Common mental disorders include depression, which affects about 300 million, bipolar disorder, which affects about 60 million, dementia, which affects about 50 million, and schizophrenia and other psychoses, which affects about 23 million people globally
According to DSM-IV, a mental disorder is a psychological syndrome or pattern which is associated with distress (e.g. via a painful symptom), disability (impairment in one or more important areas of functioning), increased risk of death, or causes a significant loss of autonomy; however it excludes normal responses such as grief from loss of a loved one, and also excludes deviant behavior for political, religious, or societal reasons not arising from a dysfunction in the individual
https://www.mentalhelp.net/personality-disorders/
DSM-5: The Ten Personality Disorders
Cluster A (the "odd, eccentric" cluster);
Cluster B (the "dramatic, emotional, erratic" cluster); and,
Cluster C (the "anxious, fearful" cluster).
https://www.mentalhelp.net/personality-disorders/cluster-a/ Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders. ::: Cluster A is called the odd, eccentric cluster. The common features of the personality disorders in this cluster are social awkwardness and social withdrawal. These disorders are dominated by distorted thinking.
It includes : Paranoid Personality Disorder ::: is characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of other people. Schizoid Personality Disorder, ::: is characterized by a pervasive pattern of social detachment and a restricted range of emotional expression. For these reasons, people with this disorder tend to be socially isolated. They don't seem to seek out or enjoy close relationships. Schizotypal Personality Disorders. ::: are characterized by a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal limitations. They experience acute discomfort in social settings and have a reduced capacity for close relationships. For these reasons they tend to be socially isolated, reserved, and distant.
Cluster B is called the dramatic, emotional, and erratic cluster. ::: It includes
Borderline Personality Disorder. ::: is one of the most widely studied personality disorders. People with Borderline Personality Disorder tend to experience intense and unstable emotions and moods that can shift fairly quickly. They generally have a hard time calming down once they have become upset. As a result, they frequently have angry outbursts and engage in impulsive behaviors such as substance abuse, risky sexual liaisons, self-injury, overspending, or binge eating. These behaviors often function to sooth them in the short-term, but harm them in the longer term. Narcissistic Personality Disorder. ::: have significant problems with their sense of self-worth stemming from a powerful sense of entitlement. This leads them to believe they deserve special treatment, and to assume they have special powers, are uniquely talented, or that they are especially brilliant or attractive. Their sense of entitlement can lead them to act in ways that fundamentally disregard and disrespect the worth of those around them. Histrionic Personality Disorder. ::: are characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. Their lives are full of drama (so-called "drama queens"). They are uncomfortable in situations where they are not the center of attention. Antisocial Personality Disorder ::: is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of other people that often manifests as hostility and/or aggression. Deceit and manipulation are also central features.
--- Disorders
There are many different categories of mental disorder, and many different facets of human behavior and personality that can become disordered.
Anxiety disorder ::: Anxiety or fear that interferes with normal functioning may be classified as an anxiety disorder.[34] Commonly recognized categories include specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Mood disorder ::: Other affective (emotion/mood) processes can also become disordered. Mood disorder involving unusually intense and sustained sadness, melancholia, or despair is known as major depression (also known as unipolar or clinical depression). Milder but still prolonged depression can be diagnosed as dysthymia. Bipolar disorder (also known as manic depression) involves abnormally "high" or pressured mood states, known as mania or hypomania, alternating with normal or depressed moods. The extent to which unipolar and bipolar mood phenomena represent distinct categories of disorder, or mix and merge along a dimension or spectrum of mood, is subject to some scientific debate.
Psychotic disorder ::: Patterns of belief, language use and perception of reality can become dysregulated (e.g., delusions, thought disorder, hallucinations). Psychotic disorders in this domain include schizophrenia, and delusional disorder. Schizoaffective disorder is a category used for individuals showing aspects of both schizophrenia and affective disorders. Schizotypy is a category used for individuals showing some of the characteristics associated with schizophrenia but without meeting cutoff criteria.
