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object:categorization
object:categories

--- WIKI
Categorization is an activity that consists of putting things (objects, ideas, people) into categories (classes, types, index) based on their similarities or common criteria. It allows humans to organize things, objects, and ideas that exist around them and simplify their understanding of the world.[1] Categorization is something that humans and other organisms do: "doing the right thing with the right kind of thing." The activity of categorizing things can be nonverbal or verbal. For humans, both concrete objects and abstract ideas are recognized, differentiated, and understood through categorization. Objects are usually categorized for some adaptive or pragmatic purposes.

Categorization is grounded in the features that distinguish the category's members from nonmembers. Categorization is important in learning, prediction, inference, decision making, language, and many forms of organisms' interaction with their environments.


--- ARISTOTLES 10 CATEGORIES
  (1) substance; (what makes the thing the thing) (ex. human, horse) (things that are)
  (2) quantity;
  (3) quality; (how something is) (moral qualities)
  (4) relatives;
  (5) somewhere (place);
  (6) sometime (time);
  (7) being in a position; (position)
  (8) having; (state)
  (9) acting; (action)
  (10) being acted upon; (passion)



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OBJECT INSTANCES [0] - TOPICS - AUTHORS - BOOKS - CHAPTERS - CLASSES - SEE ALSO - SIMILAR TITLES

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1.01_-_MAPS_OF_EXPERIENCE_-_OBJECT_AND_MEANING
1.02_-_MAPS_OF_MEANING_-_THREE_LEVELS_OF_ANALYSIS
1.04_-_THE_APPEARANCE_OF_ANOMALY_-_CHALLENGE_TO_THE_SHARED_MAP
1.05_-_THE_HOSTILE_BROTHERS_-_ARCHETYPES_OF_RESPONSE_TO_THE_UNKNOWN
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abhidharmapitaka. (P. abhidhammapitaka; T. chos mngon pa'i sde snod; C. lunzang; J. ronzo; K. nonjang 論藏). The third of the three "baskets" (PItAKA) of the Buddhist canon (TRIPItAKA). The abhidharmapitaka derives from attempts in the early Buddhist community to elucidate the definitive significance of the teachings of the Buddha, as compiled in the SuTRAs. Since the Buddha was well known to have adapted his message to fit the predilections and needs of his audience (cf. UPAYAKAUsALYA), there inevitably appeared inconsistencies in his teachings that needed to be resolved. The attempts to ferret out the definitive meaning of the BUDDHADHARMA through scholastic interpretation and exegesis eventually led to a new body of texts that ultimately were granted canonical status in their own right. These are the texts of the abhidharmapitaka. The earliest of these texts, such as the PAli VIBHAnGA and PUGGALAPANNATTI and the SARVASTIVADA SAMGĪTIPARYAYA and DHARMASKANDHA, are structured as commentaries to specific sutras or portions of sutras. These materials typically organized the teachings around elaborate doctrinal taxonomies, which were used as mnemonic devices or catechisms. Later texts move beyond individual sutras to systematize a wide range of doctrinal material, offering ever more complex analytical categorizations and discursive elaborations of the DHARMA. Ultimately, abhidharma texts emerge as a new genre of Buddhist literature in their own right, employing sophisticated philosophical speculation and sometimes even involving polemical attacks on the positions of rival factions within the SAMGHA. ¶ At least seven schools of Indian Buddhism transmitted their own recensions of abhidharma texts, but only two of these canons are extant in their entirety. The PAli abhidhammapitaka of the THERAVADA school, the only recension that survives in an Indian language, includes seven texts (the order of which often differs): (1) DHAMMASAnGAnI ("Enumeration of Dharmas") examines factors of mentality and materiality (NAMARuPA), arranged according to ethical quality; (2) VIBHAnGA ("Analysis") analyzes the aggregates (SKANDHA), conditioned origination (PRATĪTYASAMUTPADA), and meditative development, each treatment culminating in a catechistic series of inquiries; (3) DHATUKATHA ("Discourse on Elements") categorizes all dharmas in terms of the skandhas and sense-fields (AYATANA); (4) PUGGALAPANNATTI ("Description of Human Types") analyzes different character types in terms of the three afflictions of greed (LOBHA), hatred (DVEsA), and delusion (MOHA) and various related subcategories; (5) KATHAVATTHU ("Points of Controversy") scrutinizes the views of rival schools of mainstream Buddhism and how they differ from the TheravAda; (6) YAMAKA ("Pairs") provides specific denotations of problematic terms through paired comparisons; (7) PAttHANA ("Conditions") treats extensively the full implications of conditioned origination. ¶ The abhidharmapitaka of the SARVASTIVADA school is extant only in Chinese translation, the definitive versions of which were prepared by XUANZANG's translation team in the seventh century. It also includes seven texts: (1) SAMGĪTIPARYAYA[PADAsASTRA] ("Discourse on Pronouncements") attributed to either MAHAKAUstHILA or sARIPUTRA, a commentary on the SaMgītisutra (see SAnGĪTISUTTA), where sAriputra sets out a series of dharma lists (MATṚKA), ordered from ones to elevens, to organize the Buddha's teachings systematically; (2) DHARMASKANDHA[PADAsASTRA] ("Aggregation of Dharmas"), attributed to sAriputra or MAHAMAUDGALYAYANA, discusses Buddhist soteriological practices, as well as the afflictions that hinder spiritual progress, drawn primarily from the AGAMAs; (3) PRAJNAPTIBHAsYA[PADAsASTRA] ("Treatise on Designations"), attributed to MaudgalyAyana, treats Buddhist cosmology (lokaprajNapti), causes (kArana), and action (KARMAN); (4) DHATUKAYA[PADAsASTRA] ("Collection on the Elements"), attributed to either PuRnA or VASUMITRA, discusses the mental concomitants (the meaning of DHATU in this treatise) and sets out specific sets of mental factors that are present in all moments of consciousness (viz., the ten MAHABHuMIKA) or all defiled states of mind (viz., the ten KLEsAMAHABHuMIKA); (5) VIJNANAKAYA[PADAsASTRA] ("Collection on Consciousness"), attributed to Devasarman, seeks to prove the veracity of the eponymous SarvAstivAda position that dharmas exist in all three time periods (TRIKALA) of past, present, and future, and the falsity of notions of the person (PUDGALA); it also provides the first listing of the four types of conditions (PRATYAYA); (6) PRAKARAnA[PADAsASTRA] ("Exposition"), attributed to VASUMITRA, first introduces the categorization of dharmas according to the more developed SarvAstivAda rubric of RuPA, CITTA, CAITTA, CITTAVIPRAYUKTASAMSKARA, and ASAMSKṚTA dharmas; it also adds a new listing of KUsALAMAHABHuMIKA, or factors always associated with wholesome states of mind; (7) JNANAPRASTHANA ("Foundations of Knowledge"), attributed to KATYAYANĪPUTRA, an exhaustive survey of SarvAstivAda dharma theory and the school's exposition of psychological states, which forms the basis of the massive encyclopedia of SarvAstivAda-VaibhAsika abhidharma, the ABHIDHARMAMAHAVIBHAsA. In the traditional organization of the seven canonical books of the SarvAstivAda abhidharmapitaka, the JNANAPRASTHANA is treated as the "body" (sARĪRA), or central treatise of the canon, with its six "feet" (pAda), or ancillary treatises (pAdasAstra), listed in the following order: (1) PrakaranapAda, (2) VijNAnakAya, (3) Dharmaskandha, (4) PrajNaptibhAsya, (5) DhAtukAya, and (6) SaMgītiparyAya. Abhidharma exegetes later turned their attention to these canonical abhidharma materials and subjected them to the kind of rigorous scholarly analysis previously directed to the sutras. These led to the writing of innovative syntheses and synopses of abhidharma doctrine, in such texts as BUDDHAGHOSA's VISUDDHIMAGGA and ANURUDDHA's ABHIDHAMMATTHASAnGAHA, VASUBANDHU's ABHIDHARMAKOsABHAsYA, and SAMGHABHADRA's *NYAYANUSARA. In East Asia, this third "basket" was eventually expanded to include the burgeoning scholastic literature of the MAHAYANA, transforming it from a strictly abhidharmapitaka into a broader "treatise basket" or *sASTRAPItAKA (C. lunzang).

