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DEFINITIONS


The Study of philosophy is not that we may know what men have thought, but what the truth of things is. - Saint Thomas Aquinas

All philosophy is concerned with the relations between two things, the fundamental truth of existence and the forms in which existence presents itself to our experience. ~ Sri Aurobindo

Philosophy is only a way of formulating to ourselves intellectually in their essential significance the psychological and physical facts of existence and their relation to any ultimate reality that may exist. ~ Sri Aurobindo

The most general science. Pythagoras is said to have called himself a lover of wisdom. But philosophy has been both the seeking of wisdom and the wisdom sought. Originally, the rational explanation of anything, the general principles under which all facts could be explained; in this sense, indistinguishable from science. Later, the science of the first principles of being; the presuppositions of ultimate reality. Now, popularly, private wisdom or consolation; technically, the science of sciences, the criticism and systematization or organization of all knowledge, drawn from empirical science, rational learning, common experience, or whatever. Philosophy includes metaphysics, or ontology and epistemology, logic, ethics, aesthetics, etc. (all of which see). ~ J.K.F.

Philosophy is to be studied, not for the sake of any definite answers to its questions since no definite answers can, as a rule, be known to be true, but rather for the sake of the questions themselves. ~ Bertrand Russell

My desire and wish is that the things I start with should be so obvious that you wonder why I spend my time stating them. This is what I aim at because the point of philosophy is to start with something so simple as not to seem worth stating, and to end with something so paradoxical that no one will believe it. ~ Bertrand Russell

Philosophy, like all other studies, aims primarily at knowledge. The knowledge it aims at is the kind of knowledge which gives unity and system to the body of the sciences, and the kind which results from a critical examination of the grounds of our convictions, prejudices, and beliefs. But it cannot be maintained that philosophy has had any very great measure of success in its attempts to provide definite answers to its questions. If you ask a mathematician, a mineralogist, a historian, or any other man of learning, what definite body of truths has been ascertained by his science, his answer will last as long as you are willing to listen. But if you put the same question to a philosopher, he will, if he is candid, have to confess that his study has not achieved positive results such as have been achieved by other sciences. It is true that this is partly accounted for by the fact that, as soon as definite knowledge concerning any subject becomes possible, this subject ceases to be called philosophy, and becomes a separate science. The whole study of the heavens, which now belongs to astronomy, was once included in philosophy; Newton's great work was called 'the mathematical principles of natural philosophy'. Similarly, the study of the human mind, which was a part of philosophy, has now been separated from philosophy and has become the science of psychology. Thus, to a great extent, the uncertainty of philosophy is more apparent than real: those questions which are already capable of definite answers are placed in the sciences, while those only to which, at present, no definite answer can be given, remain to form the residue which is called philosophy. - Bertrand Russell



AUTHORS


Albert Camus
Aldous Huxley
Aleister Crowley
Alfred North Whitehead
Aristotle
Arthur Schopenhauer
Baruch Spinoza
Bertrand Russell
Blaise Pascal
class
Confucius
David Hume
Diogenes
Dogen
Epictetus
Franz Kafka
Friedrich Nietzsche
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Georg C Lichtenberg
George Bernard Shaw
G. W. F. Hegel
Henri Bergson
Henry David Thoreau
Heraclitus
Immanuel Kant
Jean Baudrillard
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jiddu Krishnamurti
Jurgen Habermas
Ken Wilber
Lao Tzu
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Maimonides
Marcus Aurelius
Martin Heidegger
Mencius
Paracelsus
Plato
Plotinus
Proclus
Pythagoras
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Seneca
Simone de Beauvoir
Soren Kierkegaard
Sri Aurobindo
Sri Ramakrishna
Thomas Carlyle
Voltaire
William James

Albert Camus, Aristotle, Arthur Schopenhauer, Baruch Spinoza, Bertrand Russell, Blaise Pascal, David Hume, Diogenes, Donald Davidson, Epictetus, Francis Bacon, Franz Kafka, Friedrich Nietzsche, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Gottfried Leibniz,Immanuel Kant, Jacques Derrida, Jean Baudrillard, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jean-Paul Sartre, John Stuart Mill, Jurgen Habermas, Karl Popper, Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Marcus Aurelius, Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, Michel de Montaigne, Plato, Plotinus, Rene Descartes, Saul Kripke, Simone de Beauvoir, Slavoj Zizek, Socrates, Soren Kierkegaard, Walter Kaufmann, William James Sidis, Heraclitus, Soren Kierkegaard, Pythagoras, Jiddu Krishnamurti, Lao Tzu, George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Eugene Thacker, Sri Francis Bacon, Jeffrey J. Kripal, Jeff Kripal, Proclus, William Irwin Thompson, Gustav Fechner, Moses Maimonides, Maimonides, Rudolf Steiner, Thomas Carlyle, Ren Gunon, Epicurus, Ludwig Feuerbach, John Locke, Denis Diderot, Mikhail Bakhtin, Seneca the Younger, Thomas Hobbes, Lucretius, Michel de Montaigne, Henri Bergson, Eric Hoffer, Mahatma Gandhi, Niccolo Machiavelli, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emberto Eco, Voltaire, Erich Fromm, Emanuel Swedenborg, Omar Khayyam, Baron de Montesquieu, Mortimer J. Adler, Mortimer Jerome Adler, Immanuel Kant, Giles Deleuze, Jacques Lacan, Edmund Husserl, Mikhail Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin, Friedrich Schiller, Helena Blavatsky<




TYPES OF PHILOSOPHY

CONCEPTS
link2:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanandum_and_explanans
Interrogatives



PHILOSOPHY BRITANNICA


  Philosophy, (from Greek, by way of Latin, philosophia, love of wisdom) the rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of reality as a whole or of fundamental dimensions of human existence and experience. Philosophical inquiry is a central element in the intellectual history of many civilizations.
  The subject of philosophy is treated in a number of articles. For discussion of major systems of Eastern philosophy, see Buddhism; Chinese philosophy; Confucianism; Daoism; Hinduism; Indian philosophy; Jainism; Japanese philosophy; Shint; Sikhism.
  For biographies of major Eastern philosophers, see Buddha; Confucius; Dai Zhen; Han Feizi; Laozi; Mencius; Mozi; Nichiren; Nishida Kitar; Wang Yangming; Xunzi; Zhu Xi.
  For historical coverage of Western philosophy, see Western philosophy. For discussion of philosophies associated with the major religious traditions of the West, see Christianity: Christian philosophy; Islam: Islamic philosophy; Judaism: Jewish philosophy.
  For discussion of major Western schools, movements, and systems, see atomism; analytic philosophy; Continental philosophy; deconstruction Eleaticism; empiricism; existentialism; idealism; materialism; phenomenology; positivism; postmodernism; pragmatism; rationalism; realism; Scholasticism; skepticism; Stoicism; utilitarianism.
  For biographies of major Western philosophers and treatment of their associated movements, see Aristotle and Aristotelianism; Ren Descartes and Cartesianism; Epicurus and Epicureanism; Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Hegelianism; Immanuel Kant and Kantianism; Karl Marx and Marxism; Plato and Platonism; Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism.
  For discussion of other major Western philosophers, see Peter Abelard; St. Anselm; St. Thomas Aquinas; St. Augustine; Noam Chomsky; Jacques Derrida; Duns Scotus; Michel Foucault; Jrgen Habermas; Martin Heidegger; David Hume; William James; Saul Kripke; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; John Locke; John Stuart Mill; Friedrich Nietzsche; Hilary Putnam; Jean-Jacques Rousseau; Bertrand Russell; Jean-Paul Sartre; Socrates; Benedict de Spinoza; Bernard Williams; Ludwig Wittgenstein.
  For coverage of the particular branches of Western philosophy, see aesthetics; epistemology; ethics; ideology; logic; metaphysics; philosophical anthropology; philosophy of biology; philosophy of education; philosophy of history; philosophy of language; philosophy of law; philosophy of logic; philosophy of mathematics; philosophy of mind ; philosophy of physics; philosophy of religion; philosophy of science.



PHILOSOPHY WIKIPEDIA


  Philosophy (from Greek: , philosophia, 'love of wisdom') is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. The term was probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570 495 BCE). Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation.

  Classic philosophical questions include: 'is it possible to know anything and to prove it?'[10][11][12] and 'what is most real?' Philosophers also pose more practical and concrete questions such as: 'is there a best way to live?', 'is it better to be just or unjust (if one can get away with it)?', 'do humans have free will?'

  Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge. From the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics.

  In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize. In the modern era, some investigations that were traditionally part of philosophy became separate academic disciplines, including psychology, sociology, linguistics, and economics. Other investigations closely related to art, science, politics, or other pursuits remained part of philosophy. For example, is beauty objective or subjective? Are there many scientific methods or just one? Is political utopia a hopeful dream or hopeless fantasy?

  Major sub-fields of academic philosophy include: metaphysics, which is "concerned with the fundamental nature of reality and being;" and epistemology, which is about "nature and grounds of knowledge [and]its limits and validity;" as well as ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, logic, and philosophy of science.



Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy


  In antiquity elements of Eastern philosophy appear to have directly influenced Western philosophy.
  The Ancient Greek philosopher Pyrrho accompanied Alexander the Great in his eastern campaigns, spending about 18 months in India. Pyrrho subsequently returned to Greece and founded Pyrrhonism. The Greek biographer Diogenes Lartius explained that Pyrrho's equanimity and detachment from the world were acquired in India.[134] Pyrrho was directly influenced by Buddhism in developing his philosophy, which is based on Pyrrho's interpretation of the Buddhist three marks of existence.[135] According to Edward Conze, Pyrrhonism can be compared to Buddhist philosophy, especially the Indian Madhyamika school.[136] The Pyrrhonists' goal of ataraxia (the state of being untroubled) is a soteriological goal similar to nirvana. The Pyrrhonists promoted suspending judgment (epoch) about dogma (beliefs about non-evident matters) as the way to reach ataraxia. This is similar to the Buddha's refusal to answer certain metaphysical questions which he saw as non-conductive to the path of Buddhist practice and Nagarjuna's "relinquishing of all views (drsti)". Adrian Kuzminski argues for direct influence between these two systems of thought. In Pyrrhonism: How the Ancient Greeks Reinvented Buddhism[137] According to Kuzminski, both philosophies argue against assenting to any dogmatic assertions about an ultimate metaphysical reality behind our sense impressions as a tactic to reach tranquility and both also make use of logical arguments against other philosophies in order to expose their contradictions.[137]
  The philosopher Hegesias of Cyrene is thought by some to have been influenced by the teachings of Ashoka's Buddhist missionaries.[138]
  In the modern era there have been many attempts to integrate Western and Eastern philosophical traditions.
  Arthur Schopenhauer developed a philosophy that was essentially a synthesis of Hinduism with Western thought. He anticipated that the Upanishads (primary Hindu scriptures) would have a much greater influence in the West than they have had. However, Schopenhauer was working with heavily flawed early translations (and sometimes second-degree translations), and many feel that he may not necessarily have accurately grasped the Eastern philosophies which interested him.[139]
  Recent attempts to incorporate Western philosophy into Eastern thought include the Kyoto School of philosophers, who combined the phenomenology of Husserl with the insights of Zen Buddhism. Watsuji Tetsur, a 20th-century Japanese philosopher attempted to combine the works of Soren Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Heidegger with Eastern philosophies. Some have claimed that there is also a definite eastern element within Heidegger's philosophy.[140] For the most part this is not made explicit within Heidegger's philosophy, apart from in the dialogue between a Japanese and inquirer. Heidegger did spend time attempting to translate the Tao Te Ching into German, working with his Chinese student Paul Hsaio. It has also been claimed that much of Heidegger's later philosophy, particularly the sacredness of Being, bears a distinct similarity to Taoist ideas. There are clear parallels between Heidegger and the work of Kyoto School, and ultimately, it may be read that Heidegger's philosophy is an attempt to 'turn eastwards' in response to the crisis in Western civilization. However, this is only an interpretation.
  The 20th century Hindu guru Sri Aurobindo was influenced by German Idealism and his integral yoga is regarded as a synthesis of Eastern and Western thought. The German phenomenologist Jean Gebser's writings on the history of consciousness referred to a new planetary consciousness that would bridge this gap. Followers of these two authors are often grouped together under the term Integral thought.
  Swiss psychologist Carl Jung was deeply influenced by the I Ching (Book of Changes), an ancient Chinese text that dates back to the Bronze Age Shang Dynasty (. 1,700-1,050 BCE). It uses a system of Yin and Yang, which it places into hexagrams for the purposes of divination. Carl Jung's idea of synchronicity moves towards an Oriental view of causality, as he states in the foreword to Richard Wilhelm's translation of the I Ching.[141] He explains that this Chinese view of the world is based not on science as the West knows it, but on chance.




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now begins generated list of local instances, definitions, quotes, instances in chapters, wordnet info if available and instances among weblinks


OBJECT INSTANCES [15] - TOPICS - AUTHORS - BOOKS - CHAPTERS - CLASSES - SEE ALSO - SIMILAR TITLES

TOPICS
Emergence
Interrogative
list_of_philosophers
Marquis_de_Sade
paradoxs
philosopher
Philosophy_of
Philosophy_of_Education
Philosophy_of_Mind
Philosophy_of_Right
Simulated_Reality
the_Great_Chain_of_Being
the_Socratic_Method
thought_experiments
waking_life
SEE ALSO


AUTH
Albert_Camus
Aldous_Huxley
Aleister_Crowley
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Aristotle
Arthur_Schopenhauer
Baruch_Spinoza
Bertrand_Russell
Blaise_Pascal
Charles_Baudelaire
Cicero
Confucius
David_Hume
Denis_Diderot
Desiderius_Erasmus
Diogenes
Dogen
Edward_Young
Epictetus
Franz_Kafka
Friedrich_Nietzsche
Fyodor_Dostoevsky
Georg_C_Lichtenberg
George_Bernard_Shaw
Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel
Hemachandra
Henri_Bergson
Henry_David_Thoreau
Heraclitus
Ibn_Arabi
Immanuel_Kant
Jabir_ibn_Hayyan
Jacques_Ellul
Jean_Baudrillard
Jean-Paul_Sartre
Jiddu_Krishnamurti
Jurgen_Habermas
Ken_Wilber
Lao_Tzu
Lucretius
Ludwig_Wittgenstein
Maimonides
Marcus_Aurelius
Martin_Heidegger
Mencius
Norbert_Wiener
Novalis
Paracelsus
Peter_Sloterdijk
Philo_of_Alexandria
Plato
Plotinus
Proclus
Pythagoras
Ralph_Waldo_Emerson
R_Buckminster_Fuller
Rene_Guenon
Richard_Swinburne
Saint_Augustine_of_Hippo
Seneca
Simone_de_Beauvoir
Soren_Kierkegaard
Sri_Aurobindo
Sri_Ramakrishna
Thomas_Carlyle
Victor_Hugo
Virgil
Voltaire
William_Blake
William_James

BOOKS
A_History_of_Western_Philosophy
Al-Fihrist
Analects
Analysis_of_Mind
A_Study_Of_Dogen_His_Philosophy_and_Religion
Being_and_Nothingness
Being_and_Time
Beyond_Good_and_Evil
Bhakti-Yoga
Candide
City_of_God
Contemplation_and_Action
Conversations_of_Socrates
Critique_of_Practical_Reason
Critique_of_Pure_Reason
De_Anima
Discourse_on_Method
Dogen_-_Poems
Ecce_Homo
Enchiridion
Enchiridion_text
Ennead_VI
Essays_Divine_And_Human
Essays_In_Philosophy_And_Yoga
Essays_of_Schopenhauer
Ethics_(Spinoza)
Evolution_II
Five_Dialogues__Euthyphro
Fragments
Free_thought_and_Official_Propaganda
Full_Circle
General_Principles_of_Kabbalah
Heart_of_Matter
Human_Knowledge
Infinite_Library
Kena_and_Other_Upanishads
Let_Me_Explain
Letters_from_a_Stoic
Letters_On_Yoga
Letters_On_Yoga_I
Letters_On_Yoga_IV
Leviathan
Liber_157_-_The_Tao_Teh_King
Life_without_Death
Logic_and_Ontology
Lysis_-_Symposium_-_Gorgias
Meditations
Metaphysics
Modern_Man_in_Search_of_a_Soul
My_Burning_Heart
Mysticism_and_Logic
Nausea
Notes_from_the_Underground
of_Society
Of_The_Nature_Of_Things
old_bookshelf
On_Liberty
On_the_Shortness_of_Life
Our_Knowledge_of_the_External_World
Penses
Phenomenology_of_Spirit
Philosophy_of_Dreams
Plotinus_-_Complete_Works_Vol_01
Plotinus_-_Complete_Works_Vol_02
Plotinus_-_Complete_Works_Vol_03
Plotinus_-_Complete_Works_Vol_04
Poetics
Principles_of_Morals
Process_and_Reality
Religion_and_Science
Role_of_the_Intellectual_in_the_Modern_World
Savitri
Sayings_of_Sri_Ramakrishna_(toc)
Schiller_-_Poems
Self_Knowledge
Symposium
Synergetics_-_Explorations_in_the_Geometry_of_Thinking
The_Art_and_Thought_of_Heraclitus
The_Art_of_Living__The_Classical_Manual_on_Virtue
The_Beyond_Mind_Papers__Vol_2_Steps_to_a_Metatranspersonal_Philosophy_and_Psychology
The_Beyond_Mind_Papers__Vol_3_Further_Steps_to_a_Metatranspersonal_Philosophy_and_Psychology
The_Beyond_Mind_Papers__Vol_4_Further_Steps_to_a_Metatranspersonal_Philosophy_and_Psychology
The_Bible
The_Birth_of_Tragedy
The_Book_of_Light
The_Book_of_Secrets__Keys_to_Love_and_Meditation
The_Categories
The_Consolation_of_Philosophy
The_Divine_Comedy
The_Divine_Companion
The_Divine_Milieu
The_Enneads
The_Essence_of_Truth
The_Essential_Epicurus
The_Essential_Songs_of_Milarepa
The_Essential_Writings
The_Ever-Present_Origin
The_Fall
The_Future_of_Man
The_Gay_Science
The_Gospel_of_Sri_Ramakrishna
The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed
The_Handbook
The_Imitation_of_Christ
The_Integral_Yoga
The_Journals_of_Kierkegaard
The_Life_Divine
The_Logic_of_Scientific_Discovery
The_New_Organon
The_Nicomachean_Ethics
The_Perennial_Philosophy
The_Philosophy_of_History
The_Plague
The_Practice_of_Psycho_therapy
The_Principia__Mathematical_Principles_of_Natural_Philosophy
The_Principles_of_Mathematics
The_Problem_of_China
The_Problems_of_Philosophy
The_Republic
The_Seals_of_Wisdom
The_Second_Sex
The_Secret_Doctrine
The_Self-Organizing_Universe
The_Sickness_Unto_Death
The_Social_Contract
The_Stranger
The_Synthesis_Of_Yoga
The_Trial_and_Death_of_Socrates
The_Use_and_Abuse_of_History
The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience
The_Way_of_Perfection
The_Way_Things_are
The_Wit_and_Wisdom_of_Alfred_North_Whitehead
The_World_as_Will_and_Idea
The_World_of_Tibetan_Buddhism__An_Overview_of_Its_Philosophy_and_Practice
The_Yoga_Sutras
Thought_Power
Three_Books_on_Occult_Philosophy
Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra
Timaeus_-_Critias
Total_Freedom__The_Essential_Krishnamurti
Toward_the_Future
Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus
Twilight_of_the_Idols
Walden,_and_On_The_Duty_Of_Civil_Disobedience

IN CHAPTERS TITLE
01.11_-_Aldous_Huxley:_The_Perennial_Philosophy
03.02_-_The_Philosopher_as_an_Artist_and_Philosophy_as_an_Art
05.06_-_Physics_or_philosophy
05.13_-_Darshana_and_Philosophy
1.02_-_The_Philosophy_of_Ishvara
1.03_-_.REASON._IN_PHILOSOPHY
1.04_-_The_First_Circle,_Limbo__Virtuous_Pagans_and_the_Unbaptized._The_Four_Poets,_Homer,_Horace,_Ovid,_and_Lucan._The_Noble_Castle_of_Philosophy.
1.06_-_Psycho_therapy_and_a_Philosophy_of_Life
1.1.04_-_Philosophy
1.15_-_The_Value_of_Philosophy
1958-06-18_-_Philosophy,_religion,_occultism,_spirituality
1.pbs_-_Loves_Philosophy
2.20_-_The_Philosophy_of_Rebirth
BOOK_VIII._-_Some_account_of_the_Socratic_and_Platonic_philosophy,_and_a_refutation_of_the_doctrine_of_Apuleius_that_the_demons_should_be_worshipped_as_mediators_between_gods_and_men

IN CHAPTERS CLASSNAME
0.00_-_THE_GOSPEL_PREFACE
1.00b_-_INTRODUCTION
1.01_-_Fundamental_Considerations
1.01_-_'Imitation'_the_common_principle_of_the_Arts_of_Poetry.
1.01_-_MAXIMS_AND_MISSILES
1.01_-_ON_THE_THREE_METAMORPHOSES
1.01_-_Proem
1.01_-_THAT_ARE_THOU
1.02_-_ON_THE_TEACHERS_OF_VIRTUE
1.02_-_Substance_Is_Eternal
1.02_-_THE_NATURE_OF_THE_GROUND
1.02_-_The_Objects_of_Imitation.
1.02_-_THE_PROBLEM_OF_SOCRATES
1.02_-_The_Three_European_Worlds
1.03_-_ON_THE_AFTERWORLDLY
1.03_-_PERSONALITY,_SANCTITY,_DIVINE_INCARNATION
1.03_-_.REASON._IN_PHILOSOPHY
1.03_-_The_Manner_of_Imitation.
1.03_-_The_Void
1.04_-_GOD_IN_THE_WORLD
1.04_-_HOW_THE_.TRUE_WORLD._ULTIMATELY_BECAME_A_FABLE
1.04_-_Nothing_Exists_Per_Se_Except_Atoms_And_The_Void
1.04_-_ON_THE_DESPISERS_OF_THE_BODY
1.04_-_The_Origin_and_Development_of_Poetry.
1.05_-_Character_Of_The_Atoms
1.05_-_CHARITY
1.05_-_Definition_of_the_Ludicrous,_and_a_brief_sketch_of_the_rise_of_Comedy.
1.05_-_MORALITY_AS_THE_ENEMY_OF_NATURE
1.05_-_ON_ENJOYING_AND_SUFFERING_THE_PASSIONS
1.06_-_Confutation_Of_Other_Philosophers
1.06_-_Definition_of_Tragedy.
1.06_-_MORTIFICATION,_NON-ATTACHMENT,_RIGHT_LIVELIHOOD
1.06_-_ON_THE_PALE_CRIMINAL
1.06_-_THE_FOUR_GREAT_ERRORS
1.07_-_ON_READING_AND_WRITING
1.07_-_THE_.IMPROVERS._OF_MANKIND
1.07_-_The_Infinity_Of_The_Universe
1.07_-_The_Plot_must_be_a_Whole.
1.07_-_TRUTH
1.08_-_ON_THE_TREE_ON_THE_MOUNTAINSIDE
1.08_-_RELIGION_AND_TEMPERAMENT
1.08_-_The_Plot_must_be_a_Unity.
1.08_-_THINGS_THE_GERMANS_LACK
1.09_-_ON_THE_PREACHERS_OF_DEATH
1.09_-_(Plot_continued.)_Dramatic_Unity.
1.09_-_SELF-KNOWLEDGE
1.09_-_SKIRMISHES_IN_A_WAY_WITH_THE_AGE
1.10_-_GRACE_AND_FREE_WILL
1.10_-_ON_WAR_AND_WARRIORS
1.10_-_(Plot_continued.)_Definitions_of_Simple_and_Complex_Plots.
1.10_-_THINGS_I_OWE_TO_THE_ANCIENTS
1.11_-_GOOD_AND_EVIL
1.11_-_ON_THE_NEW_IDOL
1.11_-_(Plot_continued.)_Reversal_of_the_Situation,_Recognition,_and_Tragic_or_disastrous_Incident_defined_and_explained.
1.12_-_ON_THE_FLIES_OF_THE_MARKETPLACE
1.12_-_The_'quantitative_parts'_of_Tragedy_defined.
1.12_-_TIME_AND_ETERNITY
1.13_-_ON_CHASTITY
1.13_-_(Plot_continued.)_What_constitutes_Tragic_Action.
1.13_-_SALVATION,_DELIVERANCE,_ENLIGHTENMENT
1.14_-_IMMORTALITY_AND_SURVIVAL
1.14_-_ON_THE_FRIEND
1.14_-_(Plot_continued.)_The_tragic_emotions_of_pity_and_fear_should_spring_out_of_the_Plot_itself.
1.15_-_ON_THE_THOUSAND_AND_ONE_GOALS
1.15_-_SILENCE
1.15_-_The_element_of_Character_in_Tragedy.
1.16_-_ON_LOVE_OF_THE_NEIGHBOUR
1.16_-_(Plot_continued.)_Recognition__its_various_kinds,_with_examples
1.16_-_PRAYER
1.17_-_ON_THE_WAY_OF_THE_CREATOR
1.17_-_Practical_rules_for_the_Tragic_Poet.
1.17_-_SUFFERING
1.18_-_FAITH
1.18_-_Further_rules_for_the_Tragic_Poet.
1.18_-_ON_LITTLE_OLD_AND_YOUNG_WOMEN
1.19_-_GOD_IS_NOT_MOCKED
1.19_-_ON_THE_ADDERS_BITE
1.19_-_Thought,_or_the_Intellectual_element,_and_Diction_in_Tragedy.
1.201_-_Socrates
1.20_-_Diction,_or_Language_in_general.
1.20_-_ON_CHILD_AND_MARRIAGE
1.20_-_TANTUM_RELIGIO_POTUIT_SUADERE_MALORUM
1.21_-_IDOLATRY
1.21_-_ON_FREE_DEATH
1.21__-_Poetic_Diction.
1.22_-_EMOTIONALISM
1.22_-_ON_THE_GIFT-GIVING_VIRTUE
1.22_-_(Poetic_Diction_continued.)_How_Poetry_combines_elevation_of_language_with_perspicuity.
1.23_-_Epic_Poetry.
1.23_-_THE_MIRACULOUS
1.24_-_(Epic_Poetry_continued.)_Further_points_of_agreement_with_Tragedy.
1.24_-_RITUAL,_SYMBOL,_SACRAMENT
1.25_-_Critical_Objections_brought_against_Poetry,_and_the_principles_on_which_they_are_to_be_answered.
1.25_-_SPIRITUAL_EXERCISES
1.26_-_PERSEVERANCE_AND_REGULARITY
1.27_-_CONTEMPLATION,_ACTION_AND_SOCIAL_UTILITY
1.A_-_ANTHROPOLOGY,_THE_SOUL
1.ia_-_A_Garden_Among_The_Flames
1.ia_-_Allah
1.ia_-_An_Ocean_Without_Shore
1.ia_-_Approach_The_Dwellings_Of_The_Dear_Ones
1.ia_-_At_Night_Lets_Its_Curtains_Down_In_Folds
1.ia_-_Fire
1.ia_-_He_Saw_The_Lightning_In_The_East
1.ia_-_If_What_She_Says_Is_True
1.ia_-_I_Laid_My_Little_Daughter_To_Rest
1.ia_-_In_Memory_Of_Those
1.ia_-_In_The_Mirror_Of_A_Man
1.ia_-_Listen,_O_Dearly_Beloved
1.ia_-_Modification_Of_The_R_Poem
1.ia_-_My_Heart_Has_Become_Able
1.ia_-_My_Journey
1.ia_-_Oh-_Her_Beauty-_The_Tender_Maid!
1.ia_-_Reality
1.ia_-_Silence
1.ia_-_The_Hand_Of_Trial
1.ia_-_The_Invitation
1.ia_-_True_Knowledge
1.ia_-_Turmoil_In_Your_Hearts
1.ia_-_When_My_Beloved_Appears
1.ia_-_When_The_Suns_Eye_Rules_My_Sight
1.ia_-_When_We_Came_Together
1.ia_-_Wild_Is_She,_None_Can_Make_Her_His_Friend
1.ia_-_With_My_Very_Own_Hands
1.ia_-_Wonder
1.jlb_-_Browning_Decides_To_Be_A_Poet
1.jlb_-_Cosmogonia_(&_translation)
1.jlb_-_Elegy
1.jlb_-_Everness_(&_interpretation)
1.jlb_-_History_Of_The_Night
1.jlb_-_Instants
1.jlb_-_Limits
1.jlb_-_Shinto
1.jlb_-_Simplicity
1.jlb_-_Susana_Soca
1.jlb_-_That_One
1.jlb_-_The_Art_Of_Poetry
1.jlb_-_The_instant
1.jlb_-_The_Other_Tiger
1.jlb_-_The_suicide
1.jlb_-_To_a_Cat
1.jlb_-_We_Are_The_Time._We_Are_The_Famous
1.jlb_-_When_sorrow_lays_us_low
1.rt_-_A_Dream
1.rt_-_A_Hundred_Years_Hence
1.rt_-_Akash_Bhara_Surya_Tara_Biswabhara_Pran_(Translation)
1.rt_-_All_These_I_Loved
1.rt_-_Along_The_Way
1.rt_-_And_In_Wonder_And_Amazement_I_Sing
1.rt_-_At_The_End_Of_The_Day
1.rt_-_At_The_Last_Watch
1.rt_-_Authorship
1.rt_-_Babys_Way
1.rt_-_Babys_World
1.rt_-_Beggarly_Heart
1.rt_-_Benediction
1.rt_-_Birth_Story
1.rt_-_Brahm,_Viu,_iva
1.rt_-_Brink_Of_Eternity
1.rt_-_Broken_Song
1.rt_-_Chain_Of_Pearls
1.rt_-_Closed_Path
1.rt_-_Clouds_And_Waves
1.rt_-_Colored_Toys
1.rt_-_Compensation
1.rt_-_Cruel_Kindness
1.rt_-_Death
1.rt_-_Defamation
1.rt_-_Distant_Time
1.rt_-_Dream_Girl
1.rt_-_Dungeon
1.rt_-_Endless_Time
1.rt_-_Face_To_Face
1.rt_-_Fairyland
1.rt_-_Farewell
1.rt_-_Fireflies
1.rt_-_Flower
1.rt_-_Fool
1.rt_-_Freedom
1.rt_-_Friend
1.rt_-_From_Afar
1.rt_-_Gift_Of_The_Great
1.rt_-_Gitanjali
1.rt_-_Give_Me_Strength
1.rt_-_Hard_Times
1.rt_-_I
1.rt_-_I_Am_Restless
1.rt_-_I_Cast_My_Net_Into_The_Sea
1.rt_-_I_Found_A_Few_Old_Letters
1.rt_-_Innermost_One
1.rt_-_In_The_Country
1.rt_-_In_The_Dusky_Path_Of_A_Dream
1.rt_-_Journey_Home
1.rt_-_Keep_Me_Fully_Glad
1.rt_-_Kinu_Goalas_Alley
1.rt_-_Krishnakali
1.rt_-_Lamp_Of_Love
1.rt_-_Last_Curtain
1.rt_-_Leave_This
1.rt_-_Let_Me_Not_Forget
1.rt_-_Light
1.rt_-_Little_Flute
1.rt_-_Little_Of_Me
1.rt_-_Lord_Of_My_Life
1.rt_-_Lost_Star
1.rt_-_Lost_Time
1.rt_-_Lotus
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_II_-_Come_To_My_Garden_Walk
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_IV_-_She_Is_Near_To_My_Heart
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_LII_-_Tired_Of_Waiting
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_LIV_-_In_The_Beginning_Of_Time
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_LVIII_-_Things_Throng_And_Laugh
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_LVI_-_The_Evening_Was_Lonely
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_LXX_-_Take_Back_Your_Coins
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_VIII_-_There_Is_Room_For_You
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_V_-_I_Would_Ask_For_Still_More
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XIII_-_Last_Night_In_The_Garden
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XIX_-_It_Is_Written_In_The_Book
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XL_-_A_Message_Came
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XLII_-_Are_You_A_Mere_Picture
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XLIII_-_Dying,_You_Have_Left_Behind
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XLIV_-_Where_Is_Heaven
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XLVIII_-_I_Travelled_The_Old_Road
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XLVII_-_The_Road_Is
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XVIII_-_Your_Days
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XVI_-_She_Dwelt_Here_By_The_Pool
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XXII_-_I_Shall_Gladly_Suffer
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XXVIII_-_I_Dreamt
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XXXIX_-_There_Is_A_Looker-On
1.rt_-_Maran-Milan_(Death-Wedding)
1.rt_-_Maya
1.rt_-_Meeting
1.rt_-_Moments_Indulgence
1.rt_-_My_Dependence
1.rt_-_My_Friend,_Come_In_These_Rains
1.rt_-_My_Polar_Star
1.rt_-_My_Pole_Star
1.rt_-_My_Present
1.rt_-_My_Song
1.rt_-_Ocean_Of_Forms
1.rt_-_Old_And_New
1.rt_-_Old_Letters_
1.rt_-_One_Day_In_Spring....
1.rt_-_Only_Thee
1.rt_-_On_The_Nature_Of_Love
1.rt_-_On_The_Seashore
1.rt_-_Our_Meeting
1.rt_-_Palm_Tree
1.rt_-_Paper_Boats
1.rt_-_Parting_Words
1.rt_-_Passing_Breeze
1.rt_-_Patience
1.rt_-_Playthings
1.rt_-_Poems_On_Beauty
1.rt_-_Poems_On_Life
1.rt_-_Poems_On_Man
1.rt_-_Poems_On_Time
1.rt_-_Prisoner
1.rt_-_Purity
1.rt_-_Rare
1.rt_-_Religious_Obsession_--_translation_from_Dharmamoha
1.rt_-_Roaming_Cloud
1.rt_-_Sail_Away
1.rt_-_Salutation
1.rt_-_Senses
1.rt_-_She
1.rt_-_Shyama
1.rt_-_Signet_Of_Eternity
1.rt_-_Silent_Steps
1.rt_-_Sit_Smiling
1.rt_-_Sleep
1.rt_-_Sleep-Stealer
1.rt_-_Song_Unsung
1.rt_-_Still_Heart
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_01_-_10
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_11-_20
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_21_-_30
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_31_-_40
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_51_-_60
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_61_-_70
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_71_-_80
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_81_-_90
1.rt_-_Stream_Of_Life
1.rt_-_Strong_Mercy
1.rt_-_Superior
1.rt_-_Sympathy
1.rt_-_The_Astronomer
1.rt_-_The_Banyan_Tree
1.rt_-_The_Beginning
1.rt_-_The_Boat
1.rt_-_The_Call_Of_The_Far
1.rt_-_The_Champa_Flower
1.rt_-_The_Child-Angel
1.rt_-_The_End
1.rt_-_The_First_Jasmines
1.rt_-_The_Flower-School
1.rt_-_The_Further_Bank
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_IV_-_Ah_Me
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_IX_-_When_I_Go_Alone_At_Night
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LI_-_Then_Finish_The_Last_Song
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LIX_-_O_Woman
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LVII_-_I_Plucked_Your_Flower
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LV_-_It_Was_Mid-Day
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXI_-_Peace,_My_Heart
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXIV_-_I_Spent_My_Day
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXIX_-_I_Hunt_For_The_Golden_Stag
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXVIII_-_None_Lives_For_Ever,_Brother
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXXIX_-_I_Often_Wonder
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXXV_-_At_Midnight
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXXXIII_-_She_Dwelt_On_The_Hillside
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXXXIV_-_Over_The_Green
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXXXI_-_Why_Do_You_Whisper_So_Faintly
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XI_-_Come_As_You_Are
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XIII_-_I_Asked_Nothing
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XIV_-_I_Was_Walking_By_The_Road
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XIX_-_You_Walked
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XL_-_An_Unbelieving_Smile
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_X_-_Let_Your_Work_Be,_Bride
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XLIII_-_No,_My_Friends
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XLII_-_O_Mad,_Superbly_Drunk
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XLIV_-_Reverend_Sir,_Forgive
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XLVIII_-_Free_Me
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XLVI_-_You_Left_Me
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XLV_-_To_The_Guests
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XVI_-_Hands_Cling_To_Eyes
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XVIII_-_When_Two_Sisters
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XX_-_Day_After_Day_He_Comes
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXII_-_When_She_Passed_By_Me
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXIV_-_Do_Not_Keep_To_Yourself
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXI_-_Why_Did_He_Choose
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXIX_-_Speak_To_Me_My_Love
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXVIII_-_Your_Questioning_Eyes
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXVII_-_Trust_Love
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXVI_-_What_Comes_From_Your_Willing_Hands
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXXIV_-_Do_Not_Go,_My_Love
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXXVIII_-_My_Love,_Once_Upon_A_Time
1.rt_-_The_Gift
1.rt_-_The_Golden_Boat
1.rt_-_The_Hero
1.rt_-_The_Hero(2)
1.rt_-_The_Home
1.rt_-_The_Homecoming
1.rt_-_The_Journey
1.rt_-_The_Judge
1.rt_-_The_Kiss
1.rt_-_The_Kiss(2)
1.rt_-_The_Land_Of_The_Exile
1.rt_-_The_Last_Bargain
1.rt_-_The_Little_Big_Man
1.rt_-_The_Lost_Star
1.rt_-_The_Merchant
1.rt_-_The_Music_Of_The_Rains
1.rt_-_The_Portrait
1.rt_-_The_Rainy_Day
1.rt_-_The_Recall
1.rt_-_The_Sailor
1.rt_-_The_Source
1.rt_-_The_Sun_Of_The_First_Day
1.rt_-_The_Tame_Bird_Was_In_A_Cage
1.rt_-_The_Unheeded_Pageant
1.rt_-_The_Wicked_Postman
1.rt_-_This_Dog
1.rt_-_Threshold
1.rt_-_Tumi_Sandhyar_Meghamala_-_You_Are_A_Cluster_Of_Clouds_-_Translation
1.rt_-_Twelve_OClock
1.rt_-_Unending_Love
1.rt_-_Ungrateful_Sorrow
1.rt_-_Untimely_Leave
1.rt_-_Unyielding
1.rt_-_Urvashi
1.rt_-_Vocation
1.rt_-_Waiting
1.rt_-_Waiting_For_The_Beloved
1.rt_-_We_Are_To_Play_The_Game_Of_Death
1.rt_-_When_And_Why
1.rt_-_When_Day_Is_Done
1.rt_-_When_I_Go_Alone_At_Night
1.rt_-_When_the_Two_Sister_Go_To_Fetch_Water
1.rt_-_Where_Shadow_Chases_Light
1.rt_-_Where_The_Mind_Is_Without_Fear
1.rt_-_Who_Is_This?
2.00_-_BIBLIOGRAPHY
2.01_-_Proem
2.01_-_THE_CHILD_WITH_THE_MIRROR
2.02_-_Atomic_Motions
2.02_-_UPON_THE_BLESSED_ISLES
2.03_-_Atomic_Forms_And_Their_Combinations
2.03_-_ON_THE_PITYING
2.04_-_Absence_Of_Secondary_Qualities
2.04_-_ON_PRIESTS
2.05_-_Infinite_Worlds
2.05_-_ON_THE_VIRTUOUS
2.06_-_ON_THE_RABBLE
2.07_-_ON_THE_TARANTULAS
2.08_-_ON_THE_FAMOUS_WISE_MEN
2.09_-_THE_NIGHT_SONG
2.0_-_THE_ANTICHRIST
2.10_-_THE_DANCING_SONG
2.11_-_THE_TOMB_SONG
2.12_-_ON_SELF-OVERCOMING
2.13_-_ON_THOSE_WHO_ARE_SUBLIME
2.14_-_ON_THE_LAND_OF_EDUCATION
2.15_-_ON_IMMACULATE_PERCEPTION
2.16_-_ON_SCHOLARS
2.17_-_ON_POETS
2.18_-_ON_GREAT_EVENTS
2.19_-_THE_SOOTHSAYER
2.20_-_ON_REDEMPTION
2.21_-_ON_HUMAN_PRUDENCE
2.22_-_THE_STILLEST_HOUR
3.01_-_Proem
3.01_-_THE_WANDERER
3.02_-_Nature_And_Composition_Of_The_Mind
3.02_-_ON_THE_VISION_AND_THE_RIDDLE
3.03_-_ON_INVOLUNTARY_BLISS
3.03_-_The_Soul_Is_Mortal
3.04_-_BEFORE_SUNRISE
3.04_-_Folly_Of_The_Fear_Of_Death
3.05_-_Cerberus_And_Furies,_And_That_Lack_Of_Light
3.05_-_ON_VIRTUE_THAT_MAKES_SMALL
3.06_-_UPON_THE_MOUNT_OF_OLIVES
3.07_-_ON_PASSING_BY
3.08_-_ON_APOSTATES
3.09_-_THE_RETURN_HOME
3.0_-_THE_ETERNAL_RECURRENCE
3.10_-_ON_THE_THREE_EVILS
3.11_-_ON_THE_SPIRIT_OF_GRAVITY
3.12_-_ON_OLD_AND_NEW_TABLETS
3.13_-_THE_CONVALESCENT
3.14_-_ON_THE_GREAT_LONGING
3.15_-_THE_OTHER_DANCING_SONG
3.16_-_THE_SEVEN_SEALS_OR_THE_YES_AND_AMEN_SONG
4.01_-_Proem
4.01_-_THE_HONEY_SACRIFICE
4.02_-_Existence_And_Character_Of_The_Images
4.02_-_THE_CRY_OF_DISTRESS
4.03_-_CONVERSATION_WITH_THE_KINGS
4.03_-_The_Senses_And_Mental_Pictures
4.04_-_Some_Vital_Functions
4.04_-_THE_LEECH
4.05_-_THE_MAGICIAN
4.05_-_The_Passion_Of_Love
4.06_-_RETIRED
4.07_-_THE_UGLIEST_MAN
4.08_-_THE_VOLUNTARY_BEGGAR
4.09_-_THE_SHADOW
4.0_-_NOTES_TO_ZARATHUSTRA
4.10_-_AT_NOON
4.11_-_THE_WELCOME
4.12_-_THE_LAST_SUPPER
4.13_-_ON_THE_HIGHER_MAN
4.14_-_THE_SONG_OF_MELANCHOLY
4.15_-_ON_SCIENCE
4.16_-_AMONG_DAUGHTERS_OF_THE_WILDERNESS
4.17_-_THE_AWAKENING
4.18_-_THE_ASS_FESTIVAL
4.19_-_THE_DRUNKEN_SONG
4.20_-_THE_SIGN
5.01_-_Proem
5.02_-_Against_Teleological_Concept
5.03_-_The_World_Is_Not_Eternal
5.04_-_Formation_Of_The_World
5.05_-_Origins_Of_Vegetable_And_Animal_Life
5.06_-_Origins_And_Savage_Period_Of_Mankind
5.07_-_Beginnings_Of_Civilization
6.01_-_Proem
6.02_-_Great_Meteorological_Phenomena,_Etc
6.03_-_Extraordinary_And_Paradoxical_Telluric_Phenomena
6.04_-_The_Plague_Athens
Apology
Cratylus
ENNEAD_01.01_-_The_Organism_and_the_Self.
ENNEAD_01.02_-_Concerning_Virtue.
ENNEAD_01.02_-_Of_Virtues.
ENNEAD_01.03_-_Of_Dialectic,_or_the_Means_of_Raising_the_Soul_to_the_Intelligible_World.
ENNEAD_01.04_-_Whether_Animals_May_Be_Termed_Happy.
ENNEAD_01.05_-_Does_Happiness_Increase_With_Time?
ENNEAD_01.06_-_Of_Beauty.
ENNEAD_01.07_-_Of_the_First_Good,_and_of_the_Other_Goods.
ENNEAD_01.08_-_Of_the_Nature_and_Origin_of_Evils.
ENNEAD_01.09a_-_Of_Suicide.
ENNEAD_01.09b_-_Of_Suicide.
ENNEAD_02.01_-_Of_the_Heaven.
ENNEAD_02.02_-_About_the_Movement_of_the_Heavens.
ENNEAD_02.03_-_Whether_Astrology_is_of_any_Value.
ENNEAD_02.04a_-_Of_Matter.
ENNEAD_02.04b_-_Of_Matter.
ENNEAD_02.05_-_Of_the_Aristotelian_Distinction_Between_Actuality_and_Potentiality.
ENNEAD_02.06_-_Of_Essence_and_Being.
ENNEAD_02.07_-_About_Mixture_to_the_Point_of_Total_Penetration.
ENNEAD_02.08_-_Of_Sight,_or_of_Why_Distant_Objects_Seem_Small.
ENNEAD_02.09_-_Against_the_Gnostics;_or,_That_the_Creator_and_the_World_are_Not_Evil.
ENNEAD_03.01_-_Concerning_Fate.
ENNEAD_03.02_-_Of_Providence.
ENNEAD_03.03_-_Continuation_of_That_on_Providence.
ENNEAD_03.04_-_Of_Our_Individual_Guardian.
ENNEAD_03.05_-_Of_Love,_or_Eros.
ENNEAD_03.06_-_Of_the_Impassibility_of_Incorporeal_Entities_(Soul_and_and_Matter).
ENNEAD_03.06_-_Of_the_Impassibility_of_Incorporeal_Things.
ENNEAD_03.07_-_Of_Time_and_Eternity.
ENNEAD_03.08a_-_Of_Nature,_Contemplation,_and_of_the_One.
ENNEAD_03.08b_-_Of_Nature,_Contemplation_and_Unity.
ENNEAD_03.09_-_Fragments_About_the_Soul,_the_Intelligence,_and_the_Good.
ENNEAD_04.01_-_Of_the_Being_of_the_Soul.
ENNEAD_04.02_-_How_the_Soul_Mediates_Between_Indivisible_and_Divisible_Essence.
ENNEAD_04.02_-_Of_the_Nature_of_the_Soul.
ENNEAD_04.03_-_Problems_About_the_Soul.
ENNEAD_04.03_-_Psychological_Questions.
ENNEAD_04.04_-_Questions_About_the_Soul.
ENNEAD_04.05_-_Psychological_Questions_III._-_About_the_Process_of_Vision_and_Hearing.
ENNEAD_04.06a_-_Of_Sensation_and_Memory.
ENNEAD_04.06b_-_Of_Sensation_and_Memory.
ENNEAD_04.07_-_Of_the_Immortality_of_the_Soul:_Polemic_Against_Materialism.
ENNEAD_04.08_-_Of_the_Descent_of_the_Soul_Into_the_Body.
ENNEAD_04.09_-_Whether_All_Souls_Form_a_Single_One?
ENNEAD_05.01_-_The_Three_Principal_Hypostases,_or_Forms_of_Existence.
ENNEAD_05.02_-_Of_Generation_and_of_the_Order_of_Things_that_Follow_the_First.
ENNEAD_05.02_-_Of_Generation,_and_of_the_Order_of_things_that_Rank_Next_After_the_First.
ENNEAD_05.03_-_Of_the_Hypostases_that_Mediate_Knowledge,_and_of_the_Superior_Principle.
ENNEAD_05.03_-_The_Self-Consciousnesses,_and_What_is_Above_Them.
ENNEAD_05.04_-_How_What_is_After_the_First_Proceeds_Therefrom;_of_the_One.
ENNEAD_05.05_-_That_Intelligible_Entities_Are_Not_External_to_the_Intelligence_of_the_Good.
ENNEAD_05.06_-_The_Superessential_Principle_Does_Not_Think_-_Which_is_the_First_Thinking_Principle,_and_Which_is_the_Second?
ENNEAD_05.07_-_Do_Ideas_of_Individuals_Exist?
ENNEAD_05.08_-_Concerning_Intelligible_Beauty.
ENNEAD_05.09_-_Of_Intelligence,_Ideas_and_Essence.
ENNEAD_06.01_-_Of_the_Ten_Aristotelian_and_Four_Stoic_Categories.
ENNEAD_06.02_-_The_Categories_of_Plotinos.
ENNEAD_06.03_-_Plotinos_Own_Sense-Categories.
ENNEAD_06.04_-_The_One_and_Identical_Being_Is_Everywhere_Present_As_a_Whole.
ENNEAD_06.04_-_The_One_Identical_Essence_is_Everywhere_Entirely_Present.
ENNEAD_06.05_-_The_One_and_Identical_Being_is_Everywhere_Present_In_Its_Entirety.345
ENNEAD_06.05_-_The_One_Identical_Essence_is_Everywhere_Entirely_Present.
ENNEAD_06.06_-_Of_Numbers.
ENNEAD_06.07_-_How_Ideas_Multiplied,_and_the_Good.
ENNEAD_06.08_-_Of_the_Will_of_the_One.
ENNEAD_06.09_-_Of_the_Good_and_the_One.
Euthyphro
Gorgias
Ion
Meno
Phaedo
Sophist
Theaetetus
The_Golden_Verses_of_Pythagoras
Timaeus