Personality disorder ::: Personality-the fundamental characteristics of a person that influence thoughts and behaviors across situations and time-may be considered disordered if judged to be abnormally rigid and maladaptive. Although treated separately by some, the commonly used categorical schemes include them as mental disorders, albeit on a separate "axis II" in the case of the DSM-IV. A number of different personality disorders are listed, including those sometimes classed as "eccentric", such as paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders; types that have described as "dramatic" or "emotional", such as antisocial, borderline, histrionic or narcissistic personality disorders; and those sometimes classed as fear-related, such as anxious-avoidant, dependent, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. The personality disorders, in general, are defined as emerging in childhood, or at least by adolescence or early adulthood. The ICD also has a category for enduring personality change after a catastrophic experience or psychiatric illness. If an inability to sufficiently adjust to life circumstances begins within three months of a particular event or situation, and ends within six months after the stressor stops or is eliminated, it may instead be classed as an adjustment disorder. There is an emerging consensus that so-called "personality disorders", like personality traits in general, actually incorporate a mixture of acute dysfunctional behaviors that may resolve in short periods, and maladaptive temperamental traits that are more enduring.[38] Furthermore, there are also non-categorical schemes that rate all individuals via a profile of different dimensions of personality without a symptom-based cutoff from normal personality variation, for example through schemes based on dimensional models.
Eating disorder ::: These disorders involve disproportionate concern in matters of food and weight.[34] Categories of disorder in this area include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, exercise bulimia or binge eating disorder.[40][41]
Sleep disorder ::: These conditions are associated with disruption to normal sleep patterns. A common sleep disorder is insomnia, which is described as difficulty falling and/or staying asleep.
Sexual disorders and gender dysphoria ::: These disorders include dyspareunia and various kinds of paraphilia (sexual arousal to objects, situations, or individuals that are considered abnormal or harmful to the person or others).
Other
Impulse control disorder ::: People who are abnormally unable to resist certain urges or impulses that could be harmful to themselves or others, may be classified as having an impulse control disorder, and disorders such as kleptomania (stealing) or pyromania (fire-setting). Various behavioral addictions, such as gambling addiction, may be classed as a disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder can sometimes involve an inability to resist certain acts but is classed separately as being primarily an anxiety disorder.
Substance use disorder ::: This disorder refers to the use of drugs (legal or illegal, including alcohol) that persists despite significant problems or harm related to its use. Substance dependence and substance abuse fall under this umbrella category in the DSM. Substance use disorder may be due to a pattern of compulsive and repetitive use of a drug that results in tolerance to its effects and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped.
Dissociative disorder ::: People who suffer severe disturbances of their self-identity, memory and general awareness of themselves and their surroundings may be classified as having these types of disorders, including depersonalization disorder or dissociative identity disorder (which was previously referred to as multiple personality disorder or "split personality").
Cognitive disorder ::: These affect cognitive abilities, including learning and memory. This category includes delirium and mild and major neurocognitive disorder (previously termed dementia).
Developmental disorder ::: These disorders initially occur in childhood. Some examples include autism spectrum disorders, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which may continue into adulthood. Conduct disorder, if continuing into adulthood, may be diagnosed as antisocial personality disorder (dissocial personality disorder in the ICD). Popularist labels such as psychopath (or sociopath) do not appear in the DSM or ICD but are linked by some to these diagnoses.
Somatoform disorders ::: may be diagnosed when there are problems that appear to originate in the body that are thought to be manifestations of a mental disorder. This includes somatization disorder and conversion disorder. There are also disorders of how a person perceives their body, such as body dysmorphic disorder. Neuras thenia is an old diagnosis involving somatic complaints as well as fatigue and low spirits/depression, which is officially recognized by the ICD-10 but no longer by the DSM-IV.[42][non-primary source needed]
Factitious disorders, ::: such as Munchausen syndrome, are diagnosed where symptoms are thought to be experienced (deliberately produced) and/or reported (feigned) for personal gain.
There are attempts to introduce a category of relational disorder, where the diagnosis is of a relationship rather than on any one individual in that relationship. The relationship may be between children and their parents, between couples, or others. There already exists, under the category of psychosis, a diagnosis of shared psychotic disorder where two or more individuals share a particular delusion because of their close relationship with each other.
There are a number of uncommon psychiatric syndromes, which are often named after the person who first described them, such as Capgras syndrome, De Clerambault syndrome, Othello syndrome, Ganser syndrome, Cotard delusion, and Ekbom syndrome, and additional disorders such as the Couvade syndrome and Geschwind syndrome.[43]
Various new types of mental disorder diagnosis are occasionally proposed. Among those controversially considered by the official committees of the diagnostic manuals include self-defeating personality disorder, sadistic personality disorder, passive-aggressive personality disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
------- A List of Psychological Disorders By Kendra Cherry
The term psychological disorder is sometimes used to refer to what is
more frequently known as mental disorders or psychiatric disorders.