dazangjing. (J. daizokyo; K. taejanggyong 大藏經). In Chinese, "scriptures of the great repository"; the term the Chinese settled upon to describe their Buddhist canon, supplanting the Indian term TRIPItAKA ("three baskets"). The myriad texts of different Indian and Central Asian Buddhist schools were transmitted to China over a millennium, from about the second through the twelfth centuries CE, where they were translated with alacrity into Chinese. Chinese Buddhists texts therefore came to include not only the tripitakas of several independent schools of Indian Buddhism, but also different recensions of various MAHĀYĀNA scriptures and Buddhist TANTRAs, sometimes in multiple translations. As the East Asian tradition developed its own scholarly traditions, indigenous writings by native East Asian authors, composed in literary Chinese, also came to be included in the canon. These materials included scriptural commentaries, doctrinal treatises, biographical and hagiographical collections, edited transcriptions of oral lectures, Chinese-Sanskrit dictionaries, scriptural catalogues (JINGLU), and so on. Because the scope of the Buddhist canon in China was therefore substantially broader than the traditional tripartite structure of an Indian tripitaka, the Chinese coined alternative terms to refer to their collection of Buddhist materials, including "all the books" (yiqie jing), until eventually settling on the term dazangjing. The term dazangjing seems to derive from a Northern Song-dynasty term for an officially commissioned "great library" (dazang) that was intended to serve as a repository for "books" (jing) sanctioned by the court. Buddhist monasteries were the first places outside the imperial palaces that such officially sanctioned libraries were established. These collections of the official canonical books of Chinese Buddhism were arranged not by the VINAYA, SuTRA, ABHIDHARMA, and sĀSTRA categories of India, but in shelf lists that were more beholden to the categorizations used in court libraries. The earliest complete Buddhist canons in China date from the fifth century; by the eighth century, these manuscript collections included over one thousand individual texts in more than five thousand rolls. By the tenth century, woodblock printing techniques had become sophisticated enough that complete printed Buddhist canons began to be published, first during the Song dynasty, and thence throughout East Asia. The second xylographic canon of the Korean Koryo dynasty, the KORYo TAEJANGGYoNG, was especially renowned for its scholarly accuracy; it included some 1,514 texts, in 6,815 rolls, carved on 81,258 individual woodblocks, which are still housed today in the scriptural repository at the monastery of HAEINSA. The second Koryo canon is arranged with pride of place given to texts from the Mahāyāna tradition:

Divyāvadāna. In Sanskrit, "Divine Exploits"; a collection of thirty-eight "heroic tales" or "narratives" (AVADĀNA). Avadānas are the tenth of the twelvefold (DVĀDAsĀnGA[PRAVACANA]) categorization of the traditional genres of Buddhist literature and relate the past and present deeds of a person, either lay or ordained, who in some specific fashion exemplifies Buddhist ethics and practice. The present characters in the stories in the Divyāvadāna are often identified as persons whom the Buddha encountered in a former life. Thus, its tales have a narrative structure similar to JĀTAKA stories, in which an event in the present offers an opportunity to recount a story from the past, which in turn illuminates details regarding present circumstances. Themes that run throughout the Divyāvadāna include the realization of positive or negative consequences of action (KARMAN), the importance of moral discipline, and the great merit (PUnYA) that can be accrued through service or reverence offered to the buddhas or to sites related to the buddhas, such as a STuPA. The Divyāvadāna includes thirty-six avadānas and two SuTRAs. Famous stories found in the Divyāvadāna collection include the Purnāvadāna, the story of the monk PuRnA, and the AsOKĀVADĀNA, which recounts the birth, life, and reign of King AsOKA, the monarch whom the Buddhist tradition considers the great protector of the religion. Although the style and language of the works vary tremendously, more than half of the tales also appear in the MuLASARVĀSTIVĀDA VINAYA. Given their debt to vinaya literature, it is not surprising that many of the tales in the Divyāvadāna often make reference to points of monastic discipline (VINAYA). This association with the Mulasarvāstivāda vinaya suggests that these stories could date as far back as the beginning of the Common Era. However, the oldest extant manuscript of the Divyāvadāna dates only to the seventeenth century, and there is no reference to a text by that title in a Buddhist source prior to that date. There also is no Tibetan or Chinese translation of the text, although many of its stories are found in the Tibetan and Chinese canons. (For example, twenty-one of the thirty-eight stories of the collection are found in the vinaya section of the Tibetan canon.) This has led some scholars to conclude that, although the stories themselves are quite old, the particular compilation as the Divyāvadāna may be rather late. A number of stories from the Divyāvadāna were translated by EUGÈNE BURNOUF in his 1844 Introduction à l'histoire du Buddhisme indien. The first Sanskrit edition of the entire text was undertaken in 1866 by Edward B. Cowell and Robert A. Neil. The Divyāvadāna legends had a significant influence on Buddhist art and were often the subject of Buddhist sculptures and paintings. For instance, in the "Sahasodgata" chapter of this collection, the Buddha describes the "wheel of existence" (BHAVACAKRA), which became a popular subject of painting in many of the Buddhist traditions.

duskṛta. (P. dukkata; T. nyes byas; C. ezuo/tujiluo; J. akusa/tokira; K. akchak/tolgilla 惡作/突吉羅). In Sanskrit, "wrongdoing"; a general category for the least serious of ecclesiastical offenses; for this reason, the term is also rendered in Chinese as "minor misdeed" (xiaoguo) or "light fault" (qingguo). In some recensions of the VINAYA, such as the Pāli, wrongdoings are treated as a category supplementary to the eight general classifications of rules and regulations appearing in the monastic code of conduct (PRĀTIMOKsA). The eight are: (1) PĀRĀJIKA ("defeat," entailing expulsion from the order in some vinaya recensions); (2) SAMGHĀVAsEsA (requiring a formal meeting and temporary suspension from the order); (3) ANIYATA (undetermined or indefinite offenses); (4) NAIḤSARGIKAPĀYATTIKA (offenses entailing expiation and forfeiture); (5) PĀYATTIKA (offenses entailing confession and forfeiture); (6) PRATIDEsANĪYA (offenses that are to be publicly acknowledged); (7) sAIKsADHARMA (minor rules of training); and (8) ADHIKARAnA (rules for settling disputes). Other such supplementary categories include STHuLĀTYAYA (various grave, but unconsummated offenses), and DURBHĀsITA (mischievous talk). In such treatments, the duskṛta category typically is said to entail deliberate disobeying of any of the saiksadharma rules, which involve a whole range of possible transgressions of monastic decorum and public conduct, such as improperly wearing one's robes, misconduct during alms round (PIndAPĀTA), or incorrect toilet habits. In addition, failed attempts to break any of rules in the relatively minor categories of the pāyattika, or pratidesanīya are a duskṛta, while failed attempts to break the much more serious pārājika and saMghāvasesa rules are both a duskṛta and a sthulātyaya. Finally, various offenses that are not specifically treated in a formal rule in the prātimoksa may also be treated as a duskṛta, e.g., striking a layperson, which is not specifically enjoined in the prātimoksa, although striking a monk is. Other vinayas, however, such as the DHARMAGUPTAKA VINAYA (C. Sifen lü), list the duskṛta offenses as one of the five categories of precepts, along with pārājika, saMghāvasesa, pāyattika, and pratidesanīya; alternatively, the Dharmaguptaka vinaya also lists seven categories of precepts, which include the preceding five categories, plus stulātyaya and durbhāsita. In such categorizations, the duskṛta essentially replace the saiksadharma rules of other vinayas. These duskṛta offenses are typically said to be expiated through confession; more specifically, the Dharmaguptaka vinaya stipulates that a deliberate wrongdoing should be confessed to a single monk or nun, while an accidental case of wrongdoing may simply be repented in the mind of the offender. Similarly, the MuLASARVĀSTIVĀDA VINAYA includes the 112 duskṛta in the 253 PRĀTIMOKsA rules recited during the UPOsADHA confession. In MAHĀYĀNA discussions of bodhisattva precepts (according to ASAnGA and others, these are a second set of precepts that supplement the prātimoksa rules but do not contradict them), all offenses except the eighteen involving defeat (pārājika) [alt. mulāpatti, T. rtsa ltung] are classified as "minor offenses" (C. qing gouzui; T. nyas byas), i.e., duskṛta. There are, for instance, forty-two types of duskṛta discussed in the BODHISATTVABHuMI (Pusa dichi jing), forty-eight in the FANWANG JING, and fifty in the Pusa shanjie jing. In tantric Buddhism, gross infractions (sthula) are any form of behavior that does not constitute defeat (mulāpatti), but are a weaker form of the infraction.