IN CHAPTERS TEXT
00.01_-_The_Mother_on_Savitri
000_-_Humans_in_Universe
0.00_-_INTRODUCTION
0.00_-_The_Book_of_Lies_Text
0.00_-_THE_GOSPEL_PREFACE
0.02_-_Letters_to_a_Sadhak
0.02_-_The_Three_Steps_of_Nature
0.04_-_The_Systems_of_Yoga
0.06_-_INTRODUCTION
01.02_-_Sri_Aurobindo_-_Ahana_and_Other_Poems
01.03_-_Mystic_Poetry
01.04_-_Sri_Aurobindos_Gita
01.04_-_The_Intuition_of_the_Age
01.05_-_Rabindranath_Tagore:_A_Great_Poet,_a_Great_Man
01.05_-_The_Nietzschean_Antichrist
01.10_-_Nicholas_Berdyaev:_God_Made_Human
01.11_-_Aldous_Huxley:_The_Perennial_Philosophy
01.12_-_Goethe
01.13_-_T._S._Eliot:_Four_Quartets
0_1961-08-02
0_1961-11-05
0_1961-12-20
0_1962-05-29
0_1962-09-05
0_1962-10-30
0_1962-12-15
0_1963-06-19
0_1963-07-03
0_1966-06-29
0_1966-10-29
0_1967-05-24
0_1967-10-21
0_1968-09-21
0_1969-07-23
0_1969-10-25
0_1970-01-10
0_1970-06-03
0_1970-10-17
0_1971-10-16
0_1971-12-11
02.01_-_Metaphysical_Thought_and_the_Supreme_Truth
02.06_-_Vansittartism
02.07_-_The_Descent_into_Night
02.14_-_Appendix
02.14_-_Panacea_of_Isms
03.01_-_Humanism_and_Humanism
03.02_-_The_Philosopher_as_an_Artist_and_Philosophy_as_an_Art
03.03_-_A_Stainless_Steel_Frame
03.06_-_Divine_Humanism
04.01_-_The_March_of_Civilisation
04.02_-_A_Chapter_of_Human_Evolution
04.02_-_Human_Progress
04.04_-_A_Global_Humanity
05.05_-_In_Quest_of_Reality
05.06_-_Physics_or_philosophy
05.07_-_The_Observer_and_the_Observed
05.12_-_The_Revealer_and_the_Revelation
05.13_-_Darshana_and_Philosophy
05.14_-_The_Sanctity_of_the_Individual
05.19_-_Lone_to_the_Lone
06.02_-_The_Way_of_Fate_and_the_Problem_of_Pain
06.08_-_The_Individual_and_the_Collective
07.45_-_Specialisation
08.14_-_Poetry_and_Poetic_Inspiration
08.31_-_Personal_Effort_and_Surrender
10.03_-_The_Debate_of_Love_and_Death
1.007_-_Initial_Steps_in_Yoga_Practice
1.00a_-_Introduction
1.00b_-_INTRODUCTION
1.00d_-_Introduction
1.00_-_Introduction_to_Alchemy_of_Happiness
1.00_-_Preface
1.00_-_PREFACE_-_DESCENSUS_AD_INFERNOS
1.01_-_Adam_Kadmon_and_the_Evolution
1.01_-_An_Accomplished_Westerner
1.01_-_A_NOTE_ON_PROGRESS
1.01_-_Appearance_and_Reality
1.01_-_Archetypes_of_the_Collective_Unconscious
1.01_-_Economy
1.01_-_Foreward
1.01_-_Fundamental_Considerations
1.01_-_Historical_Survey
1.01_-_'Imitation'_the_common_principle_of_the_Arts_of_Poetry.
1.01_-_Introduction
1.01_-_Maitreya_inquires_of_his_teacher_(Parashara)
1.01_-_MAPS_OF_EXPERIENCE_-_OBJECT_AND_MEANING
1.01_-_MAXIMS_AND_MISSILES
1.01_-_Newtonian_and_Bergsonian_Time
1.01_-_NIGHT
1.01_-_ON_THE_THREE_METAMORPHOSES
1.01_-_Our_Demand_and_Need_from_the_Gita
1.01_-_Prayer
1.01_-_Proem
1.01_-_SAMADHI_PADA
1.01_-_THAT_ARE_THOU
1.01_-_The_First_Steps
1.01_-_The_Ideal_of_the_Karmayogin
1.01_-_The_King_of_the_Wood
1.01_-_The_Three_Metamorphoses
1.02.2.2_-_Self-Realisation
10.23_-_Prayers_and_Meditations_of_the_Mother
10.24_-_Savitri
1.02.9_-_Conclusion_and_Summary
1.02_-_In_the_Beginning
1.02_-_Karmayoga
1.02_-_MAPS_OF_MEANING_-_THREE_LEVELS_OF_ANALYSIS
1.02_-_ON_THE_TEACHERS_OF_VIRTUE
1.02_-_Prayer_of_Parashara_to_Vishnu
1.02_-_SADHANA_PADA
1.02_-_Self-Consecration
1.02_-_SOCIAL_HEREDITY_AND_PROGRESS
1.02_-_Substance_Is_Eternal
1.02_-_Taras_Tantra
1.02_-_The_7_Habits__An_Overview
1.02_-_The_Concept_of_the_Collective_Unconscious
1.02_-_The_Development_of_Sri_Aurobindos_Thought
1.02_-_The_Divine_Teacher
1.02_-_THE_NATURE_OF_THE_GROUND
1.02_-_The_Necessity_of_Magick_for_All
1.02_-_The_Objects_of_Imitation.
1.02_-_The_Philosophy_of_Ishvara
1.02_-_The_Pit
1.02_-_THE_PROBLEM_OF_SOCRATES
1.02_-_The_Three_European_Worlds
1.02_-_The_Two_Negations_1_-_The_Materialist_Denial
1.02_-_The_Vision_of_the_Past
1.02_-_Where_I_Lived,_and_What_I_Lived_For
1.03_-_APPRENTICESHIP_AND_ENCULTURATION_-_ADOPTION_OF_A_SHARED_MAP
1.03_-_Concerning_the_Archetypes,_with_Special_Reference_to_the_Anima_Concept
1.03_-_Man_-_Slave_or_Free?
1.03_-_ON_THE_AFTERWORLDLY
1.03_-_PERSONALITY,_SANCTITY,_DIVINE_INCARNATION
1.03_-_Preparing_for_the_Miraculous
1.03_-_.REASON._IN_PHILOSOPHY
1.03_-_Self-Surrender_in_Works_-_The_Way_of_The_Gita
1.03_-_Some_Aspects_of_Modern_Psycho_therapy
1.03_-_Sympathetic_Magic
1.03_-_The_Coming_of_the_Subjective_Age
1.03_-_THE_GRAND_OPTION
1.03_-_The_Manner_of_Imitation.
1.03_-_The_Sephiros
1.03_-_The_Void
1.03_-_VISIT_TO_VIDYASAGAR
1.03_-_YIBHOOTI_PADA
1.040_-_Re-Educating_the_Mind
1.045_-_Piercing_the_Structure_of_the_Object
1.04_-_ADVICE_TO_HOUSEHOLDERS
1.04_-_GOD_IN_THE_WORLD
1.04_-_HOW_THE_.TRUE_WORLD._ULTIMATELY_BECAME_A_FABLE
1.04_-_KAI_VALYA_PADA
1.04_-_Nothing_Exists_Per_Se_Except_Atoms_And_The_Void
1.04_-_On_blessed_and_ever-memorable_obedience
1.04_-_ON_THE_DESPISERS_OF_THE_BODY
1.04_-_SOME_REFLECTIONS_ON_PROGRESS
1.04_-_Sounds
1.04_-_The_Aims_of_Psycho_therapy
1.04_-_THE_APPEARANCE_OF_ANOMALY_-_CHALLENGE_TO_THE_SHARED_MAP
1.04_-_The_Core_of_the_Teaching
1.04_-_The_Discovery_of_the_Nation-Soul
1.04_-_The_First_Circle,_Limbo__Virtuous_Pagans_and_the_Unbaptized._The_Four_Poets,_Homer,_Horace,_Ovid,_and_Lucan._The_Noble_Castle_of_Philosophy.
1.04_-_The_Gods_of_the_Veda
1.04_-_The_Origin_and_Development_of_Poetry.
1.04_-_The_Paths
1.04_-_The_Qabalah__The_Best_Training_for_Memory
1.04_-_What_Arjuna_Saw_-_the_Dark_Side_of_the_Force
1.04_-_Wherefore_of_World?
1.04_-_Yoga_and_Human_Evolution
1.052_-_Yoga_Practice_-_A_Series_of_Positive_Steps
1.056_-_Lack_of_Knowledge_is_the_Cause_of_Suffering
1.05_-_Adam_Kadmon
1.05_-_Character_Of_The_Atoms
1.05_-_CHARITY
1.05_-_Christ,_A_Symbol_of_the_Self
1.05_-_Computing_Machines_and_the_Nervous_System
1.05_-_Definition_of_the_Ludicrous,_and_a_brief_sketch_of_the_rise_of_Comedy.
1.05_-_Knowledge_by_Aquaintance_and_Knowledge_by_Description
1.05_-_MORALITY_AS_THE_ENEMY_OF_NATURE
1.05_-_ON_ENJOYING_AND_SUFFERING_THE_PASSIONS
1.05_-_Pratyahara_and_Dharana
1.05_-_The_Ascent_of_the_Sacrifice_-_The_Psychic_Being
1.05_-_The_Creative_Principle
1.05_-_The_Destiny_of_the_Individual
1.05_-_THE_HOSTILE_BROTHERS_-_ARCHETYPES_OF_RESPONSE_TO_THE_UNKNOWN
1.05_-_THE_MASTER_AND_KESHAB
1.05_-_THE_NEW_SPIRIT
1.05_-_The_Universe__The_0_=_2_Equation
1.05_-_True_and_False_Subjectivism
1.05_-_Vishnu_as_Brahma_creates_the_world
1.05_-_Yoga_and_Hypnotism
1.06_-_Agni_and_the_Truth
1.06_-_Being_Human_and_the_Copernican_Principle
1.06_-_Confutation_Of_Other_Philosophers
1.06_-_Definition_of_Tragedy.
1.06_-_MORTIFICATION,_NON-ATTACHMENT,_RIGHT_LIVELIHOOD
1.06_-_On_Induction
1.06_-_On_remembrance_of_death.
1.06_-_ON_THE_PALE_CRIMINAL
1.06_-_Psycho_therapy_and_a_Philosophy_of_Life
1.06_-_The_Ascent_of_the_Sacrifice_2_The_Works_of_Love_-_The_Works_of_Life
1.06_-_THE_FOUR_GREAT_ERRORS
1.06_-_The_Greatness_of_the_Individual
1.06_-_The_Literal_Qabalah
1.06_-_THE_MASTER_WITH_THE_BRAHMO_DEVOTEES
1.06_-_The_Sign_of_the_Fishes
1.06_-_The_Three_Schools_of_Magick_1
1.07_-_Medicine_and_Psycho_therapy
1.07_-_On_Our_Knowledge_of_General_Principles
1.07_-_ON_READING_AND_WRITING
1.07_-_Samadhi
1.07_-_Savitri
1.07_-_Standards_of_Conduct_and_Spiritual_Freedom
1.07_-_THE_.IMPROVERS._OF_MANKIND
1.07_-_The_Infinity_Of_The_Universe
1.07_-_The_Literal_Qabalah_(continued)
1.07_-_The_Mantra_-_OM_-_Word_and_Wisdom
1.07_-_THE_MASTER_AND_VIJAY_GOSWAMI
1.07_-_The_Plot_must_be_a_Whole.
1.07_-_The_Process_of_Evolution
1.07_-_The_Three_Schools_of_Magick_2
1.07_-_TRUTH
1.081_-_The_Application_of_Pratyahara
1.08a_-_The_Ladder
1.08_-_Attendants
1.08_-_Civilisation_and_Barbarism
1.08_-_Karma,_the_Law_of_Cause_and_Effect
1.08_-_ON_THE_TREE_ON_THE_MOUNTAINSIDE
1.08_-_Psycho_therapy_Today
1.08_-_RELIGION_AND_TEMPERAMENT
1.08_-_Stead_and_the_Spirits
1.08_-_The_Gods_of_the_Veda_-_The_Secret_of_the_Veda
1.08_-_The_Historical_Significance_of_the_Fish
1.08_-_THE_MASTERS_BIRTHDAY_CELEBRATION_AT_DAKSHINESWAR
1.08_-_The_Methods_of_Vedantic_Knowledge
1.08_-_The_Plot_must_be_a_Unity.
1.08_-_The_Synthesis_of_Movement
1.08_-_THINGS_THE_GERMANS_LACK
1.098_-_The_Transformation_from_Human_to_Divine
1.09_-_Civilisation_and_Culture
1.09_-_Concentration_-_Its_Spiritual_Uses
1.09_-_Fundamental_Questions_of_Psycho_therapy
1.09_-_ON_THE_PREACHERS_OF_DEATH
1.09_-_(Plot_continued.)_Dramatic_Unity.
1.09_-_Saraswati_and_Her_Consorts
1.09_-_SELF-KNOWLEDGE
1.09_-_SKIRMISHES_IN_A_WAY_WITH_THE_AGE
1.09_-_Sleep_and_Death
1.09_-_Sri_Aurobindo_and_the_Big_Bang
1.09_-_Stead_and_Maskelyne
1.09_-_Taras_Ultimate_Nature
1.1.01_-_Certitudes
1.1.04_-_Philosophy
11.05_-_The_Ladder_of_Unconsciousness
1.1.05_-_The_Siddhis
1.10_-_Aesthetic_and_Ethical_Culture
1.10_-_Concentration_-_Its_Practice
1.10_-_Conscious_Force
1.10_-_Fate_and_Free-Will
1.10_-_GRACE_AND_FREE_WILL
1.10_-_On_our_Knowledge_of_Universals
1.10_-_ON_WAR_AND_WARRIORS
1.10_-_(Plot_continued.)_Definitions_of_Simple_and_Complex_Plots.
1.10_-_THE_FORMATION_OF_THE_NOOSPHERE
1.10_-_THE_MASTER_WITH_THE_BRAHMO_DEVOTEES_(II)
1.10_-_The_Methods_and_the_Means
1.10_-_Theodicy_-_Nature_Makes_No_Mistakes
1.10_-_The_Secret_of_the_Veda
1.10_-_The_Yoga_of_the_Intelligent_Will
1.10_-_THINGS_I_OWE_TO_THE_ANCIENTS
1.11_-_Correspondence_and_Interviews
1.11_-_GOOD_AND_EVIL
1.11_-_Higher_Laws
1.11_-_On_Intuitive_Knowledge
1.11_-_ON_THE_NEW_IDOL
1.11_-_(Plot_continued.)_Reversal_of_the_Situation,_Recognition,_and_Tragic_or_disastrous_Incident_defined_and_explained.
1.11_-_Powers
1.11_-_The_Broken_Rocks._Pope_Anastasius._General_Description_of_the_Inferno_and_its_Divisions.
1.11_-_The_Influence_of_the_Sexes_on_Vegetation
1.11_-_The_Reason_as_Governor_of_Life
1.11_-_The_Second_Genesis
1.11_-_The_Soul_or_the_Astral_Body
1.11_-_The_Three_Purushas
1.1.2_-_Commentary
1.12_-_Independence
1.1.2_-_Intellect_and_the_Intellectual
1.12_-_ON_THE_FLIES_OF_THE_MARKETPLACE
1.12_-_The_Office_and_Limitations_of_the_Reason
1.12_-_The_'quantitative_parts'_of_Tragedy_defined.
1.12_-_The_Sacred_Marriage
1.12_-_The_Sociology_of_Superman
1.12_-_The_Strength_of_Stillness
1.12_-_The_Superconscient
1.12_-_TIME_AND_ETERNITY
1.12_-_Truth_and_Knowledge
1.13_-_Gnostic_Symbols_of_the_Self
1.13_-_Knowledge,_Error,_and_Probably_Opinion
1.13_-_ON_CHASTITY
1.13_-_(Plot_continued.)_What_constitutes_Tragic_Action.
1.13_-_Reason_and_Religion
1.13_-_SALVATION,_DELIVERANCE,_ENLIGHTENMENT
1.13_-_The_Divine_Maya
1.13_-_THE_MASTER_AND_M.
1.14_-_IMMORTALITY_AND_SURVIVAL
1.14_-_ON_THE_FRIEND
1.14_-_(Plot_continued.)_The_tragic_emotions_of_pity_and_fear_should_spring_out_of_the_Plot_itself.
1.14_-_The_Limits_of_Philosophical_Knowledge
1.14_-_The_Principle_of_Divine_Works
1.14_-_The_Stress_of_the_Hidden_Spirit
1.14_-_The_Structure_and_Dynamics_of_the_Self
1.14_-_The_Supermind_as_Creator
1.14_-_The_Suprarational_Beauty
1.15_-_Index
1.15_-_ON_THE_THOUSAND_AND_ONE_GOALS
1.15_-_SILENCE
1.15_-_The_element_of_Character_in_Tragedy.
1.15_-_The_Possibility_and_Purpose_of_Avatarhood
1.15_-_The_Value_of_Philosophy
1.15_-_The_world_overrun_with_trees;_they_are_destroyed_by_the_Pracetasas
1.16_-_Dianus_and_Diana
1.16_-_Man,_A_Transitional_Being
1.16_-_ON_LOVE_OF_THE_NEIGHBOUR
1.16_-_(Plot_continued.)_Recognition__its_various_kinds,_with_examples
1.16_-_PRAYER
1.16_-_The_Suprarational_Ultimate_of_Life
1.16_-_The_Triple_Status_of_Supermind
1.16_-_WITH_THE_DEVOTEES_AT_DAKSHINESWAR
1.17_-_DOES_MANKIND_MOVE_BIOLOGICALLY_UPON_ITSELF?
1.17_-_Legend_of_Prahlada
1.17_-_ON_THE_WAY_OF_THE_CREATOR
1.17_-_Practical_rules_for_the_Tragic_Poet.
1.17_-_Religion_as_the_Law_of_Life
1.17_-_SUFFERING
1.17_-_The_Transformation
1.18_-_FAITH
1.18_-_Further_rules_for_the_Tragic_Poet.
1.18_-_ON_LITTLE_OLD_AND_YOUNG_WOMEN
1.18_-_The_Infrarational_Age_of_the_Cycle
1.19_-_Equality
1.19_-_GOD_IS_NOT_MOCKED
1.19_-_ON_THE_ADDERS_BITE
1.19_-_THE_MASTER_AND_HIS_INJURED_ARM
1.19_-_Thought,_or_the_Intellectual_element,_and_Diction_in_Tragedy.
1.201_-_Socrates
1.2.01_-_The_Call_and_the_Capacity
1.2.03_-_The_Interpretation_of_Scripture
1.2.08_-_Faith
1.20_-_Diction,_or_Language_in_general.
1.20_-_Equality_and_Knowledge
1.20_-_ON_CHILD_AND_MARRIAGE
1.20_-_TANTUM_RELIGIO_POTUIT_SUADERE_MALORUM
1.20_-_The_End_of_the_Curve_of_Reason
1.21_-_A_DAY_AT_DAKSHINESWAR
1.21_-_IDOLATRY
1.2.1_-_Mental_Development_and_Sadhana
1.21_-_ON_FREE_DEATH
1.21__-_Poetic_Diction.
1.21_-_The_Spiritual_Aim_and_Life
1.22__-_Dominion_over_different_provinces_of_creation_assigned_to_different_beings
1.22_-_EMOTIONALISM
1.22_-_ON_THE_GIFT-GIVING_VIRTUE
1.22_-_(Poetic_Diction_continued.)_How_Poetry_combines_elevation_of_language_with_perspicuity.
1.22_-_Tabooed_Words
1.22_-_THE_END_OF_THE_SPECIES
1.22_-_The_Necessity_of_the_Spiritual_Transformation
1.2.2_-_The_Place_of_Study_in_Sadhana
1.23_-_Conditions_for_the_Coming_of_a_Spiritual_Age
1.23_-_Epic_Poetry.
1.23_-_Our_Debt_to_the_Savage
1.23_-_THE_MIRACULOUS
1.240_-_Talks_2
1.24_-_(Epic_Poetry_continued.)_Further_points_of_agreement_with_Tragedy.
1.24_-_Matter
1.24_-_Necromancy_and_Spiritism
1.24_-_PUNDIT_SHASHADHAR
1.24_-_RITUAL,_SYMBOL,_SACRAMENT
1.25_-_ADVICE_TO_PUNDIT_SHASHADHAR
1.25_-_Critical_Objections_brought_against_Poetry,_and_the_principles_on_which_they_are_to_be_answered.
1.25_-_SPIRITUAL_EXERCISES
1.26_-_Mental_Processes_-_Two_Only_are_Possible
1.26_-_PERSEVERANCE_AND_REGULARITY
1.27_-_AT_DAKSHINESWAR
1.27_-_CONTEMPLATION,_ACTION_AND_SOCIAL_UTILITY
1.27_-_On_holy_solitude_of_body_and_soul.
1.28_-_Supermind,_Mind_and_the_Overmind_Maya
1.300_-_1.400_Talks
1.3.2.01_-_I._The_Entire_Purpose_of_Yoga
1.3.5.05_-_The_Path
1.35_-_The_Tao_2
1.36_-_Treats_of_these_words_in_the_Paternoster__Dimitte_nobis_debita_nostra.
1.37_-_Oriential_Religions_in_the_West
1.39_-_Prophecy
1.400_-_1.450_Talks
1.42_-_This_Self_Introversion
1.439
1.450_-_1.500_Talks
1.48_-_Morals_of_AL_-_Hard_to_Accept,_and_Why_nevertheless_we_Must_Concur
1.50_-_A.C._and_the_Masters;_Why_they_Chose_him,_etc.
1.51_-_Homeopathic_Magic_of_a_Flesh_Diet
1.52_-_Killing_the_Divine_Animal
1.53_-_The_Propitation_of_Wild_Animals_By_Hunters
1.550_-_1.600_Talks
1.56_-_The_Public_Expulsion_of_Evils
1.63_-_Fear,_a_Bad_Astral_Vision
1.69_-_Original_Sin
1.77_-_Work_Worthwhile_-_Why?
18.02_-_Ramprasad
1.80_-_Life_a_Gamble
1915_01_02p
1928_12_28p
1929-04-28_-_Offering,_general_and_detailed_-_Integral_Yoga_-_Remembrance_of_the_Divine_-_Reading_and_Yoga_-_Necessity,_predetermination_-_Freedom_-_Miracles_-_Aim_of_creation
1929-05-05_-_Intellect,_true_and_wrong_movement_-_Attacks_from_adverse_forces_-_Faith,_integral_and_absolute_-_Death,_not_a_necessity_-_Descent_of_Divine_Consciousness_-_Inner_progress_-_Memory_of_former_lives
1929-06-09_-_Nature_of_religion_-_Religion_and_the_spiritual_life_-_Descent_of_Divine_Truth_and_Force_-_To_be_sure_of_your_religion,_country,_family-choose_your_own_-_Religion_and_numbers
1951-03-03_-_Hostile_forces_-_difficulties_-_Individuality_and_form_-_creation
1951-03-05_-_Disasters-_the_forces_of_Nature_-_Story_of_the_charity_Bazar_-_Liberation_and_law_-_Dealing_with_the_mind_and_vital-_methods
1951-03-29_-_The_Great_Vehicle_and_The_Little_Vehicle_-_Choosing_ones_family,_country_-_The_vital_being_distorted_-_atavism_-_Sincerity_-_changing_ones_character
1951-04-07_-_Origin_of_Evil_-_Misery-_its_cause
1951-04-14_-_Surrender_and_sacrifice_-_Idea_of_sacrifice_-_Bahaism_-_martyrdom_-_Sleep-_forgetfulness,_exteriorisation,_etc_-_Dreams_and_visions-_explanations_-_Exteriorisation-_incidents_about_cats
1953-05-27
1953-10-14
1953-11-18
1953-11-25
1954-02-10_-_Study_a_variety_of_subjects_-_Memory_-Memory_of_past_lives_-_Getting_rid_of_unpleasant_thoughts
1954-02-17_-_Experience_expressed_in_different_ways_-_Origin_of_the_psychic_being_-_Progress_in_sports_-Everything_is_not_for_the_best
1955-05-25_-_Religion_and_reason_-_true_role_and_field_-_an_obstacle_to_or_minister_of_the_Spirit_-_developing_and_meaning_-_Learning_how_to_live,_the_elite_-_Reason_controls_and_organises_life_-_Nature_is_infrarational
1955-07-20_-_The_Impersonal_Divine_-_Surrender_to_the_Divine_brings_perfect_freedom_-_The_Divine_gives_Himself_-_The_principle_of_the_inner_dimensions_-_The_paths_of_aspiration_and_surrender_-_Linear_and_spherical_paths_and_realisations
1955-11-16_-_The_significance_of_numbers_-_Numbers,_astrology,_true_knowledge_-_Divines_Love_flowers_for_Kali_puja_-_Desire,_aspiration_and_progress_-_Determining_ones_approach_to_the_Divine_-_Liberation_is_obtained_through_austerities_-_...
1956-05-23_-_Yoga_and_religion_-_Story_of_two_clergymen_on_a_boat_-_The_Buddha_and_the_Supramental_-_Hieroglyphs_and_phonetic_alphabets_-_A_vision_of_ancient_Egypt_-_Memory_for_sounds
1956-08-15_-_Protection,_purification,_fear_-_Atmosphere_at_the_Ashram_on_Darshan_days_-_Darshan_messages_-_Significance_of_15-08_-_State_of_surrender_-_Divine_Grace_always_all-powerful_-_Assumption_of_Virgin_Mary_-_SA_message_of_1947-08-15
1956-11-21_-_Knowings_and_Knowledge_-_Reason,_summit_of_mans_mental_activities_-_Willings_and_the_true_will_-_Personal_effort_-_First_step_to_have_knowledge_-_Relativity_of_medical_knowledge_-_Mental_gymnastics_make_the_mind_supple
1956-12-12_-_paradoxes_-_Nothing_impossible_-_unfolding_universe,_the_Eternal_-_Attention,_concentration,_effort_-_growth_capacity_almost_unlimited_-_Why_things_are_not_the_same_-_will_and_willings_-_Suggestions,_formations_-_vital_world
1957-11-13_-_Superiority_of_man_over_animal_-_Consciousness_precedes_form
1958-06-18_-_Philosophy,_religion,_occultism,_spirituality
1958-09-24_-_Living_the_truth_-_Words_and_experience
1969_09_22
1969_11_15
1.A_-_ANTHROPOLOGY,_THE_SOUL
1.ey_-_Socrates
1f.lovecraft_-_From_Beyond
1f.lovecraft_-_Hypnos
1f.lovecraft_-_Medusas_Coil
1f.lovecraft_-_The_Call_of_Cthulhu
1f.lovecraft_-_The_Case_of_Charles_Dexter_Ward
1f.lovecraft_-_The_Hound
1f.lovecraft_-_The_Mound
1f.lovecraft_-_The_Picture_in_the_House
1f.lovecraft_-_The_Shadow_out_of_Time
1f.lovecraft_-_The_Shadow_over_Innsmouth
1f.lovecraft_-_The_Thing_on_the_Doorstep
1f.lovecraft_-_The_Whisperer_in_Darkness
1.fs_-_Shakespeare's_Ghost_-_A_Parody
1.fs_-_To_A_Moralist
1.hcyc_-_1_-_There_is_the_leisurely_one_(from_The_Shodoka)
1.ia_-_A_Garden_Among_The_Flames
1.ia_-_Allah
1.ia_-_An_Ocean_Without_Shore
1.ia_-_Approach_The_Dwellings_Of_The_Dear_Ones
1.ia_-_At_Night_Lets_Its_Curtains_Down_In_Folds
1.ia_-_Fire
1.ia_-_He_Saw_The_Lightning_In_The_East
1.ia_-_If_What_She_Says_Is_True
1.ia_-_I_Laid_My_Little_Daughter_To_Rest
1.ia_-_In_Memory_Of_Those
1.ia_-_In_The_Mirror_Of_A_Man
1.ia_-_Listen,_O_Dearly_Beloved
1.ia_-_Modification_Of_The_R_Poem
1.ia_-_My_Heart_Has_Become_Able
1.ia_-_My_Journey
1.ia_-_Oh-_Her_Beauty-_The_Tender_Maid!
1.ia_-_Reality
1.ia_-_Silence
1.ia_-_The_Hand_Of_Trial
1.ia_-_The_Invitation
1.ia_-_True_Knowledge
1.ia_-_Turmoil_In_Your_Hearts
1.ia_-_When_My_Beloved_Appears
1.ia_-_When_The_Suns_Eye_Rules_My_Sight
1.ia_-_When_We_Came_Together
1.ia_-_Wild_Is_She,_None_Can_Make_Her_His_Friend
1.ia_-_With_My_Very_Own_Hands
1.ia_-_Wonder
1.jk_-_A_Draught_Of_Sunshine
1.jk_-_Lamia._Part_II
1.jk_-_Lines_On_Seeing_A_Lock_Of_Miltons_Hair
1.jk_-_Spenserian_Stanza._Written_At_The_Close_Of_Canto_II,_Book_V,_Of_The_Faerie_Queene
1.jlb_-_Browning_Decides_To_Be_A_Poet
1.jlb_-_Cosmogonia_(&_translation)
1.jlb_-_Elegy
1.jlb_-_Everness_(&_interpretation)
1.jlb_-_History_Of_The_Night
1.jlb_-_Instants
1.jlb_-_Limits
1.jlb_-_Shinto
1.jlb_-_Simplicity
1.jlb_-_Susana_Soca
1.jlb_-_That_One
1.jlb_-_The_Art_Of_Poetry
1.jlb_-_The_instant
1.jlb_-_The_Other_Tiger
1.jlb_-_The_suicide
1.jlb_-_To_a_Cat
1.jlb_-_We_Are_The_Time._We_Are_The_Famous
1.jlb_-_When_sorrow_lays_us_low
1.pbs_-_Alastor_-_or,_the_Spirit_of_Solitude
1.pbs_-_Charles_The_First
1.pbs_-_Epipsychidion
1.pbs_-_Hellas_-_A_Lyrical_Drama
1.pbs_-_Julian_and_Maddalo_-_A_Conversation
1.pbs_-_Loves_Philosophy
1.pbs_-_Mont_Blanc_-_Lines_Written_In_The_Vale_of_Chamouni
1.pbs_-_Ode_To_Liberty
1.pbs_-_Prince_Athanase
1.pbs_-_Time_Long_Past
1.poe_-_Eureka_-_A_Prose_Poem
1.poe_-_The_Conversation_Of_Eiros_And_Charmion
1.poe_-_The_Power_Of_Words_Oinos.
1.rb_-_Bishop_Blougram's_Apology
1.rb_-_Cleon
1.rb_-_Pauline,_A_Fragment_of_a_Question
1.rmpsd_-_Who_in_this_world
1.rt_-_A_Dream
1.rt_-_A_Hundred_Years_Hence
1.rt_-_Akash_Bhara_Surya_Tara_Biswabhara_Pran_(Translation)
1.rt_-_All_These_I_Loved
1.rt_-_Along_The_Way
1.rt_-_And_In_Wonder_And_Amazement_I_Sing
1.rt_-_At_The_End_Of_The_Day
1.rt_-_At_The_Last_Watch
1.rt_-_Authorship
1.rt_-_Babys_Way
1.rt_-_Babys_World
1.rt_-_Beggarly_Heart
1.rt_-_Benediction
1.rt_-_Birth_Story
1.rt_-_Brahm,_Viu,_iva
1.rt_-_Brink_Of_Eternity
1.rt_-_Broken_Song
1.rt_-_Chain_Of_Pearls
1.rt_-_Closed_Path
1.rt_-_Clouds_And_Waves
1.rt_-_Colored_Toys
1.rt_-_Compensation
1.rt_-_Cruel_Kindness
1.rt_-_Death
1.rt_-_Defamation
1.rt_-_Distant_Time
1.rt_-_Dream_Girl
1.rt_-_Dungeon
1.rt_-_Endless_Time
1.rt_-_Face_To_Face
1.rt_-_Fairyland
1.rt_-_Farewell
1.rt_-_Fireflies
1.rt_-_Flower
1.rt_-_Fool
1.rt_-_Freedom
1.rt_-_Friend
1.rt_-_From_Afar
1.rt_-_Gift_Of_The_Great
1.rt_-_Gitanjali
1.rt_-_Give_Me_Strength
1.rt_-_Hard_Times
1.rt_-_I
1.rt_-_I_Am_Restless
1.rt_-_I_Cast_My_Net_Into_The_Sea
1.rt_-_I_Found_A_Few_Old_Letters
1.rt_-_Innermost_One
1.rt_-_In_The_Country
1.rt_-_In_The_Dusky_Path_Of_A_Dream
1.rt_-_Journey_Home
1.rt_-_Keep_Me_Fully_Glad
1.rt_-_Kinu_Goalas_Alley
1.rt_-_Krishnakali
1.rt_-_Lamp_Of_Love
1.rt_-_Last_Curtain
1.rt_-_Leave_This
1.rt_-_Let_Me_Not_Forget
1.rt_-_Light
1.rt_-_Little_Flute
1.rt_-_Little_Of_Me
1.rt_-_Lord_Of_My_Life
1.rt_-_Lost_Star
1.rt_-_Lost_Time
1.rt_-_Lotus
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_II_-_Come_To_My_Garden_Walk
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_IV_-_She_Is_Near_To_My_Heart
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_LII_-_Tired_Of_Waiting
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_LIV_-_In_The_Beginning_Of_Time
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_LVIII_-_Things_Throng_And_Laugh
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_LVI_-_The_Evening_Was_Lonely
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_LXX_-_Take_Back_Your_Coins
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_VIII_-_There_Is_Room_For_You
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_V_-_I_Would_Ask_For_Still_More
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XIII_-_Last_Night_In_The_Garden
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XIX_-_It_Is_Written_In_The_Book
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XL_-_A_Message_Came
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XLII_-_Are_You_A_Mere_Picture
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XLIII_-_Dying,_You_Have_Left_Behind
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XLIV_-_Where_Is_Heaven
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XLVIII_-_I_Travelled_The_Old_Road
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XLVII_-_The_Road_Is
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XVIII_-_Your_Days
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XVI_-_She_Dwelt_Here_By_The_Pool
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XXII_-_I_Shall_Gladly_Suffer
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XXVIII_-_I_Dreamt
1.rt_-_Lovers_Gifts_XXXIX_-_There_Is_A_Looker-On
1.rt_-_Maran-Milan_(Death-Wedding)
1.rt_-_Maya
1.rt_-_Meeting
1.rt_-_Moments_Indulgence
1.rt_-_My_Dependence
1.rt_-_My_Friend,_Come_In_These_Rains
1.rt_-_My_Polar_Star
1.rt_-_My_Pole_Star
1.rt_-_My_Present
1.rt_-_My_Song
1.rt_-_Ocean_Of_Forms
1.rt_-_Old_And_New
1.rt_-_Old_Letters_
1.rt_-_One_Day_In_Spring....
1.rt_-_Only_Thee
1.rt_-_On_The_Nature_Of_Love
1.rt_-_On_The_Seashore
1.rt_-_Our_Meeting
1.rt_-_Palm_Tree
1.rt_-_Paper_Boats
1.rt_-_Parting_Words
1.rt_-_Passing_Breeze
1.rt_-_Patience
1.rt_-_Playthings
1.rt_-_Poems_On_Beauty
1.rt_-_Poems_On_Life
1.rt_-_Poems_On_Man
1.rt_-_Poems_On_Time
1.rt_-_Prisoner
1.rt_-_Purity
1.rt_-_Rare
1.rt_-_Religious_Obsession_--_translation_from_Dharmamoha
1.rt_-_Roaming_Cloud
1.rt_-_Sail_Away
1.rt_-_Salutation
1.rt_-_Senses
1.rt_-_She
1.rt_-_Shyama
1.rt_-_Signet_Of_Eternity
1.rt_-_Silent_Steps
1.rt_-_Sit_Smiling
1.rt_-_Sleep
1.rt_-_Sleep-Stealer
1.rt_-_Song_Unsung
1.rt_-_Still_Heart
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_01_-_10
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_11-_20
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_21_-_30
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_31_-_40
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_51_-_60
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_61_-_70
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_71_-_80
1.rt_-_Stray_Birds_81_-_90
1.rt_-_Stream_Of_Life
1.rt_-_Strong_Mercy
1.rt_-_Superior
1.rt_-_Sympathy
1.rt_-_The_Astronomer
1.rt_-_The_Banyan_Tree
1.rt_-_The_Beginning
1.rt_-_The_Boat
1.rt_-_The_Call_Of_The_Far
1.rt_-_The_Champa_Flower
1.rt_-_The_Child-Angel
1.rt_-_The_End
1.rt_-_The_First_Jasmines
1.rt_-_The_Flower-School
1.rt_-_The_Further_Bank
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_IV_-_Ah_Me
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_IX_-_When_I_Go_Alone_At_Night
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LI_-_Then_Finish_The_Last_Song
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LIX_-_O_Woman
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LVII_-_I_Plucked_Your_Flower
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LV_-_It_Was_Mid-Day
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXI_-_Peace,_My_Heart
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXIV_-_I_Spent_My_Day
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXIX_-_I_Hunt_For_The_Golden_Stag
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXVIII_-_None_Lives_For_Ever,_Brother
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXXIX_-_I_Often_Wonder
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXXV_-_At_Midnight
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXXXIII_-_She_Dwelt_On_The_Hillside
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXXXIV_-_Over_The_Green
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_LXXXI_-_Why_Do_You_Whisper_So_Faintly
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XI_-_Come_As_You_Are
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XIII_-_I_Asked_Nothing
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XIV_-_I_Was_Walking_By_The_Road
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XIX_-_You_Walked
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XL_-_An_Unbelieving_Smile
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_X_-_Let_Your_Work_Be,_Bride
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XLIII_-_No,_My_Friends
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XLII_-_O_Mad,_Superbly_Drunk
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XLIV_-_Reverend_Sir,_Forgive
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XLVIII_-_Free_Me
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XLVI_-_You_Left_Me
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XLV_-_To_The_Guests
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XVI_-_Hands_Cling_To_Eyes
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XVIII_-_When_Two_Sisters
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XX_-_Day_After_Day_He_Comes
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXII_-_When_She_Passed_By_Me
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXIV_-_Do_Not_Keep_To_Yourself
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXI_-_Why_Did_He_Choose
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXIX_-_Speak_To_Me_My_Love
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXVIII_-_Your_Questioning_Eyes
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXVII_-_Trust_Love
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXVI_-_What_Comes_From_Your_Willing_Hands
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXXIV_-_Do_Not_Go,_My_Love
1.rt_-_The_Gardener_XXXVIII_-_My_Love,_Once_Upon_A_Time
1.rt_-_The_Gift
1.rt_-_The_Golden_Boat
1.rt_-_The_Hero
1.rt_-_The_Hero(2)
1.rt_-_The_Home
1.rt_-_The_Homecoming
1.rt_-_The_Journey
1.rt_-_The_Judge
1.rt_-_The_Kiss
1.rt_-_The_Kiss(2)
1.rt_-_The_Land_Of_The_Exile
1.rt_-_The_Last_Bargain
1.rt_-_The_Little_Big_Man
1.rt_-_The_Lost_Star
1.rt_-_The_Merchant
1.rt_-_The_Music_Of_The_Rains
1.rt_-_The_Portrait
1.rt_-_The_Rainy_Day
1.rt_-_The_Recall
1.rt_-_The_Sailor
1.rt_-_The_Source
1.rt_-_The_Sun_Of_The_First_Day
1.rt_-_The_Tame_Bird_Was_In_A_Cage
1.rt_-_The_Unheeded_Pageant
1.rt_-_The_Wicked_Postman
1.rt_-_This_Dog
1.rt_-_Threshold
1.rt_-_Tumi_Sandhyar_Meghamala_-_You_Are_A_Cluster_Of_Clouds_-_Translation
1.rt_-_Twelve_OClock
1.rt_-_Unending_Love
1.rt_-_Ungrateful_Sorrow
1.rt_-_Untimely_Leave
1.rt_-_Unyielding
1.rt_-_Urvashi
1.rt_-_Vocation
1.rt_-_Waiting
1.rt_-_Waiting_For_The_Beloved
1.rt_-_We_Are_To_Play_The_Game_Of_Death
1.rt_-_When_And_Why
1.rt_-_When_Day_Is_Done
1.rt_-_When_I_Go_Alone_At_Night
1.rt_-_When_the_Two_Sister_Go_To_Fetch_Water
1.rt_-_Where_Shadow_Chases_Light
1.rt_-_Where_The_Mind_Is_Without_Fear
1.rt_-_Who_Is_This?
1.wb_-_Auguries_of_Innocence
1.wby_-_Nineteen_Hundred_And_Nineteen
1.whitman_-_As_I_Sat_Alone_By_Blue_Ontarios_Shores
1.whitman_-_Faces
1.whitman_-_Song_of_Myself
1.whitman_-_Song_Of_Myself-_XLVI
1.ww_-_Book_Eighth-_Retrospect--Love_Of_Nature_Leading_To_Love_Of_Man
1.ww_-_Book_Fifth-Books
1.ww_-_Book_Tenth_{Residence_in_France_continued]
1.ww_-_Dion_[See_Plutarch]
1.ww_-_Lines_Written_As_A_School_Exercise_At_Hawkshead,_Anno_Aetatis_14
1.ww_-_The_Excursion-_IV-_Book_Third-_Despondency
1.ww_-_The_Excursion-_IX-_Book_Eighth-_The_Parsonage
1.ww_-_The_Excursion-_V-_Book_Fouth-_Despondency_Corrected
1.ww_-_The_Excursion-_VII-_Book_Sixth-_The_Churchyard_Among_the_Mountains
1.ww_-_The_Tables_Turned
2.00_-_BIBLIOGRAPHY
2.01_-_On_Books
2.01_-_On_the_Concept_of_the_Archetype
2.01_-_Proem
2.01_-_THE_ARCANE_SUBSTANCE_AND_THE_POINT
2.01_-_The_Attributes_of_Omega_Point_-_a_Transcendent_God
2.01_-_THE_CHILD_WITH_THE_MIRROR
2.01_-_The_Two_Natures
2.01_-_The_Yoga_and_Its_Objects
2.02_-_Atomic_Motions
2.02_-_Brahman,_Purusha,_Ishwara_-_Maya,_Prakriti,_Shakti
2.02_-_Habit_2__Begin_with_the_End_in_Mind
2.02_-_Meeting_With_the_Goddess
2.02_-_On_Letters
2.02_-_The_Ishavasyopanishad_with_a_commentary_in_English
2.02_-_The_Mother_Archetype
2.02_-_The_Synthesis_of_Devotion_and_Knowledge
2.02_-_UPON_THE_BLESSED_ISLES
2.03_-_Atomic_Forms_And_Their_Combinations
2.03_-_Karmayogin__A_Commentary_on_the_Isha_Upanishad
2.03_-_ON_THE_PITYING
2.03_-_The_Christian_Phenomenon_and_Faith_in_the_Incarnation
2.03_-_THE_ENIGMA_OF_BOLOGNA
2.03_-_THE_MASTER_IN_VARIOUS_MOODS
2.03_-_The_Naturalness_of_Bhakti-Yoga_and_its_Central_Secret
2.03_-_The_Purified_Understanding
2.04_-_Absence_Of_Secondary_Qualities
2.04_-_ADVICE_TO_ISHAN
2.04_-_On_Art
2.04_-_ON_PRIESTS
2.04_-_Positive_Aspects_of_the_Mother-Complex
2.04_-_The_Divine_and_the_Undivine
2.04_-_The_Scourge,_the_Dagger_and_the_Chain
2.05_-_Habit_3__Put_First_Things_First
2.05_-_Infinite_Worlds
2.05_-_On_Poetry
2.05_-_ON_THE_VIRTUOUS
2.05_-_The_Cosmic_Illusion;_Mind,_Dream_and_Hallucination
2.05_-_The_Divine_Truth_and_Way
2.05_-_Universal_Love_and_how_it_leads_to_Self-Surrender
2.05_-_VISIT_TO_THE_SINTHI_BRAMO_SAMAJ
2.06_-_On_Beauty
2.06_-_ON_THE_RABBLE
2.06_-_Reality_and_the_Cosmic_Illusion
2.06_-_The_Wand
2.06_-_WITH_VARIOUS_DEVOTEES
2.07_-_On_Congress_and_Politics
2.07_-_ON_THE_TARANTULAS
2.07_-_The_Cup
2.07_-_The_Supreme_Word_of_the_Gita
2.08_-_ALICE_IN_WONDERLAND
2.08_-_On_Non-Violence
2.08_-_ON_THE_FAMOUS_WISE_MEN
2.08_-_The_Sword
2.09_-_On_Sadhana
2.09_-_THE_NIGHT_SONG
2.09_-_The_Pantacle
2.09_-_The_Release_from_the_Ego
2.0_-_THE_ANTICHRIST
2.1.02_-_Classification_of_the_Parts_of_the_Being
2.1.02_-_Nature_The_World-Manifestation
2.10_-_Conclusion
2.10_-_THE_DANCING_SONG
2.1.1.04_-_Reading,_Yogic_Force_and_the_Development_of_Style
2.11_-_On_Education
2.11_-_The_Modes_of_the_Self
2.11_-_THE_TOMB_SONG
2.12_-_ON_SELF-OVERCOMING
2.12_-_The_Origin_of_the_Ignorance
2.12_-_The_Realisation_of_Sachchidananda
2.13_-_On_Psychology
2.13_-_ON_THOSE_WHO_ARE_SUBLIME
2.13_-_THE_MASTER_AT_THE_HOUSES_OF_BALARM_AND_GIRISH
2.14_-_ON_THE_LAND_OF_EDUCATION
2.14_-_The_Passive_and_the_Active_Brahman
2.1.5.4_-_Arts
2.15_-_ON_IMMACULATE_PERCEPTION
2.16_-_ON_SCHOLARS
2.16_-_The_Integral_Knowledge_and_the_Aim_of_Life;_Four_Theories_of_Existence
2.1.7.07_-_On_the_Verse_and_Structure_of_the_Poem
2.17_-_December_1938
2.17_-_ON_POETS
2.17_-_The_Soul_and_Nature
2.18_-_January_1939
2.18_-_ON_GREAT_EVENTS
2.18_-_SRI_RAMAKRISHNA_AT_SYAMPUKUR
2.19_-_THE_MASTER_AND_DR._SARKAR
2.19_-_THE_SOOTHSAYER
2.2.01_-_The_Problem_of_Consciousness
2.2.02_-_Consciousness_and_the_Inconscient
2.20_-_Nov-Dec_1939
2.20_-_ON_REDEMPTION
2.20_-_THE_MASTERS_TRAINING_OF_HIS_DISCIPLES
2.20_-_The_Philosophy_of_Rebirth
2.21_-_1940
2.21_-_ON_HUMAN_PRUDENCE
2.21_-_Towards_the_Supreme_Secret
2.22_-_1941-1943
2.22_-_THE_STILLEST_HOUR
2.23_-_The_Core_of_the_Gita.s_Meaning
2.24_-_The_Evolution_of_the_Spiritual_Man
2.24_-_THE_MASTERS_LOVE_FOR_HIS_DEVOTEES
2.25_-_AFTER_THE_PASSING_AWAY
2.25_-_List_of_Topics_in_Each_Talk
2.25_-_The_Higher_and_the_Lower_Knowledge
2.2.7.01_-_Some_General_Remarks
2.27_-_Hathayoga
2.28_-_Rajayoga
2.2.9.02_-_Plato
2.2.9.03_-_Aristotle
2.2.9.04_-_Plotinus
2.3.03_-_Integral_Yoga
2.3.04_-_The_Mother's_Force
2.3.10_-_The_Subconscient_and_the_Inconscient
29.03_-_In_Her_Company
30.01_-_World-Literature
3.00.2_-_Introduction
30.06_-_The_Poet_and_The_Seer
30.07_-_The_Poet_and_the_Yogi
3.00_-_Introduction
3.00_-_The_Magical_Theory_of_the_Universe
3.01_-_Love_and_the_Triple_Path
3.01_-_Proem
3.01_-_The_Mercurial_Fountain
3.01_-_THE_WANDERER
3.02_-_King_and_Queen
3.02_-_Nature_And_Composition_Of_The_Mind
3.02_-_ON_THE_VISION_AND_THE_RIDDLE
3.02_-_The_Motives_of_Devotion
3.02_-_The_Practice_Use_of_Dream-Analysis
3.03_-_ON_INVOLUNTARY_BLISS
3.03_-_The_Soul_Is_Mortal
3.04_-_BEFORE_SUNRISE
3.04_-_Folly_Of_The_Fear_Of_Death
3.04_-_LUNA
3.05_-_Cerberus_And_Furies,_And_That_Lack_Of_Light
3.05_-_ON_VIRTUE_THAT_MAKES_SMALL
3.05_-_SAL
3.05_-_The_Conjunction
3.05_-_The_Divine_Personality
3.05_-_The_Physical_World_and_its_Connection_with_the_Soul_and_Spirit-Lands
3.06_-_The_Delight_of_the_Divine
3.06_-_UPON_THE_MOUNT_OF_OLIVES
3.07_-_ON_PASSING_BY
3.07_-_The_Formula_of_the_Holy_Grail
3.08_-_ON_APOSTATES
3.08_-_Purification
3.09_-_Of_Silence_and_Secrecy
3.09_-_THE_RETURN_HOME
3.09_-_The_Return_of_the_Soul
3.0_-_THE_ETERNAL_RECURRENCE
3.1.01_-_The_Problem_of_Suffering_and_Evil
3.1.02_-_Spiritual_Evolution_and_the_Supramental
3.1.03_-_A_Realistic_Adwaita
3.1.04_-_Transformation_in_the_Integral_Yoga
31.05_-_Vivekananda
3.10_-_ON_THE_THREE_EVILS
3.10_-_The_New_Birth
3.11_-_ON_THE_SPIRIT_OF_GRAVITY
3.12_-_ON_OLD_AND_NEW_TABLETS
3.13_-_THE_CONVALESCENT
3.14_-_ON_THE_GREAT_LONGING
3.15_-_THE_OTHER_DANCING_SONG
3.16_-_THE_SEVEN_SEALS_OR_THE_YES_AND_AMEN_SONG
3.2.01_-_On_Ideals
3.2.02_-_Yoga_and_Skill_in_Works
3.2.03_-_Conservation_and_Progress
3.2.03_-_Jainism_and_Buddhism
3.2.04_-_The_Conservative_Mind_and_Eastern_Progress
32.04_-_The_Human_Body
3.2.05_-_Our_Ideal
3.2.06_-_The_Adwaita_of_Shankaracharya
3.2.07_-_Tantra
32.07_-_The_God_of_the_Scientist
3.2.10_-_Christianity_and_Theosophy
3.2.4_-_Sex
3.3.01_-_The_Superman
3.3.02_-_All-Will_and_Free-Will
33.02_-_Subhash,_Oaten:_atlas,_Russell
33.03_-_Muraripukur_-_I
3.3.03_-_The_Delight_of_Works
33.04_-_Deoghar
33.07_-_Alipore_Jail
33.09_-_Shyampukur
33.13_-_My_Professors
33.16_-_Soviet_Gymnasts
33.18_-_I_Bow_to_the_Mother
3.4.01_-_Evolution
3.4.02_-_The_Inconscient
3.4.03_-_Materialism
3.5.01_-_Aphorisms
3.5.02_-_Thoughts_and_Glimpses
3-5_Full_Circle
3.6.01_-_Heraclitus
36.07_-_An_Introduction_To_The_Vedas
37.02_-_The_Story_of_Jabala-Satyakama
3.7.1.01_-_Rebirth
3.7.1.02_-_The_Reincarnating_Soul
3.7.1.03_-_Rebirth,_Evolution,_Heredity
3.7.1.04_-_Rebirth_and_Soul_Evolution
3.7.1.05_-_The_Significance_of_Rebirth
3.7.1.06_-_The_Ascending_Unity
3.7.1.07_-_Involution_and_Evolution
3.7.1.08_-_Karma
3.7.1.09_-_Karma_and_Freedom
3.7.1.10_-_Karma,_Will_and_Consequence
3.7.1.11_-_Rebirth_and_Karma
3.7.1.12_-_Karma_and_Justice
3.7.2.01_-_The_Foundation
3.7.2.02_-_The_Terrestial_Law
3.7.2.03_-_Mind_Nature_and_Law_of_Karma
3.7.2.04_-_The_Higher_Lines_of_Karma
3.7.2.05_-_Appendix_I_-_The_Tangle_of_Karma
3.7.2.06_-_Appendix_II_-_A_Clarification
3.8.1.01_-_The_Needed_Synthesis
3.8.1.02_-_Arya_-_Its_Significance
3.8.1.03_-_Meditation
3.8.1.04_-_Different_Methods_of_Writing
3.8.1.05_-_Occult_Knowledge_and_the_Hindu_Scriptures
3.8.1.06_-_The_Universal_Consciousness
3_-_Commentaries_and_Annotated_Translations
4.01_-_Conclusion_-_My_intellectual_position
4.01_-_Proem
4.01_-_THE_COLLECTIVE_ISSUE
4.01_-_THE_HONEY_SACRIFICE
4.01_-_The_Presence_of_God_in_the_World
4.02_-_Existence_And_Character_Of_The_Images
4.02_-_GOLD_AND_SPIRIT
4.02_-_Humanity_in_Progress
4.02_-_THE_CRY_OF_DISTRESS
4.03_-_CONVERSATION_WITH_THE_KINGS
4.03_-_Prayer_to_the_Ever-greater_Christ
4.03_-_The_Senses_And_Mental_Pictures
4.03_-_The_Special_Phenomenology_of_the_Child_Archetype
4.04_-_Conclusion
4.04_-_Some_Vital_Functions
4.04_-_THE_LEECH
4.04_-_THE_REGENERATION_OF_THE_KING
4.05_-_THE_MAGICIAN
4.05_-_The_Passion_Of_Love
4.06_-_RETIRED
4.07_-_Purification-Intelligence_and_Will
4.07_-_THE_UGLIEST_MAN
4.08_-_THE_VOLUNTARY_BEGGAR
4.09_-_THE_SHADOW
4.0_-_NOTES_TO_ZARATHUSTRA
4.1.01_-_The_Intellect_and_Yoga
4.10_-_AT_NOON
4.1.1.05_-_The_Central_Process_of_the_Yoga
4.11_-_THE_WELCOME
4.12_-_THE_LAST_SUPPER
4.13_-_ON_THE_HIGHER_MAN
4.14_-_THE_SONG_OF_MELANCHOLY
4.15_-_ON_SCIENCE
4.16_-_AMONG_DAUGHTERS_OF_THE_WILDERNESS
4.17_-_THE_AWAKENING
4.18_-_THE_ASS_FESTIVAL
4.19_-_THE_DRUNKEN_SONG
4.1_-_Jnana
4.20_-_THE_SIGN
5.01_-_EPILOGUE
5.01_-_Message
5.01_-_Proem
5.02_-_Against_Teleological_Concept
5.02_-_Perfection_of_the_Body
5.03_-_The_Divine_Body
5.03_-_The_World_Is_Not_Eternal
5.04_-_Formation_Of_The_World
5.04_-_Supermind_and_the_Life_Divine
5.05_-_Origins_Of_Vegetable_And_Animal_Life
5.05_-_Supermind_and_Humanity
5.06_-_Origins_And_Savage_Period_Of_Mankind
5.06_-_Supermind_in_the_Evolution
5.06_-_THE_TRANSFORMATION
5.07_-_Beginnings_Of_Civilization
5.07_-_Mind_of_Light
5.07_-_ROTUNDUM,_HEAD,_AND_BRAIN
5.08_-_Supermind_and_Mind_of_Light
5.1.02_-_Ahana
5_-_The_Phenomenology_of_the_Spirit_in_Fairytales
6.01_-_Proem
6.01_-_THE_ALCHEMICAL_VIEW_OF_THE_UNION_OF_OPPOSITES
6.02_-_Great_Meteorological_Phenomena,_Etc
6.02_-_STAGES_OF_THE_CONJUNCTION
6.03_-_Extraordinary_And_Paradoxical_Telluric_Phenomena
6.04_-_The_Plague_Athens
6.06_-_SELF-KNOWLEDGE
6.07_-_THE_MONOCOLUS
6.0_-_Conscious,_Unconscious,_and_Individuation
7.05_-_Patience_and_Perseverance
7.08_-_Sincerity
7_-_Yoga_of_Sri_Aurobindo
9.99_-_Glossary
Apology
APPENDIX_I_-_Curriculum_of_A._A.
Avatars_of_the_Tortoise
Averroes_Search
Blazing_P1_-_Preconventional_consciousness
Blazing_P2_-_Map_the_Stages_of_Conventional_Consciousness
Blazing_P3_-_Explore_the_Stages_of_Postconventional_Consciousness
BOOK_II._--_PART_I._ANTHROPOGENESIS.
BOOK_II._--_PART_III._ADDENDA._SCIENCE_AND_THE_SECRET_DOCTRINE_CONTRASTED
BOOK_II._--_PART_II._THE_ARCHAIC_SYMBOLISM_OF_THE_WORLD-RELIGIONS
BOOK_I._--_PART_I._COSMIC_EVOLUTION
BOOK_I._--_PART_III._SCIENCE_AND_THE_SECRET_DOCTRINE_CONTRASTED
BOOK_I._--_PART_II._THE_EVOLUTION_OF_SYMBOLISM_IN_ITS_APPROXIMATE_ORDER
BOOK_VIII._-_Some_account_of_the_Socratic_and_Platonic_philosophy,_and_a_refutation_of_the_doctrine_of_Apuleius_that_the_demons_should_be_worshipped_as_mediators_between_gods_and_men
BOOK_VII._-_Of_the_select_gods_of_the_civil_theology,_and_that_eternal_life_is_not_obtained_by_worshipping_them
BOOK_VI._-_Of_Varros_threefold_division_of_theology,_and_of_the_inability_of_the_gods_to_contri_bute_anything_to_the_happiness_of_the_future_life
BOOK_V._-_Of_fate,_freewill,_and_God's_prescience,_and_of_the_source_of_the_virtues_of_the_ancient_Romans
BOOK_XI._-_Augustine_passes_to_the_second_part_of_the_work,_in_which_the_origin,_progress,_and_destinies_of_the_earthly_and_heavenly_cities_are_discussed.Speculations_regarding_the_creation_of_the_world
BOOK_XIX._-_A_review_of_the_philosophical_opinions_regarding_the_Supreme_Good,_and_a_comparison_of_these_opinions_with_the_Christian_belief_regarding_happiness
BOOK_X._-_Porphyrys_doctrine_of_redemption
BOOK_XVIII._-_A_parallel_history_of_the_earthly_and_heavenly_cities_from_the_time_of_Abraham_to_the_end_of_the_world
BOOK_XXII._-_Of_the_eternal_happiness_of_the_saints,_the_resurrection_of_the_body,_and_the_miracles_of_the_early_Church
BS_1_-_Introduction_to_the_Idea_of_God
Conversations_with_Sri_Aurobindo
COSA_-_BOOK_III
COSA_-_BOOK_IV
COSA_-_BOOK_V
Cratylus
ENNEAD_01.01_-_The_Organism_and_the_Self.
ENNEAD_01.02_-_Concerning_Virtue.
ENNEAD_01.02_-_Of_Virtues.
ENNEAD_01.03_-_Of_Dialectic,_or_the_Means_of_Raising_the_Soul_to_the_Intelligible_World.
ENNEAD_01.04_-_Whether_Animals_May_Be_Termed_Happy.
ENNEAD_01.05_-_Does_Happiness_Increase_With_Time?
ENNEAD_01.06_-_Of_Beauty.
ENNEAD_01.07_-_Of_the_First_Good,_and_of_the_Other_Goods.
ENNEAD_01.08_-_Of_the_Nature_and_Origin_of_Evils.
ENNEAD_01.09a_-_Of_Suicide.
ENNEAD_01.09b_-_Of_Suicide.
ENNEAD_02.01_-_Of_the_Heaven.
ENNEAD_02.02_-_About_the_Movement_of_the_Heavens.
ENNEAD_02.03_-_Whether_Astrology_is_of_any_Value.
ENNEAD_02.04a_-_Of_Matter.
ENNEAD_02.04b_-_Of_Matter.
ENNEAD_02.05_-_Of_the_Aristotelian_Distinction_Between_Actuality_and_Potentiality.
ENNEAD_02.06_-_Of_Essence_and_Being.
ENNEAD_02.07_-_About_Mixture_to_the_Point_of_Total_Penetration.
ENNEAD_02.08_-_Of_Sight,_or_of_Why_Distant_Objects_Seem_Small.
ENNEAD_02.09_-_Against_the_Gnostics;_or,_That_the_Creator_and_the_World_are_Not_Evil.
ENNEAD_03.01_-_Concerning_Fate.
ENNEAD_03.02_-_Of_Providence.
ENNEAD_03.03_-_Continuation_of_That_on_Providence.
ENNEAD_03.04_-_Of_Our_Individual_Guardian.
ENNEAD_03.05_-_Of_Love,_or_Eros.
ENNEAD_03.06_-_Of_the_Impassibility_of_Incorporeal_Entities_(Soul_and_and_Matter).
ENNEAD_03.06_-_Of_the_Impassibility_of_Incorporeal_Things.
ENNEAD_03.07_-_Of_Time_and_Eternity.
ENNEAD_03.08a_-_Of_Nature,_Contemplation,_and_of_the_One.
ENNEAD_03.08b_-_Of_Nature,_Contemplation_and_Unity.
ENNEAD_03.09_-_Fragments_About_the_Soul,_the_Intelligence,_and_the_Good.
ENNEAD_04.01_-_Of_the_Being_of_the_Soul.
ENNEAD_04.02_-_How_the_Soul_Mediates_Between_Indivisible_and_Divisible_Essence.
ENNEAD_04.02_-_Of_the_Nature_of_the_Soul.
ENNEAD_04.03_-_Problems_About_the_Soul.
ENNEAD_04.03_-_Psychological_Questions.
ENNEAD_04.04_-_Questions_About_the_Soul.
ENNEAD_04.05_-_Psychological_Questions_III._-_About_the_Process_of_Vision_and_Hearing.
ENNEAD_04.06a_-_Of_Sensation_and_Memory.
ENNEAD_04.06b_-_Of_Sensation_and_Memory.
ENNEAD_04.07_-_Of_the_Immortality_of_the_Soul:_Polemic_Against_Materialism.
ENNEAD_04.08_-_Of_the_Descent_of_the_Soul_Into_the_Body.
ENNEAD_04.09_-_Whether_All_Souls_Form_a_Single_One?
ENNEAD_05.01_-_The_Three_Principal_Hypostases,_or_Forms_of_Existence.
ENNEAD_05.02_-_Of_Generation_and_of_the_Order_of_Things_that_Follow_the_First.
ENNEAD_05.02_-_Of_Generation,_and_of_the_Order_of_things_that_Rank_Next_After_the_First.
ENNEAD_05.03_-_Of_the_Hypostases_that_Mediate_Knowledge,_and_of_the_Superior_Principle.
ENNEAD_05.03_-_The_Self-Consciousnesses,_and_What_is_Above_Them.
ENNEAD_05.04_-_How_What_is_After_the_First_Proceeds_Therefrom;_of_the_One.
ENNEAD_05.05_-_That_Intelligible_Entities_Are_Not_External_to_the_Intelligence_of_the_Good.
ENNEAD_05.06_-_The_Superessential_Principle_Does_Not_Think_-_Which_is_the_First_Thinking_Principle,_and_Which_is_the_Second?
ENNEAD_05.07_-_Do_Ideas_of_Individuals_Exist?
ENNEAD_05.08_-_Concerning_Intelligible_Beauty.
ENNEAD_05.09_-_Of_Intelligence,_Ideas_and_Essence.
ENNEAD_06.01_-_Of_the_Ten_Aristotelian_and_Four_Stoic_Categories.
ENNEAD_06.02_-_The_Categories_of_Plotinos.
ENNEAD_06.03_-_Plotinos_Own_Sense-Categories.
ENNEAD_06.04_-_The_One_and_Identical_Being_Is_Everywhere_Present_As_a_Whole.
ENNEAD_06.04_-_The_One_Identical_Essence_is_Everywhere_Entirely_Present.
ENNEAD_06.05_-_The_One_and_Identical_Being_is_Everywhere_Present_In_Its_Entirety.345
ENNEAD_06.05_-_The_One_Identical_Essence_is_Everywhere_Entirely_Present.
ENNEAD_06.06_-_Of_Numbers.
ENNEAD_06.07_-_How_Ideas_Multiplied,_and_the_Good.
ENNEAD_06.08_-_Of_the_Will_of_the_One.
ENNEAD_06.09_-_Of_the_Good_and_the_One.
Euthyphro
Gorgias
Guru_Granth_Sahib_first_part
Ion
Liber
Liber_111_-_The_Book_of_Wisdom_-_LIBER_ALEPH_VEL_CXI
Liber_46_-_The_Key_of_the_Mysteries
Liber_71_-_The_Voice_of_the_Silence_-_The_Two_Paths_-_The_Seven_Portals
LUX.03_-_INVOCATION
Meno
MoM_References
Partial_Magic_in_the_Quixote
Phaedo
r1912_07_18
r1914_10_01
Ragnarok
Sayings_of_Sri_Ramakrishna_(text)
Sophist
Symposium_translated_by_B_Jowett
Tablets_of_Baha_u_llah_text
Talks_026-050
Talks_100-125
Talks_125-150
Talks_176-200
Talks_500-550
Talks_600-652
Talks_With_Sri_Aurobindo_1
Talks_With_Sri_Aurobindo_2
The_Act_of_Creation_text
Theaetetus
The_Coming_Race_Contents
The_Dwellings_of_the_Philosophers
the_Eternal_Wisdom
The_Golden_Verses_of_Pythagoras
The_Logomachy_of_Zos
The_Poems_of_Cold_Mountain
The_Riddle_of_this_World
The_Shadow_Out_Of_Time
Timaeus

