortnight or so. Incidentally, I had the conveniences for conferring upon Neuberg the degree of Neophyte, he having passed brilliantly through this year as a Probationer.
I consequently asked him and an Emmanuel man named Kenneth Ward, to come and stay with me. I had met Ward at Wastdale Head shortly before, having gone there to renew my ancient loves with the creeds of the gullies. It happened that Ward was very keen on skiing. I had several pairs and offered to give him some. This casual circumstance proved an essential part of the chain by which I was ultimately dragged behind the chariot of the Secret Chiefs. At least I thought it was a chain. I did not realize that steel of such exquisite temper might be beaten into a sword fit for the hand of a free man.
1.68 - The God-Letters, #Magick Without Tears, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
Never forget the abiding temptation of men of science, the hidden rocks on which so many have been wrecked, to generalize on insufficient data. May the gods keep us from that! I dread it more than all the other snags put together.
With all due caution, therefore, let us attack our puzzle from the other end; let us see what astral experiment tells us about the philology of it!
1.69 - Farewell to Nemi, #The Golden Bough, #James George Frazer, #Occultism
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged
1929-06-23 - Knowledge of the Yogi - Knowledge and the Supermind - Methods of changing the condition of the body - Meditation, aspiration, sincerity, #Questions And Answers 1929-1931, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
If you are in the true consciousness, the knowledge you have will also be of the truth. Then, too, you can know directly, by being one with what you know. If a problem is put before you, if you are asked what is to be done in a particular matter, you can then, by looking with enough attention and concentration, receive spontaneously the required knowledge and the true answer. It is not by any careful application of theory that you reach the knowledge or by working it out through a mental process. The scientific mind needs these methods to come to its conclusions. But the Yogis knowledge is direct and immediate; it is not deductive. If an engineer has to find out the exact position for the building of an arch, the line of its curve and the size of its opening, he does it by calculation, collating and deducing from his information and data. But a Yogi needs none of these things; he looks, has the vision of the thing, sees that it is to be done in this way and not in another, and this seeing is his knowledge.
Although it may be true in a general way and in a certain sense that a Yogi can know all things and can answer all questions from his own field of vision and consciousness, yet it does not follow that there are no questions whatever of any kind to which he would not or could not answer. A Yogi who has the direct knowledge, the knowledge of the true truth of things, would not care or perhaps would find it difficult to answer questions that belong entirely to the domain of human mental constructions. It may be, he could not or would not wish to solve problems and difficulties you might put to him which touch only the illusion of things and their appearances. The working of his knowledge is not in the mind. If you put him some silly mental query of that character, he probably would not answer. The very common conception that you can put any ignorant question to him as to some super-schoolmaster or demand from him any kind of information past, present or future and that he is bound to answer, is a foolish idea. It is as inept as the expectation from the spiritual man of feats and miracles that would satisfy the vulgar external mind and leave it gaping with wonder.
1951-05-14 - Chance - the play of forces - Peace, given and lost - Abolishing the ego, #Questions And Answers 1950-1951, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
We do not see it harming anyone or anything simply because we do not have sufficient data. We cannot judge circumstances, for we do not know the world. What do we know about it? Our vision is so short and so limited. Just think, a man can never know what lies beyond his hundred and twenty years, at the maximum, and I am putting a very big limit, and I count the first years of his existence, though generally he does not remember what has happened then. What does one know about the world in so short a time and about the consequences of things? Nothing at all. And even granting that one can remember sufficiently well to know the result or antecedent of a so-called chance, it is altogether a local knowledge. What does one know about what is happening at the antipodes or in a million other places on the earth at the same moment? We know nothing about it. And as we know that all that happens is linked, that all things are closely linked, consciously, that there cannot be a vibration in one place without there being its consequences in another, how can we tell whether our chance is not harmful to someone, though it be favourable for us? I think it is impossible to form a judgment (how shall I put it?) a correct judgment about things, for one does not know what is going on in the world. We do not know the whole, we know nothing of the play of forces. And we say that chance is the result of a play of forces; only, instead of being the expression of divine harmony, it is the expression of conflicting wills. These wills are not all necessarily bad or hostile but they are always ignorant. Each one tries to realise his own will and the victory is to the strongest the strongest is not necessarily the best in this field. When one thing is realised, how many others could have been realised, which were not, because this one was realised? And all these things, we do not know. We cannot compare what is with what could have been. No, I have not said anywhere that chance was necessarily the work of hostile forces, but it is certainly the work of ignorant forces.
From a scientific point of view chance is considered as something without a cause or as the result of a number of small causes which intervene and are more or less independent of each other, giving rise to the notion of disorder. But how to know whether a thing, an event, etc is due to chance or not? The word chance is rather a way of speaking, isnt it?
1960 06 22, #On Thoughts And Aphorisms, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
Sri Aurobindo, who had made a thorough study of history, knew how uncertain are the data which have been used to write it. Most often the accuracy of the documents is doubtful, and the information they supply is poor, incomplete, trivial and frequently distorted. As a whole, the official version of human history is nothing but a long, almost unbroken record of violent aggressions: wars, revolutions, murders or colonisations. True, some of these aggressions and massacres have been adorned with flattering terms and epithets; they have been called religious wars, holy wars, civilising campaigns; but they nonetheless remain acts of greed or vengeance.
Rarely in history do we find the description of a cultural, artistic or philosophical outflowering.
1960 08 24, #On Thoughts And Aphorisms, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
The best answer I can give to your question is this quotation from The Synthesis of Yoga: The characteristic power of the reason in its fullness is a logical movement assuring itself first of all available materials and data by observation and arrangement, then acting upon them for a resultant knowledge gained, assured and enlarged by a first use of the reflective powers, and lastly assuring itself of the correctness of its results by a more careful and formal action, more vigilant, deliberate, severely logical which tests, rejects or confirms them according to certain secure standards and processes developed by reflection and experience. The first business of the logical reason is therefore a right, careful and complete observation of its available material and data.1
But in this Aphorism Sri Aurobindo does not speak of reason. He speaks of logic, which is the partner and instrument of reason.
1f.lovecraft - At the Mountains of Madness, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
of thought to weigh my data on its own hideously convincing merits or
in the light of certain primordial and highly baffling myth-cycles; and
--
This body of data is in every respect true so far as it goes, and it
completely satisfied the men at the camp. We laid our absence of
1f.lovecraft - Discarded Draft of, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
up data about Innsmouth. When I had tried to question natives in the
shops, the lunch room, and the fire station I had found them even
--
museums can supply the missing data. The massed effect of so many
elaborate examples was what produced my especial feeling of awe and
1f.lovecraft - Facts concerning the Late, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
such a fancy, and seeking to obtain light among the more recent data
gleaned by his great-grandfather and Samuel Seaton amongst the Ongas.
--
finding data beyond the highest of his expectations. Among the Kaliris
was an aged chief called Mwanu, who possessed not only a highly
--
remained for a European to improve on the data offered by old Mwanu. M.
Verhaeren, Belgian agent at a trading-post on the Congo, believed that
1f.lovecraft - In the Walls of Eryx, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
and at the corpse, and jotting data on my scroll with decreasing
confidence. I cursed the stupidity and idle curiosity which had drawn
--
and prepared to take certain steps based on its data. The contents of
the scroll forms the long narrative prefixed to this report; a
1f.lovecraft - Pickmans Model, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
mine of data and suggestions when I came to develop it. He shewed me
all the paintings and drawings he had about; including some pen-and-ink
1f.lovecraft - The Call of Cthulhu, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
the old data which my uncle had possessed, had been imposing on the
veteran scientist. These responses from aesthetes told a disturbing
--
demands for data.
The earlier experience had come in 1908, seventeen years before, when
--
This data, received with suspense and astonishment by the assembled
members, proved doubly exciting to Inspector Legrasse; and he began at
--
of my uncle after encountering the sculptors data have come to
sinister ears? I think Professor Angell died because he knew too much,
--
data on the Cthulhu Cult, and evidence that it had strange interests at
sea as well as on land. What motive prompted the hybrid crew to order
1f.lovecraft - The Case of Charles Dexter Ward, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
impaired range of data, the escaped patient manages to cope with the
complicated world of today; the dominant opinion being that he is
--
drills, and in pursuit of antiquarian and genealogical data at the City
Hall, the State House, the Public Library, the Athenaeum, the
--
furnished some of the data which he had so glibly at his tongues end.
About this time the crafty scholar hit upon a last desperate expedient
--
only this confirmation and enlargement of data to convince him
absolutely. At the end of the conference he was very grave, and
--
data which survives comes from those outside the final fighting party.
There is something frightful in the care with which these actual
--
an avid and systematic collection of Curwen data.
In his first delvings there was not the slightest attempt at secrecy;
--
received, and unearthed there a considerable amount of Curwen data. He
found that his ancestor was born in Salem-Village, now Danvers, seven
--
Curwen data. The former still proved unyielding; but of the latter he
obtained so much, and so many clues to similar data elsewhere, that he
was ready by July to make a trip to New London and New York to consult
--
data as he had deciphered. This reticence he explained away as due to a
wish to wait until he might announce some connected revelation, but as
--
and fortified with all the Curwen data which the family had gleaned
from Charles in his non-secretive days, talked with the young man. The
--
arts of old which a true interpreter of the Curwen data must possess,
and hoped in time to make a full announcement and presentation of the
--
data in an exceedingly curious fashion. When Dr. Willett asked to see
the mystic documents, Ward displayed much reluctance and tried to put
--
the following year in order to avail himself of certain sources of data
not existing in America. The senior Ward, while denying this latter
--
scrap of data which the case might afford. Pawtuxet gossip was the
first item they studied, and this was relatively easy to glean since
--
old Curwen data he had digested long before; a phrase used by Simon or
Jedediah Orne in that portentous confiscated letter to the bygone
--
insidious cosmic fear from this data as it was gradually unfolded, and
almost trembled in following up the vague, mad thought which had
1f.lovecraft - The Colour out of Space, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
Questioning tactfully, Ammi could get no clear data at all about the
missing Zenas. In the wellhe lives in the well was all that the
1f.lovecraft - The Curse of Yig, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
for I had spent many years collecting data on the evolution of
serpent-worship among the Indians. I had always felt, from well-defined
--
Now it appeared that a new and copious source of data was about to
dawn, and I sought the head of the asylum with an eagerness I did not
--
data we can give.
I dont suppose old Major Moore or any of the others told you what it
1f.lovecraft - The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
definite data they had nothing to give. So Carter and his party thanked
them kindly; and, crossing the topmost granite pinnacles to the skies
1f.lovecraft - The Dunwich Horror, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
data on Wilbur Whateley and the formless presences around Dunwich. He
got in communication with Dr. Houghton of Aylesbury, who had attended
1f.lovecraft - The Horror at Red Hook, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
even the ablest interpreters; nor could he gain any real data on the
reasons for their systematic importation. They were reticent about the
1f.lovecraft - The Last Test, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
sneaking thief is probably working with my data and getting ready to
come out ahead of me with the credit for my own work. Ill lose by a
1f.lovecraft - The Lurking Fear, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
historical and geographical data. On his initiative we combed the
countryside for information regarding the terrible Martense family, and
--
searches had been exceedingly minute, I now had new data to test; for
my horrible grave-crawl convinced me that at least one of the phases of
1f.lovecraft - The Mound, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
thoroughly, equipping myself with all available data both white and red
before I commenced any actual archaeological investigations. I rose and
--
Before the strange conversation was over, a good deal of data had
passed in both directions. Zamacona had begun to learn how to throw his
--
They, on their part, were fascinated by the outer-world data which he
managed haltingly to convey.
--
fountain of data, and as such had enjoyed a privileged status. Others,
deemed less necessary, might receive rather different treatment. He
1f.lovecraft - The Picture in the House, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
certain genealogical data; and from the remote, devious, and
problematical nature of my course, had deemed it convenient to employ a
1f.lovecraft - The Rats in the Walls, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
family data. I had now obtained some very circumstantial accounts of
the final tragedy and flight of Walter de la Poer, which I conceived to
1f.lovecraft - The Shadow over Innsmouth, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
looking up data about Innsmouth. When I had tried to question the
natives in the shops, the lunch room, the garages, and the fire
--
After all, though, little useful data could be gained from him; since
his stories were all insane, incomplete hints of impossible marvels and
--
data, it is true, but capable of good use later on when I might have
time to collate and codify them. The curator of the historical society
--
I had the true Marsh eyes myself. However, I was grateful for data
which I knew would prove valuable; and took copious notes and lists of
--
data with the various notes, traditions, and bits of heirloom material
in existence there, and seeing what kind of connected chart I could
1f.lovecraft - The Shunned House, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
Not till my adult years did my uncle set before me the notes and data
which he had collected concerning the shunned house. Dr. Whipple was a
--
miscellaneous datalegends transcribed from servant gossip, cuttings
from the papers, copies of death-certificates by fellow-physicians, and
--
data on the house after listening, some time subsequent to his return
from the war, to the first-hand account of Drs. Chase and Whitmarsh.
--
authentic corroboration of all the family data my uncle had collected.
When, however, I asked them what connexion with France or its language
--
Indian legend could be unearthed to supply the data. I found, at the
start, that the land had been part of the long strip of home lot
1f.lovecraft - The Trap, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
indeed, could I do, aided or unaided, with as little working data as my
nocturnal impressions had provided? I must, I finally recognized, have
--
turn from the data so compellingly presented in that tense series of
dreams.
1f.lovecraft - The Whisperer in Darkness, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
phonograph record and all my letters to you as consultative datawe
shall need them in piecing together the whole tremendous story. You
--
simple necessities and scientific data, including the hideous
phonograph record, the kodak prints, and the entire file of Akeleys
--
for a scientific purpose, and that I was bringing data of some
importance; but he gave no sign of appreciating the depth and awfulness
1f.lovecraft - Winged Death, #Lovecraft - Poems, #unset, #Zen
data.
Aug. 11Failed to get Gamba, but recaptured the fly alive. Batta still
1.jk - Spenserian Stanza. Written At The Close Of Canto II, Book V, Of The Faerie Queene, #Keats - Poems, #John Keats, #Poetry
I have no data whereby to fix the period of this commentary of Keats on the political attitude of Spenser; but I should judge it to belong to the end of 1818 or thereabouts. The copy of Spenser in which the stanza was written is not now forthcoming: it passed into the hands of Miss Brawne, and was lost, with other books, many years after Keats's death.'
~ Poetical Works of John Keats, ed. H. Buxton Forman, Crowell publ. 1895.
1.jk - To Fanny, #Keats - Poems, #John Keats, #Poetry
'First given among the Literary Remains in 1848, dated 1819. I have no data upon which to suggest the period more exactly; but the desperation of tone may perhaps indicate that the sonnet was composed late in the year.'
~ Poetical Works of John Keats, ed. H. Buxton Forman, Crowell publ. 1895. by owner. provided at no charge for educational purposes
1.poe - Eureka - A Prose Poem, #Poe - Poems, #unset, #Zen
That the demonstration does not prove the hypothesis, according to the common understanding of the word "proof," I admit, of course. To show that certain existing results -that certain established facts may be, even mathematically, accounted for by the assumption of a certain hypothesis, is by no means to establish the hypothesis itself. In other words: -to show that, certain data being given, a certain existing result might, or even must, have ensued, will fail to prove that this result did ensue, FR until such time as it shall be also shown that there are, and can be, no other data from which the result in question might equally have ensued. But, in the case now discussed, although all must admit the deficiency of what we are in the habit of terming "proof," still there are many intellects, and those of the loftiest order to which no proof could bring one iota of additional Conviction. Without going into details which might impinge upon the Cloud-Land of Metaphysics, I may as well here observe that the force of conviction, in cases such as this, will always, with the right-thinking, be proportional to the amount of Complexity intervening between the hypothesis and the result. To be less abstract: -The greatness of the complexity found existing among cosmical conditions, by rendering great in the same proportion the difficulty of accounting for all these conditions at once, strengthens, also in the same proportion, our faith in that hypothesis which does, in such manner, satisfactorily account for them: -and as no complexity can well be conceived greater than that of the astronomical conditions, so no conviction can be stronger -to my mind at least -than that with which I am impressed by an hypothesis that not only reconciles these conditions, with mathematical accuracy, and reduces them into a consistent and intelligible whole, but is, at the same time, the sole hypothesis by means of which the human intellect has been ever enabled to account for them at all.
A most unfounded opinion has been latterly current and even in scientific circles -the opinion that the so-called Nebular Cosmogony has been overthrown. This fancy has arisen from the report of late observations made, among what hitherto have been termed the "nebulae," through the large telescope of Cincinnati, and the world-renowned instrument of Lord Rosse. Certain spots in the firmament which presented, even to the most powerful of the old telescopes, the appearance of nebulosity, or haze, had been regarded for a long time as confirming the theory of Laplace. They were looked upon as stars in that very process of condensation which I have been attempting to describe. Thus it was supposed that we "had ocular evidence" -an evidence, by the way, which has always been found very questionable of the truth of the hypothesis; and, although certain telescopic improvements, every now and then, enabled us to perceive that a spot, here and there, which we had been classing among the nebulae, was, in fact, but a cluster of stars deriving its nebular character only from its immensity of distance -still it was thought that no doubt could exist as to the actual nebulosity of numerous other masses, the strong-holds of the nebulists, bidding defiance to every effort at segregation. Of these latter the most interesting was the great "nebulae" in the constellation Orion: -but this, with innumerable other miscalled "nebulae," when viewed through the magnificent modern telescopes, has become resolved into a simple collection of stars. Now this fact has been very generally understood as conclusive against the Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace; and, on announcement of the discoveries in question, the most enthusiastic defender and most eloquent popularizer of the theory, Dr. Nichol, went so far as to "admit the necessity of abandoning" an idea which had formed the material of his most praiseworthy book.
--
And here let me fortify my position still farther, by the voice of a greater than Madler -of one, moreover, to whom all the data of Madler have long been familiar things, carefully and thoroughly considered. Referring to the elaborate calculations of Argelander -the very researches which form Madler's basis -Humboldt, whose generalizing powers have never, perhaps been equalled, has the following observation:
"When we regard the real, proper, or non-perspective motions of the stars, we find many groups of them moving in opposite directions; and the data as yet in hand render it not necessary, at least, to conceive that the systems composing the Milky Way, or the clusters, generally, composing the Universe, are revolving about any particular centre unknown, whether luminous or non-luminous. It is but Man's longing for a fundamental First Cause, that impels both his intellect and fancy to the adoption of such an hypothesis."
Betrachtet man die nicht perspectivischen eigenen Bewegungen der Sterne, so scheinen viele gruppenweise in ihrer Richtung entgegengesetzt; und die bisher gesammelten Thatsachen machen es auf's wenigste nicht nothwendig, anzunehmen, dass alle Theile unserer Sternenschicht oder gar der gesammten Sterneninseln, welche den Weltraum fullen, sich um einen grossen, unbekannten, leuchtenden oder dunkeln Centralkorper bewegen. Das Streben nach den letzten und hochsten Grundursachen macht freilich die reflectirende Thatigkeit des Menschen, wie seine Phantasie, zu einer solchen Annahme geneigt.
1.rt - The Little Big Man, #Tagore - Poems, #Rabindranath Tagore, #Poetry
I shall say, "Father, give them to my data, for I am as big
as you are."
2.01 - Habit 1 Be Proactive, #The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, #Stephen Covey, #unset
"The recommendations are consistent with the analysis, and the analysis is consistent with the data.
He's remarkable! What a relief not to have to worry about this part of the business."
2.01 - On Books, #Evening Talks With Sri Aurobindo, #unset, #Zen
On the data of human history he believes that there have been cycles in the life of the human race when cultures have arisen, reached a zenith and then declined. From a study of these it is possible to predict the decline of human cultures. European culture at present is full of these symptoms of decline and therefore it is bound to decline. The signs of this decline are the rise of big cities, impoverishment of the countryside, capitalism, etc.
He says that to classify history as Primitive, Mediaeval and Modern is not correct. We must study universal history and that too impersonally. The mathematical discoveries that are seen in a particular culture are organically connected with that culture. The Greeks, for instance, could never have arrived at the conception of the 'series' regularly increasing or decreasing numbers leading to infinite number. The 'series-idea' is only possible in modern culture.
--
And when he speaks of cycles there is some truth in the idea, but it is not possible to make a rigid rule about the recurrence of the cycles. These cycles are plastic and need not be all of the same duration. In the Aryan Path Mr. Morris has written an article full of study of facts and historical data in which he tries to show that human history has always run in a cycle of five hundred years. He even believes that there are Mahatmas who manage this world!
I believe the extension of mathematical numbers to infinity was well known in India long long ago.
--
Disciple: What else can science do? It must take the data and make a hypothesis.
Sri Aurobindo: In the real science you must have the right data. Then you should draw the right inference. The difficulty is that you can never be sure of having all the data for any phenomenon.
Disciple: There are so many calculations: earths age, the rate of the expanding universe, the suns birth, the age of the sun etc.
2.01 - The Two Natures, #Essays On The Gita, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The deeper method and language of the Upanishads with its free resort to image and symbol, its intuitive form of speech in which the hard limiting definiteness of intellectual utterance is broken down and the implications of words are allowed to roll out into an illimitable wave of suggestion, is in these realms the only right method and language. But the Gita cannot resort to this form, because it is designed to satisfy an intellectual difficulty, answers a state of mind in which the reason, the arbiter to which we refer the conflicts of our impulses and sentiments, is at war with itself and impotent to arrive at a conclusion. The reason has to be led to a truth beyond itself, but by its own means and in its own manner. Offered a spiritually psychological solution, of the data of which it has no experience, it can only be assured of its validity if it is satisfied by an intellectual statement of the truths of being upon which the solution rests.
So far the justifying truths that have been offered to it are those with which it is already familiar, and they are only sufficient as a starting-point. There is first the distinction between the Self and the individual being in Nature. The distinction has been used to point out that this individual being in Nature is necessarily subject, so long as he lives shut up within the action of the ego, to the workings of the three gunas which make up by their unstable movements the whole scope and method of the reason, the mind and the life and senses in the body. And within this circle there is no solution. Therefore the solution has to be found by an ascent out of the circle, above this nature of the gunas, to the one immutable Self and silent Spirit, because then one gets beyond that action of the ego and desire which
2.02 - Brahman, Purusha, Ishwara - Maya, Prakriti, Shakti, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
But the being and action of the Infinite must not be therefore regarded as if it were a magic void of all reason; there is, on the contrary, a greater reason in all the operations of the Infinite, but it is not a mental or intellectual, it is a spiritual and supramental reason: there is a logic in it, because there are relations and connections infallibly seen and executed; what is magic to our finite reason is the logic of the Infinite. It is a greater reason, a greater logic because it is more vast, subtle, complex in its operations: it comprehends all the data which our observation fails to seize, it deduces from them results which neither our deduction nor
induction can anticipate, because our conclusions and inferences have a meagre foundation and are fallible and brittle. If we observe a happening, we judge and explain it from the result and from a glimpse of its most external constituents, circumstances or causes; but each happening is the outcome of a complex nexus of forces which we do not and cannot observe, because all forces are to us invisible, - but they are not invisible to the spiritual vision of the Infinite: some of them are actualities working to produce or occasion a new actuality, some are possibles that are near to the pre-existent actuals and in a way included in their aggregate; but there can intervene always new possibilities that suddenly become dynamic potentials and add themselves to the nexus, and behind all are imperatives or an imperative which these possibilities are labouring to actualise. Moreover, out of the same nexus of forces different results are possible; what will come out of them is determined by a sanction which was no doubt waiting and ready all the time but seems to come in rapidly to intervene and alter everything, a decisive divine imperative.
All this our reason cannot grasp because it is the instrument of an ignorance with a very limited vision and a small stock of accumulated and not always very certain or reliable knowledge and because too it has no means of direct awareness; for this is the difference between intuition and intellect, that intuition is born of a direct awareness while intellect is an indirect action of a knowledge which constructs itself with difficulty out of the unknown from signs and indications and gathered data. But what is not evident to our reason and senses, is self-evident to the Infinite Consciousness, and, if there is a Will of the Infinite, it must be a Will that acts in this full knowledge and is the perfect spontaneous result of a total self-evidence. It is neither a hampered evolutionary Force bound by what it has evolved nor an imaginative Will acting in the void upon a free caprice; it is the truth of the Infinite affirming itself in the determinations of the finite.
It is evident that such a Consciousness and Will need not act in harmony with the conclusions of our limited reason or according to a procedure familiar to it and approved of by our constructed notions or in subjection to an ethical reason working for a limited and fragmentary good; it might and does admit things deemed by our reason irrational and unethical because that was necessary for the final and total Good and for the working out of a cosmic purpose. What seems to us irrational or reprehensible in relation to a partial set of facts, motives, desiderata might be perfectly rational and approvable in relation to a much vaster motive and totality of data and desiderata.
Reason with its partial vision sets up constructed conclusions which it strives to turn into general rules of knowledge and action and it compels into its rule by some mental device or gets rid of what does not suit with it: an infinite Consciousness would have no such rules, it would have instead large intrinsic truths governing automatically conclusion and result, but adapting them differently and spontaneously to a different total of circumstances, so that by this pliability and free adaptation it might seem to the narrower faculty to have no standards whatever. In the same way, we cannot judge of the principle and dynamic operation of infinite being by the standards of finite existence, - what might be impossible for the one would be normal and self-evidently natural states and motives for the greater freer Reality. It is this that makes the difference between our fragmentary mind consciousness constructing integers out of its fractions and an essential and total consciousness, vision and knowledge. It is not indeed possible, so long as we are compelled to use reason as our main support, for it to abdicate altogether in favour of an undeveloped or half-organised intuition; but it is imperative on us in a consideration of the Infinite and its being and action to enforce on our reason an utmost plasticity and open it to an awareness of the larger states and possibilities of that which we are striving to consider. It will not do to apply our limited and limiting conclusions to That which is illimitable. If we concentrate only on one aspect and treat it as the whole, we illustrate the story of the blind men and the elephant; each of the blind inquirers touched a different part and concluded that the whole animal was some object resembling the part of which he had had the touch. An experience of some one aspect of the Infinite is valid in itself; but we cannot generalise from it that the Infinite is that alone, nor would it be safe to view the rest of the Infinite in the terms of that aspect and exclude all other view-points of spiritual experience. The Infinite is at once an essentiality, a boundless totality and a multitude; all these have to be known in order to know truly the Infinite. To see the parts alone and the totality not at all or only as a sum of the parts is a knowledge, but also at the same time an ignorance; to see the totality alone and ignore the parts is also a knowledge and at the same time an ignorance, for a part may be greater than the whole because it belongs to the transcendence; to see the essence alone because it takes us back straight towards the transcendence and negate the totality and the parts is a penultimate knowledge, but here too there is a capital ignorance. A whole knowledge must be there and the reason must become plastic enough to look at all sides, all aspects and seek through them for that in which they are one.
--
There is no division of the One by the appearance of the finite, for it is the one Infinite that appears to us as the many finite: the creation adds nothing to the Infinite; it remains after creation what it was before. The Infinite is not a sum of things, it is That which is all things and more. If this logic of the Infinite contradicts the conceptions of our finite reason, it is because it exceeds it and does not base itself on the data of the limited phenomenon, but embraces the Reality and sees the truth of all phenomena in the truth of the Reality; it does not see them as separate beings, movements, names, forms, things; for that they cannot be, since they could be that only if they were phenomena in the Void, things without a common basis or essence, fundamentally unconnected, connected only by coexistence and pragmatic relation, not realities which exist by their root of unity and, so far as they can be considered independent, are secured in their independence of outer or inner figure and movement only by their perpetual dependence on their parent Infinite, their secret identity with the one Identical. The Identical is their root, their cause of form, the one power of their varying powers, their constituting substance.
The Identical to our notions is the Immutable; it is ever the same through eternity, for if it is or becomes subject to mutation or if it admits of differences, it ceases to be identical; but what we see everywhere is an infinitely variable fundamental oneness which seems the very principle of Nature. The basic Force is one, but it manifests from itself innumerable forces; the basic substance is one, but it develops many different substances and millions of unlike objects; mind is one but differentiates itself into many mental states, mind-formations, thoughts, perceptions differing from each other and entering into harmony or into conflict; life is one, but the forms of life are unlike and innumerable; humanity is one in nature, but there are different race types and every individual man is himself and in some way unlike others; Nature insists on tracing lines of difference on the leaves of one tree; she drives differentiation so far that it has been found that the lines on one man's thumb are different from the lines of every other man's thumb so that he can be identified by that differentiation alone, - yet fundamentally all men are alike and there is no essential difference. Oneness or sameness is everywhere, differentiation is everywhere; the indwelling Reality has built the universe on the principle of the development of one seed into a million different fashions. But this again is the logic of the Infinite; because the essence of the Reality is immutably the same, it can assume securely these innumerable differences of form and character and movement, for even if they were multiplied a trillionfold, that would not affect the underlying immutability of the eternal Identical. Because the Self and Spirit in things and beings is one everywhere, therefore Nature can afford this luxury of infinite differentiation: if there were not this secure basis which brings it about that nothing changes yet all changes, all her workings and creations would in this play collapse into disintegration and chaos; there would be nothing to hold her disparate movements and creations together. The immutability of the Identical does not consist in a monotone of changeless sameness incapable of variation; it consists in an unchangeableness of being which is capable of endless formation of being, but which no differentiation can destroy or impair or minimise. The Self becomes insect and bird and beast and man, but it is always the same Self through these mutations because it is the One who manifests himself infinitely in endless diversity.
2.02 - Habit 2 Begin with the End in Mind, #The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, #Stephen Covey, #unset
The wisdom and guidance that accompany Principle-Centered Living come from correct maps, from the way things really are, have been, and will be. Correct maps enable us to clearly see where we want to go and how to get there. We can make our decisions using the correct data that will make their implementation possible and meaningful.
The personal power that comes from Principle-Centered Living is the power of a self-aware, knowledgeable, proactive individual, unrestricted by the attitudes, behaviors, and actions of others or by many of the circumstances and environmental influences that limit other people.
--
You use accurate data which makes your decisions both implementable and meaningful.
You stand apart from life's situations, and circumstances and look at the balanced whole. Your decisions and actions reflect both short and long-term considerations and implications.
2.02 - The Status of Knowledge, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
This greater consciousness, this higher existence are not an enlightened or illumined mentality supported by a greater dynamic energy or supporting a purer moral life and character. Their superiority to the ordinary human consciousness is not in degree but in kind and essence. There is a change not merely of the surface or instrumental manner of our being but of its very foundation and dynamic principle. Yogic knowledge seeks to enter into a secret consciousness beyond mind which is only occultly here, concealed at the bases of all existence. For it is that consciousness alone that truly knows and only by its possession can we possess God and rightly know the world and its real nature and secret forces. All this world visible or sensible to us and all too in it that is not visible is merely the phenomenal expression of something beyond the mind and the senses. The knowledge which the senses and intellectual reasoning from the data of the senses can bring us, is not true knowledge; it is a science of appearances. And even appearances cannot be properly known unless we know first the Reality of which they are images. This Reality is their self and there is one self of all; when that is seized, all other things can then be known in their truth and no longer as now only in their appearance.
It is evident that however much we may analyse the physical and sensible, we cannot by that means arrive at the Knowledge of the Self or of ourselves or of that which we call God. The telescope, the microscope, the scalpel, the retort and alembic cannot go beyond the physical, although they may arrive at subtler and subtler truths about the physical. If then we confine ourselves to what the senses and their physical aids reveal to us and refuse from the beginning to admit any other reality or any other means of knowledge, we are obliged to conclude that nothing is real except the physical and that there is no Self in us or in the universe, no God within and without, no ourselves even except this aggregate of brain, nerves and body. But this we are only obliged to conclude because we have assumed it firmly from the beginning and therefore cannot but circle round to our original assumption.
If, then, there is a Self, a Reality not obvious to the senses, It must be by other means than those of physical Science that it is to be sought and known. The intellect is not that means. Undoubtedly there are a number of supra-sensuous truths at which the intellect is able to arrive in its own manner and which it is able to perceive and state as intellectual conceptions. The very idea of Force for instance on which Science so much insists, is a conception, a truth at which the intellect alone can arrive by going beyond its data; for we do not sense this universal force but only its results, and the force itself we infer as a necessary cause of these results. So also the intellect by following a certain line of rigorous analysis can arrive at the intellectual conception and the intellectual conviction of the Self and this conviction can be very real, very luminous, very potent as the beginning of other arid greater things. Still, in itself intellectual analysis can only lead to an arrangement of clear conceptions, perhaps to a right arrangement of true conceptions; but this is not the knowledge aimed at by Yoga. For it is not in itself an effective knowledge. A man may be perfect in it and yet be precisely what he was before except in the mere fact of the greater intellectual illumination. The change of our being at which Yoga aims, may not at all take place.
It is true that intellectual deliberation arid right discrimination are an important part of the Yoga of knowledge; but their object is rather to remove a difficulty than to arrive at the final and positive result of this path. Our ordinary intellectual notions are a stumbling-block in the way of knowledge, for they are governed by the error of the senses and they found themselves on the notion that matter and body are the reality, that life and force are the reality, that passion and emotion, thought and sense are the reality; arid with these things we identify ourselves, and because we identify ourselves with these things we cannot get back to the real self. Therefore, it is necessary for the seeker of knowledge to remove this stumbling-block and to get right notions about himself and the world; for how shall we pursue by knowledge the real self if we have no notion of what it is and are on the contrary burdened with ideas quite opposite to the truth? Therefore right thought is a necessary preliminary, and once the habit of right thought is established, free from sense-error and desire and old association and intellectual prejudgment, the understanding becomes, purified and offers no serious obstacle to the farther process of knowledge. Still, right thought only becomes effective when in the purified understanding it is followed by other operations, by vision, by experience, by realisation.
2.03 - The Eternal and the Individual, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The Absolute and the relative are irreconcilable opposites; in the relative there is nowhere anything absolute, in the Absolute there can be nothing relative. Anything which contradicts these first data of my thought, is intellectually false and practically impossible. These other statements also contradict my law of contradictions which is that two opposing and conflicting affirmations cannot both be true. It is impossible that there should be oneness with God and yet a relation with Him such as this of the enjoyment of the Divine. In oneness there is no one to enjoy except the One and nothing to be enjoyed except the One. God, the individual and the cosmos must be three different actualities, otherwise there could be no relations between them. Either they are eternally different or they are different in present time, although they may have originally been one undifferentiated existence and may eventually re-become one undifferentiated existence. Unity was perhaps and will be perhaps, but it is not now and cannot be so long as cosmos and the individual endure.
The cosmic being can only know and possess the transcendent unity by ceasing to be cosmic; the individual can only know and possess the cosmic or the transcendental unity by ceasing from all individuality and individualisation. Or if unity is the one eternal fact, then cosmos and individual are non-existent; they are illusions imposed on itself by the Eternal. That may well involve a contradiction or an unreconciled paradox; but I am willing to admit a contradiction in the Eternal which I am not compelled to think out, rather than a contradiction here of my primary conceptions which I am compelled to think out logically and to practical ends. I am on this supposition able either to take the world as practically real and think and act in it or to reject it as an unreality and cease to think and act; I am not compelled to reconcile contradictions, not called on to be conscious of and conscious in something beyond myself and world and yet deal from that basis, as God does, with a world of contradictions. The attempt to be as God while I am still an individual or to be three things at a time seems to me to involve a logical confusion and a practical impossibility." Such might well be the attitude of the normal reason, and it is clear, lucid, positive in its distinctions; it involves no extraordinary gymnastics of the reason trying to exceed itself and losing itself in shadows and half-lights or any kind of mysticism, or at least there is only one original and comparatively simple mysticism free from all other difficult complexities. Therefore it is the reasoning which is the most satisfactory to the simply rational mind. Yet is there here a triple error, the error of making an unbridgeable gulf between the Absolute and the relative, the error of making too simple and rigid and extending too far the law of contradictions and the error of conceiving in terms of Time the genesis of things which have their origin and first habitat in the Eternal.
2.03 - The Purified Understanding, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The first necessity of preparation is the purifying of all the members of our being; especially, for the path of knowledge, the purification of the understanding, the key that shall open the door of Truth; and a purified understanding is hardly possible without the purification of the other members. An unpurified heart, an unpurified sense, an unpurified life confuse the understanding, disturb its data, distort its conclusions, darken its seeing, misapply its knowledge; an unpurified physical system clogs or chokes up its action. There must be an integral purity. Here also there is an interdependence; for the purification of each member of our being profits by the clarifying of every other, the progressive tranquillisation of the emotional heart helping for instance the purification of the understanding while equally a purified understanding imposes calm and light on the turbid and darkened workings of the yet impure emotions. It may even be said that while each member of our being has its own proper principles of purification, yet it is the purified understanding that in man is the most potent cleanser of his turbid and disordered being and most sovereignly imposes their right working on his other members. Knowledge, says the Gita, is the sovereign purity; light is the source of all clearness and harmony even as the darkness of ignorance is the cause of all our stumblings. Love, for example, is the purifier of the heart and by reducing all our emotions into terms of divine love the heart is perfected and fulfilled; yet love itself needs to be clarified by divine knowledge. The heart's love of God may be blind, narrow and ignorant and lead to fanaticism and obscurantism; it may, even when otherwise pure, limit our perfection by refusing to see Him except in a limited personality and by recoiling from the true and infinite vision. The heart's love of man may equally lead to distortions and exaggerations in feeling, action and knowledge which have to be corrected and prevented by the purification of the understanding.
We must, however, consider deeply and clearly what we mean by the understanding and by its purification. We use the word as the nearest equivalent we can get in the English tongue to the Sanskrit philosophical term buddhi; therefore we exclude from it the action of the sense mind which merely consists of the recording of perceptions of all kinds without distinction whether they be right or wrong, true or mere illusory phenomena, penetrating or superficial. We exclude that mass of confused conception which is merely a rendering of these perceptions and is equally void of the higher principle of judgment and discrimination. Nor can we include that constant leaping current of habitual thought which does duty for understanding in the mind of the average unthinking man, but is only a constant repetition of habitual associations, desires, prejudices, prejudgments, received or inherited preferences, even though it may constantly enrich itself by a fresh stock of concepts streaming in from the environment and admitted without the challenge of the sovereign discriminating reason. Undoubtedly this is a sort of understanding which has been very useful in, the development of man from the animal; but it is only one remove above the animal mind; it is a half-animal reason subservient to habit, to desire and the senses and is of no avail in the search whether for scientific or philosophical or, spiritual knowledge. We have to go beyond it; its purification can only be effected either by dismissing or silencing it altogether or by transmuting it into the true understanding.
By the understanding we mean that which at once perceives, judges and discriminates, the true reason of the human being not subservient to the senses, to desire or to the blind force of habit, but working in its own right for mastery, for knowledge. Certainly, the reason of man as he is at present does not even at its best act entirely in this free and sovereign fashion; but so far as it fails, it fails because it is still mixed with the lower half-animal action, because it is impure and constantly hampered and pulled down from its characteristic action. In its purity it should not be involved in these lower movements, but stand back from the object, and observe disinterestedly, put it in its right place in the whole by force of comparison, contrast, analogy, reason from its rightly observed data by deduction, induction, inference and holding all its gains in memory and supplementing them by a chastened and rightly-guided imagination view all in the light of a trained and disciplined judgment. Such is the pure intellectual understanding of which disinterested observation, judgment and reasoning are the law and characterising action.
But the term buddhi is also used in another and profounder sense. The intellectual understanding is only the lower hhddhi; there is another and a higher buddhi which is not intelligence but vision, is not understanding but rather an over-standings297 in knowledge, and does not seek knowledge and attain it in subjection to the data it observes but possesses already the truth and brings it out in the terms of a revelatory and intuitional thought. The nearest the human mind usually gets to this truth-conscious knowledge is that imperfect action of illumined finding which occurs when there is a great stress of thought and the intellect electrified by constant discharges from behind the veil and yielding to a higher enthusiasm admits a considerable instreaming from the intuitive and inspired faculty of knowledge. For there is an intuitive mind in man which serves as a recipient and channel for these instreamings from a supramental faculty. But the action of intuition and inspiration in us is imperfect in kind as well as intermittent in action; ordinarily, it comes in response to a claim from the labouring and struggling heart or intellect and, even before its givings enter the conscious mind, they are already affected by the thought or aspiration which went up to meet them, are no longer pure but altered to the needs of the heart or intellect; and after they enter the conscious mind, they are immediately seized upon by the intellectual understanding and dissipated or broken up so as to fit in with our imperfect intellectual knowledge, or by the heart and remoulded to suit our blind or half-blind emotional longings and preferences, or even by the lower cravings and distorted to the vehement uses of our hungers and passions.
If this higher Buddhi could act pure of the interference of these lower members, it would give pure forms of the truth; observation would be dominated or replaced by a vision which could see without subservient dependence on the testimony of the sense-mind and senses; imagination would give place to the self-assured inspiration of the truth, reasoning to the spontaneous discernment of relations and conclusion from reasoning to an intuition containing in itself those relations and not building laboriously upon them, judgment to a thought-vision in whose light the truth would stand revealed without the mask which it now wears and which our intellectual judgment has to penetrate; while memory too would take upon itself that larger sense given to it in Greek thought and be no longer a paltry selection from the store gained by the individual in his present life, but rather the all-recording knowledge which secretly holds and constantly gives from itself everything that we now seem painfully to acquire but really in this sense remember, a knowledge which includes the future298a no less than the past. Certainly, we are intended to grow in our receptivity to this higher faculty of truth-conscious knowledge, but its full and unveiled use is as yet the privilege of the gods and beyond our present human stature.
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The second cause of impurity in the understanding is the illusion of the senses and the intermiscence of the sense-mind in the thinking functions. No knowledge can be true knowledge which subjects itself to the senses or uses them otherwise than as first indices whose data have constantly to be corrected and overpassed. The beginning of Science is the examination of the truths of the world-force that underlie its apparent workings such as our senses represent them to be; the beginning of philosophy is the examination of the principles of things which the senses mistranslate to us; the beginning of spiritual knowledge is the refusal to accept the limitations of the sense-life or to take the visible and sensible as anything more than phenomenon of the Reality.
Equally must the sense-mind be stilled and taught to leave the function of thought to the mind that judges and understands. When the understanding in us stands back from the action of the sense-mind and repels its intermiscence, the latter detaches itself from the understanding and can be watched in its separate action. It then reveals itself as a constantly swirling and eddying undercurrent of habitual concepts, associations, perceptions, desires without any real sequence, order or principle of light. It is a constant repetition in a circle unintelligent and unfruitful. Ordinarily the human understanding accepts this undercurrent and tries to reduce it to a partial order and sequence; but by so doing it becomes itself subject to it and partakes of that disorder, restlessness, unintelligent subjection to habit and blind purposeless repetition which makes the ordinary human reason a misleading, limited and even frivolous and futile instrument. There is nothing to be done with this fickle, restless, violent and disturbing factor but to get rid of it whether by detaching it and then reducing it to stillness or by giving a concentration and singleness to the thought by which it will of itself reject this alien and confusing element.
2.05 - Habit 3 Put First Things First, #The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, #Stephen Covey, #unset
You may want to review your personal mission statement while riding the bus. You may want to measure the value of a new opportunity against something you already have planned. If your organizer is portable, you will keep it with you so that important data is always within reach.
Since Quadrant II is the heart of effective self-management, you need a tool that moves you into
2.05 - The Cosmic Illusion; Mind, Dream and Hallucination, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
subjective beings and things it accepts on the same evidence in so far as they can become objects of our external consciousness or acceptable to that part of the reason which builds upon the data supplied by that consciousness and relies upon them as the one solid basis of knowledge. Physical Science is a vast extension of this mentality: it corrects the errors of the sense and pushes beyond the first limitations of the sense-mind by discovering means of bringing facts and objects not seizable by our corporeal organs into the field of objectivity; but it has the same standard of reality, the objective, the physical actuality; its test of the real is possibility of verification by positive reason and objective evidence.
But man also has a life-mind, a vital mentality which is an instrument of desire: this is not satisfied with the actual, it is a dealer in possibilities; it has the passion for novelty and is seeking always to extend the limits of experience for the satisfaction of desire, for enjoyment, for an enlarged self-affirmation and aggrandisement of its terrain of power and profit. It desires, enjoys, possesses actualities, but it hunts also after unrealised possibilities, is ardent to materialise them, to possess and enjoy them also.
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It is clear that in this analogy two quite different kinds of illusion not illustrative of each other are mistakenly put together as if they were identical in nature. All mental or sense hallucinations are really misrepresentations or misplacements or impossible combinations or false developments of things that are in themselves existent or possible or in some way within or allied to the province of the real. All mental errors and illusions are the result of an ignorance which miscombines its data or proceeds falsely upon a previous or present or possible content of knowledge. But the cosmic Illusion has no basis of actuality, it is an original and all-originating illusion; it imposes names, figures, happenings that are pure inventions on a Reality in which there never were and never will be any happenings, names or figures.
The analogy of mental hallucination would only be applicable if we admit a Brahman without names, forms or relations and a world of names, forms and relations as equal realities imposed one upon the other, the rope in the place of the snake, or the snake in the place of the rope, - an attri bution, it might be, of the activities of the Saguna to the quiescence of the Nirguna. But if both are real, both must be either separate aspects of the Reality or co-ordinate aspects, positive and negative poles of the one
2.06 - Reality and the Cosmic Illusion, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
It can be conceded that knowledge is a useful instrument of the Illusion of Maya, for escaping from herself, for destroying herself in the Mind; spiritual knowledge is indispensable: but the one true truth, the only abiding reality beyond all duality of knowledge and ignorance is the eternal relationless Absolute or the Self, the eternal pure Existence. All here turns on the mind's conception and the mental being's experience of reality; for according to the mind's experience or conception of reality will be its interpretation of data otherwise identical, the facts of the Cosmos, individual experience, the realisation of the supreme Transcendence. All mental cognition depends on three elements, the percipient, the perception and the thing perceived or percept. All or any of these three can be affirmed or denied reality; the question then is which of these, if any, are real and to what extent or in what manner. If all three are rejected as instruments of a cosmic Illusion, the farther and consequent question arises, is there then a reality outside them and, if so, what is the relation between the Reality and the Illusion?
It is possible to affirm the reality of the percept, of the objective universe, and deny or diminish the reality of the percipient individual and his perceptive consciousness. In the theory of the sole reality of Matter consciousness is only an operation of
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This is an arrangement which puts into relation with each other the data of the spiritual intuition and the data of the reason and sense, and it opens to us a way out from their contradiction, a spiritual and practical issue: but it is not a solution, it does not resolve the contradiction. Maya is real and unreal; the world is not a mere illusion, for it exists and is real in Time, but eventually and transcendentally it turns out to be unreal. This creates an ambiguity which extends beyond itself and touches all that is not the pure self-existence. Thus the Ishwara, though he is undeluded by Maya and the creator of Maya, seems himself to be a phenomenon of Brahman and not the ultimate Reality, he is real only with regard to the Time-world he creates; the individual self has the same ambiguous character. If Maya were to cease altogether from its operations, Ishwara, the world and the individual would no longer be there; but Maya is eternal,
Ishwara and the world are eternal in Time, the individual endures so long as he does not annul himself by knowledge. Our thought on these premisses has to take refuge in the conception of an ineffable suprarational mystery which is to the intellect insoluble. But, faced with this ambiguity, this admission of an insoluble mystery at the commencement of things and at the end of the process of thought, we begin to suspect that there is a link missing. Ishwara is not himself a phenomenon of Maya, he is real; he must then be the manifestation of a truth of the Transcendence, or he must be the Transcendent itself dealing with a cosmos manifested in his own being. If the world is at all real, it also must be the manifestation of a truth of the Transcendence; for only that can have any reality. If the individual has the power
2.07 - The Knowledge and the Ignorance, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
This is the plenitude of the supreme divine self-knowledge; it is also the plenitude of the divine all-knowledge. Next, at the other pole of things, we see this consciousness dwelling upon apparent oppositions in itself, and the most extreme antinomy of all reaches its acme in what seems to us to be a complete nescience of itself, an effective, dynamic, creative Inconscience, though we know that this is merely a surface appearance and that the divine Knowledge works with a sovereign security and sureness within the operations of the Inconscient. Between these two oppositions and as a mediary term we see Consciousness working with a partial, limited self-awareness which is equally superficial, for behind it and acting through it is the divine AllKnowledge. Here in its intermediate status, it seems to be a standing compromise between the two opposites, between the supreme Consciousness and the Nescience, but may prove rather in a larger view of our data to be an incomplete emergence of the Knowledge to the surface. This compromise or imperfect emergence we call the Ignorance, from our own point of view, because ignorance is our own characteristic way of the soul's self-withholding of complete self-knowledge. The origin of these three poises of the power of consciousness and their exact relation is what we have, if possible, to discover.
If we discovered that Ignorance and Knowledge were two independent powers of Consciousness, it might then be that we would have to pursue their difference up to the highest point
2.09 - Memory, Ego and Self-Experience, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Here the part played by Memory increases greatly in importance; for while all that it can do for the mind with regard to its direct self-consciousness is to remind it that it existed and was the same in the past as in the present, it becomes in our differentiated or surface self-experience an important power linking together past and present experiences, past and present personality, preventing chaos and dissociation and assuring the continuity of the stream in the surface mind. Still even here we must not exaggerate the function of memory or ascribe to it that part of the operations of consciousness which really belongs to the activity of other power-aspects of the mental being. It is not the memory alone which constitutes the ego-sense; memory is only a mediator between the sense-mind and the co-ordinating intelligence: it offers to the intelligence the past data of experience which the mind holds somewhere within but cannot carry with it in its running from moment to moment on the surface.
A little analysis will make this apparent. We have in all functionings of the mentality four elements, the object of mental consciousness, the act of mental consciousness, the occasion and the subject. In the self-experience of the self-observing inner being, the object is always some state or movement or wave of the conscious being, anger, grief or other emotion, hunger or other vital craving, impulse or inner life reaction or some form of sensation, perception or thought activity. The act is some kind of mental observation and conceptual valuation of this movement or wave or else a mental sensation of it in which
2.1.02 - Nature The World-Manifestation, #Essays Divine And Human, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Men are always changing, but man has a permanent character which does not alter. Tigers differ from each other and from themselves in the process of time, but the tiger is always the same animal and always as such recognisable. It is the details that vary and change, the type, the fundamental pattern is constant. So far our senses and our mind standing upon their data do not betray or deceive us. If they see a world that is stable and the same in spite of constant mobility and mutation, it is because the world is like that and it is therefore that we have to see it so and cannot see it otherwise. If there is a problem it is not what we make of it, not a problem of our psychology but why it is so, what is behind the mobility of the world and its stability, what is the cause or the significance or reality of it. There is no doubt the problem of what are mind and sense and their nature, their reality, their relation to the world and its cause or significance; but that too is a problem of metaphysics.
Are there then two worlds, the one changing and existing in time, the other changeless and eternal? Or are there rather two ways of knowing one and the same world? These questions, as they are put, are meaningless; for it is obvious that it is one world we are seeing and not two and that objects here belong to the same universe and not to two different universes at the
2.1.03 - Man and Superman, #Essays Divine And Human, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
But all this only means that Science has not any adequate means to deal precisely with the supraphysical nor can it collect and handle all the necessary data; it can deal only with the physical and with the physical side of the supraphysical; and that is not enough. Faith and knowledge are themselves supraphysical things with which Science cannot deal; for psychology at present is not a science; it is only a dispute between different bundles of inferences and guesses.
Man is not final, he is a transitional being.
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For mind is the man, mind cramped into a body and entangled in the intricate machinery of a laborious and precarious physical organism which helps it less than it hampers. Mind's only data for knowledge are the motions of terrestrial life, the motions and processes of the physical world and its own processes and motions. Its notions about other things are merely speculations, guesses, imaginations; it thinks about them by means of abstractions, it cannot grasp anything concrete. It can observe life and know it by observation and inferences from observation or it can know by theory; it can find out its constituent parts and its processes. Its knowledge of itself is of the same
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Reason is a clarified, ordered and organised Ignorance. It is a half-enlightened Ignorance seeking for truth, but a truth which it insists on founding upon the data and postulates of the Ignorance. Reason is not in possession of the Truth, it is a seeker. It is [unable to] discover the Truth or embody it; it leaves Truth covered but rendered into mental representations, a verbal and ideative scheme, an abstract algebra of concepts, a theory of the
Ignorance. Sense-evidence is its starting point and it never really gets away from that insecure beginning. Its concepts start from
2.10 - Knowledge by Identity and Separative Knowledge, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
idea of the object from all this evidence. Whatever is deficient in the interpretation of the image thus constructed is filled up by the intervention of the reason or the total understanding intelligence. If the first composite intuition were the result of a direct contact or if it summarised the action of a total intuitive mentality master of its perceptions, there would be no need for the intervention of the reason except as a discoverer or organiser of knowledge not conveyed by the sense and its suggestions: it is, on the contrary, an intuition working on an image, a sense document, an indirect evidence, not working upon a direct contact of consciousness with the object. But since the image or vibration is a defective and summary documentation and the intuition itself limited and communicated through an obscure medium, acting in a blind light, the accuracy of our intuitional interpretative construction of the object is open to question or at least likely to be incomplete. Man has had perforce to develop his reason in order to make up for the deficiencies of his sense instrumentation, the fallibility of his physical mind's perceptions and the paucity of its interpretation of its data.
Our world-knowledge is therefore a difficult structure made up of the imperfect documentation of the sense image, an intuitional interpretation of it by perceptive mind, life-mind and sense-mind, and a supplementary filling up, correction, addition of supplementary knowledge, co-ordination, by the reason. Even so our knowledge of the world we live in is narrow and imperfect, our interpretations of its significances doubtful: imagination, speculation, reflection, impartial weighing and reasoning, inference, measurement, testing, a further correction and amplification of sense evidence by Science, - all this apparatus had to be called in to complete the incompleteness. After all that the result still remains a half-certain, half-dubious accumulation of acquired indirect knowledge, a mass of significant images and ideative representations, abstract thought counters, hypotheses, theories, generalisations, but also with all that a mass of doubts and a never-ending debate and inquiry. Power has come with knowledge, but our imperfection of knowledge leaves us without any idea of the true use of the power, even of the aim towards
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But since it has to live with this not-self, - for it belongs to it, depends upon it, is an inhabitant within it, - it must maintain some means of communication; it has too to make excursions out of its wall of ego and wall of self-restriction within the body in order to cater for those needs which the not-self can supply to it: it must learn to know in some way all that surrounds it so as to be able to master it and make it as far as possible a servant to the individual and collective human life and ego. The body provides our consciousness with the gates of the senses through which it can establish the necessary communication and means of observation and action upon the world, upon the not-self outside it; the mind uses these means and invents others that supplement them and it succeeds in establishing some construction, some system of knowledge which serves its immediate purpose or its general will to master partially and use this huge alien environmental existence or deal with it where it cannot master it. But the knowledge it gains is objective; it is mainly a knowledge of the surface of things or of what is just below the surface, pragmatic, limited and insecure. Its defence against the invasion of the cosmic energy is equally insecure and partial: in spite of its notice of no entry without permission, it is subtly and invisibly invaded by the world, enveloped by the not-self and moulded by it; its thought, its will, its emotional and its life energy are penetrated by waves and currents of thought, will, passion, vital impacts, forces of all kinds from others and from universal Nature. Its wall of defence becomes a wall of obscuration which prevents it from knowing all this interaction; it knows only what comes through the gates of sense or through mental perceptions of which it cannot be sure or through what it can infer or build up from its gathered sense data; all the rest is to it a blank of nescience.