geyi. (J. kakugi; K. kyogŭi 格義). In Chinese, "matching concepts," or "categorized concepts"; geyi has typically been explained as a method of translation and exegesis that was supposedly popular during the incipiency of Buddhism in China. It has been presumed that Buddhist translators of the Wei and Jin dynasties borrowed terms and concepts drawn from indigenous Chinese philosophy (viz., "Daoism") to "match" (ge) the "meaning" (yi) of complicated and poorly understood Sanskrit Buddhist terminology. For instance, translators borrowed the term wuwei, used in both Chinese Daoist and Confucian writings to refer to "nonaction" or "nondeliberative activity," to render the seminal Buddhist concept of NIRVĀnA. Misunderstandings were rife, however, since the matches would as often distort the Buddhist denotations of terms as clarify them. The technique of geyi has often been assumed by scholars to demonstrate that early Buddhism in China drew from the indigenous Daoist tradition in its initial attempts to make its message intelligible to its new Chinese audience. This view would correspondingly suggest that Daoism provided the inspiration for much of early Buddhist writing in China. This practice of drawing parallels to native Chinese concepts was criticized as early as the fourth century by the translator and cataloguer DAO'AN (312-385), who lobbied for the creation of a distinctive Chinese Buddhist vocabulary. Eventually Chinese Buddhists created their own neologisms for Buddhist technical terms, or resorted to transcription (viz., using Sinographs phonetically to transcribe the sound of the Sanskrit words) in order to render particularly significant, or polysemous, terms: e.g., using the transcription niepan, rather than the translation wuwei, as the standard rendering for nirvāna. In fact, however, the term geyi is quite rare in Chinese Buddhist literature from this incipient period. In the few instances where the term is attested, geyi seems instead to refer to Chinese attempts to cope with the use of lengthy numerical lists of seminal factors found in Indian Buddhist doctrinal formulations. This Indian proclivity for categorization is seldom evident in traditional Chinese philosophy and it would have been an extraordinary challenge for Chinese Buddhists to learn how to employ such lists skillfully. Against the received understanding of geyi as "matching concepts," then, the term may instead mean something more akin to "categorized concepts," referring to this Buddhist proclivity for producing extensive numerical lists of dharmas. See also FASHU.

Huayan shiyi. (J. Kegon no jui; K. Hwaom sibi 華嚴十異). In Chinese, "Ten Distinctions of the AVATAMSAKASuTRA," ten reasons why HUAYAN exegetes consider the AvataMsakasutra to be superior to all other scriptures and thus the supreme teaching of the Buddha. (1) The "time of its exposition" was unique (shiyi): the sutra was supposedly the first scripture preached after the Buddha's enlightenment and thus offers the most unadulterated enunciation of his experience. (2) The "location of its exposition" was unique (chuyi): it is said that the BODHI TREE under which the sutra was preached was the center of the "oceans of world systems of the lotus womb world" (S. padmagarbhalokadhātu; C. lianhuazang shijie; cf. TAIZoKAI). (3) The "preacher" was unique (zhuyi): The sutra was supposedly preached by VAIROCANA Buddha, as opposed to other "emanation buddhas." (4) The "audience" was unique (zhongyi): only advanced BODHISATTVAs-along with divinities and demigods who were in actuality emanations of the Buddha-were present for its preaching; thus, there was no division between MAHĀYĀNA and HĪNAYĀNA. (5) The "basis" of the sutra was unique (suoyiyi): its teaching was based on the one vehicle (EKAYĀNA), not the other provisional vehicles created later within the tradition. (6) The "exposition" of the sutra was unique (shuoyi): the AvataMsakasutra preached in this world system is consistent with the sutra as preached in all other world systems; this is unlike other sutras, which were provisional adaptations to the particular needs of this world system only. (7) The "status" of the vehicles in the sutra were unique (weiyi): no provisional categorization of the three vehicles of Buddhism (TRIYĀNA) was made in this sutra. This is because, according to the sutra's fundamental theme of "unimpeded interpenetration," any one vehicle subsumes all other vehicles and teachings. (8) Its "practice" was unique (xingyi): the stages (BHuMI) of the BODHISATTVA path are simultaneously perfected in this sutra's teachings, as opposed to having to be gradually perfected step-by-step. (9) The enumeration of "dharma gates," or list of dharmas, was unique (famenyi): whereas other sutras systematize doctrinal formulas using different numerical schemes (e.g., FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS, eightfold path, etc.), this sutra exclusively employs in all its lists the number "ten"-a mystical number that symbolizes the sutra's infinite scope and depth. (10) Its "instantiation" was unique (shiyi): even the most mundane phenomena described in the AvataMsakasutra (such as trees, water, mountains, etc.) are expressions of the deepest truth; this is unlike other sutras that resort primarily to abstract, philosophical concepts like "emptiness" (suNYATĀ) or "suchness" (TATHATĀ) in order to express their profoundest truths.

kriyātantra. (T. bya rgyud). In Sanskrit, "action tantra"; the lowest of the traditional fourfold categorization of tantric texts, the others being (in ascending order) CARYĀTANTRA, YOGATANTRA, and ANUTTARAYOGATANTRA. According to traditional commentaries, this class of tantras is so called because they emphasize the performance of external action or ritual over the practice of meditation. Tantras classified in this group include the *SUSIDDHIKARASuTRA and the SUBĀHUPARIPṚCCHĀTANTRA.

Prakaranapāda[sāstra]. (T. Rab tu byed pa'i rkang pa; C. Pinlei zu lun; J. Honruisokuron; K. P'umnyu chok non 品類足論). In Sanskrit, "Exposition"; a book from the later stratum of the SARVĀSTIVĀDA ABHIDHARMA, which is traditionally listed as the first of the six ancillary texts, or "feet" (pāda), of the JNĀNAPRASTHĀNA, the central treatise, or body (sarīra), of the Sarvāstivāda ABHIDHARMAPItAKA. The Prakaranapāda is attributed by tradition to Vasumitra and dates from c. 160 to 320 CE, probably following the compilation of the ABHIDHARMAMAHĀVIBHĀsĀ. The treatise is extant only in a complete Chinese translation made by GUnABHADRA and Bodhiyasas between 435 and 443. The Prakaranapāda establishes the definitive Sarvāstivāda categorization of dharmas into a fivefold grouping: materiality (RuPA), mentality (CITTA), mental concomitants (CAITTA or CAITASIKA), conditioned factors dissociated from thought (CITTAVIPRAYUKTASAMSKĀRA), and uncompounded elements (ASAMSKṚTADHARMA). This fivefold grouping is first employed in the ABHIDHARMAMAHĀVIBHĀsĀ, whence it enters the mainstream of the Sarvāstivāda-VAIBHĀsIKA analysis of dharmas and is subsequently adopted by several other Buddhist schools, including the SAUTRĀNTIKA, MADHYAMAKA, and YOGĀCĀRA (see BAIFA). The Prakaranapāda also adds a new listing of KUsALAMAHĀBHuMIKA, or factors always associated with wholesome states of mind. The Prakaranapāda was the first of the pādasāstras to represent the mature synthesis of Sarvāstivāda doctrine, which was followed in later abhidharma manuals and primers. The text therefore represents a transitional point in Sarvāstivāda abhidharma writing between the pādasāstras of the middle period and the commentarial writings of the later tradition.

Psychicism ::: The general categorization for eclectic activities and practices that are related to perceiving, interacting with, and channeling spirits. Sometimes includes forms of divination like fortune-telling and palmistry and usually intended for the general public or for mundane purposes as opposed to for spiritual advancement.