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DEFINITIONS

1. For Comte Altruism meant the discipline and eradication of self-centered desire, and a life devoted to the good of others; more particularly, selfless love and devotion to Society. In brief, it involved the self-abnegating love of Catholic Christianity redirected towards Humanity conceived as an ideal unity. As thus understood, altruism involves a conscious opposition not only to egoism (whether understood as excessive or moderate self-love), but also to the formal or theological pursuit of charity and to the atomic or individualistic social philosophy of 17th-18th century liberalism, of utilitarianism, and of French Ideology.

4. In the philosophy of nature, aggregate has various meanings: it is a mass formed into clusters (anat.); a compound or an organized mass of individuals (zool.); an agglomerate (bot.) an agglomeration of distinct minerals separable by mechanical means (geol.); or, in general, a compound mass in which the elements retain their essential individuality. -- T.G.

Abailard, Peter: (1079-1142) Was born at Pallet in France; distinguished himself as a brilliant student of the trivium and quadrivium; studied logic with Roscelin and Wm. of Champeaux. He taught philosophy, with much emphasis on dialectic, at Melun, Corbeil, and the schools of St. Genevieve and Notre Dame in Paris. He was lecturing on theology in Paris c. 1113 when he was involved in the romantic and unfortunate interlude with Heloise. First condemned for heresy in 1121, he became Abbot of St. Gildas in 1125, and after returning to teach theology in Paris, his religious views were censured by the Council of Sens (1141). He died at Cluny after making his peace with God and his Church. Tactless, but very intelligent, Abailard set the course of mediaeval philosophy for two centuries with his interest in the problem of universals. He appears to have adopted a nominalistic solution, rather than the semi-realistic position attributed to him by the older historians. Chief works: Sic et Non (c. 1122), Theologia Christiana (c. 1124), Scito Teipsum (1125-1138) and several Logical Glosses (ed. B. Geyer, Abaelard's Philos. Schrift. BGPM, XXI, 1-3).

Abhasa, abhasana: (Skr.) "Shining forth", the cosmopsychological process of the One becoming the Many as described by the Trika (q.v.) which regards the Many as a real aspect of the ultimate reality or Parama Siva (cf. Indian Philosophy). Reflection, objectivity. -- K.F.L.

Abheda: (Skr. "not distinct") Identity, particularly in reference to any philosophy of monism which does not recognize the distinctness of spiritual and material, or divine and essentially human principles. -- K.F.L.

Absolute Ego: In Fichte's philosophy, the Ego or Subject prior to its differentiation into an empirical (or historical) self and not-self. -- W.L.

academic ::: a. --> Alt. of Academical ::: n. --> One holding the philosophy of Socrates and Plato; a Platonist.
A member of an academy, college, or university; an academician.


academical ::: a. --> Belonging to the school or philosophy of Plato; as, the Academic sect or philosophy.
Belonging to an academy or other higher institution of learning; scholarly; literary or classical, in distinction from scientific.


academicism ::: n. --> A tenet of the Academic philosophy.
A mannerism or mode peculiar to an academy.


academism ::: n. --> The doctrines of the Academic philosophy.

Academy: (Gr. akademia) A gymnasium in the suburbs of Athens, named after the hero Academus, where Plato first taught; hence, the Platonic school of philosophy. Plato and his immediate successors are called the Old Academy; the New Academy begins with Arcesilaus (c. 315-c. 241 B.C.), and is identified with its characteristic doctrine, probabilism (q.v.). -- G.R.M.

academy ::: n. --> A garden or grove near Athens (so named from the hero Academus), where Plato and his followers held their philosophical conferences; hence, the school of philosophy of which Plato was head.
An institution for the study of higher learning; a college or a university. Popularly, a school, or seminary of learning, holding a rank between a college and a common school.
A place of training; a school.
A society of learned men united for the advancement of the


According to the common teaching of the Schoolmen, philosophy is able to demonstrate the existence of God, though any statement of his essence is at best only analogical. See Analogy. Aquinas formulated the famous five ways by which to demonstrate God's existence, as prime motor, first cause, pure act to be assumed because there has to be act for anything to come into existence at all, necessary being in which existence and essence aie one, as set over against contingent beings which may be or not be, as summit of the hierarchy of beings. A basic factor in these demonstrations is the impossibility of infinite regress. God is conceived as the first cause and as the ultimate final cause of all beings. He is pure act, ens realissimum and summum bonum. Thomism and later Scholasticism denied that any adequate statement can be made on God's essence; but earlier thinkers, especially Anselm of Canterbury indulged in a so-called "Christian Rationalism" and believed that more can be asserted of God by '"necessary reasons". Anselm's proof of God's existence has been rejected by Aquinas and Kant. See Ontologtcal argument. -- R.A.

::: "A cosmic Will and Wisdom observant of the ascending march of the soul"s consciousness and experience as it emerges out of subconscient Matter and climbs to its own luminous divinity fixes the norm and constantly enlarges the lines of the law — or, let us say, since law is a too mechanical conception, — the truth of Karma.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“A cosmic Will and Wisdom observant of the ascending march of the soul’s consciousness and experience as it emerges out of subconscient Matter and climbs to its own luminous divinity fixes the norm and constantly enlarges the lines of the law—or, let us say, since law is a too mechanical conception,—the truth of Karma.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

adept ::: n. --> One fully skilled or well versed in anything; a proficient; as, adepts in philosophy. ::: a. --> Well skilled; completely versed; thoroughly proficient.

ADVAITA. :::One Existence; the One without a second; non-dual, absolute and indivisible unity; Monism.
People are apt to speak of the Advaita as if it were identical with Mayavada monism, just as they speak of Vedanta as if it were identical with Advaita only; that is not the case. There are several forms of Indian philosophy which base themselves upon the One Reality, but they admit also the reality of the world, the reality of the Many, the reality of the differences of the Many as well as the sameness of the One (bhedābheda). But the Many exist in the One and by the One, the differences are variations in manifestation of that which is fundamentally ever the same. This we actually see in the universal law of existence where oneness is always the basis with an endless multiplicity and difference in the oneness; as for instance there is one mankind but many kinds of man, one thing called leaf or flower, but many forms, patterns, colours of leaf and flower. Through this we can look back into one of the fundamental secrets of existence, the secret which is contained in the one reality itself. The oneness of the Infinite is not something limited, fettered to its unity; it is capable of an infinite multiplicity. The Supreme Reality is an Absolute not limited by either oneness or multiplicity but simultaneously capable of both; for both are its aspects, although the oneness is fundamental and the multiplicity depends upon the oneness.
Wide Realistic Advaita.


Aesthetics: (Gr. aesthetikos, perceptive) Traditionally, the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty or the beautiful, especially in art, and with taste and standards of value in judging art. Also, a theory or consistent attitude on such matters. The word aesthetics was first used by Baumgarten about 1750, to imply the science of sensuous knowledge, whose aim is beauty, as contrasted with logic, whose aim is truth. Kant used the term transcendental aesthetic in another sense, to imply the a priori principles of sensible experience. Hegel, in the 1820's, established the word in its present sense by his writings on art under the title of Aesthetik.

agamas. ::: Saiva scriptures that describe the rules and procedures for image worship, which include temple construction, installation and consecration of the deities, methods of performing pujas in the temples, philosophy, recitation of mantras, worship involving figures or yantras and bhakti yoga

Akasa: (Skr.) "Ether"; space) in Indian philosophy the continuum that is to be postulated in connection with the paramanus (q.v.). -- K.F.L.

Albertus, Magnus: St., O.P. (1193-1280) Count of Bollstädt, Bishop of Ratisbon, Doctor Universalis, was born at Lauingen, Bavaria, studied at Padua and Bologna, entered the Dominican Order in 1223. He taught theology at the Univ. of Paris from 1245-48, when he was sent to Cologne to organize a new course of studies for his Order; St. Thomas Aquinas was his student and assistant at this time. Later his time was given over to administrative duties and he was made Bishop of Ratisbon in 1260. In 1262 he gave up his bishopric and returned to a life of writing, teaching and controversy. Of very broad interests in science, philosophy and theology, Albert popularized a great part of the corpus of Aristotelian and Arabic philosophic writings in the 13th century. His thought incorporates elements of Augustinism, Aristotelianism, Neoplatonism, Avicennism, Boethianism into a vast synthesis which is not without internal inconsistencies. Due to the lack of critical editions of his works, a true estimate of the value of his philosophy is impossible at present. However, he must have had some influence on St. Thomas, and there was a lively Albertinian school lasting into the Renaissance. Chief works: Summa de Creaturis, Comment, in IV Lib. Sent., Philos, Commentaries on nearly all works of Aristotle, De Causis, De intellectu et intellig., Summa Theologiae (Opera Omnia, ed. Borgnet, 38 vol., Paris, 1890-99). -- V.J.B.

Alcuin: (c. 730-804) Was born in Northumbria and studied at the School of York under Egbert. In 781 he was called to head the Palatine School of Charlemagne. He died at St. Martin of Tours. It is his general influence on the revival of Christian learning that is significant in the history of philosophy. His psychology is a form of simplified Augustinianism. His treatise, De animae ratione ad Eulaliam Virginem, is extant (PL 101). -- V.J.B.

Alexandrian School: A convenient designation for the various religious philosophies that flourished at Alexandria from the first to the fourth centuries of the Christian era, such as Neo-Pythagoreanism, the Jewish Platonism of Philo, Christian Platonism, and Neo-Platonism. Common to all these schools is the attempt to state Oriental religious beliefs in terms of Greek philosophy. -- G.R.M.

Al Farabi: Died 950, introduced Aristotelian logic into the world of Islam. He was known to posterity as the "second Aristotle". He continued the encyclopedic tradition inaugurated by Al Kindi. His metaphysical speculation influenced Avicenna who found in the works of his predecessor the fundamental notion of a distinction between existence and essence, the latter not implying necessarily in a contingent being the former which therefore has to be given by God. He also emphasizes the Aristotelian notion of the "first mover". The concretization of the universal nature in particular things points to a creative power which has endowed being with such a nature. Al Farabi's philosophy is dependent in certain parts on Neo-Platonism. Creation is emanation. There is an anima mundi the images of which become corporeal beings. Logic is considered as the preamble to all science. Physics comprises all factual knowledge, including psychology; metaphysics and ethics are the other parts of philosophy. Cl. Baeumker, Alfarabi, Ueber den Vrsprung der Wissensehaften, Beitr. z. Gesch. d. Philos. d. MA. 1916. Vol. XIX. M. Horten, Das Buch der Ringsteine Farabis. ibid. 1906. Vol. V. -- R.A. Al

Al Kindi, Al Farabi, and Ibn Sina (Avicenna) were the first great philosophers who made large use of Aristotelian books. Their writings are of truly encyclopedic character and comprise the whole edifice of knowledge in their time. Their Aristotelianism is, however, mainly Neo-Platonism with addition of certain peripatetic notions. Avicenna is more of an Aristotelian than his predecessors. Al Farabi, e.g., held that cognition is ultimately due to an illumination, whereas Avicenna adopted a more Aristotelian theory. While these thinkers had an original philosophy, Averroes (Ibn Roshd) endeavored to clarify the meaning of the Aristotelian texts by extensive and minute commentaries. Translations from these writings first made known to medieval philosophy the non-logical works of the "Philosopher", although there existed, at the same time, some translations made directly from Greek texts.

". . . all birth is a progressive self-finding, a means of self-realisation.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“… all birth is a progressive self-finding, a means of self-realisation.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Allgemeingültig: (Ger. allgemein + gelten, universally valid) A proposition or judgment which is universally valid, or necessary. Such propositions may be either empirical, i.e., dependent upon experience, or a priori, i.e., independent of all experience. In Kant's theoretical philosophy the necessary forms of the sensibility and understanding are declared to have universal validity a priori, because they are the sine qua non, of any and all experience. -- O.F.K.

"All living thought is a world in preparation; all real act is a thought manifested.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“All living thought is a world in preparation; all real act is a thought manifested.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Alteration: (Lat. alter, other) In Aristotle's philosophy change of quality, as distinguished from change of quantity (growth and diminution) and from change of place (locomotion). -- G.R.M.

"A mind of light will replace the present confusion and trouble of this earthly ignorance; it is likely that even those parts of humanity which cannot reach it will yet be aware of its possibility and consciously tend towards it; not only so, but the life of humanity will be enlightened, uplifted, governed, harmonised by this luminous principle and even the body become something much less powerless, obscure and animal in its propensities and capable instead of a new and harmonised perfection. It is this possibility that we have to look at and that would mean a new humanity uplifted into Light, capable of a spiritualised being and action, open to governance by some light of the Truth-consciousness, capable even on the mental level and in its own order of something that might be called the beginning of a divinised life.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“A mind of light will replace the present confusion and trouble of this earthly ignorance; it is likely that even those parts of humanity which cannot reach it will yet be aware of its possibility and consciously tend towards it; not only so, but the life of humanity will be enlightened, uplifted, governed, harmonised by this luminous principle and even the body become something much less powerless, obscure and animal in its propensities and capable instead of a new and harmonised perfection. It is this possibility that we have to look at and that would mean a new humanity uplifted into Light, capable of a spiritualised being and action, open to governance by some light of the Truth-consciousness, capable even on the mental level and in its own order of something that might be called the beginning of a divinised life.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Analogy: Originally a mathematical term, Analogia, meaning equality of ratios (Euclid VII Df. 20, V. Dfs. 5, 6), which entered Plato's philosophy (Republic 534a6), where it also expressed the epistemological doctrine that sensed things are related as their mathematical and ideal correlates. In modern usage analogy was identified with a weak form of reasoning in which "from the similarity of two things in certain particulars, their similarity in other particulars is inferred." (Century Dic.) Recently, the analysis of scientific method has given the term new significance. The observable data of science are denoted by concepts by inspection, whose complete meaning is given by something immediately apprehendable; its verified theory designating unobservable scientific objects is expressed by concepts by postulation, whose complete meaning is prescribed for them by the postulates of the deductive theory in which they occur. To verify such theory relations, termed epistemic correlations (J. Un. Sc. IX: 125-128), are required. When these are one-one, analogy exists in a very precise sense, since the concepts by inspection denoting observable data are then related as are the correlated concepts by postulation designating unobservable scientific objects. -- F.S.C.N. Analogy of Pythagoras: (Gr. analogia) The equality of ratios, or proportion, between the lengths of the strings producing the consonant notes of the musical scale. The discovery of these ratios is credited to Pythagoras, who is also said to have applied the principle of mathematical proportion to the other arts, and hence to have discovered, in his analogy, the secret of beauty in all its forms. -- G.R.M.

Ananke ::: “This truth of Karma has been always recognised in the East in one form or else in another; but to the Buddhists belongs the credit of having given to it the clearest and fullest universal enunciation and the most insistent importance. In the West too the idea has constantly recurred, but in external, in fragmentary glimpses, as the recognition of a pragmatic truth of experience, and mostly as an ordered ethical law or fatality set over against the self-will and strength of man: but it was clouded over by other ideas inconsistent with any reign of law, vague ideas of some superior caprice or of some divine jealousy,—that was a notion of the Greeks,—a blind Fate or inscrutable Necessity, Ananke, or, later, the mysterious ways of an arbitrary, though no doubt an all-wise Providence.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Anaxagoras, of Klazomene: (about 430 B.C.) As a middle-aged man he settled in Athens; later he was accused of impiety and forced to leave the city. Anaxagoras taught that there is an infinity of simple substances, that is, such as are only divisible into parts of the same nature as the whole. These "seeds" are distributed throughout the universe. Their coming together gives rise to individual things, their separation entails the passing away of individual things. To account for the cause of motion of these "seeds" or elemental substances Anaxagoras conceived of a special kind of matter or "soul-substance" which alone is in motion itself and can communicate this motion to the rest. Now, since the universe displays harmony, order and purposiveness in its movements, Anaxagoras conceived this special substance as a mind-stuff or an eternal, imperishable Reason diffused throughout the universe. Anaxagoras was thus the first to introduce the teleological principle into the explanation of the natural world. Cf. Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy; Diels, Frag. d. Vorsokr. -- M.F.

Anaximander: (6th Cent. B.C.) With Thales and Anaximenes he formed the Milesian School of Greek Philosophy; with these and the other thinkers of the cosmological period he sought the ground of the manifold processes of nature in a single world-principle or cosmic stuff which he identified with "the Infinite". He was the first to step out of the realm of experience and ascribed to his "Infinite" the attributes of eternity, imperishability and inexhaustability. Cf. Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy; Diels, Frag. d. i Vorsokr. -- M.F.

Anaximenes: (6th Cent. B.C.) With Thales and Anaximander he belongs to the Milesian School of Greek Philosophy; as an Ionian he sought a cosmic material element which would explain the manifold processes of the natural world and declared this to be air. Air, he felt, had the attribute of Infinity which would account for the varieties of nature more readily than water, which his predecessor Thales had postulated. Cf. Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, Diels, Frag. d. Vorsokr. -- M.F.