Mental disorders are patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms
that impact multiple areas of life. These disorders create distress for
the person experiencing these symptoms.
While not a comprehensive list of every mental disorder, the following
list includes some of the major categories of disorders described in
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The
latest edition of the diagnostic manual is the DSM-5 and was released
in May of 2013. The DSM is one of the most widely used systems for
classifying mental disorders and provides standardized diagnostic
criteria.
--- 1. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders are those that are typically diagnosed
during infancy, childhood, or adolescence. These psychological
disorders include: * Intellectual disability (or Intellectual Developmental Disorder) :::
was formerly referred to as mental retardation. This type of
developmental disorder originates prior to the age of 18 and is
characterized by limitations in both intellectual functioning and
adaptive behaviors.
Limitations to intellectual functioning are often identified
through the use of IQ tests, with an IQ score under 70 often
indicating the presence of a limitation. Adaptive behaviors are
those that involve practical, everyday skills such as self-care,
social interaction, and living skills. * Global developmental delay ::: is a diagnosis for developmental
disabilities in children who are under the age of five. Such delays
relate to cognition, social functioning, speech, language, and
motor skills. It is generally seen as a temporary diagnosis
applying to kids who are still too young to take standardized IQ
tests. Once children reach the age where they are able to take a
standardized intelligence test, they may be diagnosed with an
intellectual disability. * Communication disorders ::: are those that impact the ability to use,
understand, or detect language and speech. The DSM-5 identifies
four different subtypes of communication disorders: language
disorder, speech sound disorder, childhood onset fluency disorder
(stuttering), and social (pragmatic) communication disorder. * Autism spectrum disorder ::: is characterized by persistent deficits in
social interaction and communication in multiple life areas as well
as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. The DSM
specifies that symptoms of autism spectrum disorder must be present
during the early developmental period and that these symptoms must
cause significant impairment in important areas of life including
social and occupational functioning. * Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ::: is characterized by a
persistent pattern of hyperactivity-impulsivity and/or inattention
that interferes with functioning and presents itself in two or more
settings such as at home, work, school, and social situations. T
he DSM-5 specifies that several of the symptoms must have been
present prior to the age of 12 and that these symptoms must have a
negative impact on social, occupational, or academic functioning.
--- 2. Bipolar and Related Disorders
Bipolar disorders represent a major category of psychological disorders
Bipolar disorder ::: is characterized by shifts in mood as well as changes
in activity and energy levels. The disorder often involves experiencing
shifts between elevated moods and periods of depression. Such elevated
moods can be pronounced and are referred to either as mania or
hypomania. * Mania ::: is characterized by a distinct period of elevated, expansive,
or irritable mood accompanied by increased activity and energy.
Periods of mania are sometimes marked by feelings of distraction,
irritability, and excessive confidence. People experiencing mania
are also more prone to engage in activities that might have
negative long-term consequences such as gambling and shopping
sprees. * Depressive episodes ::: are characterized by feelings of a depressed or
sad mood along with a lack of interest in activities. It may also
involve feelings of guilt, fatigue, and irritability. During a
depressive period, people with bipolar disorder may lose interest
in activities that they previously enjoyed, experience sleeping
difficulties, and even have thoughts of suicide.
Both manic and depressive episodes can be frightening for both the
person experiencing these symptoms as well as family, friends and other
loved ones who observe these behaviors and mood shifts. Fortunately,
appropriate and effective treatments, which often include both
medications and psycho therapy, can help people with bipolar disorder
successfully manage their symptoms.
Compared to the previous edition of the DSM, in the DSM-5 the criteria
for manic and hypomanic episodes include an increased focus on changes
in energy levels and activity as well as changes in mood.
--- 3. Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders ::: are a type of psychological disorder
PhotoAlto/Ale Ventura / Getty Images
Anxiety disorders are those that are characterized by excessive and
persistent fear, worry, anxiety and related behavioral disturbances.
Fear involves an emotional response to a threat, whether that threat is
real or perceived. Anxiety involves the anticipation that a future
threat may arise.