Pusa yingluo benye jing. (J. Bosatsu yoraku hongokyo; K. Posal yongnak ponop kyong 菩薩瓔珞本業經). In Chinese, "Book of the Original Acts that Adorn the Bodhisattva," in two rolls, translation attributed to ZHU FONIAN (fl. c. 390); a Chinese indigenous sutra (see APOCRYPHA) often known by its abbreviated title of Yingluo jing. The Yingluo jing was particularly influential in the writings of CHAN and TIANTAI exegetes, including such seminal scholastic figures as TIANTAI ZHIYI, who cited the sutra especially in conjunction with discussions of the BODHISATTVA MĀRGA and Mahāyāna VINAYA. The Yingluo jing is perhaps best known for its attempt to synthesize the variant schemata of the Buddhist path (mārga) into a comprehensive regimen of fifty-two BODHISATTVA stages: the ten faiths, the ten abidings, the ten practices, the ten transferences, and the ten grounds (see C. DAsABHuMI; BHuMI); these then culminate in the two stages of buddhahood, virtual or equal enlightenment (dengjue) and sublime enlightenment (miaojue), which the Yingluo jing calls respectively the immaculate stage (wugou di, S. *amalabhumi) and the sublime-training stage (miaoxue di). The Yingluo jing is one of the first texts formally to include the ten faiths in its prescribed mārga schema, as a preliminary level prior to the initiation onto the bodhisattva path proper, which is said to occur at the time of the first arousal of the thought of enlightenment (BODHICITTOTPĀDA) on the first level of the ten abidings. The text therefore adds an additional ten steps to the forty-two named stages of the path outlined in the AVATAMSAKASuTRA (C. Huayan jing), providing a complete fifty-two-stage path, one of the most comprehensive accounts of the mārga to be found in East Asian Buddhist literature. The Yingluo jing also offers one of the most widely cited descriptions of the threefold classification of Buddhist morality (C. sanju jingji; S. sĪLATRAYA), a categorization of precepts found typically in YOGĀCĀRA-oriented materials. The Yingluo jing describes these as (1) the moral code that maintains both the discipline and the deportments (= S. SAMVARAsĪLA) through the ten perfections (PĀRAMITĀ); (2) the moral code that accumulates wholesome dharmas (= S. kusaladharmasaMgrāhaka) through the eighty-four thousand teachings; and (3) the moral code that aids all sentient beings (= S. SATTVĀRTHAKRIYĀ), through exercising loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity (viz. the four BRAHMAVIHĀRA). The Yingluo jing specifies that these three categories of precepts are the foundation of morality for all bodhisattvas. The provenance and authorship of the Pusa yingluo benye jing have long been matters of controversy. In the fifth-century Buddhist catalogue CHU SANZANG JI JI, the compiler Sengyou lists the Pusa yingluo benye jing among miscellaneous works by anonymous translators. In the 594 scriptural catalogue Zhongjing mulu, the scripture is ascribed to Zhu Fonian, while the LIDAI SANBAO JI instead claims that the text was translated by the dhyāna master Zhiyan in 427. Later cataloguers generally accept the attribution to Zhu Fonian, though some note that the translation style differs markedly from that found in other of his renderings. The attribution to Zhu Fonian is also suspect because it includes passages and doctrines that seem to derive from other indigenous Chinese sutras, such as the RENWANG JING, FANWANG JING, etc., as well as passages that appear in earlier Chinese translations of the AVATAMSAKASuTRA, PUSA BENYE JING, SHENGMAN JING, Pusa dichi jing, and DA ZHIDU LUN. Both internal and external evidence therefore suggests that the Yingluo jing is a Chinese apocryphon from the fifth century. ¶ The Pusa yingluo benye jing should be distinguished from the Pusa benye jing ("Basic Endeavors of the Bodhisattvas"), translated by ZHI QIAN (fl. c. 220-252), an authentic translation that offers one of the earliest accounts of the ten stages (S. dasavihāra, DAsABHuMI) translated into Chinese. (It is usually known by its abbreviated title of Benye jing.) This text seems to combine the accounts of the ten bodhisattva stages found in the GAndAVYuHA (viz., AvataMsakasutra) and the MAHĀVASTU and may have been the inspiration for the composition of this indigenous Chinese sutra. (Zhu Fonian also translated a Pusa yingluo jing, which may be how his name became associated with this apocryphal Pusa yingluo benye jing.)

samaya. (T. dam tshig; C. sanmoye; J. sanmaya; K. sammaya 三摩耶). In Sanskrit and Pāli, "vow," "occasion," a polysemous term within the tradition. This term is especially important in tantric Buddhism, where it refers to a specific set of vows (see SAMVARA) taken in conjunction with an initiation rite (ABHIsEKA, dīksā). These vows are considered to represent a powerful bond between student and teacher and a commitment to maintain them is deemed essential to success in tantric practice. A breech of one's samaya vows is often said to have serious consequences, including rebirth in hell. Pledging to keep tantric practices secret and pledging never to bring harm to one's teacher are two examples of a samaya vow. A student of tantra will often take more and more of these vows as he or she progresses. In the Tibetan categorization of tantras into four sets, these vows are systematized into codes. In ANUTTARAYOGATANTRA, there is a set list of nineteen samayas associated with the PANCATATHĀGATA. The term samaya may also refer to the symbolic representation of a buddha, BODHISATTVA, or deity, such as with a VAJRA, a sword, or a lotus flower. These symbols may represent the divinity itself or more often an attribute of that divinity, such as a vow taken by a buddha or bodhisattva. ¶ In Sanskrit, samaya also indicates a general unit of time that is understood as one specific occasion or as a season of the year. The term samaya is often seen in ABHIDHARMA analyses of distinct chronological moments. For example, in the AttHASĀLINĪ, a Pāli commentary on the DHAMMASAnGAnI, BUDDHAGHOSA analyzes the term samaya into five specific meanings related to the passage of time.

Sarvamandalasāmānyavidhiguhyatantra. (T. Gsang ba spyi rgyud; C. Ruixiye jing; J. Suikiyakyo; K. Yuhŭiya kyong 蕤耶經). In Sanskrit, "Secret Tantra for the Common Ritual for all MAndALAs"; a text that belongs, according to Tibetan categorization of tantras, to the KRIYĀTANTRA class.

sīlatraya. (T. tshul khrims gsum; C. sanju jingjie; J. sanju jokai; K. samch'wi chonggye 三聚淨戒). In Sanskrit, "three categories of morality" (also called the trividhāni sīlāni); a categorization of moral codes found typically in YOGĀCĀRA-oriented materials, which also becomes especially popular in indigenous East Asian scriptures (see APOCRYPHA). They are: (1) the restraining precepts, which maintain both the discipline and the deportments (saMvarasīla; see PRĀTIMOKsASAMVARA); (2) the accumulation of wholesome qualities (kusaladharmasaMgrāhaka); and (3) acting for the welfare of beings (SATTVĀRTHAKRIYĀ). Here, the first group corresponds to the preliminary "HĪNAYĀNA" precepts, while the second and third groups are regarded as reflecting a Mahāyāna position on morality. Thus, the three sets of pure precepts are conceived as a comprehensive description of Buddhist views on precepts, which incorporates both hīnayāna and Mahāyāna perspectives into an overarching system; and it is these three categories that are said to constitute the perfection of morality (sĪLAPĀRAMITĀ). These three categories are explained in such Yogācāra materials as the BODHISATTVABHuMI section of the YOGĀCĀRABHuMIsĀSTRA and in the MAHĀYĀNASuTRĀLAMKĀRA and in several East Asian apocryphal scriptures, including the FANWANG JING, PUSA YINGLUO BENYE JING, *VAJRASAMĀDHISuTRA (KŬMGANG SAMMAE KYoNG), and the ZHANCHA SHAN'E YEBAO JING. See also SAMVARA; SDOM GSUM.

Untermenschen ::: (Ger. Subhumans) Nazi categorization for the lesser races of Eastern Europe.

Vasumitra. (T. Dbyig bshes; C. Shiyou; J. Seu; K. Seu 世友) (d.u.). A prominent scholar of the SARVĀSTIVĀDA school in KASHMIR, possibly during the second century CE. His SAMAYABHEDOPARACANACAKRA is an important source of information on the various schools and subschools of mainstream Nikāya Buddhism in India. He is also credited with composing the PRAKARAnAPĀDA, one of the "six feet" of the ABHIDHARMAPItAKA of the SARVĀSTIVĀDA, which first introduces the categorization of dharmas according to the more developed Sarvāstivāda lists of RuPA, CITTA, CAITTA, CITTAVIPRAYUKTASAMSKĀRA, and ASAMSKṚTA dharmas; it also adds a new listing of KUsALAMAHĀBHuMIKA, or factors always associated with wholesome states of mind. Vasumitra is frequently cited in the ABHIDHARMAMAHĀVIBHĀsĀ, the massive abhidharma exegesis of the VAIBHĀsIKA school of the Sarvāstivāda, but it is unclear whether the scholar mentioned in the Abhidharmamahāvibhāsā and the author of the texts mentioned earlier are the same figure. Vasumitra is also credited with composing a (now-lost) commentary to the ABHIDHARMAKOsABHĀsYA, which, if true, would move his dates forward into the fourth century.