"A new humanity means for us the appearance, the development of a type or race of mental beings whose principle of mentality would be no longer a mind in the Ignorance seeking for knowledge but even in its knowledge bound to the Ignorance, a seeker after Light but not its natural possessor, open to the Light but not an inhabitant of the Light, not yet a perfected instrument, truth-conscious and delivered out of the Ignorance. Instead, it would be possessed already of what could be called a mind of Light, a mind capable of living in the truth, capable of being truth-conscious and manifesting in its life a direct in place of an indirect knowledge. Its mentality would be an instrument of the Light and no longer of the Ignorance. At its highest it would be capable of passing into the supermind and from the new race would be recruited the race of supramental beings who would appear as the leaders of the evolution in earth-nature. Even, the highest manifestations of a mind of Light would be an instrumentality of the supermind, a part of it or a projection from it, a stepping beyond humanity into the superhumanity of the supramental principle. Above all, its possession would enable the human being to rise beyond the normalities of his present thinking, feeling and being into those highest powers of the mind in its self-exceedings which intervene between our mentality and supermind and can be regarded as steps leading towards the greater and more luminous principle. This advance like others in the evolution might not be reached and would naturally not be reached at one bound, but from the very beginning it would be inevitable: the pressure of the supermind creating from above out of itself the mind of Light would compel this certainty of the eventual outcome.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“A new humanity means for us the appearance, the development of a type or race of mental beings whose principle of mentality would be no longer a mind in the Ignorance seeking for knowledge but even in its knowledge bound to the Ignorance, a seeker after Light but not its natural possessor, open to the Light but not an inhabitant of the Light, not yet a perfected instrument, truth-conscious and delivered out of the Ignorance. Instead, it would be possessed already of what could be called a mind of Light, a mind capable of living in the truth, capable of being truth-conscious and manifesting in its life a direct in place of an indirect knowledge. Its mentality would be an instrument of the Light and no longer of the Ignorance. At its highest it would be capable of passing into the supermind and from the new race would be recruited the race of supramental beings who would appear as the leaders of the evolution in earth-nature. Even, the highest manifestations of a mind of Light would be an instrumentality of the supermind, a part of it or a projection from it, a stepping beyond humanity into the superhumanity of the supramental principle. Above all, its possession would enable the human being to rise beyond the normalities of his present thinking, feeling and being into those highest powers of the mind in its self-exceedings which intervene between our mentality and supermind and can be regarded as steps leading towards the greater and more luminous principle. This advance like others in the evolution might not be reached and would naturally not be reached at one bound, but from the very beginning it would be inevitable: the pressure of the supermind creating from above out of itself the mind of Light would compel this certainty of the eventual outcome.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Anglo-Catholic Philosophy: Anglo-Catholicism is the name frequently used to describe the Church of England and her sister communions, including the Episcopal Church in America. As a religious system, it may be described as the maintenance of the traditional credal, ethical and sacramental position of Catholic Christianity, with insistence on the incorporation into that general position of the new truth of philosophy, science and other fields of study and experience. Historically, the Anglo-Catholic divines (as in Hooker and the Caroline writers) took over the general Platonic-Aristotelian philosophy of the schools; their stress, however, was more on the Platonic than the Aristotelian side: "Platonism", Dr. Inge has said, "is the loving mother-nurse of Anglicanism." Statements of this position, modified by a significant agnosticism concerning areas into which reason (it is said) cannot penetrate, may be found collected in Anglicanism (edited by More and Cross). A certain empiricism has always marked Anglo-Catholic theological and philosophical speculation; this is brought out in recent writing by Taylor (Faith of a Moralist), the writers in Lux Mundi (edited by Gore) and its modern successor Essays Catholic and Critical.

Anschauung: A German term used in epistemology to mean intuition or perception with a quality of directness or immediacy. It is a basic term in Kant's philosophy, denoting that which presents materials to the intellect through the forms of space and time. These forms predetermine what types of objects (schemata) can be set up when the understanding applies its own forms to the facts of sense. Kant distinguished "empirical" intuitions (a posteriori) of objects through sensation, and "pure" intuitions (a priori) with space and time as the forms of sensibility. The characteristics and functions of Anschauung are discussed in the first division (Aesthetic) of the Critique of Pure Reason. Caird disputes the equivalence of the Kantian Anschauung with intuition; but it is difficult to find an English word more closely related to the German term. -- T.G.

Anselrn of Canterbury, St.: (1033-1109) Was born at Aosta in Italy, educated by the Benedictines, entered the Order c. 1060. Most of his writings were done at the Abbey of Le Bec in Normandy, where he served as Abbot. In 1093 he became Archbishop of Canterbury, which post he occupied with distinction till his death. Anselm is most noted for his much discussed "ontological" argument to prove the existence of God. His theory of truth and his general philosophy are thoroughly Augustinian. Chief works: Monologium, Proslogium, De Veritate, Cur Deus Homo (in PL 158-9). -- V.J.B.

An Sich: (Ger. literally in or by self. Lat. in se) Anything taken in itself without relation to anything else, especially without relation to a knowing consciousness. In Hegel's philosophy whatever has disowned its relations is an sich. In this status it reveals its inner potentialities. Thus in Hegel's system an sich frequently refers to that which is latent, undeveloped, or in certain connections, that which is unconscious. Kant used an sich more loosely to describe any thing independent of consciousness or experience. Thus he contrasted the "Ding-an-sich" (thing-in-itself) with appearance (phenomenon), the latter being a function of consciousness, the former outside all consciousness. -- O.F.K.

antinomy ::: n. --> Opposition of one law or rule to another law or rule.
An opposing law or rule of any kind.
A contradiction or incompatibility of thought or language; -- in the Kantian philosophy, such a contradiction as arises from the attempt to apply to the ideas of the reason, relations or attributes which are appropriate only to the facts or the concepts of experience.


Antisthenes: Of Athens (c. 444-368 B.C.) founder of the Cynic School of Greek Philosophy. See Cynics. -- M.F.

Apart from philosophy, Descartes' contribution to the development of analytical geometry, the theory of music and the science of optics, are noteworthy achievements.

Apathia: (Gr. apathla, no feeling) In Epicurean (q.v.) and Stoic (q.v.) ethics: the inner equilibrium and peace of mind, freedom from emotion, that result from contemplation, for its own sake, on the ends of life. Apeiron: (Gr. apeiron) The boundless; the indeterminate; the infinite. In the philosophy of Anaximander the apeiron is the primal indeterminate matter out of which all things come to be. The apeiron appears frequently elsewhere in early Greek philosophy, notably in the dualism of the Pythagoreans, where it is opposed to the principle of the Limit (peras), or number. -- G.R.M.

"A philosophy of change?(1) But what is change? In ordinary parlance change means passage from one condition to another and that would seem to imply passage from one status to another status. The shoot changes into a tree, passes from the status of shoot to the status of tree and there it stops; man passes from the status of young man to the status of old man and the only farther change possible to him is death or dissolution of his status. So it would seem that change is not something isolated which is the sole original and eternal reality, but it is something dependent on status, and if status were non-existent, change also could not exist. For we have to ask, when you speak of change as alone real, change of what, from what, to what? Without this ‘what" change could not be. ::: —Change is evidently the change of some form or state of existence from one condition to another condition.” Essays Divine and Human

“A philosophy of change?(1) But what is change? In ordinary parlance change means passage from one condition to another and that would seem to imply passage from one status to another status. The shoot changes into a tree, passes from the status of shoot to the status of tree and there it stops; man passes from the status of young man to the status of old man and the only farther change possible to him is death or dissolution of his status. So it would seem that change is not something isolated which is the sole original and eternal reality, but it is something dependent on status, and if status were non-existent, change also could not exist. For we have to ask, when you speak of change as alone real, change of what, from what, to what? Without this ‘what’ change could not be.

Appreciation: (Royce) The faculty by which an individual feels, likes or hates, or, in general, evaluates certain experiences, as opposed to the faculty by which he describes them, communicates them, and renders them permanent through the use of forms or categories. (Royce: Spirit of Modern Philosophy, pp. 390-4.) -- A.C.B.

A pupil of late followers of Hegel, he emphasized the unity of spirit which he recognized in the pure act. His philosophy is therefore called actualism. He is responsible for the philosophic theory of Fascism with the conception of the Ethic State to which the individual must be totally sacrificed.

Arabic Philosophy: The contact of the Arabs with Greek civilization and philosophy took place partly in Syria, where Christian Arabic philosophy developed, partly in other countries, Asia Minor, Persia, Egypt and Spain. The effect of this contact was not a simple reception of Greek philosophy, but the gradual growth of an original mode of thought, determined chiefly by the religious and philosophical tendencies alive in the Arab world. Eastern influences had produced a mystical trend, not unlike Neo-Platonism; the already existing "metaphysics of light", noticeable in the religious conception of the Qoran, also helped to assimilate Plotinlan ideas. On the other hand, Aristotelian philosophy became important, although more, at least in the beginning, as logic and methodology. The interest in science and medicine contributed to the spread of Aristotelian philosophy. The history of philosophy in the Arab world is determined by the increasing opposition of Orthodoxy against a more liberal theology and philosophy. Arab thought became influential in the Western world partly through European scholars who went to Spain and elsewhere for study, mostly however through the Latin translations which became more and more numerous at the end of the 12th and during the 13th centuries. Among the Christian Arabs Costa ben Luca (864-923) has to be mentioned whose De Differentia spiritus et animae was translated by Johannes Hispanus (12th century). The first period of Islamic philosophy is occupied mainly with translation of Greek texts, some of which were translated later into Latin. The Liber de causis (mentioned first by Alanus ab Insulis) is such a translation of an Arab text; it was believed to be by Aristotle, but is in truth, as Aquinas recognized, a version of the Stoicheiosis theologike by Proclus. The so-called Theologia Aristotelis is an excerpt of Plotinus Enn. IV-VI, written 840 by a Syrian. The fundamental trends of Arab philosophy are indeed Neo-Platonic, and the Aristotelian texts were mostly interpreted in this spirit. Furthermore, there is also a tendency to reconcile the Greek philosophers with theological notions, at least so long as the orthodox theologians could find no reason for opposition. In spite of this, some of the philosophers did not escape persecution. The Peripatetic element is more pronounced in the writings of later times when the technique of paraphrasis and commentary on Aristotelian texts had developed. Beside the philosophy dependent more or less on Greek, and partially even Christian influences, there is a mystical theology and philosophy whose sources are the Qoran, Indian and, most of all, Persian systems. The knowledge of the "Hermetic" writings too was of some importance.

Ardigo, Roberto: (1828-1920) Was the leader in the Italian positivistic movement in philosophy. He was born in Padua and educated as a Catholic priest, but he became interested in the views of Comte, abandoned the ministry and became a professor at the Univ. of Padua. His emphasis on psychology differentiates his thought from Comtism. Chief works: La psicologia come scienze positive (1870), La morale dei positivisti (1885). -- V.J.B.

aretology ::: n. --> That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining to it.

Aristobulus: A philosopher of the second century B.C. who combined Greek philosophy with Jewish theology. -- M.F.

Aristotelianism: The philosophy of Aristotle, (384-322 B.C.). Aristotle was born in the Greek colony of Stagira, in Macedon, the son of Nicomachus, the physician of King Amyntas of Macedon. In his eighteenth year Aristotle became a pupil of Plato at Athens and remained for nearly twenty years a member of the Academy. After the death of Plato he resided for some time at Atarneus, in the Troad, and at Mitylene, on the island of Lesbos, with friends of the Academy; then for several years he acted as tutor to the young Alexander of Macedon. In 335 he returned to Athens, where he spent the following twelve years as head of a school which he set up in the Lyceum. The school also came to be known as the Peripatetic, and its members Peripatetics, probably because of the peripatos, or covered walk, in which Aristotle lectured. As a result of the outburst of anti-Macedonian feeling at Athens in 323 after the death of Alexander, Aristotle retired to Chalcis, m Euboea, where he died a year later.

aristotelianism ::: --> The philosophy of Aristotle, otherwise called the Peripatetic philosophy.

aristotelic ::: a. --> Pertaining to Aristotle or to his philosophy. html{color:

Aristotle, medieval: Contrary to the esteem in which the Fathers held Platonic and especially Neo-Platonic philosophy, Aristotle plays hardly any role in early Patristic and Scholastic writings. Augustine seems not to have known much about him and admired him more as logician whereas he held Plato to be the much greater philosopher. The Middle Ages knew, until the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century, only the logical texts, mostly in the translations made by Boethius of the texts and of the introduction by Porphyrius (Isagoge). During the latter third of the 12th, mostly however at the beginning of the 13th century appeared translations partly from Arabian texts and commentaries, partly from the Greek originals. Finally, Aquinas had William of Moerbeke translate the whole work of Aristotle, who soon came to be known as the Philosopher. Scholastic Aristotelianism is, however, not a simple revival of the Peripatetic views; Thomas is said to have "Christianized" the Philosopher as Augustine had done with Plato. Aristotle was differently interpreted by Aquinas and by the Latin Averroists (q.v. Averroism), especially in regard to the "unity of intellect" and the eternity of the created world. -- R.A.

Ars Combinatoria: (Leibniz) An art or technique of deriving or inventing complex concepts by a combination of a relatively few simple ones taken as primitive. This technique was proposed as a valuable subject for study by Leibniz in De Arte Combinatoria (1666) but was never greatly developed by him. Leibniz's program for logic consisted of two main projects: (1) the development of a universal characteristic (characteristica universalis), and (2) the development of a universal mathematics (mathesis universalis (q.v.). The universal characteristic was to be a universal language for scientists and philosophers. With a relatively few basic symbols for the ultimately simple ideas, and a suitable technique for constructing compound ideas out of the simple ones, Leibniz thought that a language could be constructed which would be much more efficient for reasoning and for communication than the vague, complicated, and more or less parochial languages then available. This language would be completely universal in the sense that all scientific and philosophical concepts could be expressed in it, and also in that it would enable scholars m all countries to communicate over the barriers of their vernacular tongues. Leibniz's proposals in this matter, and what work he did on it, are the grand predecessors of a vast amount of research which has been done in the last hundred years on the techniques of language construction, and specifically on the invention of formal rules and procedures for introducing new terms into a language on the basis of terms already present, the general project of constructing a unified language for science and philosophy. L. Couturat, La Logique de Leibniz, Paris, 1901; C. I. Lewis, A Survey of Symbolic Logic, Berkeley, 1918. -- F.L.W.

Art, to dialectical materialism, is an activity of human beings which embodies a reflection of the reality surrounding them, a reflection which may be conscious, unconscious, reconstructive or deliberately fantastic, and which possesses positive aesthetic value in terms of rhythm, figure, color, image and the like. Art is good to the extent that it is a faithful and aesthetic reflection of the reality dealt with. Accordingly, proletarian or socialist realism (q.v.) is not photographic, static, but dialectical, conscious that any given period or subject is moving into its future, that class society is becoming classless society. This realism is optimistic, involving a "revolutionary romanticism". Marx, Engels, Lenin, Soviet philosophy, also, separate entries for detailed definitions of specific terms.

As against the faulty ethical procedures of the past and of his own day, therefore, Kant very early conceived and developed the more critical concept of "form," -- not in the sense of a "mould" into which content is to be poured (a notion which has falselv been taken over by Kant-students from his theoretical philosophy into his ethics), but -- as a method of rational (not ratiocinative, but inductive) reflection; a method undetermined by, although not irrespective of, empirical data or considerations. This methodologically formal conception constitutes Kant's major distinctive contribution to ethical theory. It is a process of rational reflection, creative construction, and transition, and as such is held by him to be the only method capable if coping with the exigencies of the facts of hunnn experience and with the needs of moral obligation. By this method of creative construction the reflective (inductive) reason is able to create, as each new need for a next reflectively chosen step arises, a new object of "pure" -- that is to say, empirically undetermined -- "practical reason." This makes possible the transition from a present no longer adequate ethical conception or attitude to an untried and as yet "indemonstrable" object. No other method can guarantee the individual and social conditions of progress without which the notion of morality loses all assignable meaning. The newly constructed object of "pure practical reason" is assumed, in the event, to provide a type of life and conduct which, just because it is of my own construction, will be likely to be accompanied by the feeling of self-sufficiency which is the basic pre-requisite of any worthy human happiness. It is this theory which constitutes Kant's ethical formalism. See also Autonomy, Categorical Imperative, Duty, End(s), Freedom, Happiness, Law, Moral, Practical Imperative, Will. -- P. A.S.

Asana: (Skr.) "Sitting"; posture, an accessory to the proper discipline of mind and thinking deemed important by the Yoga and other systems of Indian philosophy, according to psycho-physical presuppositions. -- K.F.L.

(a) Speculative philosophy is commonly considered to embrace metaphysics (see Metaphysics) and epistemology as its two coordinate branches or if the term metaphysics be extended to embrace the whole of speculative philosophy, then epistemology and ontology become the two main subdivisions of metaphysics in the wide sense. Whichever usage is adopted, epistemology as the philosophical theory of knowledge is one of the two main branches of philosophy. The question of the relative priority of epistemology and metaphysics (or ontology) has occasioned considerable controversy: the dominant view fostered by Descartes, Locke and Kant is that epistemology is the prior philosophical science, the investigation of the possibility and limits of knowledge being a necessary and indispensible preliminary to any metaphysical speculations regarding the nature of ultimate reality. On the other hand, strongly metaphysical thinkers like Spinoza and Hegel, and more recently S. Alexander and A. N. Whitehead, have first attacked the metaphvsical problems and adopted the view of knowledge consonant with their metaphysics. Between these two extremes is the view that epistemology and metaphysics are logically interdependent and that a metaphysically presuppositionless epistemology is as unattainable as an epistemologically presuppositionless metaphysics.

asrama (Ashram) ::: 1. the house or houses of a Teacher or Master of spiritual philosophy in which he receives and lodges those who come to him for the teaching and practice. ::: 2. the four asramas: the four successive stages or periods of the developing human life: the period of the student, the period of the householder, the period of the recluse or forest-dweller, the period of the free super-social man.

Astikaya: (Skr.) Bodily or extended substance. In Jaina philosophy only time is not (anasti, the negation of asti) like a body (kaya), hence non-extended. -- K.F.L.

Atman: (Skr.) Self, soul, ego, or I. Variously conceived in Indian philosophy, atomistically (cf. anu); monadically, etherially, as the hypothetical carrier of karma (q.v.), identical with the divine (cf. ayam atma brahma; tat tvam asi) or different from yet dependent on it, or as a metaphysical entity to be dissolved at death and reunited with the world ground. As the latter it is defined as "smaller than the small" (anor aniyan) or "greater than the great" (mahato mahiyan), i.e., magnitudeless as well as infinitely great. -- K.F.L.

atomically ::: adv. --> In an atomic manner; in accordance with the atomic philosophy.

atom ::: “In the very atom there is a subconscious will and desire which must also be present in all atomic aggregates because they are present in the Force which constitutes the atom.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Atomism: As contrasted with synechism, the view that there are discrete irreducible elements of finite spatial or temporal span. E.g., the atomic doctrine of Democritus that the real world consists of qualitatively similar atoms of diverse shapes. Lucretius, De Natura Rerurn. See Epicurus. Cf. K. Lasswitz, Gesch. d. Atomismus. As contrasted with the view that certain elements are necessarily connected, or even related at all, the doctrine that some entities are only contingently related or are completely independent. In Russell (Scientific Method in Philosophy), Logical Atomism is the view that relations are external and that some true propositions are without simpler constituents in a given system, such propositions are "basic" with respect to that system. In political philosophy, atomism is syn. of particularism. As contrasted with the view that certain entities are analyzable, the doctrine that some entitles are ultimately simple. E.g., Russell's doctrine that there are certain simple, unanalyzable atomic propositions of which other propositions are constituted by compounding or generalization. -- C.A.B.

atomism ::: n. --> The doctrine of atoms. See Atomic philosophy, under Atomic.

atomist ::: n. --> One who holds to the atomic philosophy or theory.

Aufklärung: In general, this German word and its English equivalent Enlightenment denote the self-emancipation of man from mere authority, prejudice, convention and tradition, with an insistence on freer thinking about problems uncritically referred to these other agencies. According to Kant's famous definition "Enlightenment is the liberation of man from his self-caused state of minority, which is the incapacity of using one's understanding without the direction of another. This state of minority is caused when its source lies not in the lack of understanding, but in the lack of determination and courage to use it without the assistance of another" (Was ist Aufklärung? 1784). In its historical perspective, the Aufklärung refers to the cultural atmosphere and contrlbutions of the 18th century, especially in Germany, France and England [which affected also American thought with B. Franklin, T. Paine and the leaders of the Revolution]. It crystallized tendencies emphasized by the Renaissance, and quickened by modern scepticism and empiricism, and by the great scientific discoveries of the 17th century. This movement, which was represented by men of varying tendencies, gave an impetus to general learning, a more popular philosophy, empirical science, scriptural criticism, social and political thought. More especially, the word Aufklärung is applied to the German contributions to 18th century culture. In philosophy, its principal representatives are G. E. Lessing (1729-81) who believed in free speech and in a methodical criticism of religion, without being a free-thinker; H. S. Reimarus (1694-1768) who expounded a naturalistic philosophy and denied the supernatural origin of Christianity; Moses Mendelssohn (1729-86) who endeavoured to mitigate prejudices and developed a popular common-sense philosophy; Chr. Wolff (1679-1754), J. A. Eberhard (1739-1809) who followed the Leibnizian rationalism and criticized unsuccessfully Kant and Fichte; and J. G. Herder (1744-1803) who was best as an interpreter of others, but whose intuitional suggestions have borne fruit in the organic correlation of the sciences, and in questions of language in relation to human nature and to national character. The works of Kant and Goethe mark the culmination of the German Enlightenment. Cf. J. G. Hibben, Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 1910. --T.G. Augustinianism: The thought of St. Augustine of Hippo, and of his followers. Born in 354 at Tagaste in N. Africa, A. studied rhetoric in Carthage, taught that subject there and in Rome and Milan. Attracted successively to Manicheanism, Scepticism, and Neo-Platontsm, A. eventually found intellectual and moral peace with his conversion to Christianity in his thirty-fourth year. Returning to Africa, he established numerous monasteries, became a priest in 391, Bishop of Hippo in 395. Augustine wrote much: On Free Choice, Confessions, Literal Commentary on Genesis, On the Trinity, and City of God, are his most noted works. He died in 430.   St. Augustine's characteristic method, an inward empiricism which has little in common with later variants, starts from things without, proceeds within to the self, and moves upwards to God. These three poles of the Augustinian dialectic are polarized by his doctrine of moderate illuminism. An ontological illumination is required to explain the metaphysical structure of things. The truth of judgment demands a noetic illumination. A moral illumination is necessary in the order of willing; and so, too, an lllumination of art in the aesthetic order. Other illuminations which transcend the natural order do not come within the scope of philosophy; they provide the wisdoms of theology and mysticism. Every being is illuminated ontologically by number, form, unity and its derivatives, and order. A thing is what it is, in so far as it is more or less flooded by the light of these ontological constituents.   Sensation is necessary in order to know material substances. There is certainly an action of the external object on the body and a corresponding passion of the body, but, as the soul is superior to the body and can suffer nothing from its inferior, sensation must be an action, not a passion, of the soul. Sensation takes place only when the observing soul, dynamically on guard throughout the body, is vitally attentive to the changes suffered by the body. However, an adequate basis for the knowledge of intellectual truth is not found in sensation alone. In order to know, for example, that a body is multiple, the idea of unity must be present already, otherwise its multiplicity could not be recognized. If numbers are not drawn in by the bodily senses which perceive only the contingent and passing, is the mind the source of the unchanging and necessary truth of numbers? The mind of man is also contingent and mutable, and cannot give what it does not possess. As ideas are not innate, nor remembered from a previous existence of the soul, they can be accounted for only by an immutable source higher than the soul. In so far as man is endowed with an intellect, he is a being naturally illuminated by God, Who may be compared to an intelligible sun. The human intellect does not create the laws of thought; it finds them and submits to them. The immediate intuition of these normative rules does not carry any content, thus any trace of ontologism is avoided.   Things have forms because they have numbers, and they have being in so far as they possess form. The sufficient explanation of all formable, and hence changeable, things is an immutable and eternal form which is unrestricted in time and space. The forms or ideas of all things actually existing in the world are in the things themselves (as rationes seminales) and in the Divine Mind (as rationes aeternae). Nothing could exist without unity, for to be is no other than to be one. There is a unity proper to each level of being, a unity of the material individual and species, of the soul, and of that union of souls in the love of the same good, which union constitutes the city. Order, also, is ontologically imbibed by all beings. To tend to being is to tend to order; order secures being, disorder leads to non-being. Order is the distribution which allots things equal and unequal each to its own place and integrates an ensemble of parts in accordance with an end. Hence, peace is defined as the tranquillity of order. Just as things have their being from their forms, the order of parts, and their numerical relations, so too their beauty is not something superadded, but the shining out of all their intelligible co-ingredients.   S. Aurelii Augustini, Opera Omnia, Migne, PL 32-47; (a critical edition of some works will be found in the Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, Vienna). Gilson, E., Introd. a l'etude de s. Augustin, (Paris, 1931) contains very good bibliography up to 1927, pp. 309-331. Pope, H., St. Augustine of Hippo, (London, 1937). Chapman, E., St. Augustine's Philos. of Beauty, (N. Y., 1939). Figgis, J. N., The Political Aspects of St. Augustine's "City of God", (London, 1921). --E.C. Authenticity: In a general sense, genuineness, truth according to its title. It involves sometimes a direct and personal characteristic (Whitehead speaks of "authentic feelings").   This word also refers to problems of fundamental criticism involving title, tradition, authorship and evidence. These problems are vital in theology, and basic in scholarship with regard to the interpretation of texts and doctrines. --T.G. Authoritarianism: That theory of knowledge which maintains that the truth of any proposition is determined by the fact of its having been asserted by a certain esteemed individual or group of individuals. Cf. H. Newman, Grammar of Assent; C. S. Peirce, "Fixation of Belief," in Chance, Love and Logic, ed. M. R. Cohen. --A.C.B. Autistic thinking: Absorption in fanciful or wishful thinking without proper control by objective or factual material; day dreaming; undisciplined imagination. --A.C.B. Automaton Theory: Theory that a living organism may be considered a mere machine. See Automatism. Automatism: (Gr. automatos, self-moving) (a) In metaphysics: Theory that animal and human organisms are automata, that is to say, are machines governed by the laws of physics and mechanics. Automatism, as propounded by Descartes, considered the lower animals to be pure automata (Letter to Henry More, 1649) and man a machine controlled by a rational soul (Treatise on Man). Pure automatism for man as well as animals is advocated by La Mettrie (Man, a Machine, 1748). During the Nineteenth century, automatism, combined with epiphenomenalism, was advanced by Hodgson, Huxley and Clifford. (Cf. W. James, The Principles of Psychology, Vol. I, ch. V.) Behaviorism, of the extreme sort, is the most recent version of automatism (See Behaviorism).   (b) In psychology: Psychological automatism is the performance of apparently purposeful actions, like automatic writing without the superintendence of the conscious mind. L. C. Rosenfield, From Beast Machine to Man Machine, N. Y., 1941. --L.W. Automatism, Conscious: The automatism of Hodgson, Huxley, and Clifford which considers man a machine to which mind or consciousness is superadded; the mind of man is, however, causally ineffectual. See Automatism; Epiphenomenalism. --L.W. Autonomy: (Gr. autonomia, independence) Freedom consisting in self-determination and independence of all external constraint. See Freedom. Kant defines autonomy of the will as subjection of the will to its own law, the categorical imperative, in contrast to heteronomy, its subjection to a law or end outside the rational will. (Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, § 2.) --L.W. Autonomy of ethics: A doctrine, usually propounded by intuitionists, that ethics is not a part of, and cannot be derived from, either metaphysics or any of the natural or social sciences. See Intuitionism, Metaphysical ethics, Naturalistic ethics. --W.K.F. Autonomy of the will: (in Kant's ethics) The freedom of the rational will to legislate to itself, which constitutes the basis for the autonomy of the moral law. --P.A.S. Autonymy: In the terminology introduced by Carnap, a word (phrase, symbol, expression) is autonymous if it is used as a name for itself --for the geometric shape, sound, etc. which it exemplifies, or for the word as a historical and grammatical unit. Autonymy is thus the same as the Scholastic suppositio matertalis (q. v.), although the viewpoint is different. --A.C. Autotelic: (from Gr. autos, self, and telos, end) Said of any absorbing activity engaged in for its own sake (cf. German Selbstzweck), such as higher mathematics, chess, etc. In aesthetics, applied to creative art and play which lack any conscious reference to the accomplishment of something useful. In the view of some, it may constitute something beneficent in itself of which the person following his art impulse (q.v.) or playing is unaware, thus approaching a heterotelic (q.v.) conception. --K.F.L. Avenarius, Richard: (1843-1896) German philosopher who expressed his thought in an elaborate and novel terminology in the hope of constructing a symbolic language for philosophy, like that of mathematics --the consequence of his Spinoza studies. As the most influential apostle of pure experience, the posltivistic motive reaches in him an extreme position. Insisting on the biologic and economic function of thought, he thought the true method of science is to cure speculative excesses by a return to pure experience devoid of all assumptions. Philosophy is the scientific effort to exclude from knowledge all ideas not included in the given. Its task is to expel all extraneous elements in the given. His uncritical use of the category of the given and the nominalistic view that logical relations are created rather than discovered by thought, leads him to banish not only animism but also all of the categories, substance, causality, etc., as inventions of the mind. Explaining the evolution and devolution of the problematization and deproblematization of numerous ideas, and aiming to give the natural history of problems, Avenarius sought to show physiologically, psychologically and historically under what conditions they emerge, are challenged and are solved. He hypothesized a System C, a bodily and central nervous system upon which consciousness depends. R-values are the stimuli received from the world of objects. E-values are the statements of experience. The brain changes that continually oscillate about an ideal point of balance are termed Vitalerhaltungsmaximum. The E-values are differentiated into elements, to which the sense-perceptions or the content of experience belong, and characters, to which belongs everything which psychology describes as feelings and attitudes. Avenarius describes in symbolic form a series of states from balance to balance, termed vital series, all describing a series of changes in System C. Inequalities in the vital balance give rise to vital differences. According to his theory there are two vital series. It assumes a series of brain changes because parallel series of conscious states can be observed. The independent vital series are physical, and the dependent vital series are psychological. The two together are practically covariants. In the case of a process as a dependent vital series three stages can be noted: first, the appearance of the problem, expressed as strain, restlessness, desire, fear, doubt, pain, repentance, delusion; the second, the continued effort and struggle to solve the problem; and finally, the appearance of the solution, characterized by abating anxiety, a feeling of triumph and enjoyment.   Corresponding to these three stages of the dependent series are three stages of the independent series: the appearance of the vital difference and a departure from balance in the System C, the continuance with an approximate vital difference, and lastly, the reduction of the vital difference to zero, the return to stability. By making room for dependent and independent experiences, he showed that physics regards experience as independent of the experiencing indlvidual, and psychology views experience as dependent upon the individual. He greatly influenced Mach and James (q.v.). See Avenarius, Empirio-criticism, Experience, pure. Main works: Kritik der reinen Erfahrung; Der menschliche Weltbegriff. --H.H. Averroes: (Mohammed ibn Roshd) Known to the Scholastics as The Commentator, and mentioned as the author of il gran commento by Dante (Inf. IV. 68) he was born 1126 at Cordova (Spain), studied theology, law, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy, became after having been judge in Sevilla and Cordova, physician to the khalifah Jaqub Jusuf, and charged with writing a commentary on the works of Aristotle. Al-mansur, Jusuf's successor, deprived him of his place because of accusations of unorthodoxy. He died 1198 in Morocco. Averroes is not so much an original philosopher as the author of a minute commentary on the whole works of Aristotle. His procedure was imitated later by Aquinas. In his interpretation of Aristotelian metaphysics Averroes teaches the coeternity of a universe created ex nihilo. This doctrine formed together with the notion of a numerical unity of the active intellect became one of the controversial points in the discussions between the followers of Albert-Thomas and the Latin Averroists. Averroes assumed that man possesses only a disposition for receiving the intellect coming from without; he identifies this disposition with the possible intellect which thus is not truly intellectual by nature. The notion of one intellect common to all men does away with the doctrine of personal immortality. Another doctrine which probably was emphasized more by the Latin Averroists (and by the adversaries among Averroes' contemporaries) is the famous statement about "two-fold truth", viz. that a proposition may be theologically true and philosophically false and vice versa. Averroes taught that religion expresses the (higher) philosophical truth by means of religious imagery; the "two-truth notion" came apparently into the Latin text through a misinterpretation on the part of the translators. The works of Averroes were one of the main sources of medieval Aristotelianlsm, before and even after the original texts had been translated. The interpretation the Latin Averroists found in their texts of the "Commentator" spread in spite of opposition and condemnation. See Averroism, Latin. Averroes, Opera, Venetiis, 1553. M. Horten, Die Metaphysik des Averroes, 1912. P. Mandonnet, Siger de Brabant et l'Averroisme Latin, 2d ed., Louvain, 1911. --R.A. Averroism, Latin: The commentaries on Aristotle written by Averroes (Ibn Roshd) in the 12th century became known to the Western scholars in translations by Michael Scottus, Hermannus Alemannus, and others at the beginning of the 13th century. Many works of Aristotle were also known first by such translations from Arabian texts, though there existed translations from the Greek originals at the same time (Grabmann). The Averroistic interpretation of Aristotle was held to be the true one by many; but already Albert the Great pointed out several notions which he felt to be incompatible with the principles of Christian philosophy, although he relied for the rest on the "Commentator" and apparently hardly used any other text. Aquinas, basing his studies mostly on a translation from the Greek texts, procured for him by William of Moerbecke, criticized the Averroistic interpretation in many points. But the teachings of the Commentator became the foundation for a whole school of philosophers, represented first by the Faculty of Arts at Paris. The most prominent of these scholars was Siger of Brabant. The philosophy of these men was condemned on March 7th, 1277 by Stephen Tempier, Bishop of Paris, after a first condemnation of Aristotelianism in 1210 had gradually come to be neglected. The 219 theses condemned in 1277, however, contain also some of Aquinas which later were generally recognized an orthodox. The Averroistic propositions which aroused the criticism of the ecclesiastic authorities and which had been opposed with great energy by Albert and Thomas refer mostly to the following points: The co-eternity of the created word; the numerical identity of the intellect in all men, the so-called two-fold-truth theory stating that a proposition may be philosophically true although theologically false. Regarding the first point Thomas argued that there is no philosophical proof, either for the co-eternity or against it; creation is an article of faith. The unity of intellect was rejected as incompatible with the true notion of person and with personal immortality. It is doubtful whether Averroes himself held the two-truths theory; it was, however, taught by the Latin Averroists who, notwithstanding the opposition of the Church and the Thomistic philosophers, gained a great influence and soon dominated many universities, especially in Italy. Thomas and his followers were convinced that they interpreted Aristotle correctly and that the Averroists were wrong; one has, however, to admit that certain passages in Aristotle allow for the Averroistic interpretation, especially in regard to the theory of intellect.   Lit.: P. Mandonnet, Siger de Brabant et l'Averroisme Latin au XIIIe Siecle, 2d. ed. Louvain, 1911; M. Grabmann, Forschungen über die lateinischen Aristotelesübersetzungen des XIII. Jahrhunderts, Münster 1916 (Beitr. z. Gesch. Phil. d. MA. Vol. 17, H. 5-6). --R.A. Avesta: See Zendavesta. Avicehron: (or Avencebrol, Salomon ibn Gabirol) The first Jewish philosopher in Spain, born in Malaga 1020, died about 1070, poet, philosopher, and moralist. His main work, Fons vitae, became influential and was much quoted by the Scholastics. It has been preserved only in the Latin translation by Gundissalinus. His doctrine of a spiritual substance individualizing also the pure spirits or separate forms was opposed by Aquinas already in his first treatise De ente, but found favor with the medieval Augustinians also later in the 13th century. He also teaches the necessity of a mediator between God and the created world; such a mediator he finds in the Divine Will proceeding from God and creating, conserving, and moving the world. His cosmogony shows a definitely Neo-Platonic shade and assumes a series of emanations. Cl. Baeumker, Avencebrolis Fons vitae. Beitr. z. Gesch. d. Philos. d. MA. 1892-1895, Vol. I. Joh. Wittman, Die Stellung des hl. Thomas von Aquino zu Avencebrol, ibid. 1900. Vol. III. --R.A. Avicenna: (Abu Ali al Hosain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina) Born 980 in the country of Bocchara, began to write in young years, left more than 100 works, taught in Ispahan, was physician to several Persian princes, and died at Hamadan in 1037. His fame as physician survived his influence as philosopher in the Occident. His medical works were printed still in the 17th century. His philosophy is contained in 18 vols. of a comprehensive encyclopedia, following the tradition of Al Kindi and Al Farabi. Logic, Physics, Mathematics and Metaphysics form the parts of this work. His philosophy is Aristotelian with noticeable Neo-Platonic influences. His doctrine of the universal existing ante res in God, in rebus as the universal nature of the particulars, and post res in the human mind by way of abstraction became a fundamental thesis of medieval Aristotelianism. He sharply distinguished between the logical and the ontological universal, denying to the latter the true nature of form in the composite. The principle of individuation is matter, eternally existent. Latin translations attributed to Avicenna the notion that existence is an accident to essence (see e.g. Guilelmus Parisiensis, De Universo). The process adopted by Avicenna was one of paraphrasis of the Aristotelian texts with many original thoughts interspersed. His works were translated into Latin by Dominicus Gundissalinus (Gondisalvi) with the assistance of Avendeath ibn Daud. This translation started, when it became more generally known, the "revival of Aristotle" at the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century. Albert the Great and Aquinas professed, notwithstanding their critical attitude, a great admiration for Avicenna whom the Arabs used to call the "third Aristotle". But in the Orient, Avicenna's influence declined soon, overcome by the opposition of the orthodox theologians. Avicenna, Opera, Venetiis, 1495; l508; 1546. M. Horten, Das Buch der Genesung der Seele, eine philosophische Enzyklopaedie Avicenna's; XIII. Teil: Die Metaphysik. Halle a. S. 1907-1909. R. de Vaux, Notes et textes sur l'Avicennisme Latin, Bibl. Thomiste XX, Paris, 1934. --R.A. Avidya: (Skr.) Nescience; ignorance; the state of mind unaware of true reality; an equivalent of maya (q.v.); also a condition of pure awareness prior to the universal process of evolution through gradual differentiation into the elements and factors of knowledge. --K.F.L. Avyakta: (Skr.) "Unmanifest", descriptive of or standing for brahman (q.v.) in one of its or "his" aspects, symbolizing the superabundance of the creative principle, or designating the condition of the universe not yet become phenomenal (aja, unborn). --K.F.L. Awareness: Consciousness considered in its aspect of act; an act of attentive awareness such as the sensing of a color patch or the feeling of pain is distinguished from the content attended to, the sensed color patch, the felt pain. The psychologlcal theory of intentional act was advanced by F. Brentano (Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkte) and received its epistemological development by Meinong, Husserl, Moore, Laird and Broad. See Intentionalism. --L.W. Axiological: (Ger. axiologisch) In Husserl: Of or pertaining to value or theory of value (the latter term understood as including disvalue and value-indifference). --D.C. Axiological ethics: Any ethics which makes the theory of obligation entirely dependent on the theory of value, by making the determination of the rightness of an action wholly dependent on a consideration of the value or goodness of something, e.g. the action itself, its motive, or its consequences, actual or probable. Opposed to deontological ethics. See also teleological ethics. --W.K.F. Axiologic Realism: In metaphysics, theory that value as well as logic, qualities as well as relations, have their being and exist external to the mind and independently of it. Applicable to the philosophy of many though not all realists in the history of philosophy, from Plato to G. E. Moore, A. N. Whitehead, and N, Hartmann. --J.K.F. Axiology: (Gr. axios, of like value, worthy, and logos, account, reason, theory). Modern term for theory of value (the desired, preferred, good), investigation of its nature, criteria, and metaphysical status. Had its rise in Plato's theory of Forms or Ideas (Idea of the Good); was developed in Aristotle's Organon, Ethics, Poetics, and Metaphysics (Book Lambda). Stoics and Epicureans investigated the summum bonum. Christian philosophy (St. Thomas) built on Aristotle's identification of highest value with final cause in God as "a living being, eternal, most good."   In modern thought, apart from scholasticism and the system of Spinoza (Ethica, 1677), in which values are metaphysically grounded, the various values were investigated in separate sciences, until Kant's Critiques, in which the relations of knowledge to moral, aesthetic, and religious values were examined. In Hegel's idealism, morality, art, religion, and philosophy were made the capstone of his dialectic. R. H. Lotze "sought in that which should be the ground of that which is" (Metaphysik, 1879). Nineteenth century evolutionary theory, anthropology, sociology, psychology, and economics subjected value experience to empirical analysis, and stress was again laid on the diversity and relativity of value phenomena rather than on their unity and metaphysical nature. F. Nietzsche's Also Sprach Zarathustra (1883-1885) and Zur Genealogie der Moral (1887) aroused new interest in the nature of value. F. Brentano, Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkenntnis (1889), identified value with love.   In the twentieth century the term axiology was apparently first applied by Paul Lapie (Logique de la volonte, 1902) and E. von Hartmann (Grundriss der Axiologie, 1908). Stimulated by Ehrenfels (System der Werttheorie, 1897), Meinong (Psychologisch-ethische Untersuchungen zur Werttheorie, 1894-1899), and Simmel (Philosophie des Geldes, 1900). W. M. Urban wrote the first systematic treatment of axiology in English (Valuation, 1909), phenomenological in method under J. M. Baldwin's influence. Meanwhile H. Münsterberg wrote a neo-Fichtean system of values (The Eternal Values, 1909).   Among important recent contributions are: B. Bosanquet, The Principle of Individuality and Value (1912), a free reinterpretation of Hegelianism; W. R. Sorley, Moral Values and the Idea of God (1918, 1921), defending a metaphysical theism; S. Alexander, Space, Time, and Deity (1920), realistic and naturalistic; N. Hartmann, Ethik (1926), detailed analysis of types and laws of value; R. B. Perry's magnum opus, General Theory of Value (1926), "its meaning and basic principles construed in terms of interest"; and J. Laird, The Idea of Value (1929), noteworthy for historical exposition. A naturalistic theory has been developed by J. Dewey (Theory of Valuation, 1939), for which "not only is science itself a value . . . but it is the supreme means of the valid determination of all valuations." A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936) expounds the view of logical positivism that value is "nonsense." J. Hessen, Wertphilosophie (1937), provides an account of recent German axiology from a neo-scholastic standpoint.   The problems of axiology fall into four main groups, namely, those concerning (1) the nature of value, (2) the types of value, (3) the criterion of value, and (4) the metaphysical status of value.   (1) The nature of value experience. Is valuation fulfillment of desire (voluntarism: Spinoza, Ehrenfels), pleasure (hedonism: Epicurus, Bentham, Meinong), interest (Perry), preference (Martineau), pure rational will (formalism: Stoics, Kant, Royce), apprehension of tertiary qualities (Santayana), synoptic experience of the unity of personality (personalism: T. H. Green, Bowne), any experience that contributes to enhanced life (evolutionism: Nietzsche), or "the relation of things as means to the end or consequence actually reached" (pragmatism, instrumentalism: Dewey).   (2) The types of value. Most axiologists distinguish between intrinsic (consummatory) values (ends), prized for their own sake, and instrumental (contributory) values (means), which are causes (whether as economic goods or as natural events) of intrinsic values. Most intrinsic values are also instrumental to further value experience; some instrumental values are neutral or even disvaluable intrinsically. Commonly recognized as intrinsic values are the (morally) good, the true, the beautiful, and the holy. Values of play, of work, of association, and of bodily well-being are also acknowledged. Some (with Montague) question whether the true is properly to be regarded as a value, since some truth is disvaluable, some neutral; but love of truth, regardless of consequences, seems to establish the value of truth. There is disagreement about whether the holy (religious value) is a unique type (Schleiermacher, Otto), or an attitude toward other values (Kant, Höffding), or a combination of the two (Hocking). There is also disagreement about whether the variety of values is irreducible (pluralism) or whether all values are rationally related in a hierarchy or system (Plato, Hegel, Sorley), in which values interpenetrate or coalesce into a total experience.   (3) The criterion of value. The standard for testing values is influenced by both psychological and logical theory. Hedonists find the standard in the quantity of pleasure derived by the individual (Aristippus) or society (Bentham). Intuitionists appeal to an ultimate insight into preference (Martineau, Brentano). Some idealists recognize an objective system of rational norms or ideals as criterion (Plato, Windelband), while others lay more stress on rational wholeness and coherence (Hegel, Bosanquet, Paton) or inclusiveness (T. H. Green). Naturalists find biological survival or adjustment (Dewey) to be the standard. Despite differences, there is much in common in the results of the application of these criteria.   (4) The metaphysical status of value. What is the relation of values to the facts investigated by natural science (Koehler), of Sein to Sollen (Lotze, Rickert), of human experience of value to reality independent of man (Hegel, Pringle-Pattlson, Spaulding)? There are three main answers:   subjectivism (value is entirely dependent on and relative to human experience of it: so most hedonists, naturalists, positivists);   logical objectivism (values are logical essences or subsistences, independent of their being known, yet with no existential status or action in reality);   metaphysical objectivism (values   --or norms or ideals   --are integral, objective, and active constituents of the metaphysically real: so theists, absolutists, and certain realists and naturalists like S. Alexander and Wieman). --E.S.B. Axiom: See Mathematics. Axiomatic method: That method of constructing a deductive system consisting of deducing by specified rules all statements of the system save a given few from those given few, which are regarded as axioms or postulates of the system. See Mathematics. --C.A.B. Ayam atma brahma: (Skr.) "This self is brahman", famous quotation from Brhadaranyaka Upanishad 2.5.19, one of many alluding to the central theme of the Upanishads, i.e., the identity of the human and divine or cosmic. --K.F.L.

baconian ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to his system of philosophy.