Types of anxiety disorders include: * Generalized anxiety disorder ::: which is marked by excessive worry
about everyday events. While some stress and worry are a normal and
even common part of life, GAD involves worry that is so excessive
that it interferes with a person's well-being and functioning. * Agoraphobia ::: is characterized by a pronounced fear a wide range of
public places. People who experience this disorder often fear that
they will suffer a panic attack in a setting where escape might be
difficult.
Because of this fear, those with agoraphobia often avoid situations
that might trigger an anxiety attack. In some cases, this avoidance
behavior can reach a point where the individual is unable to even
leave their own home. * Social anxiety disorder ::: is a fairly common psychological disorder
that involves an irrational fear of being watched or judged. The
anxiety caused by this disorder can have a major impact on an
individual's life and make it difficult to function at school,
work, and other social settings.
* Specific phobias involve an extreme fear of a specific object or
situation in the environment. Some examples of common specific
phobias include the fear of spiders, fear of heights, or fear of
snakes. The four main types of specific phobias involve natural
events (thunder, lightening, tornadoes), medical (medical
procedures, dental procedures, medical equipment), animals (dogs,
snakes, bugs), and situational (small spaces, leaving home,
driving). When confronted by a phobic object or situation, people
may experience nausea, trembling, rapid heart rate, and even a fear
of dying. * Panic disorder ::: is a psychiatric disorder characterized by panic
attacks that often seem to strike out of the blue and for no reason
at all. Because of this, people with panic disorder often
experience anxiety and preoccupation over the possibility of having
another panic attack.
People may begin to avoid situations and settings where attacks
have occurred in the past or where they might occur in the future.
This can create significant impairments in many areas of everyday
life and make it difficult to carry out normal routines. * Separation anxiety disorder ::: is a type of anxiety disorder involving
an excessive amount of fear or anxiety related to being separated
from attachment figures. People are often familiar with the idea of
separation anxiety as it relates to young children's fear of being
apart from their parents, but older children and adults can
experience it as well. When symptoms become so severe that they
interfere with normal functioning, the individual may be diagnosed
with separation anxiety disorder.
Symptoms involve an extreme fear of being away from the caregiver
or attachment figure. The person suffering these symptoms may avoid
moving away from home, going to school, or getting married in order
to remain in close proximity to the attachment figure.
In one survey published in the Archives of General Psychiatry, it was
estimated that as many as 18 percent of American adults suffer from at
least one anxiety disorder.
--- 4. Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
Trauma and Stress related psychological disorders
Jamie Grill / Getty Images
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders involve exposure to a stressful
or traumatic event. These were previously grouped with anxiety
disorders but are now considered a distinct category of disorders.
Disorders included in this category include: * Acute stress disorder ::: which is characterized by the emergence of
severe anxiety for up to a one month period after exposure to a
traumatic event such as natural disasters, war, accidents, and
witnessing a death.
As a result, the individual may experience dissociative symptoms
such as a sense of altered reality, an inability to remember
important aspects of the event, and vivid flashbacks as if the
event were reoccurring. Other symptoms can include reduced
emotional responsiveness, distressing memories of the trauma, and
difficulty experiencing positive emotions. * Adjustment disorders ::: can occur as a response to a sudden change
such as divorce, job loss, end of a close relationship, a move, or
some other loss or disappointment. This type of psychological
disorder can affect both children and adults and is characterized
by symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, depressed mood, worry,
anger, hopelessness, and feelings of isolation. * Post-traumatic stress disorder ::: can develop after an individual has
experienced exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury,
or sexual violence. Symptoms of PTSD include episodes of reliving
or re-experiencing the event, avoiding things that remind the
individual about the event, feeling on edge, and having negative
thoughts. Nightmares, flashbacks, bursts of anger, difficulty
concentrating, exaggerated startle response, and difficulty
remembering aspects of the event are just a few possible symptoms
that people with PTSD might experience. * Reactive attachment disorder ::: can result when children do not form
normal healthy relationships and attachments with adult caregivers
during the first few years of childhood. Symptoms of the disorder
include being withdrawn from adult caregivers and social and
emotional disturbances that result from patterns of insufficient
care and neglect.