Xu gaoseng zhuan. (J. Zoku kosoden; K. Sok kosŭng chon 續高僧傳). In Chinese, "Supplement to the Biographies of Eminent Monks," compiled by the VINAYA master DAOXUAN; also known as the Tang gaoseng zhuan. As the title suggests, the Xu gaoseng zhuan "supplements" or "continues" the work of HUIJIAO's earlier GAOSENG ZHUAN and records the lives of monks who were active in the period between Huijiao's composition during the Liang dynasty and Daoxuan's own time. The Xu gaoseng zhuan contains 485 major and 219 appended biographies, neatly categorized under translators (yijing), exegetes (yijie), practitioners of meditation (xichan), specialists of VINAYA(minglü), protectors of the DHARMA (hufa), sympathetic resonance (GANTONG), sacrifice of the body (YISHEN), chanters (dusong), benefactors (xingfu), and miscellaneous (zake). Although Daoxuan generally followed Huijiao's earlier categorizations, he made several changes. In lieu of Huijiao's divine wonders (shenyi), viz., thaumaturgists, Daoxuan opted to use the term sympathetic resonance, instead; he also subsumed Huijiao's hymnodists (jingshi) and propagators (changdao) under the "miscellaneous" category. Daoxuan also introduced the new category of protectors of the dharma order to leave a record of disputes that occurred at court with Daoists. These adjustments seem to reflect ongoing developments within Chinese Buddhism in how to conceive of, and write, history. Other related biographical collections include ZANNING's SONG GAOSENG ZHUAN, Shi Baochang's BIQIUNI ZHUAN, the Korean HAEDONG KOSŬNG CHoN, and the Japanese HONCHo KoSoDEN.

yogatantra. (T. rnal 'byor rgyud). One of the four traditional Indian categories of tantric texts. In a late Indian categorization of Buddhist TANTRA, a hierarchy was established that placed texts into one of four categories, in descending order: ANUTTARAYOGATANTRA, yogatantra, CARYĀTANTRA, and KRIYĀTANTRA. The precise meaning of these categories, their parameters, and their contents were widely discussed, especially in Tibet. In one influential description, yogatantra was said to emphasize internal yoga over external ritual practice and therefore did not employ the practice of sexual union. An examination of texts included in this category shows, however, that this description is somewhat arbitrary. Important texts classed as yogatantras include the SARVATATHĀGATATATTVASAMGRAHA, the MANJUsRĪMuLAKALPA, the SARVADURGATIPARIsODHANATANTRA, and the VAJRAsEKHARA. MAndALAs with the buddha VAIROCANA as the central deity occur often in the yogatantras.



QUOTES [2 / 2 - 50 / 50]


KEYS (10k)

   1 Irvin D Yalom
   1 Frederick Lenz

NEW FULL DB (2.4M)

   3 Frederick Lenz
   2 Oliver Sacks
   2 Irvin D Yalom
   2 George Lakoff
   2 Anonymous

1:Taoism has no rules. It's a suggestion for perceiving life in its wholeness, without unnecessary categorization, yet enjoying the beauty of categorization." ~ Frederick Lenz,
2:Any limiting categorization is not only erroneous but offensive, and stands in opposition to the basic human foundations of the therapeutic relationship. In my opinion, the less we think (during the process of psychotherapy) in terms of diagnostic labels, the better. (Albert Camus once described hell as a place where one's identity was eternally fixed and displayed on personal signs: Adulterous Humanist, Christian Landowner, Jittery Philosopher, Charming Janus, and so on.8 To Camus, hell is where one has no way of explaining oneself, where one is fixed, classified-once and for all time.) ~ Irvin D Yalom,

*** WISDOM TROVE ***

1:It's not what you do that matters. It's not what you say. There's nothing that is not holy or spiritual. Be beyond definition, beyond categorization, be absorbed. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove
2:A categorization implies a hierarchical way of seeing things. Life is really relational, not hierarchical. Hierarchical is a human way of looking at things. Relational is much more the way things are. Everything is connected. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove

*** NEWFULLDB 2.4M ***

1:i happen to enjoy categorization. ~ Veronica Roth,
2:Maturity is having the ability to escape categorization. ~ Kenneth Rexroth,
3:What escapes categorization can escape detection altogether ~ Rebecca Solnit,
4:fundamental nature of social categorization and group identification as a foundation for prejudice ~ Anonymous,
5:I have worked really hard to defy categorization, to break down a taxonomy whenever it comes my way. ~ Rick Moody,
6:In fact, Kia is trans-just about every system of human categorization, and what she isn’t trans- she is post-. ~ Neal Stephenson,
7:I consider skateboarding an art form, a lifestyle and a sport. 'Action sport' would be the least offensive categorization. ~ Tony Hawk,
8:But Saudi Arabia is surprising in a lot of ways. Like any place, or any people, it relentlessly defies easy categorization. ~ Dave Eggers,
9:Taoism has no rules. It's a suggestion for preceiving life in its wholeness, without unnessary categorization, yet enjoying the beauty of categorization. ~ Frederick Lenz,
10:Because our minds process information solely through analogy and categorization, we are often defeated when presented with something that fits no category. ~ Jeff VanderMeer,
11:It's not what you do that matters. It's not what you say. There's nothing that is not holy or spiritual. Be beyond definition, beyond categorization, be absorbed. ~ Frederick Lenz,
12:Memory results from a process of continual re-categorization which, by its nature, must be procedural and involve continual motor activity and repeated rehearsal. ~ Gerald M Edelman,
13:Deficits in executive functions such as planning, categorization, organization, and attention leave them lost amid a sea of things, unable to figure out what to do next. ~ Randy O Frost,
14:The term gift designates events, apparitions, and things whose grandeur and graciousness remove them from practices of appropriation—from measurement, categorization, and seizure. ~ Alphonso Lingis,
15:A categorization implies a hierarchical way of seeing things. Life is really relational, not hierarchical. Hierarchical is a human way of looking at things. Relational is much more the way things are. Everything is connected. ~ Frederick Lenz,
16:As far as this categorization of books, the way I see it is there are really a hundred-odd categories of books plus one, and on the top shelf at home, I've got the books I love, my favorite books, and that's the type of book that I want to write. ~ Markus Zusak,
17:The best hope for peace in the world lies in the simple but far-reaching recognition that we all have many different associations and affiliations, and we need not see ourselves as being rigidly divided by a single categorization of hardened groups, which confront each other. ~ Amartya Sen,
18:The students would burn out if forced to spend their entire day amidst the social intensity of the cafeteria and the hallway. Fortunately, the school authorities also schedule dormant periods, called classes, during which students can rest their minds and take a break from the pressures of social categorization. ~ David Brooks,
19:People will less and less need to put an identity on genres, such as "hip hop," "electronica" and so forth. That's what I try to do with Princess Superstar. Why should a musician be limited to only one form or one genre of music? And so, I think the same will hold true for the whole male/female categorization. ~ Princess Superstar,
20:I don't think there is a need of the categorization 'woman writing'. I think in some sense writers lost their gender when they walk into the world of words; I believe that writers ought to be able to slip under the skins of both men and women. Only then will the writing and the characters have credibility and strength. ~ Anita Nair,
21:The thought [behind the Golden Notebook] was that to divide off and compartmentalize living was dangerous and led to nothing but trouble. Old, young, black, white, men, women, capitalism, socialism: these great dichotomies undo us, force us into unreal categorization, make us look for what separates us rather than what we have in common. ~ Doris Lessing,
22:We can store patterns and conclusions in our heads, but we cannot store randomness itself. Randomness is a concept that defies categorization; by definition, it comes out of nowhere and can’t be anticipated. While we intellectually accept that it exists, our brains can’t completely grasp it, so it has less impact on our consciousness than things we can see, measure, ~ Anonymous,
23:it would seem almost impossible to argue that the biblical narrative is a calm, clear, and uncontentious text. Rather, the Scriptures reach our ears in an often ominous and scandalous tone. From the opening pages of this ancient text, we are confronted with a shocking series of ambiguous stories and complex conflicts that defy easy categorization and interpretation. ~ Peter Rollins,
24:In his version of the theory, information becomes conscious when certain “workspace” neurons broadcast it to many areas of the brain at once, making it simultaneously available for, say, language, memory, perceptual categorization, action planning, and so on. In other words, consciousness is “cerebral celebrity,” as the philosopher Daniel Dennett has described it, or “fame in the brain. ~ Jim Holt,
25:Black males who refuse categorization are rare, for the price of visibility in the contemporary world of white supremacy is that black identity be defined in relation to the stereotype whether by embodying it or seeking to be other than it…Negative stereotypes about the nature of black masculinity continue to overdetermine the identities black males are allowed to fashion for themselves. ~ Bell Hooks,
26:Black males who refuse categorization are rare, for the price of visibility in the contemporary world of white supremacy is that black identity be defined in relation to the stereotype whether by embodying it or seeking to be other than it…Negative stereotypes about the nature of black masculinity continue to overdetermine the identities black males are allowed to fashion for themselves. ~ bell hooks,
27:Our categories arise from the fact that we are neural beings, from the nature of our bodily capacities, from our experience interacting in the world, and from our evolved capacity for basic-level categorization - a level at which we optimally interact with the world. Evolution has not required us to be as accurate above and below the basic level as at the basic level, and so we are not. ~ George Lakoff,
28:Now, as then, we find ourselves bound, first without, then within, by the nature of our categorization. And escape is not effected through a bitter railing against this trap; it is as though this very striving were the only motion needed to spring the trap upon us. We take our shape, it is true, within and against that cage of reality bequeathed us at our birth; and yet it is precisely through our dependence on this reality that we are most endlessly betrayed. ~ James Baldwin,
29:What I think is coming instead are much more organic ways of organizing information than our current categorization schemes allow, based on two units - the link, which can point to anything, and the tag, which is a way of attaching labels to links. The strategy of tagging - free-form labeling, without regard to categorical constraints - seems like a recipe for disaster, but as the Web has shown us, you can extract a surprising amount of value from big messy data sets. ~ Clay Shirky,
30:There's the complex categorization of low warmth/high competence. This is the hostile stereotype of Asian Americans by white America, of Jews in Europe, of Indo-Pakistanis in East Africa, of Lebanese in West Africa, of ethnic Chinese in Indonesia, and of the rich by the poor most everywhere. It's the same low-high derogation: They're cold, greedy, clannish - -but, dang, they're sure good at making money and you should go to one who is a doctor if you're seriously sick. ~ Robert M Sapolsky,
31:Paranormal activity cannot be replicated in a laboratory environment and therefore cannot be studied as closely as a natural science, like chemistry or biology. So the inability to replicate the phenomena makes verification and categorization of paranormal events very difficult and erodes the credibility of the science. After all, if we could summon spirits of the departed consistently and reliably in order to study them, there would be a whole new market in trans-dimensional communications. ~ Zak Bagans,
32:If we are to avoid catastrophe, the Muslim and Western worlds must learn not merely to tolerate but to appreciate one another. A good place to start is with the figure of Muhammad: a complex man, who resists facile, ideologically-driven categorization, who sometimes did things that were difficult or impossible for us to accept, but who had profound genius and founded a religion and cultural tradition that was not based on the sword but whose name—“Islam”—signified peace and reconciliation. ~ Karen Armstrong,
33:Don’t look at people by their category—gender, race, social standing, age—but relate to them inside-to-inside, soul-to-soul, from and to that place where we’re so much more alike than different. A notion like that would be fodder for mockery. My friends and I—most Americans—lived in a stew of propaganda that insisted on the categorization of humanity. We were gay or straight, we were male or female or part of each, we were conservative or liberal, black or white or red or yellow or brown or mixed ~ Roland Merullo,
34:And if only—he might have added, but didn’t—there were not that fatal dichotomy (perhaps the most dreadful result of their mania for categorization) in the Victorians, which led them to see the “soul” as more real than the body, far more real, their only real self; indeed hardly connected with the body at all, but floating high over the beast; and yet, by some inexplicable flaw in the nature of things, reluctantly dragged along in the wake of the beast’s movements, like a white captive balloon behind a disgraceful and disobedient child. ~ John Fowles,
35:In short, Strict Father morality requires perfect, precise, literal communication, together with a form of behaviorism. Thus, Strict Father morality requires that four conditions on the human mind and human behavior must be met: 1. Absolute categorization: Everything is either in or out of a category. 2. Literality: All moral rules must be literal. 3. Perfect communication: The hearer receives exactly the same meaning as the speaker intends to communicate. 4. Folk behaviorism: According to human nature, people normally act effectively to get rewards and avoid punishments. Cognitive ~ George Lakoff,
36:Any limiting categorization is not only erroneous but offensive, and stands in opposition to the basic human foundations of the therapeutic relationship. In my opinion, the less we think (during the process of psychotherapy) in terms of diagnostic labels, the better. (Albert Camus once described hell as a place where one’s identity was eternally fixed and displayed on personal signs: Adulterous Humanist, Christian Landowner, Jittery Philosopher, Charming Janus, and so on.8 To Camus, hell is where one has no way of explaining oneself, where one is fixed, classified—once and for all time.) ~ Irvin D Yalom,
37:Any limiting categorization is not only erroneous but offensive, and stands in opposition to the basic human foundations of the therapeutic relationship. In my opinion, the less we think (during the process of psychotherapy) in terms of diagnostic labels, the better. (Albert Camus once described hell as a place where one's identity was eternally fixed and displayed on personal signs: Adulterous Humanist, Christian Landowner, Jittery Philosopher, Charming Janus, and so on.8 To Camus, hell is where one has no way of explaining oneself, where one is fixed, classified-once and for all time.) ~ Irvin D Yalom,
38:The functional, emotional, and social dimensions of the jobs that customers need to get done constitute the circumstances in which they buy. In other words, the jobs that customers are trying to get done or the outcomes that they are trying to achieve constitute a circumstance-based categorization of markets.3 Companies that target their products at the circumstances in which customers find themselves, rather than at the customers themselves, are those that can launch predictably successful products. Put another way, the critical unit of analysis is the circumstance and not the customer. ~ Clayton M Christensen,
39:Categorization is the central task of the brain, and reentrant signaling allows the brain to categorize its own categorizations, then recategorize these, and so on. Such a process is the beginning of an enormous upward path enabling ever higher levels of thought and consciousness. Reentrant signaling might be likened to a sort of neural United Nations, in which dozens of voices are talking together, while including in their conversations a variety of constantly inflowing reports from the outside world, bringing them together into a larger picture as new information is correlated and new insights emerge. ~ Oliver Sacks,
40:It’s true that the gospel of Luke records Jesus as saying, “Blessed are you who are poor”—period. (Luke 6:20) In Luke’s Beatitudes, Jesus simply blesses the poor, and the further categorization of “in spirit” is omitted. In Luke, Jesus blesses the poor without reference to what kind of poverty it is. The truth is this: Jesus meets us at our point of poverty, not our place of strength. If we want to position ourselves to receive Christ’s blessing, we must identify an area of need and cry out for grace from there. If we think we have no area of weakness, need, or poverty, we essentially have no need for Jesus. ~ Brian Zahnd,
41:Another Damasio patient, “Elliot,” was a successful husband, father, and businessman until undergoing brain surgery on a tumor. The surgery damaged his frontal lobe and thereby affected his ability to carry through on plans. He would embark on a project only to lose sight of his goal in doing so. For example, asked to sort documents, he would go overboard: “He was likely, all of a sudden, to turn from the sorting task he had initiated to reading one of those papers carefully and intelligently, and to spend an entire day doing so. Or he might spend a whole afternoon deliberating on which principle of categorization should be applied. ~ William B Irvine,
42:Yet randomness remains stubbornly difficult to understand. The problem is that our brains aren’t wired to think about it. Instead, we are built to look for patterns in sights, sounds, interactions, and events in the world. This mechanism is so ingrained that we see patterns even when they aren’t there. There is a subtle reason for this: We can store patterns and conclusions in our heads, but we cannot store randomness itself. Randomness is a concept that defies categorization; by definition, it comes out of nowhere and can’t be anticipated. While we intellectually accept that it exists, our brains can’t completely grasp it, so it has less impact on our consciousness than things we can see, measure, and categorize. ~ Ed Catmull,
43:Palgolak was a god of knowledge. ... He was an amiable, pleasant deity, a sage whose existence was entirely devoted to the collection, categorization, and dissemination of information. ... Palgolak's library ... did not lend books, but it did allow readers in at any time of the day or night, and there were very, very few books it did not allow access to. The Palgolaki were proselytizers, holding that everything known by a worshipper was immediately known by Palgolak, which was why they were religiously charged to read voraciously. But their mission was only secondarily for the glory of Palgolak, and primarily for the glory of knowledge, which was why they were sworn to admit all who wished to enter into their library. ~ China Mi ville,
44:...While many who have debated the image of female sexuality have put "explicit" and "self-objectifying" on one side and "respectable" and "covered-up" on the other, I find this a flawed means of categorization. [...] There is a creative possibility for liberatory explicitness because it may expand the confines of what women are allowed to say and do. We just need to refer to the history of blues music—one full of raunchy, irreverent, and transgressive women artists— for examples. Yet the overwhelming prevalence of the Madonna/whore dichotomy in American culture means that any woman who uses explicit language or images in her creative expression is in danger of being symbolically cast into the role of whore regardless of what liberatory intentions she may have. ~ Imani Perry,
45:Randomness is a concept that defies categorization; by definition, it comes out of nowhere and can’t be anticipated. While we intellectually accept that it exists, our brains can’t completely grasp it, so it has less impact on our consciousness than things we can see, measure, and categorize. Here’s a simple example: You leave late for work but still arrive in time for your 9 A.M. meeting. Congratulating yourself, you are oblivious to the fact that two minutes behind you on the freeway, someone blew a tire and blocked traffic for a half-hour. Without knowing it, you narrowly missed being late. Perhaps you draw the conclusion that tomorrow, you can afford to sleep a little later. But if you’d been in that traffic jam, you’d draw the opposite conclusion: Never leave late again. Because it is our nature to attach great significance to the patterns we witness, we ignore the things we cannot see and make deductions and predictions accordingly. ~ Ed Catmull,
46:In many ways, the partition of India was the inevitable result of three centuries of Britain’s divide-and-rule policy. As the events of the Indian Revolt demonstrated, the British believed that the best way to curb nationalist sentiment was to classify the indigenous population not as Indians, but as Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, etc. The categorization and separation of native peoples was a common tactic for maintaining colonial control over territories whose national boundaries had been arbitrarily drawn with little consideration for the ethnic, cultural, or religious makeup of the local inhabitants. The French went to great lengths to cultivate class divisions in Algeria, the Belgians promoted tribal factionalism in Rwanda, and the British fostered sectarian schisms in Iraq, all in a futile attempt to minimize nationalist tendencies and stymie united calls for independence. No wonder, then, that when the colonialists were finally expelled from these manufactured states, they left behind not only economic and political turmoil, but deeply divided populations with little common ground on which to construct a national identity. ~ Reza Aslan,
47:During my years as an art critic, I used to joke that museums love artists the way that taxidermists love deer, and something of that desire to secure, to stabilize, to render certain and definite the open-ended, nebulous, and adventurous work of artists is present in many who work in that confinement sometimes called the art world. A similar kind of aggression against the slipperiness of the work and the ambiguities of the artist’s intent and meaning often exists in literary criticism and academic scholarship, a desire to make certain what is uncertain, to know what is unknowable, to turn the flight across the sky into the roast upon the plate, to classify and contain. What escapes categorization can escape detection altogether. There is a kind of counter-criticism that seeks to expand the work of art, by connecting it, opening up its meanings, inviting in the possibilities. A great work of criticism can liberate a work of art, to be seen fully, to remain alive, to engage in a conversation that will not ever end but will instead keep feeding the imagination. Not against interpretation, but against confinement, against the killing of the spirit. Such criticism is itself great art. ~ Rebecca Solnit,
48:What are the most common traits of nearly all forms of mental illness?” The answer? Nearly all sufferers lack— flexibility— to be able to change your opinion or course of action, if shown clear evidence you were wrong. satiability—the ability to feel satisfaction if you actually get what you said you wanted, and to transfer your strivings to other goals. extrapolation—an ability to realistically assess the possible consequences of your actions and to empathize, or guess how another person might think or feel. This answer crosses all boundaries of culture, age, and language. When a person is adaptable and satiable, capable of realistic planning and empathizing with his fellow beings, those problems that remain turn out to be mostly physiochemical or behavioral. What is more, this definition allows a broad range of deviations from the norm—the very sorts of eccentricities suppressed under older worldviews. So far so good. This is, indeed, an improvement. But where, I must ask, does ambition fit under this sweeping categorization? When all is said and done, we remain mammals. Rules can be laid down to keep the game fair. But nothing will ever entirely eliminate that will, within each of us, to win. ~ David Brin,
49:It isn’t really possible for men to understand how much the world doesn’t want women to be complete people. The most important thing a woman can be, in our society—more important, even, than honest or decent—is identifiable. Even when Libby’s evil—perhaps most of all when she’s evil—she’s easy to categorize, to stick to a board with a pin like some scientific specimen. Those men in Stillwater are terrified of her because being terrified lets them know who she is—it keeps them safe. Imagine how much harder it would be to say, yes, she’s a woman capable of terrible anger and violence, but she’s also someone who’s tried desperately to be a nurturer, to be a good and constructive human being. If you accept all that, if you allow that inside she’s not just one or the other, but both, what does that say about all the other women in town? How will you ever be able to tell what’s actually going on in their hearts—and heads? Life in the simple village would suddenly become immensely complicated. And so, to keep that from happening, they separate things. The normal, ordinary woman is defined as nurturing and loving, docile and compliant. Any female who defies that categorization must be so completely evil that she’s got to be feared, feared even more than the average criminal—she’s got to be invested with the powers of the Devil himself. A witch, they probably would have called her in the old days. Because she’s not just breaking the law, she’s defying the order of things. ~ Caleb Carr,
50:The emphasis on choice, freedom and responsibility is one of the most distinctive features of Jewish thought. It is proclaimed in the first chapter of Genesis in the most subtle way. We are all familiar with its statement that God created man “in His image, after His likeness.” Seldom do we pause to reflect on the paradox. If there is one thing emphasized time and again in the Torah, it is that God has no image. Hence the prohibition against making images of God. For God is beyond all representation, all categorization. “I will be what I will be,” He says to Moses when Moses asks Him His name. All images, forms, concepts and categories are attempts to delimit and define. God cannot be delimited or defined; the attempt to do so is a form of idolatry.