Bahya, ben Joseph Ibn Padudah: (c. 1050) Philosopher and ethicist. The title of his work, The Duties of the Heart (Heb. Hobot ha-Leba-bot), indicates its purpose, i.e., to teach ethical conduct. First part demonstrates pure conception of God, unity and attributes. His basic principle of ethics is thankfulness to God, for His creating the wonderful world; the goal of religious ethical conduct is love of God. A second work ascribed to him is the Torot ha-Nefesh, i.e., Doctrines of the Soul, which deals primarily with the soul, but also with other subjects and evinces a strong neo-Platonic strain. See Jewish Philosophy -- M.W.

Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb: (1714-1762) A German thinker of the pre-Kantian period and disciple of Christian Wolff whose encyclopaedic work he tried to continue. Among his works the best known is Aesthetica in which he analyzes the problem of beauty regarded by him as recognition of perfection by means of the senses. The name of aesthetics, as the philosophy of beauty and art, was introduced by him for the first time. -- R.B.W.

Being: In early Greek philosophy is opposed either to change, or Becoming, or to Non-Being. According to Parmenides and his disciples of the Eleatic School, everything real belongs to the category of Being, as the only possible object of thought. Essentially the same reasoning applies also to material reality in which there is nothing but Being, one and continuous, all-inclusive and eternal. Consequently, he concluded, the coming into being and passing away constituting change are illusory, for that which is-not cannot be, and that which is cannot cease to be. In rejecting Eleitic monism, the materialists (Leukippus, Democritus) asserted that the very existence of things, their corporeal nature, insofar as it is subject to change and motion, necessarily presupposes the other than Being, that is, Non-Being, or Void. Thus, instead of regarding space as a continuum, they saw in it the very source of discontinuity and the foundation of the atomic structure of substance. Plato accepted the first part of Parmenides' argument. namely, that referring to thought as distinct from matter, and maintained that, though Becoming is indeed an apparent characteristic of everything sensory, the true and ultimate reality, that of Ideas, is changeless and of the nature of Being. Aristotle achieved a compromise among all these notions and contended that, though Being, as the essence of things, is eternal in itself, nevertheless it manifests itself only in change, insofar as "ideas" or "forms" have no existence independent of, or transcendent to, the reality of things and minds. The medieval thinkers never revived the controversy as a whole, though at times they emphasized Being, as in Neo-Platonism, at times Becoming, as in Aristotelianism. With the rise of new interest in nature, beginning with F. Bacon, Hobbes and Locke, the problem grew once more in importance, especially to the rationalists, opponents of empiricism. Spinoza regarded change as a characteristic of modal existence and assumed in this connection a position distantly similar to that of Pinto. Hegel formed a new answer to the problem in declaring that nature, striving to exclude contradictions, has to "negate" them: Being and Non-Being are "moments" of the same cosmic process which, at its foundation, arises out of Being containing Non-Being within itself and leading, factually and logically, to their synthetic union in Becoming. -- R.B.W.

Bentham, Jeremy: (1748-1832) Founder of the English Utilitarian School of Philosophy. In law, he is remembered for his criticism of Blackstone's views of the English constitution, for his examination of the legal fiction and for his treatment of the subject of evidence. In politics, he is most famous for his analysis of the principles of legislation and, in ethics, for his greatest happiness principle. See Hedonic Calculus; Utilitarianism. J. Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789; Outline of a New System of Logic, 1827; Deontology. -- L.E.D.

Berdyayev, Nikolai Alexandrovitch: (1874-1948) Is a contemporary Russian teacher and writer on the philosophy of religion. He was born in Kiev, exiled to Vologda when twenty-five; threatened with expulsion from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1917, he became professor of philosophy at the University of Moscow. In 1922, he was expelled from the Soviet Union and he went to Berlin, where he established his Academy of Religious Philosophy. He moved his school to Paris and established a Russian review called Putj (The Way). His thought resembles that of the Christian Gnostics (see Gnosticism), and it owes a good deal to German idealism and mysticism (Boehme). He is a trenchant critic of systems as diverse as Communism and Thomistic Scholasticism. His most noted works are: Smyisl Istorii (The Meaning of History), Berlin, 1923; Novoye Srednevyekovye (transl. as The End of Our Time, N.Y., 1933), Berlin, 1924; Freedom and the Spirit, N. Y., 1935. V. J. Bourke, "The Gnosticism of N. Berdyaev", Thought, XI (1936), 409-22. -- VJ.B.

berkeleian ::: a. --> Of or relating to Bishop Berkeley or his system of idealism; as, Berkeleian philosophy.

Berkeleianism: The idealistic system of philosophy of George Berkeley (1685-1753). He thought that the admission of an extramental world would lead to materialism and atheism. Hence he denied the existence of an independent world of bodies by teaching that their existence consists in perceptibility, esse is percipi. The cause of the ideas in our mind is not a material substance, but a spiritual being, God, who communicates them to us in a certain order which we call the laws of nature. Things cannot exist unless perceived by some mind. Berkeley acknowledged the existence of other spirits, or minds, besides that of God. -- J.J.R.

Bhagavad Gita: (Skr. the song, gita, of the Blessed One) A famed philosophic epic poem, widely respected in India and elsewhere, representing Krishna embodied as a charioteer imparting to the King Arjuna, who is unwilling to fight his kinsmen in battle, comprehension of the mysteries of existence, clearly indicating the relationship between morality and absolute ethical values in a Hindu philosophy of action. -- K.F.L.

Bhakti: (Skr. division, share) Fervent, loving devotion to the object of contemplation or the divine being itself, the almost universally recognized feeling approach to the highest reality, in contrast to vidya (s.v.) or jnana (s.v.), sanctioned by Indian philosophy and productive of a voluminous literature in which the names of Ramamanda, Vallabha, Nanak, Caitanya, and Tulsi Das are outstanding. It is distinguished as apara (lower) and para (higher) bhakti, the former theistic piety, the latter philosophic meditation on the unmanifest brahman (cf. avyakta). -- K.F.L.

Bhasya: (Skr. speaking) Commentary. Bheda: (Skr. different, distinct) Non-identity, particularly in reference to any philosophy of dualism which recognizes the existence of two opposed principles or admits of a difference between the essentially human and the Absolute. -- K.F.L.

Bhedabheda: (Skr. "different [yet] not different") A philosophy admitting the point of view of bheda (s.v.) as well as that of abheda (s.v.), depending on the mental and spiritual attainment of the person. -- K.F.L.

Blondel, Maurice: (1861-1939) A philosopher in the French "spiritualistic" tradition of Maine de Biran and Boutroux, who in his essays L'action (1893), and Le Proces de l'Intelligence (1922), defended an activistic psychology and metaphysics. "The Philosophy of Action" is a voluntaristic and idealistic philosophy which, as regards the relation of thought to action, seeks to compromise between the extremes of intellectualism and pragmatism. In his more recent book La Pensee (1934), Blondel retains his earlier activistic philosophy combined with a stronger theological emphasis. -- L.W.

Body: Here taken in the sense of the material organized substance of man contrasted with the mind, soul or spirit, thus leading to the problem of the relation between body and mind, one of the most persistent problems of philosophy. Of course, any theory which identifies body and mind, or does not adequately distinguish the psychical from the physical, regarding both as aspects of the same reality, eludes some of the difficulties presented by the problem. Both materialism and idealism may be considered as forms of psycho-physical monism. Materialism by denying the real existence of spiritual beings and reducing mind to a function of matter, and spiritualism, or that species called idealism, which regards bodies simply as contents of consciousness, really evade the main issue. All those, however, who frankly acknowledge the empirically given duality of mind and organism, are obliged to struggle with the problem of the relation between them. The two most noted rival theories attempting an answer are interactionism and parallelism. The first considers both body and mind as substantial beings, influencing each other, hence causally related. The second holds that physical processes and mental processes accompany each other without any interaction or interference whatsoever, consequently they cannot be causally related. The Scholastics advance the doctrine of the human composite consisting of body and soul united into one substance and nature, constituting the human person or self, to whom all actions of which man is capable must be ascribed. There can be no interaction, since there is but one agent, formed of two component elements. This theory, like interactionism, makes provision for survival, even immortality, while parallelism definitely precludes it. No known theory can meet all objections and prove entirely satisfactory; the problem still persists. See Descartes, Spinoza, Mind. -- J.J.R.

Bolzano, Bernard: (1781-1848) Austrian philosopher and mathematician. Professor of the philosophy of religion at Prague, 1805-1820, he was compelled to resign in the latter year because of his rationalistic tendencies in theology and afterwards held no academic position. His Wissenschaftslehre of 1837, while it is to be classed as a work on traditional logic, contains significant anticipations of many ideas which have since become important in symbolic logic and mathematics. In his posthumously published Paradoxien des Unendlitchen (1851) he appears as a forerunner in some respects of Cantor's theory of transfinite numbers. -- A.C.

Bonaventure, St.: (1221 -1274) Was born at Bagnorea, near Viterbo, and his name originally was John of Fidanza. He joined the Franciscans in 1238, studied at the Univ. of Paris under Alexander of Hales, and took his licentiate in 1248. He taught theology in Paris for seven years and received his doctorate in 1257. In this year he was made Superior-General of his Order and he taught no more. His chief works are Commentaria in IV L. Sententiarum, Itinerarium mentis in Deum, Quaestiones Disputatae (Opera Omnia, ed crit., 10 vol. Quaracchi, 1882-1902). His philosophy is Augustinian, with some Aristotelian modifications in his theory of intellection and matter and form. But his Divine Exemplarism, Illumination theory, and tendency to stress the psychological importance of the human will, derive from St Augustine. E. Gilson, La philosophie de S. Bonaventure (Paris, 1924-). -- V.J.B.

Boodin, John Elof: American philosopher born in Sweden in 1869 who emigrated in 1886 to the United States. Studied at the Universities of Colorado, Minnesota, Brown and especially Harvard under Royce with whom he kept a life-long friendship though he was opposed to his idealism. His works (Time and Reality, 1904 -- Truth and Reality, 1912 -- A Realistic Universe, 1916 -- Cosmic Evolution, 1925 -- Three Interpretations of the Universe, 1934 -- God, 1935 -- The Social Mind, 1940) form practically a complete system. His philosophy takes the form of a cosmic idealism, though he was interested for a time in certain aspects of pragmatism. It grew gradually from his early studies when he developed a new concept of a real and non-serial time. The structure of the cosmos is that of a hierarchy of fields, as exemplified in physics, in organisms, in consciousness and in society. The interpenetration of the mental fields makes possible human knowledge and social intercourse. Reality as such possesses five attributes: being (the dynamic stuff of all complexes, the active energy), time (the ground of change and transformation), space (which accounts for extension), consciousness (active awareness which lights up reality in spots; it becomes the self when conative tendencies cooperate as one active group), and form (the ground of organization and structure which conditions selective direction). God is the spirit of the whole. -- T.G.J Boole, George: (1815-1864) English mathematician. Professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork, 1849-1864. While he made contributions to other branches of mathematics, he is now remembered primarily as the founder of the Nineteenth Century algebra of logic and through it of modern symbolic logic. His Mathematical Analysis of Logic appeared in 1847 and the fuller Laws of Thought in 1854. -- A.C.

Boutroux, E.: (1845-1921) Teacher of Bergson and M. Blondel, is best known for his defense of radical contingency and indeterminacy in metaphysics. Influenced by French "spiritualism" stemming from Maine de Biran, Boutroux was critical of the current psychological and sociological treatment of religious experience. Main works: Contingency of the Laws of Nature (tr. 1920); Philosophy and War (tr. 1916); Science et religion, 1908. -- L.W.

Bowne, Borden Parker: (1847-1910) His influence was not merely confined to the theological world of his religious communion as a teacher of philosophy at Boston University. His philosophy was conspicuous for the combination of theism with an idealistic view which he termed "Personalism" (q.v.). He mainly discussed issues of philosophy which had a bearing on religion, ethics, and epistemology. Main works: Metaphysics, 1882; Philosophy of Theism, 1887; Theory of Thought and Knowledge, 1897; Personalism, 1908; Kant and Spencer, 1912. -- H.H.

Philosophy ::: All philosophy is concerned with the relations between two things, the fundamental truth of existence and the forms in which existence presents itself to our experience.
   Ref: CWSA Vol. 13, Page: 106


Philosophy is only a way of formulating to ourselves intellectually in their essential significance the psychological and physical facts of existence and their relation to any ultimate reality that may exist.
   Ref: CWSA Vol. 19, Page: 253


(b) Physics: In Greek philosophy, the ultimate principles of nature and change were contraries: e.g. love-strife; motion-rest; potentiality-actuality. All motion is between contraries. See Heraclitus, Empedodes, Aristotle. -- L.M.H.

Bradley, Francis Herbert: (1846-1924) Dialectician extraordinary of British philosophy, Bradley sought to purge contemporary thought of the extremely sensationalistic and utilitarian elements embodied in the tradition of empiricism. Though owing much to Hegel, he early repudiated the Hegelian system as such, and his own variety of Absolute Idealism bases itself upon no scheme of categories. His brilliant attack upon the inadequate assumptions of hedonistic ethics (Ethical Studies, 1877) was followed in 1883 by The Principles of Logic in which his dialectic analysis was applied to the problems of inference and judgment. It was, however, his Appearance and Reality (1893) with its famous theory of "the degrees of truth" which first disturbed the somnambulism of modern metaphysics, and led Caird to remark upon "the greatest thing since Kant". In later years Bradley's growing realization of ultimate difficulties in his version of the coherence theory led him to modify his doctrines in the direction of a Platonic mysticism. See Essays on Truth and Reality, the second edition of the Logic Collected Essays, etc. -- W.S.W.

Brahmasutra (Brahma Sutras) ::: [a well-known aphoristic work treating of the brahman; it is one of the main texts of the vedanta philosophy; also called Vedanta-sutra].

brahma sutras. ::: a treatise by Vyasa on vedanta philosophy in the form of aphorisms

Brahmasutras: (Skr.) An aphoristic compilation of Badarayana's, systematizing the philosophy of the Upanishads (q.v.). -- K.F.L.

brahmavada ::: [the gospel of the brahman], the Vedantic philosophy [as opposed to the vedavada].

Brain: According to Aristotle, it is a cooling organ of the body. Early in the history of philosophy, it was regarded as closely connected with consciousness and with activities of the soul. Descartes contended that mind-body relations are centered in the pineal gland located between the two hemispheres of the brain. Cabanis, a sensualistic materialist, believed that the brain produces consciousness in a manner similar to that in which the liver produces the bile. Many have sought to identify it with the seat of the soul. Today consciousness is recognized to be a much more complex phenomenon controlled by the entire nervous system, rather than by any part of the brain, and influenced by the bodily metabolism in general. -- R.B.W.

Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan: (1881-) Dutch mathematician. Professor of mathematics at the University of Amsterdam, 1912-. Besides his work in topology, he is known for important contributions to the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. See Mathematics and Intuitionism (mathematical)). -- A.C.

Bruno, Giordano: (1548-1600) A Dominican monk, eventually burned at the stake because of his opinions, he was converted from Christianity to a naturalistic and mystical pantheism by the Renaissance and particularly by the new Copernican astronomy. For him God and the universe were two names for one and the same Reality considered now as the creative essence of all things, now as the manifold of realized possibilities in which that essence manifests itself. As God, natura naturans, the Real is the whole, the one transcendent and ineffable. As the Real is the infinity of worlds and objects and events into which the whole divides itself and in which the one displays the infinite potentialities latent within it. The world-process is an ever-lasting going forth from itself and return into itself of the divine nature. The culmination of the outgoing creative activity is reached in the human mind, whose rational, philosophic search for the one in the many, simplicity in variety, and the changeless and eternal in the changing and temporal, marks also the reverse movement of the divine nature re-entering itself and regaining its primordial unity, homogeneity, and changelessness. The human soul, being as it were a kind of boomerang partaking of the ingrowing as well as the outgrowing process, may hope at death, not to be dissolved with the body, which is borne wholly upon the outgoing stream, but to return to God whence it came and to be reabsorbed in him. Cf. Rand, Modern Classical Philosophers, selection from Bruno's On Cause, The Principle and the One. G. Bruno: De l'infinito, universo e mundo, 1584; Spaccio della bestia trionfante, 1584; La cena delta ceneri, 1584; Deglieroici furori, 1585; De Monade, 1591. Cf. R. Honigswald, Giordano Bruno; G. Gentile, Bruno nella storia della cultura, 1907. -- B.A.G.F. Brunschvicg, Leon: (1869-) Professor of Philosophy at the Ecole Normale in Paris. Dismissed by the Nazis (1941). His philosophy is an idealistic synthesis of Spinoza, Kant and Schelling with special stress on the creative role of thought in cultural history as well as in sciences. Main works: Les etapes de la philosophie mathematique, 1913; L'experience humaine et la causalite physique, 1921; De la connaissance de soi, 1931. Buddhism: The multifarious forms, philosophic, religious, ethical and sociological, which the teachings of Gautama Buddha (q.v.) have produced. They centre around the main doctrine of the catvari arya-satyani(q.v.), the four noble truths, the last of which enables one in eight stages to reach nirvana (q.v.): Right views, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration. In the absence of contemporary records of Buddha and Buddhistic teachings, much value was formerly attached to the palm leaf manuscripts in Pali, a Sanskrit dialect; but recently a good deal of weight has been given also the Buddhist tradition in Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Chinese. Buddhism split into Mahayanism and Hinayanism (q.v.), each of which, but particularly the former, blossomed into a variety of teachings and practices. The main philosophic schools are the Madhyamaka or Sunyavada, Yogacara, Sautrantika, and Vaibhasika (q.v.). The basic assumptions in philosophy are a causal nexus in nature and man, of which the law of karma (q.v.) is but a specific application; the impermanence of things, and the illusory notion of substance and soul. Man is viewed realistically as a conglomeration of bodily forms (rupa), sensations (vedana), ideas (sanjna), latent karma (sanskaras), and consciousness (vijnana). The basic assumptions in ethics are the universality of suffering and the belief in a remedy. There is no god; each one may become a Buddha, an enlightened one. Also in art and esthetics Buddhism has contributed much throughout the Far East. -- K.F.L.

B. Russell, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, London, 1919.

B. Russell, Scientific Method in Philosophy, 1914.

B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy, 1912.

"But the role of subliminal forces cannot be said to be small, since from there come all the greater aspirations, ideals, strivings towards a better self and better humanity without which man would be only a thinking animal — as also most of the art, poetry, philosophy, thirst for knowledge which relieve, if they do not yet dispel, the ignorance.” Letters on Yoga*

“But the role of subliminal forces cannot be said to be small, since from there come all the greater aspirations, ideals, strivings towards a better self and better humanity without which man would be only a thinking animal—as also most of the art, poetry, philosophy, thirst for knowledge which relieve, if they do not yet dispel, the ignorance.” Letters on Yoga

"But the Titan will have nothing of all this; it is too great and subtle for his comprehension. His instincts call for a visible, tangible mastery and a sensational domination. How shall he feel sure of his empire unless he can feel something writhing helpless under his heel, — if in agony, so much the better? What is exploitation to him, unless it diminishes the exploited? To be able to coerce, exact, slay, overtly, irresistibly, — it is this that fills him with the sense of glory and dominion. For he is the son of division and the strong flowering of the Ego. To feel the comparative limitation of others is necessary to him that he may imagine himself immeasurable; for he has not the real, self-existent sense of infinity which no outward circumstance can abrogate. Contrast, division, negation of the wills and lives of others are essential to his self-development and self-assertion. The Titan would unify by devouring, not by harmonising; he must conquer and trample what is not himself either out of existence or into subservience so that his own image may stand out stamped upon all things and dominating all his environment.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Calkins, Mary Whiton: (1863-1930) Professor of Philosophy at Wellesley College with which institution she was associated from 1891. She advanced an objective idealism of the Roycean character, styling her views as absolutistic personalism. She endeavored to find psychological justification for her views in the gestalt theory. Her works were in both fields of her interest: An Introduction to Psychology, The Persistent Problems of Philosophy, The Good Man and the Good, among others. -- L.E.D.

call ::: “All Yoga is in its nature a new birth; it is a birth out of the ordinary, the mentalised material life of man into a higher spiritual consciousness and a greater and diviner being. No Yoga can be successfully undertaken and followed unless there is a strong awakening to the necessity of that larger spiritual existence. The soul that is called to this deep and vast inward change, may arrive in different ways to the initial departure. It may come to it by its own natural development which has been leading it unconsciously towards the awakening; it may reach it through the influence of a religion or the attraction of a philosophy; it may approach it by a slow illumination or leap to it by a sudden touch or shock; it may be pushed or led to it by the pressure of outward circumstances or by an inward necessity, by a single word that breaks the seals of the mind or by long reflection, by the distant example of one who has trod the path or by contact and daily influence. According to the nature and the circumstances the call will come.” The Synthesis of Yoga

call ::: Sri Aurobindo: "All Yoga is in its nature a new birth; it is a birth out of the ordinary, the mentalised material life of man into a higher spiritual consciousness and a greater and diviner being. No Yoga can be successfully undertaken and followed unless there is a strong awakening to the necessity of that larger spiritual existence. The soul that is called to this deep and vast inward change, may arrive in different ways to the initial departure. It may come to it by its own natural development which has been leading it unconsciously towards the awakening; it may reach it through the influence of a religion or the attraction of a philosophy; it may approach it by a slow illumination or leap to it by a sudden touch or shock; it may be pushed or led to it by the pressure of outward circumstances or by an inward necessity, by a single word that breaks the seals of the mind or by long reflection, by the distant example of one who has trod the path or by contact and daily influence. According to the nature and the circumstances the call will come.” *The Synthesis of Yoga

CALL. ::: The soul may arrive in different ways to the initial departure. It may come to it by its own natural development which has been leading it unconsciously towards the awaken- ing ; it may reach it through (he influence of a religion or the attraction of a philosophy ; it may approach it by a slow illumi- nation or leap to it by the pressure of outward circumstances or by an inward necessity, by a single word that breaks the seals of the mind or by long reflection, by the distant example of one who has trod the path or by contact and daily influence.

Cambridge School: A term loosely applied to English philosophers who have been influenced by the teachings of Professor G. E. Moore (mainly in unpublished lectures delivered at the Cambridge University, 1911-1939). In earlier years Moore stressed the need to accept the judgments of "common sense" on such matters as the existence of other persons, of an "external world", etc. The business of the analytical philosopher was not to criticise such judgments but to display the structure of the facts to which they referred. (Cf. "A defense of common-sense in philosophy," Contemporary British Philosophy, 2 (1925) -- Moore's only discussion of the method.) Such analysis would be directional, terminating in basic or atomic facts, all of whose constituents might be known by acquaintance. The examples discussed were taken largely from the field of epistemology, turning often about the problem of the relation of material objects to sense-data, and of indirect to direct knowledge. In this earlier period problems were often suggested by Russell's discussion of descriptions and logical constructions. The inconclusiveness of such specific discussions and an increasingly critical awareness of the functions of language in philosophical analysis has in later years tended to favor more flexible interpretations of the nature of analysis. (Cf. M. Black, "Relations Between Logical Positivism and the Cambridge School of Analysis", Journal of Unified Science (Erkenntnis), 8, 24-35 for a bibliography and list of philosophers who have been most influenced by emphasis on directional analysis.) -- M.B.

Capacity:Any ability, potentiality, power or talent possessed by anything, either to act or to suffer. It may be innate or acquired, dormant or active. The topic of capacity figures, in the main, in two branches of philosophy: (a) in metaphysics, as in Aristotle's discussion of potentiality and actuality, (b) in ethics, where an agent's capacities are usually regarded as having some bearing on the question as to what his duties are. -- W.K.F.

Carlyle, Thomas: (1795-1881) Vigorous Scotch historian and essayist, apostle of work. He was a deep student of the German idealists and did much to bring them before English readers. His forceful style showed marked German characteristics. He was not in any sense a systematic philosopher but his keen mind gave wide influence to the ideas he advanced in ethics, politics and economics. His whimsical Sartor Resartus or philosophy of clothes and his searching Heroes and Hero-worship, remain his most popular works along with his French Revolution and Past and Present. He was among the Victorians who displayed some measure of distrust for democracy. -- L.E.D.

Carnap, Rudolf: (1891-) successively Privatdozent at the University of Vienna, Professor of Philosophy at the German University of Prague, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Chicago (since 1936); one of the leading representatives of the positivism of the Vienna Circle and subsequently of Scientific Empiricism (q.v.); co-editor of The Journal of Unified Science (previously: Erkenntnis).

Carnap's work has been devoted especially to formal logic and its applications to problems of epistemology and the philosophy of science. His writings in formal logic include a textbook of mathematical logic and a comprehensive monograph devoted to logical syntax, a new branch of logical research to whose development Carnap has greatly contributed.

Carneades: (c. 215-125 B.C.) The most prominent head of the Middle Academy and opponent of the Stoics. His most noteworthy contribution to philosophy consisted in the doctrine of logical probabilism as a basis of scepticism. -- R.B.W.

cartesian ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to the French philosopher Rene Descartes, or his philosophy. ::: n. --> An adherent of Descartes.

cartesianism ::: n. --> The philosophy of Descartes.

Cartesianism: The philosophy of the French thinker, Rene Descartes (Cartesius) 1596-1650. After completing his formal education at the Jesuit College at La Fleche, he spent the years 1612-1621 in travel and military service. The reminder of his life was devoted to study and writing. He died in Sweden, where he had gone in 1649 to tutor Queen Christina. His principal works are: Discours de la methode, (preface to his Geometric, Meteores, Dieptrique) Meditationes de prima philosophia, Principia philosophiae, Passions de l'ame, Regulae ad directionem ingenii, Le monde. Descartes is justly regarded as one of the founders of modern epistemology. Dissatisfied with the lack of agreement among philosophers, he decided that philosophy needed a new method, that of mathematics. He began by resolving to doubt everything which could not pass the test of his criterion of truth, viz. the clearness and distinctness of ideas. Anything which could pass this test was to be readmitted as self-evident. From self-evident truths, he deduced other truths which logically follow from them. Three kinds of ideas were distinguished: innate, by which he seems to mean little more than the mental power to think things or thoughts; adventitious, which come to him from without; factitious, produced within his own mind. He found most difficulty with the second type of ideas. The first reality discovered through his method is the thinking self. Though he might doubt nearly all else, Descartes could not reasonably doubt that he, who was thinking, existed as a res cogitans. This is the intuition enunciated in the famous aphorism: I think, therefore I am, Cogito ergo sum. This is not offered by Descartes as a compressed syllogism, but as an immediate intuition of his own thinking mind. Another reality, whose existence was obvious to Descartes, was God, the Supreme Being. Though he offered several proofs of the Divine Existence, he was convinced that he knew this also by an innate idea, and so, clearly and distinctly. But he did not find any clear ideas of an extra-mental, bodily world. He suspected its existence, but logical demonstration was needed to establish this truth. His adventitious ideas carry the vague suggestion that they are caused by bodies in an external world. By arguing that God would be a deceiver, in allowing him to think that bodies exist if they do not, he eventually convinced himself of the reality of bodies, his own and others. There are, then, three kinds of substance according to Descartes: Created spirits, i.e. the finite soul-substance of each man: these are immaterial agencies capable of performing spiritual operations, loosely united with bodies, but not extended since thought is their very essence. Uncreated Spirit, i.e. God, confined neither to space nor time, All-Good and All-Powerful, though his Existence can be known clearly, his Nature cannot be known adequately by men on earth, He is the God of Christianity, Creator, Providence and Final Cause of the universe. Bodies, i.e. created, physical substances existing independently of human thought and having as their chief attribute, extension. Cartesian physics regards bodies as the result of the introduction of "vortices", i.e. whorls of motion, into extension. Divisibility, figurability and mobility, are the notes of extension, which appears to be little more thin what Descartes' Scholastic teachers called geometrical space. God is the First Cause of all motion in the physical universe, which is conceived as a mechanical system operated by its Maker. Even the bodies of animals are automata. Sensation is the critical problem in Cartesian psychology; it is viewed by Descartes as a function of the soul, but he was never able to find a satisfactory explanation of the apparent fact that the soul is moved by the body when sensation occurs. The theory of animal spirits provided Descartes with a sort of bridge between mind and matter, since these spirits are supposed to be very subtle matter, halfway, as it were, between thought and extension in their nature. However, this theory of sensation is the weakest link in the Cartesian explanation of cognition. Intellectual error is accounted for by Descartes in his theory of assent, which makes judgment an act of free will. Where the will over-reaches the intellect, judgment may be false. That the will is absolutely free in man, capable even of choosing what is presented by the intellect as the less desirable of two alternatives, is probably a vestige of Scotism retained from his college course in Scholasticism. Common-sense and moderation are the keynotes of Descartes' famous rules for the regulation of his own conduct during his nine years of methodic doubt, and this ethical attitude continued throughout his life. He believed that man is responsible ultimately to God for the courses of action that he may choose. He admitted that conflicts may occur between human passions and human reason. A virtuous life is made possible by the knowledge of what is right and the consequent control of the lower tendencies of human nature. Six primary passions are described by Descartes wonder, love, hatred, desire, joy and sorrow. These are passive states of consciousness, partly caused by the body, acting through the animal spirits, and partly caused by the soul. Under rational control, they enable the soul to will what is good for the body. Descartes' terminology suggests that there are psychological faculties, but he insists that these powers are not really distinct from the soul itself, which is man's sole psychic agency. Descartes was a practical Catholic all his life and he tried to develop proofs of the existence of God, an explanation of the Eucharist, of the nature of religious faith, and of the operation of Divine Providence, using his philosophy as the basis for a new theology. This attempted theology has not found favor with Catholic theologians in general.

Cassirer, Ernst: (1874-) Has been chiefly interested in developing the position of the neo-Kantian Philosophy of the Marburg School as it relates to scientific knowledge. Looking at the history of modern philosophy as a progressive formulation of this position, he has sought to extend it by detailed analyses of contemporary scientific developments. Of note are Cassirer's investigations in mathematics, his early consideration of chemical knowledge, and his treatment of Einstein's relativity theory. Main works: Das Erkenntntsprobleme, 3 vols. (1906); Substanz-u-Funktionsbegriff, 1910 (tr. Substance and Function); Philosophie der Symbolischen Forme (1923); Phanom. der Erkenntnis, 1929; Descartes; Leibniz. -- C.K.D.

Cause: (Lat. causa) Anything responsible for change, motion or action. In the history of philosophy numerous interpretations were given to the term. Aristotle distinguished among the material cause, or that out of which something arises, the formal cause, that is, the pattern or essence determining the creation of a thing, the efficient cause, or the force or agent producing an effect; and the final cause, or purpose. Many thinkers spoke also of the first cause, usually conceived as God. During the Renaissance, with the development of scientific interest in nature, cause was usually conceived as an object. Today, it is generally interpteted as energy or action, whether or not connected with matter. According to Newton, "to the same natural effects we must, as far as possible, assign the same causes." But J. S. Mill contended, in his doctrine of the plurality of causes, that an effect, or a kind of effect (e.g. heat or death) may be produced by various causes. The first clear formulation of the principle was given by Leukippus "Nothing happens without a ground but everything through a cause and of necessity." -- R.B.W.

"Certainly, ideals are not the ultimate Reality, for that is too high and vast for any ideal to envisage; they are aspects of it thrown out in the world-consciousness as a basis for the workings of the world-power. But they are primary, the actual workings secondary. They are nearer to the Reality and therefore always more real, forcible and complete than the facts which are their partial reflection.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Certainly, ideals are not the ultimate Reality, for that is too high and vast for any ideal to envisage; they are aspects of it thrown out in the world-consciousness as a basis for the workings of the world-power. But they are primary, the actual workings secondary. They are nearer to the Reality and therefore always more real, forcible and complete than the facts which are their partial reflection.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Cf. B. Russell, Scientific Method in Philosophy; Lewis Carroll, "Achilles and the Tortoise," Mind.

Change, Philosophy of: (a) Any philosophical doctrine dealing with the subject of change, e.g., Aristotle's philosophy of change, (b) any philosophy which makes change an essential or pervasive character of reality, e.g., the philosophies of Heraclitus and Bergson. -- W.K.F.

Ch'ang sheng: (a) Everlasting existence, such as that of Heaven and Earth, because of their "not existing for themselves." (Lao Tzu). (b) Long life, as a result of the nourishment of the soul and rich accumulation of virtue. (Taoist philosophy), (c) Immortality, to be achieved through internal alchemy and external alchemy (lien tan). (Taoist religion). -- W.T.C.

Ch'an wei: Prognostics in 300 B.C.-400 A.D., a system represented by a group of prophetic writings called ch'an and a group of apocryphal "complements" or "woofs" to the Confucian classics, called wei, in an attempt to interpret the classics in terms of medieval Chinese theology, the theory of correspondence between man and the universe, and the Yin Yang philosophy. (Tung Chung-shu, 177-104 B.C., etc.). -- W.T.C.

Chinese Philosophy: Confucianism and Taoism have been the dual basis of Chinese thought, with Buddhism presenting a strong challenge in medieval times. The former two, the priority of either of which is still controversial, rivaled each other from the very beginning to the present day. Taoism (tao chia) opposed nature to man, glorifying Tao or the Way, spontaneity (tzu jan), "inaction" (wu wei) in the sense of non-artificiality or following nature, simplicity (p'u), "emptiness," tranquillity and enlightenment, all dedicated to the search for "long life and lasting vision" (in the case of Lao Tzu, 570 B.C.?), for "preserving life and keeping the essence of our being intact" (in the case of Yang Chu, c. 440-360 B.C.), and for "companionship with nature" (in the case of Chuang Tzu, between 399 and 295 B.C.). The notes of the "equality of things and opinions" (ch'i wu) and the "spontaneous and unceasing transformation of things" (tzu hua) were particularly stressed in Chuang Tzu.

Ch'ing (dynasty) philosophy: See li hsueh and Chinese philosophy. -- W.T.C Ching shen: The spirit and soul of man, or "the vital force (ch'i) and the keeper of life of man," which is endowed by Heaven as against the physical form which is endowed by Earth. (Huai-nan Tzu, d. 122 B.C.) -- W.T.C.

Chin: Metal, one of the Five Agents or Elements. And fourth centuries B.C. where scholars (including Shen Tao, Tsou Yen) gathered under official patronage to write on and to freely discuss philosophy and politics. Seat of learning and freedom of thought at the time, which was called Ch'i Hsueh. -- W.T.C Chin: Metal, one of the Five Agents or Elements. See wu hsing. -- W.T.C.

Chiu: Duration, or "what reaches to different times," or "what unites past and present, morning and evening." (Neo-Mohism.) -- W.T.C Chiu ch'ou: The Nine Categories of the Grand Norm (hung fan) of ancient Confucian philosophy, consisting of the Five Elements (wu hsing), the reverent practice of the five functions (of personal appearance, speech, vision, hearing, and thought), the intensive application of the eight governmental measures, the harmonious use of the five regulations of time, the establishment of the royal standard, the orderly practice of the three virtues, the intelligent practice of divination, the thoughtful following of various indications, and the rewarding with five kinds of good and punishment with six forms of evil. -- W.T.C.

Chu Hsi: (Chu Hui-an, Chu Yiian-hui, Chu Chung-hui, 1130-1200) Early distinguished himself as a patriot-scholar, having repeatedly petitioned the emperor to practice the principles of "investigation of things" and "extension of knowledge" and not to make peace with the invading enemy. But he preferred a life of peace and poverty, accepted a number of government appointments with a great deal of reluctance. His lectures at the White Deer Grotto attracted all prominent scholars of the time. The works of this leader of Neo-Confucianism (li hsueh) include the Chu Tzu Ch'uan-shu ("Complete Works," really Selected Works, partial English transl. by J. P. Bruce: The Philosophy of Human Nature by Chu Hsi) of 66 Chinese chuans in 25 volumes and the Yu Lei (Sayings Arranged by Topics) of 140 chuans in 40 volumes. -- W.T.C.

Cicero: (Marcus Tullius, 106-43 B.C.) Famous for his eclectic exposition of general scientific knowledge and philosophy, by which he aimed to arouse an appreciation of Greek culture in the minds of his countrymen, the Romans. -- M.F.

Citta: (Skr.) In the philosophy of the Yogasutras (q.v.) the phenomenal form of mind as the first creation of prakrti (q.v.) which is differentiated into mental states (vrttis), such as true and false knowledge, imagination, memory, sleep. These states being of the active, need restraining (citta-vrtti nirodha; cf. Yoga) in order to have the true and abiding nature of self (purusa) come into its own. -- K.F.L.

Class struggle: Fundamental in Marxian social thought, this term signifies the conflict between classes (q.v.) which, according to the theory of historical materialism (see the entry, Dialectical materialism) may and usually does take place in all aspects of social life, and which has existed ever since the passing of primitive communism (q.v.). The class struggle is considered basic to the dynamics of history in the sense that a widespread change in technics, or a fuller utilization of them, which necessitates changes in economic relations and, in turn, in the social superstructure, is championed and carried through by classes which stand to gain from the change. The economic aspects of the class struggle under capitalism manifest themselves most directly, Marx held, in disputes over amount of wages, rate of profits, rate of interest, amount of rent, length of working day, conditions of work and like matters. The Marxist position is that the class struggle enters into philosophy, politics, law, morals, art, religion and other cultural institutions and fields in various ways, either directly or indirectly, and, in respect to the people involved, consciously or unconsciously, willingly or unwillingly. In any case the specific content of any such field or institution at a given time it held to have a certain effect upon a given class in its conflicts with other classes, weakening or aiding it. Marxists believe that certain kinds of literature or art may inspire people with a lively sense of the need and possibility of a radical change in social relations, or, on the contrary, with a sense of lethargy or complacency, and that various moral, religious or philosophical doctrines may operate to persuade a given class that it should accept its lot without complaint or its privileges without qualms, or may operate to persuade it of the contrary. The Marxist view is that every field or institution has a history, an evolution, and that this evolution is the result of the play of conflicting forces entering into the field, which forces are connected, in one way or another, with class conflicts. While it is thus held that the class struggle involves all cultural fields, it is not held that any cultural production or phenomenon, selected or delimited at random, can be correlated in a one-to-one fashion with an equally delimited class interest. -- J.M.S.

Cohen, Morris Raphael: (1880-) Emeritus Professor of Philosophy of the College of the City of New York. His contributions have been many in the fields of social, political and legal philosophy. He describes his view in general as realistic rationalism, a view that emphasizes the importance of intellect or reason as applied to what is, rather than in vacuo. He has found the principle of polarity a fruitful means of resolving antinomies. His best known works are Reason and Nature and Law and the Social Order. -- L.E.D.

coherency ::: n. --> A sticking or cleaving together; union of parts of the same body; cohesion.
Connection or dependence, proceeding from the subordination of the parts of a thing to one principle or purpose, as in the parts of a discourse, or of a system of philosophy; consecutiveness.


Collective and Distributive Properties: A general term is taken in its collective sense when what is predicated of its applies to its designation as a whole, rather than to each of the individual members belonging to it; the distributive properties are those that apply only in the latter way. Colligation: (Lat. con + ligare, to bind) The assimilation of a number of separately observed facts to a unified conception or formula. The term was introduced by Whewcll who gives the eximple of the idea of an eliptical orbit which "unifies all observations made on the positions of a planet" (see Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, I Aphorism 1). J. S. Mill appropriates the term and carefully differentiates it from induction: whereas colligation is a simple "description" of observed facts, induction is an extension to the unknown and to the future. See Logic, III, ii, § 4. -- L.W.

Compossibility: Those things are compossible in Leibniz's philosophy which are literally "co-possible," i.e., which may exist together, which belong to the same possible world. Since metaphysical possibility means for Leibniz simply the absence of contradiction, two or more things are compossible if, and only if, their joint ascription to a single world involves no contradiction. All possible worlds are held by Leibniz to have general laws analogous to those of our own actual world. Compossibility for any set of things, consequently, involves their capacity to be brought under one and the same general system of laws. That this last provision is important follows from the fact that Leibniz affirmed all simple predicates to be compatible. -- F.L.W.

comtism ::: n. --> Positivism; the positive philosophy. See Positivism.

Conatus: The drive, force, or urge possessed by a thing which is directed towards the preservation of its own being. Since, for Spinoza, all things are animated, the term is used by him in a broader meaning than that accorded it, for example, in the Stoic philosophy. Spinoza maintains that there is no conatus for self-destruction (Ethica, III, 4; see also IV, 20 Schol., etc.); rather, the conatus relates to a thing's "power of existence", and he thus speaks of it as a kind of amour propre (natuurlyke Liefde) which characterizes a specific thing. See Short Tr., App. H. -- W.S.W.

Conscientialism: (Lat. conscientia + al, pertaining to conscience) Originally denoting simple consciousness without ethical bearing, the term conscience came in modern times to mean in contrast to consciousness, viewed either as a purely intellectual function or as a generic term for mind, a function of distinguishing between right and wrong. With the rise of Christianity the term came to be described as an independent source of moral insight, and with the rise of modern philosophy it became an inner faculty, an innate, primeval thing. -- H.H.

consequence ::: “ Karma is nothing but the will of the Spirit in action, consequence nothing but the creation of will. What is in the will of being, expresses itself in karma and consequence. When the will is limited in mind, karma appears as a bondage and a limitation, consequence as a reaction or an imposition. But when the will of the being is infinite in the spirit, karma and consequence become instead the joy of the creative spirit, the construction of the eternal mechanist, the word and drama of the eternal poet, the harmony of the eternal musician, the play of the eternal child.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Considers all human experience an historical experience, philosophy being the methodology of history.

corpuscularian ::: a. --> Corpuscular. ::: n. --> An adherent of the corpuscular philosophy.

Cosmology: A branch of philosophy which treats of the origin and structure of the universe. It is to be contrasted with ontology or metaphysics, the study of the most general features of reality, natural and supernatural, and with the philosophy of nature, which investigates the basic laws, processes and divisions of the objects in nature. It is perhaps impossible to draw or maintain a sharp distinction between these different subjects, and treatises which profess to deal with one of them usually contain considerable material on the others. Encyclopedia, section 35), are the contingency, necessity, eternity, limitations and formal laws of the world, the freedom of man and the origin of evil. Most philosophers would add to the foregoing the question of the nature and interrelationship of space and time, and would perhaps exclude the question of the nature of freedom and the origin of evil as outside the province of cosmology. The method of investigation has usually been to accept the principles of science or the results of metaphysics and develop the consequences. The test of a cosmology most often used is perhaps that of exhibiting the degree of accordance it has with respect to both empirical fact and metaphysical truth. The value of a cosmology seems to consist primarily in its capacity to provide an ultimate frame for occurrences in nature, and to offer a demonstration of where the limits of the spatio-temporal world are, and how they might be transcended.

Cousin, Victor: (1792-1867) Was among those principally responsible for producing the shift in French philosophy away from sensationalism in the direction of "spiritualism"; in his own thinking, Cousin was first influenced by Locke and Condillac, and later turned to idealism under the influence of Maine de Biran and Schelling. His most characteristic philosophical insights are contained in Fragments Philosophiques (1826), in which he advocated as the basis of metaphysics a careful observation and analysis of the facts of the conscious life. He lectured at the Sorbonne from 1815 until 1820 when he was suspended for political reasons, but he was reinstated in 1827 and continued to lecture there until 1832. He exercised a great influence on his philosophical contemporaries and founded the spiritualistic or eclectic school in French Philosophy. The members of his school devoted themselves largely to historical studies for which Cousin had provided the example in his Introduction a l'Histoire General de la Philosophie, 7th ed. 1872. -- L.W.