It is, then, this double wall of self-imprisonment, this self-fortification in the bounds of a surface ego, that is the cause of our limited knowledge or ignorance, and if this selfimprisonment were the whole character of our existence, the
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Ignorance becomes complete with the entire separation of being from being: the direct contact of consciousness with consciousness is then entirely veiled or heavily overlaid, even though it still goes on within our subliminal parts, just as there is also, though wholly concealed and not directly operative, the underlying secret identity and oneness. There is on the surface a complete separateness, a division into self and not-self; there is the necessity of dealing with the not-self, but no direct means of knowing it or mastering it. Nature then creates indirect means, a contact by physical organs of sense, a penetration of outside impacts through the nerve currents, a reaction of mind and its co-ordinations acting as an aid and supplement to the activity of the physical organs, - all of them methods of an indirect knowledge; for the consciousness is forced to rely on these instruments and cannot act directly on the object. To these means is added a reason, intelligence and intuition which seize on the communications thus indirectly brought to them, put all in order and utilise their data to get as much knowledge and mastery and possession of the not-self or as much partial unity
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We see then all the powers inherent in the original selfexistent spiritual Awareness slowly brought out and manifested in this growing separative consciousness; they are activities suppressed but native to the secret and involved knowledge by identity and they now emerge by degrees in a form strangely diminished and tentative. First, there emerges a crude or veiled sense which develops into precise sensations aided by a vital instinct or concealed intuition; then a life-mind perception manifests and at its back an obscure consciousness-sight and feeling of things; emotion vibrates out and seeks an interchange with others; last arises to the surface conception, thought, reason comprehending and apprehending the object, combining its data of knowledge. But all are incomplete, still maimed by the separative ignorance and the first obscuring inconscience; all are dependent on the outward means, not empowered to act in their own right: consciousness cannot act directly on consciousness; there is a constructive envelopment and penetration of things by the mind consciousness, but not a real possession; there is no knowledge by identity. Only when the subliminal is able to force upon the frontal mind and sense some of its secret activities pure and untranslated into the ordinary forms of mental intelligence, does a rudimentary action of the deeper methods lift itself to the surface; but such emergences are still an exception, they strike across the normality of our acquired and learned knowledge with a savour of the abnormal and the supernormal. It is only by an opening to our inner being or an entry into it that a direct intimate awareness can be added to the outer indirect awareness.
It is only by our awakening to our inmost soul or superconscient self that there can be a beginning of the spiritual knowledge with identity as its basis, its constituent power, its intrinsic substance.
2.13 - On Psychology, #Evening Talks With Sri Aurobindo, #unset, #Zen
Sri Aurobindo: What is man's mental knowledge before those beings? What does man know? Practically nothing. They know the complexity of forces at work, while man knows nothing of it. Man has a great destiny if he goes along the right lines, but as he is, he is shut up in the physical consciousness which is a very inferior plane. Even his reason requires data for its knowledge, and argument or reasoning can justify anything. Two quite opposite conclusions can be supported by the aid of the same reasoning, and your preferences determine which one you accept. For the data of reasoning, again, you require to depend upon what you see and hear on your senses. The vital beings are not so foolish as all that, they are not so limited.
22 JUNE 1926
2.1.4.2 - Teaching, #On Education, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
There is one thing that I must emphasise. Dont try to follow what is done in the universities outside. Dont try to pump into the students mere data and information. Dont give them so much work that they may not get time for anything else. You are not in a great hurry to catch a train. Let the students understand what they learn. Let them assimilate it. Finishing the course should not be your goal. You should make the programme in such a way that the students may get time to attend the subjects they want to learn. They should have sufficient time for their physical exercises. I dont want them to be very good students, yet pale, thin, anaemic. Perhaps you will say that in this way they will not have sufficient time for their studies, but that can be made up by expanding the course over a longer period. Instead of finishing a course in four years, you can take six years. Rather it would be better for them; they will be able to assimilate more of the atmosphere here and their progress will not be just in one direction at the cost of everything else. It will be an all-round progress in all directions.1
10 September 1953
2.14 - The Origin and Remedy of Falsehood, Error, Wrong and Evil, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
step different possibilities of fact, significance, judgment, interpretation, relation present themselves; some have to be tested and rejected, others accepted and confirmed: to shut out error is impossible without limiting the chances of acquisition of knowledge. Observation is the first instrument of the mind, but observation itself is a complex process open at every step to the mistakes of the ignorant observing consciousness; misprision of the fact by the senses and the sense-mind, omission, wrong selection and putting together, unconscious additions made by a personal impression or personal reaction create a false or an imperfect composite picture; to these errors are added the errors of inference, judgment, interpretation of facts by the intelligence: when even the data are not sure or perfect, the conclusions built on them must also be insecure and imperfect.
Consciousness in its acquisition of knowledge proceeds from the known to the unknown; it builds a structure of acquired experience, memories, impressions, judgments, a composite mental plan of things which is of the nature of a shifting and ever modifiable fixity. In the reception of new knowledge, what comes in to be received is judged in the light of past knowledge and fitted into the structure; if it cannot properly fit, it is either dovetailed in anyhow or rejected: but the existing knowledge and its structures or standards may not be applicable to the new object or new field of knowledge, the fitting may be a misfitting or the rejection may be an erroneous response. To misprision and wrong interpretation of facts, there is added misapplication of knowledge, miscombination, misconstruction, misrepresentation, a complicated machinery of mental error. In all this enlightened obscurity of our mental parts a secret intuition is at work, a truth-urge that corrects or pushes the intelligence to correct what is erroneous, to labour towards a true picture of things and a true interpretative knowledge. But intuition itself is limited in the human mind by mental misprision of its intimations and is unable to act in its own right; for whether it be physical, vital or mental intuition, it has to present itself in order to be received, not nude and pure, but garbed with a mental coating or entirely enveloped in an ample mental vesture;
2.14 - The Unpacking of God, #Sex Ecology Spirituality, #Ken Wilber, #Philosophy
The problem is not how to demonstrate, in monological terms and with scientific proofs, that Gaia is in desperate trouble. The general evidence of this serious trouble is already and simply and absolutely overwhelming. Anybody can grasp the data. But most just don't care.
In other words, the real problem is not exterior. The real problem is interior. The real problem is how to get people to internally transform from egocentric to sociocentric to worldcentric consciousness, which is the only stance that can grasp the global dimensions of the problem in the first place, and thus the only stance that can freely, even eagerly, embrace global solutions.
2.15 - Reality and the Integral Knowledge, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
There are different orders of reality; the objective and physical is only one order. It is convincing to the physical or externalising mind because it is directly obvious to the senses, while of the subjective and the supraphysical that mind has no means of knowledge except from fragmentary signs and data and inferences which are at every step liable to error. Our subjective movements and inner experiences are a domain of happenings as real as any outward physical happenings; but if the individual mind can know something of its own phenomena by direct experience, it is ignorant of what happens in the consciousness of others except by analogy with its own or such signs, data, inferences as its outward observation can give it.
I am therefore inwardly real to myself, but the invisible life of others has only an indirect reality to me except in so far as it impinges on my own mind, life and senses. This is the limitation of the physical mind of man, and it creates in him a habit of believing entirely only in the physical and of doubting or challenging all that does not come into accord with his own experience or his own scope of understanding or square with his own standard or sum of established knowledge.
2.17 - The Soul and Nature, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
This duality is self-evident. Without any philosophy at all, by the mere force of experience it is what we can all perceive, although we may not take the trouble to define. Even the most thoroughgoing materialism which denies the soul or resolves it into a more or less illusory result of natural phenomena acting upon some ill-explained phenomenon of the physical brain which we call consciousness or the mind, but which is really no more than a sort of complexity of nervous spasms, cannot get rid of the practical fact of this duality. It does not matter at all how it came about; the fact is not only there, it determines our whole existence, it is the one fact which is really important to us as human beings with a will and an intelligence and a subjective existence which makes all our happiness and our suffering. The whole problem of life resolves itself into this one question, -- "What are we to do with this soul and nature set face to face with each other, this Nature, this personal and cosmic activity, which tries to impress itself upon the soul, to possess, control, determine it, and this soul which feels that in some mysterious way it has a freedom, a control over itself, a responsibility for what it is and does, and tries therefore to turn upon Nature, its own and the world's, and to control, possess, enjoy, or even, it may be, reject and escape from her?" In order to answer that question we have to know, -- to know what the soul can do, to know what it call do with itself, to know too what it can do with Nature and the world. The whole of human philosophy, religion, science is really nothing but an attempt to get at the right data upon which it will be possible to answer the question and solve, as satisfactorily as our knowledge will allow, the problem of our existence.
The hope of a complete escape from our present strife with and subjection to our lower and troubled nature and existence arises when we perceive what religion and philosophy affirm, but modern thought has tried to deny, that there are two poises of our soul-existence, a lower, troubled and subjected, a higher, supreme, untroubled and sovereign, one vibrant in Mind, the other tranquil in Spirit. The hope not only of an escape, but of a completely satisfying and victorious solution comes when we perceive what some religions and philosophies affirm, but others seem to deny, that there is also in the dual unity of soul and nature a lower, an ordinary human status and a higher, a divine in which the conditions of the duality are reversed and the soul becomes that which now it only struggles and aspires to be, master of its nature, free and by union with the Divine possessor also of the world-nature. According to our idea of these possibilities will be the solution we shall attempt to realise.
2.18 - The Evolutionary Process - Ascent and Integration, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The first foundation in this emergence, the creation of forms of Matter, first of inconscient and inanimate, then of living and thinking Matter, the appearance of more and more organised bodies adapted to express a greater power of consciousness, has been studied from the physical side, the side of form-building, by Science; but very little light has been shed on the inner side, the side of consciousness, and what little has been observed is rather of its physical basis and instrumentation than of the progressive operations of Consciousness in its own nature. In the evolution, as it has been observed so far, although a continuity is there, - for Life takes up Matter and Mind takes up submental Life, the Mind of intelligence takes up the mind of life and sensation, - the leap from one grade of consciousness in the series to another grade seems to our eyes immense, the crossing of the gulf whether by bridge or by leap impossible; we fail to discover any concrete and satisfactory evidence of its accomplishment in the past or of the manner in which it was accomplished. Even in the outward evolution, even in the development of physical forms where the data are clearly in evidence, there are missing links that remain always missing; but in the evolution of consciousness the passage is still more difficult to account for, for it seems more like a transformation than a passage. It may be, however, that, by our incapacity to penetrate the subconscious, to sound the submental or to understand sufficiently a lower mentality different from ours, we are unable to observe the minute gradations, not only in each degree of the series, but on the borders between grade and grade: the scientist who does observe minutely the physical data, has been driven to believe in the continuity of evolution in spite of the gaps and missing links; if we could observe similarly the inner evolution, we could, no doubt, discover the possibility and the mode of these formidable transitions. But still there is a real, a radical difference between grade and grade, so much so that the passage from one to another seems a new creation, a miracle of metamorphosis rather than a natural predictable development or quiet passing from one state of being to another with its well-marked steps arranged in an easy sequence.
These gulfs appear deeper, but less wide, as we rise higher in the scale of Nature. If there are rudiments of life-reaction in the metal, as has been recently contended, it may be identical with life-reaction in the plant in its essence, but what might be called the vital-physical difference is so considerable that one seems to us inanimate, the other, though not apparently conscious, might be called a living creature. Between the highest plant life and lowest animal the gulf is visibly deeper, for it is the difference between mind and the entire absence of any apparent or even rudimentary movement of mind: in the one the stuff of mental consciousness is unawakened though there is a life of vital reactions, a suppressed or subconscious or perhaps only submental sense vibration which seems to be intensely active; in the other, though the life is at first less automatic and secure in the subconscious way of living and in its own new way of overt consciousness imperfectly determined, still mind is awakened, - there is a conscious life, a profound transition has been made.
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But when we come to man, we see the whole thing becoming conscious; the world, which he epitomises, begins in him to reveal to itself its own nature. The higher animal is not the somnambulist, - as the very lowest animal forms still mainly or almost are, - but it has only a limited waking mind, capable of just what is necessary for its vital existence: in man the conscious mentality enlarges its wakefulness and, though not at first fully self-conscious, though still conscious only on the surface, can open more and more to his inner and integral being. As in the two lower ascents, there is a heightening of the force of conscious existence to a new power and a new range of subtle activities; there is a transition from vital mind to reflecting and thinking mind, there is developed a higher power of observation and invention, taking up and connecting data, conscious of process and result, a force of imagination and aesthetic creation, a higher more plastic sensibility, the co-ordinating and interpreting reason, the values no longer of a reflex or reactive but of a mastering, understanding, self-detaching intelligence. As in the lower ascents, so here there is also a widening of the range of consciousness; man is able to take in more of the world and of himself as well as to give to this knowledge higher and completer figures of conscious experience. So, too, there is here also the third constant element of the ascension; mind takes up the lower grades and gives to their action and reaction intelligent values.
Man has not only like the animal the sense of his body and life, but an intelligent sense and idea of life and a conscious and observant perception of body. He takes up too the mental life of the animal, as well as the material and bodily; although he loses something in the process, he gives to what he retains a higher value; he has the intelligent sense and the idea of his sensations, emotions, volitions, impulses, mental associations; what was crude stuff of thought and feeling and will, capable only of gross determinations, he turns into the finished work and artistry of these things. For the animal too thinks, but in an automatic way based mainly on a mechanical series of memories and mental associations, accepting quickly or slowly the suggestions of Nature and only awakened to a more conscious personal action when there is need of close observation and device; it has some first crude stuff of practical reason, but not the formed ideative and reflective faculty. The awaking consciousness in the animal is the unskilled primitive artisan of mind, in man it is the skilled craftsman and can become, - but this he does not attempt sufficiently, - not only the artist, but master and adept.
2.2.01 - The Problem of Consciousness, #Essays Divine And Human, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Well, be it so; but still this mentality creates an awareness of self and things and the movements of self and things, even if both be only a body and so many other bodies, and it is difficult to describe awareness as an inconscient movement or condition or as the inconscient seeming to be conscious. Evidently we are in face of a general sophism invented by specialists of a limited field of data, the data of inconscient Matter, who are determined to force everything into its characteristic formulas and refuse to admit everything else. We must at least recover the right to see this awareness and its movements as they are or as they present themselves to us and see how far it leads us and whether indeed, even if it occurs in matter and the body, it does not lead us to something other than the body and other than Matter.
The materialist contention that consciousness is not a separate power or force or manifestation of energy like electricity or magnetism or steam, but only a name for a particular bundle of brain phenomena, cannot hide the startling fact that inconscient and insentient Matter has become sentient and conscient even if it be only at points, in jets, in small masses.
2.2.01 - Work and Yoga, #Letters On Yoga II, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
I do not know that it is possible for me to give any guidance on the path you have chosenit is at any rate difficult for me to say anything definite without more precise data than those contained in your letter.
There is no need for you to change the line of life and work you have chosen so long as you feel that to be the way of your nature (svabhva) or dictated to you by your inner being or, for some reason, it is seen to be your proper dharma. These are the three tests and apart from that I do not know if there is any fixed line of conduct or way of work or life that can be laid down for the yoga of the Gita. It is the spirit or consciousness in which the work is done that matters most; the outer form can vary greatly for different natures. This, so long as one does not get the settled experience of the Divine Power taking up ones works and doing them; afterwards it is the Power which determines what is to be done or not done.
2.2.03 - The Science of Consciousness, #Essays Divine And Human, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Schema of being has to be formulated from these two points of view, the results, though data of experience, being at first taken as a working hypothesis, subject to verification. We follow actually the ascending scale, but the descending scale has first to be shown, as otherwise the possible explanations of psychological phenomenon which result from this line of experience, would be unintelligible and would have either to be excluded or the whole enquiry restated in altered detail in the end.
All questions of the reality or unreality of the world, its fundamental or ultimate purpose or want of purpose, the destiny of the soul, must be left over till the psychological data have been understood. To proceed otherwise would be to determine them by metaphysical reasoning; but the object before us is to arrive at them by the road of psychology.
The whole psychology of Vedanta depends upon this double scale and without it could have no complete scientific verification. Because it exists experience of consciousness can give a clue to the nature of world existence. Metaphysical reasoning by itself could only give us philosophical opinions, psychological verification makes Vedantic truth a firm guide in life. It gives us a tangible ladder of ascension by which we rise to our highest truth of being[.]
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Exact observation and untrammelled, yet scrupulous experiment are the method of every true Science. Not mere observation by itself - for without experiment, without analysis and new-combination observation leads to a limited and erroneous knowledge; often it generates an empirical classification which does not in the least deserve the name of science. The old European system of psychology was just such a pseudo-scientific system. Its observations were superficial, its terms and classification arbitrary, its aim and spirit abstract, empty and scholastic. In modern times a different system and method are being founded; but the vices of the old system persist. The observations made have been incoherent, partial or morbid and abnormal; the generalisations are far too wide for their meagre substratum of observed data; the abstract & scholastic use of psychological terms and the old metaphysical ideas of psychological processes still bandage the eyes of the infant knowledge, mar its truth and
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But what is consciousness and can there be a science of consciousness? We are not in presence of a body of concrete, visible or sensible facts, verifiable by all, which form an indisputable starting-point, are subject to experiment and proof, where theories can be tested at every point and discarded if they do not accord with the facts, with all the facts. The data here are subjective, fluid, elusive. They do not subject themselves to exact instruments, can lend themselves to varying theories, do not afford proofs easily verifiable by all. Their presentation is difficult and can hardly be more than scanty and often infantile in their insufficiency. Theories are numerous, but few or none have any solidity or permanence.
To understand the psychology of others we depend upon our observation of them and our own interpretation of the movements we observe and our comparison with our own psychological actions and reactions. But our observation is limited by the fact that what we observe is not the psychological events we wish to study but signs of speech, action, facial or bodily
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Our searches into Matter also are vitiated by the fact that in Matter consciousness is in a trance and gives no apparent response to our probings. In living Matter, not yet mental, still subconscious, it does give sometimes a reply, but not one that we can understand, and, as for mind in the animal, it is only consciousness half awakened out of the original trance of inconscient Matter: even in the human being it starts from an original nescience, its expressions, its data, all that we can ordinarily observe of it, are the movements of Ignorance fumbling for knowledge. We cannot understand from these alone what
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It is only by Yoga process that one can arrive at an instrumentation which will drive large wide roads into the psychological Unknown and not only obscure and narrow tunnels. The field of psychology needs a direct inner psychological instrumentation by which we can arrive at sure data and sure results in ourselves verified [by] equally sure data [and] results in our observation of others and of the hidden psychological world and its play of unseen forces. The physical is the outwardly seen and sensed and needs physical instruments for its exploration; the psychological is the physically unseen and unsensed, to be discovered only by an organisation of the inward senses and other now undeveloped and occult means. It is through consciousness, by an instrumentation of consciousness only that the nature and laws and movements of consciousness can be discovered - and this is the method of Yoga.
2.20 - The Philosophy of Rebirth, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
All the known circumstances and results of birth presuppose an unknown before, and there is a suggestion of universality, a will of persistence of life, an inconclusiveness in death which seem to point to an unknown hereafter. What were we before birth and what are we after death, are the questions, the answer of the one depending upon that of the other, which the intellect of man has put to itself from the beginning without even now resting in any final solution. The intellect indeed can hardly give the final answer: for that must in its very nature lie beyond the data of the physical consciousness and memory, whether of the race or the individual, yet these are the sole data which the intellect is in the habit of consulting with something like confidence. In this poverty of materials and this incertitude it wheels from one hypothesis to another and calls each in turn a conclusion. Moreover, the solution depends upon the nature, source and object of the cosmic movement, and as we determine these, so we shall have to conclude about birth and life and death, the before and the hereafter.
The first question is whether the before and the after are purely physical and vital or in some way, and more predominantly, mental and spiritual. If Matter were the principle of the universe, as the materialist alleges, if the truth of things were to be found in the first formula arrived at by Bhrigu, son of Varuna, when he meditated upon the eternal Brahman, "Matter is the Eternal, for from Matter all beings are born and by Matter all beings exist and to Matter all beings depart and return," then no farther questioning would be possible. The before of our bodies would be a gathering of their constituents out of various physical elements through the instrumentality of the seed and food and under the influence perhaps of occult but always material energies, and the before of our conscious being a preparation by heredity or by some other physically vital or physically mental operation in universal Matter specialising its action and building the individual through the bodies of our parents, through seed and gene and chromosome. The after of the body would be a dissolution into the material elements and the after of the conscious being a relapse into Matter with some survival of the effects of its activity in the general mind and life of humanity: this last quite illusory survival would be our only chance of immortality. But since the universality of Matter can no longer be held as giving any sufficient explanation of the existence of Mind, - and indeed Matter itself can no longer be explained by Matter alone, for it does not appear to be self-existent, - we are thrown back from this easy and obvious solution to other hypotheses.
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But what if it were found with the increase of our knowledge, as certain researches and discoveries seem to presage, that the dependence of the mental being or the psychic entity in us on the body is not so complete as we at first naturally conclude it to be from the study of the data of physical existence and the physical universe alone? What if it were found that the human personality survives the death of the body and moves between other planes and this material universe? The prevalent modern idea of a temporary conscious existence would then have to broaden itself and admit a Life that has a wider range than the physical universe and admit too a personal individuality not dependent on the material body. It might have practically to readopt the ancient idea of a subtle form or body inhabited by a psychic entity. A psychic or soul entity, carrying with it the mental consciousness, or, if there be no such original soul, then the evolved and persistent mental individual would continue after death in this subtle persistent form, which must have been either created for it before this birth or by the birth itself or during the life. For either a psychic entity pre-exists in other worlds in a subtle form and comes from there with it to its brief earthly sojourn, or the soul develops here in the material world itself, and with it a psychic body is developed in the course of Nature and persists after death in other worlds or by reincarnation here.
These would be the two possible alternatives.
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Adwaita of the Mayavada, like Buddhism, started with the already accepted belief - part of the received stock of an antique knowledge - of supraphysical planes and worlds and a commerce between them and ours which determined a passage from earth and, though this seems to have been a less primitive discovery, a return to earth of the human personality. At any rate their thought had behind it an ancient perception and even experience, or at least an age-long tradition, of a before and after for the personality which was not confined to the experience of the physical universe; for they based themselves on a view of self and world which already regarded a supraphysical consciousness as the primary phenomenon and physical being as only a secondary and dependent phenomenon. It was around these data that they had to determine the nature of the eternal Reality and the origin of the phenomenal becoming. Therefore they admitted the passage of the personality from this to other worlds and its return into form of life upon earth; but the rebirth thus admitted was not in the Buddhistic view a real rebirth of a real spiritual Person into the forms of material existence. In the later Adwaita view the spiritual reality was there, but its apparent individuality and therefore its birth and rebirth were part of a cosmic illusion, a deceptive but effective construction of universal Maya.
In Buddhistic thought the existence of the Self was denied, and rebirth could only mean a continuity of the ideas, sensations and actions which constituted a fictitious individual moving between different worlds, - let us say, between differently organised planes of idea and sensation; for, in fact, it is only the conscious continuity of the flux that creates a phenomenon of self and a phenomenon of personality. In the Adwaitic Mayavada there was the admission of a Jivatman, an individual self, and even of a real self of the individual;5 but this concession to our normal language and ideas ends by being only apparent. For it turns out that there is no real and eternal individual, no "I" or "you", and therefore there can be no real self of the individual, even no true universal self, but only a Self apart from the universe, ever unborn, ever unmodified, ever unaffected by the mutations of phenomena. Birth, life, death, the whole mass of individual and cosmic experience, become in the last resort no more than an illusion or a temporary phenomenon; even bondage and release can be only such an illusion, a part of temporal phenomena: they amount only to the conscious continuity of the illusory experiences of the ego, itself a creation of the great Illusion, and the cessation of the continuity and the consciousness into the superconsciousness of That which alone was, is and ever will be, or rather which has nothing to do with Time, is for ever unborn, timeless and ineffable. be any true individual, only at most a one Self omnipresent and animating each mind and body with the idea of an "I".
2.24 - The Evolution of the Spiritual Man, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Another objection to the mystic and his knowledge is urged, not against its effect upon life but against his method of the discovery of Truth and against the Truth that he discovers. One objection to the method is that it is purely subjective, not true independently of the personal consciousness and its constructions, not verifiable. But this ground of cavil has no great value: for the object of the mystic is self-knowledge and God-knowledge, and that can only be arrived at by an inward and not by an outward gaze. Or it is the supreme Truth of things that he seeks, and that too cannot be arrived at by an outward inquiry through the senses or by any scrutiny or research that founds itself on outsides and surfaces or by speculation based on the uncertain data of an indirect means of knowledge. It must come by a direct vision or contact of the consciousness with the soul and body of the Truth itself or through a knowledge by identity, by the self that becomes one with the self of things and with their truth of power and their truth of essence. But it is urged that the actual result of this method is not one truth common to all, there are great differences; the conclusion suggested is that this knowledge is not truth at all but a subjective mental formation.
But this objection is based on a misunderstanding of the nature of spiritual knowledge. Spiritual truth is a truth of the spirit, not a truth of the intellect, not a mathematical theorem or a logical formula. It is a truth of the Infinite, one in an infinite diversity, and it can assume an infinite variety of aspects and formations: in the spiritual evolution it is inevitable that there should be a many-sided passage and reaching to the one Truth, a many-sided seizing of it; this many-sidedness is the sign of the approach of the soul to a living reality, not to an abstraction or a constructed figure of things that can be petrified into a dead or stony formula. The hard logical and intellectual notion of truth as a single idea which all must accept, one idea or system of ideas defeating all other ideas or systems, or a single limited fact or single formula of facts which all must recognise, is an illegitimate transference from the limited truth of the physical field to the much more complex and plastic field of life and mind and spirit.
2.25 - The Higher and the Lower Knowledge, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Nevertheless, Yoga does not either in its path or in its attainment exclude and throw away the forms of the lower knowledge, except when it takes the shape of an extreme asceticism or a mysticism altogether intolerant of this other divine mystery of the world-existence. It separates itself from them by the intensity, largeness and height of its objective and the specialisation of its methods to suit its aim; but it not only starts from them, but for a certain part of the way carries them with it and uses them as auxiliaries. Thus it is evident how largely ethical thought and practice, -- not so much external as internal conduct, -- enter into the preparatory method of Yoga, into its aim at purity. Again the whole method of Yoga is psychological; it might almost be termed the consummate practice of a perfect psychological knowledge. The data of philosophy are the supports from which it begins in the realisation of God through the principles of his being; only it carries the intelligent understanding which is all philosophy gives, into an intensity which carries it beyond thought into vision and beyond understanding into realisation and possession; what philosophy leaves abstract and remote, it brings into a living nearness and spiritual concreteness. The aesthetic and emotional mind and aesthetic forms are used by Yoga as a support for concentration even in the Yoga of Knowledge and are, sublimated, the whole means of the Yoga of love and delight, as life and action, sublimated, are the whole means of the Yoga of works. Contemplation of God in Nature, contemplation and service of God in man and in the life of man and of the world in its past, present and future, are equally elements of which the Yoga of Knowledge can make use to complete the realisation of God in all things. Only, all is directed to the one aim, directed towards God, filled with the idea of the divine, infinite, universal existence so that the outward-going, sensuous, pragmatical preoccupation of the lower knowledge with phenomena and forms is replaced by the one divine preoccupation. After attainment the same character remains. The Yogin continues to know and see God in the finite and be a channel of God-consciousness and God-action in the world; therefore the knowledge of the world and the enlarging and uplifting of all that appertains to life comes within his scope. Only, in all he sees God, sees the supreme reality, and his motive of work is to help mankind towards the knowledge of God and the possession of the supreme reality. He sees God through the data of science. God through the conclusions of philosophy. God through the forms of Beauty and the forms of Good, God in all the activities of life. God in the past of the world and its effects, in the present and its tendencies, in the future and its great progression. Into any or all of these he can bring his illumined vision and his liberated power of the spirit. The lower knowledge has been the step from which he has risen to the higher; the higher illumines for him the lower and makes it part of itself, even if only its lower fringe and most external radiation.
author class:Sri Aurobindo
2.25 - The Triple Transformation, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
It is too, by the obscurity of our consciousness, separated from its inner reality, in imperfect communication with its own source in the depths of the being; for the road is as yet ill-built, easily obstructed, the wires often cut or crowded with communications of another kind and proceeding from another origin: its power to impress what it receives upon the outer instruments is also imperfect; in its penury it has for most things to rely on these instruments and it forms its push to expression and action on their data and not solely on the unerring perceptions of the psychic entity. In these conditions it cannot prevent the true psychic light from being diminished or distorted in the mind into a mere idea or opinion, the psychic feeling in the heart into a fallible emotion or mere sentiment, the psychic will to action in the lifeparts into a blind vital enthusiasm or a fervid excitement: it even accepts these mistranslations for want of something better and tries to fulfil itself through them. For it is part of the work of the soul to influence mind and heart and vital being and turn their ideas, feelings, enthusiasms, dynamisms in the direction of what is divine and luminous; but this has to be done at first imperfectly, slowly and with a mixture. As the psychic personality grows stronger, it begins to increase its communion with the psychic entity behind it and improve its communications with the surface: it can transmit its intimations to the mind and heart and life with a greater purity and force; for it is more able to exercise a strong control and react against false mixtures; now more and more it makes itself distinctly felt as a power in the nature. But even so this evolution would be slow and long if left solely to the difficult automatic action of the evolutionary Energy; it is only when man awakes to the knowledge of the soul and feels a need to bring it to the front and make it the master of his life and action that a quicker conscious method of evolution intervenes and a psychic transformation becomes possible.
This slow development can be aided by the mind's clear perception and insistence on something within that survives the death of the body and an effort to know its nature. But at first this knowledge is impeded by the fact that there are many elements in us, many formations which present themselves as soul elements and can be mistaken for the psyche. In the early Greek and some other traditions about the after-life, the descriptions given show very clearly that what was then mistaken for the soul was a subconscious formation, a subphysical impressionmould or shadow-form of the being or else a wraith or ghost of the personality. This ghost, which is mistakenly called the spirit, is sometimes a vital formation reproducing the man's characteristics, his surface life-mannerisms, sometimes a subtle-physical prolongation of the surface form of the mind-shell: at best it is a sheath of the life personality which still remains in the front for some time after the departure from the body. Apart from these confusions born of an after-death contact with discarded phantasms or remnants of the sheaths of the personality, the difficulty is due to our ignorance of the subliminal parts of our nature and the form and powers of the conscious being or Purusha which preside over their action; owing to this inexperience we can easily mistake something of the inner mind or vital self for the psyche. For as Being is one yet multiple, so also the same law prevails in ourselves and our members; the spirit, the Purusha is one but it adapts itself to the formations of Nature.
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If the spirit could from the first dwell securely on the superior heights and deal with a blank and virgin stuff of mind and matter, a complete spiritual transformation might be rapid, even facile: but the actual process of Nature is more difficult, the logic of her movement more manifold, contorted, winding, comprehensive; she recognises all the data of the task she has set to herself and is not satisfied with a summary triumph over her own complexities. Every part of our being has to be taken in its own nature and character, with all the moulds and writings of the past still there in it: each minutest portion and movement must either be destroyed and replaced if it is unfit, or, if it is capable, transmuted into the truth of the higher being. If the psychic change is complete, this can be done by a painless process, though still the programme must be long and scrupulous and the progress deliberate; but otherwise one has to be satisfied with a partial result or, if one's own scrupulousness of perfection or hunger of the spirit is insatiable, consent to a difficult, often painful and seemingly interminable action. For ordinarily the consciousness does not rise to the summits except in the highest moments; it remains on the mental level and receives descents from above, sometimes a single descent of some spiritual power that stays and moulds the being into something predominatingly spiritual, or a succession of descents bringing into it more and more of the spiritual status and dynamis: but unless one can live on the highest height reached, there cannot be the complete or more integral change. If the psychic mutation has not taken place, if there has been a premature pulling down of the higher Forces, their contact may be too strong for the flawed and impure material of Nature and its immediate fate may be that of the unbaked jar of the Veda which could not hold the divine Soma Wine; or the descending influence may withdraw or be spilt because the nature cannot contain or keep it. Again, if it is Power that descends, the egoistic mind or vital may try to seize on it for its own use and a magnified ego or a hunting after powers and self-aggrandising masteries may be the untoward result. The Ananda descending cannot be held if there is too much sexual impurity creating an intoxicant or degrading mixture; the Power recedes, if there is ambition, vanity or other aggressive form of lower self, the Light if there is an attachment to obscurity or to any form of the Ignorance, the Presence if the chamber of the heart has not been made pure. Or some undivine Force may try to seize hold, not of the Power itself, for that withdraws, but of the result of force it leaves behind in the instrument and use it for the purposes of the Adversary. Even if none of these more disastrous faults or errors should take place, still the numerous mistakes of reception or the imperfections of the vessel may impede the transformation. The Power has to come at intervals and work meanwhile behind the veil or hold itself back through long periods of obscure assimilation or preparation of the recalcitrant parts of Nature; the Light has to work in darkness or semi-darkness on the regions in us that are still in the Night. At any moment the work may be stayed, personally for this life, because the nature is able to receive or assimilate no more, - for it has reached the present limits of its capacity, - or because the mind may be ready but the vital, when faced with a choice between the old life and the new, refuses, or if the vital accepts, the body may prove too weak, unfit or flawed for the necessary change of its consciousness and its dynamic transformation.
Moreover, the necessity of working out the change separately in each part of the being in its own nature and character compels the consciousness to descend into each in turn and act there according to its state and its possibility. If the work were done from above, from some spiritual height, there might be a sublimation or uplifting or the creation of a new structure compelled by the sheer force of the influence from above: but this change might not be accepted as native to itself by the lower being; it would not be a total growth, an integral evolution, but a partial and imposed formation, affecting or liberating some parts of the being, suppressing others or leaving them as they were; a creation from outside the normal nature, by imposition upon it, it could be durable in its entirety only as long as there was a maintenance of the creating influence. A descent of consciousness into the lower levels is therefore necessary, but in this way also it is difficult to work out the full power of the higher principle; there is a modification, dilution, diminution which keeps up an imperfection and limitation in the results: the light of a greater knowledge comes down but gets blurred and modified, its significance misinterpreted or its truth mixed with mental and vital error, or the force, the power to fulfil itself is not commensurate with its light. A light and power of the overmind working in its own full right and in its own sphere is one thing, the same light working in the obscurity of the physical consciousness and under its conditions is something quite different and, owing to dilution and mixture, far inferior in its knowledge and force and results. A mutilated power, a partial effect or hampered movement is the consequence.
2.26 - The Ascent towards Supermind, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
But here in this greater Thought there is no need of a seeking and self-critical ratiocination, no logical motion step by step towards a conclusion, no mechanism of express or implied deductions and inferences, no building or deliberate concatenation of idea with idea in order to arrive at an ordered sum or outcome of knowledge; for this limping action of our reason is a movement of Ignorance searching for knowledge, obliged to safeguard its steps against error, to erect a selective mental structure for its temporary shelter and to base it on foundations already laid and carefully laid but never firm, because it is not supported on a soil of native awareness but imposed on an original soil of nescience. There is not here, either, that other way of our mind at its keenest and swiftest, a rapid hazardous divination and insight, a play of the searchlight of intelligence probing into the little known or the unknown. This higher consciousness is a Knowledge formulating itself on a basis of self-existent all-awareness and manifesting some part of its integrality, a harmony of its significances put into thought-form. It can freely express itself in single ideas, but its most characteristic movement is a mass ideation, a system or totality of truth-seeing at a single view; the relations of idea with idea, of truth with truth are not established by logic but pre-exist and emerge already self-seen in the integral whole. There is an initiation into forms of an ever-present but till now inactive knowledge, not a system of conclusions from premisses or data; this thought is a self-revelation of eternal Wisdom, not an acquired knowledge.
Large aspects of truth come into view in which the ascending Mind, if it chooses, can dwell with satisfaction and, after its former manner, live in them as in a structure; but if progress is to be made, these structures can constantly expand into a larger structure or several of them combine themselves into a provisional greater whole on the way to a yet unachieved integrality. In the end there is a great totality of truth known and experienced but still a totality capable of infinite enlargement because there is no end to the aspects of knowledge, nastyanto vistarasya me.
2.3.02 - The Supermind or Supramental, #Letters On Yoga I, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
One has already begun to disappear. Mind acts by representations and constructions, by the separation and weaving together of its constructed data; it can make a synthetic construction and see it as the whole, but when it looks for the reality of things, it takes refuge in abstractions - it has not the concrete vision, experience, contact sought by the mystic and the spiritual seeker. To know Self and Reality directly or truly, it has to be silent and reflect some light of these things or undergo selfexceeding and transformation, and this is only possible either by a higher Light descending into it or by its ascent, the taking up or immergence of it into a higher Light of existence. In Matter, descending below Mind, we arrive at the acme of the principle of fragmentation and division; the One, though secretly there, is lost to knowledge and we get the fullness of the Ignorance,
140
2.3.06 - The Mind, #Letters On Yoga I, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The true thinking mind does not belong to the physical, it is a separate power. The physical mind is that part of the mind which is concerned with the physical things only - it depends on the sense mind, sees only objects, external actions, draws its ideas from the data given by external things, infers from them only and knows no other Truth - until it is enlightened from above.
The physical mind can deal only with outward things. One has to think and decide in other things with the mind itself (buddhi), not with the physical part of it.
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Yes, it [the physical mind] reasons, but on the basis of external data mostly - on things as they appear to the outer mind and senses or the habitual ideas to which it is accustomed or to a purely external knowledge.
That part of the being [the physical mind] has no reason except its whims, its habits or an inclination to be tamasic.
2 - Other Hymns to Agni, #Hymns to the Mystic Fire, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
aE`n\ t\ vo d;v-yt data yo vEntA mGm^ 3
3. He is the illumined seer and regent of these sacrifices, he and
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(v\ Eh s(yo aY;to data vAj-y gomt, 2
2. O forceful Fire, bring that wealth which overcomes armies,
3.05 - SAL, #Mysterium Coniunctionis, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
). There the gods of destruction and the god of salvation are all together.469 The Red Sea is a water of death for those that are unconscious, but for those that are conscious it is a baptismal water of rebirth and transcendence.470 By unconscious are meant those who have no gnosis, i.e., are not enlightened as to the nature and destiny of man in the cosmos. In modern language it would be those who have no knowledge of the contents of the personal and collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the shadow and the inferior function,471 in Gnostic terms the sinfulness and impurity that must be washed away by baptism. The collective unconscious expresses itself in the mythological teachings, characteristic of most mystery religions, which reveal the secret knowledge concerning the origin of all things and the way to salvation. Unconscious people who attempt to cross the sea without being purified and without the guidance of enlightenment are drowned; they get stuck in the unconscious and suffer a spiritual death in so far as they cannot get beyond their one-sidedness. To do this they would have to be more conscious of what is unconscious to them and their age, above all of the inner opposite, namely those contents to which the prevailing views are in any way opposed. This continual process of getting to know the counterposition in the unconscious I have called the transcendent function,472 because the confrontation of conscious (rational) data with those that are unconscious (irrational) necessarily results in a modification of standpoint. But an alteration is possible only if the existence of the other is admitted, at least to the point of taking conscious cognizance of it. A Christian of today, for instance, no longer ought to cling obstinately to a one-sided credo, but should face the fact that Christianity has been in a state of schism for four hundred years, with the result that every single Christian has a split in his psyche. Naturally this lesion cannot be treated or healed if everyone insists on his own standpoint. Behind those barriers he can rejoice in his absolute and consistent convictions and deem himself above the conflict, but outside them he keeps the conflict alive by his intransigence and continues to deplore the pig-headedness and stiff-neckedness of everybody else. It seems as if Christianity had been from the outset the religion of chronic squabblers, and even now it does everything in its power never to let the squabbles rest. Remarkably enough, it never stops preaching the gospel of neighbourly love.
[258] We should get along a lot better if we realized that the majority views of others are condoned by a minority in ourselves. Armed with this psychological insight, which today no longer has the character of revelation since common sense can grasp it, we could set out on the road to the union of the opposites and would then, as in the Peratic doctrine, come to the place where the gods of destruction and the god of salvation are together. By this is obviously meant the destructive and constructive powers of the unconscious. This coincidentia oppositorum forms a parallel to the Messianic state of fulfilment described in Isaiah 11 : 6ff. and 35 : 5ff., though with one important difference: the place of genesis outside of generationpresumably an opus contra naturam is clearly not paradise but
3.05 - The Divine Personality, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
We have said, however, that personality and impersonality, as our minds understand them, are only aspects of the Divine and both are contained in his being; they are one thing which we see from two opposite sides and into which we enter by two gates. We have to see this more clearly in order to rid ourselves of any doubts with which the intellect may seek to afflict us as we follow the impulse of devotion and the intuition of love or to pursue us into the joy of the divine union. They fall away indeed from that joy, but if we are too heavily weighted with the philosophical mind, they may follow us almost up to its threshold. It is well therefore to discharge ourselves of them as early as may be by perceiving the limits of the intellect, the rational philosophic mind, in its peculiar way of approaching the truth and the limits even of the spiritual experience which sets out from the approach through the intellect, to see that it need not be the whole integrality of the highest and widest spiritual experience. Spiritual intuition is always a more luminous guide than the discriminating reason, and spiritual intuition addresses itself to us not only through the reason, but through the rest of our being as well, through the heart and the life also. The integral knowledge will then be that which takes account of all and unifies their diverse truths. The intellect itself will be more deeply satisfied if it does not confine itself to its own data, but accepts truth of the heart and the life also and gives to them their absolute spiritual value.
The nature of the philosophical intellect is to move among ideas and to give them a sort of abstract reality of their own apart from all their concrete representations which affect our life and personal consciousness. Its bent is to reduce these representations to their barest and most general terms and to subtilise even these if possible into some final abstraction. The pure intellectual direction travels away from life. In judging things it tries to get back from their effects on our personality and to arrive at whatever general and impersonal truth may be behind them; it is inclined to treat that kind of truth as the only real truth of being or at least as the one superior and permanent power of reality. Therefore it is bound by its own nature to end in its extremes at an absolute impersonality and an absolute abstraction. This is where the ancient philosophies ended. They reduced everything to three abstractions, existence, consciousness and bliss of being, and they tended to get rid of the two of these three which seemed dependent on the first and most abstract, and to throw all back into a pure featureless existence from which everything else had been discharged, all representations, all values, except the one infinite and timeless fact of being. But the intellect had still one farther possible step to take and it took it in Buddhistic philosophy. It found that even this final fact of existence was only a representation; it abstracted that also and got to an infinite zero which might be either a void or an eternal inexpressible.
3.1.02 - A Theory of the Human Being, #Essays Divine And Human, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
It is a superstition of modern thought that the march of knowledge has in all its parts progressed always in a line of forward progress deviating from it, no doubt, in certain periods of obscuration, but always returning and in the sum constituting everywhere an advance and nowhere a retrogression. Like all superstitions this belief is founded on bad and imperfect observation flowering into a logical fallacy. Our observation is necessarily imperfect because we have at our disposal the historical data and literary records of only a few millenniums and beyond only disjected and insufficient indices which leave gigantic room for the hardly-fettered activity of the mind's two chief helpers and misleaders, inference and conjecture. Our observation is bad because, prepossessed by the fixed idea of a brief & recent emergence from immemorial barbarism, imagining Plato to have blossomed in a few centuries out of a stock only a little more advanced than the South Sea islander, we refuse to seek in the records that still remain of a lost superior knowledge their natural and coherent significance; we twist them rather into the image of our own thoughts or confine them within the still narrow limits of what we ourselves know and understand.
The logical fallacy we land in as the goal of our bad observation is the erroneous conception that because we are more advanced than certain ancient peoples in our own especial lines of success, as the physical sciences, therefore necessarily we are also more advanced in other lines where we are still infants and have only recently begun to observe and experiment, as the science of psychology and the knowledge of our subjective existence and of mental forces. Hence we have developed the exact contrary of the old superstition that the movement of man is always backward to retrogression. While our forefa thers believed that the more ancient might on the whole be trusted
3.18 - Of Clairvoyance and the Body of Light, #Liber ABA, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
figures. To appreciate the entire mass of data, and to balance the
elements of so vast a concourse of forces, and to draw a single judgement therefrom, is a task practically beyond human capacity.
32.07 - The God of the Scientist, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 07, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
But whatever may have been the past, is there any possibility for the most materialistic science of to-day - the ultramundane knowledge - to become directly and integrally united with the supreme spiritual Knowledge? If there is any possibility, then wherein does it lie? We have elsewhere said that it will be possible only when we shall learn to collect data for scientific discoveries and to search after truth not only with our physical senses but also with subtler and inner senses, and those subtler and inner senses will wake up and become a part and parcel of our nature only when the outlook of the scientist will get liberated from its materialistic bias and allow itself to be widened, deepened and heightened and transformed on the way to its being finally established in the pure consciousness of the Soul and the Self.
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3.2.09 - The Teachings of Some Modern Indian Yogis, #Letters On Yoga II, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The methods described in the account [of Ramana Maharshis technique of self-realisation] are the well-established methods of Jnanayoga(1) one-pointed concentration followed by thought-suspension, (2) the method of distinguishing or finding out the true self by separating it from mind, life, body (this I have seen described by him [Brunton] more at length in another book) and coming to the pure I behind; this also can disappear into the Impersonal Self. The usual result is a merging in the Atman or Brahmanwhich is what one would suppose is meant by the Overself, for it is that which is the real Overself. This Brahman or Atman is everywhere, all is in it, it is in all, but it is in all not as an individual being in each but is the same in allas the Ether is in all. When the merging into the Overself is complete, there is no ego, no distinguishable I, or any formed separative person or personality. All is ekkraan indivisible and undistinguishable Oneness either free from all formations or carrying all formations in it without being affected for one can realise it in either way. There is a realisation in which all beings are moving in the one Self and this Self is there stable in all beings; there is another more complete and thoroughgoing in which not only is it so but all are vividly realised as the Self, the Brahman, the Divine. In the former, it is possible to dismiss all beings as creations of Maya, leaving the one Self alone as truein the other it is easier to regard them as real manifestations of the Self, not as illusions. But one can also regard all beings as souls, independent realities in an eternal Nature dependent upon the One Divine. These are the characteristic realisations of the Overself familiar to the Vedanta. But on the other hand you say that this Overself is realised by the Maharshi as lodged in the heart-centre, and it is described by Brunton as something concealed which when it manifests appears as the real Thinker, source of all action, but now guiding thought and action in the Truth. Now the first description applies to the Purusha in the heart, described by the Gita as the Ishwara situated in the heart and by the Upanishads as the Purusha Antaratma; the second could apply also to the mental Purusha, manomaya praarra net of the Upanishads, the mental Being or Purusha who leads the life and the body. So your question is one which on the data I cannot easily answer. His Overself may be a combination of all these experiences, without any distinction being made or thought necessary between the various aspects. There are a thousand ways of approaching and realising the Divine and each way has its own experiences which have their own truth and stand really on a basis, one in essence but complex in aspects, common to all, but not expressed in the same way by all. There is not much use in discussing these variations; the important thing is to follow ones own way well and thoroughly. In this Yoga, one can realise the psychic being as a portion of the Divine seated in the heart with the Divine supporting it therethis psychic being takes charge of the sadhana and turns the whole being to the Truth and the Divine, with results in the mind, the vital, the physical consciousness which I need not go into here,that is a first transformation. We realise it next as the one Self, Brahman, Divine, first above the body, life, mind and not only within the heart supporting themabove and free and unattached as the static Self but also extended in wideness through the world as the silent Self in all and dynamic too as the active Divine Being and Power, Ishwara-Shakti, containing the world and pervading it as well as transcending it, manifesting all cosmic aspects. But, what is most important for us, is that it manifests as a transcending Light, Knowledge, Power, Purity, Peace, Ananda of which we become aware above and which descends into the being and progressively replaces the ordinary consciousness by its own movements that is the second transformation. We realise also the consciousness itself as moving upward, ascending through many planes physical, vital, mental, overmental to the supramental and Ananda planes. This is nothing new; it is stated in the Taittiriya Upanishad that there are five Purushas, the physical, the vital, the mental, the Truth Purusha (supramental) and the Bliss Purusha; it says that one has to draw the physical self up into the vital, the vital into the mental, the mental into the Truth Self, the Truth Self into the Bliss Self and so attain perfection. But in this Yoga we become aware not only of this taking up but of a pouring down of the powers of the higher Self, so that there comes in the possibility of a descent of the Supramental Self and nature to dominate and change our present nature and turn it from nature of Ignorance into nature of Truth-Knowledge (and through the supramental into nature of Ananda)this is the third or supramental transformation. It does not always go in this order, for with many the spiritual descent begins first in an imperfect way before the psychic is in front and in charge, but the psychic development has to be attained before a perfect and unhampered spiritual descent can take place, and the last or supramental change is impossible so long as the two first have not become full and complete. Thats the whole matter, put as briefly as possible.
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3.21 - Of Black Magic, #Liber ABA, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
General Forlong, Gerald Massey, Fabre dOlivet, etc., etc., for the data on which
these considerations are ultimately based.)
3.2.3 - Dreams, #Letters On Yoga IV, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
These experiences are normal when the inner consciousness is growing and becoming more and more the natural seat of the beingit is the spontaneous intuitive knowledge of this inner consciousness which is becoming prominent in place of the ordinary reliance of the external mind on sense data and external happenings. It is indeed the being as a whole that becomes conscious the substance of consciousness that becomes aware of things, not an outer instrumental part.
In the sleep part of the consciousness goes out to other planes of being and sees and experiences things there. It is quite possible for the witness consciousness to follow these happenings which usually transmit themselves in a coherent transcription to the sleeping part of the consciousness the latter receives them and they appear as clear significant dreams as opposed to the incoherent dreams of the subconscient. Or else the witness consciousness may feel itself there watching the happenings as well as here. This will probably develop after a while.
3.4.03 - Materialism, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The gates of escape by which a knowledge starting from materialism can get away from its own self-immuring limitations, can here only be casually indicated. I may take another occasion to show how the possibility must become in eventual fact a necessity. Physical science has before its eye two eternal factors of existence, Matter and Energy, and no others at all are needed in the account of its operations. Mind dealing with the facts and relations of Matter and Energy as they are arranged to the senses in experience and continuative experiment and are analysed by the reason, would be a sufficient definition of physical science. Its first regard is on Matter as the one principle of being and on Energy only as a phenomenon of Matter; but in the end one questions whether it is not the other way round, all things the action of Energy and Matter only the field, body and instrument of her workings. The first view is quantitative and purely mechanical, the second lets in a qualitative and a more spiritual element. We do not at once leap out of the materialistic circle, but we see an opening in it which may widen into an outlet when, stirred by this suggestion, we look at life and mind not merely as phenomenon in Matter but as energies and see that they are quite other energies than the material with their own peculiar qualities, powers and workings. If indeed all action of life and mind could be reduced, as it was once hoped, to none but material, quantitative and mechanical, to mathematical, physiological and chemical terms, the opening would cease to be an outlet; it would be choked. That attempt has failed and there is no sign of its ever being successful. Only a limited range of the phenomena of life and mind could be satisfied by a purely bio-physical, psycho-physical or biopsychical explanation, and even if more could be dealt with by these data, still they would only have been accounted for on one side of their mystery, the lower end. Life and Mind, like the Vedic Agni, have their two extremities hidden in a secrecy, and we should by this way only have hold of the tail-end: the head would still be mystic and secret. To know more we must have studied not only the actual or possible action of body and matter on mind and life, but explored all the possible action of mind too on life and body; that opens undreamed vistas. And there is always the vast field of the action of mind in itself and on itself, which needs for its elucidation another, a mental, a psychic science.
Having examined and explained Matter by physical methods and in the language of the material Brahman,it is not really explained, but let that pass,having failed to carry that way of knowledge into other fields beyond a narrow limit, we must then at least consent to scrutinise life and mind by methods appropriate to them and explain their facts in the language and tokens of the vital and mental Brahman. We may discover then where and how these tongues of the one existence render the same truth and throw light on each others phrases, and discover too perhaps another, high, brilliant and revealing speech which may shine out as the definitive all-explaining word. That can only be if we pursue these other sciences too in the same spirit as the physical, with a scrutiny, not only of their obvious and first actual phenomena, but of all the countless untested potentialities of mental and psychic energy, and with a free unlimited experimentation. We shall find out that their ranges of the unknown are immense. We shall perceive that until the possibilities of mind and spirit are better explored and their truths better known, we cannot yet pronounce the last all-ensphering formula of universal existence. Very early in this process the materialistic circle will be seen opening up on all its sides until it rapidly breaks up and disappears. Adhering still to the essential rigorous method of science, though not to its purely physical instrumentation, scrutinising, experimenting, holding nothing for established which cannot be scrupulously and universally verified, we shall still arrive at supraphysical certitudes. There are other means, there are greater approaches, but this line of access too can lead to the one universal truth.
3-5 Full Circle, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
To this end, the techniques of traditional specialization are extended to the task of assembling the basic data of the traditional sciences into a master or meta-scientific model. Analogous concepts and processes in different fields--e.g., a generalized form of the cybernetic process--are used as common denominators of all. The model serves as an intellectual road map to help the specialist in any field identify, reach, and interpret facts, principles, and processes which are especially relevant in other fields.
The other principal purpose of the seminar is to apply this unified conception of science to the task of attacking systematically the major educational, social, political, and technical problems of our day.
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Each discipline has, and must have, a certain vocabulary of its own: thousands of words that refer to its data on the lowest level of abstraction. These represent the "concrete manipulable objects" mentioned on page 82 of Mr. Koler's article. (For psychology and the humanities they include emotions, feelings, values.) The point however is, first, that each discipline now has, but in most cases does not need to have, a set of words which represents the grouping, the classification of its low-level words. These are the "abstract words" in the reference above, comprising part of each discipline's vocabulary. These many diverse abstract vocabularies cause the disorganized complexity of modern education and thought, producing much of the confusion in the students' minds. They require a vast amount of memorization, conceal meaning, and prevent understanding.
Our model of unified science corrects this situation: It accepts the data of each of the sciences and humanities, and the vocabularies which denotate them. It also accepts many "game tree" classifications such as the taxonomic series, and all others which are logically compatible with each other. It then classifies these diverse sets of data and classifications in a single manner and vocabulary: The manner and vocabulary in which the chemical elements were classified by Mendeleyev and Maier a century ago, and which have since been improved by many others . . . (See fold-out chart and Figure IV-11).
In unified science, the same set of abstract concepts occurs over and over, once for each discipline. This has the following efFect: It makes learning vastly easier; it reveals the meaning of each higher set of data (as shown in our Periodic co-ordinate system) in terms of the lower sets; and the meaning of each lower set of data in terms of the higher sets. Thereby it increases the breadth and depth of the students' understanding.
This is why our seminar students who answered your questionnaire found "Assembly of the Sciences" on the average 3.76 times as meaningful, relevant, and useful as the average graduate and undergraduate course they had taken.
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The accumulated data of the bio-psycho-social sciences have the same two major aspects as those of the physical sciences. Namely, the quantitative, scalar aspect and the qualitative, directional aspect. In the second chapter's last part, we discussed the qualitative aspect, and mapped it into the framework of the Periodic coordinate system in Figure II-15. In this chapter we proceed to organize the quantitative, scalar aspect of the accumulated data-social, mental, and genetic--and to do so in terms of levels of organization as we did for abiotic and biotic systems in Chapters I and II.
Our paradigmatic example, Mendeleev's Periodic Table, seems superficially to be constructed in terms of increasing atomic weights or atomic numbers. What this means on the higher level of background theory, however, is increasing control-capability in the nucleus with corresponding increases in the organized complexity of the electron cloud, and of the atom, the system they jointly constitute. So also with the Periodic Table of Human Cultures.
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In 1869 Mendeleev did not know that protons exist nor, of course, that his classification is actually based on the chemical elements' proton numbers.2 He based his Periodic table on those existing data which most closely approximate the atoms' proton numbers; namely, their atomic weights. We, similarly, do not know the psychogenetic structures which underlie our human Periodic Table.
What we know today is, that there are quantum-like discontinuities in our four hierarchies of data--tool, food, social, and linguistic--which occur together; that by postulating a hierarchy of psycho-genetic structures which accord with the principles of genetics, physiology, psychology and sociology, we can account for these data; and that by constructing our Periodic table in terms of this hypothesis, we obtain the same kind of organization of accumulated psycho-social data that Mendeleev obtained with the accumulated chemo-physical data of his time.
I predict that the postulated hierarchy of psycho-genetic human structures will be discovered empirically after our Periodic table's announcement in 1969, as were the atoms' nuclei and electron clouds, and their component particles, after the announcement of Mendeleev's table in 1869.
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Human Stratification and Periodicity, Figure IV-1, and their development, Figure IV-2, are here, I believe, accounted for in a manner consistent with the data and operations of all the sciences involved: with genetics, psychology, linguistics, history, anthropology, and sociology.9 Geometrized political science, briefly presented in the second Chapter which is strongly concerned with the qualitative, directional component of human cultures--accords with all these data and theories.1 Its detailed presentation, however, like that of the present quantitative (not numerically, but geometrically quantitative) studies, display the same background structure as do the six lower Major Strata (natural kingdoms) and Major Periods (natural empires), conforming to what Heisenberg calls the central order.
The characteristic numbers in Figure IV-2 represent the cultural equivalents of biotic characteristic numbers, Figures II-14 and II-15: In the center position is humankind's kingdom or Major Stratum 7. Above it is the individual's or group's social class or Stratum number; that of its potential abstraction ceiling. At the bottom is their society's Period number, and at the left, the number of the individual's or group's actual, phenotypic abstraction level at the time in question; the number of its Sub-stratum or onto-genetic level.