“Image,” then, must refer to something quite different than the possession of a specific form. The fundamental point of Genesis 1 is that God transcends nature. Therefore, He is free, unbounded by nature’s laws. By creating human beings “in His image,” God gave us a similar freedom, thus creating the one being capable itself of being creative. The unprecedented account of God in the Torah’s opening chapter leads to an equally unprecedented view of the human person and the capacity for self-transformation. [...] Everything else in creation is what it is, neither good nor evil, bound by nature and nature’s laws. The human person alone has the possibility of self-transcendence. We may be a handful of dust but we have immortal longings. ~ Jonathan Sacks,

IN CHAPTERS [5/5]



   5 Psychology


   5 Jordan Peterson


   5 Maps of Meaning


1.01 - MAPS OF EXPERIENCE - OBJECT AND MEANING, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
  implication for behavior. This means that categorization, with regards to value determination (or even
  perception) of what constitutes a single thing, or class of things is the act of grouping together according

1.02 - MAPS OF MEANING - THREE LEVELS OF ANALYSIS, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
  promising implies satisfaction). This is categorization, it should be noted, in accordance with implication
  for motor output, or behavior, rather than with regards to sensory (or, formalized, objective) property.108
  --
  description as the scientist might have it but categorization of the implications of an unexpected
  occurrence for specification of means and ends. Such categorization is what an object is, from the
  perspective of archaic affect and subjective experience. It is of course also the case that the orienting reflex,
  --
  priori manner of appropriate categorization. This context is defined by the motivational significance of the
  novel thing, which is revealed first by the mere fact of novelty (which makes it both threatening and
  --
  eaten? can it eat me? will it serve as mate?)]. categorization according to valence means that the thing is
  what it signifies for behavior.
  --
  consciousness our apperception appears to have a natural level of resolution, or categorization. This
  default resolution is reflected in the fact, as alluded to previously, of the basic object level. We see
  --
  Every level of analysis that is, every definable categorization system and schema for action (every
  determinate story) has been constructed, interpersonally, in the course of exploratory behavior and
  --
  the possibility of categorization that is inherited, and not the contents of memory, itself. However, he
  frequently writes as if the contents, as well, might be inherited.
  --
  without developing some understanding of the process of categorization. The act of categorization enables
  us to treat the mysterious and complex world we inhabit as if it were simpler as if it were, in fact,
  --
  Neither the rules that underly categorization, nor the act itself, have proved easy to describe. Roger
  Brown, the eminent psycholinguist, states:
  --
  2) They are characterized by basic-level categorization and basic-level primacy. These terms mean,
  respectively, that the phenomena most naturally apprehensible to the human mind perceptible as a
  --
  2.3.2. The Enuma elish: A Comprehensive Exemplar of Narrative categorization
  Creation myths are generally considered primitive or superstitious attempts to perform the magic of modern
  --
  It is almost impossible to overestimate the degree to which the world parent schema of categorization
  colors (or, alternatively, has been derived from) fundamental human presumption and activity. The world
  --
  unexpected something valuable). So the indiscriminate categorization characterizing these passages has its
  worth.

1.04 - THE APPEARANCE OF ANOMALY - CHALLENGE TO THE SHARED MAP, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
  personal experience, anathema to the fascist, eternally superseding group categorization and the
  interpretations of the dead personal experience that is novel and endlessly refreshing.