Creative Theory of Perception: The creative theory, in opposition to the selective theory, asserts that the data of sense are created or constituted by the act of perception and do not exist except at the time and under the conditions of actual perception, (cf. C. D. Broad, The Mind and its Place in Nature, pp. 200 ff.) See Selective Theory of Perception. The theories of perception of Descartes, Locke, Leibniz and Berkeley are historical examples of creative theories, Russell (Problems of Philosophy, Ch. II and III) and the majority of the American critical realists defend creative theories. -- L.W.

Credo ut intelligam: Literally, I believe in order that I may understand. A principle which affirms that after an act of faith a philosophy begins, held by such thinkers as Augustine, Anselm, Duns Scotus and many others. -- V.F.

Creighton, James Edwin: (1861-1924) Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at Cornell University. He was one of the founders and a president of the American Philosophical Association, American editor of Kant-Studien and editor of The Philosophical Review. He was greatly influenced by Bosanquet. His Introductory Logic had long been a standard text. His basic ideas as expressed in articles published at various times were posthumously published in a volume entitled Studies in Speculative Philosophy, a term expressive of his intellectualistic form of objective idealism. -- L.E.D.

Crescas, Don Hasdai: (1340-1410) Jewish philosopher and theologian. He was the first European thinker to criticize Aristotelian cosmology and establish the probability of the existence of an infinite magnitude and of infinite space, thus paving the way for the modern conception of the universe. He also took exception to the entire trend of the philosophy of Maimonides, namely its extreme rationalism, and endeavored to inject the emotional element into religious contemplation, and make love an attribute of God and the source of His creative activity. He also expressed original views on the problems of freedom and creation. He undoubtedly exerted influence on Spinoza who quotes him by name in the formulation of some of his theories. See Jewish Philosophy. Cf. H. A. Wolfson, Crescas' Critique of Aristotle, 1929. -- M.W.

(c) The traditional problem of the origin of knowledge, viz. By what faculty or faculties of mind is knowledge attainable? It gave rise to the principal cleavage in modern epistemology between rationalism and empiricism (q.v.) though both occur in any thinker. The rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz) rely primarily -- though not exclusively -- on reason as the source of genuine knowledge, and the empiricists (Locke, Berkeley and Hume) rely mainly on experience. A broadly conceived empiricism such as Locke's which acknowledges the authenticity of knowledge derived both from the inner sense (see Reflection; Introspection), and the outer senses, contrasts with that type of sensationalism (q.v.) which is empiricism restricted to the outer senses. Various attempts, the most notable of which is the critical philosophy of Kant, have been made to reconcile rationalism and empiricism by assigning to reason and experience their respective roles in the constitution of knowledge. Few historical or contemporary epistemologists would subscribe either to a rationalism or an empiricism of an exclusive and extreme sort.

Cusa. Nicholas of: (1401-1464) Born in Cusa (family name: Krebs), educated in the mystical school of Deventer, and at the Universities of Heidelberg, Padua and Cologne. He became a Cardinal in 1448, Bishop of Brixen in 1450, and died at Todi. He was interested in mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and ecclesiastical policy. His thought is Neo-Platonic and mystical, he is critical of Aristotelian Scholasticism. His theories of "learned ignorance" and the "concordance of contraries" have been historically influential. Chief works: De concordantia Catholica, De docta ignorantia, De conjecturis (Opera, Paris, 1514). E. Van Steenberghe, Le Card. N. de Cuse,l'action, la pensee (Paris, 1920). -- V.J.B.

Cynics: A school of Greek Philosophy, named after the gymnasium Cynosarges, founded by Antisthenes of Athens, friend of Socrates. Man's true happiness, the Cynics taught, lies in right and intelligent living, and this constitutes for them also the concept of the virtuous life. For the Cynics, this right and virtuous life consists in a course of conduct which is as much as possible independent of all events and factors external to man. This independence can be achieved through mastery over one's desires and wants. The Cynics attempted to free man from bondage to human custom, convention and institution by reducing man's desires and appetites to such only as are indispensable to life and by renouncing those whicn are imposed by civilization. In extreme cases, such as that of Diogenes, this philosophy expressed itself in a desire to live the natural life in the midst of the civilized Greek community. -- M.F.

Cyrenaics: A school of Greek Philosophy founded by Aristippus of Cyrene. The teachings of this school are known as the philosophy of Hedonism, or the doctrine of enjoyment for its own sake. For the Cyrenaics the virtuous or the good life is that which yields the greatest amount of contentment or pleasure derived from the satisfaction of desire. Education and intelligence are necessary so as to guide one to proper enjoyment, that is to such satisfaction of desire as yields most pleasure and is least likely to cause one pain. It also aids one in being master of pleasure and not its slave. -- M.F.

darsana (darshana; darshan) ::: vision; the subtle sense (sūks.ma indarsana driya) of sight, "a sight that is independent of the physical eye", one of the faculties of vis.ayadr.s.t.i, called darsana (as opposed to rūpadr.s.t.i) especially when it is a vision not of symbolic images but of the actual forms of supraphysical things; the perception of brahman in all things and beings: a spiritual seeing by which "the eye gets a new and transfigured vision of things and of the world around us" and "there comes through the physical sense to the total sense consciousness within and behind the vision a revelation of the soul of the thing seen and of the universal spirit that is expressing itself in this objective form of its own conscious being"; a similar perception of any impersonal or personal aspect (bhava) of brahman or isvara, as in Kr.s.n.adarsana, etc.; (as part of sahitya) philosophy.

darsana (Darshan, Darshana) ::: seeing; the self-revelation of the Deity to the devotee; [an occasion when a spiritual personality in India allows himself to be seen]; [the six darsanas: the six systems of orthodox Indian philosophy: purva-mimamsa, uttara-mimamsa (vedanta), nyaya, vaisesika, samkhya, yoga].

Darsana: (Skr. view) Philosophy, philosophical position, philosophical system. Six systems (saddarsana) are recognized as orthodox in Indian philosophy because they fall in line with Vedic tradition (cf. Indian Philosophy). -- K.F.L.

Datum: That which is given or presented. In logic: facts from which inferences may be drawn. In epistemology: an actual presented to the mind; the given of knowledge. In psychology: that which is given in sensation; the content of sensation. --J.K.F. Daud, Abraham Ibn: (of Toledo, 1110-1180) Jewish historian and philosopher with distinctly Aristotelian bent. His Emunah Ramah ( Al-Akida Al-Rafia), i.e., Exalted Faith, deals with the principles of both philosophy and religion and with ethics. He also enunciated six dogmas of Judaism to which every Jew must subscribe. -- M.W.

:::   "Death is the question Nature puts continually to Life and her reminder to it that it has not yet found itself. If there were no siege of death, the creature would be bound for ever in the form of an imperfect living. Pursued by death he awakes to the idea of perfect life and seeks out its means and its possibility.” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Death is the question Nature puts continually to Life and her reminder to it that it has not yet found itself. If there were no siege of death, the creature would be bound for ever in the form of an imperfect living. Pursued by death he awakes to the idea of perfect life and seeks out its means and its possibility.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

:::   "Delight is the secret. Learn of pure delight and thou shalt learn of God.” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Delight is the secret. Learn of pure delight and thou shalt learn of God.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Demiurge: (Gr. demiourgos) Artisan, craftsman, the term used by Plato in the Timaeus to designate the intermediary maker of the world. -- G.R.M Democritus of Abdera: (c 460-360 B.C.) Developed the first important materialist philosophy of nature, unless we are to count that of Leukippus. His influence was transmitted by Lucretius' poem till the centuries of the Renaissance when scholars' attention began to turn toward the study of nature. He taught that all substance consists of atoms, that is, of indivisible and imperceptibly small particles. The variety of atomic forms corresponds to, and accounts for, the variety of material qualities) the finest, smoothest, and most agile atoms constitute the substance of mind. Human perception is explained by him as an emanation of tiny copies of sensible things (eidola). which, through their impact upon the atoms of mind, leave impressions responsible for facts of memory. Diels, Fragm der Vorsokr, 4a; F. A. Lange, Gesch. der Materialismus, bd. I. -- R.B.W.

Descartes is one of the fathers of modern philosophy; his general influence is too extensive to be detailed. Leibniz, Spinoza, Malebranche, Clauberg, De La Forge, Geulincx, Placentius, Chouet, Legrand, Corneio -- these and many others spread Cartesianism throughout Europe. (See Boutroux, "Descartes and Cartesianism," Camb. Mod. Hist., IV, ch. 27.) At present, German Phenomenology, French Spiritualism and Positivism, Bergsonism, and certain forms of Catholic thought represented by J. Geyser in Germany and M. Blondel in France, are offshoots of Cartesianism.

Descartes, Rene: See Cartesianism. Description, Knowledge by: (Lat. de + scribere, to write) Knowledge about things in contrast to direct acquaintance with things. See Acquaintance, Knowledge by. Description is opposed to exact definition in the Port Royal Logic (Part II, ch. XVI). Among the first to contrast description and acquaintance was G. Grote (Exploratio Philosophica, p. 60. See also W. James, Principles of Psychology, Vol. I, pp. 221 ff. and B. Russell, Problems of Philosophy, ch. V.) -- L.W.

Determination: (Lat. determinare, to limit) The limitation of a reality or thought to a narrower field than its original one. In a monistic philosophy the original, single principle must be considered as narrowed down to various genera and species, and eventually to individual existence if such be admitted, in order to introduce that differentiation of reality which is required in a multiple world. In Platonism, the Forms or Ideas are one for each type of thing but are "determined" to multiple existence by the addition of matter (Timaeus). Neo-Platonism is even more interested in real determination, since the One is the logical antecedent of the Many. Here determination is effected by the introduction of negations, or privations, into successive emanations of the One. With Boethius, mediaeval philosophy became concerned with the determination of being-in-general to an actual manifold of things. In Boethianism there is a fusion of the question of real determination with that of logical limitation of concepts. In modern thought, the problem is acute in Spinozism: universal substance (substantia, natura, Deus) must be reduced to an apparent manifold through attributes, modes to the individual. Determination is said to be by way of negation, according to Spinoza (Epist. 50), and this means that universal substance is in its perfect form indeterminate, but is thought to become determinate by a sort of logical loss of absolute perfection. The theory is brought to an almost absurd simplicity in the Ontology of Chr. Wolff, where being is pictured as successively determined to genera, species and individual. Determination is also an important factor in the developmental theories of Hegel and Bergson. -- V.J.B.

Deustua, Alejandro: Born in Huancayo, Junin (Peru), 1849. Professor of Philosophy at the University of San Marcos in Lima, Peru. According to Deustua, there are two kinds of freedom, the Static and the Dynamic. The former accounts for the cosmic order and harmony of phenomena. Dynamic liberty, however, is, above all, creativity and novelty. The world, not as it is ontologically, but as we experience it, that is, as it comes within the area of consciousness, results from a Hegelian contraposition of the two types of freedom. In this contraposition, the synthesis is always more of the nature of dynamic freedom than it is static. With these presuppositions, Deustua finally works up a kind of practical philosophy leading up to an axiology which he himself finds implied in his concept of freedom. The following are among Deustua's most important works: Las Ideas de Orden Libertad en la Historia del Pensamiento Humano; Historia de las Ideas Esteticas; Estetica General; Estetica Aplicada. -- J.A.F.

Dewey, John: (1859-) Leading American philosopher. The spirit of democracy and an abiding faith in the efficacy of human intelligence run through the many pages he has presented in the diverse fields of metaphysics, epistemology, logic, psychology, aesthetics, religion, ethics, politics and education, in all of which he has spoken with authority. Progressive education owes its impetus to his guidance and its tenets largely to his formulation. He is the chief exponent of that branch of pragmatism known as instrumentalism. Among his main works are Psychology, 1886; Outline of Ethics, 1891; Studies in Logical Theory, 1903; Ethics (Dewey and Tufts), 1908; How We Think, 1910; Influence of Darwin on German Philosophy, 1910; Democracy and Education, 1916; Essays in Experimental Logic, 1916; Reconstruction in Philosophy, 1920; Human Nature and Conduct, 1922; Experience and Nature, 1925; The Quest for Certainty, 1929; Art as Experience, 1933; Logic: The Theory of Inquiry, 1939.   Cf. J. Ratner, The Philosophy of John Dewey, 1940, M. H. Thomas, A Bibliography of John Dewey, 1882-1939, The Philosophy of John Dewey, ed. P. A. Schilpp (Evanston, 1940). Dharma: (Skr.) Right, virtue, duty, usage, law, social as well as cosmic. -- K.F.L.

Dhyana ::: There are two words used in English to express the Indian idea of Dhyana, "meditation" and "contemplation". Meditation means properly the concentration of the mind on a single train of ideas which work out a single subject. Contemplation means regarding mentally a single object, image, idea so that the knowledge about the object, image or idea may arise naturally in the mind by force of the concentration. Both these things are forms of dhyana; for the principle of dhyana is mental concentration whether in thought, vision or knowledge. There are other forms of dhyana. There is a passage in which Vivekananda advises you to stand back from your thoughts, let them occur in your mind as they will and simply observe them & see what they are. This may be called concentration in self-observation. This form leads to another, the emptying of all thought out of the mind so as to leave it a sort of pure vigilant blank on which the divine knowledge may come and imprint itself, undisturbed by the inferior thoughts of the ordinary human mind and with the clearness of a writing in white chalk on a blackboard. You will find that the Gita speaks of this rejection of all mental thought as one of the methods of Yoga and even the method it seems to prefer. This may be called the dhyana of liberation, as it frees the mind from slavery to the mechanical process of thinking and allows it to think or not think as it pleases and when it pleases, or to choose its own thoughts or else to go beyond thought to the pure perception of Truth called in our philosophy Vijnana. Meditation is the easiest process for the human mind, but the narrowest in its results; contemplation more difficult, but greater; self-observation and liberation from the chains of Thought the most difficult of all, but the widest and greatest in its fruits. One can choose any of them according to one’s bent and capacity. The perfect method is to use them all, each in its own place and for its own object.
   Ref: CWSA Vol. 36, Page: 293-294


diacoustics ::: n. --> That branch of natural philosophy which treats of the properties of sound as affected by passing through different mediums; -- called also diaphonics. See the Note under Acoustics.

Dialectical materialism: The school of philosophy founded by Marx and Engels and developed by many subsequent thinker.

Dialectic: (Gr. dia + legein, discourse) The beginning of dialectic Aristotle is said to have attributed to Zeno of Elea. But as the art of debate by question and answer, its beginning is usually associated with the Socrates of the Platonic dialogues. As conceived by Plato himself, dialectic is the science of first principles which differs from other sciences by dispensing with hypotheses and is, consequently, "the copingstone of the sciences" -- the highest, because the clearest and hence the ultimate, sort of knowledge. Aristotle distinguishes between dialectical reasoning, which proceeds syllogistically from opinions generally accepted, and demonstrative reasoning, which begins with primary and true premises; but he holds that dialectical reasoning, in contrast with eristic, is "a process of criticism wherein lies the path to the principles of all inquiries." In modern philosophy, dialectic has two special meanings. Kant uses it as the name of that part of his Kritik der reinen Vernunft which deals critically with the special difficulties (antinomies, paralogisms and Ideas) arising out of the futile attempt (transcendental illusion) to apply the categories of the Understanding beyond the only realm to which they can apply, namely, the realm of objects in space and time (Phenomena). For Hegel, dialectic is primarily the distinguishing characteristic of speculative thought -- thought, that is, which exhibits the structure of its subject-matter (the universal, system) through the construction of synthetic categories (synthesis) which resolve (sublate) the opposition between other conflicting categories (theses and antitheses) of the same subject-matter. -- G.W.C.

Diogenes Laertius: (also B.C.) A late biographical doxographer, to whom is owed most of the biographical and source material of Pre-Socratic philosophy. Cf. R. Hope, Diog. Laertius -- E.H.

division ::: “God and Man, World and Beyond-world become one when they know each other. Their division is the cause of ignorance as ignorance is the cause of suffering.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

doctor ::: n. --> A teacher; one skilled in a profession, or branch of knowledge learned man.
An academical title, originally meaning a men so well versed in his department as to be qualified to teach it. Hence: One who has taken the highest degree conferred by a university or college, or has received a diploma of the highest degree; as, a doctor of divinity, of law, of medicine, of music, or of philosophy. Such diplomas may confer an honorary title only.


Driesch, Hans Adolf Eduard: (1867-1940) An experimental biologist turned philosopher, he as a rationalist became the most prominent defender of a renovated vitalism. He excludes the physical-chemical level of reality from his vitalism. He asserts that every organism has its own entelechy. For what he terms phylogenetic development, a more inclusive vitalism of the whole evolutionary process, he postulates a super-personal phylogenetic entelechy. He offers an a priori justification of his vitalistic theory, and treats incisively the logic of the psychological. Main works: Philosophy of the Organism; Ordnungslehre, 1912; Wirklichkeitslehre, 1917; Alltagsrätsel des Seelenlebens, 1938; "Kausalität und Vitalismus" in Jahrbuch der Schopenhauer Gesellschaft, XVI, 1939.

druidism ::: n. --> The system of religion, philosophy, and instruction, received and taught by the Druids; the rites and ceremonies of the Druids.

Dyadic Relation: A two-termed relation (q.v.). Dynamic Vitalism: See Vitalism. Dynamis: (Gr. dynamis) In Aristotle's philosophy (1) a source of change or power to effect change; faculty; (2) more generally the capacity a thing has of passing to a different state; potentiality. See Aristotelianism; Energeia. -- G.R.M.

Dynamism: (Gr. dynamis, power) A term applied to a philosophical system which, in contrast to philosophy of mechanism (q.v.), adopts force rather than mass or motion as its basic explanatory concept. In this sense the Leibnizian philosophy is dynamism in contrast to the mechanism of Descartes' physics. -- L.W.

Eclecticism: The principle, tendency, or practice of combining, or drawing upon, various philosophical or theological doctrines. In its passive form, it is found in many thinkers of no great originality. In its more active form, as a deliberate attempt to create unity among discordant schools of philosophy, eclecticism was practised by the Alexandrien School (q.v.), where the Oriental and Occidental thought mingled, and, more recently, by V. Cousin (q.V.). -- R.B.W.

Economy: An aspect of the scientific methodology of Ernst Mach (Die Analyse der Empfindungen, 5th ed., Jena, 1906); science and philosophy utilize ideas and laws which are not reproductive of sense data as such, but are simplified expressions of the functional relations discovered in the manifold of sense perceptions. -- V.J.B.

Ego-centric Predicament: (Lat. ego, self, Gr. kentrikon, center) The epistemological predicament of a knowing mind which, confined to the circle of its own ideas, finds it difficult, if not impossible, to escape to a knowledge of an external world (cf. R. B. Perry, Present Philosophical Tendencies, pp. 129-30). Descartes is largely responsible for having confronted modern philosophy with the ego-centric predicament. See Cogito Argument, The. -- L.W.

Either sort of enquiry involves an investigation into the meaning of ethical statements, their truth and falsity, their objectivity and subjectivity, and the possibility of systematizing them under one or more first principles. In neither case is ethics concerned with our conduct or our ethical judgments simply as a matter of historical or anthropological record. It is, however, often said that the first kind of enquiry is not ethics but psychology. In both cases it may be said that the aim of ethics, as a part of philosophy, is theory not practice, cognition not action, even though it be added at once that its theory is for the sake of practice and its cognition a cognition of how to live. But some mornlists who take the second approach do deny that ethics is a cognitive discipline or science, namely those who hold that ethical first principles are resolutions or preferences, not propositions which may be true or false, e.g., Nietzsche, Santayana, Russell.

Elijah, Aaron ben: Karaite exegete and philosopher (1300-1369). The Ez Hayyim, i.e. Tree of Size, his philosophical work, deals with all problems of philosophy and displays the influence of both Maimonides and of the teachings of the Mutazilites. -- M.W.

endeictic ::: a. --> Serving to show or exhibit; as, an endeictic dialogue, in the Platonic philosophy, is one which exhibits a specimen of skill.

Energeia: (Gr. energeia, actuality) In Aristotle's philosophy (1) the mode of existence of that which possesses to the full its specific essence; actuality; entelechy; -- opposed to dynamis, or potentiality; (2) the activity that transforms potentiality into actuality. -- G-R.M.

Engels, Frederick: Co-founder of the doctrines of Marxism (see Dialectical materialism) Engels was the life-long friend and collaborator of Karl Marx (q.v.). He was born at Barmen, Germanv, in 1820, the son of a manufacturer. Like Marx, he became interested in communism early in life, developing and applying its doctrines until his death, August 5, 1895. Beside his collaboration with Marx on Die Heilige Familie, Die Deutsche Ideologie, Manifesto of the Communist Party, Anti-Dühring and articles for the "New York Tribune" (a selection from which constitutes "Germany: revolution and counter-revolution"), and his editing of Volumes II and III of Capital, published after Marx's death, Engels wrote extensively on various subjects, from "Condition of the Working Class in England (1844)" to military problems, in which field he had received technical training. On the philosophical side of Marxism, Engels speculated on fundamental questions of scientific methodology and dialectical logic in such books as Dialectics of Nature and Anti-Dühring. Works like Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of Classical German Philosophy and Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State are likewise regarded as basic texts. The most extensive collection of Engels' works will be found in Marx-Engels "Gesamtausgabe", to which there is still much unpublished material to be added. -- J.M.S.

Engels, Friedrich: Anti-Dühring. Dialectics of Nature. Ludwig Feuerback and the Outcome of Classical German Philosophy. Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State.

Enlightenment: When Kant, carried by the cultural enthusiasm of his time, explained "enlightenment" as man's coming of age from the state of infancy which rendered him incapable of using his reason without the aid of others, he gave only the subjective meaning of the term. Objectively, enlightenment is a cultural period distinguished by the fervent efforts of leading personalities to make reason the absolute ruler of human life, and to shed the light of knowledge upon the mind and conscience of any individual. Such attempts are not confined to a particular time, or nation, as history teaches; but the term is generally applied to the European enlightenment stretching from the early 17th to the beginning of the 19th century, especially fostered by English, Dutch, French, and German philosophers. It took its start in England from the empiricism of F. Bacon, Th. Hobbes, J. Locke, it found a religious version in the naturalism of Edw. H. Cherbury, J. Toland, M. Tindal, H. Bolingbroke, and the host of "freethinkers", while the Earl of Shaftesbury imparted to it a moral on the "light of reason". Not so constructive but radical in their sarcastic criticism of the past were the French enlighteners, showing that their philosophy got its momentum from the moral corruption at the royal court and abuse of kinglv power in France. Descartes' doctrine of the "clear and perspicuous ideas," Spinoza's critical attitude towards religion, and Leibniz-Wolff's "reasonable thinking" prepared the philosophy of P. Bayle, Ch. Montesquieu, F. M. Voltaire, and J. J. Rousseau. The French positive contribution to the subject was the "Encyclopedie ou Dictionaire raisonne des sciences, arts et metiers", 1751-72, in 28 volumes, edited by Diderot, D'Alembert, Helvetius, Holbach, J. L. Lagrane, etc. What, in England and France, remained on the stage of mere ideas and utopic dreams became reality in the new commonwealth of the U.S.A. The "fathers of the constitution" were enlightened, outstanding among them B. Franklin, Th. Jefferson, J. Adams, A. Hamilton, and Th. Paine their foremost literary propagandist.

Entelechy: (Gr. entelecheia) In Aristotle's philosophy (1) the mode of being of a thing whose essence is completely realized; actuality; energeia; -- opposed to dynamis, or potentiality; (2) the form or essence. -- G.R.M.

epicurean ::: a. --> Pertaining to Epicurus, or following his philosophy.
Given to luxury; adapted to luxurious tastes; luxurious; pertaining to good eating. ::: n. --> A follower or Epicurus.
One given to epicurean indulgence.


Epistemology: (Gr. episteme, knowledge + logos, theory) The branch of philosophy which investigates the origin, structure, methods and validity of knowledge. The term "epistemology" appears to have been used for the first time by J. F. Ferrier, Institutes of Metaphysics (1854) who distinguished two branches of philosophy -- epistemology and ontology. The German equivalent of epistemology, Erkenntnistheorie, was used by the Kantian, K. L. Reinhold, Versuch einer Neuen Theorie des menschlichen Vorstellungsvermögens (1789); Das Fundament des philosophischen Wissens (1791), but the term did not gain currency until after its adoption by E. Zeller, Ueber Aufgabe und Bedeutung der Erkenntnisstheorie (1862). The term theory of knowledge is a common English equivalent of epistemology and translation of Erkenntnistheorie; the term Gnosiology has also been suggested but has gained few adherents.

Eros: (Gr.) 1. Possessive desire or love, commonly erotic. 2. In Platonic thought, the driving force of life aspiring to the absolute Good; hence the motive underlying education, fine art, and philosophy. The connotation of aesthetic fascination, impersonality, and intense desire is retained in Plato's use of the term. Hence Eros is to be distinguished from the Indian Bhakti (selfless devotion), the Buddhist Metta (disinterested benevolence), the Confucian Jen (humanity, charity), and Ai (personal love), and the Christian Agapao (sacrificial, protective brotherly love), and Phileo (personal affection or fondness). -- W.L.

Essence: (Lat. essentia, fr. essens, participle of esse, to be) The being or power of a thing; necessary internal relation or function. The Greek philosophers identified essence and substance in the term, ousia. In classic Latin essence was the idea or law of a thing. But in scholastic philosophy the distinction between essence and substance became important. Essence began to be identified, as in its root meaning, with being, or power. For Locke, the being whereby a thing is what it is. For Kant, the primary internal principle of all that belongs to the being of a thing. For Peirce, the intelligible element of the possibility of being. (a) In logic: definition or the elements of a thing; the genus and differentia. See Definition. (b) In epistemology: that intelligible character which defines what an indefinite predicate asserts. The universal possibility of a thing. Opposite of existence. Syn. with being, possibility. See Santayana's use of the term in Realm of Essence, as a hybrid of intuited datum and scholastic essence (q.v.). See Eternal object. -- J.K.F.

esthetics ::: n. --> The theory or philosophy of taste; the science of the beautiful in nature and art; esp. that which treats of the expression and embodiment of beauty by art.
Same as Aesthete, Aesthetic, Aesthetical, Aesthetics, etc.


Eternal"s. Sri Aurobindo: ". . . that which is, cannot perish; it can only lose itself. All is eternal in the eternal spirit.” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Eternal ::: “… that which is, cannot perish; it can only lose itself. All is eternal in the eternal spirit.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

(e) The problem of the A PRIORI, though the especial concern of the rationalist, confronts the empiricist also since few epistemologists are prepared to exclude the a priori entirely from their accounts of knowledge. The problem is that of isolating the a priori or non-empirical elements in knowledge and accounting for them in terms of the human reason. Three principal theories of the a priori have been advanced: the theory of the intrinsic A PRIORI which asserts that the basic principles of logic, mathematics, natural sciences and philosophy are self-evident truths recognizable by such intrinsic traits as clarity and distinctness of ideas. The intrinsic theory received its definitive modern expression in the theory of "innate ideas" (q.v.) of Herbert of Cherbury, Descartes, and 17th century rationalism. The presuppositional theory of the a priori which validates a priori truths by demonstrating that they are presupposed either by their attempted denial (Leibniz) or by the very possibility of experience (Kant). The postulational theory of the A PRIORI elaborated under the influence of recent postulational techniques in mathematics, interprets a priori principles as rules or postulates arbitrarily posited in the construction of formal deductive systems. See Postulate; Posit. (f) The problem of differentiating the principal kinds of knowledge is an essential task especially for an empirical epistemology. Perhaps the most elementary epistemological distinction is between non-inferential apprehension of objects by perception, memory, etc. (see Knowledge by Acquaintance), and inferential knowledge of things with which the knowing subject has no direct apprehension. See Knowledge by Description. Acquaintance in turn assumes two principal forms: perception or acquaintance with external objects (see Perception), and introspection or the subject's acquaintance with the "self" and its cognitive, volitional and affective states. See Introspection; Reflection. Inferential knowledge includes knowledge of other selves (this is not to deny that knowledge of other minds may at times be immediate and non-inferential), historical knowledge, including not only history in the narrower sense but also astronomical, biological, anthropological and archaeological and even cosmological reconstructions of the past and finally scientific knowledge in so far as it involves inference and construction from observational data.

ethical ::: a. --> Of, or belonging to, morals; treating of the moral feelings or duties; containing percepts of morality; moral; as, ethic discourses or epistles; an ethical system; ethical philosophy.

Ethical formalism: (Kantian) Despite the historical over-shadowing of Kant's ethical position by the influence of The Critique of Pure Reason upon the philosophy of the past century and a half, Kant's own (declared) major interest, almost from the very beginning, was in moral philosophy. Even the Critique of Pure Reason itself was written only in order to clear the ground for dealing adequately with the field of ethics in the Grundlegung zur Metapkysik der Sttten (1785), in the Kritik der Praktischen Vernunft (1788), and in the Metaphysik der Sitten (1797). By the end of the seventeen-sixties Kant was ready to discard every prior ethical theory, from the earlv Greeks to Baumgarten, Rousseau, and the British moralists, finding, all of them, despite the wide divergencies among them, equally dogmatic and unacceptable. Each of the older theories he found covertly to rely upon some dogmatic criterion or other, be it a substantive "principle," an intuition, or an equally substantive "sense." Every such ethical theory fails to deal with ethical issues as genuinely problematic, since it is amenable to some "demonstrative" preconceived criterion.

Ethical rule: See Rule. Ethics: (Gr. ta ethika, from ethos) Ethics (also referred to as moral philosophy) is that study or discipline which concerns itself with judgments of approval and disapproval, judgments as to the rightness or wrongness, goodness or badness, virtue or vice, desirability or wisdom of actions, dispositions, ends, objects, or states of affairs. There are two main directions which this study may take. It may concern itself with a psychological or sociological analysis and explanation of our ethical judgments, showing what our approvals and disapprovals consist in and why we approve or disapprove what we do. Or it may concern itself with establishing or recommending certain courses of action, ends, or ways of life as to be taken or pursued, either as right or as good or as virtuous or as wise, as over against others which are wrong, bad, vicious, or foolish. Here the interest is more in action than in approval, and more in the guidance of action than in its explanation, the purpose being to find or set up some ideal or standard of conduct or character, some good or end or summum bonum, some ethical criterion or first principle. In many philosophers these two approaches are combined. The first is dominant or nearly so in the ethics of Hume, Schopenhauer, the evolutionists, Westermarck, and of M. Schlick and other recent positivists, while the latter is dominant in the ethics of most other moralists.

ethics ::: 1. A system of moral principles. 2. The branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions. **ethics".

Eucken, Rudolf: (1846-1926) Being a writer of wide popularity, winner of the Nobel Prize for literature in 1908, Eucken defends a spiritualistic-idealistic metaphysics against materialistic naturalism, positivism and mechanism. Spiritual life, not being an oppositionless experience, is a struggle, a self-asserting action by resistance, a matter of great alternatives, either-ors between the natural and the spiritual, a matter of vital choice. Thus all significant oppositions are, within spiritual life itself, at once created and overcome. Immanence and transcendence, personalism and absolutism are the two native spiritual oppositions that agitate Eucken's system. Reconciliation between the vital dualities therefore depends not on mere intellectual insight, but on personal effort, courageous, heroic, militant and devoted action. He handles the basic oppositions of experience in harmony with the activist tenor of liberal Protestantism. Eucken sought to replace the prevailing intellectualistic idealism by an activistic idealism, founded on a comprehensive and historical consideration of culture at large. He sought to interpret the spiritual content of historical movements. He conceived of historical facts as being so many systematized wholes of life, for which he coined the term syntagma. His distinctive historical method consists of the reductive and the noological aspects. The former considers the parts directly in relation to an inward whole. The latter is an inner dialectic and immanent criticism of the inward principles of great minds, embracing the cosmologicnl and psychological ways of philosophical construction and transcending by the concept of spiritual life the opposition of the world and the individual soul. Preaching the need of a cultural renewal, not a few of his popularized ideas found their more articulated form in the philosophical sociology of his most eminent pupil, Max Scheler, in the cultural psychology of both Spranger and Spengler. His philosophy is essentially a call to arms against the deadening influences of modern life. -- H.H.

eudaemonics ::: n. --> That part of moral philosophy which treats of happiness; the science of happiness; -- contrasted with aretaics.

“Evolution, as we see it in this world, is a slow and difficult process and, indeed, needs usually ages to reach abiding results; but this is because it is in its nature an emergence from inconscient beginnings, a start from nescience and a working in the ignorance of natural beings by what seems to be an unconscious force. There can be, on the contrary, an evolution in the light and no longer in the darkness, in which the evolving being is a conscious participant and cooperator, and this is precisely what must take place here.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"Evolution is an inverse action of the involution: what is an ultimate and last derivation in the involution is the first to appear in the evolution; what was original and primal in the involution is in the evolution the last and supreme emergence.” The Life Divine ::: "Evolution, as we see it in this world, is a slow and difficult process and, indeed, needs usually ages to reach abiding results; but this is because it is in its nature an emergence from inconscient beginnings, a start from nescience and a working in the ignorance of natural beings by what seems to be an unconscious force. There can be, on the contrary, an evolution in the light and no longer in the darkness, in which the evolving being is a conscious participant and cooperator, and this is precisely what must take place here.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

E. von Hartmann, Philos. des Unbewussten, 3 vol. 1869 (Eng. tr. Philosophy of the Unconscious, 1931); Die Religion des Geistes, 1882; Aesthetik, 1886; Kategorienlehre, 1897; Geschichte der Metaphysik, 1900; Das Problem des Lebens, 1906; System der Philosophie in Grundriss, 1906-10. -- K.F.L.

Existential Philosophy arose from disappointment with Kant's "thing-in-itself" and Hegel's metaphysicism whose failure was traced back to a fundamental misrepresentation in psychology. It is strictly non-metaphysical, anti-hypothetical, and contends to give only a simple description of existent psychological realities. "Existence" is therefore not identical with the metaphysical correlative of "essence". Consciousness is influenced by our nerveous system, nutrition, and environment; these account for our experiences. Such terms as being, equal, similar, perceived, represented, have no logical or truth-value; they are merely biological "characters", a distinction between physical and psychological is unwarranted. Here lies the greatest weakness of the Existential Philosophy, which, however, did not hinder its spreading in both continents.

Existential import: See Logic, formal, § 4. Existential Philosophy: Determines the worth of knowledge not in relation to truth but according to its biological value contained in the pure data of consciousness when unaffected by emotions, volitions, and social prejudices. Both the source and the elements of knowledge are sensations as they "exist" in our consciousness. There is no difference between the external and internal world, as there is no natural phenomenon which could not be examined psychologically, it all has its "existence" in states of the mind. See Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Jaspers.

Expressive Meaning: See Meaning, Kinds of, 4. Extension: (Lat. ex + tendere, to stretch) Physical space, considered as a single concrete, continuum as contrasted with the abstract conceptual space of mathematics. The distinction between extension and "space" in the abstract sense is clearly drawn by Descartes (1596-1650) in The Principles of Philosophy, part II, Princ. IV-XV. -- L.W.

externalism ::: n. --> The quality of being manifest to the senses; external acts or appearances; regard for externals.
That philosophy or doctrine which recognizes or deals only with externals, or objects of sense perception; positivism; phenomenalism.


Ezra, Abraham Ibn: Jewish exegete and philosopher (1093-1167). Born in Spain he wandered in many lands, sojourned for a time in Italy and Provence. His philosophy is expressed largely in his commentaries but also in several short treatises, such as the Yesod Mora, i.e. Foundation of the Knowledge of God, and the Shaar ha-Shamayyim, i.e., The Gate to Heaven. Main problems he deals with are that of the right conception of the universe and its becoming and that of knowledge. He was influenced by teachings of neo-Platonism and Gabirol. -- M.W.

fashionable ::: a. --> Conforming to the fashion or established mode; according with the prevailing form or style; as, a fashionable dress.
Established or favored by custom or use; current; prevailing at a particular time; as, the fashionable philosophy; fashionable opinions.
Observant of the fashion or customary mode; dressing or behaving according to the prevailing fashion; as, a fashionable man.
Genteel; well-bred; as, fashionable society.


Feuerbach. Ludwig Andreas: (1804-1872) Was one of the earliest thinkers manifesting the trend toward the German materialism of the 19th century. Like so many other thinkers of that period, he started with the acceptance of Hegel's objective idealism, but soon he attempted to resolve the opposition of spiritualism and materialism. His main contributions lay in the field of the philosophy of religion interpreted by him as "the dream of the human spirit" essentially an earthly dream. He publicly acknowledged his utter disbelief in immortality, which act did not fail to provoke the ire of the authorities and terminated his academic career.

Fictionism: An extreme form of pragmatism or instrumentalism according to which the basic concepts and principles of natural science, mathematics, philosophy, ethics, religion and jurisprudence are pure fictions which, though lacking objective truth, are useful instruments of action. The theory is advanced under the influence of Kant, by the German philosopher H. Vaihinger in his Philosophie des Als Ob, 1911. Philosophv of the "As If." English translation by C. K. Ogden.) See Fiction, Construction. -- L. W.

First Mover: See Prime Mover. First Philosophy: (Gr. prote philosophia) The name given by Aristotle (1) to the study of the principles, first causes and essential attributes of being as such; and (2) more particularly to the study of transcendent immutable i being; theology. -- G.R.M.

Fischer, Kuno: (1824-1907) Is one of the series of eminent German historians of philosophy, inspired by the impetus which Hegel gave to the study of history. He personally joined in the revival of Kantianism in opposition to rationalistic, speculative metaphysics and the progress of materialism.

Fiske, John: (1842-1901) Harvard librarian and philosopher. He is best known as an historian of the colonial period. He was a voluminous writer in many fields. His Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy is his best known work as a pioneer in America of the evolutionary theories. He claimed an original contribution to these speculations in his studies of the period of infancy. His works on God and on immortality were widely read in his day although he later expressed doubts about them. Nevertheless his constant emphasis on the theistic as opposed to the positivistic implications of evolution served to influence the current theories of creative and emergent evolution. See Evolutionism. -- L.E.D.

Florentine Academy: It was a loose and informal circle of scholars and educated persons which gathered in Florence around the Platonic philosopher Marsilio Ficino. Its activities consisted in regular lectures on Platonic philosophy as well as in informal discussions and parties. "Platonic" love or friendship was considered as the spiritual link between the members of the group which was organized and named after the model of Plato's Academy. The main documents describing it are Ficino's correspondence and a number of dialogues like Ficino's commentary on Plato's Symposion, Landino's Disputationes Camaldulenses , and Benedetto Colucci's Declamationes. Outstanding members or associates of the Academy were Cosimo, Piero, and Lorenzo de'Medici, Angelo Poliziano, and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. The Academy which was first founded in 1462, dissolved after the revolution in Florence (1494) and after Ficino's death (1499), but the tradition of Platonic philosophy was continued in other private circles as well as at the universities of Florence and Pisa throughout the sixteenth century. -- P.O.K.

Following Locke, the phenomenon of association was investigated by G. Berkeley and D. Hume both of whom were especially concerned with the relations mediating association. Berkeley enumerates similarity, causality and coexistence or contiguity (Theory of Vision Vindicated (1733), § 39); Hume resemblance, contiguity in time or place and cause or effect (Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748), § 3; Treatise on Human Nature (1739), Bk. I, Pt. I, § 4). English associationism is further developed by D. Hartley, Observations on Man (1749), esp. Prop. XII; J. Mill, Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (1829), esp. Ch. 3; A. Bain, The Senses and the Intellect (1855); J. S. Mill, Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy (1865). Continental exponents of association psychology are E. B. de Condillac (Essai sur l'origines de connaissances humaines) (1746); Traite de sensations (1754); J. F. Herbart Lehrbuch der Psychologie (1816). -- L.W.

:::   "For what we understand by law is a single immutably habitual movement or recurrence in Nature fruitful of a determined sequence of things and that sequence must be clear, precise, limited to its formula, invariable.” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“For what we understand by law is a single immutably habitual movement or recurrence in Nature fruitful of a determined sequence of things and that sequence must be clear, precise, limited to its formula, invariable.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Frank, Philipp: (b. 1884) A member of the "Vienna Circle," who has made his home in the U. S. He has been avowedly influenced by Mach. His major work lies on the borderline between philosophy and physics and he makes an effort "to employ only concepts which will not lose their usefulness outside of physics."

freedom ::: “Freedom is the law of being in its illimitable unity, secret master of all Nature: …” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"Freedom is the law of being in its illimitable unity, secret master of all Nature: . . . .” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Freedom is the law of being in its illimitable unity, secret master of all Nature: …” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Fries, Jakob Friedrich: (1773-1843) Eminent German philosopher. The contribution of Fries lies in the continuation of Kant's work as offered in New or Anthropological Criticism of Reason and by his system of philosophy as exact science.

From the subliminal come all the greater aspirations, ideals, strivings tow’ards a better self and better humanity without which man svould be only a thinking animal — as also most of the art, , philosophy, poetry, thirst for knowledge which relieve, if they do not yet dispel, the ignorance.

Fung Yu-lan, A History of Chinese Philosophy (ancient period), tr. by D. Bodde, Henri Vetch, Peiping, 1937;

Gabirol, Solomon Ibn: Known to scholastics as Avicebron (q.v.), but not identified as such until the discovery by the French scholar, Munk. See Jewish Philosophy. -- M.W.

Galenian Figure: See Figure, syllogistic. Garbha: (Skr. seed) The creative power that lies at the bottom of the world, hypostatized in or symbolized by the germ or seed. In cosmologico-metaphysical conception it is allied to such termini technici as hiranyagarbha (golden germ), bija (seed), retas (semen), yoni (womb), anda (egg, world-egg), jan (to give birth to), srj (to pour out), etc., descriptive of psycho-cosmogony from the earliest days of Indian philosophy (s.v.). -- K.F.L.

Gassendi, Pierre: (1592-1655) Was a leading opponent of Cartesianism and of Scholastic Aristotelianism in the field of the physical sciences. Though he was a Catholic priest, with orthodox views in theology, he revived the materialistic atomism of Epicurus and Lucretius. Born in Provence, and at one time Canon of Dijon, he became a distinguished professor of mathematics at the Royal College of Paris in 1645. He seems to have been sincerely convinced that the Logic, Physics and Ethics of Epicureanism were superior to any other type of classical or modern philosophy. His objections to Descartes' Meditationes, with the Cartesian responses, are printed with the works of Descartes. His other philosophical works are Commentarius de vita moribus et placitis Epicuri (Amsterdam, 1659). Syntagma philosophiae Epicuri (Amsterdam, 1684). -- V.J.B.

Gazali: Born 1059 in Tus, in the country of Chorasan, taught at Bagdad, lived for a time in Syria, died in his home town 1111. He started as a sceptic in philosophy and became a mystic and orthodox afterwards. Philosophy is meaningful only as introduction to theology. His attitude resembles Neo-Platonic mysticism and is anti-Aristotelian. He wrote a detailed report on the doctrines of Farabi and Avicenna only to subject them to a scathing criticism in Destructio philosophorum where he points out the self-contradictions of philosophers. His main works are theological. In his writings on logic he wants to ensure to theology a reliable method of procedure. His metaphysics also is mainly based on theology: creation of the world out of nothing, resurrection, and so forth. Cf. H. Bauer, Die Dogmatik Al-Ghazalis, 1912. -- R.A.

Gemara: ( Heb. completion) Is the larger and latter part of the Talmud (q.v.) discussing the Mishnah, and incorporating also vast materials not closely related to the Mishnah topics. The 1812 authorities of the gemara are known as Amoraim (speakers). Its contents bears on Halaeha (law) and Aggadah (tale), i.e. non-legal material like legends, history, science, ethics, philosophy, biography, etc. There are two gemaras better known as Talmuds: the Jerusalem (i.e. Palestinian) Talmud and the Babylonian Talmud. -- H.L.G.