5
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative psychological disorders
Thomas Barwick / Getty Images
Dissociative disorders are psychological disorders that involve a
dissociation or interruption in aspects of consciousness, including
identity and memory. Dissociative disorders include:
* Dissociative amnesia involves a temporary loss of memory as a
result of dissociation. In many cases, this memory loss, which may
last for just a brief period or for many years, is a result of some
type of psychological trauma.
Dissociative amnesia is much more than simple forgetfulness. Those
who experience this disorder may remember some details about events
but may have no recall of other details around a circumscribed
period of time.
* Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple
personality disorder, involves the presence of two or more
different identities or personalities. Each of these personalities
has its own way of perceiving and interacting with the environment.
People with this disorder experience changes in behavior, memory,
perception, emotional response, and consciousness.
* Depersonalization/derealization disorder is characterized by
experiencing a sense of being outside of one's own body
(depersonalization) and being disconnected from reality
(derealization). People who have this disorder often feel a sense
of unreality and an involuntary disconnect from their own memories,
feelings, and consciousness.
Formerly referred to under the heading of somatoform disorders, this
category is now known as somatic symptoms and related disorders.
Somatic symptom disorders are a class of psychological disorders that
involve prominent physical symptoms that may not have a diagnosable
physical cause.
In contrast to previous ways of conceptualizing these disorders based
on the absence of a medical explanation for the physical symptoms, the
current diagnosis emphasizes the abnormal thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors that occur in response to these symptoms.
Disorders included in this category:
* Somatic symptom disorder involves a preoccupation with physical
symptoms that make it difficult to function normally. This
preoccupation with symptoms results in emotional distress and
difficulty coping with daily life.
It is important to note that somatic symptoms do not indicate that
the individual is faking his or her physical pain, fatigue, or
other symptoms. In this situation, it is not so much the actual
physical symptoms that are disrupting the individual's life as it
is the extreme reaction and resulting behaviors.
* Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive concern
about having an undiagnosed medical condition. Those who experience
this psychological disorder worry excessively about body functions
and sensations are convinced that they have or will get a serious
disease, and are not reassured when medical tests come back
negative.
This preoccupation with illness causes significant anxiety and
distress. It also leads to changes in behavior such as seeking
medical testing/treatments and avoiding situations that might pose
a health risk.
* Conversion disorder involves experiencing motor or sensory symptoms
that lack a compatible neurological or medical explanation. In many
cases, the disorder follows a real physical injury or stressful
even which then results in a psychological and emotional response.
* Factitious disorder, which used to have its own category, is now
included under the somatic symptom and related disorders category
of the DSM-5. A factitious disorder is when an individual
intentionally creates, fakes, or exaggerates symptoms of illness.
Munchausen syndrome, in which people feign an illness to attract
attention, is one severe form of factitious disorder.
7
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Psychological disorders related to eating and feeding
clearstockconcepts / Getty Images
Eating disorders are characterized by obsessive concerns with weight
and disruptive eating patterns that negatively impact physical and
mental health. Feeding and eating disorders that used to be diagnosed
during infancy and childhood have been moved to this category in the
DSM-5.
Types of eating disorders include:
* Anorexia nervosa is characterized by restricted food consumption
that leads to weight loss and a very low body weight. Those who
experience this disorder also have a preoccupation and fear of
gaining weight as well as a distorted view of their own appearance
and behavior.
* Bulimia nervosa involves binging and then taking extreme steps to
compensate for these binges. These compensatory behaviors might
include self-induced vomiting, the abuse of laxatives or diuretics,
and excessive exercise.
* Rumination disorder is marked by regurgitating previously chewed or
swallowed food in order to either spit it out or re-swallow it.
Most of those affected by this disorder are children or adults who
also have a developmental delay or intellectual
disability. Additional problems that can result from this behavior
include dental decay, esophageal ulcers, and malnutrition.
* Pica involves craving and consuming non-food substances such as
dirt, paint, or soap. The disorder most commonly affects children
and those with developmental disabilities.
* Binge-eating disorder was first introduced in the DSM-5 and
involves episodes of binge eating where the individual consumes an
unusually large amount of over the course of a couple hours. Not
only do people overeat, however, they also feel as if they have no
control over their eating. Binge eating episodes are sometimes
triggered by certain emotions such as feeling happy or anxious, by
boredom or following stressful events.
8
Sleep - Wake Disorders
Psychological disorders related to sleep
Tetra Images / Getty Images
Sleep disorders involve an interruption in sleep patterns that lead to
distress and affects daytime functioning.