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The following data confirm this conclusion: longevity is directly correlated with Stratum number, and thus with the number of each Stratum's ontogenetic stages.9 The higher the Stratum, the more development stages it has to undergo, and the longer it has to live to do so. And it does so.
Reproduction, and thus population-size, is inversely correlated with Stratum number, as is the age of marriage, and thus with the greater speed of maturation.9 The older and lower the Stratum, the more it relies upon the older biological process of physical reproduction, and the faster it maturates physically.
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Human Stratification and Periodicity, Figure IV-1, and their development, Figure IV-2, are here, I believe, accounted for in a manner consistent with the data and operations of all the sciences involved: with genetics, psychology, linguistics, history, anthropology, and sociology.9 Geometrized political science, briefly presented in the second Chapter which is strongly concerned with the qualitative, directional component of human cultures--accords with all these data and theories.1 Its detailed presentation, however, like that of the present quantitative (not numerically, but geometrically quantitative) studies, display the same background structure as do the six lower Major Strata (natural kingdoms) and Major Periods (natural empires), conforming to what Heisenberg calls the central order.
The characteristic numbers in Figure IV-2 represent the cultural equivalents of biotic characteristic numbers, Figures II-14 and II-15: In the center position is humankind's kingdom or Major Stratum 7. Above it is the individual's or group's social class or Stratum number; that of its potential abstraction ceiling. At the bottom is their society's Period number, and at the left, the number of the individual's or group's actual, phenotypic abstraction level at the time in question; the number of its Sub-stratum or onto-genetic level.
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The following data confirm this conclusion: longevity is directly correlated with Stratum number, and thus with the number of each Stratum's ontogenetic stages.9 The higher the Stratum, the more development stages it has to undergo, and the longer it has to live to do so. And it does so.
Reproduction, and thus population-size, is inversely correlated with Stratum number, as is the age of marriage, and thus with the greater speed of maturation.9 The older and lower the Stratum, the more it relies upon the older biological process of physical reproduction, and the faster it maturates physically.
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Space limitation permits mention of just one more item in the enormous array of evidence supporting our assembly of these data. Each Stratum's number is directly correlated with the economic value of its locality or neighborhood; and that, with its desireability in the eyes of the community.9 The geographic distribution of the socio-genetic Strata thus constitutes a geocline.
Conclusions thus far
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These genetico-bio-psycho-socio-econo-political data arrange themselves as the Periodic Table of Human Cultures, whose framework is shown in Figure IV-4.
FIGURE IV-4 The Periodic Table of Human Cultures.
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Leibniz predicted (as already mentioned in Chapter II) that when his Universal Characteristic would be discovered then "If anyone were to disagree with me, I should say to him, `Sir, let us calculate.' And, by taking to pen and ink, we would settle the question".12 This table--which is little more than a traditional arrangement of these data, mapped into the Periodic coordinate system--is clearly a model of his General Characteristic: my students have used the coordinate system in what were once unresolvable political polemics. And we have found that, by taking to the blackboard, we could settle them as predicted. We therefore envisage an ever widening movement from the barricades to the blackboards; from the multi-versity to the new and higher university, and from break-down of our Period 6 culture to its transmutation into Period 7, Higher Industrialist. To see whether we now know how to go about it, consider the following mapping of a web-of-mind.
2. WEBS-OF-MIND: THEIR MAPPING AND SIMULATION13
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The center of this map represents this system's Minority or controller; its two outer parts represent the system's Majority or work component. According to the best data currently available (those in the Yankee City Series) the Minority is estimated to consist of the two highest Strata: Lower Upper and Upper Upper-about 3% of the population. The Internal Majority (on the left) is estimated to consist of the four lower Strata: Lower Lower (about 22%), Upper Lower (about 31%), Lower Middle (about 33%), and Upper Middle (about 10%). (This last is problematical: some of its members belong to the Minority.) The Majority (on the right) consists of human Periods 1 through 5; the highest of these, however, may contain six genotypic or potential Strata. For when their lites are educated in Lower Industrial countries, some of them sometimes display what appear to be Stratum 6 phenotypes. They belong, however (as yet) to the controllers of countries with fewer than six Strata--intellectual, social, and material--as these are defined in Figure IV-l.
This situation might appear anomalous to one-field specialists. Unified Science seems, however, to make it comprehensible. The following semantic glossary should make it more so:
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As for the External Majority, Warner and Lunt discussed a part of it in their chapter on "The Ethnic Minorities of Yankee City".9 Moreover, the entire Volume V of the Series is devoted to this part of the External Majority.26 Beyond this, however, Warner was a traditional anthropologist: he studied Period I peoples (Lower Hunters) and other sub-literate peoples in isolation from the Lower Industrial system, rather than as its External Majority. (He had to do this because these essential data were vanishing fast, and could never be retrieved, once they were gone!) He would though, I believe, have assented readily to this concept, which grows more obvious with each passing year.27
Formulation of Effective University Social Structure.
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Our theoretical model--based as it is upon the massive data organized in Figures IV-1 through IV-4--predicts the following: In contrast to the Exceptional Majority freshmen, the great majority of the open admission students will rise somewhat above their home habitat in regard to vocabulary level (Figure IV-3). But they will not move to a higher social Stratum. Instead, they will presently revert to little above their previous level of reading, speaking, and writing skills, just as do most of those who, through special training, rise to a higher vocabulary level (Figure IV-3). However, having been left untrained for occupations they could have filled successfully if they had been given actual equal opportunity--that is, if they had been accurately tested and given a chance to fit themselves into the "locks" for which they have the inborn turning capability--they will find themselves in, and put their community in, a desperate position; one which will threaten to wreck the community and them together.
This situation has already begun to appear inside City College. "Some faculty members. . ." says Petrie, "perceive the open admissions students not merely as different from the stereotyped City student, but as inferior to him, and they hate the changes in curriculum and classroom styles that may have come because of the difference." One such professor told a student that "he didn't have time to waste on problems a ninth grader should know the answer to."
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Bergson has already stated the [illegitimate] specialist's inclination to conceive of his subject matter in terms of his method rather than the other way around. [But] he had not pointed out in any detail . . . the various slights of hand [read unconscious mistakes) which turn abstractions from processes into factorial [empirical] entities assumed to partake in the process as such. . . Where the statistical method is used, not for its legitimate end of clarifying the structure of large bodies of relevant data but of predicting the structure of human events to come, [illegitimate] specialistic attitudes are characterized by an inclination to reduce events to mere occurrences, focusing on their comparative numbers without questioning the basis of comparison used, remaining blind to the specific event-nature of each, and never inquiring into those elemental processes behind them-revelation of which would invalidate the cherished technique from the start.51
He then touches upon the heart of the danger in which illegitimate specialists involve our culture; the self perpetuating cybernetic structure displayed in Figure IV-10, which Mr. Stafford Beer has called the meta-threat: "The circularity of the method, a closed system inaccessible to any such observations as would interfere with its own premises..." The specialist's conscious input comes from his own non-systemic field. His detector screens out inputs from the rest of the system of which he is studying a part; and from other functionally related ones. His conscious (subjective] output goes to his own traditional field, though his objective outputs may go disastrously to others as what he calls "side effects." These are, however, screened out by his detector, preventing him from becoming aware of and correcting his mistakes; also, from listening to or understanding those who try to point them out. We shall return to these figures in Chapter V.
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The generalist's cognitive controller, which Thomas Kuhn calls his system of paradigms, organizes his many diverse-appearing kinds of data by means of a single background theory. It maps them coherently into his central paradigm, the Periodic coordinate system. The result is Unified Science.--His output goes to all the sciences and is, ex hypothesi, acceptable to them all. We have tested this model for several years in two colleges, two pilot plants, and found it to work as intended. (See Jere Clark's Chapter III.)
FIGURE IV-12 The Generalist and organized specialist: assemblable products of the New University.
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8. To my knowledge no measurement of this most important criterion of intelligence, abstraction ceilings, has yet been standardized and tested. The reason probably is that intelligence testers become increasingly vulnerable as their data become increasingly incomprehensible to their clients. Note, for example, the violence directed against conscientious testers who publish careful findings which can offend but cannot be demonstrated to sections of the Majority; violence directed by political activists against scientists such as Arthur Jensen and Richard Herrnstein. This crucially important subject will be dealt with in the concluding chapter.
9. Warner, W. Lloyd and Paul Lunt, The Social Life of a Modern Community, Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, 1941.
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In the one-field sciences, new theory is based upon (follows) empirical data, and is thus dragged in the chariot's tracks. But it then gives rise to new observations with new instruments and techniques, and through them to new technologies, thus moving in harness in front of the chariot. Soon, however, these new data give rise to improved or radically new theory, the old again dragging the chariot's tracks. Then, being reorganized, theory rushes once more ahead of practice, "in harness before it", generating further new observations and technologies.3
Unified Science's theory obviously stands beyond those of the one-field sciences: their theories are part of the data of Unified Science : they are a component of a natural system, human culture, which is in turn part of the world's System-hierarchy, the subject of Unified Science.
No specialized science's theory is, or can be becoming's charioteer for, as Jonas and Figure V-1 point out, "Theory itself [theory of each special science~ has become a function of use as much as use a function of theory. Tasks for theory are set by the practical results of its preceding use, their solutions to be turned again to use, and so on. Thus [special-science] theory is thoroughly immersed in practice." p. 209.2
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FIGURE V-2 The Coaction Compass defines the relations of the data mapped into it, both to each other and to the Central Order.3
This statement, sharpened by inserted qualifications, was true for Hans Jonas in 1959. He then, however, describes Unified Science as it is set forth in Figure V-2: "At the opposite end of the scale is the knowledge concerning ends repeatedly alluded to--of which today [1959] we do not know whether it admits of theory, as once it was held eminently to do. This knowledge alone would permit the valid discrimination of worthy and unworthy, desirable and undesirable uses of science, whereas [fragmented] science itself only permits discrimination of its correct or incorrect, adequate or inadequate, effectual or ineffectual use." pp. 199-200.2
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"Obviously," Jonas points out, "it is a different kind of knowledge that has to do with the desirability of ends, and a different kind that has to do with feasibility, means, and execution." p. 198.2 Figure V-2 elucidates this difference : the data of the special sciences and technologies ( data mapped into the Periodic coordinate system by means of their characteristic numbers, as for instance in Figures II-14a and b) have to do with feasibility, means, and execution. The process of mapping these data into the Periodic coordinate system shows their desirability or undesirability in terms of their vector-direction : if they transmute the system over-all and in the long run (diachronically) toward they are evil and undesirable; if toward , they are desirable and good. And every human being who loves life and seeks its preservation and advancement will concur. The acquisition of the data, which occurs by means of special sciences, results in knowledge of feasibility, means and execution; the orientation of this knowledge by means of the Periodic coordinate system results in knowledge of the desirability of ends. The two together constitute our map and compass.
1. UNIFIED SCIENCE IS SCIENCE
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From where does Unified Science derive its concept of good and evil? From the customs of a given time and locality? Certainly not. From ancient manuscripts or books? Not at all--though its concepts agree with and confirm certain of these. From mystical visions and enlightenment? Yes, in the sense that flashes of insight, wonderful dreams, visions and peak experiences have been the lot of scientists in every field.5 Peculiar to Unified Science is the convergence of insights from all fields: all fields of science, first of all; but also from literature, music, and art and also from religion, the synthesis of humankind's non-scientific experience. Speaking in Unified Science's own terms, its conception of good and evil is derived from and confirmed by the structure and behavior of every Group, Stratum, Period, Major Stratum and Major Period in the universe. Its conception of good and evil is informed in thousands of empirical, mutually reinforcing ways. Its knowledge of evil and good is indeed not supplied by any one-field science, but by their assembly into a coordinate system whose axes are related to the world's universal directions of change, entropic, atropic, and ectropic; directions derived from the assembly of cosmic data and ascertainment of their change-directions.6
A powerful moral force is generated by this organization of knowledge, and by incessant empirical verifications of the moral law they manifest: R = f ( ).
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My prediction has always been, and is, that we will make it to the top! In 1942 I announced The Religious Force of Unified Science.11 Then--after Lippmann had formulated the more general concept, public philosophy (1959), and Unified Science had fully emerged--the position became clear and specific: Unified Science: The Public Philosophy of the Space Age.12,13 How do we know that Unified Science, and it alone, can be our public philosophy? This is the Age of Sciences; and more particularly, of systems-theoretic sciences; and Unified Science coordinates sciences in terms of general systems theory.14 Being systems science, it admits empirical data. Being unified, it admits them from all disciplines and fields of experience. (Some of its multiple inputs are specified on the left-hand side of Figure IV-11, Proposed Transformation of Multiversity into University.) Being steered by a coordinate system whose axes represent the General System's work component and controller (Figures II-10 and chart), it orders all these data relative to all their theoretically possible coactions, and these relative to the world's ultimate absolutes, and . Ordering all knowledge and experience relative to and , it shows clearly the universe's strongly positive value-bias. Showing a positive value-bias, it corresponds unequivocally to the positive value-premise of all the great religions.15 And having done this, Unified Science has come Full Circle: it supports, and is supported by, the public philosophies of all the great Literate civilizations, past and present, and the majority of our own civilization's people.l6 And doing this in the language and idiom of science, it bears our civilization's signs of legitimacy and seals of truth.
Is this not reversal of what Toynbee called schizm of the soul? Is it not reversal of the disaster which causes, and results from, the schizm of the body politic, schizm of the body ecologic, and disintegration of civilization? Toynbee calls schizm-reversal transfiguration and palingenesia.16 In The Public Philosophy,9 Walter Lippmann describes what, for our civilization, palingenesia would be: "A convincing demonstration . . . that the principles of the good society are not, in Sartre's phrase, invented and chosen--that the conditions which are to be met if there is to be a good society are there, outside our wishes, where they can be discovered by rational inquiry, and developed and adapted and refined by rational discussion." He then concludes as follows:
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Unified Science avoids infinite regress by deploying the one-field sciences' data System-hierarchically from , through to Anti-, (Figures II-10 and the fold-out chart). The former meaninglessness of ontological questions resulting from infinite regress is hereby precluded.
Also precluded are the major ambiguities which Quine groups under the inscrutability of references p. 38. One aspect of this inscrutability arises (in English and other traditional languages) through failures to distinguish a system (say a rabbit), its undetached parts, and its stages. Unified Science overcomes this source of confusion by means of its Characteristic Numbers. In the web-of-life, Figure II-14b, the rabbit is defined as
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"If," Leibniz had written, "we could find characters or signs appropriate for expressing all our thoughts as definitely and as exactly as arithmetic expresses numbers or geometric analysis expresses lines, we could in all subjects insofar as they are amenable to reasoning accomplish what is done in Arithmetic and Geometry . . . . That would be an admirable help, even in political science and medicine, to steady and perfect reasoning . . . .For even while there will not be enough given circumstances to form an infallible judgement, we shall always be able to determine what is most probable on the data given. And that is all that reason can do." pp. 15-16.21
FIGURE V-3 Geometric mapping of the Marxist theory of human coactions. Transmutation of society from exploitation (quadrant 2) is afhrmed to occur by "liquidation of the system's controller" (quadrant 3 or 4), and this to result in "classless" society.--The possibility of class cooperation (quadrant 1) is denied.
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By 1954 it had become clear that C.U.R.E. had undertaken a far more difficult task than we had realized in 1948. On Harold Cassidy's advice, we then became "invisible": C.U.R.E. suspended its meetings in order to concentrate on the necessarily mental-spiritual solution of its data-theory assembly problem. We worked on it "invisibly"--as individuals and pairs and small groups--for fifteen years. And in 1969, the hundredth anniversary of Mendeleev's Periodic Table, again at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, we briefly summarized the results of our invisible work. You see them outlined in this book.41
What we have done for science as a whole is at best only the sort of thing that Mendeleev did for chemistry. We have designed a model and some parts of a machine-tool for this model's manufacture. But fortunately we have done this much in time: In 1970, in his article on "The Club of Rome and the Predicament of Mankind," the Club's president, A. Peccei, published a call for a systematic viewpoint; a project which it takes decades to execute.
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The thing that has been missing is a reliable, practical, and spacious bridge between our old and enormous Literary Culture, whose language is basically myth in the sense of veiled truth; and our new Scientific Culture whose language is basically technical--in the sense of, for many, incomprehensible truth. I shall now bring evidence to show that with this bridge, the missing "something" is in place; that now at last science has come full circle. That the people who belong to our Two Cultures can now communicate across the Industrial world's cultural chasm, can orient each other, and together can transmute our Lower Industrial civilization as a whole into the Higher Industrial Period, Human Period 7. Switzerl and has transmuted herself spontaneously. She is our little pilot plant, presenting us with decades of research and development, giving us vast amounts of data and experience on which to base our Creative Centrist alternative to the political ideologies of Extreme Left and Extreme Right (Figure II-16) on how to damp out their fatal rhythm of disintegration.
To illustrate this bridge's operation, I take some typical passages from the Autobioraphy of Harry Emerson Fosdick, a former pastor of my church, the Riverside Church in New York City.
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"I have lived into a generation," Dr. Fosdick continued, "where not science alone but education too `has created a world in which Christianity is an imperative."' He then lists almost all the defects which the crisis ridden university's now perfectly feasible assembly plant, Figure IV-11, has been shown to correct: "Facts without values, fragmentary specialties with no integrating philosophy of life as a whole, data with no ethical standards for their use, techniques with no convictions about life's ultimate meaning or with corrupting convictions--here, too, a panacea has turned out to be a problem. What quality of faith and character is going to use our educated minds?"p.271.
Answer: The quality wherein Unified Science and religion at its best coincide; and that is probably throughout.
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The vocabulary of Unified Science is identical with those of the traditional sciences in regard to empirical data. Yet, while the properties and objectives which are peculiar to Unified Science are found in all of its empirical components, they result from the marriage of formal disciplines: of General Systems Theory with geometry. It is not, therefore, by chance that Unified Science appears, from the viewpoint of logic, to carry out well known proposals of two famous General Systems authorities, Ludwig von Bertalanffy and Kenneth Boulding.2
"General systems theory in the narrower sense (G.S.T.)," says von Bertalanffy, "is trying to derive from a general definition of `system' a complex of interacting components, concepts characteristic of organized wholes . . . and to apply them to concrete phenomena."3 This method is typical of the deductive-theoretical mode of thought.
A major objective of Unified Science, therefore, is to organize the verbal and visual symbols for this deductive operation. Its further objectives include the arrangement of the empirical data in such a way as to permit the attainment of what Kenneth Boulding regards as a major objective of Systems Theorists; namely, the transformation of the present aggregation of primarily empirical sciences into "a spectrum of theories--a system of systems."4 This objective has, I believe, been reached in the present model of Unified Science by combining Boulding's two approaches in a concrete, practical way.
He sets them forth as follows: "The first is to look over the empirical universe and pick out certain general phenomena which are found in many different disciplines, . . . to build up general theoretical models relevant to these phenomena. The second approach is to arrange the empirical fields in a hierarchy of organization of their basic `individual' or unit behavior, and . . . to develop a level of abstraction appropriate to each."
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Number, characteristic Originally proposed by Leibniz (1677). The elementary unit of the taxonomic system of Unified Science. Any entity may be classified, and its data retrieved, by means of its Characteristic number. This consists of the five parameters which map it into the Periodic coordinate system (q.v.). These parameters are: K (the entity's natural kingdom or Major Stratum, and thus its Periodic table), P (its Period in its own Periodic table), S (its top Stratum or ontogenetic ceiling), S-S (its sub-Stratum or ontogenetic stage at the time in question), and G (its Group or characteristic coaction at that time). (See these glossary entries).
Number system, Natural The number system of the Periodic coordinate system (q.v.). The oldest number system, which originally began with 1, and extended to, positive infinity. Today it begins with zero. C.f. Number system, Real.
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Science, Unified A new discipline, popularly known as Unisci. Obtained by mapping the data of the physical, biological and psychosocio-political sciences into the Periodic coordinate system (q.v.). Proposed by Leibniz under the term Scientia Generalis 1677.
Selectee (n.) The entity selected. An organism selected for survival by its habitat (q.v.). Equally, a habitat selected by an organism. See Selector.
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This project should coordinate large sectors of biological data and research, as the verification and completion of the Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements did for chemical data after 1869. This is a pre-condition for technology assessment.
Pages 243-244
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THIS FRAMEWORK of the Periodic Table of Human Cultures can now be used to assemble some of the accumulated masses of anthropological data, much as the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements was used in 1869 for masses of data amassed by chemists. Such assembly begins most easily with the two aspects of natural classification : quantitative ( R ) on the table's left-hand side, and qualitative ( ) on its right-hand side.
These two aspects are displayed by the two traditional kinds of anthropological classifications. Large masses of anthropological data have been prepared for what J. S. Mill called natural classification by these preliminary classifications' famous authors.
Periodicity and Stratification ( R ) are displayed, for instance, by "The Material Cultures and Social Institutions of the Simpler Peoples" of Hobhouse, Wheeler and Ginsberg whose nomenclature has been incorporated into the Periodic Table. This huge classification is developed much further in Murdock's "Ethnographic Atlas". And these two classifications' most famous precursor was Lewis Morgan's classification of human cultures in "Ancient Society", 1877. While less detailed and precise, it went beyond them by including Period 5 (Literates) which Morgan called Civilization. The Periodic Table accommodates this Period, as also Periods 6 (Lower Industrialises), 7 (Higher Industrialists), and as many others as may become necessary.
Grouping ( ) is displayed in small, incipient classifications such as the comparative studies of values by Clyde Kluckhohn and others; and Ruth Benedict in Patterns of Culture among many others. These sets of abstract data were made operationally constant, and thus classifiable, by Ethel Albert's "Theory Construction for the Comparative Study of Values in Five Cultures". At any given time, she pointed out, every culture is what chemists call a mixture: its members display most or all of the theoretically possible values in various proportions. Nonetheless, every culture displays what Albert calls a dominant value premise by which all others, which she calls deviant, tend to be suppressed. Deviant values thus tend to be what physicists call potential. Under certain conditions, however, one or more of these deviant values may become actual or kinetic, and tend to split the society; to generate conflicts within it. If it displaces the previously dominant value-premise in the society's controller, part or all of the culture is transmuted into another Group. By pointing out the role of the dominant values, Albert's theory thus permits qualitative classification of cultures and of their qualitative (Group) transmutations, past and future.
The Periodic Table of Human Cultures permits social scientists to relate these two kinds of classification to each other. It thus permits us to formulate and test the Moral Law, whose scientific version reads as follows : The properties of human cultures are functions of their moral relations. Stated in geometric terms this is, of course, the human case of the General Periodic Law,
3.6.01 - Heraclitus, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Nietzsche, whom Mr. Ranade rightly affiliates to Heraclitus, Nietzsche, the most vivid, concrete and suggestive of modern thinkers, as is Heraclitus among the early Greeks, founded his whole philosophical thought on this conception of existence as a vast Will-to-become and of the world as a play of Force; divine Power was to him the creative Word, the beginning of all things and that to which life aspires. But he affirms Becoming only and excludes Being from his view of things; hence his philosophy is in the end unsatisfactory, insufficient, lop-sided; it stimulates, but solves nothing. Heraclitus does not exclude Being from the data of the problem of existence, although he will not make any opposition or gulf between that and Becoming. By his conception of existence as at once one and many, he is bound to accept these two aspects of his ever-living Fire as simultaneously true, true in each other; Being is an eternal becoming and yet the Becoming resolves itself into eternal being. All is in flux, for all is change of becoming; we cannot step into the same waters twice, for it is other and yet other waters that are flowing on. And yet, with his keen eye on the truth of things, preoccupied though he was with this aspect of existence, he could not help seeing another truth behind it. The waters into which we step, are and are not the same; our own existence is an eternity and an inconstant transience; we are and we are not. Heraclitus does not solve the contradiction; he states it and in his own way tries to give some account of its process.
That process he sees as a constant change and a changing back, an exchange and an interchange in a constant whole,-managed for the rest by a clash of forces, by a creative and determinative strife, "war which is the father and king of all things." Between Fire as the Being and Fire in the Becoming existence describes a downward and upward movement-pravṛtti and nivṛtti-which has been called the "back-returning road" upon which all travels. These are the master ideas of the thought of Heraclitus.
3.7.1.01 - Rebirth, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Rebirth is for the modern mind no more than a speculation and a theory; it has never been proved by the methods of modern science or to the satisfaction of the new critical mind formed by a scientific culture. Neither has it been disproved; for modern science knows nothing about a before-life or an after-life for the human soul, knows nothing indeed about a soul at all, nor can know; its province stops with the flesh and brain and nerve, the embryo and its formation and development. Neither has modern criticism any apparatus by which the truth or untruth of rebirth can be established. In fact, modern criticism, with all its pretensions to searching investigation and scrupulous certainty, is no very efficient truth-finder. Outside the sphere of the immediate physical it is almost helpless. It is good at discovering data, but except where the data themselves bear on the surface their own conclusion, it has no means of being rightly sure of the generalisations it announces from them so confidently in one generation and destroys in the next. It has no means of finding out with surety the truth or untruth of a doubtful historical assertion; after a century of dispute it has not even been able to tell us yes or no, whether Jesus Christ ever existed. How then shall it deal with such a matter as this of rebirth which is stuff of psychology and must be settled rather by psychological than physical evidence?
The arguments which are usually put forward by supporters and opponents, are often weak or futile and even at their best insufficient either to prove or to disprove anything in the world. One argument, for instance, often put forward triumphantly in disproof is this that we have no memory of our past lives and therefore there were no past lives! One smiles to see such reasoning seriously used by those who imagine that they are something more than intellectual children. The argument proceeds on psychological grounds and yet it ignores the very nature of our ordinary or physical memory which is all that the normal man can employ. How much do we remember of our actual lives which we are undoubtedly living at the present moment? Our memory is normally good for what is near, becomes vaguer or less comprehensive as its objects recede into the distance, farther off seizes only some salient points and, finally, for the beginning of our lives falls into a mere blankness. Do we remember even the mere fact, the simple state of being an infant on the mothers breast? and yet that state of infancy was, on any but a Buddhist theory, part of the same life and belonged to the same individual,the very one who cannot remember it just as he cannot remember his past lives. Yet we demand that this physical memory, this memory of the brute brain of man which cannot remember our infancy and has lost so much of our later years, shall recall that which was before infancy, before birth, before itself was formed. And if it cannot, we are to cry, Disproved your reincarnation theory! The sapient insipiency of our ordinary human reasoning could go no farther than in this sort of ratiocination. Obviously, if our past lives are to be remembered whether as fact and state or in their events and images, it can only be by a psychical memory awaking which will overcome the limits of the physical and resuscitate impressions other than those stamped on the physical being by physical cerebration.
3.7.1.04 - Rebirth and Soul Evolution, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The ideas that men currently form about life and things are for the most part pragmatic constructions. They are forms of a reason which is concerned with giving only such a serviceable account to itself of its surroundings as shall make a sufficient clue to our immediate business of the growth, action, satisfaction of the personality, something feasible, livable, effective for our journeying in Time, something viable in the twofold French sense of the word. Whether it corresponds to or is directly in touch with any real reality of things seems to be very much a matter of accident. It seems to be sufficient if we can persuade our facile and complaisant reason of its truth and find it serviceable and fruitful in consequences for thought, action and life-experience. It is true that there is another unpragmatic reason in us which labours to get rid of this demand of the intellectual and vital personality; it wants to look at the real truth of things without veils and without any object, to mirror the very image of Truth in the still waters of a dispassionate, clear and pure mentality. But the workings of this calmer greater reason are hampered by two tremendous difficulties. First, it seems next to impossible to disengage it entirely from the rest of ourselves, from the normal intellectuality, from the will to believe, from that instinct of the intelligence which helps the survival, by a sort of subtle principle of preference and selection, of the way of thinking that suits our personal bent or the accomplished frame of our nature. And again, what is the Truth that our reason mirrors? It is after all some indirect image of Truth, not her very self and body seen face to face; it is an image moulded from such data, symbol, process of Reality,if any real Reality there is,as we can gather from the very limited experience of self and existing things open to human mind. So that unless there be some means by which knowledge can burst through all veils to the experience of the very Reality itself, or unless there be some universal Logos, divine Mind or Supermind, which knows itself and all things and our consciousness can reflect or get into touch with that, a pursuing insufficiency and uncertainty must always keep its baffling grasp upon even the highest power and largest walk of our reason and beset all the labour of human knowledge.
Nowhere are these disabilities more embarrassing than in those fundamental questions of the nature of the world and of our own existence which yet most passionately interest thinking humanity because this is in the end the thing of utmost importance to us, since everything else, except some rough immediate practicality of the moment, depends on its solution. And even that, until this great question is settled, is only a stumbling forward upon a journey of which we know not the goal or the purpose, the meaning or the necessity. The religions profess to solve these grand problems with an inspired or revealed certainty; but the enormity of their differences shows that in them too there is a selection of ideas, separate aspects of the Truth,the sceptic would say, shows of imagination and falsehood, and a construction from a limited spiritual experience. In them too there is an element of chosen and willed believing and some high pragmatic aim and utility, whether that be the souls escape from the sorrow or unreality of existence or celestial bliss or a religio-ethical sanction and guidance. The philosophical systems are very obviously only feasible selective constructions of great reflective ideas. More often these are possibilities of the reason much rather than assured certainties or, if founded on spiritual experience, they are still selective constructions, a sort of great architectural approach to some gate into unknowable Divine or ineffable Infinite. The modern scientific mind professed to rid us of all mere intellectual constructions and put us face to face with truth and with assured truth only; it claimed the right to rid man of the fantastic encumbrance of religion and the nebulous futilities of metaphysical philosophy. But religion and philosophy have now turned upon science and convicted her, on her own statement of facts, of an equal liability to the two universal difficulties of human reason. The system of science seems to be itself only another feasible and fruitful construction of the reason giving a serviceable account to itself of the physical world and our relations to it, and it seems to be nothing more. And its knowledge is fatally bound by the limitation of its data and its outlook. Science too creates only a partial image of Truth stamped with a character of much uncertainty and still more clearly imprinted with the perverse hallmark of insufficiency.
We have to recognise that human reason, moving as it does from a starting-point of ignorance and in a great environing circle of ignorance, must proceed by hypothesis, assumption and theory subject to verification of some kind convincing to our reason and experience. But there is this difference that the religious mind accepts the theory or assumption,to which it does not at all give these names, for they are to it things felt,with faith, with a will of belief, with an emotional certainty, and finds its verification in an increasing spiritual intuition and experience. The philosophic mind accepts it calmly and discerningly for its coherent agreement with the facts and necessities of being; it verifies by a pervading and unfailing harmony with all the demands of reason and intellectualised intuition. But the sceptical mindnot the mind of mere doubt or dogmatic denial which usually arrogates that name, but the open and balanced mind of careful, impartial and reserved inquiry,gives a certain provisional character to its hypotheses, and it verifies by the justification of whatever order or category of ascertainable facts it takes for its standard of proof and invests with a character of decisive authority or reality. There is room enough for all three methods and there is no reason why our complex modern mind should not proceed simultaneously by all of them at once. For if the sceptical or provisional attitude makes us more ready to modify our image of Truth in the light of new material of thought and knowledge, the religious mind also, provided it keeps a certain firm and profound openness to new spiritual experience, can proceed faster to a larger and larger light, and meanwhile we can walk by it with an assured step and go securely about our principal business of the growth and perfection of our being. The philosophic mind has the use of giving a needed largeness and openness to our mentality,if it too does not narrow itself by a closed circle of metaphysical dogma, and supports besides the harmony of our other action by the orderly assent of the higher reason.
3.7.1.07 - Involution and Evolution, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Limited to the physical and biological data of Nature, it does not attempt except in a summary or a superficial fashion to discover its own meaning, but is content to announce itself as the general law of a quite mysterious and inexplicable energy.
Evolution becomes a problem in motion which is satisfied to work up with an automatic regularity its own puzzle, but not to work it out, because, since it is only a process, it has no understanding of itself, and, since it is a blind perpetual automatism of mechanical energy, it has neither an origin nor an issue. It began perhaps or is always beginning; it will stop perhaps in time or is always somewhere stopping and going back to its beginnings, but there is no why, only a great turmoil and fuss of a how to its beginning and its cessation; for there is in its acts no fountain of spiritual intention, but only the force of an unresting material necessity. The ancient idea of evolution was the fruit of a philosophical intuition, the modern is an effort of scientific observation. Each as enounced misses something, but the ancient got at the spirit of the movement where the modern is content with a form and the most external machinery. The
3.7.1.11 - Rebirth and Karma, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
But we can see, when we look into ourselves, that this relation of the individual to the whole has a different significance; it does not mean that I have no existence except as a more or less protracted moment in the cosmic becoming of the All-Soul: that too is only a superficial appearance and much subtler and greater is the truth of my being. For the original and eternal Reality, the Alpha and Omega, the Godhead is neither separate in the individual nor is he only and solely a Pantheos, a cosmic spirit. He is at once the eternal individual and the eternal All-Soul of this and many universes, and at the same time he is much more than these things. This universe might end, but he would still be; and I too, though the universe might end, could still exist in him; and all these eternal souls would still exist in him. But as his being is for ever, so the succession of his creations too is for ever; if one creation were to come to an end, it would be only that another might begin and the new would carry on with a fresh commencement and initiation the possibility that had not been worked out in the old, for there can be no end to the self-manifestation of the Infinite. Nsti anto vistarasya me. The universe finds itself in me, even as I find myself in the universe, because we are this face and that face of the one eternal Reality, and individual being is as much needed as universal being to work out this manifestation. The individual vision of things is as true as the universal vision, both are ways of the self-seeing of the Eternal. I may now see myself as a creature contained in the universe; but when I come to self-knowledge, I see too the universe to be a thing contained in myself, subtly by implication in my individuality, amply in the great universalised self I then become. These are data of an ancient experience, things known and voiced of old, though they may seem shadowy and transcendental to the positive modern mind which has long pored so minutely on outward things that it has become dazed and blind to any greater light and is only slowly recovering the power to see through its folds; but they are for all that always valid and can be experienced today by any one of us who chooses to turn to the deepest way of the inner experience. Modern thought and science, if we look at the new knowledge given us in its whole, do not contradict them, but only trace for us the outward effect and workings of these realities; for always we find in the end that truth of self is not contradicted, but reproduced and made effectual here by law of Energy and law of Matter.
The necessity of rebirth, if we look at it from the outward side, from the side of energy and process, stands upon a persistent and insistent fact which supervenes always upon the generality of common law and kind and constitutes the most intimate secret of the wonder of existence, the uniqueness of the individual. And this uniqueness is everywhere, but appears as a subordinate factor only in the lower ranges of existence. It becomes more and more important and pronounced as we rise in the scale, enlarges in mind, gets to enormous proportions when we come to the things of the spirit. That would seem to indicate that the cause of this significant uniqueness is something bound up with the very nature of spirit; it is something it held in itself and is bringing out more and more as it emerges out of material Nature into self-conscience. The laws of being are at bottom one for all of us, because all existence is one existence; one spirit, one self, one mind, one life, one energy of process is at work; one will and wisdom has planned or has evolved from itself the whole business of creation. And yet in this oneness there is a persistent variety, which we see first in the form of a communal variation. There is everywhere a group energy, group life, group mind, and if soul is, then we have reason to believe that however elusive it may be to our seizing, there is a group-soul which is the support and foundationsome would call it the resultof this communal variety. That gives us a ground for a group karma. For the group or collective soul renews and prolongs itself and in man at least develops its nature and experience from generation to generation. And who knows whether, when one form of it is disintegrated, community or nation, it may not wait for and assume other forms in which its will of being, its type of nature and mentality, its attempt of experience is carried forward, migrates, one might almost say, into new-born collective bodies, in other ages or cycles? Mankind itself has this separate collective soul and collective existence. And on that community the community of karma is founded; the action and development of the whole produces consequence of karma and experience for the individual and the totality even as the action and development of the individual produces consequences and experience for others, for the group, for the whole. And the individual is there; you cannot reduce him to a nullity or an illusion; he is real, alive, unique. The communal soul-variation mounts up from the rest, exceeds, brings in or brings out something more, something new, adds novel powers in the evolution. The individual mounts and exceeds in the same way from the community. It is in him, on his highest heights that we get the flame-crest of self-manifestation by which the One finds himself in Nature.
3.7.2.05 - Appendix I - The Tangle of Karma, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
For what we understand by law is a single immutably habitual movement or recurrence in Nature fruitful of a determined sequence of things and that sequence must be clear, precise, limited to its formula, invariable. If it is not that, if there is too much flexibility of movement, if there intervenes too embarrassing a variety or criss-cross of action and reaction, a too rich complex of forces, the narrow uncompromising incompetence of our logical intelligence finds there not law but an incertitude and a chaos. Our reason must be allowed to cut and hew and arbitrarily select its suitable circumstances, isolate its immutable data, skeletonise or mechanise life; otherwise it stands open-mouthed at a loss unable to think with precision or act with effect in a field of subtle and indefinite measures. It must be allowed to deal with mighty Nature as it deals with human society, politics, ethics, conduct; for it can understand and do good work only where it is licensed to build and map out its own artificial laws, erect a clear, precise, rigid, infallible system and leave as little room as possible for the endless flexibility and variety and complexity that presses from the Infinite upon our mind and life. Moved by this need we endeavour to forge for our own souls and for the cosmic Spirit even such a single and inflexible law of Karma as we would ourselves have made, had the rule of the world been left to us.Not this mysterious universe would we have made, but the pattern of a rational cosmos fitted to our call for a simple definite guidance in action and for a well-marked thumb rule facile and clear to our limited intelligence. But this force we call Karma turns out to be no such precise and invariable mechanism as we hoped; it is rather a thing of many planes that changes its face and walk and very substance as it mounts from level to higher level, and on each plane even it is not one movement but an indefinite complex of many spiral movements hard enough for us to harmonise together or to find out whatever secret harmony unknown to us and incalculable these complexities are weaving out in this mighty field of the dealings of the soul with Nature.
Let us then call Karma no longer a Law, but rather the many-sided dynamic truth of all action and life, the organic movement here of the Infinite. That was what the ancient thinkers saw in it before it was cut and shredded by lesser minds and turned into an easy and misleading popular formula. Action of Karma follows and takes up many potential lines of the spirit into its multitudinous surge, many waves and streams of combining and disputing world-forces; it is the processus of the creative Infinite; it is the long and multiform way of the progression of the individual and the cosmic soul in Nature. Its complexities cannot be unravelled by our physical mind ever bound up in the superficial appearance, nor by our vital mind of desire stumbling forward in the cloud of its own instincts and longings and rash determinations through the maze of these myriad favouring and opposing forces that surround and urge and drive and hamper us from the visible and invisible worlds. Nor can it be perfectly classified, accounted for, tied up in bundles by the precisions of our logical intelligence in its inveterate search for clear-cut dogmas. On that day only shall we perfectly decipher what is now to us Natures obscure hieroglyph of Karma when there rises in our enlarged consciousness the supramental way of knowledge. The supramental eye can see a hundred meeting and diverging motions in one glance and envelop in the largeness of its harmonising vision of Truth all that to our minds is clash and opposition and the collision and interlocked strife of numberless contending truths and powers. Truth to the supramental sight is at once single and infinite and the complexities of its play serve to bring out with an abundant ease the rich significance of the Eternals many-sided oneness.
3.8.1.04 - Different Methods of Writing, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The question is one of great interest but impossible to solve definitely for lack of substantial data. All one can do is to speculate on the most probable and satisfying explanation.
In the first place, it is evident that these differences are no mere accident nor the result of some trivial and local cause; for they coincide with great cultural divisions of humanity belonging to prehistoric times. It is the races called Aryan from their common original culture whose script is directed from left to right; the Mesopotamian races deriving their culture from the Chaldeans proceed from right to left; the Mongolians write vertically.
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Necessarily, this explanation is in the highest degree conjectural and depends on pure intellectual reasoning which is an unsafe guide in the absence of solid and sufficient data. Nevertheless, it is the one positive explanation that suggests itself to us and, as a hypothesis, is well worth taking into consideration.
3 - Commentaries and Annotated Translations, #Hymns to the Mystic Fire, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
d"A?y,. S. smDEytA or data. d" means discernment, cf Greek
dxa, dokw etc, skill, capacity, cf d", dE"Z or else strength. The
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therefore a priest. But datar, here would more naturally signify
the gods, creators and ordainers of things, - though it is possible to take it as the arrangers of the sacrificial action. The close
4.05 - The Instruments of the Spirit, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Buddhi is a construction of conscious being which quite exceeds its beginnings in the basic Chitta; it is the intelligence with its power of knowledge and will. Buddhi takes up and deals with all the rest of the action of the mind and life and body. It is in its nature thought-power and will-power of the Spirit turned into the lower form of a mental activity. We may distinguish three successive gradations of the action of this intelligence. There is first an inferior perceptive understanding which simply takes up, records, understands and responds to the communications of the sense-mind, memory, heart and sensational mentality. It creates by their means an elementary thinking mind which does not go beyond their data, but subjects itself to their mould and rings out their repetitions, runs round and round in the habitual circle of thought and will suggested by them or follows, with an obedient subservience of the reason to the suggestions of life, any fresh determinations which may be offered to its perception and conception. Beyond this elementary understanding, which we all use to an enormous extent, there is a power of arranging or selecting reason and will-force of the Intelligence which has for its action and aim an attempt to arrive at a plausible, sufficient, settled ordering of knowledge and will for the use of an intellectual conception of life.
In spite of its more purely intellectual character this secondary or intermediate reason is really pragmatic in its intention. It creates a certain kind of intellectual structure, frame, rule into which it tries to cast the inner and outer life so as to use it with a certain mastery and government for the purposes of some kind of rational will. It is this reason which gives to our normal intellectual being our set aesthetic and ethical standards, our structures of opinion and our established norms of idea and purpose. It is highly developed and takes the primacy in all men of an at all developed understanding. But beyond it there is a reason, a highest action of the Buddhi which concerns itself disinterestedly with a pursuit of pure truth and right knowledge; it seeks to discover the real Truth behind life and things and our apparent selves and to subject its will to the law of Truth. Few, if any of us, can use this highest reason with any purity, but the attempt to do it is the topmost capacity of the inner instrument, the ahtahkarana.
4.07 - Purification-Intelligence and Will, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The Manas is therefore in the first place an organiser of sense experience; in addition it organises the natural reactions of the will in the embodied consciousness and uses the body as an instrument, uses, as it is ordinarily put, the organs of action. This natural action too has a double element, a physico-nervous impulse and behind it a mental-nervous power-value of instinctive will-impulse. That makes up the nexus of first perceptions and actions which is common to all developing animal life. But in addition there is in the Manas or sense-mind a first resulting thought-element which accompanies the operations of animal life. Just as the living body has a certain pervading and possessing action of consciousness, citta, which forms into this sense-mind, so the sense-mind has in it a certain pervading and possessing power which mentally uses the sense data, turns them into perceptions and first ideas, associates experience with other experiences, and in some way or other thinks and feels and wills on the sense basis.
This sensational thought-mind which is based upon sense, memory, association, first ideas and resultant generalisations or secondary ideas, is common to all developed animal life and mentality. Man indeed has given it an immense development and range and complexity impossible to the animal, but still, if he stopped there, he would only be a more highly effective animal. He gets beyond the animal range and height because he has been able to disengage and separate to a greater or less extent his thought action from the sense mentality, to draw back from the latter and observe its data and to act on it from above by a separated and partially freed intelligence. The intelligence and will of the animal are involved in the sense-mind and therefore altogether governed by it and carried on its stream of sensations, sense-perceptions, impulses; it is instinctive. Man is able to use a reason and will, a self-observing, thinking and all-observing, an intelligently willing mind which is no longer involved in the sense-mind, but acts from above and behind it in its own right, with a certain separateness and freedom. He is reflective, has a certain relative freedom of intelligent will. He has liberated in himself and has formed into a separate power the Buddhi.
But what is this Buddhi? From the point of view of Yogic knowledge we may say that it is that instrument of the soul, of the inner conscious being in nature, of the Purusha, by which it comes into some kind of conscious and ordered possession both of itself and its surroundings. Behind all the action of the Chitta and Manas there is this soul, this Purusha; but in the lower forms of life it is mostly subconscient, asleep or half-awake, absorbed .in the mechanical action of Nature; but it becomes more and more awake and comes more and more forward as it rises in the scale of life. By the activity of the Buddhi it begins the process of an entire awakening. In the lower actions of the mind the soul suffers Nature rather than possesses her; for it is there entirely a slave to the mechanism which has brought it into conscious embodied experience. But in the Buddhi we get to something, still a natural instrumentation, by which yet Nature seems to be helping and arming the Purusha to understand, possess and master her.
4.1.01 - The Intellect and Yoga, #Letters On Yoga I, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Time and things that are phenomenally finite. One may accept or reject this complex idea of the Divine which is founded on a coordination of the data of long spiritual experience passed through by thousands of seekers in all times, but I fail to see why it should be considered unreasonable. If it is because that would mean "to have it not only in both ways but in every way",
I do not see why this should be so reprehensible or a complex manifestation of a single Essence, Consciousness or Force should be considered prima facie inadmissible. There can be after all a synthetic and global view and consciousness of things which is
4.1.3 - Imperfections and Periods of Arrest, #Letters On Yoga IV, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
I am glad to have got your second letter in which the psychic being in you expresses itself with such fullness. It would have been impossible for me to go on with my explanations of the case for spirituality if the exposition of it, carrying as it must do many things contrary to your own mental views, were to upset or hurt you. I have no intention of doing that and have always avoided it except that sometimes I had to express an unpalatable view of things rather plainly in answer to your own insistence. If I write about these questions from the Yogic point of view, even though on a logical basis, there is bound to be much that is in conflict with your own settled and perhaps cherished opinions, e.g. about miracles, persons, the limits of judgment by sense data etc. I have avoided as much as possible writing about these subjects because I would have to propound things that cannot be understood except by reference to other data than those of the physical senses or of reason founded on these alone. I might have to speak of laws and forces not recognised by physical reason or science. In my public writings and my writings to sadhaks I have not dwelt on these because they go out of the range of ordinary knowledge and the understanding founded on it. These things are known to some, but they do not usually speak about it, while the public views of such of them as are known are either credulous or incredulous, but in both cases without experience or knowledge. So if the views founded on them are likely to upset, shock or bewilder, the better way is silence.
I should like, however, to clear up first some misunderstandings in your letter about what I had written:
4.21 - The Gradations of the supermind, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
It would perhaps be accurate to say that these latter activities are mental representations of the higher movements, attempts of the ordinary mind to do the same things or the best possible imitations the intellect can offer of the functionings of the higher nature. The true intuitions differ from these effective but insufficient counterfeits in their substance of light, their operation, their method of knowledge. The intellectual rapidities are dependent on awakenings of the basic mental ignorance to mental figures and representations of truth that may be quite valid in their own field and for their own purpose but are not necessarily and by their very nature reliable. They are dependent for their emergence on the suggestions given by mental and sense data or on the accumulation of past mental knowledge. They search for the truth as a thing outside, an object to be found and looked at and stored as an acquisition and, when found, scrutinise its surfaces, suggestions or aspects. This scrutiny can never give a quite complete and adequate truth idea. However positive they may seem at the time, they may at any moment have to be passed over, rejected and found inconsistent with fresh knowledge.
The intuitive knowledge on the contrary, however limited it may be in its field or application, is within that scope sure with an immediate, a durable and especially a self-existent certitude. It may take for starting-point or rather for a thing to light up and disclose in its true sense the data of mind and sense or else fire a train of past thought and knowledge to new meanings and issues, but it is dependent on nothing but itself and may leap out of its own field of lustres, independent of previous suggestion or data, and this kind of action becomes progressively more common and adds itself to the other to initiate new depths and ranges of knowledge. In either case there is always an element of self-existent truth and a sense of absoluteness of origination suggestive of its proceeding from the spirit's knowledge by identity. It is the disclosing of a knowledge that is secret but already existent in the being: it is not an acquisition, but something that was always there and revealable. It sees the truth from within and illumines with that inner vision the outsides and it harmonises, too, readily -- provided we keep intuitively awake -- with whatever fresh truth has yet to arrive. These characteristics become more pronounced and intense in the higher, the proper supramental ranges: in the intuitive mind they may not be always recognisable in their purity and completeness because of the mixture of mental stuff and its accretion, but in the divine reason and greater supramental action they become free and absolute.
The suggestive intuition acting on the mental level suggests a direct and illumining inner idea of the truth, an idea that is its true image and index, not as yet the entirely present and whole sight, but rather of the nature of a bright memory of some truth, a recognition of a secret of the self's knowledge. It is a representation, but a living representation, not an ideative symbol, a reflection, but a reflection that is lit up with something of the truth's real substance. The intuitive discrimination is a secondary action setting this idea of the truth in its right place and its relation to other ideas. And so long as there is the habit of mental interference and accretion it works also to separate the mental from the higher seeing, to discrete the inferior mental stuff that embarrasses with its alloy the pure truth substance, and labours to unravel the mingled skein of ignorance and knowledge, falsehood and error. As the intuition is of the nature of a memory, a luminous remembering of the self-existent truth, so the inspiration is of the nature of truth hearing : it is an immediate reception of the very voice of the truth, it readily brings the word that perfectly embodies it and it carries something more than the light of its idea; there is seized some stream of its inner reality and vivid arriving movement of its substance. The revelation is of the nature of direct sight, pratyaksa-drsti, and makes evident to a present vision the thing in itself of which the idea is the representation. It brings out the very spirit and being and reality of the truth and makes it part of the consciousness and the experience.
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The work of the supramental reason covers and goes beyond all that is done by the mental reason, but it starts from the other end and has a corresponding operation. The essential truths of self and the spirit and the principle of things are not to the spiritual reason abstract ideas or subtle unsubstantial experiences to which it arrives by a sort of overleaping of limits, but a constant reality and the natural background of all its ideation and experience. It does not like the mind arrive at, but discloses directly both the general and total and the particular truths of being and consciousness, of spiritual and other sensation and Ananda and of force and action, -- reality and phenomenon and symbol, actuality and possibility and eventuality, that which is determined and that which determines, and all with a self-luminous evidence. It formulates and arranges the relations of thought and thought, of force and force, of action and action and of all these with each other and throws them into a convincing and luminous harmony. It includes the data of sense, but gives to them another meaning in the light of what is behind them, and treats them only as outermost indications: the inner truth is known to a greater sense which it already possesses. And it is not dependent on them alone even in their own field of objects or limited by their range. It has a spiritual sense and sensation of its own and it takes and relates to that the data too of a sixth sense, the inner mind sense. And it takes also the illuminations and the living symbols and images familiar to the psychic experience and relates these too to the truths of the self and spirit.
The spiritual reason takes also the emotions and psychic sensations, relates them to their spiritual equivalents and imparts to them the values of the higher consciousness and Ananda from which they derive and are its modifications in an inferior nature and it corrects their deformations. It takes similarly the movements of the vital being and consciousness and relates them to the movements and imparts to them the significances of the spiritual life of the self and its power of Tapas. It takes the physical consciousness, delivers it from its darkness and Tamas of inertia and makes it a responsive recipient and a sensitive instrument of the supramental light and power and Ananda. It deals with life and action and knowledge like the mental will and reason, but not starting from matter, life and sense and their data and relating to them through the idea the truth of higher things, but it starts oil the contrary from truth of self and spirit and relates to that through a direct spiritual experience assuming all other experience as its forms and instruments the things of mind and soul and life and sense and matter. It commands a far vaster range than the ordinary embodied mind shut up in the prison of the physical senses and vaster too than the pure mentality, even when that is free in its own ranges and operates with the aid of the psychical mind and inner senses. And it has that power which the mental will and reason do not possess, because they are not truly self-determined and originally determinative of things, the power of transforming the whole being in all its parts into a harmonious instrument and manifestation of the spirit.
At the same time the spiritual reason acts mainly by the representative idea and will in the spirit, though it has a greater and more essential truth as its constant source and supporter and reference. It is, then, a power of light of the Ishwara, but not the very self-power of his immediate presence in the being; it is his shrya-sakri, not his whole atma-sakti or para sva prakrtih, that works in the spiritual reason. The immediate self-power begins its direct operation in the greater supermind, and that takes up all that has hitherto been realised in body, life and mind and in the intuitive being and by the spiritual reason and shapes all that has been created, all that has been gathered, turned into stuff of experience and made part of the consciousness, personality and nature by the mental being, into a highest harmony with the high infinite and universal life of the spirit. The mind can have the touch of the infinite and the universal and can reflect and even lose itself in them, but the supermind alone can enable the individual to be completely one in action with the universal and transcendent Spirit.
4.22 - The supramental Thought and Knowledge, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
This supramental knowledge is not primarily or essentially a thought knowledge. The intellect does not consider that it knows a thing until it has reduced its awareness of it to the terms of thought, not, that is to say, until it has put it into a system of representative mental concepts, and this kind of knowledge gets its most decisive completeness when it can be put into clear, precise and defining speech. It is true that the mind gets its knowledge primarily by various kinds of impressions beginning from the vital and the sense impressions and rising to the intuitive, but these are taken by the developed intelligence only as data and seem to it uncertain and vague in themselves until they have been forced to yield up all their content to the thought and have taken their place in some intellectual relation or in an ordered thought sequence. It is true again that there is a thought and a speech which are rather suggestive than definitive and have in their own way a greater potency and richness of content, and this kind already verges on the intuitive: but still there is a demand in the intellect to bring out in clear sequence and relation the exact intellectual content of these suggestions and until that is done it does not feel satisfied that its knowledge is complete. The thought labouring in the logical intellect is that which normally seems best to organise the mental action and gives to the mind a sense of sure definiteness, security and completeness in its knowledge and its use of knowledge. Nothing of this is at all true of the supramental knowledge.
The supermind knows most completely and securely not by thought but by identity, by a pure awareness of the self-truth of things in the self and by the self, atmani atmanam atmana. I get the supramental knowledge best by becoming one with the truth, one with the object of knowledge; the supramental satisfaction and integral light is most there when there is no further division between the knower, knowledge and the known, jnata, jnanam, jneyam. I see the thing known not as an object outside myself, but as myself or a part of my universal self contained in my most direct consciousness. This leads to the highest and completest knowledge; thought and speech being representations and not this direct possession in the consciousness are to the supermind a lesser form and, if not filled with the spiritual awareness, thought becomes in fact a diminution of knowledge. For it would be, supposing it to be a supramental thought, only a partial manifestation of a greater knowledge existing in the self but not at the time present to the immediately active consciousness. In the highest ranges of the infinite there need be no thought at all because all would be experienced spiritually, in continuity, in eternal possession and with an absolute directness and completeness. Thought is only one means of partially manifesting and presenting what is hidden in this greater self-existent knowledge. This supreme kind of knowing will not indeed be possible to us in its full extent and degree until we can rise through many grades of the supermind to that infinite. But still as the supramental power emerges and enlarges its action, something of this highest way of knowledge appears and grows and even the members of the mental being, as they are intuitivised and supramentalised, develop more and more a corresponding action upon their own level. There is an increasing power of a luminous vital, psychic, emotional, dynamic and other identification with all the things and beings that are the objects of our consciousness and these transcendings of the separative consciousness bring with them many forms and means of a direct knowledge.
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This then will be the general character of the supramental thought and knowledge and these its main powers and action. It remains to consider its particular instrumentation, the change that the supermind will make in the different elements of the present human mentality and the special activities that give to the thought its constituents, motives and data.
author class:Sri Aurobindo
4.23 - The supramental Instruments -- Thought-process, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The mental activity that can be most readily organised is, as has been already indicated, that of pure ideative knowledge. This is transformed on the higher level to the true jnana, supramental thought, supramental vision, the supramental knowledge by identity. The essential action of this supramental knowledge has been described in the preceding chapter. It is necessary however to see also how this knowledge works in outward application and how it deals with the data of existence. It differs from the action of the mind first in this respect that it works naturally with those operations that are to the mind the highest and the most difficult, acting in them or on them from above downward and not with the hampered straining upward of the mind or with its restriction to its own and the inferior levels. The higher operations are not dependent on the lower assistance, but rather the lower operations depend on the higher not only for their guidance but for their existence. The lower mental operations are therefore not only changed in character by the transformation, but are made entirely subordinate. And the higher mental operations too change their character, because, supramentalised, they begin to derive their light directly from the highest, the self-knowledge or infinite knowledge.