Gentile, Giovanni: Born in Castelvetrano (Sicily) 1875. Professor of Philosophy and History of Philosophy at universities in Palermo, Pisa, and Rome. Minister of Public Education 1922-1924. Senator since 1922. Reformed the school system of Italy.

Gerson, Levi ben: (Gersonides) Bible commentator, astronomer, and philosopher (1288-1340). He invented an instrument for astronomical observation which is described in his Sefer ha-Ttkunah (Hebr.) Book on Astronomy. His philosophy embodied in the Milhamot Elohim i.e., The Wars of God, is distinguished by its thoroughgoing Aristotehanism and by its general free spirit. His theory of the soul teaches that the passive or material intellect is only a potentiality for developing pure thought which is accomplished through the influence of the Universal Active Intellect, and that it is that part of the soul which contains the sum total of the exalted thoughts which remains immortal, thus making intellectuality a condition of immortality. He also teaches that God knows things from their general aspect but does not know the particulars in their infinite ramifications. -- See Jewish Philosophy. -- M.W.

gnosticism ::: n. --> The system of philosophy taught by the Gnostics.

God: In metaphysical thinking a name for the highest, ultimate being, assumed by theology on the basis of authority, revelation, or the evidence of faith as absolutely necessary, but demonstrated as such by a number of philosophical systems, notably idealistic, monistic and dualistic ones. Proofs of the existence of God fall apart into those that are based on facts of experience (desire or need for perfection, dependence, love, salvation, etc.), facts of religious history (consensus gentium, etc.)), postulates of morality (belief in ultimate justice, instinct for an absolute good, conscience, the categorical imperative, sense of duty, need of an objective foundation of morality, etc.)), postulates of reason (cosmological, physico-theological, teleological, and ontological arguments), and the inconceivableness of the opposite. As to the nature of God, the great variety of opinions are best characterized by their several conceptions of the attributes of God which are either of a non-personal (pantheistic, etc.) or personal (theistic, etc.) kind, representing concepts known from experience raised to a superlative degree ("omniscient", "eternal", etc.). The reality, God, may be conceived as absolute or as relative to human values, as being an all-inclusive one, a duality, or a plurality. Concepts of God calling for unquestioning faith, belief in miracles, and worship or representing biographical and descriptive sketches of God and his creation, are rather theological than metaphysical, philosophers, on the whole, utilizing the idea of God or its linguistic equivalents in other languages, despite popular and church implications, in order not to lose the feeling-contact with the rather abstract world-ground. See Religion, Philosophy of. -- K.F.L.

"God is one but he is not bounded by his unity.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“God is one but he is not bounded by his unity.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

gospel ::: v. --> Glad tidings; especially, the good news concerning Christ, the Kingdom of God, and salvation.
One of the four narratives of the life and death of Jesus Christ, written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
A selection from one of the gospels, for use in a religious service; as, the gospel for the day.
Any system of religious doctrine; sometimes, any system of political doctrine or social philosophy; as, this political gospel.


Grabmann, Martin: (1875-) Is one of the most capable historians of medieval philosophy. Born in Wintershofen (Oberpfalz), he was ordained in 1898. He his taught philosophy and theology at Eichstätt (1906), Vienna (1913), and Munich (1918-). An acknowledged authority on the chronology and authenticity of the works of St. Thomas, he is equally capable in dealing with the thought of St. Augustine, or of many minor writers in philosophy and theology up to the Renaissance, Aus d. Geisteswelt d. Mittelalters (Festg. Grabmann) Münster i. W. 1935, lists more than 200 of his articles and books, published before 1934. Chief works Die Geschichte der scholastischen Methods (1909), Mittelalterliches Geistesleben (1926), Werke des hl. Thomas v. Aq. (1931). -- V.J.B.

(g) The problem of the structure of the knowledge-situation is to determine with respect to each of the major kinds of knowledge just enumerated -- but particularly with respect to perception -- the constituents of the knowledge-situation in their relation to one another. The structural problem stated in general but rather vague terms is: What is the relation between the subjective and objective components of the knowledge-situation? In contemporary epistemology, the structural problem has assumed a position of such preeminence as frequently to eclipse other issues of epistemology. The problem has even been incorporated by some into the definition of philosophy. (See A. Lalande, Vocabulaire de la Philosophie, art. Theorie de la Connaissance. I. and G.D. Hicks, Encycl. Brit. 5th ed. art. Theory of Knowledge.) The principal cleavage in epistemology, according to this formulation of its problem, is between a subjectivism which telescopes the object of knowledge into the knowing subject (see Subjectivism; Idealism, Epistemological) and pan-objectivism which ascribes to the object all qualities perceived or otherwise cognized. See Pan-obiectivism. A compromise between the extrernes of subjectivism and objectivism is achieved by the theory of representative perception, which, distinguishing between primary and secondary qualities, considers the former objective, the latter subjective. See Representative Perception, Theory of; Primary Qualities; Secondary Qualities.

Guna: (Skr. thread, cord) Quality, that which has substance (see dravya) as substratum. It is variously conceived in Indian philosophy and different enumerations are made. The Vaisesika, e.g., knows 24 kinds, along with subsidiary ones; the Sankhya, Trika, and others recognize three: sativa, rajas, tamas (q.v.). -- K.F.L.

Haeberlin, Paul: (1878-) A well known Swiss thinker whose major contributions until recent years were in the field of education. In his hands phenomenology has become existential philosophy. A transcendental-idealistic tone pervades his philosophy. He combines in theory the advantages of existential phenomenology with those of psychologism. -- H.H.

Ha-Levi, Judah: (b. ca. 1080, d. ca. 1140) Poet and philosopher. His Kuzari (Arabic Kitab Al-Khazari), written in dialogue form, has a double purpose. First, as its subtitle, A Book of Proofs and Arguments in Defense of the Humiliated Religion, indicates, it aims to prove the dignity and worth of Judaism. Secondly, he endeavors to show the insufficiency of philosophy and the superiority of the truths of revealed religion to those arrived at by logic. The admission of both Christianity and Islam that Judaism is their source proves the first. The exaltation of intuition as a means of certainty in matters of religion, and the claim that the prophet is the highest type of man rather than the philosopher purposes to substantiate the second. He endows the Jewish people with a special religio-ethical sense which is their share only and constitutes a quasi-biological quality. He assigns also a special importance to Palestine as a contributory factor in the spiritual development of his people, for only there can this religio-ethical sense come to full expression. -- M.W.

Hamann, Johann Georg: (1730-1788) Kant's extreme pietist friend, and, like him, a native of Königsberg, he saw in the critical philosophy of Kant an unsuccessful attempt to make reason independent of all tradition, belief and experience. -- H.H.

heads ::: poetry, prose and scholarship", with further subdivisions of each of these such as philosophy (darsana) under prose, and philology (nirukta) under scholarship; sahitya itself is sometimes listed separately from some of these divisions and subdivisions, seeming then to refer mainly to general prose writing.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: Born at Stuttgart in 1770 and died at Berlin in 1831. He studied theology, philosophy and the classics at Tübingen, 1788-93, occupied the conventional position of tutor in Switzerland and Frankfort on the Main, 1794-1800, and went to Jena as Privatdocent in philosophy in 1801. He was promoted to a professorship at Jena in 1805, but was driven from the city the next year by the incursion of the French under Napoleon. He then went to Bamberg, where he remained two years as editor of a newspaper. The next eight years he spent as director of the Gymnasium at Nürnberg. In 1816 he accepted a professorship of philosophy at Heidelberg, from which position he was called two years later to succeed Fichte at the University of Berlin. While at Jena, he co-operated with Schelling in editing the Kritisches Journal der Philosophie, to which he contributed many articles. His more important volumes were published as follows: Phänomenologie des Geistes, 1807; Wissenschaft der Logik, 1812-16; Encyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse, 1817; Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, 1820. Shortly after his death his lectures on the philosophy of religion, the history of philosophy, the philosophy of history, and aesthetics were published from the collated lecture-notes of his students. His collected works in nineteen volumes were published 1832-40 by a group of his students. -- G.W.C.

Hegelianism: As expounded in the writings of Hegel, Hegelianism is both a doctrine and a method. The two are held to be logically inseparable: the method is precisely the formulation of the doctrine, and the doctrine is precisely the detailed expression of the method. This integration of the two aspects of the philosophy presents a formidable obstacle to interpretation and to summary presentation of Hegelianism as conceived by its founder.

hegelism ::: n. --> The system of logic and philosophy set forth by Hegel, a German writer (1770-1831).

Heidegger, Martin: (1889-) Trained in Husserl's radical structural analysis of pure consciousness, Heidegger shares with phenomenology the effort to methodically analyze and describe the conceptual meanings of single phenomena. He aimed at a phenomenological analysis of human existence in respect to its temporal and historical character. Concentrating on the Greek tradition, and endeavoring to open a totally different approach from that of the Greek thinkers to the problem of being, he seeks to find his way back to an inner independence of philosophy from the special sciences. Before a start can be made in the radical analysis of human existence, the road has to be cleared of the objections of philosophical tradition, science, logic and common sense. As the moderns have forgotten the truths the great thinkers discovered, have lost the ability to penetrate to the real origins, the recovery of the hard-won, original, uncorrupted insights of man into metaphysical reality, is only possible through a "destructive" analysis of the traditional philosophies. By this recovery of the hidden sources, Heidegger aims to revive the genuine philosophizing which, not withstanding appearances, has vanished from us in the Western world because of autonomous science serious disputing of the position of philosophy. As human reality is so structured that it discloses itself immediately, he writes really an idealistic philosophy of homo faber. But instead of being a rationalistic idealist reading reason into the structure of the really real, he takes a more avowedly emotional phenomenon as the center of a new solution of the Seinsfrage.

Helvetius, Claude Adrien: (1715-1771) A French philosopher, he developed on the basis of Condillac's sensationalism his superficial materialistic philosophy. His theories of the original mental equality of individuals, of the egoism or self-interest as the sole motive of human action, and of the omnipotence of education, stress the basic determining influence of circumstances.

Herbartianism: The philosophical, but particularly the psychological and pedagogical doctrines of Johann Friedrich Herbart (q.v.) as expounded in modified and developed form by his disciples, notably M. Lazarus and H. Steinthal in psychology, T. Zillcr and W. Rein in pedagogy, M. Drobisch in religious philosophy and ethics. In America, the movement was vigorous and influential, but shortlived (about 1890-1910) and confined mainly to education (Charles De-Garmo and Charles A. McMurry). Like Herbart, his disciples strove for a clarification of concepts with special emphasis on scientific method, the doctrine of apperception, and the efficacy of a mathematical approach even in their psychology which was dominated by associational thinking; yet they discarded more or less the master's doctrine of reals. -- K.F.L.

Herbart, Johann Friedrich: (1776-1841) Best known as the "father" of scientific pedagogy centrally based upon psychology, a general tenet that still has weight today, Herbart occupies as educational philosophical theorist a position strikingly similar to that of John Dewey, the nestor of American philosophy.

heresy ::: n. --> An opinion held in opposition to the established or commonly received doctrine, and tending to promote a division or party, as in politics, literature, philosophy, etc.; -- usually, but not necessarily, said in reproach.
Religious opinion opposed to the authorized doctrinal standards of any particular church, especially when tending to promote schism or separation; lack of orthodox or sound belief; rejection of, or erroneous belief in regard to, some fundamental religious doctrine


hermetical ::: a. --> Of, pertaining to, or taught by, Hermes Trismegistus; as, hermetic philosophy. Hence: Alchemical; chemic.
Of or pertaining to the system which explains the causes of diseases and the operations of medicine on the principles of the hermetic philosophy, and which made much use, as a remedy, of an alkali and an acid; as, hermetic medicine.
Made perfectly close or air-tight by fusion, so that no gas or spirit can enter or escape; as, an hermetic seal. See Note under


Heuristic: (Gr. heuriskein, to discover) Serving to find out, helping to show how the qualities and relations of objects are to be sought. In Kant's philosophy, applying to ideas of God, freedom and immortality, as being undemonstrable but useful in the interpretation of things and events in time and space. In methodology, aiding in the discovery of truth. The heuristic method is the analytical method. Opposite of: ostensive. -- J.K.F.

Hexis: (Gr. hexis) In Aristotle's philosophy a state or condition of a thing; particularly an acquired disposition or habit, not easily changed, and affecting the welfare of its possessor, such as the moral virtues and the intellectual skills. -- G.R.M.

Hierarchy of types: See Logic, formal, § 6. Hilbert, David, 1862-, German mathematician. Professor of mathematics at the University of Göttingen, 1895-. A major contributor to many branches of mathematics, he is regarded by many as the greatest mathematician of his generation. His work on the foundations of Euclidean geometry is contained in his Grundlagen der Geometrie (1st edn., 1899, 7th edn., 1930). Concerning his contributions to mathematical logic and mathematical philosophy, see the articles mathematics, and proof theory. -- A. C.

Hindu Ethics: See Indian Ethics. Hindu Aesthetics: See Indian Aesthetics. Hindu Philosophy: See Indian Philosophy. Historical materialism: The social philosophy of dialectical materialism. The application of the general principles of dialectical materialism to the specific field of human history, the development of human society. One of the chief problems Marx dealt with was that of the basic causal agent in the movement of human history. He states his thesis as follows:

hippocratism ::: n. --> The medical philosophy or system of Hippocrates.

hiranyagarbha. ::: "golden womb" or "golden egg"; the Source of the creation of the universe or the manifested cosmos in Indian philosophy; the soul of the universe; creative intelligence

His aesthetics defines art as an expression of sentiment, as a language. His logic emphasizes the distinction of categories, reducing opposition to a derivative of distinction. According to his ethics, economics is an autonomous and absolute moment of spirit. His theory of history regards all history as contemporaneous. His philosophy is one of the greatest attempts at elaboration of pure concepts entirely appropriate to historical experience.

Historicism: The view that the history of anything is a sufficient explanation of it, that the values of anything can be accounted for through the discovery of its origins, that the nature of anything is entirely comprehended in its development, as for example, that the properties of the oak tree are entirely accounted for by an exhaustive description of its development from the acorn. The doctrine which discounts the fallaciousness of the historical fallacy. Applied by some critics to the philosophy of Hegel and Karl Marx. -- J.K.F.

History, Philosophy of: History investigates the theories concerning the development of man as a social being within the limits of psychophysical causality. Owing to this double puipose the philosophy of history has to study the principles of historiography, and, first of all, their background, their causes and underlying laws, their meaning and motivation. This can be called the metaphysics of history. Secondly, it concerns itself with the cognitive part, i.e. with historic understanding, and then it is called the logic of history. While in earlier times the philosophy of history was predominantly metaphysics, it has turned more and more to the methodology or logic of history. A complete philosophy of history, however, ought to consider the metaphysical as well as the logical problems involved.

Hobbes, Thomas: (1588-1679) Considering knowledge empirical in origin and results, and philosophy inference of causes from effects and vice versa, regarded matter and motion as the least common denominators of all our percepts, and bodies and their movements as the only subject matter of philosophy. Consciousness in its sensitive and cognitive aspects is a jarring of the nervous system; in its affectional and volitional, motor aspects, a kick-back to the jar. Four subdivisions of philosophy cover all physical and psychological events: geometry describing the spatial movements of bodies; physics, the effects of moving bodies upon one another; ethics, the movements of nervous systems; politics, the effects of nervous systems upon one another. The first law of motion appears in every organic body in its tendency, which in man becomes a natural right, to self-preservation and self-assertion. Hence the primary condition of all organic as of all inorganic bodies is one of collision, conflict, and war. The second law of motion, in its organic application, impels men to relinquish a portion of their natural right to self-assertion in return for a similar relinquishment on the part of their fellows. Thus a component of the antagonistic forces of clashing individual rights and wills is established, embodied in a social contract, or treaty of peace, which is the basis of the state. To enforce this social covenant entered into, pursuant to the second law of motion, by individuals naturally at war in obedience to the first, sovereignty must be set up and exercised through government. Government is most efficient when sovereignty, which has in any case to be delegated in a community of any size, is delegated to one man -- an absolute monarch -- rather than to a group of men, or a parliament.

Hocking, William Ernest: (1873) Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Harvard. Has endeavored to blend idealism vvith pragmatism while making some concessions to realism, even is in current theory he strives for a reconciliation between laissez faire liberalism and collectivism through a midground found in the worth of the individual in a "commotive union in the coagent state," a notion comparable to the "conjunct self" of George Herbert Palmer only with a more individualistic emphasis and a current flavor. Among his works are: The Meaning of God in Human Experience, Man and the State, Types of Philosophy, Lasting Elements of Individualism and Living Religions and a World Faith. -- L.E.D.

Hodgson, Shadworth: (1852-1913) English writer who had no profession and who held no public office. He displayed throughout a long life a keen devotion to philosophy. He was among the founders of the Aristotelian Society and served as its president for fourteen years. His earlier work was reshaped in a monumental four volume treatise called The Metaphysic of Experience. He viewed himself as correcting and completing the Kantian position in his comparatively materialistic approach to reality with a recognition of the unseen world prompted by a practical, moral compulsion rather than speculative conviction. -- L.E.D.

H. Vaihinger, The Philosophy of "As If", Eng. trans., 1924.

ideal ::: a. --> Existing in idea or thought; conceptional; intellectual; mental; as, ideal knowledge.
Reaching an imaginary standard of excellence; fit for a model; faultless; as, ideal beauty.
Existing in fancy or imagination only; visionary; unreal.
Teaching the doctrine of idealism; as, the ideal theory or philosophy.
Imaginary.


"Ideals are truths that have not yet effected themselves for man, the realities of a higher plane of existence which have yet to fulfil themselves on this lower plane of life and matter, our present field of operation.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Ideals are truths that have not yet effected themselves for man, the realities of a higher plane of existence which have yet to fulfil themselves on this lower plane of life and matter, our present field of operation.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

ignorance ::: the state or fact of being ignorant; lack of knowledge, learning, information. Ignorance, ignorance"s, Ignorance"s, ignorance", world-ignorance, World-Ignorance.

Sri Aurobindo: "Ignorance is the absence of the divine eye of perception which gives us the sight of the supramental Truth; it is the non-perceiving principle in our consciousness as opposed to the truth-perceiving conscious vision and knowledge.” *The Life Divine

"Ignorance is the consciousness of being in the successions of Time, divided in its knowledge by dwelling in the moment, divided in its conception of self-being by dwelling in the divisions of Space and the relations of circumstance, self-prisoned in the multiple working of the unity. It is called the Ignorance because it has put behind it the knowledge of unity and by that very fact is unable to know truly or completely either itself or the world, either the transcendent or the universal reality.” The Life Divine

"Ignorance means Avidya, the separative consciousness and the egoistic mind and life that flow from it and all that is natural to the separative consciousness and the egoistic mind and life. This Ignorance is the result of a movement by which the cosmic Intelligence separated itself from the light of the Supermind (the divine Gnosis) and lost the Truth, — truth of being, truth of divine consciousness, truth of force and action, truth of Ananda. As a result, instead of a world of integral truth and divine harmony created in the light of the divine Gnosis, we have a world founded on the part truths of an inferior cosmic Intelligence in which all is half-truth, half-error. . . . All in the consciousness of this creation is either limited or else perverted by separation from the integral Light; even the Truth it perceives is only a half-knowledge. Therefore it is called the Ignorance.” The Mother

". . . all ignorance is a penumbra which environs an orb of knowledge . . . .”The Life Divine

"This world is not really created by a blind force of Nature: even in the Inconscient the presence of the supreme Truth is at work; there is a seeing Power behind it which acts infallibly and the steps of the Ignorance itself are guided even when they seem to stumble; for what we call the Ignorance is a cloaked Knowledge, a Knowledge at work in a body not its own but moving towards its own supreme self-discovery.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"Knowledge is no doubt the knowledge of the One, the realisation of the Being; Ignorance is a self-oblivion of Being, the experience of separateness in the multiplicity and a dwelling or circling in the ill-understood maze of becomings: . . . .” The Life Divine*


iht pure perception of tnilb called in our philosophy Viffiana.

II. Metaphysics of History: The metaphysical interpretations of the meaning of history are either supra-mundane or intra-mundane (secular). The oldest extra-mundane, or theological, interpretation has been given by St. Augustine (Civitas Dei), Dante (Divma Commedia) and J. Milton (Paradise Lost and Regained). All historic events are seen as having a bearing upon the redemption of mankind through Christ which will find its completion at the end of this world. Owing to the secularistic tendencies of modern times the Enlightenment Period considered the final end of human history as the achievement of public welfare through the power of reason. Even the ideal of "humanity" of the classic humanists, advocated by Schiller, Goethe, Fichte, Rousseau, Lord Byron, is only a variety of the philosophy of the Enlightenment, and in the same line of thought we find A. Comte, H. Spencer ("human moral"), Engels and K. Marx. The German Idealism of Kant and Hegel saw in history the materialization of the "moral reign of freedom" which achieves its perfection in the "objective spirit of the State". As in the earlier systems of historical logic man lost his individuality before the forces of natural laws, so, according to Hegel, he is nothing but an instrument of the "idea" which develops itself through the three dialectic stages of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. (Example. Absolutism, Democracy, Constitutional Monarchy.) Even the great historian L. v. Ranke could not break the captivating power of the Hegelian mechanism. Ranke places every historical epoch into a relation to God and attributes to it a purpose and end for itself. Lotze and Troeltsch followed in his footsteps. Lately, the evolutionistic interpretation of H. Bergson is much discussed and disputed. His "vital impetus" accounts for the progressiveness of life, but fails to interpret the obvious setbacks and decadent civilizations. According to Kierkegaard and Spranger, merely human ideals prove to be too narrow a basis for the tendencies, accomplishments, norms, and defeats of historic life. It all points to a supra-mundane intelligence which unfolds itself in history. That does not make superfluous a natural interpretation, both views can be combined to understand history as an endless struggle between God's will and human will, or non-willing, for that matter. -- S.V.F.

inconscient ::: Sri Aurobindo: "The Inconscient and the Ignorance may be mere empty abstractions and can be dismissed as irrelevant jargon if one has not come in collision with them or plunged into their dark and bottomless reality. But to me they are realities, concrete powers whose resistance is present everywhere and at all times in its tremendous and boundless mass.” *Letters on Savitri

". . . in its actual cosmic manifestation the Supreme, being the Infinite and not bound by any limitation, can manifest in Itself, in its consciousness of innumerable possibilities, something that seems to be the opposite of itself, something in which there can be Darkness, Inconscience, Inertia, Insensibility, Disharmony and Disintegration. It is this that we see at the basis of the material world and speak of nowadays as the Inconscient — the Inconscient Ocean of the Rigveda in which the One was hidden and arose in the form of this universe — or, as it is sometimes called, the non-being, Asat.” Letters on Yoga

"The Inconscient itself is only an involved state of consciousness which like the Tao or Shunya, though in a different way, contains all things suppressed within it so that under a pressure from above or within all can evolve out of it — ‘an inert Soul with a somnambulist Force".” Letters on Yoga

"The Inconscient is the last resort of the Ignorance.” Letters on Yoga

"The body, we have said, is a creation of the Inconscient and itself inconscient or at least subconscient in parts of itself and much of its hidden action; but what we call the Inconscient is an appearance, a dwelling place, an instrument of a secret Consciousness or a Superconscient which has created the miracle we call the universe.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga :::

"The Inconscient is a sleep or a prison, the conscient a round of strivings without ultimate issue or the wanderings of a dream: we must wake into the superconscious where all darkness of night and half-lights cease in the self-luminous bliss of the Eternal.” The Life Divine

"Men have not learnt yet to recognise the Inconscient on which the whole material world they see is built, or the Ignorance of which their whole nature including their knowledge is built; they think that these words are only abstract metaphysical jargon flung about by the philosophers in their clouds or laboured out in long and wearisome books like The Life Divine. Letters on Savitri :::

   "Is it really a fact that even the ordinary reader would not be able to see any difference between the Inconscient and Ignorance unless the difference is expressly explained to him? This is not a matter of philosophical terminology but of common sense and the understood meaning of English words. One would say ‘even the inconscient stone" but one would not say, as one might of a child, ‘the ignorant stone". One must first be conscious before one can be ignorant. What is true is that the ordinary reader might not be familiar with the philosophical content of the word Inconscient and might not be familiar with the Vedantic idea of the Ignorance as the power behind the manifested world. But I don"t see how I can acquaint him with these things in a single line, even with the most. illuminating image or symbol. He might wonder, if he were Johnsonianly minded, how an Inconscient could be teased or how it could wake Ignorance. I am afraid, in the absence of a miracle of inspired poetical exegesis flashing through my mind, he will have to be left wondering.” Letters on Savitri

  **inconscient, Inconscient"s.**


"Indian devotion has especially seized upon the most intimate human relations and made them stepping-stones to the supra-human. God the Guru, God the Master, God the Friend, God the Mother, God the Child, God the Self, each of these experiences — for to us they are more than merely ideas, — it has carried to its extreme possibilities.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Indian devotion has especially seized upon the most intimate human relations and made them stepping-stones to the supra-human. God the Guru, God the Master, God the Friend, God the Mother, God the Child, God the Self, each of these experiences—for to us they are more than merely ideas,—it has carried to its extreme possibilities.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

indifferentism ::: n. --> State of indifference; want of interest or earnestness; especially, a systematic apathy regarding what is true or false in religion or philosophy; agnosticism.
Same as Identism.
A heresy consisting in an unconcern for any particular creed, provided the morals be right and good.


In genera, Anglo-Catholic philosophy has been an incarnational or sacramental one, finding God in the Biblical revelation culminating in Christ, but unwilling to limit his self-disclosure to that series of events. Incarnationalism provides, it is said, the setting for the historic Incarnation; general revelation is on sacramental lines, giving meaning to the particular sacraments. For Anglo-Catholic philosophical theology, in its central stream, the key to dogma is the cumulative experience of Christian people, tested by the Biblical revelation as source and standard of that experience and hence "classical" in its value. Revelation is the ultimate authority; the Church possesses a trustworthiness about her central beliefs, but statement of these may change from age to age. Sometimes this main tendency of Anglo-Catholic thought has been sharply criticized by thinkers, themselves Anglicans (cf. Tennant's Philosophical Theology); but these have, in general, served as useful warnings rather than as normal expressions of the Anglican mind.

In Germany, the movement was initiated by G. W. Leibniz whose writings reveal another motive for the cult of pure reason, i.e. the deep disappointment with the Reformation and the bloody religious wars among Christians who were accused of having forfeited the confidence of man in revealed religion. Hence the outstanding part played by the philosophers of ''natural law", Grotius, S. Pufendorf, and Chr. Thomasius, their theme being advanced by the contributions to a "natural religion" and tolerance by Chr. Wolff, G. E. Lessing, G. Herder, and the Prussian king Frederik II. Fr. v. Schiller's lyric and dramas served as a powerful commendation of ideal freedom, liberty, justice, and humanity. A group of educators (philanthropists) designed new methods and curricula for the advancement of public education, many of them, eg. Pestalozzi, Basedow, Cooper, A. H. Francke, and Fr. A. Wolf, the father of classic humanism, having achieved international recognition. Although in general agreement with th philosophical axioms of foreign enlighteners, the German philosophy decidedly opposed the English sensism (Hume) and French scepticism, and reached its height in Kant's Critiques. The radical rationalism, however, combined with its animosity against religion, brought about strong philosophical, theological, and literal opposition (Hamann, Jacobi, Lavater) which eventually led to its defeat. The ideals of the enlightenment period, the impassioned zeal for the materialization of the ideal man in an ideal society show clearly that it was basically related to the Renaissance and its continuation. See Aufklärung. Cf. J. G. Hibben, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 1910. -- S.v.F.

In its nature and law the Overmind is a delegate of the Supermind Consciousness, its delegate to the Ignorance. Or we might speak of it as a protective double, a screen of dissimilar similarity through which Supermind can act indirectly on an Ignorance whose darkness could not bear or receive the direct impact of a supreme Light. Even, it is by the projection of this luminous Overmind corona that the diffusion of a diminished light in the Ignorance and the throwing of that contrary shadow which swallows up in itself all light, the Inconscience, became at all possible. For Supermind transmits to Overmind all its realities, but leaves it to formulate them in a movement and according to an awareness of things which is still a vision of Truth and yet at the same time a first parent of the Ignorance. A line divides Supermind and Overmind which permits a free transmission, allows the lower Power to derive from the higher Power all it holds or sees, but automatically compels a transitional change in the passage. The integrality of the Supermind keeps always the essential truth of things, the total truth and the truth of its individual self-determinations clearly knit together; it maintains in them an inseparable unity and between them a close interpenetration and a free and full consciousness of each other: but in Overmind this integrality is no longer there. And yet the Overmind is well aware of the essential Truth of things; it embraces the totality; it uses the individual self-determinations without being limited by them: but although it knows their oneness, can realise it in a spiritual cognition, yet its dynamic movement, even while relying on that for its security, is not directly determined by it. Overmind Energy proceeds through an illimitable capacity of separation and combination of the powers and aspects of the integral and indivisible all-comprehending Unity. It takes each Aspect or Power and gives to it an independent action in which it acquires a full separate importance and is able to work out, we might say, its own world of creation. Purusha and Prakriti, Conscious Soul and executive Force of Nature, are in the supramental harmony a two-aspected single truth, being and dynamis of the Reality; there can be no disequilibrium or predominance of one over the other. In Overmind we have the origin of the cleavage, the trenchant distinction made by the philosophy of the Sankhyas in which they appear as two independent entities, Prakriti able to dominate Purusha and cloud its freedom and power, reducing it to a witness and recipient of her forms and actions, Purusha able to return to its separate existence and abide in a free self-sovereignty by rejection of her original overclouding material principle. So with the other aspects or powers of the Divine Reality, One and Many, Divine Personality and Divine Impersonality, and the rest; each is still an aspect and power of the one Reality, but each is empowered to act as an independent entity in the whole, arrive at the fullness of the possibilities of its separate expression and develop the dynamic consequences of that separateness. At the same time in Overmind this separateness is still founded on the basis of an implicit underlying unity; all possibilities of combination and relation between the separated Powers and Aspects, all interchanges and mutualities of their energies are freely organised and their actuality always possible.

:::   "Inner mind is that which lies behind the surface mind (our ordinary mentality) and can only be directly experienced (apart from its vrttis in the surface mind such as philosophy, poetry, idealism, etc.) by sadhana, by breaking down the habit of being on the surface and by going deeper within.” *Letters on Yoga

"Inner mind is that which lies behind the surface mind (our ordinary mentality) and can only be directly experienced (apart from its vrttis in the surface mind such as philosophy, poetry, idealism, etc.) by sadhana, by breaking down the habit of being on the surface and by going deeper within.” Letters on Yoga

“Inner mind is that which lies behind the surface mind (our ordinary mentality) and can only be directly experienced (apart from its vrttis in the surface mind such as philosophy, poetry, idealism, etc.) by sadhana, by breaking down the habit of being on the surface and by going deeper within.” Letters on Yoga

In philosophy, a proposition opposed to a given thesis expressing a fact or a positive statement. With Kant, it is the negative member of the antinomies of reason. With Hegel, it is the second phase of the dialectical process, which denies the first moment or thesis, and which contributes to the emergence of the synthesis blending the partial truths of the thesis and the antithesis, and transcending them both.

in political and legal philosophy and theology, doctrines based on the theory that there are certain unchanging laws which pertain to man"s nature, which can be discovered by reason, and therefore ethically binding in human society, and to which man-made laws should conform.

In the meantime, Taoism degenerated and identified itself with the lowest forms of religious worship. Its naturalistic philosophy was carried to the point of fatalistic mechanism in Lieh Tzu (c. 300 A.D.) and was made the theoretical basis for alchemy and the search for longevity in Ko Hung (c. 268-c. 334 A.D.). In Kuo Hsiang (c. 312 A.D.), however, the true spirit of Taoism revived. He restored and developed the Taoist doctrines of naturalism and spontaneous transformation to a position of dignity.

It is an error to see Bergson's philosophy as being exclusively an intuitive critique of knowledge. Such a mode of exposition constructs of his thought a mere "ism", a species of intuitionalism. Bergson was the first to try to give the term intuition a scientific basis. He transformed and regrounded the static pattern of the older forms of intuitionism by giving it a biogenetic and psychologically dynamic justification. Intuitive knowledge is not limited to the favored few, is not a private, purely solipsistic affair, but is a general property of all thinking minds. Bergson's conception of intuition represents a fusion of scientific objectivity and artistic directness.

:::   "Kali, the Mother of all and destroyer of all, is the Shakti that works in secret in the heart of humanity. . . .” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Kali, the Mother of all and destroyer of all, is the Shakti that works in secret in the heart of humanity….” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

kalpa. ::: cosmic cycle; an aeon; the longest age in hindu philosophy lasting several billion years &

kantism ::: n. --> The doctrine or theory of Kant; the Kantian philosophy.

Kapila ::: [an ancient sage, the traditional founder of the samkhya system of philosophy].

Karmic ::: “If we believe that the soul is repeatedly reborn in the body, we must believe also that there is some link between the lives that preceded and the lives that follow and that the past of the soul has an effect on its future; and that is the spiritual essence of the law of Karma.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

K. Gödel, The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis with the Axioms of Set Theory. Princeton, N.J., 1940. Chou Tun-i: (Chou Lien-hsi, Chou Mao-shu, 1017-1073) Was active in government and was a renowned judge. He was the pioneer of Neo-Confucianism (li hsueh), anticipating the Ch'eng brothers. He wrote the T'ung-shu (explanation of the Book of Changes) and the T'aichi T'u-shu (explanation of the diagram of the Great Ultimate), fundamental texts of Neo-Confucian philosophy. -- W.T.C.

laputan ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to Laputa, an imaginary flying island described in Gulliver&

:::   "Law is nothing but a mode or rule of action; it is called in our philosophy not Law but Dharma, holding together, it is that by which the action of the universe, the action of its parts, the action of the individual is held together.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Law is nothing but a mode or rule of action; it is called in our philosophy not Law but Dharma, holding together, it is that by which the action of the universe, the action of its parts, the action of the individual is held together.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

:::   " . . . liberation is self-possession. . . .” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“… liberation is self-possession….” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

lyceum ::: n. --> A place of exercise with covered walks, in the suburbs of Athens, where Aristotle taught philosophy.
A house or apartment appropriated to instruction by lectures or disquisitions.
A higher school, in Europe, which prepares youths for the university.
An association for debate and literary improvement.


Madhav: “This is another key idea in Sri Aurobindo’s philosophy, that Nature, what is called Prakriti in Indian philosophy, is not different, not alien to the Purusha. Nature is not foreign to the soul, to God. It is a conscious front of God. Scratch Nature, look behind the exterior of Nature and you will find God. The apparent difference, distinction between Nature and God is only a superficial appearance. Nature is really a power of God. It is devatma shakti, the self-power of God—svagunair nigudham lost in its qualitative workings. She is not separate; conscious, not something unconscious. Nature is aware that it is only a front of God behind.” The Book of the Divine Mother

magister ::: n. --> Master; sir; -- a title of the Middle Ages, given to a person in authority, or to one having a license from a university to teach philosophy and the liberal arts.

mahat ::: [in samkhya philosophy]: vast cosmic principle of Force; the idea-being of the Spirit; the essential and original matrix of consciousness (involved not evolved) in prakrti out of which individuality and formation come. ::: mahan [nominative]

"Man is God hiding himself from Nature so that he may possess her by struggle, insistence, violence and surprise. God is universal and transcendent Man hiding himself from his own individuality in the human being.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Man is God hiding himself from Nature so that he may possess her by struggle, insistence, violence and surprise. God is universal and transcendent Man hiding himself from his own individuality in the human being.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

::: "Matter is only so much mobile energy vibrating intensely into form.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Matter is only so much mobile energy vibrating intensely into form.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Medieval Chinese philosophy was essentially a story of the synthesis of indigenous philosophies and the development of Buddhism. In the second century B.C., the Yin Yang movement identified itself with the common and powerful movement under the names of the Yellow Emperor and Lao Tzu (Huang Lao). This, in turn, became interfused with Confucianism and produced the mixture which was the Eclectic Sinisticism lasting till the tenth century A.D. In both Huai-nan Tzu (d. 122 B.C.), the semi-Taoist, and Tung Chung-shu (177-104- B.C.), the Confucian, Taoist metaphysics and Confucian ethics mingled with each other, with yin and yang as the connecting links. As the cosmic order results from the harmony of yin and yang in nature, namely, Heaven and Earth, so the moral order results from the harmony of yang and yin in man, such as husband and wife, human nature and passions, and love and hate. The Five Agents (wu hsing), through which the yin yang principles operate, have direct correspondence not only with the five directions, the five metals, etc., in nature, but also with the five Constant Virtues, the five senses, etc., in man, thus binding nature and man in a neat macrocosm-microcosm relationship. Ultimately this led to superstition, which Wang Ch'ung (27-c. 100 A.D.) vigorously attacked. He reinstated naturalism on a rational ground by accepting only reason and experience, and thus promoted the critical spirit to such an extent that it gave rise to a strong movement of textual criticism and an equally strong movement of free political thought in the few centuries after him.

Metaphysical philosophy is an attempt to fix the fundamental realities and principles of being as distinct from its processes and the phenomena which result from those processes. But it is on the fundamental realities that the processes depend: our own process of life, its aim and method, should be in accordance with the truth of being that we see; otherwise our metaphysical truth can be only a play of the intellect without any dynamic importance.
   Ref: CWSA Vol. 21-22, Page: 693


Metaphysics and psychology are not distinct in Herbert's view. In his day psychology was also philosophy. It was still a metaphysical science in the sense that it is differentiated from physical science. It was only later that psychology repudiated philosophy. Accepting Kant's challenge to make psychology a mathematical science, he developed an elaborate system of mathematical constructions that proved the least fruitful phase of his system. As a mathematical science psychology can use only calculation, not experiment. As the mind or soul is unitary, indivisible. science, including philosophy, is neither analytical nor experimental. Bv denying analysis to psychology, Herbart combatted the division of mind into separate faculties. Psychology is not the mere description of the mind, but the working out of its mathematical laws.

metaphysics ::: Traditionally, metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of ontology (what is being or reality?) and epistemology (how do we know it?). In Integral Theory, any assertion without injunctions is considered metaphysics, or a meaningless assertion (i.e., postulating a referent for which there is no means of verification). The term is also used in its traditional sense given the lack of alternatives.

mimamsa. ::: "investigation"; an orthodox school of hindu philosophy whose primary enquiry is into the nature of dharma based on close hermeneutics of the Vedas &

mimamsaka (Mimansaka) ::: [a follower of the purva-mimamsa philosophy].

mind of light ::: Sri Aurobindo: "The Mind of Light is a subordinate action of Supermind, dependent upon it even when not apparently springing direct from it, . . . .” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Mind therefore is held by the Hindus to be a species of subtle matter in which ideas are waves or ripples, and it is not limited by the physical body which it uses as an instrument.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

monological ::: A descriptor of any approach where an individual conducts a “monologue” with an object and apprehends their immediate experience of that object, usually without acknowledging or recognizing cultural embeddedness and intersubjectivity. Monological approaches, in themselves, are sometimes referred to as subscribing to the “myth of the given,” “the philosophy of the subject,” “the philosophy of consciousness,” or what Integral Theory would describe as the belief that the contents of the Upper-Left quadrant are given without being intertwined in the remaining three quadrants. Monological approaches are typically associated with phenomenology, empiricism, meditation, all experiential exercises and therapies, etc.

More recently the term has been extended to mean also (a) the All or totality of the real, however understood, and (b) the World Ground, whether conceived idealistically or materialistically, whether pantheistically, theistically, or dualistically. It thus stands for a variety of metaphysical conceptions that have appeared widely and under various names in the history of philosophy.

Much of this Medieval usage is carried over and expanded in modern philosophy. Absolute and Absolutely signify perfection, completeness, universality, non-relativity, exemption from limitation or qualification, unconditionality; hence also the ineffable, unthinkable, indeterminable; strictly, literally, without reservation, not symbolically or metaphorically. E.g. "Absolute truth," "absolute space," "absolute Ego," "absolutely unconditioned," "absolutely true." -- W.L.

naturalism ::: n. --> A state of nature; conformity to nature.
The doctrine of those who deny a supernatural agency in the miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and in spiritual influences; also, any system of philosophy which refers the phenomena of nature to a blind force or forces acting necessarily or according to fixed laws, excluding origination or direction by one intelligent will.


Necessity ::: “… Necessity is the child of the spirit’s free self-determination. What affects us as Necessity, is a Will which works in sequence and not a blind Force driven by its own mechanism.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

necessity ::: Sri Aurobindo: ". . . Necessity is the child of the spirit"s free self-determination. What affects us as Necessity, is a Will which works in sequence and not a blind Force driven by its own mechanism.” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

neoplatonism ::: n. --> A pantheistic eclectic school of philosophy, of which Plotinus was the chief (A. D. 205-270), and which sought to reconcile the Platonic and Aristotelian systems with Oriental theosophy. It tended to mysticism and theurgy, and was the last product of Greek philosophy.

nominalism ::: n. --> The principles or philosophy of the Nominalists.

"Nothing can be more remarkable and suggestive than the extent to which modern Science confirms in the domain of Matter the conceptions and even the very formulae of language which were arrived at, by a very different method, in the Vedanta, — the original Vedanta, not of the schools of metaphysical philosophy, but of the Upanishads. And these, on the other hand, often reveal their full significance, their richer contents only when they are viewed in the new light shed by the discoveries of modern Science, — for instance, that Vedantic expression which describes things in the Cosmos as one seed arranged by the universal Energy in multitudinous forms.(1) Significant, especially, is the drive of Science towards a Monism which is consistent with multiplicity, towards the Vedic idea of the one essence with its many becomings.” The Life Divine

“Nothing can be more remarkable and suggestive than the extent to which modern Science confirms in the domain of Matter the conceptions and even the very formulae of language which were arrived at, by a very different method, in the Vedanta,—the original Vedanta, not of the schools of metaphysical philosophy, but of the Upanishads. And these, on the other hand, often reveal their full significance, their richer contents only when they are viewed in the new light shed by the discoveries of modern Science,—for instance, that Vedantic expression which describes things in the Cosmos as one seed arranged by the universal Energy in multitudinous forms.(1) Significant, especially, is the drive of Science towards a Monism which is consistent with multiplicity, towards the Vedic idea of the one essence with its many becomings.” The Life Divine

noumenon ::: n. --> The of itself unknown and unknowable rational object, or thing in itself, which is distinguished from the phenomenon through which it is apprehended by the senses, and by which it is interpreted and understood; -- so used in the philosophy of Kant and his followers.

“ Now, that a conscious Infinite is there in physical Nature, we are assured by every sign, though it is a consciousness not made or limited like ours. All her constructions and motions are those of an illimitable intuitive wisdom too great and spontaneous and mysteriously self-effective to be described as an intelligence, of a Power and Will working for Time in eternity with an inevitable and forecasting movement in each of its steps, even in those steps that in their outward or superficial impetus seem to us inconscient. And as there is in her this greater consciousness and greater power, so too there is an illimitable spirit of harmony and beauty in her constructions that never fails her, though its works are not limited by our aesthetic canons. An infinite hedonism too is there, an illimitable spirit of delight, of which we become aware when we enter into impersonal unity with her; and even as that in her which is terrible is a part of her beauty, that in her which is dangerous, cruel, destructive is a part of her delight, her universal Ananda. Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Objecting to Fichte, his master's method of deducing everything from a single, all-embracing principle, he obstinately adhered to the axiom that everything is what it is, the principle of identity. He also departed from him in the principle of idealism and freedom. As nnn is not free in the sense of possessing a principle independent of the environment, he reverted to the Kantian doctrine that behind and underlying the world of appearance there is a plurality of real things in themselves that are independent of the operations of mind upon them. Deserving credit for having developed the realism that was latent in Kant's philosophy, he conceived the ''reals" so as to do away with the contradictions in the concepts of experience. The necessity for assuming a plurality of "reals" arises as a result of removing the contradictions in our experiences of change and of things possessing several qualities. Herbart calls the method he applies to the resolution of the contradictions existing between the empirically derived concepts, the method of relations, that is the accidental relation between the different "reals" is a question of thought only, and inessential for the "reals" themselves. It is the changes in these relations that form the process of change in the world of experience. Nothing can be ultimately real of which two contradictory predicates can be asserted. To predicate unity and multiplicity of an object is to predicate contradictions. Hence ultimate reality must be absolutely unitary and also without change. The metaphysically interpreted abstract law of contradiction was therefore central in his system. Incapability of knowing the proper nature of these "reals" equals the inability of knowing whether they are spiritual or material. Although he conceived in his system that the "reals" are analogous with our own inner states, yet his view of the "reals" accords better with materialistic atomism. The "reals" are simple and unchangeable in nature.

objectist ::: n. --> One who adheres to, or is skilled in, the objective philosophy.