Examples of sleep disorders:
* Narcolepsy is a condition in which people experience an
irrepressible need to sleep. People with narcolepsy may experience
a sudden loss of muscle tone.
* Insomnia disorder involves being unable to get enough sleep to feel
rested. While all people experience sleeping difficulties and
interruptions at some point, insomnia is considered a disorder when
it is accompanied by significant distress or impairment over time.
* Hypersomnolence disorder is characterized by excessive sleepiness
despite an adequate main sleep period. People with this condition
may fall asleep during the day at inappropriate times such as at
work and school.
* Breathing-related sleep disorders are those that involve breathing
anomalies such as sleep apnea that can occur during sleep. These
breathing problems can result in brief interruptions in sleep that
can lead to other problems including insomnia and daytime
sleepiness.
* Parasomnias involve disorders that feature abnormal behaviors that
take place during sleep. Such disorders include sleepwalking, sleep
terrors, sleep talking, and sleep eating.
* Restless legs syndrome is a neurological condition that involves
having uncomfortable sensations in the legs and an irresistible
urge to move the legs in order to relieve the sensations. People
with this condition may feel tugging, creeping, burning, and
crawling sensations in their legs resulting in an excessive
movement which then interferes with sleep.
Sleep disorders related to other mental disorders as well as sleep
disorders related to general medical conditions have been removed from
the DSM-5. The latest edition of the DSM also provides more emphasis on
coexisting conditions for each of the sleep-wake disorders.
This change, the APA explains, "underscores that the individual has a
sleep disorder warranting independent clinical attention, in addition
to any medical and mental disorders that are also present, and
acknowledges the bidirectional and interactive effects between sleep
disorders and coexisting medical and mental disorders."
9
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Impulse control disorders
Image Source / Getty Images
Impulse-control disorders are those that involve an inability to
control emotions and behaviors, resulting in harm to oneself or
others. These problems with emotional and behavioral regulation are
characterized by actions that violate the rights of others such as
destroying property or physical aggression and/or those that conflict
with societal norms, authority figures, and laws.
Types of impulse-control disorders:
* Kleptomania involves an inability to control the impulse to steal.
People who have kleptomania will often steal things that they do
not really need or that have no real monetary value. Those with
this condition experience escalating tension prior to committing a
theft and feel relief and gratification afterwards.
* Pyromania involves a fascination with fire that results in acts of
fire-starting that endanger the self and others.
* Intermittent explosive disorder is characterized by brief outbursts
of anger and violence that are out of proportion for the situation.
People with this disorder may erupt into angry outbursts or violent
actions in response to everyday annoyances or disappointments.
* Conduct disorder is a condition diagnosed in children and
adolescents under the age of 18 who regularly violate social norms
and the rights of others. Children with this disorder display
aggression toward people and animals, destroy property, steal and
deceive, and violate other rules and laws. These behaviors result
in significant problems in a child's academic, work, or social
functioning.
* Oppositional defiant disorder begins prior to the age of 18 and is
characterized by defiance, irritability, anger, aggression, and
vindictiveness. While all kids behave defiantly sometimes, kids
with oppositional defiant disorder refuse to comply with adult
requests almost all the time and engage in behaviors to
deliberately annoy others.
10
Depressive Disorders
Man with depression
Petri Oeschger/Getty Images
Depressive disorders are a type of mood disorder that include a number
of conditions. They are all characterized by the presence of sad,
empty, or irritable moods accompanied by physical and cognitive
symptoms. They differ in terms of duration, timing, or presumed
etiology.
* Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: A childhood condition
characterized by extreme anger and irritability. Children display
frequent and intense outbursts of temper.
* Major depressive disorder: A condition characterized by loss of
interest in activities and depressed mood which leads to
significant impairments in how a person is able to function.
* Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): This is a type of
ongoing, chronic depression that is characterized by other symptoms
of depression that, while often less severe, are longer lasting.
Diagnosis requires experiencing depressed mood on most days for a
period of at least two years.
* Other or unspecified depressive disorder: This diagnosis is for
cases when symptoms do not meet the criteria for the diagnosis of
another depressive disorder, but they still create problems with an
individual's life and functioning.
* Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: This condition is a form of
premenstrual syndrome (PMS) characterized by significant
depression, irritability, and anxiety that begins a week or two
before menstruation begins. Symptoms usually go away within a few
day's following a woman's period.
* Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder: This condition
occurs when an individual experiences symptoms of a depressive
disorder either while using alcohol or other substances or while
going through withdrawal from a substance.
* Depressive disorder due to another medical condition: This
condition is diagnosed when a person's medical history suggests
that their depressive symptoms may be the result of a medical
condition. Medical conditions that may contri bute to or cause
depression include diabetes, stroke, Parkinson's disease,
autoimmune conditions, chronic pain conditions, cancer, infections
and HIV/AIDS.
The depressive disorders are all characterized by feelings of sadness
and low mood that are persistent and severe enough to affect how a
person functions. Common symptoms shared by these disorders include
difficulty feeling interested and motivated, lack of interest in
previously enjoyed activities, sleep disturbances, and poor
concentration.
The diagnostic criteria vary for each specific condition.
For major depressive disorder, diagnosis requires an individual to
experience five or more of the following symptoms over the same
two-week period. One of these symptoms must include either depressed
mood or loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities.
Symptoms can include:
* Depressed mood for most or all of the day
* Decreased or lack of interest in activities the individual
previously enjoyed
* Significant weight loss or gain, or decreased or increased appetite
* Sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia)
* Feelings of slowed physical activity or restlessness
* Lack of energy or fatigue that lasts most or all of the day
* Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
* Difficulty thinking or concentrating
* Preoccupation with death or thoughts of suicide
If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide
Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a
trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call
911.
For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database.
Treatments for depressive disorders often involve a combination of
psycho therapy and medications.
11
Substance-related disorders are those that involve the use and abuse of
different substances such as cocaine, methamphetamine, opiates, and
alcohol. These disorders may include substance-induced conditions
that can result in many associated diagnoses including intoxication,
withdrawal, the emergence of psychosis, anxiety, and delirium.
Examples of substance-related disorders:
* Alcohol-related disorders involve the consumption of alcohol, the
most widely used (and frequently overused) drug in the United
States.
* Cannabis-related disorders include symptoms such as using more than
originally intended, feeling unable to stop using the drug, and
continuing to use despite adverse effects in one's life.
* Inhalant-use disorder involves inhaling fumes from things such as
paints or solvents. As with other substance-related disorders,
people with this condition experience cravings for the substance
and find it difficult to control or stop engaging in the behavior.
* Stimulant use disorder involves the use of stimulants such as meth,
amphetamines, and cocaine.
* Tobacco use disorder is characterized by symptoms such as consuming
more tobacco than intended, difficulty cutting back or quitting,
cravings, and suffering adverse social consequences as a result of
tobacco use.
The DSM-5 also includes gambling disorder under this classification.
The American Psychiatric Association explains that this change
"reflects the increasing and consistent evidence that some behaviors,
such as gambling, activate the brain reward system with effects similar
to those of drugs of abuse and that gambling disorder symptoms resemble
substance use disorders to a certain extent."
12
Neurocognitive Disorders
Neurocognitive psychological disorders
Andrew Bret Wallis / Getty Images
Neurocognitive disorders are characterized by acquired deficits in
cognitive function. These disorders do not include those in which
impaired cognition was present at birth or early in life.
Types of cognitive disorders include:
* Delirium, also known as acute confusional state, that develops over
a short period of time (usually a few hours or a few days) and is
characterized by disturbances in attention and awareness.
* Major and mild neurocognitive disorders have the primary feature of
acquired cognitive decline in one or more areas including memory,
attention, language, learning, and perception. These cognitive
disorders can be due to medical conditions including Alzheimer's
disease, HIV infection, Parkinson's disease, substance/medication
use, vascular disease, and others.
13
Schizophrenia
Woman with schizophrenia
Francesco Carta fotografo/Getty Images
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric condition that affects a
person's thinking, feeling, and behavior. It is a complex, long-term
condition that affects about one percent of people in the United
States.
The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria specify that two or more symptoms of
schizophrenia must be present for a period of at least one month.
One symptom must be one of the following:
* Delusions: Beliefs that conflict with reality
* Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that aren't really there
* Disorganized speech: Words do not follow the rules of language and
may be impossible to understand
The second symptom may be one of the following:
* Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior (confused thinking,
bizarre behavior or movements)
* Negative symptoms (the inability to initiate plans, speak, express
emotions, or feel pleasure)
Diagnosis also requires significant impairments in social or
occupational functioning for a period of at least six months.