1.05 - THE HOSTILE BROTHERS - ARCHETYPES OF RESPONSE TO THE UNKNOWN, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
  the first discovery of a new categorization system means immediate apprehension of the broad potential
  utility of those things newly comprehended (means understanding of their refreshed promise). This first
  --
  become incorporated into the previous categorization system become attri butes now seen as in the
  same class; alternatively, the newly transformed substance may have to shift categories because it is
  --
  see chapter 2.3.2. The Enuma elish: a Comprehensive Exemplar of Narrative categorization.
  338

Maps of Meaning text, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
  2.3.2. The Enuma elish: A Comprehensive Exemplar of Narrative categorization _______________________ 93
  2.3.3. The Dragon of Primordial Chaos ________________________________________________________ 115

WORDNET



--- Overview of noun categorization

The noun categorization has 3 senses (no senses from tagged texts)
              
1. classification, categorization, categorisation ::: (a group of people or things arranged by class or category)
2. classification, categorization, categorisation, sorting ::: (the basic cognitive process of arranging into classes or categories)
3. categorization, categorisation, classification, compartmentalization, compartmentalisation, assortment ::: (the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type)


--- Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun categorization

3 senses of categorization                      

Sense 1
classification, categorization, categorisation
   => arrangement
     => group, grouping
       => abstraction, abstract entity
         => entity

Sense 2
classification, categorization, categorisation, sorting
   => basic cognitive process
     => process, cognitive process, mental process, operation, cognitive operation
       => cognition, knowledge, noesis
         => psychological feature
           => abstraction, abstract entity
             => entity

Sense 3
categorization, categorisation, classification, compartmentalization, compartmentalisation, assortment
   => grouping
     => activity
       => act, deed, human action, human activity
         => event
           => psychological feature
             => abstraction, abstract entity
               => entity


--- Hyponyms of noun categorization

3 senses of categorization                      

Sense 1
classification, categorization, categorisation
   => dichotomy, duality
   => trichotomy

Sense 2
classification, categorization, categorisation, sorting
   => coordination
   => appraisal, assessment
   => attribution, ascription
   => attribution, ascription
   => cross-classification, cross-division
   => subsumption

Sense 3
categorization, categorisation, classification, compartmentalization, compartmentalisation, assortment
   => indexing
   => reclassification
   => relegation
   => stratification
   => taxonomy
   => typology


--- Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun categorization

3 senses of categorization                      

Sense 1
classification, categorization, categorisation
   => arrangement

Sense 2
classification, categorization, categorisation, sorting
   => basic cognitive process

Sense 3
categorization, categorisation, classification, compartmentalization, compartmentalisation, assortment
   => grouping




--- Coordinate Terms (sisters) of noun categorization

3 senses of categorization                      

Sense 1
classification, categorization, categorisation
  -> arrangement
   => flower arrangement, floral arrangement
   => lash-up, contrivance
   => scaffold
   => array
   => classification, categorization, categorisation
   => estivation, aestivation
   => tableau, tableau vivant
   => venation
   => vernation
   => formation
   => ordering, order, ordination

Sense 2
classification, categorization, categorisation, sorting
  -> basic cognitive process
   => attention, attending
   => inattention
   => intuition
   => perception
   => apperception
   => believing
   => classification, categorization, categorisation, sorting
   => discrimination, secernment
   => learning, acquisition
   => memory, remembering
   => representational process

Sense 3
categorization, categorisation, classification, compartmentalization, compartmentalisation, assortment
  -> grouping
   => pairing
   => punctuation
   => phrasing
   => categorization, categorisation, classification, compartmentalization, compartmentalisation, assortment
   => collection, collecting, assembling, aggregation
   => sorting




--- Grep of noun categorization
categorization



IN WEBGEN [10000/104]

Wikipedia - Accentuation effect -- Effect of categorization
Wikipedia - Alignment (Dungeons & Dragons) -- Categorization of ethical and moral perspective of creatures in the Dungeons & Dragons universe
Wikipedia - Aristotelian categorization
Wikipedia - categorization
Wikipedia - Categorization -- A process in which ideas and objects are grouped according to their characteristics and the relationships between them
Wikipedia - Category:Race (human categorization)
Wikipedia - Category:Wikipedia categorization
Wikipedia - Consonance and dissonance -- Categorizations of simultaneous or successive sounds
Wikipedia - Drug therapy problems -- Categorization related to the use of drugs in the field of pharmaceutical care
Wikipedia - Grammatical case -- Categorization of nouns, pronouns and adjectives in linguistics
Wikipedia - Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot -- MediaWiki JavaScript gadget for mass recategorization
Wikipedia - Logical quality -- Philosophical categorization of statements
Wikipedia - Race (human categorization) -- Grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories
Wikipedia - Self-categorization theory -- Theory in social psychology
Wikipedia - Subcategorization
Wikipedia - Template talk:Wikipedia categorization navbox
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:Categorization -- Guidance on the proper use of the categorization function in Wikipedia
Wikipedia - Wikipedia talk:Categorization
Wikipedia - Wikipedia talk:FAQ/Categorization
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Categorization_using_templates
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Categorizing_pages
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Category_description
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Displaying_category_contents_on_pages
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Display_of_category_pages
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Duplicate_categorization_rule
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Eponymous_categories
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Form_of_entries
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#From_Wikipedia.2C_the_free_encyclopedia
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Hiding_categories
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Images
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Interlanguage_links_to_categories
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Linking_to_categories
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Project_categories
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Quick_summary
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Redirected_categories
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Retrieving_category_information
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Searching_for_articles_in_categories
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#See_also
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Sort_order
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Split_display
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Subcategorization
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#The_category_system
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Tips
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Typical_sort_keys
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#User_pages
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Using_sort_keys
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#What_categories_should_be_created
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religionwiki:Categorization#Wikipedia:Categorization
https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Talk:Religionwiki:Categorization
https://world-war-2.wikia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Wiki:Categorization
Psychology Wiki - Categorization
https://android.fandom.com/wiki/Android_Wiki:Article_categorization
https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Civilization_Wiki:Categorization
https://codelyoko.fandom.com/wiki/Tools:Images_Pending_Seasonal_Categorization
https://cogling.fandom.com/wiki/Aristotelian_model_of_categorization
https://cogling.fandom.com/wiki/Categorization
https://cogling.fandom.com/wiki/CogLing:Categorization
https://cogling.fandom.com/wiki/Levels_of_categorization
https://forgottenrealms.fandom.com/wiki/Forgotten_Realms_Wiki:Categorization
https://gltas.fandom.com/wiki/Green_Lantern_The_Animated_Series_Wiki:Categorization
https://mariokart.fandom.com/wiki/Mario_Kart_Racing_Wiki:Policies/Categorization
https://mom-cbs.fandom.com/wiki/Categorization_Guidelines
https://onepiece.fandom.com/wiki/One_Piece_Wiki:Categorization_Fixing_Project
https://regalacademy.fandom.com/wiki/Regal_Academy_Encyclopedia:Categorization
https://rhythmheaven.fandom.com/wiki/Rhythm_Heaven_Wiki:Categorization
https://shadowhunters.fandom.com/wiki/The_Shadowhunters'_Wiki:Categorization_Guide
https://shadowhunterstv.fandom.com/wiki/Shadowhunters_on_Freeform_Wiki:Categorization_Guide
https://siren.fandom.com/wiki/Siren_Wiki:Categorization_Guide
https://swfanon.fandom.com/wiki/Star_Wars_Fanon:Categorization
https://swfanon.fandom.com/wiki/Star_Wars_Fanon:Categorization_policy
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&translations=filter&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&translations=filter&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=Category:Asceticism
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&translations=filter&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=Category:Atheists
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&translations=filter&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=Category:Br
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&translations=filter&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=Category:Christian_organizations
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&translations=filter&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=Category:History_of_Christianity
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&translations=filter&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=Category:Philosophy
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&translations=filter&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=Category:Religion
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&translations=filter&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=File:Brown-The_Seeds_and_Fruits_of_English_Poetry.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&translations=filter&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=Main_Page
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Files_from_Wellcome_Images_(categorization_needed)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Categories#Categorization_tips
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Categories#Categorization_workflow
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Categories#For_more_appropriate_categorization
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Categories#Improper_categorization_of_categories_is_a_cause_of_over-categorization
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Categories#Over-categorization
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Categories#over-categorization
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Categories#Why_over-categorization_is_a_problem
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Tropenmuseum#Categorization
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Over-categorization.svg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:CategorizationBot
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:CategorizationBot#Process
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Multichill/Categorization_stats
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:CategorizationBot
Categorization
Object categorization from image search
Overcategorization
Race (human categorization)
Segmentation-based object categorization
Self-categorization theory
Subcategorization
User:Ikluft/essay/Categorization of craters
User:Pknkly/WikiProject Chicago/Categories/Categorization scheme



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