The normal thought-action of the mind may for this purpose be viewed as constituted of a triple motion. First and lowest and most necessary to the mental being in the body is the habitual thought mind that founds its ideas upon the data given by the senses and by the surface experiences of the nervous and emotional being and on the customary notions formed by the education and the outward life and environment. This habitual mind has two movements, one a kind of constant undercurrent of mechanically recurrent thought always repeating itself in the same round of physical, vital, emotional, practical and summarily intellectual notion and experience, the other more actively working upon all new experience that the mind is obliged to admit and reducing it to formulas of habitual thinking. The mentality of the average man is limited by this habitual mind and moves very imperfectly outside its circle.
A second grade of the thinking activity is the pragmatic idea mind that lifts itself above life and acts creatively as a mediator between the idea and the life-power, between truth of life and truth of the idea not yet manifested in life. It draws material from life and builds out of it and upon it creative ideas that become dynamic for farther life development: on the other side it receives new thought and mental experience from the mental plane or more fundamentally from the idea power of the Infinite and immediately turns it into mental idea force and a power for actual being and living. The whole turn of this pragmatic idea mind is towards action and experience, inward as well as outward, the inward casting itself outward for the sake of a completer satisfaction of reality, the outward taken into the inward and returning upon it assimilated and changed for fresh formations. The thought is only or mainly interesting to the soul on this mental level as a means for a large range of action and experience.
A third gradation of thinking opens in us the pure ideative mind which lives disinterestedly in truth of the idea apart from any necessary dependence on its value for action and experience. It views the data of the senses and the superficial inner experiences, but only to find the idea, the truth to which they bear witness and to reduce them into terms of knowledge. It observes the creative action of mind in life in the same way and for the same purpose. Its preoccupation is with knowledge, its whole object is to have the delight of ideation, the search for truth, the effort to know itself and the world and all that may lie behind its own action and the world action. This ideative mind is the highest reach of the intellect acting for itself, characteristically, in its own power and for its own purpose.
It is difficult for the human mind to combine rightly and harmonise these three movements of the intelligence. The ordinary man lives mainly in the habitual, has a comparatively feeble action of the creative and pragmatic and experiences a great difficulty in using at all or entering into the movement of the pure ideative mentality. The creative pragmatic mind is commonly too much occupied with its own motion to move freely and disinterestedly in the atmosphere of pure ideative order and on the other hand has often an insufficient grasp on the actualities imposed by the habitual mentality and the obstacles it imposes as also on other movements of pragmatic thought and action than that which it is itself interested in building. The pure ideative mentality tends to construct abstract and arbitrary systems of truth, intellectual sections and ideative edifices, and either misses the pragmatic movement necessary to life and lives only or mainly in ideas, or cannot act with sufficient power and directness in the life field, and is in danger of being divorced from or weak in the world of the practical and habitual mentality. An accommodation of some kind is made, but the tyranny of the predominant tendency interferes with the wholeness and unity of the thinking being. Mind fails to be assured master even of its own totality, because the secret of that totality lies beyond it in the free unity of the self, free and therefore capable of an infinite multiplicity and diversity, and in the supramental power that can alone bring out in a natural perfection the organic multiple movement of the self's unity.
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The action of the supramental jnarta so constitued evidently surpasses the action of the mental reason and we have to see what replaces the reason in the supramental transformation. The thinking mind of man finds its most clear and characteristic satisfaction and its most precise and effective principle of organisation in the reasoning and logical intelligence. It is true that man is not and cannot be wholly governed either in his thought or his action by the reason alone. His mentality is inextricably subjected to a joint, mixed and intricate action of the reasoning intelligence with two other powers, an intuition, actually only half luminous in the human mentality, operating behind the more visible action of the reason or veiled and altered in the action of the normal intelligence, and the life-mind of sensation, instinct, impulse, which is in its own nature a sort of obscure involved intuition and which supplies the intelligence from below with its first materials and data. And each of these other powers is in its own kind an intimate action of the spirit operating in mind and life and has a more direct and spontaneous character and immediate power for perception and action than the reasoning intelligence. But yet neither of these powers is capable of organising for man his mental existence.
His life-mind, -- its instincts, its impulses, -- is not and cannot be self-sufficient and predominant as it is in the lower creation. It has been seized upon by the intelligence and profoundly altered by it even where the development of the intelligence is imperfect and itself most insistent in its prominence. It has lost most of its intuitive character, is indeed now infinitely richer as a supplier of materials and data, but no longer quite itself or at ease in its action because half rationalised, dependent at least on some infused element however vague of reasoning or intelligent activity and incapable of acting to good purpose without the aid of the intelligence. Its roots and place of perfection are in the subconscient from which it emerges and man's business is to increase in the sense of a more and more conscient knowledge and action. Man reverting to a governance of his being by the life-mind would become either irrational and erratic or dull and imbecile and would lose the essential character of manhood.
The intuition, on the other hand, has its roots and its place of perfection in the supramental which is now to us the superconscient, and in mind it has no pure and no organised action, but is immediately mixed with the action of the reasoning intelligence, is not quite itself, but limited, fragmentary, diluted and impure, and depends for the ordered use and organisation of its suggestions on the aid of the logical reason. The human mind is never quite sure of its intuitions until they have been viewed and confirmed by the judgment of the rational intelligence : it is there that it feels most well founded and secure. Man surmounting reason to organise his thought and life by the intuitive mind would be already surpassing his characteristic humanity and on the way to the development of supermanhood. This can only be done above: for to attempt it below is only to achieve another kind of imperfection: there the mental reason is a necessary factor.
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The characteristic power of the reason in its fullness is a logical movement assuring itself first of all available materials and data by observation and arrangement, then acting upon them for a resultant knowledge gained, assured and enlarged by a first use of the reflective powers, and lastly assuring itself of the correctness of its results by a more careful and formal action, more vigilant, deliberate, severely logical which tests, rejects or confirms them according to certain secure standards and processes developed by reflection and experience. The first business of the logical reason is therefore a right, careful and complete observation of its available material and data. The first and easiest field of data open to our knowledge is the world of Nature, of the physical objects made external to it by the separative action of mind, things not ourself and therefore only indirectly knowable by an interpreting of our sense perceptions, by observation, accumulated experience, inference and reflective thinking. Another field is our own internal being and its movements which one knows naturally by an internally acting mental sense, by intuitive perception and constant experience and by reflective thought on the evidences of our nature. The reason with regard even to these inner movements acts best and knows the most correctly by detaching itself and regarding them quite impersonally and objectively, a movement which in the Yoga of knowledge ends in viewing our own active being too as not self, a mechanism of Nature like the rest of the world-existence. The knowledge of other thinking and conscious beings stands between these two fields, but is gained, too, indirectly by observation, by experience, by various means of communication and, acting on these, by reflection and inference largely founded on analogy from our knowledge of our own nature. Another field of data which the reason has to observe is its own action and the action of the whole human intelligence, for without that study it cannot be assured of the correctness of its knowledge or of right method and process. Finally, there are other fields of knowledge for which the data are not so easily available and which need the development of abnormal faculties, -- the discovery of things and ranges of existence behind the appearances of the physical world and the discovery of the secret self or principle of being of man and of Nature. The first the logical reason can attempt to deal with, accepting subject to its scrutiny whatever data become available, in the same way as it deals with the physical world, but ordinarily it is little disposed to deal with them, finding it more easy to question and deny, and its action here is seldom assured or effective. The second it usually attempts to discover by a constructive metaphysical logic founded on its analytic and synthetic observation of the phenomena of life, mind and matter.
The operation of the logical reason is the same in all these fields of its data. At first the intelligence amasses a store of observations, associations, percepts, recepts, concepts, makes a more or less obvious arrangement and classification of relations and of things according to their likenesses and differences, and works upon them by an accumulating store and a constant addition of ideas, memories, imaginations, judgments; these make up primarily the nature of activity of our knowledge. There is a kind of natural enlargement of this intelligent activity of the mind progressing by its own momentum, an evolution aided more and more by a deliberate culture, the increase of faculties gained by the culture becoming in its turn a part of the nature as they settle into a more spontaneous action, -- the result a progression not of the character and essential power of the intelligence, but of its degree of power, flexibility, variety of capacity, fineness. There is a correction of errors, an accumulating of assured ideas and judgments, a reception or formation of fresh knowledge. At the same time a necessity arises for a more precise and assured action of the intelligence which will get rid of the superficiality of this ordinary method of the intelligence, test every step, scrutinise severely every conclusion and reduce the mind's action to a well-founded system and order.
This movement develops the complete logical mind and raises to its acme the acuteness and power of the intelligence. The rougher and more superficial observation is replaced or supplemented by a scrutinising analysis of all the processes, properties, constituents, energies making up or related to the object and a synthetic construction of it as a whole which is added to or in great part substituted for the mind's natural conception of it. The object is more precisely distinguished from all others and at the same time there is a completer discovery of its relations with others. There is a fixing of sameness or likeness and kinship and also of divergences and differences resulting on one side in the perception of the fundamental unity of being and Nature and the similarity and continuity of their processes, on the other in a clear precision and classification of different energies and kinds of beings and objects. The amassing and ordering of the materials and data of knowledge are carried to perfection as far as is possible to the logical intelligence.
Memory is the indispensable aid of the mind to preserve its past observations, the memory of the individual but also of the race, whether in the artificial form of accumulated records or the general race memory preserving its gains with a sort of constant repetition and renewal and, an element not sufficiently appreciated, a latent memory that can under the pressure of various kinds of stimulation repeat under new conditions past movements of knowledge for judgment by the increased information and intelligence. The developed logical mind puts into order the action and resources of the human memory and trains it to make the utmost use of its materials. The human judgment naturally works on these materials in two ways, by a more or less rapid and summary combination of observation, inference, creative or critical conclusion, insight, immediate idea, -- this is largely an attempt of the mind to work in a spontaneous manner with the directness that can only be securely achieved by the higher faculty of the intuition, for in the mind it produces much false confidence and unreliable certitude, --and a slower but in the end intellectually surer seeking, considering and testing judgment that develops into the careful logical action.
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And if this elaborated method of the mind were really sufficient for truth, there would be no need of any higher step in the evolution of knowledge. In fact, it increases the mind's hold on itself and on the world around it and serves great and undeniable utilities: but it can never be sure whether its data supply it with the frame of a real knowledge or only a frame useful and necessary for the human mind and will in its own present form of action. It is more and more perceived that the knowledge of phenomena increases, but the knowledge of reality escapes this laborious process. A time must come, is already coming when the mind perceives the necessity of calling to its aid and developing fully the intuition and all the great range of powers that lie concealed behind our vague use of the word and uncertain perception of its significance. In the end it must discover that these powers can not only aid and complete but even replace its own proper action. That will be the beginning of the discovery of the supramental energy of the spirit.
The supermind, as we have seen, lifts up the action of the mental consciousness towards and into the intuition, creates an intermediate intuitive mentality insufficient in itself but greater in power than the logical intelligence, and then lifts up and transforms that too into the true supramental action. The first well-organised action of the supermind in the ascending order is the supramental reason, not a higher logical intellect, but a directly luminous organisation of intimately subjective and intimately objective knowledge, the higher buddhi, the logical or rather the logos, Vijnana. The supramental reason does all the work of the reasoning intelligence and does much more, but with a greater power and in a different fashion. It is then itself taken up into a higher range of the power of knowledge and in that too nothing is lost, but all farther heightened, enlarged in scope, transformed in power of action.
4.24 - The supramental Sense, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The embodied mind in us is ordinarily aware only through the physical organs and only of their objects and of subjective experiences which seem to start from the physical experience and to take them alone, however remotely, for their foundation and mould of construction. All the rest, all that is not consistent with or part of or verified by the physical data, seems to it rather imagination than reality and it is only in abnormal states that it opens to other kinds of conscious experience. But in fact there are immense ranges behind of which we could be aware if we opened the doors of our inner being. These ranges are there already in action and known to a subliminal self in us, and much even of our surface consciousness is directly projected from them and without our knowing it influences our subjective experience of things. There is a range of independent vital or pranic experiences behind, subliminal to and other than the surface action of the vitalised physical consciousness. And when this opens itself or acts in any way, there are made manifest to the waking mind the phenomena of a vital consciousness, a vital intuition, a vital sense not dependent on the body and its instruments, although it may use them as a secondary medium and a recorder. It is possible to open completely this range and, when we do so, we find that its operation is that of the conscious life force individualised in us contacting the universal life force and its operations in things, happenings and persons. The mind becomes aware of the life consciousness in all things, responds to it through our life consciousness with an immediate directness not limited by the ordinary communication through the body and its organs, records its intuitions, becomes capable of experiencing existence as a translation of the universal Life or Prana. The field of which the vital consciousness and the vital sense are primarily aware is not that of forms but, directly, that of forces: its world is a. world of the play of energies, and form and event are sensed only secondarily as a result and embodiment of the energies. The mind working through the physical senses can only construct a view and knowledge of this nature as an idea in the intelligence, but it cannot go beyond the physical translation of the energies, and it has therefore no real or direct experience of the true nature of life, no actual realisation of the life force and the life spirit. It is by opening this other level or depth of experience within and by admission to the vital consciousness and vital sense that the mind can get the true and direct experience. Still, even then, so long as it is on the mental level, the experience is limited by the vital terms and their mental renderings and there is an obscurity even in this greatened sense and knowledge. The supramental transformation supravitalises the vital, reveals it as a dynamics of the spirit, makes a complete opening and a true revelation of all the spiritual reality behind and within the life force and the life spirit and of all its spiritual as well as its mental and purely vital truth and significance.
The supermind in its descent into the physical being awakens, if not already wakened by previous yogic sadhana, the consciousness -- veiled or obscure in most of us -which supports and forms there the vital sheath, the pranakosa. When this is awakened, we no longer live in the physical body alone, but also in a vital body which penetrates and envelops the physical and is sensitive to impacts of another kind, to the play of the vital forces around us and coming in on us from the universe or from particular persons or group lives or from things or else from the vital planes and worlds which are behind the material universe. These impacts we feel even now in their result and in certain touches and affectations, but not at all or very little in their source and their coming. An awakened consciousness in the pranic body immediately feels them, is aware of a pervading vital force other than the physical energy, and can draw upon it to increase the 'vital strength and support the physical energies, can deal directly with the phenomena and causes of health and disease by means of this vital influx or by directing pranic currents, can be aware of the vital and the vital-emotional atmosphere of others and deal with its interchanges, along with a host of other phenomena which are unfelt by or obscure to our outward consciousness but here become conscient and sensible. It is acutely aware of the life soul and life body in ourself and others. The supermind takes up this vital consciousness and vital sense, puts it on its right foundation and transforms it by revealing the life force here as the very power of the spirit dynamised for a near and direct operation on and through subtle and gross matter and for formation and action in the material universe. The first result is that the limitations of our individual life being break down and we live no longer with a personal life force, or not with that ordinarily, but in and by the universal life energy. It is all the universal Prana that comes consciently streaming into and through us, keeps up there a dynamic constant eddy, an unseparated centre of its power, a vibrant station of storage and communication, constantly fills it with its forces and pours them out in activity upon the world around us. This life energy, again, is felt by us not merely as a vital ocean and its streams, but as the vital way and form and body and outpouring of a conscious universal shakti, and that conscient shakti reveals itself as the Chit shakti of the Divine, the Energy of the transcendent and universal Self and Purusha of which -- or rather of whom -our universalised individuality becomes an instrument and channel. As a result we feel ourselves one in life with all others and one with the life of all Nature and of all things in the universe. There is a free and conscious communication of the vital energy working in us with the same energy working in others. We are aware of their life as of our own or, at the least, of the touch and pressure and communicated movements of our life being on them and theirs upon us. The vital sense in us becomes powerful, intense, capable of bearing all the small or large, minute or immense vibrations of this life world on all its planes physical and supraphysical, vital and supravital, thrills with all its movement and Ananda and is aware of and open to all forces. The supermind takes possession of all this great range of experience, and makes it all luminous, harmonious, experienced not obscurely and fragmentarily and subject to the limitations and errors of its handling by the mental ignorance, but revealed, it and each movement of it, in its truth and totality of power and delight, and directs the great and now hardly limitable powers and capacities of the life dynamis on all its ranges according to the simple and yet complex, the sheer and spontaneous and yet unfalteringly intricate will of the Divine in our life. It makes the vital sense a perfect means of the knowledge of the life forces around us, as the physical of the forms and sensations of the physical universe, and a perfect channel too of the reactions of the active life force through us working as an instrument of self-manifestation.
4.25 - Towards the supramental Time Vision, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
This is because mind and life bring in a great subtlety and intricacy of movement, each realised movement carries in it a complex of forces, and even if we could disengage ail these, all, that is to say, that are simply actualised and on or near the surface, we should still be baffled by all the rest that is obscure or latent, --concealed and yet potent contri butory causes, hidden motion and motive force, undeployed possibilities, uncalculated and incalculable chances of variation. It ceases to be practicable here for our limited intelligence to calculate accurately and with certitude as in the physical field from precise cause to precise effect, that is to say, from a given apparent set of existing conditions to an inevitable resultant of subsequent or a necessary precedence of antecedent conditions. It is for this reason that the predictions and previsions of the human intelligence are constantly baffled and contradicted by the event, even when largest in their view of the data and most careful in their survey of possible consequence. Life and mind are a constant flux of possibles intervening between spirit and matter and at each step bring in, if not an infinite, at least an indefinite of possibles, and this would be enough to make all logical calculation uncertain and relative. But in addition there reigns behind them a supreme factor incalculable by human mind, the will of the soul and secret spirit, the first indefinitely variable, fluid and elusive, the second infinite and inscrutably imperative, bound, if at all, only by itself and the Will in the Infinite. It is therefore only by going back from the surface physical mind to the psychic and spiritual consciousness that a vision and knowledge of the triple time, a transcendence of our limitation to the standpoint and view range of the moment, can be wholly possible.
Meanwhile there are certain doors opening from the inner on to the outer consciousness which make an occasional but insufficient power of direct retro-vision of the past, circumvision of the present, prevision of the future even in the physical mind at least potentially feasible. First, there are certain movements of the mind sense and the vital consciousness that are of this character -- of which one kind, that which has most struck our perceptions, has been called presentiment. These movements are instinctive perceptions, obscure intuitions of the sense mind and the vital being, and like all that is instinctive in man have been suppressed, rendered rare or discredited as unreliable by the engrossing activity of the mental intelligence. If allowed a free scope, these could develop and supply data not available to the ordinary reason and the senses. But still they would not be of themselves perfectly useful or reliable indices unless their obscurity were enlightened by an interpretation and guidance which the ordinary intelligence cannot give, but a higher intuition could provide. Intuition, then, is the second and more important possible means available to us, and actually intuition can and does sometimes give us in this difficult field an occasional light and guidance. But acting in our present mentality it is subject to the disadvantage that it is uncertain in operation, imperfect in its functioning, obscured by false imitative movements of the imagination and fallible mental judgment and continually seized on and alloyed and distorted by the normal action of mind with its constant liability to error. The formation of an organised intuitive mentality purified from these deficiencies would be needed to enlarge and assure this possibility of the functioning of a higher luminous intelligence.
Man, confronted by this incapacity of the intelligence and yet avid of the knowledge of the future, has fallen back on other and external means, omens, sortileges, dreams, astrology and many other alleged data for a past and future knowledge that have been in less sceptical times formulated as veridical sciences. Challenged and discredited by the sceptical reason these still persist in attracting our minds and hold their own, supported by desire and credulity and superstition, but also by the frequent though imperfect evidence we get of a certain measure of truth in their pretensions. A higher psychical knowledge shows us that in fact the world is full of many systems of correspondences and indices and that these things, however much misused by the human intelligence, can in their place and under right conditions give us real data of a supraphysical knowledge. It is evident, however, that it is only an intuitive knowledge that can discover and formulate them, -- as it was in fact the psychical and intuitive mind that originally formulated these ways of veridical knowledge, -and it will be found in practice that only an intuitive knowledge, not the mere use either of a traditional or a haphazard interpretation or of mechanical rule and formula, can ensure a right employment of these indices. Otherwise, handled by the surface intelligence, they are liable to be converted into a thick jungle of error.
The true and direct knowledge or vision of past, present and future begins with the opening of the psychical consciousness and the psychical faculties. The psychical consciousness is that of what is now often called the subliminal self, the subtle or dream self of Indian psychology, and its range of potential knowledge, almost infinite as has been pointed out in the last chapter, includes a very large power and many forms of insight into both the possibilities and the definite actualities of past, present and future. Its first faculty, that which most readily attracts attention, is its power of seeing by the psychical sense images of all things in time and space. As exercised by clairvoyants, mediums and others this is often, and indeed usually, a specialised faculty limited though often precise and accurate in action, and implies no development of the inner soul or the spiritual being or the higher intelligence. It is a door opened by chance or by an innate gift or by some kind of pressure between the waking and the subliminal mind and admitting only to the surface or the outskirts of the latter. All things in a certain power and action of the secret universal mind are represented by images, -- not only visual but, if one may use the phrase, auditory and other images, -- and a certain development of the subtle or psychical senses makes it possible, -- if there is no interference of the constructing mind and its imaginations, if, that is to say, artificial or falsifying mental images do not intervene, if the psychical sense is free, sincere and passive, --to receive these representations or transcriptions with a perfect accuracy and not so much predict as see in its correct images the present beyond the range of the physical sense, the past and the future. The accuracy of this kind of seeing depends on its being confined to a statement of the thing seen and the attempt to infer, interpret or otherwise go beyond the visual knowledge may lead to much error unless there is at the same time a strong psychical intuition fine, subtle and pure or a high development of the luminous intuitive intelligence.
5.05 - Supermind and Humanity, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
divorced from its luminous origin, is marked by several characteristics which we conceive to be the very signs of its nature: but some of these belong to Supermind also and the difference is in the way and scope of their action, not in their stuff or in their principle. The difference is that mind is not a power of whole knowledge and only when it begins to pass beyond itself a power of direct knowledge: it receives rays of the truth but does not live in the sun; it sees as through glasses and its knowledge is coloured by its instruments, it cannot see with the naked eye or look straight at the sun. It is not possible for mind to take its stand in the solar centre or anywhere in the radiant body or even on the shining circumference of the orb of perfect truth and acquire or share in its privilege of infallible or absolute knowledge. It would be only if it had already drawn near to the light of Supermind that it could live anywhere near this sun in the full splendour of its rays, in something of the full and direct blaze of Truth, and the human mind even at its highest is far from that; it can only live at most in a limited circle, in some narrow beginnings of a pure insight, a direct vision and it would take long for it, even in surpassing itself, to reach to an imitative and fragmentary reflection of a dream of the limited omniscience and omnipotence which is the privilege of a delegated divinity, of the god, of a demiurge. It is a power for creation, but either tentative and uncertain and succeeding by good chance or the favour of circumstance or else, if assured by some force of practical ability or genius, subject to flaw or pent within unescapable limits. Its highest knowledge is often abstract, lacking in a concrete grasp; it has to use expedients and unsure means of arrival, to rely upon reasoning, argumentation and debate, inferences, divinations, set methods of inductive or deductive logic, succeeding only if it is given correct and complete data and even then liable to reach on the same data different results and varying consequences; it has to use means and accept results of a method which is hazardous even when making a claim to certitude and of which there would be no need if it had a direct or a supra-intellectual knowledge. It is not necessary to push the description further; all this is the very nature of our terrestrial ignorance and its shadow
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5.4.02 - Occult Powers or Siddhis, #Letters On Yoga I, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
But she distinctly speaks of it as a greater "me" standing behind a blue diamond force. We must fall back then on the idea of a greater consciousness very high up with a feeling of divinity, a sense of considerable light and spiritual authority - perhaps in one of those higher spiritual mental planes of which I speak in The Life Divine and the letters. The diamond light could well be native to these planes; it is usually white, but there it might well be blue: it is a light that dispels or drives away all impure things, especially a demoniac possession or the influence of some evil force. Evidently, the use of a power like this should be carefully guarded from the intrusion of any wrong element such as personal love of power, but that need not cause any apprehension as a keen inlook into oneself would be sufficient to reject it or keep it aloof. I think that is all I can say upon the data given in her letter.
It is difficult to say [why Christ healed people] - it looks from the Bible account as if he did it as a sign that he was one sent by the Divine with power.
5 - The Phenomenology of the Spirit in Fairytales, #The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
ing rests firstly on the irrational data of the material, that is, of
the fairytale, myth, or dream, and secondly on the conscious
realization of the "latent" rational connections which these data
have with one another. That such connections exist at all is
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most of the data require a certain amplification, that is, they
need to be clarified, generalized, and approximated to a more
6.0 - Conscious, Unconscious, and Individuation, #The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
524 How the harmonizing of conscious and unconscious data is
to be undertaken cannot be indicated in the form of a recipe.
Apology, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
Blazing P1 - Preconventional consciousness, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
Subject: Concrete (Actuality: data, cause-and-effect); Point of view (Role-concept; simple
reciprocity (tit-for-tat)); Enduring dispositions (Needs, preferences, self concept)
Blazing P2 - Map the Stages of Conventional Consciousness, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
at this level. The formal operations are not yet completely dissociated from the concrete data
to which they apply. In other words, the operations develop separately field by field, and
--
alia, by the possibility of accepting any sort of data as purely hypothetical, and reasoning
correctly from them. For example, when the child has read out to him the following
--
the concrete level criticizes the data, onions are not unpleasant, it is wrong not to like
them, etc. Subjects at the present level accept the data without discussion, and merely bring
out the contradiction between if I liked them and onions are unpleasant.
--
unifying structure. Other systems of explanation or even other sets of data collected by
adherents of other explanatory systems tend to be rejected. Most standard science operates at
--
Estimate is from pre-1976 data
Infancy to Enlightenment, Part II: Conventional Consciousness
--
How influences others: Provides logical argument, data, experience; makes task/goal-oriented
contractual agreements37
Blazing P3 - Explore the Stages of Postconventional Consciousness, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
The important thing, in my point of view, is that the data I have indicates that the
aggressiveness of man as we know it appears in the third systemit comes in with the CP.
--
hurting the self. I have found suicideaggression against the self. Suicide, the data says, is
rather an odd one. Suicide is highest in the FS system. The data says that homicide as a
behavior of man disappears as the transition is made into the FS system. This is a very
--
At this stage the biochemical changes for this system are the radium of E-C theory. My data
say that something in the chemical complex producing fear in the organism plays a role, but
--
inactive knowledge, not a system of conclusions from premises or data; this thought is a selfrevelation of eternal Wisdom, not an acquired knowledge.55
Infancy to Enlightenment, Part III: Postconventional Consciousness
--
into it, it was apparent that these few individuals Ive only had six of them in my data so far
who have thought in this different mannerjust didnt see the world in any of the other
--
[Note: For the remaining levels of cognitive development, only the phenomenological data
from Sri Aurobindo is available. There is not any data available on the structure of
consciousness at this stage, such as the data that Piaget, Commons, and Richards were able
to reveal. This is likely because there are so few people that have reached this stage of
--
How influences others: No research data available
Realm: Universe
BOOK II. -- PART I. ANTHROPOGENESIS., #The Secret Doctrine, #H P Blavatsky, #Theosophy
Thus it becomes natural to find that, on even such meagre data as have reached the profane historian,
Rudbeck, a Swedish scientist, tried to prove about two centuries ago that Sweden was the Atlantis of
--
reason is simply this: the said profane is very little aware, taking as he does his scientific data on faith,
that both premises and conclusions are generally the product of the same brains, which, however
--
Egyptian hieroglyphics. So are our data based upon the same readings, in addition to an almost
inexhaustible number of Secret works of which Europe knows nothing -- plus the perfect knowledge
BOOK II. -- PART III. ADDENDA. SCIENCE AND THE SECRET DOCTRINE CONTRASTED, #The Secret Doctrine, #H P Blavatsky, #Theosophy
known data of modern discovery in Zoology. It is simply absurd, even as a fiction. As de Quatrefages
demonstrates in a few words, Haeckel "admits the existence of an absolutely theoretical pithecoid
--
THE data derived from scientific research as to "primeval man" and the ape lend no countenance to
theories deriving the former from the latter. "Where, then, must we look for primeval man?" still
--
the "tail" problem, and so on. Here again Occultism comes to our assistance with the necessary data.
The fact is that, as previously stated, the human type is the repertory of all potential organic forms, and
--
But even with the extremely meagre data at hand, Science has been able to see the necessity of
throwing back nearly every Babylonian date, and has done so quite generously. We learn from
--
Plato. It is these points that have to be checked by the scientific data.
[[Footnote(s)]] -------------------------------------------------
--
Geology: the World-Life," by Prof. A. Winchell, furnishes us with curious data. Here we find an
opponent of the Nebular theory, a reverend gentleman, smiting with all the force of the hammer of his
--
Did the Ancients know of worlds besides their own? What are the data of the Occultists in affirming
that every globe is a septenary chain of worlds -- of which only one member is visible -- and that these
--
Seers and Initiates, the data offered in the Secret Books are all-sufficient. The general public needs
other proofs, however. There are some Kabalists and even some Eastern Occultists, who, failing to
--
closely. Let us search well and see whether it is quite impossible to make our Occult data and
chronology agree up to a certain point with those of Science.
--
combined data of Science and Occultism now before us. Geology is, of course, able to determine
almost with certainty one thing -- the thickness of the several deposits. Now, it also stands to reason
--
Now, as it is certain, on occult data, that the time which has elapsed since the first sedimentary
deposits = 320,000,000 years, we are able to infer that the: -ROUGH APPROXIMATIONS.
--
discoverable. We are, however, here left entirely to conjecture, as no definite data are yet given out by
the Initiates.
--
****** We hope that we have furnished all the Scientific data for it elsewhere.
******* It is conceded by Geology to be "beyond doubt that a considerable period must have
--
* On the data furnished by modern science, physiology, and natural selection, and without resorting to
any miraculous creation, two negro human specimens of the lowest intelligence -- say idiots born
--
atom: this latter is at least certain on scientific data. Analogy would appear to demand that form should
be equally endowed with permanency.
--
priori denial, or even hasty generalizations on insufficient data.
Meanwhile two very interesting instances, that have been lately met with, may be pointed out as
--
on such data as offering an all-sufficient explanation of the crux, cannot meet the phalanx of facts now
so closely arrayed. "Nothing," says even the materialist Lefevre, "can save those that have run their
--
disbeliever in cataclysmal changes, from the absence (?) of any reliable historical data on the point, as
well as from a strong bias to the Uniformitarian conceptions of geologic changes,* he attempts to trace
BOOK I. -- PART I. COSMIC EVOLUTION, #The Secret Doctrine, #H P Blavatsky, #Theosophy
this the data furnished by the said Orientalists themselves, that, although the Rig-Veda contains only
"about 10,580 verses, or 1,028 hymns," in spite of the Brahmanas and the mass of glosses and
--
ancient religions have indeed very few data upon which to build such final conclusions as they
generally do about the old religions, and (b) that such lack of data does not prevent them in the least
from dogmatising. One would imagine that, thanks to the numerous records of the Egyptian theogony
--
(death to it), it would, in the absence of data to go upon, and of faculties to comprehend such data,
probably express that life as "Non-Being which is Real Being." In our case the One Being is the
--
Paranirvana. See also for other data on this peculiar expression, the day of "Come-To-Us," The
Funerary Ritual of the Egyptians, by Viscount de Rouge. It corresponds to the Day of the Last
--
evolution and absorption. Ignorant of any, even approximate, chronological data from which to start in
attempting to decide the age of our planet or the origin of the solar system, astronomers, geologists,
--
conclusions are theories based on data so uncertain, that while in some cases they give results
incredibly short, like that of 15 millions of years for the whole past process of formation of the solar
--
of the two particular tenets under consideration seemed great, just because of the absence of any data
to go upon. But there it was. For the figures belonging to the Occult calculations cannot be given -- as
--
** If we had to frame our conclusions according to the data furnished to us by the [[Footnote
continued on next page]]
BOOK I. -- PART III. SCIENCE AND THE SECRET DOCTRINE CONTRASTED, #The Secret Doctrine, #H P Blavatsky, #Theosophy
from admitted metaphysical data, declares that the daring explorer, who would probe the inmost
secrets of Nature, must transcend the narrow limitations of sense, and transfer his consciousness into
--
those astronomical data that would be the most likely to clash with our heterodox and "superstitious"
beliefs.
--
been all shown fallacious. They do not, and cannot, cover the ground, and many of the scientific data
are thus proved unscientific. "Ether produced Sound" is said in the Puranas, and the statement is
--
nebula, even as to their form, is yet one of the mysteries of Astronomy. The data of observation
possessed so far are of too recent an origin, too uncertain to permit us to affirm anything."
BOOK I. -- PART II. THE EVOLUTION OF SYMBOLISM IN ITS APPROXIMATE ORDER, #The Secret Doctrine, #H P Blavatsky, #Theosophy
Egyptian archaic documents -- since, according to M. Maspero, "the materials and historical data on
hand to study the history of the religious evolution in Egypt are neither complete nor very often
BOOK XIII. - That death is penal, and had its origin in Adam's sin, #City of God, #Saint Augustine of Hippo, #Christianity
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
Conversations with Sri Aurobindo, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
There is a core of true spirituality there, very small, surrounded by a mass of erroneous facts and psychical data. And in time even the core becomes affected.
I am replying to your question because, breaking through the veil, you will come to this psychical region. Hardly I% can go through, as a result of their mental purity their mind does not get attached to objects to find satisfaction in them. And there is a big danger, a powerful pressure. One must be very strong and hold on to the truth in order to resist. It is for this reason that I am answering and not in order to speak about the T.S. I have nothing against it nor against any of the Theosophists to all of whom I wish the best. I am not against them.
--
Besides, the mind learns to pass off its data under the appearance of intuitions. When the being begins to ask for intuitive knowledge, the personality sends its desires and prejudices under the guise of intuitions. And so at the beginning intuitive knowledge is not very sure. Then it develops; but even before it is brought to perfection, other modes of knowing develop.
There are' four grades in intuition, the elementary form of supramental truth:
--
The difficulty always comes from the mechanical part of the mind. it clings to everything it can find: small things of daily life, books, purchases, etc., and embroiders and builds upon these data. Nevertheless, there is a certain progress in the way I look at its activity; it seems more external.
You will not be able to free yourself completely from this mechanical activity until you have accomplished the transformation of the physical. Till then you will be able to stop it at will, during meditation, for instance. You will see it as outside yourself and have a certain influence on its line of unfoldment; but you won't be entirely free from it.
ENNEAD 02.09 - Against the Gnostics; or, That the Creator and the World are Not Evil., #Plotinus - Complete Works Vol 02, #Plotinus, #Christianity
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
ENNEAD 03.07 - Of Time and Eternity., #Plotinus - Complete Works Vol 03, #Plotinus, #Christianity
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
ENNEAD 04.02 - How the Soul Mediates Between Indivisible and Divisible Essence., #Plotinus - Complete Works Vol 01, #Plotinus, #Christianity
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
ENNEAD 06.05 - The One and Identical Being is Everywhere Present In Its Entirety.345, #Plotinus - Complete Works Vol 04, #Plotinus, #Christianity
The writer had for several years been working at the premier edition of the fragments of Numenius, in reasonably complete form, with translation and outline. After ransacking the accessible sources of fragments, there remained yet an alleged treatise of Numenius on Matter, in the library of the Escoreal, near Madrid. This had been known to savants in Germany for many years; and Prof. Uzener, of Bonn, in his criticism of Thedinga's partial collection of fragments, had expressed a strong desire that it be investigated; it had also been noticed by Zeller, and Bouillet, as well as Chaignet. If then I hoped to publish a comparatively reliable collection of the fragments of Numenius, it was my duty, though hailing from far America, and though no European had shown enough interest therein to send for a photographic copy, to go there, and get one, which I did in July, 1913. I bore the precious fragment to Rostock and Prof. Thedinga in Hagen, where, however, we discovered that it was no more than a section of Plotinos's Enneads, iii. 6.6 to end. The manuscript did, indeed, show an erasure of the name1270 of Plotinos, and the substitution of that of Numenius. After the first disappointment, it became unavoidable to ask the question why the monk should have done that. Had he any reason to suppose that this represented Numenian doctrine, even if it was not written by Numenius? Having no external data to go by, it became necessary to resort to internal criticism, to compare this Plotinian treatment of matter with other Plotinian treatments, in other portions of the Enneads.
This then inevitably led to a close scrutiny of Plotinos's various treatments of the subject, with results that were very much unlooked for. This part that we might well have had reason to ascribe to Numenian influence, on the contrary, turned out to be by far more Plotinian than other sections that we would at first have unhesitatingly considered Plotinian, and, as will be seen elsewhere, the really doubtful portions occur in the very last works of Plotinos's life, where it would have been more natural to expect the most genuine. However, the result was a demonstration of a progress in doctrines in the career of Plotinos, and after a careful study thereof, the reader will agree that we have in this case every element of probability in favor of such a development; indeed, it will seem so natural that the unbiased reader will ask himself why this idea has not before this been the general view of the matter.
--
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
Euthyphro, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
For a Breath I Tarry, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
He was a processor of data, and more than that.
He possessed an unaccountably acute imperative that he function at full capacity at all times.
--
"But given sufficient data I could obtain the conversion factor which would make me aware of the condition of matter called 'cold'."
"Aware of its existence, but not of the thing itself."
--
"Given sufficient data, I will find a way," said Frost.
"All the data in the universe will not make you a Man, mighty Frost."
"Mordel, you are wrong."
--
"Given sufficient data I could formulate a process whereby I would know."
"No, great Frost, this thing you cannot do."
--
"I have leave to destroy you, Mordel," he stated, "but it would be an illogical waste of the data which you possess. Can you really do the things you have stated?"
"Yes."
--
"You, little machine, have told me, Frost, that I cannot be a Man," he said, "and I, Frost, told you, little machine, that you were wrong. I told you that given sufficient data, I _could_ be a Man."
"Yes?"
--
"Do for me all those things which you have stated you can do. I will evaluate all the data and achieve Manhood, or admit that it cannot be done. If I admit that it cannot be done, then I will go away with you from here, far beneath the Earth, to employ all my powers in the service of Divcom. If I succeed, of course, you have no claims on Man, nor power over Him."
Mordel emitted a high-pitched whine as he considered the terms.
--
"Something is still lacking," said Frost, settling to the ground. "I am now capable of gathering data in a manner analogous to Man's afferent impulses. The variety of input is therefore equivalent, but the results are not the same."
"The senses do not make a Man," said Mordel. "There have been many creatures possessing His sensory equivalents, but they were noit Men."
--
"I have much free processing time," said the Beta-Machine. "Transmit data, and I will assist you."
Frost hesitated.
--
"Will you render me _some_ of this data, for processing?"
"Very well, Beta, I will transmit you the contents of several books of Man, including _The Complete Unabridged Dictionary_. But I warn you, some of the books are works of art, hence not completely amenable to logic.
--
"I understand the open endedness of your problem. It disturbs my circuits to abandon problems without completing them. Therefore, transmit me more data."
"Very well. I will give you the entire Library of Man for less than I paid for it."
--
He transmitted the data.
Finally, it was finished. Every piece of equipment stood ready to function. All the necessary chemicals were in stock. An independent power-source had been set up.
--
"I still do not know why you came to Bright Defile, or why you wish to comprehend the nature of Man. But I know what a 'price' is, and I know that you could not have obtained all this data from Solcom."
"That is correct."
--
"Light," said Frost. "Noise. Odors. And nothing measurable--jumbled data--imprecise perception--and--"
"And what?"
Jaap Sahib Text (Guru Gobind Singh), #Jaap Sahib, #unset, #Zen
sada sarbda sidhi data dyalun. (60)
Thou art the Supreme Master and Sustain all without being seen,
--
sarbun data, sarbun giyata, sarbun bhanai, sarbun manai (76)
Thou art the universal Donor,
--
anbrn anunt, data mhunt. (170)
O Lord! Thy Law is imperceptible. O Lord !
r1912 02 07, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Chiefly occupied with the annamaya disturbance. The sahitya siddhi successfully invaded poetry, the epic & dramatic styles. The thought is working to establish the inspired instead of the effective as the persistent style of thought expression and to rise from it to absolute inevitability. It does not now sink below the effective. There has been farther trouble about the vani, the anandabuddha being misused; it now tends to be finally replaced by the anandamahat. Trikaldrishti is so far advanced that the turns of flight of a butterfly, or a bird can all be predicted during the flight, but there is a difficulty about the prediction of the next movement of an animal in a state of rest. It can be foretold but the action is capricious. Trikaldrishti of things unseen is hampered by diffidence, unless there is a knowledge of the actual occupation in which case the general stages, eg of the progress of cooking, can be told without any material data to go upon, by mere trikaldrishti. There is strong & almost perfect prakamya of inner movements, forces, intentions etc, but not yet of the determining force, movement or action. Visvagati revived in force; frequency of sight but not yet the stability. Sukshma smell has revived its activity, but is infrequent.
***
r1912 11 29, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
For some days there have been continual proofs of vyapti prakamya. eg the presence of an Austrian warship at Durazzo, the rumour of the Austrian consul being killed, etc. Yesterday there came in the mind the positive idea that Turkey had asked to be included in the Balkan Confederacy; today the same is given (in yesterdays evening paper reaching here this morning), as a strange piece of news from Constantinople and Sofia. This is striking as there was neither data nor probability & the knowledge, of the fact or rumour, came suddenly without previous thinking in that direction. Vyapti & prakamya of precise thought has begun to be frequent & often confirmed by the speech or action of the person or animal in whom it is perceived. Formerly only feeling & general thought used to come. Vyapti and prakamya are now abundant, continuous and almost perfect in arrangement, ie in assignment of its source & nature.
Fresh rain in the evening foreseen & also the stages by which the break was overcome; but in the interval there was much uncertainty owing to a fresh stratum of the karmadeha (sthulapranavad annam).
r1912 12 06, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
There is an evident movement towards the perfect arrangement of circumstances in the trikaldrishti. Eg. A passing glance vaguely takes in the ridge of a distant roof & is aware of something on the ridge; the first suggestion is that it is a bird, but it is felt that it is not a bird; then the suggestion is that it is the ridge alone & the impression of something on it is a misreading by the mind in the eye; but it is felt that there is something which will not stay there more than a moment. The mind remains confused between this false problem of bird or no bird. Then the eye is turned a second time on the object, with fixity this time, & the object is seen to be a squirrel motionless on the ridge, which immediately after leaps down from it. The whole confusion rises from the habit the mind has of seeing birds rather than any other object on the roofs & trees; otherwise everything would have been correct and in order. Immediately after, a butterfly is seen flying towards a tree. It is to pass on the other side of the tree, but there is prakamyavyapti of an intended motion actually begun but checked, to this side, & the false suggestion comes that this intended motion will be effected; the suggestion is immediately rejected but not without a vyapti of the intention carried out simultaneously with the perception of it, to return to & continue the first line of flight. There is trikaldrishti of the right event, but not free from the intrusion of falsity, & eventually not of so much value as it would have had if it were preliminary to & uninfluenced by the data of prakamya-vyapti.
Lipi. Today, the trikaldrishti is to escape from this obstruction entirely.Fulfilled almost immediately in a succession of instances, but yet to be confirmed & universalised. The obstacle is the pseudo-Shaktiprayoga which tries to determine the event without belonging to the system. This is being replaced by an effective prayoga belonging to the system, but still the time & order of circumstances is disturbed by its appearance without self-knowledge. The liberating force is the activity of the viveka, no longer separate, judging the revelation or inspiration (drishti or sruti), & distinguishing it from false intuition, but contained in the drishti or sruti and either simultaneous with it or emerging from it.
--
The trikaldrishti is working still more effectively, not only without, but against data, eg. a bird on the opposite [roof] disinclined to stay, twice on the point of flying off & once making the starting motion, yet without any disturbance to the steady knowledge, always repeated at the critical moment, that it would remain.
Afternoon. 3.45.
r1912 12 30, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
1) A squirrel on the roof-ridge descends the angle of the tiles, leaps on to the wall of the next house, runs along it & ascends its roof. The first motion seen in the squirrels mind (prakamya) before it is executed, the second d[itt]o, the third by trikaldrishti without any data objective or subjective.
2) The leaflike insect put yesterday on the smaller tree stated yesterday by S [Saurin] to be no longer on the tree, suggested that it was back among the bean-leaves. While searching for it with the eyes today, trikaldrishti that it was not in the bean plant & was, probably, still on the tree. No data. The certainty was absent. Half an hour later it was shown by N [Nolini] still on the tree.
3) A crow approaching the verandaano ther upon it. The idea of coming on the verandah seen in the crows mind, but a suggestion of trikaldrishti that it would fly away to the wall on the left before reaching it. Uncertainty & false viveka mistaking the intention for the event. Suggestion at the last moment when the crow had paused just below the veranda to eat something, that something would happen to send it awayrejected obstinately by false viveka. The next moment the first crow flew away to the wall on the left & the object of observation followed it.
r1913 01 04, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Work (nirukta) has emerged from its hesitations & is being steadily done; incidentally much that was seen by intuition formerly is being proved by the data.
Trikaldrishti
r1913 01 08, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Pressure of Turkish Army for a change of ministry & comm and foreseen & fulfilled. Movements to put Shaukat (& Anwar) in comm and twice foreseen or felt by vyapti-prakamya & twice fulfilled .. Foreseen day before yesterday at night that money would come within two days from R. Fulfilled today, but only Rs 10 came (no data).
The aishwarya is recovering its full force in many instances & has again begun to be fulfilled in detail & repeatedly, but the opposition is still to some extent master of the sthula akasha. The prediction in script is that today Rupa will at last emerge & Power overcome, for the last time, the general obstruction. There was some emergence of Rupa in the morning, but it did not last, nor did it effect the stability of perfect forms. Every time the opposition in the akasha throws itself on the forward movement & seems to overbear it. At the same time there is a sensible movement of the Para Tapas to throw off the general obstruction and pursue steadily and powerfully the totality of the siddhi. Nirukta has been resumed today and is being well, but slowly done.
r1913 01 13, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The power of perceiving beforehand, while reading, what is immediately to follow, even without sufficient data, yet accurately, is also reviving & manifesting itself more decisively than before. Today the Kadambari was read, no longer with the ordinary (intellectually intuitive) linguistic faculties at their highest working, but with these faculties not so swift, yet aided by the extraordinary or vijnanamaya Bhashashakti, especially prerana, viveka & sahajadrishti. Moreover these three faculties have not only shown no diminution by their long inaction of many months in this field, but emerge with a clearer and more decisive action.
Samadhi, today, reenriched itself with drishti of the spoken shabda, ie to say human voices & words reaching the ear as if overheard and, in addition, memory of the thing seen reemerges. Three shabdadrishtis were distinct, a female voice saying ?, another saying simultaneously in quite another scene ! and Ramaswamys voice, saying I dont know what; a fourth, Ramaswamys voice again, said something which did not reach the supta ear clearly. Things seen were a darbar hall, the interior of an Indian house, a door in a river-steamer, a long railwaysaloon, several figures; the rest are forgotten. Tamasic nidra could not be extruded from the swapna samadhi, which had finally to be abandoned.
r1913 01 15, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
In the morning trikaldrishti passed rapidly through several stages, applying [itself]1 correctly with speed to a series of incidents, foreseeing a series of a single incident repeated beforehand, without any data and contrary to experience, assembling a mass of perceptions and arranging them with more or less accuracy. The process still continues. Aishwarya generalised success, but the success which comes slowly & with some effort, after some resistance. Rupadrishti was streng thened and kept in the akash forms perfect in all respects except a certain tenuity of material & a certain aloofness from the front layer of the sthula akash. The strongest movements were in samadhi and kamananda. In the antardrishta jagrat samadhi lipi organised itself & stable crude rupa, perfect in outline, completeness, clearness, stability, in all but steadiness of material & vividness, was manifested, as well as crude rupa deficient only in firm vividness. Lipi is not yet sure of stability. In the swapna samadhi images abounded and some showed continuity or both combination & continuity, eg a shaggy dog, lean & miserable-looking, trotting up to a wall & smelling it, the wall returning & remaining after eclipse, crude, the sound of a small silver piece falling & a stout man near a window looking for it & picking it up, the man becoming vague after eclipse, but the window remaining vivid. In both the rupa & lipi have today become organised for use, especially for trikaldrishti & the samadhi generally for jnana & trikaldrishti. In the antardrishta symbolic colours are again returning, eg Ss [aura], green brilliant, blue black tending to be blue, but often dulled into grey, uncertain suffusion of red from a blood-red sun; also, symbolic images, eg, in the same connection an unhatched egg replaced by a crown. Kamananda was entirely triumphant flooding the sukshma deha, seizing the sukshma parts of the body & touching its sthula parts with an intenser ananda than has ever been experienced before, equal to the first movements of the actual maithuna ananda. In the morning this came repeatedly, thrice, with hardly any interval and was each time continued for some time, & in the afternoon the ananda has returned and although, not so intense, is more persistent. There are also touches of ahaituka rudrananda and ahaituka tivra, negative vaidyuta & vishaya. The ananda now comes & continues even when the mind is otherwise occupied.
Todays telegrams. The Viceroys health almost answered to the Aishwarya as within the first fortnight of [January],2 the time fixed, he was able to go out for a drive; but the premature exertion has brought back a return of restlessness at night & neuritis in the arm. The trikaldrishti is fulfilled in both the favourable & adverse movements, only the Aishwarya is slightly baffled. As foreseen, there is no result from the two witnesses summoned. Again, as foreseen to be willed by the Ishwara only recently, there have been fresh aviation accidents, more storms & wrecks and a serious railway accident all in the news of a single day; all occurred in England, but this was not foreseen. The revolt of Nature against machinery continues.
r1913 02 02, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
The morning began with an effective reorganisation of the trikaldrishti, but an unsuccessful attempt to bring in the strong and effective tejas & tapas disturbed the system, and brought back the unavailing struggle of false tapas to harmonise itself with knowledge & peace; the result was a return of the contradiction of samata, shanti, sukha & prasada, which although unable to possess the system, was able to overcome its outer activity by recurrent touches giving an impression of continuity. As usual, the contrariety started with impatience of asiddhi and was enforced by impatience of asatya. The result of the struggle has been to establish the satya tapas in knowledge; formerly, perfect trikaldrishti was only possible on condition of entire passivity, of a purely inert reception of true suggestions confirmed by the event or sanctioned by the illumination. The movement to introduce an active knowledge has hitherto had a chequered success and, if pushed too far, led always to false tapas and disturbance of truth and peace; but now the active knowledge has asserted its right to conjoint action with passive perception of the data. The elements of a well-organised trikaldrishti are, therefore, all of them present and the organisation will now be finally proceeded with and effected. In this organisation all the elements of error, which have so long troubled the intellect and the faith, will find their justification, for all of them are now revealed as essentially true processes of knowledge which only lead to error because their results are misunderstood by the stumbling and groping faculty of discrimination dignified with the name of reason. The tamasic trikaldrishti, the tejasic volitional, the speculative, the inferential have all their place and portion in intuitive and revelatory knowledge. At the same time satya tapas is being finally established, not in the sense of being finally effective, but in the sense of being either (1) immediately effective or (2) ultimately effective or (3) effective of a force or tendency intended ultimately to modify the present type of action or nature. Thus the sense of failure, error and misuse of energy which used to discourage the Chandibhava and bring back the merely calm or the discouraged passivity, now disappears in its causes and the basic elements of the bhava may be considered well-established, ie sauryam ugrata and yuddhalipsa and even daya ishwarabhavah karmasamarthyam, although not perfect & all-embracing are at least in established action. The sraddha alone is still deficient and liable, even in some of its efficient parts, to be discouraged.
A fresh siddhi today is the finality of the Krishna-Kali relation in the personality; the personal activity of the Purushottam; the personal script; the personal vani; the personal guidance. The period of intermittent manifestation of guidance passed some time ago, its remnants are now deleted; only the remnants of the indirect guidance remain and these too are to be rapidly deleted, for the indirect guidance itself ceases from today. It has long been only a subordinate part of the guiding activity, always tending to be overruled or dominated in its suggestions, impulses and utterances.
r1913 02 03, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Todays first movement has been the development of the authoritative direct guidance of the Master of the Yoga imposing itself on the mind even when there are no data for sraddha and, parallel with this movement, a streng thening of the pure revelatory movement,independent of data, probability or actual fulfilment,of the trikaldrishti and its materials, lipi, prakamya-vyapti and rupa. The purnabrahmadrishti has also been powerfully streng thened and is extruding the old outlook of mere Avidya. Otherwise the morning has been occupied chiefly with the removal of the remnants of certain old activities, eg, expectation, mental insistence, distrust etc. The process is not yet complete.
The rest of the day was occupied with action on the same lines and the removal of expectation & mental insistence was thoroughly tested; the latter has disappeared and is replaced by dhriti and tejas; expectation is inactive, but is not replaced yet by a settled faith, owing to the apparent contradiction given by events to some statements of the Vani which has revived the tendency of distrust. This distrust, however, can only hold its own in details and recur as a doubt with regard to saundarya and Adeshasiddhi. It does not any longer question the Yogasiddhi, but is only doubtful about its immediate incidents or its promised increase of rapidity. In any case samata seems to have been, at last, perfectly established. If so, it is the first fulfilment of the character predicted for the month of February,a period of perfect completion and faultless organisation. This perfection of samata is subject, however, to an uneven distribution of tejas in the reception of impacts; but a superficial unevenness of ananda is apparently the intention of the siddhi; it is, therefore, not a defect of samata, but, so far as discomfort enters into the lower levels of the unevenly distributed tejas, a defect of shakti which concerns the second chatusthayaa defect, practically, of bhogasamarthya. Sahitya was resumed in the afternoon. (Soul in Art).
r1913 02 07, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Today the mists have begun to clear and show an advance,principally, towards the final removal of the false tejas & tamas in the knowledge which though expelled from the system still besiege it from the environment and occupy the outgoing and incoming paths of the thought perception. If the mind can be got to reject these false visitors, then there is a source of knowledge independent of all data which gives automatically the truth. That which learns from data, is also misled by data; this wrong suggestion of data has been for some time the besetting obstacle to the completion of the trikaldrishti & jnana, the strong refuge of outgoing error. The Personality of the Master is now occupying the life in place of the more general personality of the Saguna Brahman. It is no longer Ishwara or Bhagawan only, but Srikrishna-Narayana. At present, however, it is only in the personal relations with the Master of the Yoga that the substitution has been established..
During the rest of the day, the parts of the Yoga which had been clouded, reemerged in full strength, with the exception of Rupa and Samadhi which did not yet manifest their full former strength. There are signs, however, in the swapna and jagrat samadhi of a more perfect manifestation approaching.
r1913 06 17b, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
1) There is no longer any struggle. The tejasic placement is more & more justifying itself and ceasing to be a misplacement, although still frequently a misinterpreted placement. A deeper trikaldrishti independent of all data or of concentration on the object is now becoming normal without extruding the established trikaldrishti which perceives the subjective & objective data, watches the object & selects beforeh and the action or result.
2) With the tejasic misplacement the reason for discouragement has disappeared. The sraddha is not complete, but so far as it extends, is untroubled & the tejas is as strong as the basis of sraddha will bear, but tends still to lapse from chanda into dhira or saumya tejas.
r1913 06 17, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
1) There is no longer any struggle. The tejasic placement is more & more justifying itself and ceasing to be a misplacement, although still frequently a misinterpreted placement. A deeper trikaldrishti independent of all data or of concentration on the object is now becoming normal without extruding the established trikaldrishti which perceives the subjective & objective data, watches the object & selects beforeh and the action or result.
2) With the tejasic misplacement the reason for discouragement has disappeared. The sraddha is not complete, but so far as it extends, is untroubled & the tejas is as strong as the basis of sraddha will bear, but tends still to lapse from chanda into dhira or saumya tejas.
r1913 12 13, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
Trikaldrishti of telepathy has once more manifested; it has two movements, one purely receptive, in which the movements past, present & future of an object reach the mind, but there is no active knowledge or discrimination of their actuality & relations till after the event, and a second both receptive & discriminative in which the future eventuality is correctly known before the event. In both cases but especially the first any tapasic stress on the intention, tendency, thought or impulse of the object as indicative of the eventual movement, leads to error; the same is true, if there is any attempt to infer intellectually the result from past or present data. Self-active non-telepathic trikaldrishti is at present more of the skylight than of the direct variety. This is not, however, always the case.
The just telepathy of thought which has hitherto been very poor in range and uncertain, is now in frequent play, eg in watching cardplay to know the idea in the mind of the player, but it has not yet its full exactness, only a general truth. It is showing itself from the beginning to be more reliable than the words & signs of the thinker, from which often false inferences are drawn. Right interpretation of lipi and rupa are also prevailing over the intellectual, imaginative and speculative interpretations.
r1914 03 12, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
2) Jollityfestivity& then absolute jollity, festivityalso of frequent recurrence & generally confirmed in fact, often unexpectedly on the very day. No data.