The onset of schizophrenia is usually in the late teens or early 20s,
with men usually showing symptoms earlier than women. Earlier signs of
the condition that may occur before diagnosis include poor motivation,
difficult relationships, and poor school performance.
The National Institute of Mental Health suggests that multiple factors
may play a role in causing schizophrenia including genetics, brain
chemistry, environmental factors, and substance use.
While there is no cure for schizophrenia, there are treatments
available that make it possible to manage the symptoms of the
condition. Treatments usually incorporate antipsychotic medications,
psycho therapy, self-management, education, and social support.
14
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Woman with OCD cleaning
Mark John/Getty Images
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders is a category of psychiatric
conditions that include:
* Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
* Body-dysmorphic disorder
* Hoarding disorder
* Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
* Excoriation disorder (skin picking)
* Substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related
disorder
* Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to another medical
condition
Each condition in this classification has its own set of diagnostic
criteria.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
The diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 specify that in order to be
diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, a person must experience
obsessions, compulsions, or both.
* Obsessions are defined as recurrent, persistent thoughts, impulses,
and urges that lead to distress or anxiety.
* Compulsions are repetitive and excessive behaviors that the
individual feels that they must perform. These actions are
performed to reduce anxiety or to prevent some dreaded outcome from
occurring.
The obsessions and compulsions must also be time-consuming (taking up
an hour or more per day) or cause significant distress or functional
impairment, must not be attributable to another medical condition or
substance use, and must not be better explained by another psychiatric
condition (such as generalized anxiety disorder).
Treatments for OCD usually focus on a combination of therapy and
medications. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or a form of CBT known
as exposure and response prevention (ERP) if commonly used.
Antidepressants such as clomipramine or fluoxetine may also be
prescribed to manage symptoms.
15
Personality Disorders
108125059.jpg
mammamaart / Getty Images
Personality disorders are characterized by an enduring pattern of
maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that can cause serious
detriments to relationships and other life areas.
Types of personality disorders include:
* Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a long-standing
disregard for rules, social norms, and the rights of others. People
with this disorder typically begin displaying symptoms during
childhood, have difficulty feeling empathy for others, and lack
remorse for their destructive behaviors.
* Avoidant personality disorder involves severe social inhibition and
sensitivity to rejection. Such feelings of insecurity lead to
significant problems with the individual's daily life and
functioning.
* Borderline personality disorder is associated with symptoms
including emotional instability, unstable and intense interpersonal
relationships, unstable self-image, and impulsive behaviors.
* Dependent personality disorder involves a chronic pattern of
fearing separation and an excessive need to be taken care of.
People with this disorder will often engage in behaviors that are
designed to produce care-giving actions in others.
* Histrionic personality disorder is associated with patterns of
extreme emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors. People with
this condition feel uncomfortable in settings where they are not
the center of attention, have rapidly changing emotions, and may
engage in socially inappropriate behaviors designed to attract
attention from others.
* Narcissistic personality disorder is associated with a lasting
pattern of exaggerated self-image, self-centeredness, and low
empathy. People with this condition tend to be more interested in
themselves than with others.
* Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of
preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, inflexibility, and
mental and interpersonal control. This is a different condition
than obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).
* Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a distrust of
others, even family, friends, and romantic partners. People with
this disorder perceive others intentions as malevolent, even
without any evidence or justification.
* Schizoid personality disorder involves symptoms that include being
detached from social relationships. People with this disorder are
directed toward their inner lives and are often indifferent to
relationships. They generally display a lack of emotional
expression and can appear cold and aloof.
* Schizotypal personality disorder features eccentricities in speech,
behaviors, appearance, and thought. People with this condition may
experience odd beliefs or "magical thinking" and difficulty forming
relationships.
A Word From Verywell
Psychological disorders can cause disruptions in daily functioning,
relationships, work, school, and other important domains. With
appropriate diagnosis and treatment, however, people can find relief
from their symptoms and discover ways to cope effectively.
questions, comments, suggestions/feedback, take-down requests, contribute, etc
contact me @ integralyogin@gmail.com or join the integral discord server (chatrooms)
if the page you visited was empty, it may be noted and I will try to fill it out. cheers