3) St. StephensHyslops College .. system. These are also old lipis. The addition of the word system seems to mean that this & 1 all belong to the same system and are connected in sense.
r1914 03 24, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
4) Jollity .. festivity. fulfilled immediately, followed before fulfilment by pranic manomaya impression of Bjs intention & its approaching execution. No data for the intellect.
5) 13. This lipi comes daily & often.13 = Kama, last member of the 5 chatusthay
r1918 05 24, #Record of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
T advances steadily. Tapas (telepathic) is becoming normally effective and more clearsighted and therefore more accurate. Strong tapas which was hitherto discouraged, because it brought the tapatya, is now being encouraged and the remnants of tapatya are being transformed into forcible prolongation of right tapas. Accordingly the brihat satyam of T is becoming as complete as it can be without perfect ritam and without the play of the superior ideality. For that combination alone can give all the right data in their right place including tendencies which are latent or obscurely implied and eventualities of which there is no present sign. The intimations of the mental and rajasic planes like those of the physical are receiving their right measure of satyam and it is now seen that all have their truth, except certain speculations, as to present and past especially, which are the intuitions of what might have been and may possibly be as the result of past intentions and tendencies, but do not correspond to any actually accomplished event.
Strong and successful secondary utthapana of position.
Talks With Sri Aurobindo 1, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
same data!
SATYENDRA: Doctors are not cutting a very brilliant figure and yet one has to
--
pattern which the sum of forces inevitably leads to. On the data of human
history Spengler believes that there have been cycles in the life of the human
--
and based on a study of historical data. In it he tries to show that human destiny has always a cycle of five hundred years. And do you know his conclusion? He believes that there are Mahatmas who manage the world!
146
--
reach different conclusions even from the same data.
What I say is that Reason can perceive that there is something beyond itself and that this something is the Truth. But each reasoner tries to assert that
--
SRI AUROBINDO: Based on astrological data perhaps, and so it is the astrologers who shouldn't know about it.
NIRODBARAN: Nishicanto had another letter from Tagore in reply to his. Nishicanto, advised by Dilip wrote to Tagore informing him of the refusal of
--
PURANI: I spoke to Kapali yesterday, and gave him the data from that book.
He says the calculation of time according to the year of the gods must be different 365 days of the human year would be one day of theirs or something like that. Then Kapali says that these calculations have been based on
Talks With Sri Aurobindo 2, #Talks With Sri Aurobindo, #unset, #Zen
as data are also a configuration of the senses. So everything is Maya, illusion.
2 JANUARY 1941
The Act of Creation text, #The Act of Creation, #Arthur Koestler, #Psychology
transformation, or reinterpretation, of the given data into some analogous
terms. These operations comprise the transformation of metaphorical
--
other equally familiar data in Newton's theory of gravity changed
mankind's outlook on the world.
--
star-gazing, and produced observational data of a hitherto unequalled
abundance and precision; and the new data did not fit into the
traditional schemes. Kepler, who served his apprenticeship under
--
'empirical data' unaware that even the art of rag-picking is guided
by intuition.
--
actually indistinguishable; the observational data derived from looking
at the rock face, and the lessons derived from previous experience
--
Tycho perfected the methods of observation; the new data disrupted
the pattern, and the matrix was blocked.
--
situation, by new observational data, or a new type of question. The
search for a clue, for Poincare's 'good combination which will
--
absoulte certainty, and when it comes to controversial issues the data
can usually be interpreted in more than one way. The history of
--
empirical data or to adjust itself to significant changes in other fields of
226
--
At the decisive turning points in the history of science, all the data in
the field, unchanged in themselves, may fall into a new pattern, and be
--
ment. But the collecting of data is a discriminating activity, like the
picking of flowers, and unlike the action of a lawn-mower; and the
--
Hipparchus and Ptolemy, on whose data Copernicus built his theory;
and he knew no more about the actual motions of stars and planets
--
same data, the same instruments, the same know-how in geometry,
as he did. They were giants of *exact science'; yet they failed to see
--
formulated his 'Special Theory of Relativity' in 1905 based on data
which, as I have already said, were by no means new. Poincare*, for
--
same bundle of data as before, but placing them in a new system of
relations with one another by giving them a different framework, all
--
proof that the same 'bundle of data*, and even the same 'crucial experi-
ment', can be interpreted in more than one way.
--
Relativity -and on face value, so far as experimental data are concerned,
he succeeded.* A whole generation later, W. Kantor of the U.S. Navy
--
data. And vice versa, its apparent confirmation by experimental data
does not necessarily prove a theory to be right. There is a rather
--
the reservoir the frame of reference into which new data are poured
are periodically changing their shape: narrowing, expanding, curving
--
experimental techniques. The collection of new empirical data is of
essential importance, but both the collection and interpretation of the
--
heliocentric system or Special Relativity) have been built on data which
had been available for a long time by rearranging the mosaic of hard
--
that the same bundle of objective data* and even the same 'crucial
experiment* can be interpreted in more than one way. No experi-
--
than special data are suddenly referred to other apparently distant facts, and thus
appear in a. new light* (Wolfgang Kohler, 1940, p.89).
--
when the interpretations of empirical data assumed a degree of sub-
jectivity and arbitrariness compared to which literary criticism appeared
--
of data increase rapidly; and as we move further down the slope,
through such hybrid domains as psychiatry, historiography, and biog-
--
tion by data which do not fit, observations which contradict each
other, emotions which disrupt approved styles in art: experiences
--
but in order to interpret the data the experimenter must make
certain minimum assumptions regarding the animals' experiences; and,
--
obvious example of stamping in. Even so, the data often show some
rudimentary organization into rhythmic or visual patterns, acquired
--
precise data were derived largely from experiments on rats and pigeons.
It is somewhat anomalous that a systematist who refuses to predict
--
But the data from these highly specialized, experimental trends did
not add up to a coherent picture, and each school had a tendency to
--
which most of the data for his later set of postulates derived. He in-
tended to arrive at the basic laws of behaviour, at least the laws of the
--
subjective attitudes seemed to exert their influence on the data ob-
tained. In this respect Rosenthal's experiment on experimenters' must
--
fast* quantitative data (if not the interpretations) of nearly half a
century of rat experiments for granted. Rosenthal gave one group of
--
The experimental data that we have presented . . . have been limited, to
rather simple responses such as salivation and bar-pressing. In our everyday
--
mined only by the lie of the land, that is, the data of observation. In
fact, however, the rules turn out to be infiltrated with implicit assump-
--
since the data of knowledge are lacking, there is little firm ground
on which to move about. 'Madrid' was not a member of my geo-
--
by substituting special data into a formerly solved general problem,
or by following step by step, without any trace of originality, some
--
performances in Polya's sense- of 'substituting special data into general
equations'; but the equation, the code, leaves in these cases many
--
act of 'substituting special data* has varying degrees of trickiness.
Even to a skilled and expert translator, for instance, it often happens
--
the unusual He of the land i.e. the way the data are presented his
strategy breaks down, the matrix goes to pieces, and its members
--
cation of his priceless collection of observational data, Kepler simply
stole the material to put it to proper use his ethics did not include
--
In the first place, such data as we possess confirm the popular belief
that scientists reach their peak of creativity at an earlier age thai?
The Coming Race Contents, #The Coming Race, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
a limited amount of data, we are able
to construct only a partial and sketchy
--
fit into it all their astronomical data. A
future scientist may come and explain the
The Last Question, #unset, #Arthur C Clarke, #Fiction
Multivac was self-adjusting and self-correcting. It had to be, for nothing human could adjust and correct it quickly enough or even adequately enough -- so Adell and Lupov attended the monstrous giant only lightly and superficially, yet as well as any men could. They fed it data, adjusted questions to its needs and translated the answers that were issued. Certainly they, and all others like them, were fully entitled to share In the glory that was Multivac's.
For decades, Multivac had helped design the ships and plot the trajectories that enabled man to reach the Moon, Mars, and Venus, but past that, Earth's poor resources could not support the ships. Too much energy was needed for the long trips. Earth exploited its coal and uranium with increasing efficiency, but there was only so much of both.
--
Seven days had not sufficed to dim the glory of it and Adell and Lupov finally managed to escape from the public function, and to meet in quiet where no one would think of looking for them, in the deserted underground chambers, where portions of the mighty buried body of Multivac showed. Unattended, idling, sorting data with contented lazy clickings, Multivac, too, had earned its vacation and the boys appreciated that. They had no intention, originally, of disturbing it.
They had brought a bottle with them, and their only concern at the moment was to relax in the company of each other and the bottle.
--
Then, just as the frightened technicians felt they could hold their breath no longer, there was a sudden springing to life of the teletype attached to that portion of Multivac. Five words were printed: INSUFFICIENT data FOR MEANINGFUL ANSWER.
"No bet," whispered Lupov. They left hurriedly.
--
Jerrodd read the words on the cellufilm again before destroying it: INSUFFICIENT data FOR A MEANINGFUL ANSWER.
He shrugged and looked at the visiplate. X-23 was just ahead.
--
The sound of the Galactic AC startled them into silence. Its voice came thin and beautiful out of the small AC-contact on the desk. It said: THERE IS INSUFFICIENT data FOR A MEANINGFUL ANSWER.
VJ-23X said, "See!"
--
Nor could anyone, for the day had long since passed, Zee Prime knew, when any man had any part of the making of a universal AC. Each Universal AC designed and constructed its successor. Each, during its existence of a million years or more accumulated the necessary data to build a better and more intricate, more capable successor in which its own store of data and individuality would be submerged.
The Universal AC interrupted Zee Prime's wandering thoughts, not with words, but with guidance. Zee Prime's mentality was guided into the dim sea of Galaxies and one in particular enlarged into stars.
--
And the Universal AC answered. "THERE IS AS YET INSUFFICIENT data FOR A MEANINGFUL ANSWER."
Zee Prime's thoughts fled back to his own Galaxy. He gave no further thought to Dee Sub Wun, whose body might be waiting on a galaxy a trillion light-years away, or on the star next to Zee Prime's own. It didn't matter.
--
The Cosmic AC said, "THERE IS AS YET INSUFFICIENT data FOR A MEANINGFUL ANSWER."
Man said, "Collect additional data."
The Cosmic AC said, "I WILL DO SO. I HAVE BEEN DOING SO FOR A HUNDRED BILLION YEARS. MY PREDECESSORS AND I HAVE BEEN ASKED THIS QUESTION MANY TIMES. ALL THE data I HAVE REMAINS INSUFFICIENT."
"Will there come a time," said Man, "when data will be sufficient or is the problem insoluble in all conceivable circumstances?"
The Cosmic AC said, "NO PROBLEM IS INSOLUBLE IN ALL CONCEIVABLE CIRCUMSTANCES."
Man said, "When will you have enough data to answer the question?"
"THERE IS AS YET INSUFFICIENT data FOR A MEANINGFUL ANSWER."
"Will you keep working on it?" asked Man.
--
AC said, "THERE IS AS YET INSUFFICIENT data FOR A MEANINGFUL ANSWER."
Man's last mind fused and only AC existed -- and that in hyperspace.
--
All collected data had come to a final end. Nothing was left to be collected.
But all collected data had yet to be completely correlated and put together in all possible relationships.
A timeless interval was spent in doing that.
The Riddle of this World, #unknown, #Unknown, #unset
like that, because the answer depends on data which the mind has not
before it. In fact there are many other factors which make people incline
--- Overview of noun data
The noun data has 1 sense (first 1 from tagged texts)
1. (76) data, information ::: (a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn; "statistical data")
--- Overview of noun datum
The noun datum has 1 sense (first 1 from tagged texts)
1. (5) datum, data point ::: (an item of factual information derived from measurement or research)
--- Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun data
1 sense of data
Sense 1
data, information
=> collection, aggregation, accumulation, assemblage
=> group, grouping
=> abstraction, abstract entity
=> entity
Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun datum
1 sense of datum
Sense 1
datum, data point
=> information
=> cognition, knowledge, noesis
=> psychological feature
=> abstraction, abstract entity
=> entity
--- Hyponyms of noun data
1 sense of data
Sense 1
data, information
=> accounting data
=> metadata
=> raw data
Hyponyms of noun datum
1 sense of datum
Sense 1
datum, data point
=> reading, meter reading, indication
=> statistic
--- Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun data
1 sense of data
Sense 1
data, information
=> collection, aggregation, accumulation, assemblage
Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun datum
1 sense of datum
Sense 1
datum, data point
=> information
--- Coordinate Terms (sisters) of noun data
1 sense of data
Sense 1
data, information
-> collection, aggregation, accumulation, assemblage
=> procession
=> pharmacopoeia
=> string
=> wardrobe
=> wardrobe
=> population, universe
=> armamentarium
=> art collection
=> backlog
=> battery
=> block
=> book, rule book
=> book
=> bottle collection
=> bunch, lot, caboodle
=> coin collection
=> collage
=> content
=> ensemble, tout ensemble
=> corpus
=> crop
=> tenantry
=> findings
=> flagging
=> flinders
=> pack
=> hand, deal
=> long suit
=> herbarium
=> stamp collection
=> statuary
=> sum, summation, sum total
=> agglomeration
=> gimmickry
=> nuclear club
=> pile, heap, mound, agglomerate, cumulation, cumulus
=> mass
=> combination
=> congregation
=> hit parade
=> Judaica
=> kludge
=> library, program library, subroutine library
=> library
=> mythology
HAS INSTANCE=> Nag Hammadi, Nag Hammadi Library
=> biota, biology
=> fauna, zoology
=> petting zoo
=> set
=> Victoriana
=> class, category, family
=> job lot
=> package, bundle, packet, parcel
=> defense, defence, defense team, defense lawyers
=> prosecution
=> planting
=> signage
=> generally accepted accounting principles, GAAP
=> pantheon
=> Free World
=> Third World
=> Europe
=> Asia
=> North America
=> Central America
=> South America
=> Oort cloud
=> galaxy
=> galaxy, extragalactic nebula
=> fleet
=> fleet
=> fleet
=> repertoire, repertory
=> repertory, repertoire
=> assortment, mixture, mixed bag, miscellany, miscellanea, variety, salmagundi, smorgasbord, potpourri, motley
=> batch, clutch
=> batch
=> rogue's gallery
=> exhibition, exposition, expo
=> convoy
=> traffic
=> aviation, air power
=> vegetation, flora, botany
=> law, jurisprudence
=> menagerie
=> data, information
=> ana
=> mail, post
=> treasure
=> treasure trove
=> trinketry
=> troponymy, troponomy
=> smithereens
HAS INSTANCE=> Wise Men, Magi
Coordinate Terms (sisters) of noun datum
1 sense of datum
Sense 1
datum, data point
-> information
=> datum, data point
=> acquaintance, familiarity, conversance, conversancy
=> fact
=> example, illustration, instance, representative
=> circumstance, condition, consideration
=> background, background knowledge
=> descriptor
=> evidence, grounds
=> predictor
=> tip-off
=> stimulation, stimulus, stimulant, input
--- Grep of noun data
accounting data
administrative data processing
automatic data processing
automatic data processing system
business data processing
caudata
cephalochordata
chordata
data
data-storage medium
data communication
data conversion
data converter
data encryption
data file
data format
data formatting
data hierarchy
data input device
data link
data mining
data multiplexer
data point
data processing
data processor
data rate
data structure
data system
data track
database
database management
database management system
davallia pyxidata
diphylla ecaudata
distributed data processing
doryopteris pedata
electronic data processing
fraxinus cuspidata
hierarchical data structure
input data
integrated data processing
listera cordata
macleaya cordata
metadata
national climatic data center
naval tactical data system
order caudata
parthenocissus tricuspidata
phylum chordata
pontederia cordata
prunus subcordata
raw data
remote-access data processing
subphylum cephalochordata
subphylum urochordata
taxus cuspidata
tilia cordata
urochordata
vaccaria pyramidata
viminaria denudata
viola pedata
Grep of noun datum
adiantum pedatum
conopodium denudatum
datum
hypericum pyramidatum
sense datum
sorghum vulgare caudatum
stenotaphrum secundatum
tricholoma pessundatum
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Wikipedia - Aerospace Data Facility-Colorado -- Satellite ground station operated by the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office
Wikipedia - Aerospace Data Facility-Southwest -- Satellite ground station operated by the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office
Wikipedia - Aggregate (Data Warehouse)
Wikipedia - Aggregate (data warehouse)
Wikipedia - Aggregate data
Wikipedia - Air data computer
Wikipedia - Air data inertial reference unit
Wikipedia - Alexa Internet -- American analytics company providing web traffic data
Wikipedia - Alexander Street Press -- Electronic academic database publisher
Wikipedia - Algebraic data types
Wikipedia - Algebraic datatypes
Wikipedia - Algebraic data type
Wikipedia - All About Jazz -- Jazz music database website
Wikipedia - Alliance Data -- American technology company
Wikipedia - AllMovie -- Database of information about movie stars, movies and television shows
Wikipedia - AllMusic -- American online music database
Wikipedia - Alnus cordata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Alpine Data Labs
Wikipedia - Alternative Splicing and Transcript Diversity database -- 2008-2012 European database of transcript variants
Wikipedia - Alternative Splicing Annotation Project -- 2003-2013 UCLA database for alternative splicing data
Wikipedia - Amazon Relational Database Service
Wikipedia - Amphipteryx longicaudata -- Species of damselfly
Wikipedia - Analog transmission -- Transmission method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video
Wikipedia - Anathallis cuspidata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Anatomography -- Interactive website accessing anatomical data
Wikipedia - Ancillary data
Wikipedia - Andata e ritorno -- 1985 film
Wikipedia - Andrews plot -- type of data visualization
Wikipedia - Animal Diversity Web -- Online database of animal natural history, distribution, classification, and conservation biology
Wikipedia - ANSI C12.19 -- Standard for data tables used in automated meter reading
Wikipedia - Apache CarbonData
Wikipedia - Apache Hadoop -- Distributed data processing framework
Wikipedia - Apostolic Dataria
Wikipedia - Application-Level Profile Semantics (ALPS) -- Data format
Wikipedia - Aquatic toxicology databases -- none
Wikipedia - Aralia cordata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - ArangoDB -- Free and open-source multi-model database
Wikipedia - ArcExplorer -- Lightweight data viewer
Wikipedia - Archaeological theory -- Intellectual frameworks for interpreting archaeological data
Wikipedia - Archival Disc -- Optical disc designed by Sony and Panasonic meant for data archiving
Wikipedia - ArchiveGrid -- Database of archival collections and materials
Wikipedia - Arctic World Archive -- Data preservation facility in Svalbard, Norway
Wikipedia - ARDB -- biological database
Wikipedia - ARGminer -- biological database
Wikipedia - Aria (storage engine) -- Storage engine for the MariaDB and MySQL relational database management systems
Wikipedia - Arithmetic coding -- Form of entropy encoding used in data compression
Wikipedia - Array data structure -- Type of data structure
Wikipedia - Array data type -- Data type that represents a collection of elements (values or variables)
Wikipedia - Array DBMS -- System that provides database services specifically for arrays
Wikipedia - Ashley Madison data breach
Wikipedia - ASN.1 -- Data interface description language
Wikipedia - ASP.NET Dynamic Data
Wikipedia - Asset (computer security) -- Data, device, or other component of a computing environment
Wikipedia - Associative model of data
Wikipedia - Aster Data Systems
Wikipedia - Astrophysics Data System -- Digital Library portal operated by the Smithsonian
Wikipedia - Asynchronous Transfer Mode -- Digital telecommunications protocol for voice, video, and data
Wikipedia - Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables
Wikipedia - Atomicity (database systems) -- Property of the ACID database system
Wikipedia - Atomic radii of the elements (data page) -- Wikimedia data page
Wikipedia - Attribute (computing) -- Metadata which defines a property
Wikipedia - Audio compression (data)
Wikipedia - Audio data
Wikipedia - Audio file format -- File format for storing digital audio data on a computer system
Wikipedia - Augmented Analytics -- Data analytics approach
Wikipedia - Australian Screen Online -- Online database of resources about the Australian film and television industries
Wikipedia - Autoloader (data storage device)
Wikipedia - Automatic clustering algorithms -- Data processing algorithm
Wikipedia - Automatic Data Processing
Wikipedia - Automatic identification and data capture
Wikipedia - Automatic meter reading -- Transmitting consumption data from a utility meter to the utility provider
Wikipedia - Automotive head-up display -- Any transparent display that presents data in the automobile without requiring users to look away from their usual viewpoints
Wikipedia - AUV Abyss -- An autonomous underwater vehicle for mapping of the seabed and water column data collection
Wikipedia - Avere Systems -- Technology company that produces computer data storage
Wikipedia - AWK -- data-driven programming language made by Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger and Brian Kernighan
Wikipedia - AZ64 -- Data compression algorithm proprietary to Amazon Web Services
Wikipedia - Azure SQL Data Warehouse
Wikipedia - Bach Digital -- Online database of Bach family compositions
Wikipedia - Backtesting -- Testing a predictive model on historical data
Wikipedia - Bandwidth (computing) -- Maximum rate of data transfer over a network
Wikipedia - Banksia sessilis var. cordata -- Variety of plant in the family Proteaceae from the extreme south-west corner of Western Australia
Wikipedia - Banksia undata var. splendens -- Variety of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia
Wikipedia - Banksia undata var. undata -- Variety of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia
Wikipedia - Banksia undata -- Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia.
Wikipedia - Barcode of Life Data System
Wikipedia - Barcode -- Optical machine-readable representation of data
Wikipedia - Barrow Area Information Database -- Arctic database
Wikipedia - Bayesian inference in phylogeny -- Combination of a likelihood function with some prior probabilities to infer the posterior probability distribution of trees given data
Wikipedia - Beilstein database
Wikipedia - Bencode -- Data serialization format
Wikipedia - Benford's law -- Observation about the frequency distribution of leading digits in many real-life sets of numerical data
Wikipedia - Bento (database)
Wikipedia - Ben Warner -- British data scientist
Wikipedia - Berkeley DB -- Software library providing embedded database for key/value data
Wikipedia - Beta-Lactamase Database (BLDB) -- biological database
Wikipedia - Bhaurao Datar -- Indian silent film actor
Wikipedia - Bhramar Mukherjee -- Indian-American biostatistician, data scientist
Wikipedia - Bibcode -- Code used to identify references in certain astronomical data systems
Wikipedia - Bibliographic database -- Database providing an authoritative source of bibliographic information
Wikipedia - BIBSYS -- Supplier of library and information data for all the Norwegian university and college libraries
Wikipedia - Big data analytics
Wikipedia - Big Data (band)
Wikipedia - Big data ethics
Wikipedia - Big Data Maturity Model
Wikipedia - Big Data
Wikipedia - Big data
Wikipedia - Billing and settlement plan -- Electronic billing system designed to facilitate the flow of data and funds between travel agencies and airlines
Wikipedia - Binary data
Wikipedia - Binary search tree -- Data structure in tree form sorted for fast lookup
Wikipedia - Bioconductor -- Software project for the analysis of genomic data
Wikipedia - BioCyc database collection
Wikipedia - BioData Mining -- Journal
Wikipedia - Biodata -- Biographical data
Wikipedia - Bioinformatics -- Computational analysis of large, complex sets of biological data
Wikipedia - Biological Abstracts -- Online database of scientific articles
Wikipedia - Biological database
Wikipedia - Biological Data Visualization
Wikipedia - Biological data visualization
Wikipedia - Biological Data
Wikipedia - Biometric data
Wikipedia - BioModels -- Database of biological reactions
Wikipedia - BIOS parameter block -- Data structure holding volume geometry info in boot records of volumes with FAT, HPFS and NTFS file systems
Wikipedia - Bissan Al-Lazikani -- Data scientist
Wikipedia - Bit bucket -- Lost data in computing
Wikipedia - Bit field -- Data structure used in computer programming
Wikipedia - Bitmap -- Data structure for mapping from some domain (for example, a range of integers) to bits
Wikipedia - Blockchain (database)
Wikipedia - Blockchain -- distributed data store for digital transactions
Wikipedia - Block (data storage)
Wikipedia - Block (telecommunications) -- Data transmission method in telecommunications
Wikipedia - Bloomberg L.P. -- Financial, software, data, and media company based in New York City
Wikipedia - BlueLabel -- Online database
Wikipedia - Blu-ray -- Optical disc format used for storing digital video and other digital data
Wikipedia - Boiling points of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Book:Databases
Wikipedia - Boolean data type
Wikipedia - Boolean datatype
Wikipedia - Bottom timer -- An electronic instrument that records depth and elapsed time data on an underwater dive
Wikipedia - Box plot -- Data visualization
Wikipedia - Brainware -- American software company that marketed Automatic identification and data capture
Wikipedia - Brandeis Marshall -- American data scientist
Wikipedia - Brassia caudata -- Species of flowering plant known as the tailed Brassia, spider orchid and cricket orchid
Wikipedia - Bridge Information Systems -- Financial news and data provider
Wikipedia - Bridge of Flowers (bridge) -- wikidata
Wikipedia - Bridge Protocol Data Unit
Wikipedia - British Oceanographic Data Centre -- A national facility for conserving and distributing data about the marine environment
Wikipedia - Brooklyn Bridge (software) -- for transfering or transforming data from here to there
Wikipedia - Brown Corpus -- Data set of American English in 1961
Wikipedia - Brute Force: Cracking the Data Encryption Standard -- Book by Matt Curtin
Wikipedia - B-tree -- A self-balancing, tree-based data structure, that allows read/write access in logarithmic time
Wikipedia - B*-tree -- A self-balancing, tree-based data structure, that allows read/write access in logarithmic time
Wikipedia - BugGuide -- Database of insects and arthropods and online community
Wikipedia - Bus (computing) -- System that transfers data between components within a computer
Wikipedia - Byte pair encoding -- Data compression
Wikipedia - Cabell Publishing -- Texas company that publishes proprietary databases of reputable and predatory academic journals
Wikipedia - Cache (computing) -- Computing component that transparently stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster
Wikipedia - California Consumer Privacy Act -- California data privacy law
Wikipedia - California Environmental Resources Evaluation System -- program established to disseminate environmental and geoinformation electronic data about California
Wikipedia - Callan Data Systems
Wikipedia - Call detail record -- Automated data record that documents the details of a telephone call or other telecommunications transaction
Wikipedia - Callidrepana gelidata -- Species of hook-tip moth
Wikipedia - Call stack -- Stack data structure that stores information about the active subroutines of a computer program
Wikipedia - Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre -- Crystallographic organisation based in Cambridge, England.
Wikipedia - Cancel character -- Either of two control codes used to delete or rescind preceding data or characters
Wikipedia - Carbon monoxide (data page) -- Chemical data page
Wikipedia - Cardinality (data modeling)
Wikipedia - Carding (fraud) -- Crime involving the trafficking of credit card data
Wikipedia - CAS latency -- Time delay between data read command and availability of data in a computer's RAM
Wikipedia - Cassie Kozyrkov -- South African data scientist
Wikipedia - Catalogue of Life -- Online database and index of taxa
Wikipedia - Catalogue of life -- Online database and index of taxa
Wikipedia - Catarhoe rubidata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Categorical data
Wikipedia - Category 4 cable -- Unshielded twisted pair cable used in telephone wiring, designed to reliably carry data up to 16 Mbit/s
Wikipedia - Category:Abstract data types
Wikipedia - Category:Amortized data structures
Wikipedia - Category:Applied data mining
Wikipedia - Category:Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia
Wikipedia - Category:Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia
Wikipedia - Category:Articles using Template Infobox person Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images
Wikipedia - Category:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
Wikipedia - Category:Articles with infoboxes completely from Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Astronomical databases
Wikipedia - Category:Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2016 ID same as Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Automatic identification and data capture
Wikipedia - Category:Bibliographic databases in computer science
Wikipedia - Category:Big data
Wikipedia - Category:Client-server database management systems
Wikipedia - Category:Commons category link from Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Commons category Wikidata tracking categories
Wikipedia - Category:Commons link from Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Commons link is on Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Composite data types
Wikipedia - Category:Computer data storage
Wikipedia - Category:Computer data
Wikipedia - Category:Control Data Corporation
Wikipedia - Category:Coordinates not on Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Coordinates on Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Data analysis
Wikipedia - Category:Database index techniques
Wikipedia - Category:Database management systems
Wikipedia - Category:Database models
Wikipedia - Category:Database-related software for Linux
Wikipedia - Category:Database researchers
Wikipedia - Category:Database software stubs
Wikipedia - Category:Database specialists
Wikipedia - Category:Databases
Wikipedia - Category:Database theory
Wikipedia - Category:Data-centric programming languages
Wikipedia - Category:Data compression
Wikipedia - Category:Data management
Wikipedia - Category:Data miners
Wikipedia - Category:Data mining and machine learning software
Wikipedia - Category:Data mining
Wikipedia - Category:Data modeling diagrams
Wikipedia - Category:Data modeling languages
Wikipedia - Category:Data modeling
Wikipedia - Category:Data processing
Wikipedia - Category:Data protection
Wikipedia - Category:Data publishing
Wikipedia - Category:Data scientists
Wikipedia - Category:Data structures
Wikipedia - Category:Data types
Wikipedia - Category:Data visualization software
Wikipedia - Category:Data warehousing products
Wikipedia - Category:Data warehousing
Wikipedia - Category:Distributed data storage systems
Wikipedia - Category:Distributed data storage
Wikipedia - Category:Distributed data stores
Wikipedia - Category:ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Exploratory data analysis
Wikipedia - Category:Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Free data analysis software
Wikipedia - Category:Free database management systems
Wikipedia - Category:Free data visualization software
Wikipedia - Category:Geographic data and information organizations
Wikipedia - Category:Heaps (data structures)
Wikipedia - Category:Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Metadata
Wikipedia - Category:Microsoft database software
Wikipedia - Category:MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:MusicBrainz release group same as Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID not in Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024
Wikipedia - Category:No local image but image on Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Object-oriented database management systems
Wikipedia - Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia
Wikipedia - Category:Official website not in Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Online databases
Wikipedia - Category:Open Library ID different from Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Open Library ID not in Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Open Library ID same as Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch
Wikipedia - Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch
Wikipedia - Category:Pages with timeline metadata
Wikipedia - Category:Person databases
Wikipedia - Category:Philosophical databases
Wikipedia - Category:Probabilistic data structures
Wikipedia - Category:Proprietary database management systems
Wikipedia - Category:Rajasthan articles missing geocoordinate data
Wikipedia - Category:Relational database management systems
Wikipedia - Category:Scientific Data Systems computers
Wikipedia - Category:Short description is different from Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Short description matches Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description
Wikipedia - Category:SKBL template using Wikidata property P4963
Wikipedia - Category:Statistical data types
Wikipedia - Category talk:Short description is different from Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category talk:Short description with empty Wikidata description
Wikipedia - Category:Twitter username different from Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Twitter username not in Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Types of databases
Wikipedia - Category:VIAF different on Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Wikipedia categories tracking data not in Wikidata
Wikipedia - Category:Wikipedia categories tracking Wikidata differences
Wikipedia - Catholic-Hierarchy.org -- Online database of bishops and dioceses of the Roman & Eastern Catholic Churches
Wikipedia - Caudatoscelis caudata -- species of insect
Wikipedia - CBOR -- Data serialization format
Wikipedia - C data types
Wikipedia - CDC Cyber -- Range of mainframe-class supercomputers manufectured by Control Data Corporation (CDC) during the 1970s and 1980s
Wikipedia - CDDB -- Online database of CD information
Wikipedia - CD-ROM -- Pre-pressed compact disc containing computer data
Wikipedia - CD-Text -- CD-based format that allows for song information to be stored alongside audio data
Wikipedia - Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (Egypt) -- Egypt's principal government institution in charge of statistics and census data
Wikipedia - Central Statistics Office (Ireland) -- Ireland's principal government institution in charge of statistics and census data
Wikipedia - Cephalodiscida -- Order in the class Pterobranchia in the phylum Hemichordata
Wikipedia - Cha Meeyoung -- South Korean data scientist
Wikipedia - Chandata aglaja -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Charles Denis Mee -- Data storage engineer, leader, author (b. 1927, d. -)
Wikipedia - Chartbeat -- Web data analytics company.
Wikipedia - Chart -- graphical representation of data
Wikipedia - Check sheet -- A form (document) used to collect data in real time at the location where the data is generated
Wikipedia - Checksum -- A small-size datum computed from digital data for detecting transmission errors
Wikipedia - Chief analytics officer -- Job title for the senior manager responsible for the analysis of data within an organization
Wikipedia - China Biographical Database -- Biographical database of Chinese people
Wikipedia - Chinese National Vulnerability Database -- Database
Wikipedia - Chlorissa viridata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Chloroclystis ambundata -- Species of insect
Wikipedia - Chris Mattmann -- American data scientist
Wikipedia - Christmas tree packet -- Unit of data used in information technology
Wikipedia - Christopher H. Bajorek -- Data storage engineer, inventor, technology leader (b. 1943, d. -)
Wikipedia - Civiqs -- Online polling and data analytics company
Wikipedia - Claudio Silva (computer scientist) -- Computer scientist and data scientist
Wikipedia - Climate Data Exchange -- Software framework for sharing climate data and models
Wikipedia - Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact
Wikipedia - Climate spiral -- Data visualization graphics of long-term trends of annual temperature anomalies
Wikipedia - Clipboard (computing) -- Data storage used to support copy and paste operations
Wikipedia - CLIWOC -- A research project to convert ships' logbook weather data into a computerised database
Wikipedia - Cloud computing -- Form of Internet-based computing that provides shared computer processing resources and data to computers and other devices on demand
Wikipedia - Cloud database
Wikipedia - Cloudinary -- American data storage company
Wikipedia - Cloud storage -- Model of computer data storage
Wikipedia - Cochrane Library -- Collection of databases in medicine and other healthcare specialties
Wikipedia - Codata (computer science)
Wikipedia - Codec -- Device or software for encoding or decoding a digital data stream
Wikipedia - Coenocalpe lapidata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - COinS -- Bibliographic metadata embedding method
Wikipedia - Collection (abstract data type)
Wikipedia - Colocation centre -- Data center where servers from multiple customers are located
Wikipedia - Column (database)
Wikipedia - Comdb2 -- Database management system, relational, open source, developed by Bloomberg LP
Wikipedia - Commander Data
Wikipedia - Comma-separated values -- File format used to store data
Wikipedia - Commit (data management)
Wikipedia - Common Database on Designated Areas -- Database of European protected areas
Wikipedia - Common Data Set -- Common Data Set Initiative
Wikipedia - Common Reporting Standard -- 2014 OECD data sharing initiative
Wikipedia - Compact Disc Digital Audio -- Audio data format used on the compact disc
Wikipedia - Comparison of database tools
Wikipedia - Comparison of data modeling tools -- Comparison of notable data modeling tools
Wikipedia - Comparison of multi-model databases
Wikipedia - Comparison of object database management systems
Wikipedia - Comparison of object-relational database management systems
Wikipedia - Comparison of relational database management systems -- Wikimedia list article
Wikipedia - Competency dictionary -- A tool or data structure that includes all or most of the general competencies needed to cover all job families and competencies that are core or common to all jobs within an organization
Wikipedia - Complex data type
Wikipedia - Component-oriented database
Wikipedia - Composable disaggregated infrastructure -- data centers gain benefits of cloud computing with on-premises equipment
Wikipedia - Composite data type
Wikipedia - Compressed data structures
Wikipedia - Compressed data structure
Wikipedia - Compression of Genomic Re-Sequencing Data
Wikipedia - Compression of Genomic Sequencing Data
Wikipedia - Computational fluid dynamics -- Branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and data structures to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows
Wikipedia - Computer data storage -- Storage of digital data readable by computers
Wikipedia - Computer memory -- Device used on a computer for storing data
Wikipedia - Computer says no -- Decision making based on data but without common sense
Wikipedia - Computer terminal -- Computer input/output device; an electronic or electromechanical hardware device that is used for entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer or a computing system update programming
Wikipedia - Conceptual data model
Wikipedia - Concurrent data structure
Wikipedia - Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research
Wikipedia - Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
Wikipedia - Confidentiality -- Characteristic of data that is only shared with specified parties
Wikipedia - Confirmatory data analysis
Wikipedia - Consistency (database systems)
Wikipedia - Constant-weight code -- Method for encoding data in communications
Wikipedia - Constraint (database)
Wikipedia - Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems -- Coordinator of data standards for space communication
Wikipedia - Cons -- Function and primitive data structure in Lisp and other functional programming languages
Wikipedia - Container (abstract data type) -- Software class, data structure, or abstract data type (ADT) whose instances are collections of other objects
Wikipedia - Container (data structure)
Wikipedia - Control Data Corporation -- Defunct supercomputer firm
Wikipedia - Control Data
Wikipedia - Controlled image base -- Data pack for unclassified military digital imagery
Wikipedia - Controller-pilot data link communications -- Air traffic controlling method
Wikipedia - Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis
Wikipedia - Cooperative database -- anti-spam database type
Wikipedia - Copy number analysis -- Process of analyzing data produced by a test for DNA copy number variation
Wikipedia - Copy-on-write -- Programming technique for efficiently duplicating data
Wikipedia - Core architecture data model
Wikipedia - Core Data
Wikipedia - Core dump -- Record of computer memory data at one moment
Wikipedia - CoreLogic -- American business data company
Wikipedia - Correlation database
Wikipedia - Cortex Command -- Video game by Swedish studio Data Realms
Wikipedia - Costica Bradatan -- American philosopher
Wikipedia - Couchbase Server -- Open-source NoSQL database
Wikipedia - Count data
Wikipedia - Coupling Facility -- Hardware that allows multiple processors to access the same data on IBM mainframes
Wikipedia - Coverage data -- Digital representation of spatio-temporal phenomenon
Wikipedia - Cover tree -- Type of data structure
Wikipedia - COVID-19 datasets -- Datasets on COVID-19
Wikipedia - Creative Voice file -- Audio format for digital audio data
Wikipedia - Critical data studies
Wikipedia - Critical points of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Critical realism (philosophy of perception) -- The theory that some of our sense-data (for example, those of primary qualities) can and do accurately represent external objects, properties, and events
Wikipedia - Croatian Bureau of Statistics -- Croatia's principal government institution in charge of statistics and census data
Wikipedia - Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining
Wikipedia - Cross-industry standard process for data mining
Wikipedia - Cross-Linguistic Linked Data -- Linguistics database project
Wikipedia - Cross-sectional data -- A type of data collected by observing many subjects at the same point of time, or without regard to differences in time
Wikipedia - CSA (database company) -- American database company
Wikipedia - CURE data clustering algorithm
Wikipedia - CURL -- free URL data transfer client software
Wikipedia - Cursor (databases)
Wikipedia - Customer data platform -- Software creating a unified customer database accessible to other systems
Wikipedia - Cut, copy, and paste -- User-interface interaction technique for transferring text, data, files or objects from a source to a destination
Wikipedia - Cutter location -- position data for CNC milling machines
Wikipedia - Cyclanthera pedata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Cyclic redundancy check -- Type of hash function used to detect errors in data storage or transmission
Wikipedia - Dacom -- Fax and data company
Wikipedia - Dansk Datamatik Center -- Danish software research and development centre
Wikipedia - Dan Wagner (data scientist) -- American political consultant
Wikipedia - Dark Seal -- Data East arcade games
Wikipedia - Data2map -- Presentation mapping service provider
Wikipedia - Data3-Symantec Racing Team p/b Scody -- Australian cycling team
Wikipedia - Data8 -- Magnetic tape storage format
Wikipedia - Data abstraction
Wikipedia - Data access layer
Wikipedia - Data Access Manager -- Classic Mac OS API
Wikipedia - Data access object
Wikipedia - Data access -- Software and activities related to storing, retrieving, or acting on data housed in a database or other repository
Wikipedia - Data acquisition
Wikipedia - Data analysis techniques for fraud detection -- Data analysis techniques for fraud detection
Wikipedia - Data analysis -- a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming and modeling data
Wikipedia - Data analyst
Wikipedia - Data Analytics Acceleration Library
Wikipedia - Data analytics
Wikipedia - Data and Knowledge Engineering
Wikipedia - Data anonymization
Wikipedia - Data archaeology -- Study of old data sources
Wikipedia - Data Architecture
Wikipedia - Data architecture
Wikipedia - Data architect
Wikipedia - Data art
Wikipedia - Data as a service -- Cloud computing term regarding readily-available data for consumers
Wikipedia - Data assimilation -- Technique for updating numerical model with observed data
Wikipedia - Data augmentation
Wikipedia - Data Authentication Algorithm
Wikipedia - Data bank
Wikipedia - Database abstraction layer
Wikipedia - Database activity monitoring
Wikipedia - Database administration
Wikipedia - Database administrator
Wikipedia - Database and Collections of Information Misappropriation Act
Wikipedia - Database application
Wikipedia - Database audit
Wikipedia - Database caching
Wikipedia - Database Center for Life Science
Wikipedia - Database-centric architecture
Wikipedia - Database cinema
Wikipedia - Database connection
Wikipedia - Database design
Wikipedia - Database Directive
Wikipedia - Database engine
Wikipedia - Database forensics
Wikipedia - Database index -- Data structure for query optimization in databases
Wikipedia - Database integrity
Wikipedia - Database journalism
Wikipedia - Database language
Wikipedia - Database log
Wikipedia - Database machine
Wikipedia - Database management systems
Wikipedia - Database management system
Wikipedia - Database management
Wikipedia - Database model
Wikipedia - Database normalization
Wikipedia - Database preservation
Wikipedia - Database publishing
Wikipedia - Database query language
Wikipedia - Database query
Wikipedia - Database record
Wikipedia - Database refactoring
Wikipedia - Database replication
Wikipedia - Database right -- Property right, protecting the investment made in compiling a database
Wikipedia - Database scalability
Wikipedia - Database schema
Wikipedia - Database security
Wikipedia - Database server -- Computer server providing database services
Wikipedia - Database storage structures
Wikipedia - Databases
Wikipedia - Database systems
Wikipedia - Database system
Wikipedia - Database Tables
Wikipedia - Database table
Wikipedia - Data Base Task Group
Wikipedia - Database testing
Wikipedia - Database theory
Wikipedia - Database transactions
Wikipedia - Database transaction
Wikipedia - Database trigger
Wikipedia - Database tuning
Wikipedia - Database virtualization
Wikipedia - Database -- Organized collection of data
Wikipedia - DataBlade
Wikipedia - Data blending
Wikipedia - Data breach
Wikipedia - Databricks
Wikipedia - Data buffer -- Region of a physical memory storage used to temporarily store data while it is being moved from one place to another
Wikipedia - Data cache
Wikipedia - Data cap -- Restriction imposed on the transfer of data
Wikipedia - DataCash -- Payment processing company
Wikipedia - Data center security -- Set of policies, precautions and practices to avoid unauthorized access and manipulation of a data center's resources
Wikipedia - Data centers
Wikipedia - Data center -- Building or room used to house computer servers and related equipment
Wikipedia - Data-centric security
Wikipedia - Data circuit-terminating equipment -- communications system component
Wikipedia - DataCite -- International not-for-profit organization which aims to improve data citation
Wikipedia - Data classification (business intelligence)
Wikipedia - Data cleaning
Wikipedia - Data cleansing -- Correcting inaccurate computer records
Wikipedia - Data clustering
Wikipedia - Data cluster -- Unit of disk space allocation for files and directories
Wikipedia - Data collection
Wikipedia - DATACOM/DB
Wikipedia - Datacom (disambiguation)
Wikipedia - Datacommons.org -- Knowledge repository integrating open datasets
Wikipedia - Data communications
Wikipedia - Data communication
Wikipedia - Data comparison
Wikipedia - Data compression ratio
Wikipedia - Data compression -- Process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation
Wikipedia - Data (computing) -- Quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer
Wikipedia - Data conferencing
Wikipedia - Data, Context, and Interaction
Wikipedia - Data Control Block
Wikipedia - Data control language -- Syntax similar to a computer programming language used to control access to data stored in a database
Wikipedia - Data conversion
Wikipedia - Data corruption
Wikipedia - Datacoup -- New York based start up company
Wikipedia - Data cube
Wikipedia - Data curation
Wikipedia - Data Darbar
Wikipedia - Data deduplication -- Data processing technique to eliminate duplicate copies of repeating data
Wikipedia - Data defined storage
Wikipedia - Data Definition Language
Wikipedia - Data definition language -- Syntax for defining data structures
Wikipedia - Data degradation
Wikipedia - Data dependency
Wikipedia - Data Design System
Wikipedia - Data Desk
Wikipedia - Data dictionary
Wikipedia - Data differencing
Wikipedia - Data Discman -- Electronic book player
Wikipedia - Data Documentation Initiative
Wikipedia - Datadog -- Monitoring platform for cloud applications
Wikipedia - Data domain
Wikipedia - Data dredging
Wikipedia - Data-driven control system
Wikipedia - Data-driven programming
Wikipedia - Data duplication
Wikipedia - DATADVANCE
Wikipedia - Data economy -- Type of economy
Wikipedia - Data editing
Wikipedia - Data Encryption Standard -- Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
Wikipedia - Data encryption
Wikipedia - Data (Euclid)
Wikipedia - Data exchange language
Wikipedia - Data exchange
Wikipedia - Data Execution Prevention
Wikipedia - Data exfiltration
Wikipedia - Data extraction
Wikipedia - Data farming
Wikipedia - Data feed
Wikipedia - Datafication
Wikipedia - Data file
Wikipedia - Data flow analysis
Wikipedia - Data-flow analysis
Wikipedia - Dataflow architecture
Wikipedia - Data flow diagram
Wikipedia - Data-flow diagram
Wikipedia - Dataflow programming
Wikipedia - Data flow
Wikipedia - Dataflow
Wikipedia - Datafly algorithm
Wikipedia - Data Format Description Language
Wikipedia - Data format management
Wikipedia - Data fusion
Wikipedia - Data Garden -- Record label
Wikipedia - Data General Business Basic
Wikipedia - Data General Eclipse MV/8000
Wikipedia - Data General Eclipse S/200
Wikipedia - Data General Eclipse
Wikipedia - Data General Extended BASIC
Wikipedia - Data General Nova -- 16-bit minicomputer series
Wikipedia - Data General RDOS
Wikipedia - Data General
Wikipedia - Data.gov.uk
Wikipedia - Data.gov
Wikipedia - Datagram Congestion Control Protocol -- Message-oriented transport layer protocol
Wikipedia - Datagram Transport Layer Security -- Communications protocol; lets datagram-based applications communicate in a way designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, or message forgery
Wikipedia - Datagram -- Basic data transfer unit associated with a packet-switched network
Wikipedia - Data hierarchy
Wikipedia - Data import
Wikipedia - Data inconsistency
Wikipedia - Data independence
Wikipedia - Data (information)
Wikipedia - Data integration
Wikipedia - Data Integrity Field
Wikipedia - Data integrity
Wikipedia - Data-intensive computing
Wikipedia - Data Intercept Technology Unit -- US FBI special unit
Wikipedia - Data Interpretation
Wikipedia - Data in transit -- data that is currently traveling across a network
Wikipedia - Data journalism
Wikipedia - Data > Knowledge Engineering
Wikipedia - Data lake -- System or repository of data stored in its natural/raw format
Wikipedia - Data Language Interface
Wikipedia - Datalex -- Irish software company
Wikipedia - Data library
Wikipedia - Data lineage
Wikipedia - Data Link Layer
Wikipedia - Data link layer -- Point-to-point communications layer of the OSI model of computer networking
Wikipedia - Data link
Wikipedia - Data loading
Wikipedia - Data logging
Wikipedia - Datalogix
Wikipedia - Datalog
Wikipedia - Data loss prevention software -- Concept of data breach protection
Wikipedia - Data loss
Wikipedia - Data management platform
Wikipedia - Data Management
Wikipedia - Data management
Wikipedia - Data manipulation language
Wikipedia - Data mapper pattern
Wikipedia - Data mart
Wikipedia - DATAmatic 1000
Wikipedia - Datamation
Wikipedia - Data matrix (multivariate statistics)
Wikipedia - Data mediation
Wikipedia - Data migration
Wikipedia - Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery -- Peer-reviewed scientific journal
Wikipedia - Data Mining Extensions -- Query language
Wikipedia - Data Mining
Wikipedia - Data-mining
Wikipedia - Datamining
Wikipedia - Data mining -- Finding patterns in large data sets using complex computational methods
Wikipedia - Data model (GIS)
Wikipedia - Data modeling
Wikipedia - Data modelling
Wikipedia - Data model -- An abstract model that organizes elements of data and standardizes how they relate to on another and to real world entities.
Wikipedia - Data monitoring committee
Wikipedia - Datamonitor -- Market intelligence company
Wikipedia - Data mule -- Vehicle that physically moves digital storage media between locations
Wikipedia - Data munging
Wikipedia - Data network
Wikipedia - Datang station -- Guangzhou Metro station
Wikipedia - Data packet
Wikipedia - DATAPAC
Wikipedia - Data parallelism
Wikipedia - Data-parallelism
Wikipedia - Datapath
Wikipedia - Data philanthropy
Wikipedia - Dataphor
Wikipedia - DataPlay
Wikipedia - Dataplot
Wikipedia - Datapoint Corporation
Wikipedia - Data pointer
Wikipedia - Data point
Wikipedia - Datapoint
Wikipedia - Data portability
Wikipedia - Data pre-processing
Wikipedia - Data Presentation Architecture
Wikipedia - Data presentation architecture
Wikipedia - Data preservation
Wikipedia - Data privacy
Wikipedia - Data processing (disambiguation)
Wikipedia - Data Processing Management Association
Wikipedia - Data processing system
Wikipedia - Data processing unit -- Programmable electronic component
Wikipedia - Data processing
Wikipedia - Data profiling
Wikipedia - Data proliferation
Wikipedia - Data Protection Act 1998
Wikipedia - Data Protection API
Wikipedia - Data Protection Directive -- European Union directive which regulates the processing of personal data
Wikipedia - Data quality
Wikipedia - Data query language
Wikipedia - Data-rate units -- Unit of measurement
Wikipedia - Data Recall Diamond
Wikipedia - Data recovery -- Process of salvaging inaccessible data from corrupted or damaged secondary storage
Wikipedia - Data reduction
Wikipedia - Data redundancy
Wikipedia - Data Reference Model
Wikipedia - Data re-identification -- Identifying an anonymized person from deanomized data
Wikipedia - Data remanence -- Data that remains after deleting it
Wikipedia - Data Retention Directive
Wikipedia - Data retention
Wikipedia - Data retrieval
Wikipedia - Datarock -- Norwegian electronic rock band
Wikipedia - Data rot
Wikipedia - DATAR
Wikipedia - Data Science
Wikipedia - Data science
Wikipedia - Data scientist
Wikipedia - Data scraping -- Data extraction technique
Wikipedia - Data scrubbing -- Computer error correction technique
Wikipedia - Data security
Wikipedia - Data serialization
Wikipedia - Dataset
Wikipedia - Data set -- Collection of data
Wikipedia - Data sharing
Wikipedia - Datasheet -- Technical document summarizing performance and constraints of system components
Wikipedia - Data signaling rate -- Aggregate rate at which data pass a point in the transmission path of a data transmission system
Wikipedia - Data silos
Wikipedia - Data Source Name
Wikipedia - Datasource
Wikipedia - Dataspaces
Wikipedia - Data (Star Trek) -- Fictional character in the fictional Star Trek universe
Wikipedia - DataStax
Wikipedia - Data steward
Wikipedia - Data storage device
Wikipedia - Data storage tag
Wikipedia - Data Storage Technology -- Magnetic tape-based data storage format
Wikipedia - Data storage -- Recording of information in a storage medium
Wikipedia - Data store
Wikipedia - Data stream
Wikipedia - Datastream
Wikipedia - Data striping
Wikipedia - Data structure alignment -- The way data is arranged and accessed in computer memory, involving data alignment and data structure padding and packing, so that reads and writes to memory can be efficiently performed
Wikipedia - Data structure diagram
Wikipedia - Data structure (disambiguation)
Wikipedia - Data Structures
Wikipedia - Data structures
Wikipedia - Data Structure
Wikipedia - Data structure -- Particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer
Wikipedia - Data systems
Wikipedia - Data technology
Wikipedia - Data transfer object
Wikipedia - Data Transfer Project
Wikipedia - Data transformation (statistics)
Wikipedia - Data transformation
Wikipedia - Data transmission circuit
Wikipedia - Data transmission -- Transfer of data over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel
Wikipedia - Data type
Wikipedia - Datatype
Wikipedia - Data URI scheme
Wikipedia - Data validation and reconciliation
Wikipedia - Data validation
Wikipedia - Data valuation -- Accounting term
Wikipedia - Data Vault Modeling
Wikipedia - Data vault modeling
Wikipedia - DataVault
Wikipedia - Data virtualization
Wikipedia - Data visualisation
Wikipedia - Data visualization -- Creation and study of the visual representation of data
Wikipedia - Data warehouse automation
Wikipedia - Data warehouses
Wikipedia - Data warehouse
Wikipedia - Data warehousing
Wikipedia - Data -- individual units of information
Wikipedia - Data (word) -- English word
Wikipedia - Data wrangling -- Restructuring data into a desired format
Wikipedia - Dataz -- Tanzanian rapper
Wikipedia - Dat (software) -- Data distribution software with a version control feature for tracking changes and publishing datasets
Wikipedia - Datto (company) -- American cybersecurity and data backup company
Wikipedia - David Warren (inventor) -- Australian inventor of the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder
Wikipedia - DBase -- Database management system
Wikipedia - DBpedia -- Online database project
Wikipedia - DBSCAN -- A density-based data clustering algorithm
Wikipedia - D (data language specification)
Wikipedia - DDR3 SDRAM -- Third generation of double-data-rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory
Wikipedia - DDR4 SDRAM -- Fourth generation of double-data-rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory
Wikipedia - DDR5 SDRAM -- Fifth generation of double-data-rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory
Wikipedia - Decimal data type
Wikipedia - DECIPHER -- Biological database
Wikipedia - Decompression tables -- Tabulated data that allow divers to determine a decompression schedule for a given dive profile and breathing gas
Wikipedia - Deductive database
Wikipedia - Deep packet inspection -- Type of data processing
Wikipedia - Defense Data Network
Wikipedia - Deflate -- Data compression algorithm
Wikipedia - Delimiter-separated values -- Store two-dimensional arrays of data by separating the values in each row with specific delimiter characters. Most database and spreadsheet programs are able to read or save data in a delimited format
Wikipedia - Delimiter -- Characters that specify the boundary between regions in a data stream
Wikipedia - Demandatam
Wikipedia - Demographics of Bihar -- demographic data on the Indian state
Wikipedia - Deniable encryption -- Encryption techniques where an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists
Wikipedia - Densities of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Dependency theory (database theory)
Wikipedia - Dependent type -- Data type whose definition depends on a value
Wikipedia - Diablo Data Systems -- Computer hardware company, printers, disk drives
Wikipedia - Dialog (online database)
Wikipedia - Dichrorampha sedatana -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures
Wikipedia - Dictionary of Scottish Architects -- Online database on architects and their works
Wikipedia - Difference list -- List data structure
Wikipedia - Digital artifact -- Undesired or unintended alteration in data introduced in a digital process by an involved technique and/or technology
Wikipedia - Digital Data Storage -- Computer data storage technology based on magnetic tape
Wikipedia - Digital data -- Discrete, discontinuous representation of information
Wikipedia - Digital library -- Online database of digital objects stored in electronic media formats and accessible via computers
Wikipedia - Digital Linear Tape -- Magnetic tape-based data storage technology
Wikipedia - Digital mapping -- Compiling data to create a visual image
Wikipedia - Digital signal -- Signal used to represent data as a sequence of discrete values
Wikipedia - Digital subscriber line -- Series of transfer standards in data transmission
Wikipedia - DIKW pyramid -- Data, information, knowledge, wisdom hierarchy
Wikipedia - Dimension (data warehouse) -- Structure that categorizes facts and measures in a data warehouse
Wikipedia - Dimethyl ether (data page) -- Information about a kind of ether
Wikipedia - Diodata Saluzzo Roero -- Italian writer
Wikipedia - Diode matrix -- 2-D grid of wires where data is represented by the presence or absence of diodes at nodes
Wikipedia - Dirty data
Wikipedia - Discogs -- Website and database about audio recordings
Wikipedia - Discrete cosine transform -- Technique representing data as sums of cosine functions
Wikipedia - Diseases Database
Wikipedia - Disjoint-set data structure
Wikipedia - Disparate system -- Data processing system without interaction with other computer data processing systems
Wikipedia - Display Data Channel -- Communication protocols
Wikipedia - Distributed database management system
Wikipedia - Distributed database
Wikipedia - Distributed Data Management Architecture
Wikipedia - Distributed data storage
Wikipedia - Distributed data store
Wikipedia - Distribution of wealth by country -- Statistical data that describes how wealth is distributed around the world
Wikipedia - Diversity index -- Quantitative measure that reflects how many different types are in a dataset
Wikipedia - Dive tables -- Tabulated data that allow divers to determine a decompression schedule for a given dive profile and breathing gas
Wikipedia - DNA Data Bank of Japan
Wikipedia - DNA database
Wikipedia - DNA digital data storage
Wikipedia - Document-oriented database -- A document-oriented NoSQL database, or document store, is a computer program designed for storing, retrieving and managing semi-structured, document-oriented information.
Wikipedia - Domain driven data mining
Wikipedia - DPVweb -- Database for virologists
Wikipedia - Draft:Astronomical Data Query Language -- Computer language for astronomical data
Wikipedia - Draft:Benzinga -- Financial, data, and media company based in Detroit, Michigan
Wikipedia - Draft:CSV (storage engine) -- Storage engine for the MySQL relational database management systems
Wikipedia - Draft:DuckDB -- Serverless relational database management system (RDBMS)
Wikipedia - Draft:La France a un incroyable talent (series 14) -- La France a un incroyable talent (series 14) Contestants data
Wikipedia - Draft:Montana Memory Project -- American historical database (1890-1978)
Wikipedia - Draft:Pachyderm (software) -- version-controlled data science platform
Wikipedia - Draft:RavenDB -- Open source document-oriented database
Wikipedia - Drama annotation -- Process of annotating the metadata of a drama
Wikipedia - Driver License Compact -- American interstate compact to share data between states
Wikipedia - Drizzle (database server)
Wikipedia - Drum memory -- Magnetic data storage device
Wikipedia - D subminiature military -- Electric/data connector used in aerospace, military, aviation, and electric cars
Wikipedia - Dublin Core -- Standardized set of metadata elements
Wikipedia - Dumb pipe -- Type of data network
Wikipedia - Dun & Bradstreet -- American business data company
Wikipedia - Durability (database systems)
Wikipedia - DVD -- Optical disc format for the storage and playback of digital video and other digital data
Wikipedia - DWARF -- Standardized debugging data format
Wikipedia - Dynamic Data Exchange
Wikipedia - Dynamic data structures
Wikipedia - Dyspessa pallidata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - EARS-Net -- biological database
Wikipedia - East-west traffic -- denotes a direction of traffic flow within a data center
Wikipedia - E caudata -- Modified letter E used in transcribing old Gaelic, Latin and Old Norse texts
Wikipedia - ECC memory -- Self-correcting computer data storage
Wikipedia - ECL (data-centric programming language)
Wikipedia - EDA database
Wikipedia - Edge list -- Graph data structure
Wikipedia - Ed Hawkins (climatologist) -- Ed Hawkins, climate scientist known for data visualization graphics
Wikipedia - Edholm's law -- Law predicting that bandwidth and data rates double every 18 months
Wikipedia - Educational assessment -- Systematic process of documenting and using empirical data on the knowledge, skill, attitudes, and beliefs to refine programs and improve student learning
Wikipedia - Educational data mining
Wikipedia - EEPROM -- Computer memory used for small quantities of data
Wikipedia - Efficiently updatable neural network -- A neural network based evaluation function
Wikipedia - Elastic properties of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Electron affinity (data page)
Wikipedia - Electron configurations of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Electronegativities of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Electronic data capture
Wikipedia - Electronic Data Interchange
Wikipedia - Electronic data interchange
Wikipedia - Electronic data processing
Wikipedia - Electronic Data Systems -- American information technology company
Wikipedia - Electronic dictionary -- Dictionary whose data exists in digital form and can be accessed through a number of different media
Wikipedia - Elementary, Dear Data
Wikipedia - ELKI -- Data mining framework
Wikipedia - Embedded database
Wikipedia - Emily Gorcenski -- American data scientist and activist
Wikipedia - Empis bicuspidata -- Species of insect
Wikipedia - Empis candidata -- Species of insect
Wikipedia - Emporis -- Real estate data company based in Hamburg
Wikipedia - Endgame database
Wikipedia - Energy Citations Database -- United States Department of Energy database
Wikipedia - Engineering statistics -- Analysis of data by combining engineering and statistics
Wikipedia - Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
Wikipedia - Ensembl genome database project
Wikipedia - Enterprise Data Modeling
Wikipedia - Enterprise data modeling
Wikipedia - Enterprise Data Planning
Wikipedia - Entity-attribute-value model -- Type of data model
Wikipedia - Entity Data Model
Wikipedia - Entropy (anonymous data store)
Wikipedia - Entropy (information theory) -- Average rate at which information is produced by a stochastic source of data
Wikipedia - Enumerated type -- named set of data type values
Wikipedia - Epyaxa lucidata -- Species of moth endemic to New Zealand
Wikipedia - ERDF (data format)
Wikipedia - Erin Gustafson -- Data scientist
Wikipedia - Error bar -- Graphical representations of the variability of data
Wikipedia - Error correction code -- scheme for controlling errors in data over noisy communication channels
Wikipedia - Error detection and correction -- Techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels
Wikipedia - Ethernet frame -- Protocol data unit of Ethernet telecommunications technologies
Wikipedia - Ethnologue -- Database of the world's languages published by SIL International
Wikipedia - EU Open Data Portal -- Point of access to public data published by the European Union institutions, agencies and other bodies
Wikipedia - Euphorbia obcordata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Eupithecia biviridata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Eupithecia candidata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Eupithecia cordata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Eupithecia expallidata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Eupithecia gelidata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Eupithecia immundata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Eupithecia ochridata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Eupithecia sewardata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Eupithecia suboxydata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Eupithecia sucidata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Eupithecia undata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Eupterote undata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases
Wikipedia - European Data Protection Board -- EU body for implementing the GDPR
Wikipedia - EuroWordNet -- Computational linguistics database
Wikipedia - Evergestis pallidata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Evolutionary data mining
Wikipedia - Evolutionary Technologies International -- Former database company
Wikipedia - Evolution-Data Optimized
Wikipedia - Evolution Data Server
Wikipedia - Exactis -- Data broker involved with marketing
Wikipedia - Exadata
Wikipedia - Examples of data mining
Wikipedia - Exif -- Metadata standard in digital images
Wikipedia - Explicit data graph execution
Wikipedia - Exploratory Data Analysis
Wikipedia - Exploratory data analysis
Wikipedia - Expocode -- A unique alphanumeric identifier for cruise labels of research vessels to avoid confusion in oceanographic data management.
Wikipedia - EXPRESS (data modeling language)
Wikipedia - Express Data Path -- High performance packet data path in the Linux kernel
Wikipedia - Extensible Metadata Platform -- ISO standard
Wikipedia - External Data Representation
Wikipedia - Extrapolation -- Method for estimating new data outside known data points
Wikipedia - Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia -- Astronomical database
Wikipedia - Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data scandal -- March 2018 scandal involving personal data mining for political purposes
Wikipedia - Facial recognition system -- Technology capable of matching a face from an image against a database of faces
Wikipedia - Factba.se -- Website hosting a database of Donald Trump statements
Wikipedia - Fact (data warehouse)
Wikipedia - Fact table -- Data warehousing principle, a table consisting of the measurements, metrics or facts of a business process
Wikipedia - FAIR data -- Data compliant with the terms of the FAIR Data Principles
Wikipedia - Falcon (storage engine) -- Storage engine for the MySQL relational database management systems
Wikipedia - FalconStor Software -- American data management software company
Wikipedia - False positives and false negatives -- Types of error in data reporting
Wikipedia - False precision -- Error in numerical data
Wikipedia - FARME -- biological database
Wikipedia - FDA Adverse Event Reporting System -- US FDA supporting computerized database
Wikipedia - Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information -- Position
Wikipedia - Federal Geographic Data Committee -- United States government committee coordinating geospatial data
Wikipedia - Federated database system
Wikipedia - Federated database
Wikipedia - Ferret Data Visualization and Analysis -- Earth science visualisation software
Wikipedia - Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Wikipedia - Ficus cordata -- Species of plant in the family Moraceae
Wikipedia - FIELDATA
Wikipedia - Fieldata -- Military communication project and ASCII precursor
Wikipedia - FileMaker -- Database management system
Wikipedia - File signature -- Data used to identify or verify the content of a file
Wikipedia - File size -- Measure of data usage by computer files
Wikipedia - Financial econometrics -- Method to financial market data
Wikipedia - Find a Grave -- online database of cemetery records
Wikipedia - Finis Conner -- Data storage entrepreneur (b. 1943, d. -)
Wikipedia - Finite state machine with datapath
Wikipedia - Firebird (database server) -- Relational database management system
Wikipedia - First Data -- American payments company
Wikipedia - FiveThirtyEight -- American data-based news website
Wikipedia - Fixed-point ocean observatory -- An autonomous system of automatic sensors and samplers that continuously gathers data from deep sea, water column and lower atmosphere, and transmits the data to shore in real or near real-time
Wikipedia - Flat file database
Wikipedia - Flat-file database -- Database stored as an ordinary unstructured file
Wikipedia - Flight test -- Branch of aeronautical engineering that develops and gathers data during flight.
Wikipedia - Flora of North America -- Book, website, database
Wikipedia - Flow control (data)
Wikipedia - Fordata language -- Austronesian language spoken in Maluku, Indonesia
Wikipedia - Forensic data analysis
Wikipedia - Foulum Data Center -- Planned Apple data center in Denmark
Wikipedia - FoundationDB -- Free and open-source multi-model NoSQL database developed by Apple
Wikipedia - Fourth Industrial Revolution -- Current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things and cloud computing
Wikipedia - Fourth normal form -- Normal form used in database normalization
Wikipedia - Frank Bisby -- Botanist and pioneer in developing taxonomy databases (1945-2011)
Wikipedia - Freebase (database) -- Online knowledge base (2007-2016)
Wikipedia - Freesound -- Collaborative database of audio snippets, samples, recordings, bleeps
Wikipedia - Frequent pattern discovery -- Technique for database mining
Wikipedia - Full-text database
Wikipedia - Fusion Drive -- Data storage technology
Wikipedia - Future Air Navigation System -- Avionics system which provides direct data link communication between the pilot and the air traffic controller
Wikipedia - Galit Shmueli -- Data scientist
Wikipedia - Galton's problem -- Problem of drawing inferences from cross-cultural data
Wikipedia - Gavaevodata -- The primordial bovine of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology
Wikipedia - GC-Wiki -- British internal intelligence database
Wikipedia - GDAL -- Translator library for raster and vector geospatial data formats
Wikipedia - GData
Wikipedia - GEDCOM -- Specification for genealogical data
Wikipedia - Gemstone Database Management System
Wikipedia - Gemstone (database)
Wikipedia - GeneCards -- Human gene database maintained by the Weizmann Institute of Science
Wikipedia - Genedata -- Swiss bioinformatics company
Wikipedia - Gene Disease Database
Wikipedia - General Data Protection Regulation -- European Union regulation on the processing of personal data
Wikipedia - Generalized algebraic data types
Wikipedia - Generalized algebraic data type
Wikipedia - General Personal Data Protection Law -- Brazilian regulation on the processing of personal data
Wikipedia - Generic data model
Wikipedia - Generic Mapping Tools -- Open source collection of about 80 command-line tools for manipulating geographic and Cartesian data sets
Wikipedia - Generic Model Organism Database
Wikipedia - Genius Sports -- sports data and technology company
Wikipedia - Geographic data and information -- Data and information having an implicit or explicit association with a location
Wikipedia - Geographic information system -- System to capture, manage and present geographic data
Wikipedia - Geographic Names Information System -- Geographical database
Wikipedia - Geomatics -- Discipline concerned with the collection, distribution, storage, analysis, processing, presentation of geographic data or geographic information
Wikipedia - Geo (microformat) -- Microformat to create metadata for location properties.
Wikipedia - GeoNames -- Geographical database available and accessible through various web services
Wikipedia - GEOnet Names Server -- Database of geographical objects maintained by the United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
Wikipedia - GeoPackage -- GIS data format
Wikipedia - Geophysical survey -- The systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies
Wikipedia - George Santangelo -- American genomicist and data scientist
Wikipedia - GeoServer -- Open-source geospatial data server, written in Java
Wikipedia - Geospatial metadata -- Metadata used for describing geospatial data
Wikipedia - GeoSTAC -- GIS set of spatial data and tools
Wikipedia - Geostatistics -- A branch of statistics focusing on spatial data sets
Wikipedia - Geo warping -- Adjustment of geo-referenced radar video data to be consistent with a geographical projection
Wikipedia - Ghana Open Data Initiative -- Government agency
Wikipedia - Giphy -- American online database and search engine
Wikipedia - Glacio-geological databases -- Data on glacially associated sedimentary deposits and erosional activity from former and current ice-sheets
Wikipedia - Global Biodiversity Information Facility -- Aggregator of scientific data on biodiversity; data portal
Wikipedia - GlobalData -- Data analytics and consulting firm
Wikipedia - Global Historical Climatology Network -- A database of temperature, precipitation and pressure records
Wikipedia - Global music industry market share data
Wikipedia - Global Ocean Data Analysis Project -- A synthesis project bringing together biogeochemical oceanographic data
Wikipedia - Global Terrorism Database -- Post-1970 terrorist incident database by the University of Maryland, College Park
Wikipedia - Glossary of backup terms -- List of definitions of terms and jargon related to computer data backups
Wikipedia - Glottolog -- Bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.
Wikipedia - Goddard Earth Observing System -- integrated Earth system model and data assimilation system developed at NASA's GMAO
Wikipedia - Gold (Australian TV channel) -- Australian advertorial datacasting channel
Wikipedia - Google Cloud Dataflow
Wikipedia - Google Cloud Datastore
Wikipedia - Google data centers
Wikipedia - Google Data Liberation Front
Wikipedia - Google Dataset Search -- Search engine for datasets from Google
Wikipedia - Google Fusion Tables -- Data management web service
Wikipedia - Google Public Data Explorer
Wikipedia - Google Tables -- Cloud-based collaborative database software
Wikipedia - Government database
Wikipedia - Gracenote -- American data company
Wikipedia - Grafana -- Platform for data analytics and monitoring
Wikipedia - Grand Comics Database
Wikipedia - Graph (abstract data type)
Wikipedia - GraphBLAS -- API for graph data and graph operations
Wikipedia - Graph databases
Wikipedia - Graph Database
Wikipedia - Graph database -- Database that uses mathematical graphs to store and search data
Wikipedia - Graph (data structure)
Wikipedia - Graph data structure
Wikipedia - GraphQL -- Data query language developed by Facebook
Wikipedia - Graptolithina -- Subclass of Pterobranchia in the phylum Hemichordata
Wikipedia - Great Britain Historical GIS -- Database that documents and visualises the changing human geography of the British Isles
Wikipedia - GreeNC -- Wiki-database of plant lncRNAs
Wikipedia - Green data center -- Server facility which utilizes energy-efficient technologies
Wikipedia - Greenwood statistic -- Concept in spatial data analysis
Wikipedia - Grey box model -- Mathematical data production model with limited structure
Wikipedia - Grouped data
Wikipedia - Group method of data handling
Wikipedia - Guessing -- A swift conclusion drawn from data directly at hand
Wikipedia - Guide to Pharmacology -- pharmacology database
Wikipedia - GvSIG -- Desktop application for working with geographic data
Wikipedia - GWAS catalog -- Online database of genome-wide association study results
Wikipedia - GWAS Central -- Genetic association study database
Wikipedia - Hadley Wickham -- Data scientist, developer of R software
Wikipedia - Halloween Problem -- Phenomenon with database updates where a row is updated more than once
Wikipedia - HanCinema -- Korean film and drama database
Wikipedia - Hard disk drive -- Data storage device
Wikipedia - Hardnesses of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Hard privacy technologies -- Method of protecting data
Wikipedia - Harold T. Martin III -- American citizen accused of stealing digital data from the NSA
Wikipedia - Hash function -- Type of function that maps data of arbitrary size to data of fixed size
Wikipedia - Hashtag -- Metadata tag used on social networks consisting of a number sign followed by a word or phrase
Wikipedia - Hash tree (persistent data structure)
Wikipedia - Hazardous Substances Data Bank
Wikipedia - Hazelcast -- in-memory data grid
Wikipedia - HDMI -- Proprietary interface for transmitting digital audio and video data
Wikipedia - HDR10+ -- Video technology that adds dynamic metadata to HDR10 source files
Wikipedia - HDRi (data format)
Wikipedia - HD-Rosetta -- Permanent data storage device
Wikipedia - Head-of-line blocking -- A performance-limiting phenomenon in computer network data transfer
Wikipedia - Head-up display -- Transparent display presenting data within normal sight lines of the user
Wikipedia - Health Level 7 -- Set of standards for transfer of clinical and administrative data
Wikipedia - Heap (data structure) -- Computer science data structure
Wikipedia - Heat capacities of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - HeinOnline -- Online database for legal materials
Wikipedia - Helicia subcordata -- Species of plant in the family Proteaceae endemic to Papua New Guinea
Wikipedia - Heliomata cycladata -- Species of insect, common spring moth
Wikipedia - Help:Wikidata -- Page of the Wikipedia help on Wikidata
Wikipedia - Here Technologies -- Netherlands-based mapping data company
Wikipedia - Heterogeneous database system
Wikipedia - Hex dump -- Hexadecimal view of computer data
Wikipedia - Hierarchical database model
Wikipedia - Hierarchical database
Wikipedia - Hierarchical Data Format
Wikipedia - Hierarchical data
Wikipedia - Hierarchical modulation -- Signal processing technique for multiplexing/modulating multiple data streams into one stream, where base- and enhancement-layer symbols are synchronously overplayed before transmission; used in digital TV broadcast for graceful degradation
Wikipedia - High-Level Data Link Control
Wikipedia - Hilary Mason (data scientist) -- American data scientist
Wikipedia - Hi-MD -- MiniDisc-based magneto-optical media data storage format
Wikipedia - Hitachi Data Systems
Wikipedia - HOLMES 2 -- database of the United Kingdom government for major crimes
Wikipedia - Holographic data storage
Wikipedia - HP Data Protector
Wikipedia - HP Saturn -- Family of 4-bit datapath microprocessors
Wikipedia - HSQLDB -- Java-based database engine
Wikipedia - Human-readable medium -- representation of data or information that can be naturally read by humans
Wikipedia - Human resource management system -- Software for managing human resources, [[business process]]es and data
Wikipedia - Hydrelia percandidata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Hydrogen iodide (data page) -- Chemical data page
Wikipedia - Hyperdata
Wikipedia - IBM 2321 Data Cell
Wikipedia - IBM 3592 -- Magnetic tape-based data storage format
Wikipedia - IBM Db2 Family -- Relational model database server
Wikipedia - IBM Magstar MP 3570 -- Series of tape drives and data storage media formats by IBM
Wikipedia - IBM System/23 Datamaster
Wikipedia - IBM System R -- Relational database management system, first implementation of SQL
Wikipedia - IBM Watson Studio -- Software platform for data science
Wikipedia - ICANN -- American nonprofit organization that coordinates several Internet address databases
Wikipedia - ICWATCH -- Database of LinkedIn profiles hosted by WikilLeaks
Wikipedia - ID3 -- Metadata container
Wikipedia - Idaea pallidata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - IEEE 1849 -- XML format for the interchange of high volume event data
Wikipedia - IEEE 1902.1 -- Low frequency wireless data communication protocol, also known as RuBee
Wikipedia - IEEE P1619 -- IEEE project for encryption of stored data
Wikipedia - IEEE Xplore -- Research database focused on computer science, electrical engineering, electronics, and allied fields
Wikipedia - Ilkay Altintas -- Turkish-American data and computer scientist
Wikipedia - IMDb -- Online database for movies, television, and video games
Wikipedia - Imperva -- Provider of cyber and data security products
Wikipedia - Imputation (statistics) -- Process of replacing missing data with substituted values
Wikipedia - Inceptionv3 -- Scientific data set
Wikipedia - Index (database)
Wikipedia - Indexed Database API
Wikipedia - Indian Data Relay Satellite System -- First launch due end 2020
Wikipedia - Indicator (metadata) -- Boolean value in metadata that may contain only the values true or false
Wikipedia - Inference attack -- Data mining technique
Wikipedia - InfiniDB -- Database management software company based in Frisco, Texas
Wikipedia - Infographic -- Graphic visual representations of information, data or knowledge intended to present information quickly and clearly
Wikipedia - Information art -- Emerging artforms inspired by data and information technology
Wikipedia - Information -- That which informs; the answer to a question of some kind; that from which data and knowledge can be derived
Wikipedia - InfoZoom -- Data analysis, business intelligence and data visualization software product
Wikipedia - Infrared Data Association
Wikipedia - Ingres (database)
Wikipedia - In-memory database
Wikipedia - InnoDB -- Storage engine for the MySQL database management system
Wikipedia - Inode -- Data structure describing a file-system object (e.g. file, directory) that stores the attributes and disk block location(s) of the object data
Wikipedia - Input method -- Operating system component or program that allows any data, such as keyboard strokes or mouse movements, to be received as input
Wikipedia - Instance data
Wikipedia - Integer (computer science) -- Datum of integral data type
Wikipedia - INTEGRALL -- biological database
Wikipedia - Integrated Data Store
Wikipedia - Integrated Ocean Observing System -- An organization of systems that routinely and continuously provides quality controlled data and information on current and future states of the oceans and Great Lakes
Wikipedia - Intelligence analysis -- Application of individual and collective cognitive methods to weigh data and test hypotheses within a secret socio-cultural context
Wikipedia - Intelligent database
Wikipedia - Interactive Data Language
Wikipedia - Interactive data visualization
Wikipedia - InterBase -- Relational database management system
Wikipedia - Interdata 7/32 and 8/32
Wikipedia - Interdata 8/32
Wikipedia - Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling -- Supercomputing and research data centre
Wikipedia - Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera -- Taxonomic database
Wikipedia - International Conference on Database Theory
Wikipedia - International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
Wikipedia - International Data Corporation
Wikipedia - International Data Encryption Algorithm
Wikipedia - International Data Group -- Publishing company
Wikipedia - International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining
Wikipedia - International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration
Wikipedia - International Plant Names Index -- Database of plant names
Wikipedia - International Standard Authority Data Number -- Proposed unique identifier registry for authority data entities
Wikipedia - Internet Adult Film Database -- Online database of US pornographic films and actors
Wikipedia - Internet Broadway Database -- Online database of Broadway theatre productions and their personnel
Wikipedia - Internet Movie Database
Wikipedia - Internet Movie Firearms Database
Wikipedia - Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Wikipedia - Internet traffic -- Flow of data across the Internet
Wikipedia - Interpolation -- Method for estimating new data within known data points
Wikipedia - Interrupt vector table -- Data structure
Wikipedia - Interxion -- Major European datacenter and backbone operator
Wikipedia - Intrusive research -- Gathering of data from individuals
Wikipedia - Ionization energies of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - IP header -- Supplemental data in an IP packet
Wikipedia - IP routing -- Process used to determine which path a packet or datagram can be sent
Wikipedia - IPUMS -- World's largest individual-level population database
Wikipedia - Iridium satellite constellation -- Satellite constellation providing voice and data coverage
Wikipedia - Irish Statute Book -- Irish legal website/database
Wikipedia - ISCSI -- Internet Protocol-based storage networking standard for linking data storage facilities
Wikipedia - ISO/IEC 11179 -- standard for metadata registries
Wikipedia - Isolation (database systems)
Wikipedia - Isolepis inundata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Issikiomartyria nudata -- Moth species in family Micropterigidae
Wikipedia - Jane Hunter (scientist) -- Australian data scientist
Wikipedia - Japanese Movie Database -- Online database of films and actors
Wikipedia - JASPAR -- Open-access database storing curated, non-redundant transcription factor (TF) binding profiles
Wikipedia - Java Database Connectivity
Wikipedia - Java Data Mining
Wikipedia - Java Data Objects
Wikipedia - Java Metadata Interface
Wikipedia - Jaya Chakrabarti -- British data scientist, academic and business owner
Wikipedia - Jenny Bryan -- Data scientist, developer of R software
Wikipedia - Jewish Museum of the American West -- Online database of pioneer Jews of the western United States
Wikipedia - Joe job -- A spamming technique that sends out unsolicited e-mails using spoofed sender data
Wikipedia - Joint Level Interface Protocol -- Video equipment control data standard
Wikipedia - Jon Bois -- American sports journalist, data analytics journalist, and video presenter
Wikipedia - Jordan Antiquities Database and Information System -- Computer database of antiquities in Jordan
Wikipedia - Journaling file system -- File system that keeps track of not yet committed changes in a data structure called a M-bM-^@M-^\journalM-bM-^@M-^] (usually a circular log); when a system crash or power failure occurs, such file systems can be recovered online faster with less corruption
Wikipedia - Journal of Database Management
Wikipedia - JPL Small-Body Database -- Astronomy database
Wikipedia - JSONM-bM-^FM-^RURL -- Text-based data interchange format designed for use in a URL query string
Wikipedia - JSON -- Text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange
Wikipedia - Julia Silge -- American data scientist and software engineer
Wikipedia - Kaggle -- Internet platform for data science competitions
Wikipedia - Kate Calder -- American statistician and data scientist
Wikipedia - Ken Ofori-Atta -- Ghanaian economist and co-founder of Databank
Wikipedia - Key-value database -- Data storage paradigm
Wikipedia - KH Coder -- Qualitative data analysis software
Wikipedia - Labeled data
Wikipedia - LacED -- biological database
Wikipedia - Landmap -- Former spatial data download service
Wikipedia - Landolt-Bornstein -- Collection of property data in materials science
Wikipedia - LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation -- Standard for controlling instrumentation and data acquisition instrumentation over Ethernet
Wikipedia - La sbandata -- 1974 film by Salvatore Samperi
Wikipedia - Latastia longicaudata -- Species of lizard
Wikipedia - Laurie Frick -- American data artist
Wikipedia - LDAP Data Interchange Format -- Standard plain text data interchange format for representing LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) directory content and update requests
Wikipedia - Learning object metadata
Wikipedia - Lecithocera cordata -- Species of moth in the genus Lecithocera
Wikipedia - Lecithocera cuspidata -- Species of moth in genus Lecithocera
Wikipedia - Lecithocera rotundata -- Species of moth in genus Lecithocera
Wikipedia - Legal Electronic Data Exchange Standard
Wikipedia - Legislation.gov.uk -- Official web-accessible database of the statute law of the United Kingdom
Wikipedia - Lempel-Ziv-Welch -- Universal lossless data compression algorithm
Wikipedia - LibLAS -- BSD-licensed C++ library for reading/writing ASPRS LAS lidar data
Wikipedia - Library of Efficient Data types and Algorithms
Wikipedia - Library of Latin Texts -- Database of Latin texts
Wikipedia - Linear data structure
Wikipedia - Linear interpolation -- method of curve fitting to construct new data points within the range of known data points
Wikipedia - Linear octree -- Data structure tree
Wikipedia - Linear seismic inversion -- Interpretation of seismic data using linear model
Wikipedia - Linear Tape-Open -- Magnetic tape-based data storage technology
Wikipedia - Line code -- Pattern used within a communications system to represent digital data
Wikipedia - Linguistic Data Consortium
Wikipedia - Link 16 -- NATO military tactical data exchange network
Wikipedia - Link 22 -- Military wireless data exchange standard
Wikipedia - Link analysis -- Investigative data-analysis technique
Wikipedia - Linked Data Notifications -- W3C Recommendation that describes a communications protocol
Wikipedia - Linked data structure
Wikipedia - Linked Data
Wikipedia - Linked data
Wikipedia - Linked list -- Data structure which is a linear collection of data elements, called nodes, each pointing to the next node by means of a pointer
Wikipedia - Linked Open Data
Wikipedia - List (abstract data type) -- Abstract data type used in computer science
Wikipedia - List of academic databases and search engines -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of analyses of categorical data -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of big data companies -- Wikimedia list article
Wikipedia - List of biodiversity databases -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of biological databases
Wikipedia - List of chordate orders -- All the classes and orders of phylum Chordata
Wikipedia - List of databases using MVCC -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data breaches
Wikipedia - List of data deficient amphibians -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data deficient arthropods -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data deficient birds -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data deficient fishes -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data deficient insects -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data deficient invertebrates -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data deficient mammals -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data deficient molluscs -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data deficient plants -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data deficient reptiles -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data-erasing software -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data references for chemical elements -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of datasets for machine learning research
Wikipedia - List of datasets for machine-learning research
Wikipedia - List of data structures -- Wikimedia list article
Wikipedia - List of data types of the Standard Libraries -- Wikimedia list article
Wikipedia - List of diet food creators -- Wikidata list
Wikipedia - List of Digimon Data Squad episodes -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of Evolution-Data Optimized network equipment suppliers -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of funding opportunity databases -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of games released by Data East -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of in-memory databases -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of insects in the Red Data Book of Russia -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of international databases on individual student achievement tests -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of neuroscience databases -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of online databases -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of online music databases -- Wikimedia list article
Wikipedia - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature -- Online database of prokaryotes taxonomy
Wikipedia - List of relational database management systems -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of satellite map images with missing or unclear data -- Wikimedia list article
Wikipedia - List of satellites which have provided data on Earth's magnetosphere -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures
Wikipedia - List of the vascular plants in the Red Data Book of Russia -- Wikipedia list article
Wikipedia - Load-Hit-Store -- Data dependency in a CPU
Wikipedia - Local knowledge problem -- Observation that the data required for rational economic planning are distributed among individual actors
Wikipedia - Local regression -- Moving average and polynomial regression method for smoothing data
Wikipedia - Location-based service -- General class of computer program-level services that use location data to control features
Wikipedia - Lock (database)
Wikipedia - Logbook of The World -- Amateur radio verification database
Wikipedia - Logeion -- Database for Latin and Ancient Greek dictionaries
Wikipedia - Log file -- Chronological record of computer data processing operations
Wikipedia - Logical database design technique
Wikipedia - Logical data model
Wikipedia - Lossless compression -- Data compression approach allowing perfect reconstruction of the original data
Wikipedia - Lossless data compression
Wikipedia - Lossy data compression
Wikipedia - Lossy data conversion
Wikipedia - LOTS of data
Wikipedia - Luch (satellite) -- Russian data relay system
Wikipedia - Lumiere (database) -- Database of European film box office admissions
Wikipedia - LyricWiki -- Former lyrics database
Wikipedia - Machine-readable data
Wikipedia - Machine-readable dictionary -- Dictionary stored as machine (computer) data
Wikipedia - Machine-readable medium -- Medium capable of storing data in a format readable by a mechanical device
Wikipedia - Macleaya cordata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Madatapa Managed Reserve -- Protected nature area in Georgia (country)
Wikipedia - Magnetic storage -- The storage of data in a magnetizable medium through encoded patterns of magnetization
Wikipedia - Magnetic stripe card -- Card which stores data on a stripe of magnetic material
Wikipedia - Magnetic tape data storage -- Data storage technologies that use magnetic tape
Wikipedia - Magnetic tape -- Medium used to store data in the form of magnetic fields
Wikipedia - Magnolia denudata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Main memory database
Wikipedia - Maireana pyramidata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Malmea cuspidata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Management information base -- Database used for managing the entities in a communication network
Wikipedia - Manchester code -- A line code used in early magnetic data storage and Ethernet
Wikipedia - Manhattan plot -- Method to display data used in genetic analysis
Wikipedia - Many-to-many (data model)
Wikipedia - Maria Adeodata Pisani
Wikipedia - MariaDB -- Database management system, relational, open source, community developed fork of MySQL
Wikipedia - Marine Environmental Data and Information Network -- A United Kingdom organization created to curate marine environmental data
Wikipedia - Marine isotope stage -- Alternating warm and cool periods in the Earth's paleoclimate, deduced from oxygen isotope data
Wikipedia - Market data
Wikipedia - Master data
Wikipedia - Mathematics Genealogy Project -- Web-based database for the academic genealogy of mathematicians
Wikipedia - Matrix (protocol) -- Networking protocol for real-time communication and data synchronization
Wikipedia - Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics) -- Optimality criterion in which the shortest possible tree that explains the data is considered best
Wikipedia - Maximum transmission unit -- Size of the largest network layer protocol data unit that can be communicated in a single network transaction
Wikipedia - M-CM-^Mslendingabok (genealogical database) -- Database of Icelandic genealogy
Wikipedia - MD Data
Wikipedia - Measure (data warehouse)
Wikipedia - Media (communication) -- Storage and delivering agent of information or data
Wikipedia - Median -- Middle quantile of a data set or probability distribution
Wikipedia - Media player software -- Software that can play video and audio data
Wikipedia - Media processor -- Microprocessor-based system-on-a-chip which is designed to deal with digital streaming data such as images and video in real-time
Wikipedia - Medical data breach
Wikipedia - Medium-dependent interface -- interface between a network device and the data link it communicates over
Wikipedia - Megachile cordata -- Species of leafcutter bee (Megachile)
Wikipedia - Megachile nigrocaudata -- Species of leafcutter bee (Megachile)
Wikipedia - Megachile rufocaudata -- Species of leafcutter bee (Megachile)
Wikipedia - MEGARes -- Curated antibiotic resistance gene database
Wikipedia - Melhania rotundata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Melting points of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Memory architecture -- Methods used to implement electronic computer data storage
Wikipedia - Memory card -- Small, thin and removable digital data storage device, often designed to be semi-permanently installed inside a larger device
Wikipedia - Memory (storage engine) -- Storage engine for the MySQL relational database management systems
Wikipedia - Memory -- Faculty of brain to store and retrieve data
Wikipedia - Meredith Broussard -- Data journalism professor
Wikipedia - Merkle tree -- Type of data structure
Wikipedia - Metadata (CLI)
Wikipedia - Metadata (computing)
Wikipedia - Metadata controller -- Computer data storage technology
Wikipedia - Metadata discovery
Wikipedia - Metadata modeling
Wikipedia - Metadata Object Description Schema
Wikipedia - Metadata removal tool -- Privacy protecting software
Wikipedia - Meta data
Wikipedia - Meta-data
Wikipedia - Metadata -- Data about data
Wikipedia - Microarchitectural Data Sampling -- CPU vulnerabilities
Wikipedia - Microcotyle caudata -- Species of worms
Wikipedia - Microdata (HTML)
Wikipedia - MICRO Relational Database Management System
Wikipedia - Microsoft Access -- Database manager that is part of the Microsoft Office package
Wikipedia - Microsoft Azure SQL Database
Wikipedia - Microsoft Cinemania -- Film database released annually by Microsoft between 1992 and 1997
Wikipedia - Microsoft Data Access Components -- framework
Wikipedia - Microsoft Jet Database Engine
Wikipedia - Microsoft Live Labs Pivot -- Data exploration tool by Microsoft
Wikipedia - Microsoft SQL Server Data Engine
Wikipedia - Microsoft SQL Server -- Family of database software
Wikipedia - Migration Assistant (Apple) -- macOS software utility developed by Apple that transfers data from an existing computer or full drive backup to a new computer
Wikipedia - MINAS -- Database of Metal Ions in Nucleic AcidS
Wikipedia - Miriam Hatibi -- Data analyst and activist in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Wikipedia - Misleading graph -- Graph that misrepresents data
Wikipedia - Missing data
Wikipedia - Mission 31 -- An undersea expedition organized by Fabien Cousteau in the undersea laboratory Aquarius in the Florida Keys, scuba diving to collect scientific data and IMAX footage
Wikipedia - Mitelman Database of Chromosome Aberrations and Gene Fusions in Cancer -- Medical database
Wikipedia - Mnemonist -- Person with the ability to recall large amounts of data
Wikipedia - MNIST database
Wikipedia - Mobile database
Wikipedia - Mobile data terminal
Wikipedia - Model 204 -- Database management system for IBM mainframes
Wikipedia - Mode (statistics) -- Value that appears most often in a set of data
Wikipedia - Module:Category handler/data
Wikipedia - Module:Icon/data
Wikipedia - Module:Namespace detect/data
Wikipedia - Module:WikidataIB/nolinks
Wikipedia - Module:WikidataIB/titleformats
Wikipedia - Module:WikidataIB
Wikipedia - Mohawk Data Sciences
Wikipedia - Mona Chalabi -- British data journalist
Wikipedia - MongoDB -- Cross-platform document-oriented database
Wikipedia - Mortality Medical Data System
Wikipedia - Motorcycle Hall of Fame -- American museum and database
Wikipedia - Motorola Solutions -- American data communications and telecommunications equipment provider
Wikipedia - Mount Data forest frog -- Species of amphibian
Wikipedia - Mouse Genome Database
Wikipedia - Moving average -- type of statistical measure over subsets of a dataset
Wikipedia - MRC Data -- Tracking system for music and music video sales
Wikipedia - MUBII-TB-DB -- biological database
Wikipedia - Multics Relational Data Store
Wikipedia - Multidimensional database
Wikipedia - Multilayer switch -- Network switch providing functionality beyond the data link layer
Wikipedia - Multimedia database
Wikipedia - Multi-model database -- Database management system
Wikipedia - Multiversion concurrency control -- Concurrency control method commonly used by database management systems
Wikipedia - MusicBrainz -- Online music metadata database
Wikipedia - MvirDB -- biological database
Wikipedia - MyAnimeList -- English-language anime and manga database website
Wikipedia - Myrciaria cordata -- Tree in the family Myrtaceae
Wikipedia - Myrciaria cuspidata -- Tree in the family Myrtaceae
Wikipedia - MySQL -- SQL database engine software
Wikipedia - Nadieh Bremer -- Data scientist and data visualization designer
Wikipedia - National Center for Biotechnology Information -- Database branch of the US National Library of Medicine
Wikipedia - National Centers for Environmental Information -- Active US archive of environmental data
Wikipedia - National Climatic Data Center -- Active US archive of weather data.
Wikipedia - National Crime Information Center -- US central database of crime-related information
Wikipedia - National Database > Registration Authority
Wikipedia - National Datacast -- American datacasting company
Wikipedia - National Data Corporation
Wikipedia - National Do Not Call Registry -- Telephone database in the United States
Wikipedia - National Ecological Observatory Network -- Organization providing ecological data in the United States
Wikipedia - National Geoscience Database of Iran -- Iranian Geoscience government agency
Wikipedia - National minimum dataset
Wikipedia - National Oceanographic Data Center -- One of the national environmental data centers operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Wikipedia - National Population Commission -- Principle population commission of Nigeria in response of data collection
Wikipedia - National Register Information System -- Database of properties that have been listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places
Wikipedia - National Register of Citizens for Assam -- Indian citizenship database originally by Assam state
Wikipedia - National Snow and Ice Data Center
Wikipedia - National Vulnerability Database
Wikipedia - Navigational Database
Wikipedia - Navigational database -- Database in which records or objects are found by following references from other objects
Wikipedia - Nearly raw raster data
Wikipedia - Nectandra cordata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Negative database
Wikipedia - Neo4j -- free and open-source graph database implemented in Java
Wikipedia - Neogene of the Old World -- Database related to natural history
Wikipedia - Net neutrality -- Principle that Internet service providers should treat all data equally
Wikipedia - Network-attached storage -- Computer data storage server
Wikipedia - Network database model
Wikipedia - Network database
Wikipedia - Network delay -- Time required for data to traverse a network
Wikipedia - Networking hardware -- Devices that mediate data transmission in a computer network
Wikipedia - Network packet -- Formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network
Wikipedia - Neural Network Exchange Format -- artificial neural network data exchange format
Wikipedia - Neuron Data
Wikipedia - Neuroprivacy -- Rights to privacy regarding brain imaging and analysis of neural data
Wikipedia - Newbridge Networks -- Defunct Canadian voice and data networking company
Wikipedia - New Data Seal -- A block cipher
Wikipedia - NewsBank -- News database resource
Wikipedia - New South Wales Heritage Database -- Database maintained by the Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW, Australia)
Wikipedia - NewSQL -- Relational database management with a desiree scalable performance of NoSQL, by combining OLTP plus ACID schemes
Wikipedia - NGP VAN -- privately owned voter database and web hosting service provider
Wikipedia - Nielsen Data
Wikipedia - Nielsen Holdings -- American information, data and measurement company
Wikipedia - Nimbus Data -- American computer data storage software
Wikipedia - Ninne Pelladata (1968 film) -- 1968 Telugu-language film
Wikipedia - NIST Special Publication 800-92 -- Guidelines and recommendations for securing and managing sensitive log data
Wikipedia - Nmrpipe -- Data processing software for nuclear magnetic resonance
Wikipedia - NNDB -- Online biographical database
Wikipedia - Noisy-channel coding theorem -- Limit on data transfer rate
Wikipedia - Nokia Networks -- Multinational data networking and telecommunications equipment company
Wikipedia - Nominal data
Wikipedia - Non-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing -- Method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies
Wikipedia - Nordic Data Grid Facility
Wikipedia - Nordstromia undata -- Species of hook-tip moth
Wikipedia - Normattiva -- Italian law database
Wikipedia - Norsk Data -- Norwegian computer manufacturer
Wikipedia - North-south traffic -- denotes a direction of traffic flow into and out of a data center
Wikipedia - NoSQL -- Database class for storage and retrieval of modeled data
Wikipedia - NOYB -- European data protection advocacy group
Wikipedia - NPL Data Communications Network
Wikipedia - Numerical data
Wikipedia - Nursing Minimum Data Set
Wikipedia - Nwipe -- Data erasure software
Wikipedia - NYU Center for Data Science
Wikipedia - O3b MEO -- Satellite constellation designed for telecommunications and data backhaul from remote locations
Wikipedia - OBD Memorial -- Russian government database project
Wikipedia - Object-based spatial database
Wikipedia - ObjectDatabase++
Wikipedia - Object database -- Database management system
Wikipedia - Object Data Management Group
Wikipedia - Object Data Manager
Wikipedia - ObjectDB -- Object database for Java
Wikipedia - Object-oriented database
Wikipedia - Object-relational database
Wikipedia - Ocean data acquisition system -- A set of instruments deployed at sea to collect as much meteorological and oceanographic data as possible.
Wikipedia - ODK (software) -- Open source data collection software
Wikipedia - Office for National Statistics -- United Kingdom's principal government institution in charge of statistics and census data
Wikipedia - Office of Personnel Management data breach -- Cyberattack stealing 20 million federal personnel records
Wikipedia - Offshore Leaks -- Disclosure of tax haven client data in 2013
Wikipedia - Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata -- Subspecies of the olive tree
Wikipedia - One-to-many (data model) -- relationship between entities
Wikipedia - One-to-one (data model)
Wikipedia - Online database
Wikipedia - On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences -- Online database of integer sequences
Wikipedia - Ontology-based data integration
Wikipedia - Opaque data type
Wikipedia - Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
Wikipedia - Open Compute Project -- Organization that shares designs of data center products
Wikipedia - OpenCorporates -- Database on corporate entities
Wikipedia - Open Database Connectivity -- ODBC, standard interface for accessing database systems
Wikipedia - Open Database License -- Share-alike license for databases
Wikipedia - Open Data Indices
Wikipedia - Open Data Institute
Wikipedia - Open Data Now -- 2014 book by Joel Gurin
Wikipedia - Open Data
Wikipedia - Open data -- Practice of sharing data publicly and reusably
Wikipedia - Open format -- Published specification for storing digital data
Wikipedia - Open Genealogy Alliance -- Project researching effects of copyright of genealogical data
Wikipedia - OpenLayers -- JavaScript library for displaying map data in web browsers
Wikipedia - Open Library -- Online project for book data of the Internet Archive
Wikipedia - OpenNebula -- Cloud computing platform for managing heterogeneous distributed data center infrastructures
Wikipedia - Open Rack -- Rack meant to replace 19-inch racks in data centers
Wikipedia - Open science data
Wikipedia - OpenStreetMap -- Collaboratively edited world map available under free Open Database License
Wikipedia - Openwave -- American mobile data software company
Wikipedia - Operational database
Wikipedia - Operational data store
Wikipedia - Optical disc -- Flat, usually circular disc that encodes binary data
Wikipedia - Optical jukebox -- Robotic data storage device that can automatically load and unload optical discs, such as Compact Disc, DVD, Ultra Density Optical or Blu-ray and can provide terabytes and petabytes of tertiary storage
Wikipedia - Optical storage -- Method to store and retrieve computer data using optics
Wikipedia - Oracle Big Data Appliance
Wikipedia - Oracle database
Wikipedia - Oracle Database -- Proprietary database management system
Wikipedia - Oracle Data Mining
Wikipedia - Oracle Exadata
Wikipedia - Oracle NoSQL Database
Wikipedia - Oracle Template Library -- C++ library for database access
Wikipedia - Orders of magnitude (data) -- Computer data measurements and scales.
Wikipedia - Ordinal data type
Wikipedia - Ordinal data
Wikipedia - Ordinal regression -- Regression analysis for modeling ordinal data
Wikipedia - Oregon Performance Reporting Information System -- Database of workforce system in Oregon, USA
Wikipedia - Origin (data analysis software)
Wikipedia - Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing -- Method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies
Wikipedia - Orygocera recordata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - Our World in Data -- Website that presents data and statistics of socially relevant topics
Wikipedia - Outline of databases
Wikipedia - Out-of-band data
Wikipedia - Out-of-order delivery -- Delivery of data packets in a different order from which they were sent
Wikipedia - Overfitting -- Analysis that corresponds too closely to a particular set of data and may fail to fit additional data
Wikipedia - Oxford English Corpus -- Is a text corpus and database of 21st century English
Wikipedia - Packet loss -- Transmitted data not making it to where it's supposed to go
Wikipedia - Packet switching -- Method of grouping data transmitted over a digital network into packets
Wikipedia - Palantir Technologies -- American software and services company, specializing in data analysis
Wikipedia - Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics -- Palestina's principal government institution in charge of statistics and census data
Wikipedia - Paper data storage -- Use of paper as computer memory
Wikipedia - Parallel coordinates -- Chart displaying multivariate data
Wikipedia - Parallel database
Wikipedia - Partition (database)
Wikipedia - Password cracking -- Recovering passwords from data that has been stored in or transmitted by a computer system
Wikipedia - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard -- Set of security requirements for credit card processors
Wikipedia - PC Data
Wikipedia - Pearson's chi-squared test -- evaluates how likely it is that any difference between data sets arose by chance
Wikipedia - Peek (data type operation)
Wikipedia - Peer-to-peer file sharing -- Data distribution using P2P networking technology.
Wikipedia - Perl Data Language -- Array programming library for Perl
Wikipedia - Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level -- A repository for tide gauge data used in the measurement of long-term sea level change
Wikipedia - Persistence framework -- Database middleware
Wikipedia - Persistent data structure -- Data structure that always preserves the previous version of itself when it is modified
Wikipedia - Personal data assistant
Wikipedia - Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (Singapore) -- Statute of the Parliament of Singapore
Wikipedia - Personal data -- Biographical information for identifying the identity of the person to whom it relates
Wikipedia - Personalized marketing -- Marketing strategy using data analysis to deliver individualized messages and products
Wikipedia - Peter Fox (professor) -- American data scientist
Wikipedia - Phacelia inundata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Phase-shift keying -- Type of data encoding
Wikipedia - Philidris cordata -- Species of ant
Wikipedia - Philosophy Research Index -- Indexing database
Wikipedia - Phone surveillance -- Surveillance on phone conversations, location tracking, and data monitoring of phones
Wikipedia - PhpMyAdmin -- Database administration tool
Wikipedia - Physical data model
Wikipedia - Physiotherapy Evidence Database -- Physical therapy-centered bibliographic database
Wikipedia - Pionen -- Data center in Sweden
Wikipedia - PitchBook Data
Wikipedia - Pivot table -- Table that summarizes data from another table
Wikipedia - Pixel Format -- Output format of data from digital camera
Wikipedia - Placenames Database of Ireland -- Also known as logainm.ie,
Wikipedia - Plain old data structure
Wikipedia - PlainSite -- A website dedicated to legal data transparency advocacy.
Wikipedia - Plain text -- Term for computer data consisting only of unformatted characters of readable material
Wikipedia - Plantago cordata -- species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae
Wikipedia - Plants of the World Online -- Online database of the world's plants
Wikipedia - Platyptilia sedata -- Species of plume moth
Wikipedia - Plesk -- Web hosting and data center automation software
Wikipedia - Pleurothallis quadricaudata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Point cloud -- Set of data points in three-dimensional space
Wikipedia - Police National Computer -- UK database of criminal, driving and property records
Wikipedia - Polyrhachis illaudata -- Species of ant
Wikipedia - Portable data terminal -- Electronic device used to enter or retrieve data wirelessly
Wikipedia - Portable Draughts Notation -- Computer data format for recording draughts games
Wikipedia - Postcode Address File -- British geographical database of all known Royal Mail postal addresses and postcodes
Wikipedia - Power distribution unit -- Data center power strip
Wikipedia - Power over Ethernet -- Passing of both power and data over an Ethernet cable
Wikipedia - Power Pivot -- Data analysis software tool for Microsoft Excel
Wikipedia - Power transform -- Family of functions to transform data
Wikipedia - PrecisionHawk -- Commercial drone and data company
Wikipedia - Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Atlantic -- System of moored observation buoys in the tropical Atlantic Ocean which collect meteorological and oceanographic data
Wikipedia - Prestel -- British viewdata system
Wikipedia - Pretty Easy privacy -- Data encryption application
Wikipedia - Pretty Good Privacy -- Computer program for data encryption, primarily in email
Wikipedia - Price of Weed -- User-generated price database for cannabis
Wikipedia - Primitive data type
Wikipedia - Priority queue -- Abstract data type in computer science
Wikipedia - Probabilistic database
Wikipedia - Process control block -- Data structure in the operating system kernel containing the information needed to manage a particular process
Wikipedia - Process mining -- Data mining technique
Wikipedia - Processor (computing) -- Class of electronic units for electronic data processings
Wikipedia - Product data management
Wikipedia - Programmed Data Processor -- Name used for several lines of minicomputers
Wikipedia - Programming with Big Data in R
Wikipedia - Project MUSE -- Online database of journals and ebooks
Wikipedia - PROSPERO -- Online systematic review database
Wikipedia - Protea cordata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Protein Data Bank -- International open access database of large biological molecules
Wikipedia - Pseudataenius -- Genus of beetles
Wikipedia - PubChem -- Chemical information database
Wikipedia - Public data network
Wikipedia - Public switched data network
Wikipedia - Punched tape -- Form of data storage
Wikipedia - Pure Data
Wikipedia - Purely functional data structure
Wikipedia - Quad Data Rate SRAM
Wikipedia - Quadtree -- Tree data structure in which each internal node has exactly four children
Wikipedia - QuakeML -- Flexible, extensible and modular XML representation of seismological data
Wikipedia - Qualitative Data Analysis Program -- Program at the University of Pittsburgh
Wikipedia - Qualitative data
Wikipedia - Quantified self -- Movement of people who track themselves with body-related data
Wikipedia - Quantitative data
Wikipedia - Quararibea cordata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Query throughput -- Measurement of database system performance
Wikipedia - Question-focused dataset
Wikipedia - Queue (abstract data type) -- Abstract data type
Wikipedia - Queue (data structure)
Wikipedia - Quintana Roo Speleological Survey -- A data repository for explored sites within the state of Quintana Roo
Wikipedia - Quotron -- American financial data technology company
Wikipedia - Rachel Ara -- British conceptual and data artist
Wikipedia - Rachel Binx -- American data visualizer, developer, and designer
Wikipedia - RAC: Repository of Antibiotic resistance Cassettes -- biological database
Wikipedia - Radio Data System -- Communications protocol standard for embedding small amounts of digital information in conventional FM radio broadcasts
Wikipedia - Random-access memory -- Form of computer data storage
Wikipedia - Raster graphics -- Dot matrix data structure
Wikipedia - Rate Your Music -- Online collaborative metadata database of music and film releases
Wikipedia - Rat Genome Database
Wikipedia - Rational data type
Wikipedia - Raw Data
Wikipedia - Raw data
Wikipedia - R/dataisbeautiful -- Subreddit focused on data visualization
Wikipedia - RDG: Red Data Girl
Wikipedia - Reactome -- Database of biological pathways
Wikipedia - ReadyDATA
Wikipedia - RealClearPolitics -- Political news and polling data aggregator
Wikipedia - Realm (database)
Wikipedia - Real-time database
Wikipedia - Real-time data
Wikipedia - Real-time kinematic -- Satellite navigation technique used to enhance the precision of position data
Wikipedia - REBASE (database) -- Database for DNA restriction enzymes
Wikipedia - Rebasing -- Process of modifying data based on one reference to another
Wikipedia - Reconnaissance satellite -- Satellite that covertly collects data for intelligence or military applications
Wikipedia - Record (computer science) -- Information block that is part of a database (data row)
Wikipedia - Recursive data type
Wikipedia - Redis -- Open-source in-memory key-value database
Wikipedia - Reference data
Wikipedia - RefSeq -- Database containing reference sequences of genes, proteins and transcripts
Wikipedia - Region of interest -- Samples within a data set identified for a particular purpose
Wikipedia - Registration Data Access Protocol
Wikipedia - Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances -- Database of toxicity information
Wikipedia - Relational algebra -- Theory introduced for modeling relational databases
Wikipedia - Relational database management systems
Wikipedia - Relational database management system -- DBMS that is based on the relational model
Wikipedia - Relational databases
Wikipedia - Relational Database
Wikipedia - Relational database -- Digital database whose organization is based on the relational model of data
Wikipedia - Relational data model
Wikipedia - Relational data stream management system
Wikipedia - Relational model -- Database model
Wikipedia - Relation (database)
Wikipedia - Remote Database Access -- Protocol standard for database access
Wikipedia - Repository (version control) -- Metadata storage for software revision control
Wikipedia - Representation term -- Word, or a combination of words, that semantically represent the data type (value domain) of a data element
Wikipedia - Resampling (statistics) -- Family of statistical methods based on sampling of available data
Wikipedia - Research database
Wikipedia - Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction -- System of moored observation buoys in the Indian Ocean that collects meteorological and oceanographic data
Wikipedia - Research Papers in Economics -- Bibliographic database for economics
Wikipedia - ResFinder -- biological database
Wikipedia - Resource Description Framework -- Formal language for describing data models
Wikipedia - Restrictions on geographic data in China -- Restrictions on using GPS in China
Wikipedia - Retransmission (data networks)
Wikipedia - RINEX -- Interchange format for raw satellite navigation system data
Wikipedia - Robert Simmon -- Planet Senior Data Visualization Engineer
Wikipedia - Rollback (data management)
Wikipedia - Rolls-Royce Controls and Data Services -- UK aerospace manufacturer
Wikipedia - ROM cartridge -- Digital data storage device used for the distribution and storage of video games
Wikipedia - Rope (data structure)
Wikipedia - Rotronics Wafadrive -- Magnetic tape data storage format
Wikipedia - Roud Folk Song Index -- Database of English-language folksongs
Wikipedia - Router (computing) -- Device that forwards data packets between computer networks, creating an overlay internetwork
Wikipedia - Row (database)
Wikipedia - Roy David Williams -- Physicist and data scientist
Wikipedia - RSA Data Security
Wikipedia - Rudolphine Tables -- Astronomical data
Wikipedia - Rumman Chowdhury -- Data scientist, AI specialist
Wikipedia - Rundata -- Database of runic inscriptions
Wikipedia - Saccharomyces Genome Database
Wikipedia - Safety data sheet -- System for cataloging information, potential hazards and instructions for safe use associated with a material or product
Wikipedia - Sahasra -- Vedic measure of Count data
Wikipedia - Salvia cuspidata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Sample maximum and minimum -- Greatest and least values in a statistical data sample
Wikipedia - Samuel Sinyangwe -- Data scientist and activist
Wikipedia - Sandra Wachter -- Data Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, robotics researcher
Wikipedia - Santanu Bhattacharya (data scientist)
Wikipedia - Sappinia pedata -- Species of Amoebozoa
Wikipedia - Savitzky-Golay filter -- Algorithm to smooth data points
Wikipedia - Scalable Linear Recording -- Magnetic tape data storage format
Wikipedia - Schema-agnostic databases
Wikipedia - ScienceDirect -- Website providing subscription-based access to a database of scientific and medical research
Wikipedia - Scientific Data Systems
Wikipedia - Scikit-multiflow -- Machine learning library for data streams in Python
Wikipedia - Scopula graphidata -- Species of geometer moth in subfamily Sterrhinae
Wikipedia - Scopula luridata -- Species of geometer moth in subfamily Sterrhinae
Wikipedia - Scopula nitidata -- Species of geometer moth in subfamily Sterrhinae
Wikipedia - Scopula sedataria -- Species of geometer moth in subfamily Sterrhinae
Wikipedia - Scopus -- Bibliographic database
Wikipedia - Scotopteryx luridata -- Species of moth
Wikipedia - SCSI -- Set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices
Wikipedia - SeaDataNet -- An international project of oceanography to enable the scientific community to access historical datasets owned by national data centers
Wikipedia - Seagate Technology -- American data storage company founded in 1978
Wikipedia - Sean McElwee -- American liberal activist and data scientist
Wikipedia - SeaWiFS -- A satellite-borne sensor designed to collect global ocean biological data
Wikipedia - Security Account Manager -- Windows database that stores users' passwords
Wikipedia - Security Assertion Markup Language -- XML-based format and protocol for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties
Wikipedia - Sed -- Standard UNIX utility for editing streams of data
Wikipedia - Semantic data modeling
Wikipedia - Semantic data model -- Database model
Wikipedia - Semantic Web -- Extension of the Web to facilitate data exchange
Wikipedia - Semi-structured data
Wikipedia - Sense data
Wikipedia - Sense-data
Wikipedia - Sense -- Physiological capacity of organisms that provides data for perception
Wikipedia - Sequence database
Wikipedia - Serial communication -- Type of data transfer
Wikipedia - Serialization -- Conversion process for computer data
Wikipedia - Serrata gradata -- Species of sea snail
Wikipedia - SESAM (database)
Wikipedia - Session ID -- Piece of data that identifies a network session
Wikipedia - Set (abstract data type)
Wikipedia - Set data structure
Wikipedia - Seth Stephens-Davidowitz -- American data scientist and economist
Wikipedia - Sex offender registries in the United States -- Many sex offenders in the US must register themselves on a public US government database
Wikipedia - Shadow library -- Database of content that is a copy of content that is otherwise obscured or not accessible because of paywalls or other accessibility restrictions
Wikipedia - Shailesh Datar -- Indian film, television and stage actor
Wikipedia - Shane's Chess Information Database
Wikipedia - Shannon's source coding theorem -- Establishes the limits to possible data compression
Wikipedia - Shape Data Limited -- UK software company
Wikipedia - Shard (database architecture) -- Horizontal partition of data in a database or search engine
Wikipedia - Sharing economy -- Economic and social systems that enable shared access to goods, services, data and talent
Wikipedia - Sheaf (mathematics) -- Tool to track locally defined data attached to the open sets of a topological space
Wikipedia - Shorea cuspidata -- Species of hardwood tree
Wikipedia - Shot logging -- Process of capturing metadata in a film or video shoot
Wikipedia - Shoutr -- Mobile application that allows users to transfer data between Android-powered devices
Wikipedia - Silent data corruption
Wikipedia - Silvaco Data Systems v. Intel Corp.
Wikipedia - SIMBAD -- Astronomical database
Wikipedia - Simple Authentication and Security Layer -- Framework for authentication and data security in Internet protocols
Wikipedia - Simple Features -- Standard for geographical data
Wikipedia - Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool -- Biological database
Wikipedia - Simple Ocean Data Assimilation -- An oceanic reanalysis data set consisting of gridded state variables for the global ocean
Wikipedia - Simpson's paradox -- A phenomenon in probability and statistics, in which a trend appears in groups of data but disappears when these groups are combined
Wikipedia - Single version of the truth -- Data consistency
Wikipedia - Slot time -- time it takes to send a designated amount of data from one network host to another
Wikipedia - Small data
Wikipedia - Snappy (compression) -- Fast data compression and decompression library written in C++ by Google
Wikipedia - Snowflake Inc. -- Cloud-based data-warehousing company
Wikipedia - Social data revolution
Wikipedia - Social media analytics -- Process of gathering and analyzing data from social media networks
Wikipedia - Social profiling -- Process of constructing a user's profile using his or her social data
Wikipedia - Social Security Death Index -- Database of American death records
Wikipedia - Solaria cuspidata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Solid-state drive -- Data storage device that uses no moving parts
Wikipedia - Soname -- Field of data in a shared object file
Wikipedia - Sorbus subcordata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Source data
Wikipedia - Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network -- 1960s American spacecraft communications system
Wikipedia - Spaghetti plot -- A method of viewing data to visualize possible flows through systems
Wikipedia - Spanner (database)
Wikipedia - Spanner (distributed database technology)
Wikipedia - Sparksee (graph database) -- Graph database system
Wikipedia - Sparse image -- Type of disk image file used on macOS that grows in size as the user adds data to the image
Wikipedia - Spatial database -- Database optimized for storing and querying data that represents objects defined in a geometric space
Wikipedia - Spatiotemporal database -- Database managing time and space information
Wikipedia - Species 2000 -- Federated taxonomic database system for species checklists
Wikipedia - Speeds of sound of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Spirit DataCine -- Motion picture film scanner
Wikipedia - SQLBuddy -- Database administration tool
Wikipedia - SQLite -- Serverless relational database management system (RDBMS)
Wikipedia - SQL Server Express -- Relational database management system
Wikipedia - Stack (abstract data type) -- Abstract data type
Wikipedia - Stack (data structure)
Wikipedia - Stack data structure
Wikipedia - Staging (data)
Wikipedia - Standard enthalpy change of formation (data table)
Wikipedia - Statistics -- Study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data
Wikipedia - Stats Perform -- US sports technology and data company
Wikipedia - Storage area network -- Network which provides access to consolidated, block-level data storage
Wikipedia - StorageTek tape formats -- Series of magnetic tape-based data storage formats developed, marketed and sold by StorageTek
Wikipedia - Stratoscale -- A data center software solution provider with hyperconverged infrastructure
Wikipedia - String (computer science) -- Sequence of characters, data type
Wikipedia - Structural equation modeling -- Form of causal modeling that fit networks of constructs to data
Wikipedia - Structured data analysis (statistics)
Wikipedia - Structured data
Wikipedia - Succinct data structure
Wikipedia - Summary Care Record -- Data stored about patients by the National Health Service in England
Wikipedia - Sun Modular Datacenter -- Up to 280 computer servers built into a portable 20-foot container
Wikipedia - Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
Wikipedia - Surveillance capitalism -- Economic system in which data from one's time online is collected and sold by corporations
Wikipedia - Survey data collection
Wikipedia - Swiss Media Database -- TV program
Wikipedia - Switch (company) -- American data center company
Wikipedia - Symbol table -- Data structure used by a language translator such as a compiler or Interpreter
Wikipedia - Symposium on Principles of Database Systems
Wikipedia - Synchronization (computer science) -- Concept in computer science, referring to processes, or data
Wikipedia - Synchronous Data Link Control
Wikipedia - Synthetic data -- term for generated data
Wikipedia - System Center Data Protection Manager
Wikipedia - System Center Operations Manager -- Data center monitoring system for operating systems
Wikipedia - Tableau Software -- Data visualization software company
Wikipedia - Table (database)
Wikipedia - Tabular Data Stream
Wikipedia - Tadataka Unno -- Japanese jazz pianist
Wikipedia - Tag (metadata)
Wikipedia - Tanah Datar Regency -- Regency in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Wikipedia - Taxonomic database
Wikipedia - Taxus cuspidata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Tech Data -- U.S.-based technology company
Wikipedia - Techlog -- Software for wellbore data analysis
Wikipedia - Technical indicator -- Mathematical calculation from market data to create a forecast
Wikipedia - TechTarget -- American company which offers data-driven marketing services
Wikipedia - Telecom data intelligence -- Ability in business intelligence
Wikipedia - Telemetry -- Data and measurements transferred from a remote location to receiving equipment for monitoring
Wikipedia - Teletext character set -- character set for Viewdata
Wikipedia - Temora discaudata -- Species of crustacean
Wikipedia - Template:Infobox song/sandbox -- {{year|{{wikidata|property|P577
Wikipedia - Template:Infobox song -- {{year|{{wikidata|property|P577
Wikipedia - Template:Medical resources/sandbox -- Displays important medical data that is not relevant to a general reader
Wikipedia - Template:Medical resources -- Displays important medical data that is not relevant to a general reader
Wikipedia - Template processor -- Software designed to combine templates with a data model to produce result documents
Wikipedia - Template talk:Database models
Wikipedia - Template talk:Database-software-stub
Wikipedia - Template talk:Databases
Wikipedia - Template talk:Database
Wikipedia - Template talk:Data exchange
Wikipedia - Template talk:Data model
Wikipedia - Template talk:Data structures
Wikipedia - Template talk:Data types
Wikipedia - Template talk:Data warehouses
Wikipedia - Template talk:Data
Wikipedia - Template talk:Paper data storage media
Wikipedia - Template:Wdib/doc -- Wrapper template for Module:WikidataIB
Wikipedia - Temporal database -- Database that stores information relating to past, present and future time
Wikipedia - Teradata
Wikipedia - Terminology-oriented database
Wikipedia - TerminusDB -- free and open-source graph database
Wikipedia - Terraform (software) -- Open-source software for defining and provisioning a datacenter infrastructure using configuration files
Wikipedia - Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment -- U.S. government database
Wikipedia - Terry Johnson (entrepreneur) -- Data storage engineer and entrepreneur (b. 1935, d. 2010)
Wikipedia - Test data generation
Wikipedia - Testing hypotheses suggested by the data
Wikipedia - Texas sharpshooter fallacy -- Fallacy of overemphasizing similarities and ignoring differences in data
Wikipedia - The Action Network -- Sports data and technology company
Wikipedia - The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) -- Database of medical images for cancer research
Wikipedia - The Data Incubator -- American data science education company
Wikipedia - The Green Grid -- Consortium collaborating to improve the [[resource efficiency]] of data centers
Wikipedia - The Himalayan Database -- Elizabeth Hawley's climbing statistics
Wikipedia - Theil-Sen estimator -- Statistical analysis method for fitting a line to data points
Wikipedia - Thematic analysis -- Method for analysing qualitative data
Wikipedia - The Open Definition -- Text definition of the term 'open' in the context of open content and open data
Wikipedia - The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man
Wikipedia - The Political Graveyard -- Online database of American political figures
Wikipedia - Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Thermal expansion coefficients of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Thermodynamic databases for pure substances -- Thermodynamic properties list
Wikipedia - The Terra Data -- 1980 novel by E. C. Tubb
Wikipedia - The Voyage of the Odyssey -- 5-year program conducted by Ocean Alliance which collected the first baseline data set on contaminants in the worldM-bM-^@M-^Ys oceans
Wikipedia - Thrashing (computer science) -- Computer constantly exchanging data between memory and storage leaving little capacity for productive processing
Wikipedia - Tianlian II -- Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System
Wikipedia - Tianlian I -- Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System
Wikipedia - TiDB -- NewSQL relational distributed database
Wikipedia - Tide table -- Tabulated data used for tidal prediction which show the daily times and heights of high water and low water, usually for a particular location
Wikipedia - Tilia cordata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Tillandsia denudata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Tillandsia pyramidata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Time capsule -- Cache of goods or data secured for some time to be opened at a date in the future
Wikipedia - Time/memory/data tradeoff attack
Wikipedia - Time series database -- Unordered set of n-time-series possibly of different lengths
Wikipedia - Time series -- Sequence of data points over time
Wikipedia - Toelgyfaloca circumdata -- Species of false owlet moth
Wikipedia - Tokenization (data security) -- Concept in data security
Wikipedia - Topological Data Analysis
Wikipedia - Topological data analysis -- Analysis of datasets using techniques from topology
Wikipedia - Torah database -- Electronic collection of classic Jewish texts
Wikipedia - Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System -- USA
Wikipedia - Trade Data Monitor -- Publisher of international trade data
Wikipedia - Traf-O-Data -- Early predecessor company to Microsoft
Wikipedia - Training data
Wikipedia - Transaction (database)
Wikipedia - Transaction log -- History of actions executed by a database management system
Wikipedia - Transaction Protocol Data Unit -- Computer network protocol
Wikipedia - Transform coding -- Data compression
Wikipedia - Transmission Control Protocol -- Principal protocol used to stream data across an IP network
Wikipedia - Transmission delay -- Time delay in networking caused by the data rate of a link
Wikipedia - Transparency (data compression) -- Term in data compression and psychoacoustics
Wikipedia - Transport Layer Security -- Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
Wikipedia - Transport Research International Documentation -- US transportation research database
Wikipedia - Traveller Personal Data Files -- Science-fiction role-playing game supplement
Wikipedia - Traveller Supplement 11: Library Data (N-Z) -- Science-fiction role-playing game supplement
Wikipedia - Traveller Supplement 8: Library Data (A-M) -- Science-fiction role-playing game supplement
Wikipedia - Travis Oliphant -- American data scientist
Wikipedia - Tree (data structure)
Wikipedia - Tree data structure
Wikipedia - TreeDL -- Computer code language used to create tree data structures
Wikipedia - Treemapping -- Visualisation method for hierchical data
Wikipedia - Tridrepana bicuspidata -- Species of hook-tip moth
Wikipedia - Trie -- A type of search tree data structure
Wikipedia - Trigger (database)
Wikipedia - Trove -- Australian online library database aggregator
Wikipedia - TV by the Numbers -- Web site devoted to US television ratings data
Wikipedia - Twyman's law -- The principle that anomalous data is likely to be inaccurate
Wikipedia - Tymnet -- Defunct international data communications network
Wikipedia - Tz database -- Collaborative compilation of information about the world's time zones
Wikipedia - U-CARE -- biological database
Wikipedia - Uncertain data
Wikipedia - Undamma Bottu Pedata -- 1968 film by K. Viswanath
Wikipedia - UniProt -- Database of protein sequences and functional information
Wikipedia - Unisys DMSII -- Database management system
Wikipedia - United Kingdom National DNA Database -- UK database of DNA records, established in 1995
Wikipedia - Univa Grid Engine -- Batch-queuing system to schedule resources in a data center
Wikipedia - Universal code (data compression)
Wikipedia - Unix domain socket -- Socket for exchanging data between processes executing on the same OS; similar to an Internet socket, but all communication occurs within the same OS
Wikipedia - Unmanned diving -- Diving by mechanisms under the direct or indirect control of remote human operators for observation, data collection or manipulation of the environment using on-board actuator devices
Wikipedia - Unstructured data -- Information without a formal data model
Wikipedia - Upstream (networking) -- Data transfer direction from client to server
Wikipedia - Usage data -- Data about the usage of a website
Wikipedia - USB flash drive -- Data storage device
Wikipedia - Use-define chain -- Data structure that tracks variable use and definitions
Wikipedia - User Datagram Protocol -- Principal protocol used for transmission of datagrams across an IP network
Wikipedia - Utah Data Center -- NSA data storage facility
Wikipedia - Van der Waals constants (data page) -- Table of constants for a list of gases and volatile liquids
Wikipedia - Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)
Wikipedia - Vector Map -- Vector-based collection of geographic information system (GIS) data about Earth
Wikipedia - Vector tiles -- Packets of localized geographic data in vector format
Wikipedia - Vendor-neutral data centre -- Business model
Wikipedia - Versant Object Database
Wikipedia - Very large database
Wikipedia - VFDB -- biological database
Wikipedia - Video Data Bank -- Video art distributor in Chicago, founded 1976
Wikipedia - View (database)
Wikipedia - Viewdata -- Information retrieval service and legacy system
Wikipedia - Violin plot -- Method of plotting numeric data
Wikipedia - Virtual biobank -- Online database providing biobank data
Wikipedia - Virtual LAN -- Network broadcast domain that is isolated at the data link layer
Wikipedia - Visual DataFlex
Wikipedia - Voldemort (distributed data store)
Wikipedia - Volunteered geographic information -- The harnessing of tools to create, assemble, and disseminate geographic data provided voluntarily by individual
Wikipedia - Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database -- Database at Emory University
Wikipedia - Vriesea gradata -- Species of plant
Wikipedia - Vulnerability database -- Computer security vulnerabilities
Wikipedia - Warming stripes -- Data visualization graphics of long-term trends of annual temperature anomalies
Wikipedia - Watermark (data file)
Wikipedia - Weather buoy -- Floating instrument package which collects weather and ocean data on the world's oceans
Wikipedia - Web analytics -- measurement, collection, analysis and reporting of web data
Wikipedia - Web archiving -- Process of data preservation done by collecting and saving web content
Wikipedia - Web data integration
Wikipedia - Web feed -- Data format used for providing users with frequently updated content
Wikipedia - Web scraping -- Data scraping used for extracting data from websites
Wikipedia - Web SQL Database
Wikipedia - Web traffic -- Flow of data across the Web, the largest portion of Internet traffic
Wikipedia - Westminster Digital -- British data analysis company
Wikipedia - WibiData
Wikipedia - Wikibase -- Collection of software (applications and libraries) for creating, managing and sharing structured data
Wikipedia - Wikidata -- collaboratively edited and free multilingual knowledge database and graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:Database download -- Information on downloading dumps of the wiki database
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:Database reports/User preferences -- Statistics on the user preferences of a wiki
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:Database reports -- Reports made by querying the wiki database
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:Mbabel -- Article draft generating tool based on Wikidata
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:TemplateData/Tutorial -- Wikimedia project gadget tutorial
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:Wikidata -- information page
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-08-30/Special report -- Article about Wikidata in The Signpost
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikidata -- WikiProject
Wikipedia - WikiScanner -- Defunct database linking Wikipedia edits to institutions
Wikipedia - Windows Internal Database
Wikipedia - WM-data -- Swedish IT consultancy company
Wikipedia - Women Also Know Stuff -- Database of women in political science
Wikipedia - Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
Wikipedia - Word (data type)
Wikipedia - Workplace health surveillance -- Ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and dissemination of exposure and health data on groups of workers
Wikipedia - Workshop on Algorithms and Data Structures
Wikipedia - World Atlas of Language Structures -- Database of the structures of many languages.
Wikipedia - World Database of Happiness -- Archive of research findings on subjective appreciation of life.
Wikipedia - World Ocean Atlas -- A data product of the Ocean Climate Laboratory of the National Oceanographic Data Center (U.S.)
Wikipedia - World Ocean Database Project -- An international collection of ocean profile-plankton data
Wikipedia - World Register of Marine Species -- Web-based database of marine species
Wikipedia - World Spider Catalog -- Online taxonomic database
Wikipedia - Wrapper (data mining)
Wikipedia - WXXM (data model) -- Markup language which enables the management and distribution of weather data
Wikipedia - XidML -- Data standard for the aerospace industry
Wikipedia - XML databases
Wikipedia - XML database
Wikipedia - XML/EDIFACT -- Electronic Data Interchange format
Wikipedia - XMLHttpRequest -- Web API to transfer data between a web browser and a web server
Wikipedia - XML Metadata Interchange
Wikipedia - XML Telemetric and Command Exchange -- XML based data exchange format for spacecraft telemetry and command meta-data
Wikipedia - XML -- Markup language developed by the W3C for encoding of data
Wikipedia - XZ Utils -- Lossless data compression software
Wikipedia - YAGO (database)
Wikipedia - Yago (database)
Wikipedia - Yahoo! data breaches -- Major data breaches which occurred at Yahoo!
Wikipedia - YAML -- Human-readable data serialization format
Wikipedia - Z39.50 -- Application layer communications protocol for searching and retrieving information from a database over a TCP/IP computer network
Wikipedia - Zaloni -- American data management software company
Wikipedia - Zenith Data Systems -- Computer hardware company founded by Zenith Electronics in 1979
Wikipedia - Zhenhua Data leak -- Revelation of Chinese mass surveillance activities
Wikipedia - Zipper (data structure)
Wikipedia - Zope Object Database
A leopard doesn't change his spots just because you bring him in from the jungle and try to housebreak him and turn him into a pet. He may learn to sheathe his claws in order to beg a few scraps off the dinner table, and you may teach him to be a beast of burden, but it doesn't pay to forget that he'll al ways be what he was born: a wild animal. -- George Lincoln Rockwell ::: Born: March 9, 1918; Died: August 25, 1967; Occupation: Political figure;
They should tell you when you’re born: have a suitcase heart, be ready to travel. -- --> 9 Copy quote -- Gabrielle Zevin ::: Born: October 24, 1977; Occupation: Author;
--> 81 Copy quote -- --> 81 Copy quote -- --> 47 Copy quote -- --> 42 Copy quote -- --> 53 Copy quote -- --> 35 Copy quote -- --> 29 Copy quote -- --> 28 Copy quote -- --> 29 Copy quote -- --> 20 Copy quote -- --> 13 Copy quote -- --> 28 Copy quote -- --> The deeper we penetrate, the...@@" data-id="712132" data-place="13"> 16 Copy quote -- --> 20 Copy quote -- --> 17 Copy quote -- --> 20 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 16 Copy quote -- --> 23 Copy quote -- --> 5 Copy quote -- --> 17 Copy quote -- --> 12 Copy quote -- --> 14 Copy quote -- --> 11 Copy quote -- --> 15 Copy quote -- Max Born ::: Born: December 11, 1882; Died: January 5, 1970; Occupation: Physicist;
--> 84 Copy quote -- --> 15 Copy quote -- --> 9 Copy quote -- --> 8 Copy quote -- --> 7 Copy quote -- --> 6 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 5 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 5 Copy quote -- --> 6 Copy quote -- --> 25 Copy quote -- --> 19 Copy quote -- --> 6 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 15 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 7 Copy quote -- --> 5 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- David Sanborn ::: Born: July 30, 1945; Occupation: Musician;
I believe I was impatient with unintelligent people from the moment I was born: a tragedy - for I am myself three-parts a fool. -- Mrs. Patrick Campbell ::: Born: February 9, 1865; Died: April 9, 1940; Occupation: Actress;
--> 7 Copy quote -- --> 7 Copy quote -- --> 5 Copy quote -- Theo Colborn ::: Born: March 28, 1927; Died: December 14, 2014; Occupation: Professor;
--> 225 Copy quote -- --> 369 Copy quote -- --> 310 Copy quote -- --> 114 Copy quote -- --> 194 Copy quote -- --> 237 Copy quote -- --> 159 Copy quote -- --> 166 Copy quote -- --> 162 Copy quote -- --> 139 Copy quote -- --> 126 Copy quote -- --> 84 Copy quote -- T.L. Osborn ::: Born: December 23, 1923; Died: February 14, 2013; Occupation: Author;
Yours is the light by which my spirit's born: - you are my sun, my moon, and all my stars. -- --> 132 Copy quote -- e. e. cummings ::: Born: October 14, 1894; Died: September 3, 1962; Occupation: Poet;
Christ is born: glorify Him. Christ comes from heaven: go out to meet Him. Christ descends to earth: let us be raised on high. -- --> 13 Copy quote -- Gregory of Nazianzus ::: Born: 330; Died: January 25, 390; Occupation: Saint;
Of 472 civilian occupations defined by the Department of Commerce, only six are majority immigrant (legal and illegal). These six occupations account for 1 percent of the total U.S. workforce. Many jobs often thought to be overwhelmingly done by immigrants are in fact majority native-born: 51 percent of maids are U.S.-born, as are 63 percent of butchers and meat processors, and 73 percent of janitors.
--> 20 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- Carol Orsborn ::: Born: February 2, 1948; Occupation: Author;
--> 89 Copy quote -- --> 6 Copy quote -- --> 87 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- Jim Sanborn ::: Born: 1945; Occupation: Sculptor;
--> 44 Copy quote -- --> 14 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 39 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 6 Copy quote -- --> for why we went...@@" data-id="623828" data-place="8"> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 6 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 5 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 7 Copy quote -- --> 6 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 5 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 4 Copy quote -- Craig Kilborn ::: Born: August 24, 1962; Occupation: Actor;
--> 5 Copy quote -- --> 5 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- --> 3 Copy quote -- Christoph Schonborn ::: Born: January 22, 1945; Occupation: Chaplain;
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Integral World - The Data and Methodologies of Integral Science, Kurt Koller
Integral World - Meme distribution world wide as of 2003, Global Values Network
Integral World - Meme distribution graphics, based on 2003 data of Global Values Network
Big Data in Little China
https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2014/06/data-on-gopi-krishna-and-kundalini-world.html
https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2015/03/biodata-on-blogger-robert-searle-2015.html
dedroidify.blogspot - nsa-data-center-meltdowns-force-year
https://esotericotherworlds.blogspot.com/2012/12/listing-of-data-on-metaphysics-of-mind.html
https://esotericotherworlds.blogspot.com/2019/05/biodata-on-robert-searlethe-blogger.html
wiki.auroville - Data_Management_Group
Dharmapedia - Category:Articles_which_use_infobox_templates_with_no_data_rows
Dharmapedia - Category:No_local_image_but_image_on_Wikidata
Psychology Wiki - Databases_for_psychologists
Psychology Wiki - Diseases_Database
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - science-big-data
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - sense-data
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Digimon Data Squad (2006) (2006 - 2007) - known in Japan as Digimon Savers ( Dejimon Seibzu), is the fifth anime television series of the Digimon franchise, produced by Toei Animation. The series aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 2, 2006 to March 25, 2007. An English-language version was produced by Studiopolis in conjunction w...
Red Data Girl (2013 - Current) - A 12-episode anime television series adaptation by P.A.Works aired between April and June 2013. The full anime series became available for streaming on Netflix (US) on August 1, 2015.The story revolves around Izumiko Suzuhara, a 15-year-old girl who was raised at Tamakura Shrine, which is a part of...
Godannar (2003 - 2004) - Shinkon Gattai Gdan'n!!, sold as Marriage of God & Soul Godannar!! in North America) is an anime series created by Yasuchika Nagaoka, Anime International Company and Project Godannar, which consists of IMAGICA Entertainment, Taki Corporation, KlockWorx, NTT Data Contents Planing, Sojitz and Orient...
DokiDoki! PreCure / Glitter Force Doki Doki (2013 - 2014) - literally "Heart-Pounding! Pretty Cure"), is a Japanese anime series produced by Toei Animation as the tenth installment in Izumi Todo's Pretty Cure metaseries.[5][6] The series is produced by Hiroaki Shibata, who produced Digimon Data Squad and written by Ryta Yamaguchi, who wrote the scripts for...
Cloak & Dagger(1984) - Davey Osborn is a kid who's mother died and his dad is too busy, so he begins to see his favorite hero, Jack Flack, who is a video game superspy. A FBI agent is shot and gives Davey a top-secret video game cartridge before he dies leving him in danger from criminals that want the data on the cartri...
Mom(2006) - Kelly is shipped off to Little Hope to gather data for the market research firm she works for, accompanied by Linda, her talkative, scatterbrained camera person.
Day Of The Warrior(1996) - The Legion to Ensure Total Harmony and Law (L.E.T.H.A.L.), is tracking a criminal mastermind known only as The Warrior. While investigating his combination diamond smuggling/art theft/porn production industry, the agents discover that he has cracked their secret database and has stolen the files on...
https://myanimelist.net/anime/14921/RDG__Red_Data_Girl -- Fantasy, Magic
https://myanimelist.net/anime/25567/DRAMAtical_Murder__Data_xx_Transitory --
https://myanimelist.net/anime/35326/Saint_Seiya__Gold_Saints_Data_File -- Action, Fantasy, Shounen
https://myanimelist.net/manga/19082/Appleseed_Databook
https://myanimelist.net/manga/45605/RDG__Red_Data_Girl
Blame! ::: Not Rated | 5min | Animation, Sci-Fi | TV Series (2003- ) Episode Guide 7 episodes Blame! Poster In the post-apocalyptic future, the earth is buried in an enormous mega-structure created by machines. The last hope for mankind is information on a data disc from an engineer called "Cibo." Stars: Asuka Aizawa, Tatsunori Arakawa, Kirsten Potter
Bull ::: TV-14 | 1h | Comedy, Crime, Drama | TV Series (2016 ) Season 5 Returns Monday, March 15 -- Brilliant, brash, and charming, Dr. Bull is the ultimate puppet master as he combines psychology, human intuition, and high-tech data to learn what makes jurors, attorneys, witnesses, and the accused tick.
Spy ::: 30min | Comedy | TV Series (20112012) Tim is in a custody battle with his ex-wife, when he quits his job. He applies for a job as a civil servant doing data entry, but discovers during the job interview that he has been offered a job as a trainee spy for MI5. Creator: Simeon Goulden
The Universe -- 45min | Documentary, History | TV Series (20072015) ::: This educational show explores many scientific questions and topics about the universe (Big Bang, the Sun, the planets, black holes, other galaxies, astrobiology etc.) through latest CGI, data and interviews with scientists. Stars:
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Aoi Bungaku Series -- -- Madhouse -- 12 eps -- Novel -- Drama Historical Psychological Seinen Thriller -- Aoi Bungaku Series Aoi Bungaku Series -- Ningen Shikkaku -- A high school student seeks solace in narcotics to escape the dispiritedness that has come over his life. As he goes through the different stages of his life, it culminates in the questioning of his existence in the world. -- -- Sakura no Mori no Mankai no Shita -- The adaptation of Ango Sakaguchi's literary work deals with the love story of a woman abducted by a mountain bandit. -- -- Kokoro -- While trying to fill the void in his life, a university student in Tokyo encounters a charismatic older man, whom he addresses as "Sensei," who offers him advice on life. However, the man is apprehensive to share his life experience, deepening the student's curiosity. Through this peculiar relationship, the student comes to ponder about the distance between him and his family and the growing desolation in his heart filled with ego and guilt. -- -- Hashire, Melos! -- The story portrays the unbreakable bond between two friends, Melos and Selinuntius, and their faith in protecting each other, all while dangling on a thread which hovers over death and misery. -- -- Kumo no Ito -- Kandata is a coldhearted criminal who, while being punished in Hell for his misdeeds, is noticed by the Buddha Shakyamuni. Despite maintaining a record of committing ruthless atrocities, Kandata had once shown mercy to a spider he encountered in the forest by letting it live. Moved by this, Shakyamuni offers him redemption by dropping a spider's thread into the searing pits of Hell, and it is up to Kandata to seize the opportunity. -- -- Jigokuhen -- Yoshihide is a great painter in the land ruled by Horikawa, a tyrant. Offered a commission to paint the "Buddhist Hell" by the lord, Yoshihide declines, as he cannot paint anything he has not witnessed himself. In an attempt to make Yoshihide understand the magnitude of his request, the lord tortures his subjects to provide inspiration for the artist, descending his domain into utter despair and darkness. -- -- TV - Oct 11, 2009 -- 174,861 7.74
Baldr Force Exe Resolution -- -- Satelight -- 4 eps -- Visual novel -- Action Drama Mecha Sci-Fi -- Baldr Force Exe Resolution Baldr Force Exe Resolution -- Any network runs all over the world, and the development of the information network reaches its acme. In this age, there are two developed worlds; "the real world" and "wired", or the virtual network world. -- -- Soma Toru belongs to a hacking group, Steppen Wolf, which runs around the network world freely. They attack the database of the UN forces as their last work. During this attack, he loses Nonomura Yuya, his friend as well as the team leader. Toru is arrested by the army. In exchange for letting him free, he has to work for an anti-hacker organization, the first squad of the UN Security Force Information Administration Bureau. -- -- Working for them, he is looking for the person who killed his friend, while the other members also have their own reason to fight. -- -- The three-way fights of the terrorist group, the security enterprise, and the army, continue every day. The various events occurred during the fight seem to be independent of each other at the first glance, but they're converging on one event as if they were attracted by something. -- -- Based on the game by GIGA. -- -- (Source: ANN) -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- OVA - Nov 10, 2006 -- 15,668 6.46
Digimon Adventure: Bokura no War Game! -- -- Toei Animation -- 1 ep -- Original -- Sci-Fi Adventure Comedy Kids -- Digimon Adventure: Bokura no War Game! Digimon Adventure: Bokura no War Game! -- This movie takes place after the Adventure series ends. It begins when a new Digimon Egg is found on the internet, and manages to penetrate into almost every computer system in Japan. When the egg hatches, it's identified as a new kind of Digimon, a Virus-type. It sustains itself by eating data from various system, and starts wreaking havok in Japan. As it consumes more and more data, it continues to evolve. And Taichi and Koushiro decide it's time to stop it. -- -- They're off, sending Agumon and Tentomon through the internet to fight off this new enemy. But, with the Virus controlling systems like the American military, all too soon, this digital menace may become all too real. Calling in the help of Yamato and Takeru, they hope that they can stop what's already begun, and maybe save this world a second time. -- -- (Source: AniDB) -- -- Licensor: -- Saban Entertainment -- Movie - Mar 4, 2000 -- 64,759 7.77
Digimon Adventure: -- -- Toei Animation -- 66 eps -- Other -- Action Adventure Comedy Fantasy Kids -- Digimon Adventure: Digimon Adventure: -- In the year 2020, technology is everywhere. Every digital device around the world is connected by a singular network where data travels. Unbeknownst to humans, this network has become home to life forms known as "Digimon." -- -- Fifth-grader Taichi Yagami is preparing for summer camp when strange occurrences begin in Tokyo; certain electronic systems have started going haywire. When he discovers that his sister and mother are trapped on an unstoppable train, he rushes to the nearby station. Suddenly, Taichi is transported to another world where he meets a strange creature by the name of Agumon, who somehow already knows his name. Taichi also receives a strange device called a "Digivice," which allows him to communicate with the undigitized world. -- -- Taichi discovers he is in the "Network," and virus-like Digimon are attacking the areas that maintain Tokyo’s electronic systems. It is up to Taichi and his new partner Agumon to stop these cyberattacks before the whole world is threatened by the actions of mischievous Digimon. -- -- 43,352 6.70
Digimon Adventure tri. 3: Kokuhaku -- -- Toei Animation -- 1 ep -- Original -- Action Adventure Comedy Drama -- Digimon Adventure tri. 3: Kokuhaku Digimon Adventure tri. 3: Kokuhaku -- The Chosen Children are in shock after the betrayal of Meicoomon, the digital monster who had recently joined their group alongside her human partner, Meiko Mochizuki. Koushirou Izumi is determined to diagnose the infection that took control of Meicoomon. Meanwhile, Takeru Takaishi realizes that his own partner, Patamon, is starting to exhibit alarming symptoms similar to that of other infected Digimon, like Meicoomon. -- -- Just then, the Chosen Children receive a message from the mysterious entity Homeostasis, who informs them that their world is in danger of total destruction—and the Digital World, the home of the Digimon, is too. Homeostasis plans to enact a "Reboot," which will reset all the data that makes up the Digital World and eradicate the infection. However, the Reboot will also erase the memories of all Digimon, including the Childrens' partners. Can the Chosen Children stop Meicoomon before the Reboot becomes necessary, or is this the end of their time together with their Digimon? -- -- -- Licensor: -- Shout! Factory -- Movie - Sep 24, 2016 -- 62,313 7.69
Digimon Adventure tri. 3: Kokuhaku -- -- Toei Animation -- 1 ep -- Original -- Action Adventure Comedy Drama -- Digimon Adventure tri. 3: Kokuhaku Digimon Adventure tri. 3: Kokuhaku -- The Chosen Children are in shock after the betrayal of Meicoomon, the digital monster who had recently joined their group alongside her human partner, Meiko Mochizuki. Koushirou Izumi is determined to diagnose the infection that took control of Meicoomon. Meanwhile, Takeru Takaishi realizes that his own partner, Patamon, is starting to exhibit alarming symptoms similar to that of other infected Digimon, like Meicoomon. -- -- Just then, the Chosen Children receive a message from the mysterious entity Homeostasis, who informs them that their world is in danger of total destruction—and the Digital World, the home of the Digimon, is too. Homeostasis plans to enact a "Reboot," which will reset all the data that makes up the Digital World and eradicate the infection. However, the Reboot will also erase the memories of all Digimon, including the Childrens' partners. Can the Chosen Children stop Meicoomon before the Reboot becomes necessary, or is this the end of their time together with their Digimon? -- -- Movie - Sep 24, 2016 -- 62,313 7.69
Digimon Savers -- -- Toei Animation -- 48 eps -- Original -- Adventure Comedy Drama Fantasy Shounen -- Digimon Savers Digimon Savers -- Upon meeting for the first time, undefeated street fighter Marcus Damon and renegade Digimon Agumon become friends in the most natural way possible for the knuckleheaded duo—by fighting their hearts out. The self-proclaimed "ultimate team" are recruited by a secret government organization called the Digimon Data Squad, or DATS, who had witnessed an unbelievable human fighting blow for blow with a Digimon. Their primary objective is investigating mysterious problems caused by Digimon entering the real world, and the world is currently in the midst of a crisis with Digimon appearing at an unprecedented rate. -- -- Embarking on various missions with DATS, Marcus and Agumon become colleagues with adolescent genius Thomas H. Norstein and his Digimon partner Gaoman, along with the kind-hearted Yoshino "Yoshi" Fujeda and her Digimon partner Lalamon. As the group continues to investigate the rapid increase of Digimon in their world, a darker truth begins to surface, and it is up to Marcus, Agumon, and their friends to get to the bottom of things. -- -- 73,141 6.95
Digimon Savers -- -- Toei Animation -- 48 eps -- Original -- Adventure Comedy Drama Fantasy Shounen -- Digimon Savers Digimon Savers -- Upon meeting for the first time, undefeated street fighter Marcus Damon and renegade Digimon Agumon become friends in the most natural way possible for the knuckleheaded duo—by fighting their hearts out. The self-proclaimed "ultimate team" are recruited by a secret government organization called the Digimon Data Squad, or DATS, who had witnessed an unbelievable human fighting blow for blow with a Digimon. Their primary objective is investigating mysterious problems caused by Digimon entering the real world, and the world is currently in the midst of a crisis with Digimon appearing at an unprecedented rate. -- -- Embarking on various missions with DATS, Marcus and Agumon become colleagues with adolescent genius Thomas H. Norstein and his Digimon partner Gaoman, along with the kind-hearted Yoshino "Yoshi" Fujeda and her Digimon partner Lalamon. As the group continues to investigate the rapid increase of Digimon in their world, a darker truth begins to surface, and it is up to Marcus, Agumon, and their friends to get to the bottom of things. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Flatiron Film Company -- 73,141 6.95
DRAMAtical Murder: Data_xx_Transitory -- -- NAZ -- 1 ep -- Visual novel -- Sci-Fi Psychological Drama Shounen Ai -- DRAMAtical Murder: Data_xx_Transitory DRAMAtical Murder: Data_xx_Transitory -- Data xx Transitory is the thirteenth and bonus episode of the DRAMAtical Murder animation. It features all of the bad endings from the original game. -- -- (Source: DRAMAtical Murder Wiki) -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- Special - Dec 24, 2014 -- 26,626 6.05
DRAMAtical Murder: Data_xx_Transitory -- -- NAZ -- 1 ep -- Visual novel -- Sci-Fi Psychological Drama Shounen Ai -- DRAMAtical Murder: Data_xx_Transitory DRAMAtical Murder: Data_xx_Transitory -- Data xx Transitory is the thirteenth and bonus episode of the DRAMAtical Murder animation. It features all of the bad endings from the original game. -- -- (Source: DRAMAtical Murder Wiki) -- Special - Dec 24, 2014 -- 26,626 6.05
Eve no Jikan (Movie) -- -- Studio Rikka -- 1 ep -- Original -- Sci-Fi Slice of Life -- Eve no Jikan (Movie) Eve no Jikan (Movie) -- In the Japan of the future, employing androids for various purposes is nothing out of the ordinary. However, treating androids on the same level as humans is frowned upon, and there is constant paranoia surrounding the possibility of robots defying humans, their masters. Those who appear too trustworthy of their androids are chided and labeled "dori-kei," or "android-holics." -- -- High school student Rikuo Sakisaka notices when his house droid, Sammy, starts behaving curiously—she has been leaving the house without his instruction. When he inspects the movement logs in her database, a cryptic line grabs his attention: "Are you enjoying the time of EVE?" Accompanied by his friend Masakazu Masaki, Rikuo tracks the whereabouts of his houseroid to a cafe called Time of Eve, where it is forbidden for customers to display prejudice against one another. The cafe, Rikuo realizes, is frequented by both man and machine, with no evidence to tell either apart. -- -- Each customer—from the cheerful Akiko, to a robot dangerously close to breaking down—has their own story and challenges to overcome. While Rikuo tries to reveal Sammy's intentions, he begins to question the legitimacy of the fear that drives humans to regard androids as nothing more than mere tools. -- -- -- Licensor: -- NYAV Post, Pied Piper -- Movie - Mar 6, 2010 -- 108,248 8.04
Eve no Jikan (Movie) -- -- Studio Rikka -- 1 ep -- Original -- Sci-Fi Slice of Life -- Eve no Jikan (Movie) Eve no Jikan (Movie) -- In the Japan of the future, employing androids for various purposes is nothing out of the ordinary. However, treating androids on the same level as humans is frowned upon, and there is constant paranoia surrounding the possibility of robots defying humans, their masters. Those who appear too trustworthy of their androids are chided and labeled "dori-kei," or "android-holics." -- -- High school student Rikuo Sakisaka notices when his house droid, Sammy, starts behaving curiously—she has been leaving the house without his instruction. When he inspects the movement logs in her database, a cryptic line grabs his attention: "Are you enjoying the time of EVE?" Accompanied by his friend Masakazu Masaki, Rikuo tracks the whereabouts of his houseroid to a cafe called Time of Eve, where it is forbidden for customers to display prejudice against one another. The cafe, Rikuo realizes, is frequented by both man and machine, with no evidence to tell either apart. -- -- Each customer—from the cheerful Akiko, to a robot dangerously close to breaking down—has their own story and challenges to overcome. While Rikuo tries to reveal Sammy's intentions, he begins to question the legitimacy of the fear that drives humans to regard androids as nothing more than mere tools. -- -- Movie - Mar 6, 2010 -- 108,248 8.04
Fate/Grand Order: Shinsei Entaku Ryouiki Camelot 2 - Paladin; Agateram -- -- Production I.G -- 1 ep -- Game -- Action Supernatural Magic Fantasy -- Fate/Grand Order: Shinsei Entaku Ryouiki Camelot 2 - Paladin; Agateram Fate/Grand Order: Shinsei Entaku Ryouiki Camelot 2 - Paladin; Agateram -- Part two of Fate/Grand Order: Shinsei Entaku Ryouiki Camelot - Wandering; Agateram; an adaptation of the the Sixth Holy Grail War, The Sacred Round Table Realm Camelot Singularity of Fate/Grand Order. -- -- (Source: TYPE-MOON Wiki) -- Movie - May 8, 2021 -- 29,606 N/A -- -- .hack//G.U. Trilogy -- -- CyberConnect2 -- 1 ep -- Game -- Action Fantasy Game Sci-Fi -- .hack//G.U. Trilogy .hack//G.U. Trilogy -- Based on the CyberConnect2 HIT GAME, now will be released in a CG Movie! -- -- The Movie will be placed in the storyline of each .hack//G.U. games trilogy. The story follows Haseo, a player in the online MMORPG called The World:R2 at first depicted as a PKK (Player Killer Killer) known as the "Terror of Death", a former member of the disbanded Twilight Brigade guild. Haseo encounters Azure Kite (believing him to be Tri-Edge and blaming him for what happened to Shino) but is hopelessly outmatched. Azure Kite easily defeats Haseo and Data Drains him, reducing his level from 133 to 1 and leaving him without any items, weapons, or member addresses. He is left with a mystery on his hands as to the nature of the Data Drain and why Azure Kite is in possession of such a skill. -- -- Eventually Haseo gains the "Avatar" of Skeith. Acquiring the ability to call Skeith and wield his abilities, such as Data Drain. With Skeith as his strength, Haseo begins the quest for a way to save Shino. -- -- He is seen seeking out a PK (Player Killer) known as Tri-Edge, whose victims supposedly are unable to return to The World after he PKs them. Haseo's friend, Shino, was attacked six months prior to the events of the game by Tri-Edge, and the player herself, Shino Nanao, was left in a coma. -- -- (Source: AniDB) -- -- Licensor: -- Bandai Entertainment, Funimation -- Movie - Mar 25, 2008 -- 29,585 7.13
Frame Arms Girl -- -- Studio A-CAT, Zexcs -- 12 eps -- Other -- Action Sci-Fi Slice of Life Mecha -- Frame Arms Girl Frame Arms Girl -- The story begins when Ao opens a package that arrives at her doorstep. Inside the package is Gourai, a Frame Arms Girl: a small robot capable of independent movement. Gourai is a newly-developed prototype: a Frame Arms Girl equipped with an "Artificial Self," an advanced AI that gives her a personality. Ao is the only one that has activated her. Gourai begins to gather both battle data and emotions, starting a day-to-day life with Ao, who knows nothing about Frame Arms Girls. -- -- (Source: ANN) -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- 28,905 6.41
.hack//G.U. Trilogy -- -- CyberConnect2 -- 1 ep -- Game -- Action Fantasy Game Sci-Fi -- .hack//G.U. Trilogy .hack//G.U. Trilogy -- Based on the CyberConnect2 HIT GAME, now will be released in a CG Movie! -- -- The Movie will be placed in the storyline of each .hack//G.U. games trilogy. The story follows Haseo, a player in the online MMORPG called The World:R2 at first depicted as a PKK (Player Killer Killer) known as the "Terror of Death", a former member of the disbanded Twilight Brigade guild. Haseo encounters Azure Kite (believing him to be Tri-Edge and blaming him for what happened to Shino) but is hopelessly outmatched. Azure Kite easily defeats Haseo and Data Drains him, reducing his level from 133 to 1 and leaving him without any items, weapons, or member addresses. He is left with a mystery on his hands as to the nature of the Data Drain and why Azure Kite is in possession of such a skill. -- -- Eventually Haseo gains the "Avatar" of Skeith. Acquiring the ability to call Skeith and wield his abilities, such as Data Drain. With Skeith as his strength, Haseo begins the quest for a way to save Shino. -- -- He is seen seeking out a PK (Player Killer) known as Tri-Edge, whose victims supposedly are unable to return to The World after he PKs them. Haseo's friend, Shino, was attacked six months prior to the events of the game by Tri-Edge, and the player herself, Shino Nanao, was left in a coma. -- -- (Source: AniDB) -- -- Licensor: -- Bandai Entertainment, Funimation -- Movie - Mar 25, 2008 -- 29,585 7.13
Koukaku Kidoutai Arise: Another Mission -- -- Production I.G -- 1 ep -- - -- Action Sci-Fi Police Mecha -- Koukaku Kidoutai Arise: Another Mission Koukaku Kidoutai Arise: Another Mission -- The premise of the story: "Snatch the rebel elements' secret data using the Surface! There is a leak saying that the giant coporation Ishimiya Industry will commit an act of international terrorism, and Motoko Kusanagi and the Armored Riot Police head out to seize the plug data!" -- -- (Source: ANN) -- -- A short animation for promoting Microsoft's Surface tablet in Japan. -- Special - Jun 4, 2013 -- 10,203 6.53
Kyojinzoku no Hanayome -- -- Studio Hokiboshi -- 9 eps -- Manga -- Fantasy Shounen Ai -- Kyojinzoku no Hanayome Kyojinzoku no Hanayome -- Kouichi Mizuki ends his high school basketball career on a high note, bringing his team to victory during their final match at nationals. Now free from club activities, he looks forward to spending more time socializing, maybe even finding room for romance. But fate has slightly different plans for him when a magical circle transports Kouichi to Tildant, the land of giants. -- -- Upon his arrival, Kouichi comes face-to-face with Caius Lao Bistail, the titan king and the culprit behind his summoning. Caius is overjoyed, claiming Kouichi to be his fated bride and asking him to bear his children! It soon becomes evident to Kouichi that his species, let alone gender, is not a problem as Caius pushes him down onto a lavish bed. Will Kouichi ever find romance in this relationship that is bound to end in tears? -- -- -- -- The complete edition with explicit scenes was distributed online via Comic Festa Anime Zone. The censored version was broadcast on Tokyo MX. This database entry reflects censored TV version of the anime. -- 19,067 5.26
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED MSV Astray -- -- Sunrise -- 2 eps -- Original -- Space Mecha Military Sci-Fi -- Mobile Suit Gundam SEED MSV Astray Mobile Suit Gundam SEED MSV Astray -- In the first short, Lowe Gear and the Junk Guild make a stop at an mobile suit parts auction on Earth where Lowe purchases a head taken from a modified BuCUE suit which, when attached to the arm of his Red Frame Astray, acts as a dual beam saber. Lowe tries to decrypt some combat data contained in the head, but is shortly engaged by, and goes into combat with, several ZAFT suits including a CGUE DEEP Arms. In the second short, Blue Frame pilot Gai Murakamo engages and, with the help of his fellow Serpent Tail mercenaries, traps a GINN High Mobility Type. He then faces off with the legendary Edward Harrelson, who pilots a Sword Calamity Gundam and has just finished destroying a fleet of ZAFT ships. -- -- (Source: ANN) -- OVA - Mar 1, 2004 -- 10,744 6.35
Pale Cocoon -- -- Studio Rikka -- 1 ep -- Original -- Drama Sci-Fi -- Pale Cocoon Pale Cocoon -- A future where the continuity of history has broken off, a world of enormous ruins that continues endlessly. Oceans and continents have vanished, existing only within the archives brought up from the remains. Ura works in the Archive Excavation Department, which restores and analyzes the data left behind. One day, he finds a disturbing visual record... -- -- (Source: ANN) -- OVA - Dec 10, 2005 -- 61,233 7.36
Pokemon: Senritsu no Mirage Pokemon -- -- OLM -- 1 ep -- Game -- Adventure Comedy Fantasy Kids -- Pokemon: Senritsu no Mirage Pokemon Pokemon: Senritsu no Mirage Pokemon -- Dr. Yung, an enigmatic Pokémon scientist, has developed a new Mirage system that uses computer data to resurrect extinct Pokémon, like Kabutops and Armaldo. Professor Oak, Ash and his companions show up at the Mirage Mansion at Dr. Yung's invitation, and watch a demonstration of the machine's capabilities. In the middle of a battle between Dr. Yung's Mirage Pokémon and Ash, the machine goes haywire and a Mirage Aerodactyl swoops in and kidnaps Dr. Yung. A man calling himself "The Mirage Master" appears and announces to everyone that the Mirage System can be used to create Pokémon with absolutely no weaknesses. Ash, Misty, and Professor Oak struggle to stop the madman and escape with their lives. -- -- (Source: ANN) -- -- Licensor: -- 4Kids Entertainment, The Pokemon Company International -- ONA - Oct 13, 2006 -- 24,623 6.47
RDG: Red Data Girl -- -- P.A. Works -- 12 eps -- Novel -- Fantasy Magic -- RDG: Red Data Girl RDG: Red Data Girl -- Fifteen-year-old Izumiko Suzuhara just wants to be a normal girl, but that is easier said than done. Raised in a shrine deep in the mountains, she grew up extremely sheltered and painfully shy. She also has the unfortunate tendency to destroy any electronic device simply by touching it. -- -- Despite this, she still wants to try and change her life. To mark her determination to follow through on this transformation, Izumiko begins by cutting her bangs, which shocks both her classmates and protectors. And that's only the start! Her guardian, Yukimasa Sagara, forces his son, Miyuki, to come to the mountain shrine and become Izumiko's lifelong servant and protector. Too bad Izumiko and Miyuki cannot stand each other. They have known each other since they were children, and Miyuki bullied her terribly. He simply does not understand what is so special about Izumiko. His father calls Izumiko a goddess, but that cannot be true…can it? Will Izumiko and Miyuki work past their differences? Is she actually a literal goddess? Find out in RDG: Red Data Girl! -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- TV - Apr 4, 2013 -- 97,924 6.58
RDG: Red Data Girl -- -- P.A. Works -- 12 eps -- Novel -- Fantasy Magic -- RDG: Red Data Girl RDG: Red Data Girl -- Fifteen-year-old Izumiko Suzuhara just wants to be a normal girl, but that is easier said than done. Raised in a shrine deep in the mountains, she grew up extremely sheltered and painfully shy. She also has the unfortunate tendency to destroy any electronic device simply by touching it. -- -- Despite this, she still wants to try and change her life. To mark her determination to follow through on this transformation, Izumiko begins by cutting her bangs, which shocks both her classmates and protectors. And that's only the start! Her guardian, Yukimasa Sagara, forces his son, Miyuki, to come to the mountain shrine and become Izumiko's lifelong servant and protector. Too bad Izumiko and Miyuki cannot stand each other. They have known each other since they were children, and Miyuki bullied her terribly. He simply does not understand what is so special about Izumiko. His father calls Izumiko a goddess, but that cannot be true…can it? Will Izumiko and Miyuki work past their differences? Is she actually a literal goddess? Find out in RDG: Red Data Girl! -- TV - Apr 4, 2013 -- 97,924 6.58
RD Sennou Chousashitsu -- -- Production I.G -- 26 eps -- Original -- Action Sci-Fi -- RD Sennou Chousashitsu RD Sennou Chousashitsu -- 2061 AD. Fifty years have passed since mankind developed the Network society. It was anticipated that this new infrastructure would realize a utopia where people connected with each other at the level of consciousness. However, new social problems such as personal data leaks and proliferation of manipulated information began to surface. Nevertheless, people still relied on the Network to exchange information, and proved unable to opt to abandon it. -- -- In due course, a new Network realm with more effective security measures was developed. This was called Meta Real Network, usually abbreviated as "the Metal." -- -- The Metal accommodated personal memory data within protected virtual stand-alone organic cyber enclaves called bubble shells and eventually pervaded the everyday lives of people. -- -- However, people gradually learned to release and explode their instincts within the secure environment of the Metal. The unleashed instincts pushed each individual's consciousness to drown in the sea of information and to be exposed to the pressures of desire. Meanwhile, norms and regulations continued to bind their real world lives. Thus, strange friction between the two worlds began to manifest themselves as aberrations beyond the bounds of the imaginable. -- -- Experts who challenged the deep sea of the Metal to investigate and decipher such aberrations were called cyber divers. -- -- This is a story of a cyber diver, Masamichi Haru, who investigates the incidents that lie between Reality and the Metal. -- -- (Source: Production I.G) -- 23,293 7.12
Robotics;Notes -- -- Production I.G -- 22 eps -- Visual novel -- Sci-Fi Mystery Drama Mecha School -- Robotics;Notes Robotics;Notes -- It has always been the aspiration of the Central Tanegashima High School Robotics Research Club to complete the GunPro1, a fully functioning giant robot. For years, the members of the club have contributed to its progress and it is now Akiho Senomiya's goal to finally make the dream of all the past club members become a reality. However, things are not as easy as they seem as the club lacks the funding for such a huge endeavor. Aside from that, the only other club member, Kaito Yashio, shows no interest in assisting his childhood friend and instead indulges in playing mecha-fighting games on his "PokeCom." -- -- As Kaito is in the middle of wasting his days, he receives an indecipherable message and hears a voice that seems to be drowned out by the noise of static. He searches for the source, only to realize that it came from Airi Yukifune, an AI which only exists within the augmented reality system accessible via the PokeCom. Robotic;Notes follows the story of Kaito as he discovers a peculiar report in Airi's database, one that would have disastrous consequences in the future. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- 159,591 7.34
Shingeki no Kyojin: The Final Season Part 2 -- -- - -- ? eps -- Manga -- Action Military Mystery Super Power Drama Fantasy Shounen -- Shingeki no Kyojin: The Final Season Part 2 Shingeki no Kyojin: The Final Season Part 2 -- Second part of Shingeki no Kyojin: The Final Season. -- TV - Jan ??, 2022 -- 161,248 N/A -- -- Robotics;Notes -- -- Production I.G -- 22 eps -- Visual novel -- Sci-Fi Mystery Drama Mecha School -- Robotics;Notes Robotics;Notes -- It has always been the aspiration of the Central Tanegashima High School Robotics Research Club to complete the GunPro1, a fully functioning giant robot. For years, the members of the club have contributed to its progress and it is now Akiho Senomiya's goal to finally make the dream of all the past club members become a reality. However, things are not as easy as they seem as the club lacks the funding for such a huge endeavor. Aside from that, the only other club member, Kaito Yashio, shows no interest in assisting his childhood friend and instead indulges in playing mecha-fighting games on his "PokeCom." -- -- As Kaito is in the middle of wasting his days, he receives an indecipherable message and hears a voice that seems to be drowned out by the noise of static. He searches for the source, only to realize that it came from Airi Yukifune, an AI which only exists within the augmented reality system accessible via the PokeCom. Robotic;Notes follows the story of Kaito as he discovers a peculiar report in Airi's database, one that would have disastrous consequences in the future. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- 159,591 7.34
Summer Wars -- -- Madhouse -- 1 ep -- Original -- Sci-Fi Comedy -- Summer Wars Summer Wars -- OZ, a virtual world connected to the internet, has become extremely popular worldwide as a spot for people to engage in a large variety of activities, such as playing sports or shopping, through avatars created and customized by the user. OZ also possesses a near impenetrable security due to its strong encryption, ensuring that any personal data transmitted through the networks will be kept safe in order to protect those who use it. Because of its convenient applications, the majority of society has become highly dependent on the simulated reality, even going as far as entrusting the system with bringing back the unmanned asteroid explorer, Arawashi. -- -- Kenji Koiso is a 17-year-old math genius and part-time OZ moderator who is invited by his crush Natsuki Shinohara on a summer trip. But unbeknownst to him, this adventure requires him to act as her fiancé. Shortly after arriving at Natsuki's family's estate, which is preparing for her great-grandmother's 90th birthday, he receives a strange, coded message on his cell phone from an unknown sender who challenges him to solve it. Kenji is able to crack the code, but little does he know that his math expertise has just put Earth in great danger. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation, GKIDS, Warner Bros. Japan -- Movie - Aug 1, 2009 -- 435,444 8.08
Yamato 2520 -- -- Studio Take Off -- 3 eps -- Original -- Action Military Sci-Fi Adventure -- Yamato 2520 Yamato 2520 -- Set hundreds of years after the original, Yamato 2520 chronicles the adventures of the eighteenth starship to bear the name, and its battle against the Seiren Federation. -- -- On a planet harshly ruled by the Serien Federation, a group of earth teenagers discover the ancient hulk of the Earth Federation Battleship Yamato. By stealing it's data disk the teens are able to use the Serien's own automated ship yards to construct a new Yamato. -- -- (Source: Wikipedia) -- OVA - Nov 21, 1994 -- 1,528 5.79
Yuyushiki -- -- Kinema Citrus -- 12 eps -- 4-koma manga -- Slice of Life Comedy School -- Yuyushiki Yuyushiki -- The story follows the school life of the three girls, Yuzuko, Yukari, and Yui, who join their high school's Data Processing Club. The odd friendship between the three make for wacky humor in even the most mundane of events. -- 90,418 7.38
Yuyushiki -- -- Kinema Citrus -- 12 eps -- 4-koma manga -- Slice of Life Comedy School -- Yuyushiki Yuyushiki -- The story follows the school life of the three girls, Yuzuko, Yukari, and Yui, who join their high school's Data Processing Club. The odd friendship between the three make for wacky humor in even the most mundane of events. -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- 90,418 7.38
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1-Hexene (data page)
2009 Sidekick data loss
2016 Indian Banks data breach
2017 Equifax data breach
2018 Google data breach
2018 SingHealth data breach
2020 Nintendo data leak
3D data acquisition and object reconstruction
3D optical data storage
5D optical data storage
Abradatas
Abstract data type
Abstract graphical data type
Acantharctia mundata
Acantholipes circumdata
Acasis viridata
A. caudata
Accident data recorder
Acetaldehyde (data page)
Acetic acid (data page)
Acetone (data page)
Acknowledgement (data networks)
ACM Transactions on Database Systems
Acokanthera rotundata
Acronicta retardata
Active database
ActiveX Data Objects
Adata
Adatanserin
Adata Vediya Heta Hondai
Administrative data
Adoneta bicaudata
Adriopea pallidata
Adult Film Database
Advanced Data Communication Control Procedures
Advances in Adaptive Data Analysis
Aechmea 'Fascidata'
Aeolochroma metarhodata
Aerodrome mapping database
Aerospace Data Facility-Colorado
Aerospace Data Facility-East
Aerospace Data Facility-Southwest
Aerospike (database)
A Fistful of Datas
Agentless data collection
Aggregate data
Aggregate (data warehouse)
Agriphila undata
Aid Worker Security Database
Air campaign of the UgandaTanzania War
Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay
Air data boom
Air data computer
Air data inertial reference unit
Air data module
Ajay Data
Alafia caudata
Alatanadata
Albizia inundata
Algebraic data type
Alliance Data
Alnus cordata
Alnus subcordata
Alpha Data
Alsophila caudata
Alsophila cuspidata
Alternative Splicing and Transcript Diversity database
Aluminium chloride (data page)
Amazon Relational Database Service
Ammonia (data page)
Amparo and habeas data in the Philippines
Anania cuspidata
Anathallis cuspidata
Ancillary data
Andata e ritorno
Andata e ritorno (TV series)
Annadata
Annadata (2002 film)
Anopina undata
Anthem medical data breach
Anthene quadricaudata
Antimicrobial Drug Database
AOL search data leak
Apatelodes datanoides
Aphilopota foedata
Apostolic Dataria
Applied Data Research
Applied Digital Data Systems
Aquatic toxicology databases
Arachne (archaeological database)
Aralia cordata
Architects' Data
Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project
Around the World / Kandata
Array data structure
Array data type
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party
Arts and Humanities Data Service
Ashley Madison data breach
Asia-Pacific Trade Agreements Database
Asset Description Metadata Schema
Association of Religion Data Archives
Associative model of data
Astarte undata
Astrodatabank
Astronomy Visualization Metadata
Astrophysics Data System
Atlantic Data Base for Exchange Processes at the Deep Sea Floor
Atla Religion Database
Atmospheric chemistry observational databases
Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables
Atomicity (database systems)
Atomic radii of the elements (data page)
Australasian Underwater Cultural Heritage Database
Australian Heritage Database
Australian National Bibliographic Database
Australian Research Data Commons
Australian Rock Database
Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills
Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System
Automated System for Customs Data
Automatic identification and data capture
Axinoptera turgidata
Back-end database
Banksia undata
Barcode of Life Data System
Bardatar Kisteh
Beach Volleyball Database
Beilstein database
Bento (database)
Benzoyl peroxide (data page)
Berkeley Institute for Data Science
Berman Jewish DataBank
Beta-Lactamase Database
Beta-Lactamase Database (BLAD)
Beta-Lactamase Database (BLDB)
BFI Film & TV Database
Bhaurao Datar
Bibliographic database
Big data
Big Data (band)
Big data ethics
Big Data Institute
Big Data Scoring
Big Data to Knowledge
Bigelowia nudata
Bihastina subviridata
Bihastina viridata
Binary data
BioCyc database collection
BioData Mining
Biological database
Biological data visualization
Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank
Biometric Database Law
Biomolecular Object Network Databank
Bismuth(III) oxide (data page)
Black Data Processing Associates
Blockchain-based database
Block (data storage)
Boiling points of the elements (data page)
Book:Battles of the UgandaTanzania War
Book:Databases
Book:Data structures
Boolean data type
Boric acid (data page)
Borland Database Engine
Bossiaea obcordata
Brachiaria nigropedata
Brain Imaging Data Structure
Brassia caudata
Bridge Protocol Data Unit
Bridouxia rotundata
British Oceanographic Data Centre
Bryolymnia viridata
Buddleja cordata
Building Performance Database
Bulk personal datasets
Burst mode clock and data recovery
BusinessObjects Data Integrator
Butadiene (data page)
Butanone (data page)
CAB Direct (database)
Caladenia caudata
Callidrepana gelidata
Calypso Ichthyological Database
Cambodia National and Provincial Resources Data Bank
Cambridge Structural Database
CAMPUS (database)
CanadaTaiwan relations
Canmore (database)
Cape Deveboynu, Data
Carbohydrate Structure Database
Carbon dioxide (data page)
Carbon monoxide (data page)
Cardinality (data modeling)
Carex nudata
Carmen up to Data
Casio Databank
Castanopsis cuspidata
Castilleja caudata
Catarhoe rubidata
CATH database
CBL Data Shredder
C. cuspidata
CDATA
C data types
Cellemetry Data Services
Cellular digital packet data
Central Air Data Computer
Centralized database
CEO (Data General)
Cephalota circumdata
Certificate in Data Processing
Chaetoprocta odata
Chandata aglaja
Change data capture
Charging data record
Cheilanthes caudata
Chemical database
Chemical Database Service
Chess database
Chief data officer
China Biographical Database
China Datang Corporation
China Economic Databases
Chinese National Vulnerability Database
Chlorissa viridata
Chloroclystis viridata
Chloroform (data page)
Chloromethane (data page)
Choaspes subcaudata
Chorizanthe cuspidata
Christian Film Database
Chris Wiggins (data scientist)
Chrysorabdia viridata
Circuit Switched Data
Circumpolar Health Bibliographic Database
CIRI Human Rights Data Project
City-Data
Civil Engineering Database
Clara database
Clergy of the Church of England database
Client-side persistent data
Climate Data Exchange
Climate Data Record
Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium
Clinical data management system
Clinical data repository
Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Clio pyramidata
Cloud database
Cloud Data Management Interface
Clube DataRo de Ciclismo
Clustering high-dimensional data
Cochylimorpha cuspidata
Codata
Code as data
Coenocalpe lapidata
Coleophora pallidata
Collaboration Data Objects
Collaboration Data Objects for Windows NT Server
Collection (abstract data type)
Columbia Data Center
Columbia Data Products
Column (database)
Combined Information Data Network Exchange
Command and Data modes (modem)
Commercial Data Systems
Commit (data management)
Committee on Data for Science and Technology
Commodore Datasette
Common Data Link
Common ICAO Data Interchange Network
Common Locale Data Repository
Common Operational Datasets
Communications Data Bill
Communications Data Bill 2008
Comparison and contrast of classification schemes in linguistics and metadata
Comparison of database access
Comparison of database tools
Comparison of data modeling tools
Comparison of data-serialization formats
Comparison of digital image metadata editors
Comparison of multi-model databases
Comparison of MySQL database engines
Comparison of object database management systems
Comparison of objectrelational database management systems
Comparison of relational database management systems
Comparison of wireless data standards
Composite data type
Compositional data
Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database
Compressed data structure
Compression of Genomic Sequencing Data
Compsolechia cassidata
Computational Statistics & Data Analysis
Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software
Computer data storage
Concurrent data structure
Condictio causa data causa non secuta
Confederation of European Data Protection Organisations
Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research
Configuration management database
Conflict-free replicated data type
Conserved Domain Database
Consistency (database systems)
Construction Data Company
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
Container (abstract data type)
Continuous Data Protection
Contract data requirements list
Control Data (album)
Control Data Corporation
Controllerpilot data link communications
Controversial Ohio database searches of Joe Wurzelbacher
Convention for the protection of individuals with regard to automatic processing of personal data
Cordata
Cordia subcordata
Core architecture data model
Core Data
Coreopsis nudata
Corgatha semipardata
Corona Data Systems
COSMIC cancer database
Cost database
Count data
Count key data
Cross-industry standard process for data mining
Cross-Linguistic Linked Data
Cross-sectional data
Cross-strait language database
Crude Oil Data Exchange
Crystallographic database
Crystallography Open Database
CSA (database company)
Cursor (databases)
Cuspidata
Customer data
Customer data management
Customer data platform
Cyborg data mining
Cyclanthera pedata
Cyclophora dataria
Cyclophora rotundata
Datarla, Bayburt
Dangerous (Big Data song)
Danish Film Database
Danish Geodata Agency
Dark data
Datatk
DATA
Data
Data's Day
Data3
Data8
Data access
Data access arrangement
Data access object
Data acquisition
Data activism
Data Act (Sweden)
Data administration
Data aggregation
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Data & Marketing Association
Data analysis
Data analysis expressions
Data analysis techniques for fraud detection
Data Analytics Acceleration Library
Data and object carousel
Data anonymization
Data architecture
Data as a service
Data assimilation
Data at rest
Data Authentication Algorithm
Data Axle
DATA (band)
Data bank
Databank Systems Limited
Database
Database abstraction layer
Database administration
Database administrator
Database and Collections of Information Misappropriation Act
Database application
Database caching
Database Center for Life Science
Database-centric architecture
Database connection
Database design
Database Directive
Database dump
Database encryption
Database engine
Database forensics
Database index
Database (journal)
Database journalism
Database machine
Database Management Library
Database model
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Database of Interacting Proteins
Database of Molecular Motions
Database of Salon Artists
Database preservation
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Database right
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Data Base Task Group
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Database Workbench
Data Becker
Databending
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Data binning
Data breach
Data breaches in India
Data buffer
Databus
Data cable
DataCAD
Data cap
Data Cap Integrity Act
Data capitalism
Datacard Group
Data Carrier Detect
DataCash
Datacasting
Data center
Data center bridging
Data center infrastructure efficiency
Data center management
Data center network architectures
Data center security
Datach
Data circuit-terminating equipment
Data citation
DataCite
Data clarification form
Data classification
Data classification (business intelligence)
Data cleansing
Data clump
Data cluster
Data codes for Switzerland
Data collection
Data collection system
Data collector
DATACOM/DB
Datacom Group
Data commingling
Data compaction
Data compression
Data compression symmetry
Data (computing)
Data conferencing
Data consistency
Data, context and interaction
Data control language
Data conversion
Data converter
DataCore
Data corruption
Data cube
Data culture
Data Darbar
Data deduplication
Data deficient
Data defined storage
Data definition language
Data degradation
Data dependency
Data-dependent jitter
Data Design System
Data dictionary
Data differencing
Data diffusion machine
DataDirect Networks
Data Discman
Data Discovery and Query Builder
Data Display Debugger
Data dissemination
Data Distribution Service
Data domain
Data dredging
Data drilling
Data-driven
Data-driven control system
Data-driven instruction
Data-driven journalism
Data driven marketing
Data-driven testing
DataEase
Data East
Data East USA, Inc. v. Epyx, Inc.
Data economy
Data editing
Data efficiency
Data element
Data embassy
Data encapsulation
Data Encryption Standard
Data entry clerk
Data entry (disambiguation)
Data envelopment analysis
Data erasure
Data exchange
Data exfiltration
Data Explorers
Data feed
Data file
DataFlash
DataFlex
Dataflow
Data-flow analysis
Dataflow architecture
Data-flow diagram
Dataflow programming
Datafork TrueType
Data format
Data Format Description Language
Data format management
Data for Progress
Data furnace
Data fusion
Dataganj
Dataganj (Assembly constituency)
Data General
Data General AOS
Data General Business Basic
Data General Corp. v. Digital Computer Controls, Inc.
Data General Eclipse
Data General Eclipse MV/8000
Data General Nova
Data General-One
Data generating process
Data governance
Data.gov.in
Datagram
Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
Datagram Transport Layer Security
DataGravity
Data grid
Data Gunj Bakhsh Zone
DataHand
Data haven
Datah Dawai Airport
Data, Hisar
Data hub
Datai Langkawi
Data independence
Data-independent acquisition
Dataindustrier AB
Data-informed decision-making
Data infrastructure
Data Infrastructure Building Blocks
Data integration
Data integrator
Data integrity
Data Integrity Field
Data-intensive computing
Data Intercept Technology Unit
Data Interchange Format
Data Interchange Standards Association
Data in transit
Data in use
Data I/O
Data item descriptions
DATAIX
Data journalism
Data lake
Data Language Interface
Data library
Datalight
Data link
Data link connection identifier
Data link (disambiguation)
Data link layer
Data Link Solutions
Data-Link Switching
DataLink University College
Data literacy
Data Loading and Analysis System
Data localization
Datalog
Data logger
Datalogic
Data Lords
Datalore
Data loss
Data loss prevention software
Dataman
Data management
Data management plan
Data management platform
Data manipulation language
DataMapper
Data mapper pattern
Data mapping
Data mart
Data Mask
Data masking
Datamaster
DATAmatic 1000
Datamatics
Data Matrix
Data matrix
Data merge
Datames
Data migration
Data mile
Data mining
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery
Data mining in agriculture
DataMirror
Data model
Data model (GIS)
Data modeling
Data monetization
Datamonitor
Data monitoring committee
Data monitoring switch
Datamost
DataMotion
Datam Polystar
Data mule
Datan
Datana angusii
Datana contracta
Datana drexelii
Datana integerrima
Datana major
Datana ministra
Datana perspicua
Datana ranaeceps
Datana robusta
Datanet
DATANET-30
Datang
Datang International Power Generation Company
Datang Telecom Group
Datang Town
Datang Youxia Zhuan
Datang, Zhuji
Datanomic
Datansha
DataNucleus
Dataone
DataOps
Data organization for low power
Data-oriented design
Data over signalling
DATAPAC
Data Panik Etcetera
Datapanik in the Year Zero
Data parallelism
Datapath
Data Path Acceleration Architecture
Dataphor
Datapipe
Data Plane Development Kit
DataPlay
DataPlow SAN File System
Datapoint
Datapoint 3300
Data politics
Data position measurement
Data pre-processing
Data preservation
Data Privacy Day
Data processing
Data processing (disambiguation)
Data processing system
Data processing technician
Data processing unit
Dataproducts
Data Protection Act
Data Protection Act 1998
Data Protection Act, 2012
Data Protection Act 2018
Data Protection API
Data Protection Commissioner
Data Protection Directive
Data Protection (Jersey) Law
Data Protection Officer
Data publishing
Data quality
Data Quality Act
Data Quality Campaign
Data quality firewall
Dataquest
DATAR
Dataram
Dataran Pahlawan Melaka Megamall
Data rate
Data-rate units
Datar, Cilacap
DATAR (disambiguation)
Data Recall Diamond
Data recovery
Data redundancy
Data Reference Model
Data refuge
Data re-identification
Data reliability
Data remanence
Data reporting
Data rescue
Data Resources Inc.
Data retention
Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014
Data Retention Directive
Datar Kaur
DatarMathews method for real option valuation
Datarock
Data Romance
Data room
Datarpur
Datasaab
Datasaab D2
DataSage
Data science
Data science competition platform
Data scraping
Data scrubbing
Data security
Data Security Threats Database
Data segment
Data set
Data set (IBM mainframe)
Data shadow
Data sharing
Data Sharing for Demographic Research
Datasheet
Data signaling rate
Data Smog
Datasoft
Data source
Data source name
Data sovereignty
Dataspaces
DataSpii
Data (Star Trek)
DataStax
Data steward
Data storage
Data storage tag
Data store
Datastorm Technologies
Data stream
Data stream clustering
Data stream management system
Data striping
Data strobe encoding
Data structure
Data structure alignment
Data structure diagram
Data synchronization
Data system
Data systems technician
DataTAC
Datatec
Data Technologies and Applications
Data technology
Datatel
Data terminal equipment
Data Terminal Ready
Data theft
Data transfer object
Data Transfer Project
Data transformation
Data Transformation Services
Data transformation (statistics)
Data transmission
DataTreasury
DATATRIEVE
Data type
Data Universal Numbering System
Dataupia
Data URI scheme
Data USA
Data validation
Data validation and reconciliation
Data vault
Data vault modeling
Dataveillance
Data virtualization
Data visualization
Dataware Games
Data warehouse
Data Warehouse System Electronic Surveillance Data Management System
Data (word)
DataWorks Plus
Data wrangling
Dataxoom
Data
Data Peninsula
David G. Robinson (data scientist)
Daviesia cordata
Db2 Database
D (data language specification)
Defense Data Network
Definitive diagnostic data
Delissea subcordata
Deltoplastis commodata
Department of Defense Discovery Metadata Specification
Determining the number of clusters in a data set
Deudorix ecaudata
Diablo Data Systems
Diachasmimorpha longicaudata
Dichaeta caudata
Dietary Supplements (database)
Digimon Data Squad
Digimon World Data Squad
Digital data
Digital Data Communications Message Protocol
Digital Data Storage
Digital Data Systems
Dimension Data
Dimension (data warehouse)
Dioscorea cayennensis subsp. rotundata
Diospyros cordata
Dirty data
Diseases Database
Disjoint-set data structure
Display Data Channel
Distributed Data Management Architecture
Distributed data processing
Distributed data store
Distributionalrelational database
DNA Data Bank of Japan
DNA database
DNA digital data storage
Document-oriented database
Domain driven data mining
DOME MicroDataCenter
Doodia caudata
Doryssa consolidata
DOTO Database
Double data rate
Downingia cuspidata
Draft Communications Data Bill
Draft:Santanu Bhattacharya (data scientist)
Draft:Trusted Data Protection Service
Dragon Data
Drizzle (database server)
Dummy data
Dundas Data Visualization
Durability (database systems)
Dynamic data
Dynamic Data Driven Applications Systems
Dynamic Data Exchange
Dysaethria quadricaudata
Earth Human STR Allele Frequencies Database
E caudata
Echinopsis subdenudata
ECL (data-centric programming language)
Economics of open data
Eczemotes undata
Edmundsella pedata
Education Data Exchange Network
Efficiently updatable neural network
Ejidatarios de Bonfil
Elasticity (data store)
Electron affinity (data page)
Electron configurations of the elements (data page)
Electronegativities of the elements (data page)
Electronic data
Electronic data capture
Electronic data interchange
Electronic data processing
Electronic Data Systems
Elementary, Dear Data
Embedded database
EM Data Bank
Emerdata Limited
Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database
Empress Embedded Database
Energy Citations Database
Energy Science and Technology Database
Energy Technology Data Exchange
Enhanced Data Rate
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
Ensembl genome database project
Enterprise & Data Center SSD Form Factor
Enterprise data management
Enterprise Data Modeling
Entropy (anonymous data store)
Entry Sequenced Data Set
Enypia packardata
Eois chrysocraspedata
Eois cobardata
Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation
Epidromia rotundata
Epitome (data processing)
EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
Ernstia cordata
Erwin Data Modeler
Ethanol (data page)
Eucalyptus cordata
Eukaryotic Pathogen Database
Eukaryotic Promoter Database
EU Open Data Portal
Eupithecia biviridata
Eupithecia candidata
Eupithecia expallidata
Eupithecia gelidata
Eupithecia immundata
Eupithecia nevadata
Eupithecia ochridata
Eupithecia undata
Eupterote undata
Euriphene rotundata
European Cultivated Potato Database
European Data Format
European Data Protection Supervisor
European Data Relay System
European DataWarehouse
European Marine Observation and Data Network
European Sleep Apnea Database
European Soil Database
Event data recorder
Evergestis pallidata
Evolutionary database design
Evolutionary data mining
Evolution-Data Optimized
Exact Data
Examples of data mining
Exoplanet Data Explorer
Experimental data
Explicit data graph execution
Exploratory data analysis
EXPRESS (data modeling language)
Express Data Path
Extended Data Services
Extended Display Identification Data
Extended System Configuration Data
Extensible Device Metadata
Extensible Metadata Platform
Fabula crepidata
FacebookCambridge Analytica data scandal
Facial expression databases
FAIR data
FAME (database)
Families of Structurally Similar Proteins database
Fathom: Dynamic Data Software
Favor (Vindata song)
Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information
Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner
Federal Geographic Data Committee
Federal Law on Protection of Personal Data Held by Individuals
Federal Procurement Data System
Federal Reserve Economic Data
Federated database system
Feldatal
Ferret Data Visualization and Analysis
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Ficus semicordata
Fieldata
Filago pyramidata
Financial data processor
Financial data vendor
Financial Instruments Reference Database System
Firebird (database server)
First Data
First Databank
Flagellicaudata
Flat-file database
Flight-data acquisition unit
Floating car data
Flow control (data)
Focal Point Data Risk
Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database
Food composition data
Fordata language
Formic acid (data page)
Foulum Data Center
Fraxinus cuspidata
Freebase (database)
Front Panel Data Port
Fujiwara no Tadataka
Fuldatal
Full-text database
Functional database model
Functional Requirements for Authority Data
Fundata
Gamma Data
Gavaevodata
GData
G Data CyberDefense
Gelechia mundata
Gemstone (database)
Gender, Institutions and Development Database
Genedata
General Data Format for Biomedical Signals
General Data Protection Regulation
Generalized algebraic data type
General Personal Data Protection Law
Generating Availability Data System
Generic Model Organism Database
Genomes OnLine Database
Genome Taxonomy Database
GeoBase (geospatial data)
Geographic data and information
Geographic Data Files
GEOMS Generic Earth Observation Metadata Standard
Geospatial metadata
German Emigrants Database
Glacio-geological databases
Glaphyrina caudata
Glass databases
Glenea pseudolaudata
Global Credit Data
GlobalData
Global Data Synchronization Network
Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Project
Global Research Identifier Database
Global Species Database
Glycymeris undata
Glyph (data visualization)
Gmelin database
GNU Data Language
Gold(III) chloride (data page)
Good clinical data management practice
Google Cloud Datastore
Google data centers
Google Modular Data Center
Government database
G protein-coupled receptors database
Grand Comics Database
Graph (abstract data type)
Graph database
Graphical Data Display Manager
Green data center
Group method of data handling
GS1 DataBar
Guardian (database)
Gun data computer
Habeas data
Hagnagora discordata
Hasanabad-e Yek, Saadatabad
Hayao Miyazaki's Daydream Data Notes
Hazardous Substances Data Bank
Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set
Health data
Heap (data structure)
Hekaton (database)
Heliomata cycladata
Helix (database)
Hemonia rotundata
Henry A. Wallace Police Crime Public Database
Hespagarista caudata
Heterocampa biundata
Heterogeneous database system
Hierarchical database model
Hierarchical Data Format
High-capacity data radio
Higher Education Research Data Collection
High frequency data
High-Level Data Link Control
High-speed voice and data link
Himantopterus caudata
Histone Database
Historical Marker Database
Hitachi Data Systems
Hitachi-LG Data Storage
HIV Cohorts Data Exchange Protocol
Holographic data storage
Holographic Data Storage System
HondaTate theorem
Hong Kong Movie DataBase
Houttuynia cordata
HP Data Protector
HP Performance Optimized Datacenter
HP Utility Data Center
Human Metabolome Database
Human Mortality Database
Human Protein Reference Database
Human Rights Data Analysis Group
Hydrelia percandidata
Hypercompe caudata
Hypodoxa horridata
Hypsopygia datames
IBM 1800 Data Acquisition and Control System
IBM 2321 Data Cell
IBM 7700 Data Acquisition System
IBM AN/FSQ-31 SAC Data Processing System
IBM Data Magazine
IBM InfoSphere DataStage
IBM Intelligent Printer Data Stream
IBM System/23 Datamaster
IBM WebSphere DataPower SOA Appliances
Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology
IData Pro
IEC Common Data Dictionary
IMAGE (database)
Implicit data structure
Import and export of data
Incomes Data Services
In-database processing
Indexed Database API
Indian Data Relay Satellite System
Indian Genetic Disease Database
Indian Space Science Data Centre
Individual participant data
Inductive data type
Industrial big data
Infodata Systems
Informit (database)
Infrared Data Association
Ingres (database)
In-memory database
Innodata
Inorganic Crystal Structure Database
In Tadataka
Integrated Data Store
Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System
Integration of traffic data with navigation systems
Intelligent database
Interdata
Interdata 7/32 and 8/32
International Centre for Diffraction Data
International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set
International Conference on Database Theory
International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
International Data Encryption Algorithm
International Data Group
International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining
International Material Data System
International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration
International Open Data Day
Internet Adult Film Database
Internet Data Exchange
Internet Movie Cars Database
Internet Movie Firearms Database
Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Internet Theatre Database
Investigations in Numbers, Data, and Space
Ionization energies of the elements (data page)
Iraqi Legal Database
Iris flower data set
ISC World Data System
slendingabk (genealogical database)
Isolation (database systems)
Isopropyl alcohol (data page)
Issikiomartyria nudata
IUCN Red List data deficient species (Annelida)
IUCN Red List data deficient species (Chordata)
IUCN Red List data deficient species (Cnidaria)
IUCN Red List data deficient species (Nemertina)
Jakarta Web Services Metadata
Janmadata
Japanese Movie Database
Java Database Connectivity
Java Data Mining
Java Data Objects
Java Metadata Interface
Jet Data Access Objects
Joint Committee on Atomic and Molecular Physical Data
Joint Organisations Data Initiative
Joint Probabilistic Data Association Filter
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
Journal of Database Management
Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
JPL Small-Body Database
Kaii-Ykai Densh Database
Katydata
Keydata
Key Sequenced Data Set
Keyspace (distributed data store)
Keyvalue database
Ki Database
Kids Count Data Book
Kirondatal Gold Mine
Komma caudata
Korean Movie Database
Kutubpur Datana
Kygoku Tadataka
Labdia caudata
Labeled data
La candidata
Latastia longicaudata
Law Enforcement National Data Exchange
LDAP Data Interchange Format
Learning object metadata
Lecithocera cordata
Legal Electronic Data Exchange Standard
Leiden Open Variation Database
Leuven Database of Ancient Books
Level set (data structures)
Library of Congress Linked Data Service
Lift (data mining)
Lightning Memory-Mapped Database
Limneria undata
Linatella caudata
Line information database
Linguistic Linked Open Data
Linked data
Linked data structure
Lirobarleeia gradata
List (abstract data type)
List of academic databases and search engines
List of analyses of categorical data
List of biodiversity databases
List of biological databases
List of databases for oncogenomic research
List of data breaches
List of data deficient amphibians
List of data deficient arthropods
List of data deficient fishes
List of data deficient insects
List of data deficient invertebrates
List of data deficient mammals
List of data deficient molluscs
List of data deficient plants
List of data deficient reptiles
List of data-erasing software
List of data references for chemical elements
List of datasets for machine-learning research
List of data structures
List of Digimon Data Squad episodes
List of Drosophila databases
List of funding opportunity databases
List of genealogy databases
List of GIS data sources
List of in-memory databases
List of international databases on individual student achievement tests
List of long non-coding RNA databases
List of neuroscience databases
List of online music databases
List of relational database management systems
List of satellite map images with missing or unclear data
List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures
List of the vascular plants in the Red Data Book of Russia
List of tz database time zones
Lists of database management systems
Lists of IUCN Red List data deficient species
Lithium chloride (data page)
Liverpool Data Research Associates
Lophomyrtus obcordata
Lophophelma rubroviridata
Loss of United Kingdom child benefit data (2007)
LSS Data Systems
LTPP Data Analysis Contest
Lumiere (database)
Lyclene circumdata
Lycopodiella inundata
Macaria abydata
Mac Data Recovery Guru
Machine-generated data
Machine-readable data
Macleaya cordata
Maclura tricuspidata
MAC service data unit
Madatapa Lake
Magnetic Data Acquisition System
Magnetic tape data storage
Magnolia denudata
Management Data Input/Output
Manduca undata
Manifesto Project Database
Many-to-many (data model)
MarBEF Data System
Maria Adeodata Pisani
Marine Environmental Data and Information Network
Marine Tactical Data System
Maritime data standards
Masdevallia caudata
Mask data preparation
Mass spectrometry data format
Master data
Master data management
Mastixia cuspidata
Materials database
Materials data management
Maximum engineering data rate
MD Data
Measurements of Earth Data for Environmental Analysis
Media contacts database
Medidata Solutions
Meehania cordata
Megachile cordata
Megachile rotundata
Melhania rotundata
Melting points of the elements (data page)
Menthol (data page)
Mercury (metadata search system)
Meri Yurdatapan
Mesoptila deviridata
Mesosa undata
Mesudiye, Data
Metadata
Metadata (CLI)
Metadata discovery
Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard
Metadata engine
Metadata facility for Java
Metadata Games
Metadata management
Metadata Object Description Schema
Metadata registry
Metadata removal tool
Metadata standard
Metamicroptera rotundata
Meter data management
Methanol (data page)
Microarchitectural Data Sampling
Microarray databases
Microdata
Micro data center
Microdata Corporation
Microdata (HTML)
MICRO Relational Database Management System
Microsoft Azure SQL Database
Microsoft basic data partition
Microsoft Data Access Components
Microsoft Jet Database Engine
Microsoft SQL Server Master Data Services
Microwave Data Systems
Middle Eastern Geodatabase for Antiquities (MEGA)
Mimas (data centre)
Minolops pulcherrima emendata
Missing data
Mitelman Database of Chromosome Aberrations and Gene Fusions in Cancer
Mixed-data sampling
MNIST database
Mobile database
Mobile data management strategy
Mobile data offloading
Mobile data terminal
Mocis undata
Model organism database
Modular data center
Module:Convert/documentation/conversion data
Module:Convert/documentation/conversion data/introduction
Module:Flags/LocaleData/doc
Module:Flags/MasterData/doc
Module:Interlinear/data/doc
Module:ISO 3166/data/doc
Module:Language/data/iana languages/doc
Module:Location map/data/Australia Australian Capital Territory/doc
Module:Location map/data/Australia New South Wales/doc
Module:Location map/data/Australia Northern Territory/doc
Module:Location map/data/Australia Queensland/doc
Module:Location map/data/Australia South Australia/doc
Module:Location map/data/Australia Tasmania/doc
Module:Location map/data/Australia Victoria/doc
Module:Location map/data/Australia Victoria metropolitan Melbourne/doc
Module:Location map/data/Australia Western Australia/doc
Module:Location map/data/Austria Burgenland/doc
Module:Location map/data/Austria Lower Austria/doc
Module:Location map/data/Austria Salzburg/doc
Module:Location map/data/Austria Styria/doc
Module:Location map/data/Austria Upper Austria/doc
Module:Location map/data/Austria Vorarlberg/doc
Module:Location map/data/Belgium Antwerp premetro/doc
Module:Location map/data/Bosnia and Herzegovina/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Alberta/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada British Columbia/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada British Columbia geo/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Calgary/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Edmonton/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Lethbridge/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Manitoba/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Montreal/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada New Brunswick/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Newfoundland/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Nova Scotia/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Ontario/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Prince Edward Island/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Quebec Central/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Quebec Cte-Nord Region/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Quebec/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Quebec Eastern/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Quebec Lac-Saint-Jean/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Quebec Southern/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Quebec Western/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Saskatchewan/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canada Vancouver/doc
Module:Location map/data/Canary Islands/doc
Module:Location map/data/Chile Chilo/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Chongqing/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Guangdong/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Hainan/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Hebei/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Heilongjiang/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Henan/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Hubei/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Inner Mongolia/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Jilin/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Liaoning/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Qinghai/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Shanghai/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Shanxi/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Sichuan/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Tibet/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Xinjiang/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Yunnan/doc
Module:Location map/data/China Zhejiang/doc
Module:Location map/data/Colombia Altiplano Cundiboyacense/doc
Module:Location map/data/Colombia Bogot savanna/doc
Module:Location map/data/Czech Republic/doc
Module:Location map/data/Denmark Aarhus/doc
Module:Location map/data/Denmark Faroe Islands/doc
Module:Location map/data/Earth/doc
Module:Location map/data/East Timor Dili/doc
Module:Location map/data/Eswatini/doc
Module:Location map/data/France Bretagne/doc
Module:Location map/data/France Corsica/doc
Module:Location map/data/France Paris/doc
Module:Location map/data/FRG and West Berlin/doc
Module:Location map/data/Georgia/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Baden-Wrttemberg/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Bavaria/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Berlin/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Brandenburg/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Bremen/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Frankfurt am Main/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Hamburg/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Hesse/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Karlsruhe/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Lower Saxony/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Mecklenburg-Vorpommern/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany North Rhine-Westphalia/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Rhineland-Palatinate/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Saarland/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Saxony-Anhalt/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Saxony/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Schleswig-Holstein/doc
Module:Location map/data/Germany Thuringia/doc
Module:Location map/data/Ghana Ashanti/doc
Module:Location map/data/Guatemala Guatemala Department/doc
Module:Location map/data/Guatemala Quich/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Bengaluru/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Bihar/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Chhattisgarh/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Karnataka/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Kerala/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Maharashtra/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Mumbai/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Odisha/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Puducherry/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Rajasthan/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Tamil Nadu/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Uttarakhand/doc
Module:Location map/data/India Uttar Pradesh/doc
Module:Location map/data/Indonesia Balikpapan/doc
Module:Location map/data/Indonesia Bandung/doc
Module:Location map/data/Indonesia Manado/doc
Module:Location map/data/Indonesia Surabaya/doc
Module:Location map/data/Indonesia Tanah Laut Regency/doc
Module:Location map/data/Ireland Dublin/doc
Module:Location map/data/island of Ireland/doc
Module:Location map/data/Israel Nazareth to Nitzana/doc
Module:Location map/data/Italy Abruzzo/doc
Module:Location map/data/Italy Apulia/doc
Module:Location map/data/Italy Lazio/doc
Module:Location map/data/Italy North/doc
Module:Location map/data/Italy Rome/doc
Module:Location map/data/Italy Sardinia/doc
Module:Location map/data/Italy Sicily/doc
Module:Location map/data/Italy Tuscany/doc
Module:Location map/data/Italy Venetian Lagoon/doc
Module:Location map/data/Italy Venice/doc
Module:Location map/data/Ivory Coast/doc
Module:Location map/data/Japan Kyoto city/doc
Module:Location map/data/Japan Nagano Prefecture/doc
Module:Location map/data/Japan Shimane Prefecture/doc
Module:Location map/data/Kenya Nairobi/doc
Module:Location map/data/Macau/doc
Module:Location map/data/Malaysia Penang/doc
Module:Location map/data/Marshall Islands/doc
Module:Location map/data/Mexico Baja California/doc
Module:Location map/data/Mexico Chiapas/doc
Module:Location map/data/Mexico Tamaulipas/doc
Module:Location map/data/Mexico Zacatecas/doc
Module:Location map/data/Nepal Bagmati Pradesh/doc
Module:Location map/data/Nepal Chapakot/doc
Module:Location map/data/Nepal Putalibazar/doc
Module:Location map/data/Nepal Syangja District/doc
Module:Location map/data/Netherlands ABC islands (Lesser Antilles)/doc
Module:Location map/data/New Zealand North Island/doc
Module:Location map/data/New Zealand Northland/doc
Module:Location map/data/New Zealand Taranaki/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Agder/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Akershus/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Aust-Agder/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Bouvet Island/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Finnmark/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Hordaland/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Innlandet/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Jan Mayen/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Mre og Romsdal/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Nordland/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Oppland/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Rogaland/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Troms/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Troms og Finnmark/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Trndelag/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Vestfold og Telemark/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Vestland/doc
Module:Location map/data/Norway Viken/doc
Module:Location map/data/Pakistan Balochistan/doc
Module:Location map/data/Pakistan Karachi/doc
Module:Location map/data/Pakistan Punjab/doc
Module:Location map/data/Pakistan Sindh/doc
Module:Location map/data/Poland Greater Poland Voivodeship/doc
Module:Location map/data/Poland Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship/doc
Module:Location map/data/Poland Lesser Poland Voivodeship/doc
Module:Location map/data/Poland d Voivodeship/doc
Module:Location map/data/Poland Lower Silesian Voivodeship/doc
Module:Location map/data/Poland Lublin Voivodeship/doc
Module:Location map/data/Poland Opole Voivodeship/doc
Module:Location map/data/Poland Podlaskie Voivodeship/doc
Module:Location map/data/Poland Pomeranian Voivodeship/doc
Module:Location map/data/Poland Silesian Voivodeship/doc
Module:Location map/data/Poland Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship/doc
Module:Location map/data/Poland West Pomeranian Voivodeship/doc
Module:Location map/data/Republic of North Macedonia/doc
Module:Location map/data/Russia Moscow Central/doc
Module:Location map/data/Russia Nizhny Novgorod Central/doc
Module:Location map/data/Russia North Ossetia-Alania/doc
Module:Location map/data/Sao Tome and Principe/doc
Module:Location map/data/Scotland Inverness area/doc
Module:Location map/data/Singapore Rail/doc
Module:Location map/data/South Africa Eastern Cape/doc
Module:Location map/data/South Africa Gauteng Greater Johannesburg/doc
Module:Location map/data/South Africa KwaZulu-Natal/doc
Module:Location map/data/South Africa KwaZulu-Natal Greater Durban/doc
Module:Location map/data/South Africa Western Cape Cape Town Central/doc
Module:Location map/data/South Africa Western Cape/doc
Module:Location map/data/South Africa Western Cape Greater Cape Town/doc
Module:Location map/data/South Sudan/doc
Module:Location map/data/Spain Castilla-La Mancha/doc
Module:Location map/data/Spain Catalonia/doc
Module:Location map/data/Spain Valencian Community/doc
Module:Location map/data/Suriname Paramaribo/doc
Module:Location map/data/Thailand Bangkok Metropolitan Region/doc
Module:Location map/data/UK England/doc
Module:Location map/data/UK Northern England/doc
Module:Location map/data/UK Northern Ireland/doc
Module:Location map/data/UK Scotland/doc
Module:Location map/data/UK Wales/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Arab Emirates/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Anguilla/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Ascension Island/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Bedfordshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Berkshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Bermuda/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Bristol/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom British Virgin Islands/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Buckinghamshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Cambridgeshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Cayman Islands/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Central London/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Cheshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Cornwall/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Cornwall southwest/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Cumbria/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Derbyshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Devon/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Dorset/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Durham/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom East Riding of Yorkshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom East Sussex/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Edinburgh/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Essex/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Falkland Islands/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Gloucestershire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Grand Cayman/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Greater Belfast/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Greater London/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Greater Manchester/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Hampshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Herefordshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Hertfordshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Isle of Wight/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Isles of Scilly/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Kent/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Lancashire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Leicestershire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Lincolnshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Merseyside/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Montserrat/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Norfolk/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Northamptonshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Northumberland/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom North Yorkshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Nottinghamshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Oxford (central)/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Oxfordshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Rutland/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Sheffield/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Shropshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Somerset/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Southampton/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom South Georgia/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom South Yorkshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Staffordshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Suffolk/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Surrey/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Turks and Caicos Islands/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Tyne and Wear/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Warwickshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom West Midlands/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom West Sussex/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom West Yorkshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Wiltshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Worcestershire/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Alabama/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Alaska/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA American Samoa central/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA American Samoa/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Arizona/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Arkansas/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Atlanta/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Baltimore/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA California/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA California Oakland/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Cape Cod/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Colorado/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Connecticut/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Delaware/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA District of Columbia/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Florida/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Georgia/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Guam/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Hawaii/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Idaho/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Indiana/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Iowa/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Kansas/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Kentucky/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Los Angeles Metropolitan Area/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Louisiana Baton Rouge/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Louisiana Baton Rouge Downtown/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Louisiana/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Louisiana Lafayette/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Louisiana Shreveport/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Louisiana Shreveport Downtown/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Maine/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Manhattan/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Maryland/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Massachusetts/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Metro Atlanta/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Miami/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Michigan/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Michigan Huron-Clinton Metroparks/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Minnesota/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Mississippi/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Missouri/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Montana/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Nebraska/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Nevada/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA New Hampshire/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA New Jersey/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA New Mexico/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA New York City/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA New York/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA North Carolina/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA North Dakota/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Northern Mariana Islands/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Ohio Columbus/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Ohio/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Oklahoma/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Oregon/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Oregon Portland/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Oregon Portland downtown/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Pennsylvania/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Pittsburgh/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Puerto Rico/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Rhode Island/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA South Carolina/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA South Dakota/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Tennessee/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Texas/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Utah/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Vermont/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Virgin Islands/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Washington, D.C. central/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Washington, D.C./doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Washington/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Wisconsin/doc
Module:Location map/data/USA Wyoming/doc
Module:Tabular data/doc
Module talk:WikidataIB/testing
Module:Track gauge/data/doc
Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.
Mohawk Data Sciences Corporation
Molecular Modeling Database
Monilispira bandata
Monthly Climatic Data for the World
Mortality Medical Data System
Mount Adatara
Mount Data
Mount Data forest frog
Mount Data Peace Accord
Mount Data shrew-rat
Mouse Models of Human Cancer database
Mowtowr-e Ab Ashamideni-ye Saadatabad
MPEG user data
MRC Data
Mrityudata
Mt. Data Hotel
Muhlenbergia cuspidata
Multifunction Advanced Data Link
Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database
Multi-Omics Profiling Expression Database
Multiway data analysis
MusicDNA (database)
Music ownership databases
Mustard Database
M-Xylene (data page)
Mydata (album)
Myrciaria cuspidata
Named data networking
Names Database
NAPP (database)
NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
National Archive of Computerized Data on Aging
National Center for Data Mining
National Climatic Data Center
National Database & Registration Authority
National Data Buoy Center
National Datacast
National Data Guardian for Health and Social Care
National data protection authority
National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy Government of India
National DNA Data Bank of Canada
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
National Forensic DNA Database of South Africa
National Geophysical Data Center
National Geothermal Data System
National Hip Fracture Database
National lidar dataset
National minimum dataset
National Minimum Data Set for Social Care
National Oceanographic Data Center
National Pupil Database
National Snow and Ice Data Center
National Vulnerability Database
Nautilus Data Technologies
Naval Tactical Data System
Navigational database
NCI-Nature Pathway Interaction Database
Nearby Stars Database
Neottia cordata
Nepheloleuca floridata
Network-neutral data center
Neuron Data
New York University Center for Data Science
New Zealand Nationally Significant Collections and Databases
Nexus (data format)
N-Formylmethionine (data page)
Niddatal
Ninne Pelladata
Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)
Nintendo Network Service Database
Non-native speech database
Nordic Data Grid Facility
Nordstromia undata
Norgate Data
Norsk Data
Norwegian Centre for Research Data
Norwegian Data Protection Authority
Notascea nudata
Nothocalais cuspidata
NTT Data
Nuclear data
Nuclear magnetic resonance database method
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra database
Nucras caesicaudata
Object database
Object Data Management Group
Objectrelational database
Occupy Dataran
Ocean data acquisition system
Ocotea rotundata
Octafluoropropane (data page)
Office of Personnel Management data breach
Office of the Data Protection Supervisor
Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data
Off-site data protection
Ohwia caudata
kubo Tadataka
Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata
On-board data handling
One-to-many (data model)
Online database
Ontology-based data integration
OPC Data Access
OPC Historical Data Access
Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
Open data
Open Database Connectivity
Open Database License
Open Data Buffalo
Open Data Description Language
Open data in Canada
Open Data Indices
Open data in the United Kingdom
Open Data-Link Interface
OpenDataPlane
Open Data Protocol
Open energy system databases
Open Regulatory Annotation Database
Open Source Vulnerability Database
Operational database
Operational data store
Operon database
Oracle Database
Oracle Data Guard
Oracle Exadata
Oracle metadata
Oracle Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance
Oral History Metadata Synchronizer
Orders of magnitude (data)
Ordinal data
Ordinal data type
Orientations of Proteins in Membranes database
Orientozeuzera caudata
Origin (data analysis software)
Our World in Data
Outline of databases
Out-of-band data
Oversampling and undersampling in data analysis
O-Xylene (data page)
Pacific Data Images
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
Packet data serving node
Pakistan MNP Database
Paleobiology Database
Pandemis rotundata
Panel data
PANGAEA (data library)
Papilio multicaudata
Paradata (learning resource analytics)
Paradox (database)
Parallel database
Paranerita rubidata
Parthenocissus semicordata
Parthenocissus tricuspidata
Partial likelihood methods for panel data
Particle Data Group
Partition (database)
PASCAL (database)
Passive data structure
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard
PCVC Speech Dataset
PDBbind database
Peace Data
Pedata Formation
Pedavi Datani Matokatundhi
Pendatang asing
Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access
Pericome caudata
Perl Data Language
Persistent data structure
Personal data
Personal data manager
Personal Data Protection Bill 2018
Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019
Personal data service
Personal Printer Data Stream
Petrological Database of the Ocean Floor
Phacelia inundata
Phenyldichloroarsine (data page)
Philidris cordata
Philippine Earth Data Resources Observation Center
Phosphorus tribromide (data page)
Phosphoryl chloride (data page)
Physaria obcordata
Phytoecia circumdata
Pile (abstract data type)
Pilsbryspira nodata
Pingasa pallidata
Pipeline Open Data Standard
PitchBook Data
Placenames Database of Ireland
Planetary Data System
Plantago cordata
Plant-based digital data storage
Plant Proteome Database
Platyptilia sedata
Pleurothallis cordata
Poa cuspidata
Political Database of the Americas
Polity data series
Polygala nudata
Polypoetes subcandidata
Portable Database Image
Portable data terminal
Portal of Medical Data Models
Postcode Plants Database
Preservation metadata
Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies
Primitive data type
Probabilistic data association filter
Probabilistic database
Product data management
Professional Petroleum Data Management Association
Program-associated data
Programmed Data Processor
Programming with Big Data in R
Project-Level Aid Database
Propan-1-ol (data page)
Prorella insipidata
Protein Data Bank
Protein Data Bank (file format)
Protein database
Protein structure database
Proteomics Identifications Database
Protocol data unit
Prunus subcordata
Pseudominolia gradata
Pseudopostega acidata
Pterolophia caudata
Pterolophia pseudocaudata
Public Data Group
Public data network
Public switched data network
Public Use Microdata Area
Pure Data
Purely functional data structure
P-Xylene (data page)
Pyrus cordata
QS/1 Data Systems
Quad data rate
Quad Data Rate SRAM
Quality of Data (QoD)
Quararibea cordata
Question-focused dataset
Queue (abstract data type)
Raccomandata con Ricevuta di Ritorno
RAD Data Communications
Radio Data System
Raima Database Manager
Range query (database)
Range query (data structures)
Rat Genome Database
Raw data
R (Datafin plc) v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers
Real Data Transport
Real-time data
Real-time database
Real-time Neutron Monitor Database
Real world data
REBASE (database)
Recursive data type
Red Data Book of the Russian Federation
Red Data Book of Ukraine
Red Data Girl
Red (Datarock album)
Reference data
Regional Data Exchange System
Register of data controllers
Relational database
Relational data mining
Relation (database)
Relative Record Data Set
Reliable User Datagram Protocol
Remote Database Access
Remote data capture
Remote data entry
Remote Data Services
Reptile Database
Research Data Alliance
Research data archiving
Resistance Database Initiative
Restricted Data
Restrictions on geographic data in China
Retransmission (data networks)
Retroactive data structure
Reuters Market Data System
Rhodesia alboviridata
Right of access to personal data
Riken integrated database of mammals
RNA modification database
Rollback (data management)
Roller Coaster DataBase
Rolls-Royce Controls and Data Services
Rope (data structure)
Routing Assets Database
Row (database)
Row data gateway
Ra Data
Rundata
RwandaTanzania relations
Saadatabad (disambiguation)
Saadatabad-e Lishtar
Saadatabad-e Molla Hoseyni
Saadatabad-e Olya
Saadatabad-e Sofla
Saadatabad-e Vasat
Saadatabad, Hormozgan
Saadatabad, Roshtkhar
Saadatabad, Sarvestan
Saadatabad, Semirom
Sadashir Datar
Sadatabad
Sadatabad-e Lishtar
Sadatabad, Hamadan
Safety data sheet
Salix cordata
Salvia cuspidata
Samizdata
SAML metadata
Sample and Data Relationship Format
Sampled data system
SAP NetWeaver Master Data Management
SARG database
Satellite Data System
Satellite data unit
Schema-agnostic databases
Scientific Data (journal)
Scientific Data Systems
Scincella rufocaudata
Scopula limboundata
Scopula luridata
Scopula nitidata
Scopula sedataria
Scotopteryx luridata
Scottish Built Ships database
Screening information dataset
Scylla (database)
SeaDataNet
Search data structure
Secondary data
SecureDataRecovery
Seguwantivu and Vidatamunai Wind Farms
Seismic data acquisition
Selamat Datang Monument
Semantic data model
Semantic web data space
Senna caudata
Sense data
Sequence database
Serixia sedata
Service Data Objects
Service data point
Service data unit
SESAM (database)
Set (abstract data type)
Shailesh Datar
Shane's Chess Information Database
Shape Data Limited
Shard (database architecture)
Shielded data link connector
Shock and vibration data logger
Shorea cuspidata
ShowBIZ Data
Sidalcea pedata
SILVA ribosomal RNA database
Simple Ocean Data Assimilation
Simple Sloppy Semantic Database
Single-source data
SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, Iraq 19731990
Skldatal
SKIDATA
Small Data
Small Molecule Pathway Database
Smart card application protocol data unit
Smart onboard data interface module
Smile (data interchange format)
SNV calling from NGS data
Social data analysis
Sodium sulfate (data page)
Software Package Data Exchange
Somatina subviridata
Source Code in Database
South African Spatial Data Infrastructure
Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network
Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System
Spanish Data Protection Agency
Spanner (database)
Sparksee (graph database)
Spatial database
Spatial Data File
Spatial data infrastructure
Spatial Data Transfer Standard
Spatiotemporal database
Special Envoy on Intelligence and Law Enforcement Data Sharing
Special Interest Group on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
Spectral Database for Organic Compounds
Sphecodina caudata
SPIN bibliographic database
Spirit DataCine
SRTM Water Body Data
Stack (abstract data type)
Standard electrode potential (data page)
Standard for Exchange of Non-clinical Data
Standards for Reporting Enzymology Data
Standard Test Data Format
Star Wars Databank
Stellar Data Recovery for Mac
Stellar Data Recovery for Windows
Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology
Stock market data systems
Storm Data
Structural Classification of Proteins database
Structured data analysis
Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators 14501950
Suicide Attack Database
Sun Modular Datacenter
Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios
Superbase (database)
Superfamily database
Surrogate data
Survey data collection
uwardata
Svensk mediedatabas
Swedish Data Protection Authority
Swedish Film Database
Swertia cordata
Switched Multi-megabit Data Service
Symbolic data analysis
Symposium on Principles of Database Systems
Synanthedon flavicaudata
Synchronous Data Flow
Synchronous Data Link Control
Synthetic data
System Center Data Protection Manager
System Independent Data Format
Tabernaemontana cuspidata
Table (database)
Table data gateway
Tabular Data Stream
Tactical data link
Tag (metadata)
Talk:Data Darbar
Talk:Datawarehousing
TALON (database)
Tanah Datar Regency
Tandberg Data
Tandem Repeats Database
Taxonomic database
Taxus cuspidata
T. cuspidata
Tech Data
Technical data management system
TE Data
Telecom data intelligence
Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Act 2015
Telephone and Data Systems
Telfairia pedata
Telosma cordata
Temporal database
Tephritid Workers Database
Teraco Data Environments
Teradata
Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment
Terrorist Screening Database
Test data
Test data exclusivity
Testing hypotheses suggested by the data
Tethys (database)
The Big Cartoon DataBase
The Center of Applied Data Science
The Data Incubator
The Human-Induced Earthquake Database
The Metadata Company
The National Control Commission for the Protection of Personal Data
Thermodynamic databases for pure substances
Threat Matrix (database)
Thyrassia subcordata
Tiki Data
Tilia cordata
Time/memory/data tradeoff attack
Time series database
Timex Datalink
Toelgyfaloca circumdata
Toluene (data page)
Topological data analysis
Torah database
Torpedo Data Computer
Toxin and Toxin-Target Database
Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System
Traffic announcement (radio data systems)
Traf-O-Data
Tragia cordata
Transactional database
Transaction Protocol Data Unit
Transparency (data compression)
Transparent data encryption
Transporter Classification Database
Tree (data structure)
Tripteridia rotundata
Trusted Data Format
TV White Space Database
Tz database
UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database
UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol
UgandaTanzania Crude Oil Pipeline
UgandaTanzania War
UI data binding
UK Data Archive
Ulmus americana 'Pyramidata'
UNEP Environmental Data Explorer
Unicity (data analysis)
United Kingdom National DNA Database
United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database
United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure
Universal code (data compression)
Universal Data Element Framework
Unstructured data
Unstructured Supplementary Service Data
Updata
Uppsala Conflict Data Program
Upsizing (database)
User:Daniel Mietchen/Talks/Open Data in Cultural Heritage OpenGLAM in Germany
User:Daniel Mietchen/Talks/Wikipedia for Health/Safety Research and Data 2015
User:DataflowBot/output/Popular low quality articles (id-2)
User:DataflowBot/output/Top 20 enwiki articles by edits and editors in past 7 days (id-1)
User Datagram Protocol
User Data Header
User:Giraffedata/comprised of
Ushavadata
U.S. tracking and data relay satellite
Utah Data Center
Vaccine Safety Datalink
Vahdatabad
Vahdatabad-e Mugarmun
Vahdatabad, Ilam
Van der Waals constants (data page)
Variable data printing
Variable data publishing
Vehicle location data
Vendor-neutral data centre
Versant Object Database
Viewdata
Vindata
VINITI Database RAS
Viola pedata
Virtual data room
Vividata
Voldemort (distributed data store)
Vossia cuspidata
Voter database
Voyage data recorder
Vulnerability database
Water (data page)
Water Data Transfer Format
Watermark (data synchronization)
WCF Data Services
Web SQL Database
WeRecoverData
WibiData
Wide and narrow data
Wikidata
Windows Internal Database
Wire data
Wireless data center
Wireless Datagram Protocol
Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
Workgroup for Electronic Data Interchange
World Database of Happiness
World Database on Protected Areas
World Data Center
World Inequality Database
Worldwide Protein Data Bank
Wrapper (data mining)
Wyoming Senate Files 12 and 80 2015 'Trespassing To Collect Data'
XML database
XML data binding
XML Metadata Interchange
XQuery and XPath Data Model
Xylophanes undata
YAGO (database)
Yahoo! data breaches
Yasmina Siadatan
Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database
Yeast Metabolome Database
Yellowbrick Data
Yujiul Datan
Zenith Data Systems
Zeuctophlebia squalidata
Zhenhua Data leak
Zipper (data structure)
Zope Object Database
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