"Pain and grief are Nature"s reminder to the soul that the pleasure it enjoys is only a feeble hint of the real delight of existence. In each pain and torture of our being is the secret of a flame of rapture compared with which our greatest pleasures are only as dim flickerings.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga*

“Pain and grief are Nature’s reminder to the soul that the pleasure it enjoys is only a feeble hint of the real delight of existence. In each pain and torture of our being is the secret of a flame of rapture compared with which our greatest pleasures are only as dim flickerings.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Parallel with these developments was the growth of Buddhism in China, a story too long to relate here. Many Buddhist doctrines, latent in India, were developed in China. The nihilism of Madhyamika (Sun-lan, c. 450-c. 1000) to the effect that reality is Void in the sense of being "devoid" of any specific character, was brought to fullness, while the idealism of Vijnaptimatravada (Yogacara, Fahsiang, 563-c. 1000), which claimed that reality in its imaginary, dependent and absolute aspects is "representation-only," was pushed to the extreme. But these philosophies failed because their extreme positions were not consonant with the Chinese Ideal of the golden mean. In the meantime, China developed her own Buddhist philosophy consistent with her general philosophical outlook. We need only mention the Hua-yen school (Avatamisaka, 508) which offered a totalistic philosophy of "all in one" and "one in all," the T'ien-t'ai school (c. 550) which believes in the identity of the Void, Transitoriness, and the Mean, and in the "immanence of 3,000 worlds in one moment of thought," and the Chin-t'u school (Pure Land, c. 500) which bases its doctrine of salvation by faith and salvation for all on the philosophy of the universality of Buddha-nature. These schools have persisted because they accepted both noumenon and phenomenon, both ens and non-ens, and this "both-and" spirit is predominantly characteristic of Chinese philosophy.

"Patience is our first great necessary lesson, but not the dull slowness to move of the timid, the sceptical, the weary, the slothful, the unambitious or the weakling; a patience full of a calm and gathering strength which watches and prepares itself for the hour of swift great strokes, few but enough to change destiny.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Patience is our first great necessary lesson, but not the dull slowness to move of the timid, the sceptical, the weary, the slothful, the unambitious or the weakling; a patience full of a calm and gathering strength which watches and prepares itself for the hour of swift great strokes, few but enough to change destiny.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

peripatetic ::: a. --> Walking about; itinerant.
Of or pertaining to the philosophy taught by Aristotle (who gave his instructions while walking in the Lyceum at Athens), or to his followers. ::: n. --> One who walks about; a pedestrian; an itinerant.


Ph. Frank, Between Physics and Philosophy (Harvard, 1941). -- R.B.W.

philo- ::: --> A combining form from Gr. fi`los loving, fond of, attached to; as, philosophy, philotechnic.

philosophaster ::: n. --> A pretender to philosophy.

philosopher ::: n. --> One who philosophizes; one versed in, or devoted to, philosophy.
One who reduces the principles of philosophy to practice in the conduct of life; one who lives according to the rules of practical wisdom; one who meets or regards all vicissitudes with calmness.
An alchemist.


philosophical ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to philosophy; versed in, or imbued with, the principles of philosophy; hence, characterizing a philosopher; rational; wise; temperate; calm; cool.

philosophies ::: pl. --> of Philosophy

philosophism ::: n. --> Spurious philosophy; the love or practice of sophistry.

philosophist ::: n. --> A pretender in philosophy.

philosophy ::: “All philosophy is concerned with the relations between two things, the fundamental truth of existence and the forms in which existence presents itself to our experience.” The Hour of God

PHILOSOPHY. ::: Intellectual expression of the Truth ; a means of expressing this greater discovery and as much of its contents as can at all be expressed in mentality to those who still live in the mental intelligence.

:::   ". . . philosophy is only a way of formulating to ourselves intellectually in their essential significance the psychological and physical facts of existence and their relation to any ultimate reality that may exist,. . . .” Essays on the Gita

“… philosophy is only a way of formulating to ourselves intellectually in their essential significance the psychological and physical facts of existence and their relation to any ultimate reality that may exist,….” Essays on the Gita

philosophy ::: n. --> Literally, the love of, including the search after, wisdom; in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws.
A particular philosophical system or theory; the hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained.
Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment; equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune with philosophy.


philosophy

phrenics ::: n. --> That branch of science which relates to the mind; mental philosophy.

physianthropy ::: n. --> The philosophy of human life, or the doctrine of the constitution and diseases of man, and their remedies.

physical ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to nature (as including all created existences); in accordance with the laws of nature; also, of or relating to natural or material things, or to the bodily structure, as opposed to things mental, moral, spiritual, or imaginary; material; natural; as, armies and navies are the physical force of a nation; the body is the physical part of man.
Of or pertaining to physics, or natural philosophy; treating of, or relating to, the causes and connections of natural


physicism ::: n. --> The tendency of the mind toward, or its preoccupation with, physical phenomena; materialism in philosophy and religion.

physico-philosophy ::: n. --> The philosophy of nature.

physico-theology ::: n. --> Theology or divinity illustrated or enforced by physics or natural philosophy.

physics ::: n. --> The science of nature, or of natural objects; that branch of science which treats of the laws and properties of matter, and the forces acting upon it; especially, that department of natural science which treats of the causes (as gravitation, heat, light, magnetism, electricity, etc.) that modify the general properties of bodies; natural philosophy.

platonical ::: a. --> Of or pertaining to Plato, or his philosophy, school, or opinions.
Pure, passionless; nonsexual; philosophical.


platonism ::: n. --> The doctrines or philosophy by Plato or of his followers.
An elevated rational and ethical conception of the laws and forces of the universe; sometimes, imaginative or fantastic philosophical notions.


platonist ::: n. --> One who adheres to the philosophy of Plato; a follower of Plato.

platonize ::: v. i. --> To adopt the opinion of Plato or his followers. ::: v. t. --> To explain by, or accomodate to, the Platonic philosophy.

popularize ::: v. t. --> To make popular; to make suitable or acceptable to the common people; to make generally known; as, to popularize philosophy.

positivism ::: n. --> A system of philosophy originated by M. Auguste Comte, which deals only with positives. It excludes from philosophy everything but the natural phenomena or properties of knowable things, together with their invariable relations of coexistence and succession, as occurring in time and space. Such relations are denominated laws, which are to be discovered by observation, experiment, and comparison. This philosophy holds all inquiry into causes, both efficient and final, to be useless and unprofitable.

::: "Possession in oneness and not loss in oneness is the secret. God and Man, World and Beyond-world become one when they know each other. Their division is the cause of ignorance as ignorance is the cause of suffering.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Possession in oneness and not loss in oneness is the secret. God and Man, World and Beyond-world become one when they know each other. Their division is the cause of ignorance as ignorance is the cause of suffering.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

pradhana ::: [in samkhya philosophy]: basis; first substance, first state or arrangement of matter and its essential principle.

pradhana ::: (in the Sankhya philosophy) the original, unevolved state of Matter.

pradhana. ::: the potential but unmanifest ingredients of the material world; prakriti; the chief; the root base of all elements; undifferentiated matter; the material cause of the world in the Sankhya philosophy, corresponding to maya in vedanta &

:::   "Progress is the very heart of the significance of human life, for it means our evolution into greater and richer being; . . . .” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Progress is the very heart of the significance of human life, for it means our evolution into greater and richer being; …” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

promoter ::: n. --> One who, or that which, forwards, advances, or promotes; an encourager; as, a promoter of charity or philosophy.
Specifically, one who sets on foot, and takes the preliminary steps in, a scheme for the organization of a corporation, a joint-stock company, or the like.
One who excites; as, a promoter of sedition.
An informer; a makebate.


psilosopher ::: n. --> A superficial or narrow pretender to philosophy; a sham philosopher.

purva-mimamsa (Purva Mimansa) ::: [a system of philosophy (one of the six darsanas), the enquiry into the first or mantra portion of the Veda; it is concerned chiefly with Vedic ritual]; the vedavada.

Raja yoga ::: This is the first step only. Afterwards, the ordinary activities of the mind and sense must be entirely quieted in order that the soul may be free to ascend to higher states of consciousness and acquire the foundation for a perfect freedom and self-mastery. But Rajayoga does not forget that the disabilities of the ordinary mind proceed largely from its subjection to the reactions of the nervous system and the body. It adopts th
   refore from the Hathayogic system its devices of asana and pranayama, but reduces their multiple and elaborate forms in each case to one simplest and most directly effective process sufficient for its own immediate object. Thus it gets rid of the Hathayogic complexity and cumbrousness while it utilises the swift and powerful efficacy of its methods for the control of the body and the vital functions and for the awakening of that internal dynamism, full of a latent supernormal faculty, typified in Yogic terminology by the kundalinı, the coiled and sleeping serpent of Energy within. This done, the system proceeds to the perfect quieting of the restless mind and its elevation to a higher plane through concentration of mental force by the successive stages which lead to the utmost inner concentration or ingathered state of the consciousness which is called Samadhi. By Samadhi, in which the mind acquires the capacity of withdrawing from its limited waking activities into freer and higher states of consciousness, Rajayoga serves a double purpose. It compasses a pure mental action liberated from the confusions of the outer consciousness and passes thence to the higher supra-mental planes on which the individual soul enters into its true spiritual existence. But also it acquires the capacity of that free and concentrated energising of consciousness on its object which our philosophy asserts as the primary cosmic energy and the method of divine action upon the world. By this capacity the Yogin, already possessed of the highest supracosmic knowledge and experience in the state of trance, is able in the waking state to acquire directly whatever knowledge and exercise whatever mastery may be useful or necessary to his activities in the objective world. For the ancient system of Rajayoga aimed not only at Swarajya, self-rule or subjective empire, the entire control by the subjective consciousness of all the states and activities proper to its own domain, but included Samrajya as well, outward empire, the control by the subjective consciousness of its outer activities and environment.
   Ref: CWSA Vol. 23-24, Page: 36-37


ramist ::: n. --> A follower of Pierre Rame, better known as Ramus, a celebrated French scholar, who was professor of rhetoric and philosophy at Paris in the reign of Henry II., and opposed the Aristotelians.

Realistic Advaita ::: There is possible a realistic as well as an illusionist Adwaita. The philosophy of The Life Divine is such a realistic Adwaita. The world is a manifestation of the Real and th
   refore is itself real. The reality is the infinite and eternal Divine, infinite and eternal Being, Consciousness-Force and Bliss. This Divine by his power has created the world or rather manifested it in his own infinite Being. But here in the material world or at its basis he has hidden himself in what seem to be his opposites, Non-Being, Inconscience and Insentience. This is what we nowadays call the Inconscient which seems to have created the material universe by its inconscient Energy; but this is only an appearance, for we find in the end that all the dispositions of theworld can only have been arranged by the working of a supreme secret intelligence. The Being which is hidden in what seems to be an inconscient void emerges in the world first in Matter, then in Life, then in Mind and finally as the Spirit. The apparently inconscient Energy which creates is in fact the Consciousness-Force of the Divine and its aspect of consciousness, secret in Matter, begins to emerge in Life, finds something more of itself in Mind and finds its true self in a spiritual consciousness and finally a supramental consciousness through which we become aware of the Reality, enter into it and unite ourselves with it. This is what we call evolution which is an evolution of consciousness and an evolution of the Spirit in things and only outwardly an evolution of species. Thus also, the delight of existence emerges from the original insentience first in the contrary forms of pleasure and pain and then has to find itself in the bliss of the Spirit or as it is called in the Upanishads, the bliss of the Brahman.
   Ref: CWSA Vol. 35, Page: 91-92


REALISTIC ADVAITA, There is possible a realistic as well as an Ulusionistic Advaita. The philosophy of the Life

sankhya ::: n. --> A Hindoo system of philosophy which refers all things to soul and a rootless germ called prakriti, consisting of three elements, goodness, passion, and darkness.

sankhya &

scepsis ::: n. --> Skepticism; skeptical philosophy.

scholastic ::: a. --> Pertaining to, or suiting, a scholar, a school, or schools; scholarlike; as, scholastic manners or pride; scholastic learning.
Of or pertaining to the schoolmen and divines of the Middle Ages (see Schoolman); as, scholastic divinity or theology; scholastic philosophy.
Hence, characterized by excessive subtilty, or needlessly minute subdivisions; pedantic; formal.


scholasticism ::: n. --> The method or subtilties of the schools of philosophy; scholastic formality; scholastic doctrines or philosophy.

"Science is a right knowledge, in the end only of processes, but still the knowledge of processes too is part of a total wisdom and essential to a wide and a clear approach towards the deeper Truth behind.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Science is a right knowledge, in the end only of processes, but still the knowledge of processes too is part of a total wisdom and essential to a wide and a clear approach towards the deeper Truth behind.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

scotist ::: n. --> A follower of (Joannes) Duns Scotus, the Franciscan scholastic (d. 1308), who maintained certain doctrines in philosophy and theology, in opposition to the Thomists, or followers of Thomas Aquinas, the Dominican scholastic.

sectary ::: n. --> A sectarian; a member or adherent of a sect; a follower or disciple of some particular teacher in philosophy or religion; one who separates from an established church; a dissenter.

sect ::: n. --> A cutting; a scion.
Those following a particular leader or authority, or attached to a certain opinion; a company or set having a common belief or allegiance distinct from others; in religion, the believers in a particular creed, or upholders of a particular practice; especially, in modern times, a party dissenting from an established church; a denomination; in philosophy, the disciples of a particular master; a school; in society and the state, an order, rank, class, or party.


sensist ::: n. --> One who, in philosophy, holds to sensism.

&

sociology ::: n. --> That branch of philosophy which treats of the constitution, phenomena, and development of human society; social science.

socratism ::: n. --> The philosophy or the method of Socrates.

sophist ::: n. --> One of a class of men who taught eloquence, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece; especially, one of those who, by their fallacious but plausible reasoning, puzzled inquirers after truth, weakened the faith of the people, and drew upon themselves general hatred and contempt.
Hence, an impostor in argument; a captious or fallacious reasoner.


spirit of Delight ::: Sri Aurobindo: " Now, that a conscious Infinite is there in physical Nature, we are assured by every sign, though it is a consciousness not made or limited like ours. All her constructions and motions are those of an illimitable intuitive wisdom too great and spontaneous and mysteriously self-effective to be described as an intelligence, of a Power and Will working for Time in eternity with an inevitable and forecasting movement in each of its steps, even in those steps that in their outward or superficial impetus seem to us inconscient. And as there is in her this greater consciousness and greater power, so too there is an illimitable spirit of harmony and beauty in her constructions that never fails her, though its works are not limited by our aesthetic canons. An infinite hedonism too is there, an illimitable spirit of delight, of which we become aware when we enter into impersonal unity with her; and even as that in her which is terrible is a part of her beauty, that in her which is dangerous, cruel, destructive is a part of her delight, her universal Ananda. Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Sri Aurobindo: "All philosophy is concerned with the relations between two things, the fundamental truth of existence and the forms in which existence presents itself to our experience.” *The Hour of God

Sri Aurobindo: "Freedom is the law of being in its illimitable unity, secret master of all Nature: . . . .” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Sri Aurobindo: "God and Man, World and Beyond-world become one when they know each other. Their division is the cause of ignorance as ignorance is the cause of suffering.” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Sri Aurobindo: "His [the Titan"s] instincts call for a visible, tangible mastery and a sensational domination. How shall he feel sure of his empire unless he can feel something writhing helpless under his heel, — if in agony, so much the better? What is exploitation to him, unless it diminishes the exploited? To be able to coerce, exact, slay, overtly, irresistibly, — it is this that fills him with the sense of glory and dominion. For he is the son of division and the strong flowering of the Ego. To feel the comparative limitation of others is necessary to him that he may imagine himself immeasurable; for he has not the real, self-existent sense of infinity which no outward circumstance can abrogate. Contrast, division, negation of the wills and lives of others are essential to his self-development and self-assertion. The Titan would unify by devouring, not by harmonising; he must conquer and trample what is not himself either out of existence or into subservience so that his own image may stand out stamped upon all things and dominating all his environment.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Sri Aurobindo: “His [the Titan’s] instincts call for a visible, tangible mastery and a sensational domination. How shall he feel sure of his empire unless he can feel something writhing helpless under his heel,—if in agony, so much the better? What is exploitation to him, unless it diminishes the exploited? To be able to coerce, exact, slay, overtly, irresistibly,—it is this that fills him with the sense of glory and dominion. For he is the son of division and the strong flowering of the Ego. To feel the comparative limitation of others is necessary to him that he may imagine himself immeasurable; for he has not the real, self-existent sense of infinity which no outward circumstance can abrogate. Contrast, division, negation of the wills and lives of others are essential to his self-development and self-assertion. The Titan would unify by devouring, not by harmonising; he must conquer and trample what is not himself either out of existence or into subservience so that his own image may stand out stamped upon all things and dominating all his environment.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Sri Aurobindo: "If we believe that the soul is repeatedly reborn in the body, we must believe also that there is some link between the lives that preceded and the lives that follow and that the past of the soul has an effect on its future; and that is the spiritual essence of the law of Karma.” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Sri Aurobindo: “If we believe that the soul is repeatedly reborn in the body, we must believe also that there is some link between the lives that preceded and the lives that follow and that the past of the soul has an effect on its future; and that is the spiritual essence of the law of Karma.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Sri Aurobindo: "In the very atom there is a subconscious will and desire which must also be present in all atomic aggregates because they are present in the Force which constitutes the atom.” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Sri Aurobindo: " Karma is nothing but the will of the Spirit in action, consequence nothing but the creation of will. What is in the will of being, expresses itself in karma and consequence. When the will is limited in mind, karma appears as a bondage and a limitation, consequence as a reaction or an imposition. But when the will of the being is infinite in the spirit, karma and consequence become instead the joy of the creative spirit, the construction of the eternal mechanist, the word and drama of the eternal poet, the harmony of the eternal musician, the play of the eternal child.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Sri Aurobindo: "This idea of universality, of oneness not only with God or the eternal Self in me, but with all humanity and other beings, is growing to be the most prominent strain in our minds and it has to be taken more largely into account in any future idea or computation of the significance of rebirth and karma.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Sri Aurobindo: "This truth of Karma has been always recognised in the East in one form or else in another; but to the Buddhists belongs the credit of having given to it the clearest and fullest universal enunciation and the most insistent importance. In the West too the idea has constantly recurred, but in external, in fragmentary glimpses, as the recognition of a pragmatic truth of experience, and mostly as an ordered ethical law or fatality set over against the self-will and strength of man: but it was clouded over by other ideas inconsistent with any reign of law, vague ideas of some superior caprice or of some divine jealousy, — that was a notion of the Greeks, — a blind Fate or inscrutable Necessity, Ananke, or, later, the mysterious ways of an arbitrary, though no doubt an all-wise Providence.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga *Ananke"s.

Sri Aurobindo: “This truth of Karma has been always recognised in the East in one form or else in another; but to the Buddhists belongs the credit of having given to it the clearest and fullest universal enunciation and the most insistent importance. In the West too the idea has constantly recurred, but in external, in fragmentary glimpses, as the recognition of a pragmatic truth of experience, and mostly as an ordered ethical law or fatality set over against the self-will and strength of man: but it was clouded over by other ideas inconsistent with any reign of law, vague ideas of some superior caprice or of some divine jealousy,—that was a notion of the Greeks,—a blind Fate or inscrutable Necessity, Ananke, or, later, the mysterious ways of an arbitrary, though no doubt an all-wise Providence.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Sri Aurobindo: "Weakness puts the same test and question to the strengths and energies and greatnesses in which we glory. Power is the play of life, shows its degree, finds the value of its expression; weakness is the play of death pursuing life in its movement and stressing the limit of its acquired energy.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Sri Aurobindo: "What is God after all? An eternal child playing an eternal game in an eternal garden.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

stoic ::: adj. 1. Of or pertaining to the school of philosophy founded by Zeno, who taught that people should be free from passion, unmoved by joy or grief, and submit without complaint to unavoidable necessity. n. 2. A member or adherent of the Stoic school of philosophy. Stoic"s.

subtle Matter ::: Sri Aurobindo: "Much more than half our thoughts and feelings are not our own in the sense that they take form out of ourselves; of hardly anything can it be said that it is truly original to our nature. A large part comes to us from others or from the environment, whether as raw material or as manufactured imports; but still more largely they come from universal Nature here or from other worlds and planes and their beings and powers and influences; for we are overtopped and environed by other planes of consciousness, mind planes, life planes, subtle matter planes, from which our life and action here are fed, or fed on, pressed, dominated, made use of for the manifestation of their forms and forces.” *The Synthesis of Yoga

"Mind therefore is held by the Hindus to be a species of subtle matter in which ideas are waves or ripples, and it is not limited by the physical body which it uses as an instrument.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"All that manifested from the Eternal has already been arranged in worlds or planes of its own nature, planes of subtle Matter, planes of Life, planes of Mind, planes of Supermind, planes of the triune luminous Infinite. But these worlds or planes are not evolutionary but typal. A typal world is one in which some ruling principle manifests itself in its free and full capacity and energy and form are plastic and subservient to its purpose. Its expressions are therefore automatic and satisfying and do not need to evolve; they stand so long as need be and do not need to be born, develop, decline and disintegrate.” Essays Divine and Human*


"Supermind is the grade of existence beyond mind, life and Matter and, as mind, life and Matter have manifested on the earth, so too must Supermind in the inevitable course of things manifest in this world of Matter. In fact, a supermind is already here but it is involved, concealed behind this manifest mind, life and Matter and not yet acting overtly or in its own power: if it acts, it is through these inferior powers and modified by their characters and so not yet recognisable. It is only by the approach and arrival of the descending Supermind that it can be liberated upon earth and reveal itself in the action of our material, vital and mental parts so that these lower powers can become portions of a total divinised activity of our whole being: it is that that will bring to us a completely realised divinity or the divine life.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Supermind is the grade of existence beyond mind, life and Matter and, as mind, life and Matter have manifested on the earth, so too must Supermind in the inevitable course of things manifest in this world of Matter. In fact, a supermind is already here but it is involved, concealed behind this manifest mind, life and Matter and not yet acting overtly or in its own power: if it acts, it is through these inferior powers and modified by their characters and so not yet recognisable. It is only by the approach and arrival of the descending Supermind that it can be liberated upon earth and reveal itself in the action of our material, vital and mental parts so that these lower powers can become portions of a total divinised activity of our whole being: it is that that will bring to us a completely realised divinity or the divine life.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

tantrika (Tantric, Tantrik) ::: [relating to tantra; a follower of the tantra system of philosophy and yoga].

tejas ::: fiery brilliance; mental light and energy; the energy of temperament that manifests itself in each element of the fourfold personality (brahmatejas, etc.); a term in the first general formula of the sakti catus.t.aya; "a strong and ardent force and intensity", an element of cittasakti; one of the seven kinds of akashic material; rūpa or lipi . composed of this material; fire, the principle of light and heat, one of "the five elements of ancient philosophy or rather elementary conditions of Nature, pañca bhūta, which constitute objects by their various combination", also called agni1; the virile energy carried to the head by udana.

“The body, we have said, is a creation of the Inconscient and itself inconscient or at least subconscient in parts of itself and much of its hidden action; but what we call the Inconscient is an appearance, a dwelling place, an instrument of a secret Consciousness or a Superconscient which has created the miracle we call the universe.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

The early Greek notion of the universe as ordered by destiny or fate was gradually refined until the time of Plato and Aristotle who conceived the world as ordered by an intelligent principle (nous) of divine justice or harmony; Plato, Philebus, 30: ". . . there is in the universe a cause of no mean power, which orders and arranges . . ."; and Aristotle, Physics, 252a-12: "nature is everywhere the cause of order". This cosmic view was an essential element of the Stoic metaphysics, and was later incorporated into medieval philosophy and theology as the divine governance or ordering of creation, i.e. providence.

"The essential character of Supermind is a Truth-consciousness which knows by its own inherent right of nature, by its own light: it has not to arrive at knowledge but possesses it.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“The essential character of Supermind is a Truth-consciousness which knows by its own inherent right of nature, by its own light: it has not to arrive at knowledge but possesses it.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"The force is Prakriti or Shakti, the female principle in Nature which is at the root of all action.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“The force is Prakriti or Shakti, the female principle in Nature which is at the root of all action.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"The form is the manifestation or appearance, the idea is the truth. The form is phenomenon, the idea is reality.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“The form is the manifestation or appearance, the idea is the truth. The form is phenomenon, the idea is reality.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"The gradual self-liberation from bondage to Nature is the true progress of humanity.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“The gradual self-liberation from bondage to Nature is the true progress of humanity.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

:::   "The greater the destruction, the freer the chances of creation; but the destruction is often long, slow and oppressive, the creation tardy in its coming or interrupted in its triumph. The night returns again and again and the day lingers or seems even to have been a false dawning. Despair not therefore, but watch and work. Those who hope violently, despair swiftly: neither hope nor fear, but be sure of God"s purpose and thy will to accomplish.” *Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“The greater the destruction, the freer the chances of creation; but the destruction is often long, slow and oppressive, the creation tardy in its coming or interrupted in its triumph. The night returns again and again and the day lingers or seems even to have been a false dawning. Despair not therefore, but watch and work. Those who hope violently, despair swiftly: neither hope nor fear, but be sure of God’s purpose and thy will to accomplish.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

The historical antecedents of experimental psychology are various. From British empiricism and the psychological philosophy of Locke, Berkeley and Hume came associationism (see Associationism), the psychological implications of which were more fully developed by Herbart and Bain. Associationism provided the conceptual framework and largely colored the procedures of early experimental psychology. Physics and physiology gave impetus to experiments on sensory phenomena while physiology and neurology fostered studies of the nervous system and reflex action. The names of Helmholtz, Johannes Müller, E. H. Weber and Fechner are closely linked with this phase of the development of experimental psychology. The English biologist Galton developed the statistical methods of Quetelet for the analysis of data on human variation and opened the way for the mental testing movement; the Russian physiologist Pavlov, with his researches on "conditioned reflexes," contributed an experimental technique which has proved of paramount importance for the psychologist. Even astronomy made its contribution; variations in reaction time of different observers having long been recognized by astronomers as an important source of error in their observations.

The importance of Arab philosophy has to be evaluated both in regard to the Oriental and the Western world. The latter was influenced, naturally, not by the originals but by the translations which do not always render exactly the spirit of the authors. In the East, theology remained victorious, but incorporated in its own teachings much of the philosophies it condemned. M. Horten, in Ueberweg-Heinze, Geschichte der Philosophie, 3d ed., Berlin, 1928, pp. 287-342. Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur, Vol. I, II, Weimar, 1898-1902, Vol. III-VI, Leiden, 1936-1941. The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden, 1913-1918. -- R.A.

“The Mind of Light is a subordinate action of Supermind, dependent upon it even when not apparently springing direct from it, …” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

The Mother: "For me poetry is beyond all philosophy and beyond all explanation.” On Education, MCW Vol. 12.

The Mother: “For me poetry is beyond all philosophy and beyond all explanation.” On Education, MCW Vol. 12.

theodicy ::: n. --> A vindication of the justice of God in ordaining or permitting natural and moral evil.
That department of philosophy which treats of the being, perfections, and government of God, and the immortality of the soul.


theophilosophic ::: a. --> Combining theism and philosophy, or pertaining to the combination of theism and philosophy.

theosophy ::: n. --> Any system of philosophy or mysticism which proposes to attain intercourse with God and superior spirits, and consequent superhuman knowledge, by physical processes, as by the theurgic operations of some ancient Platonists, or by the chemical processes of the German fire philosophers; also, a direct, as distinguished from a revealed, knowledge of God, supposed to be attained by extraordinary illumination; especially, a direct insight into the processes of the divine mind, and the interior relations of the divine nature.

The philosophy of Aristotle was continued after his death by other members of the Peripatetic school, the most important of whom were Theophrastus, Eudemus of Rhodes, and Strato of Lampsacus. In the Alexandrian Age, particularly after the editing of Aristotle's works by Andronicus of Rhodes (about 50 B.C.), Aristotelianism was the subject of numerous expositions and commentaries, such as those of Alexander of Aphrodisias, Themistius, John Philoponus, and Simplicius. With the closing of the philosophical schools in the sixth century the knowledge of Aristotle, except for fragments of the logical doctrine, almost disappeared in the west. It was preserved, however, by Arabian and Syrian scholars; from whom, with the revival of learning in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, it passed again to western Europe and became in Thomas Aquinas the philosophical basis of Christian theology. For the next few centuries the prestige of Aristotle was immense; he was "the philosopher," "the master of those who know." With the rise of modern science his authority has greatly declined. Yet Aristotelianism is still a force in modern thought: in Neo-Scholasticism; in recent psychology, whose behavioristic tendencies are in part a revival of Aristotelian modes of thought; in the various forms of vitalism in contemporary biology; in the dynamism of such thinkers as Bergson; and in the more catholic naturalism which has succeeded the mechanistic materialism of the last century, and which, whether by appeal to a doctrine of levels or by emphasis on immanent teleology, seems to be striving along Aristotelian lines for a conception of nature broad enough to include the religious, moral and artistic consciousness. Finally, a very large part of our technical vocabulary, both in science and in philosophy, is but the translation into modern tongues of the terms used by Aristotle, and carries with it, for better or worse, the distinctions worked out in his subtle mind. -- G.R.M.

"There are, according to the Sankhya philosophy accepted in this respect by the Gita, three essential qualities or modes of the world-energy and therefore also of human nature, sattva, the mode of poise, knowledge and satisfaction, rajas, the mode of passion, action and struggling emotion, tamas, the mode of ignorance and inertia.” Essays on the Gita

“There are, according to the Sankhya philosophy accepted in this respect by the Gita, three essential qualities or modes of the world-energy and therefore also of human nature, sattva, the mode of poise, knowledge and satisfaction, rajas, the mode of passion, action and struggling emotion, tamas, the mode of ignorance and inertia.” Essays on the Gita

  These notes were written apropos of Bergson"s ‘philosophy of change", ‘you" would refer to a proponent of this philosophy.

  These notes were written apropos of Bergson’s ‘philosophy of change’, ‘you’ would refer to a proponent of this philosophy.

::: "The shoreless stream of idea and thought, imagination and experience, name and form, sensation and vibration sweeps onward for ever, without beginning, without end, rising into view, sinking out of sight; through it the one Intelligence with its million self-expressions pours itself abroad, an ocean with innumerable waves. One particular self-expression may disappear into its source and continent, but that does not and cannot abolish the phenomenal universe. The One is for ever, and the Many are for ever because the One is for ever. So long as there is a sea, there will be waves.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“The shoreless stream of idea and thought, imagination and experience, name and form, sensation and vibration sweeps onward for ever, without beginning, without end, rising into view, sinking out of sight; through it the one Intelligence with its million self-expressions pours itself abroad, an ocean with innumerable waves. One particular self-expression may disappear into its source and continent, but that does not and cannot abolish the phenomenal universe. The One is for ever, and the Many are for ever because the One is for ever. So long as there is a sea, there will be waves.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"The Spirit is the truth of our being; mind and life and body in their imperfection are its masks, but in their perfection should be its moulds.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“The Spirit is the truth of our being; mind and life and body in their imperfection are its masks, but in their perfection should be its moulds.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

::: "The spiritual law of Karma is that the nature of each being can be only the result of his past energies; . . . .” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“The spiritual law of Karma is that the nature of each being can be only the result of his past energies; …” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"The world is a great game of hide and seek in which the real hides behind the apparent, spirit behind matter.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“The world is a great game of hide and seek in which the real hides behind the apparent, spirit behind matter.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"The world knows three kinds of revolution. The material has strong results, the moral and intellectual are infinitely larger in their scope and richer in their fruits, but the spiritual are the great sowings.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga*

“The world knows three kinds of revolution. The material has strong results, the moral and intellectual are infinitely larger in their scope and richer in their fruits, but the spiritual are the great sowings.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

  "This is the great truth now dawning on the world, that Will is the thing which moves the world and that Fate is merely a process by which Will fulfils itself.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“This is the great truth now dawning on the world, that Will is the thing which moves the world and that Fate is merely a process by which Will fulfils itself.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

This rebuilding of the notion of creature permits St. Thomas also to analyze the problems that Averroism was making more and more prominent. Philosophical truth was discovered by the Greeks and the Arabians neither completely nor adequately nor without error. What the Christian thinker must do in their presence is not to divide his allegiance between them and Christianity, but to discover the meaning of reason and the conditions of true thinking. That discovery will enable him to learn from the Greeks without also learning their errors; and it would thus show him the possibility of the harmony between reason and revelation. He must learn to be a philosopher, to discover the philosopher within the Christian man, in order to meet philosophers. In exploring the meaning of a creature, St. Thomas was building a philosophy which permitted his contemporaries (at least, if they listened to him) to free themselves from the old eternalistic and rigid world of the Greeks and to free their thinking, therefore, from the antinomies which this world could raise up for them. In the harmony of faith and reason which St. Thomas defended against Averroism, we must see the culminating point of his activity. For such a harmony meant ultimately not only a judicious and synthetic diagnosis of Greek philosophy, as well as a synthetic incorporation of Greek ideas in Christian thought, it meant also the final vindication of the humanism and the naturalism of Thomistic philosophy. The expression and the defense of this Christian humanism constitute one of St. Thomas' most enduring contributions to European thought. -- A.C.P.

“This world is not really created by a blind force of Nature: even in the Inconscient the presence of the supreme Truth is at work; there is a seeing Power behind it which acts infallibly and the steps of the Ignorance itself are guided even when they seem to stumble; for what we call the Ignorance is a cloaked Knowledge, a Knowledge at work in a body not its own but moving towards its own supreme self-discovery.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

thoth ::: n. --> The god of eloquence and letters among the ancient Egyptians, and supposed to be the inventor of writing and philosophy. He corresponded to the Mercury of the Romans, and was usually represented as a human figure with the head of an ibis or a lamb.
The Egyptian sacred baboon.


"Thought is not essential to existence nor its cause, but it is an instrument for becoming; I become what I see in myself. All that thought suggests to me, I can do; all that thought reveals in me, I can become. This should be man"s unshakable faith in himself, because God dwells in him.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Thought is not essential to existence nor its cause, but it is an instrument for becoming; I become what I see in myself. All that thought suggests to me, I can do; all that thought reveals in me, I can become. This should be man’s unshakable faith in himself, because God dwells in him.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

Titan ::: : “His [the Titan’s] instincts call for a visible, tangible mastery and a sensational domination. How shall he feel sure of his empire unless he can feel something writhing helpless under his heel,—if in agony, so much the better? What is exploitation to him, unless it diminishes the exploited? To be able to coerce, exact, slay, overtly, irresistibly,—it is this that fills him with the sense of glory and dominion. For he is the son of division and the strong flowering of the Ego. To feel the comparative limitation of others is necessary to him that he may imagine himself immeasurable; for he has not the real, self-existent sense of infinity which no outward circumstance can abrogate. Contrast, division, negation of the wills and lives of others are essential to his self-development and self-assertion. The Titan would unify by devouring, not by harmonising; he must conquer and trample what is not himself either out of existence or into subservience so that his own image may stand out stamped upon all things and dominating all his environment.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"Unconsciousness is only an intermediate swoon of the conscious or its obscure sleep; . . . .” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga*

“Unconsciousness is only an intermediate swoon of the conscious or its obscure sleep; …” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

universality ::: “This idea of universality, of oneness not only with God or the eternal Self in me, but with all humanity and other beings, is growing to be the most prominent strain in our minds and it has to be taken more largely into account in any future idea or computation of the significance of rebirth and karma.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

upadhi. ::: "limited by"; limitation; external imposition; a term used in vedanta philosophy for any superimposition that gives a limited view of the true Reality and makes It appear as the relative, like the body of a man or animal is the upadhi of its spirit; one of many conditions of body and mind obscuring the true Self which needs to be removed for the attainment of liberation

upanisad (Upanishad) ::: inner knowledge, the secret teaching which enters into the final truth and settles in it, [one of a class of Hindu sacred writings, regarded as the source of the Vedanta-philosophy].

uttara-mimamsa ::: [a system of philosophy (one of the six darsanas) : the enquiry into the latter portion of the Veda (i.e. the Upanisads ) ; it is usually called vedanta]; the brahmavada.

vaidika dharma. ::: a diverse body of religion, philosophy, and cultural practice native to and predominant in India, characterised by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal Truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils

vaisesika (Vaisheshika) ::: [a system of philosophy, one of the six darsanas; its characteristic doctrine is the eternally distinct nature of the nine substances (air, fire, water, earth, mind, ether, time, space and soul), of which the first five, including mind, are held to be atomic].

vedanta ::: n. --> A system of philosophy among the Hindus, founded on scattered texts of the Vedas, and thence termed the "Anta," or end or substance.

vedanta. ::: "the end of the Vedas"; the philosophy based primarily on the

vedanta ::: the "end or culmination of the Veda", the Upanisads (which occur at the end of the Veda) ; a system of philosophy based on the Upanisads teaching the culminating knowledge of the Absolute, considered (sometimes under the name uttara-mimamsa) to be one of the six darsanas].

vikara ::: corruption, distortion, deformation; [in the samkhya philosophy: a production or derivative from prakrti.]

Wang Yang-ming considered desire as an obstacle to the mind. The Neo-Confucians of the Ch'ing period, especially Tai Tung-yuan (1723-1777), however, argued that since desire is part of our nature, it has its rightful place, just as the vital force has its rightful place beside Reason. The main problem then would be to attain the harmony of human passion (ch'ing) and the originally good human nature (hsing). Thus Neo-Confucianism reasserted the principle of central harmony (chung yung), and central harmony is the Moral Law (tao). This Law finds expression in constant and orderly transformation, the realization of which is Reason. It will be seen that Neo-Confucianism is essentially compatible with western philosophy and science. It is to be expected, therefore, that both Neo-Confucianism and western thought will play a great role in any future philosophy in China. -- W.T.C

weakness ::: “Weakness puts the same test and question to the strengths and energies and greatnesses in which we glory. Power is the play of life, shows its degree, finds the value of its expression; weakness is the play of death pursuing life in its movement and stressing the limit of its acquired energy.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"We are ignorant also of the superconscient, that which we ordinarily call spirit or oversoul; yet this we find to be our highest and widest self, Sachchidananda creating and governing all that we are and become by His divine Maya.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga*

“We are ignorant also of the superconscient, that which we ordinarily call spirit or oversoul; yet this we find to be our highest and widest self, Sachchidananda creating and governing all that we are and become by His divine Maya.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

::: "We have to face the future"s offer of death as well as its offer of life, and it need not alarm us, for it is by constant death to our old names and forms that we shall live most vitally in greater and newer forms and names.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“We have to face the future’s offer of death as well as its offer of life, and it need not alarm us, for it is by constant death to our old names and forms that we shall live most vitally in greater and newer forms and names.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"What is God after all? An eternal child playing an eternal game in an eternal garden.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga*

“What is God after all? An eternal child playing an eternal game in an eternal garden.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

"What we have called specifically the Mind of Light is indeed the last of a series of descending planes of consciousness in which the Supermind veils itself by a self-chosen limitation or modification of its self-manifesting activities, but its essential character remains the same: there is in it an action of light, of truth, of knowledge in which inconscience, ignorance and error claim no place.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga*

“What we have called specifically the Mind of Light is indeed the last of a series of descending planes of consciousness in which the Supermind veils itself by a self-chosen limitation or modification of its self-manifesting activities, but its essential character remains the same: there is in it an action of light, of truth, of knowledge in which inconscience, ignorance and error claim no place.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

::: "Wherever thou seest a great end, be sure of a great beginning. Where a monstrous and painful destruction appals thy mind, console it with the certainty of a large and great creation. God is there not only in the still small voice, but in the fire and in the whirlwind.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Wherever thou seest a great end, be sure of a great beginning. Where a monstrous and painful destruction appals thy mind, console it with the certainty of a large and great creation. God is there not only in the still small voice, but in the fire and in the whirlwind.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

  "Whether we take the modern scientific or the ancient Hindu standpoint the progress of humanity is a fact. The wheel of Brahma rotates for ever but it does not turn in the same place; its rotations carry it forward.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

“Whether we take the modern scientific or the ancient Hindu standpoint the progress of humanity is a fact. The wheel of Brahma rotates for ever but it does not turn in the same place; its rotations carry it forward.” Essays in Philosophy and Yoga

While not abandoning its interest in beauty, artistic value, and other normative concepts, recent aesthetics has tended to lay increasing emphasis on a descriptive, factual approach to the phenomena of art and aesthetic experience. It differs from art history, archeology, and cultural history in stressing a theoretical organization of materials in terms of recurrent types and tendencies, rather than a chronological or genetic one. It differs from general psychology in focusing upon certain selected phases in psycho-physical activity, and on their application to certain types of objects and situations, especially those of art. It investigates the forms and characteristics of art, which psychology does not do. It differs from art criticism in seeking a more general, theoretical understanding of the arts than is usual in that subject, and in attempting a more consistently objective, impersonal attitude. It maintains a philosophic breadth, in comparing examples of all the arts, and in assembling data and hypotheses from many sources, including philosophy, psychology, cultural history, and the social sciences. But it is departing from traditional conceptions of philosophy in that writing labelled "aesthetics" now often includes much detailed, empirical study of particular phenomena, instead of restricting itself as formerly to abstract discussion of the meaning of beauty, the sublime, and other categories, their objective or subjective nature, their relation to pleasure and moral goodness, the purpose of art, the nature of aesthetic value, etc. There has been controversy over whether such empirical studies deserve to be called "aesthetics", or whether that name should be reserved for the traditional, dialectic or speculative approach; but usage favors the extension in cases where the inquiry aims at fairly broad generalizations.

With these principles of matter and form, and the parallel distinction between potential and actual existence, Aristotle claims to have solved the difficulties that earlier thinkers had found in the fact of change. The changes in nature are to be interpreted not as the passage from non-being to being, which would make them unintelligible, but as the process by which what is merely potential being passes over, through form, into actual being, or entelechy. The philosophy of nature which results from these basic concepts views nature as a dynamic realm in which change is real, spontaneous, continuous, and in the main directed. Matter, though indeed capable of form, possesses a residual inertia which on occasion produces accidental effects; so that alongside the teological causation of the forms Aristotle recognizes what he calls "necessity" in nature; but the products of the latter, since they are aberrations from form, cannot be made the object of scientific knowledge. Furthermore, the system of nature as developed by Aristotle is a graded series of existences, in which the simpler beings, though in themselves formed matter, function also as matter for higher forms. At the base of the series is prime matter, which as wholly unformed is mere potentiality, not actual being. The simplest formed matter is the so-called primary bodies -- earth, water, air and fire. From these as matter arise by the intervention of successively more complex forms the composite inorganic bodies, organic tissues, and the world of organisms, characterized by varying degrees of complexity in structure and function. In this realization of form in matter Aristotle distinguishes three sorts of change: qualitative change, or alteration; quantitative change, or growth and diminution; and change, of place, or locomotion, the last being primary, since it is presupposed in all the others. But Aristotle is far from suggesting a mechanical explanation of change, for not even locomotion can be explained by impact alone. The motion of the primary bodies is due to the fact that each has its natural place to which it moves when not opposed; earth to the center, then water, air, and fire to successive spheres about the center. The ceaseless motion of these primary bodies results from their ceaseless transformation into one another through the interaction of the forms of hot and cold, wet and dry. Thus qualitative differences of form underlie even the most elemental changes in the world of nature.

Yoga Darshana, it is the basis of the yoga philosophy which is based on the philosophical system known as Sankhya

yoga ::: joining, union; the union of the soul with the immortal being and consciousness and delight of the Divine; a methodised effort towards self-perfection by the expression of the potentialities latent in the being and union of the human individual with the universal and transcendent existence; [as opposed to Samkhya]: the concrete and synthetical realisation of truth in our experience; [a system of philosophy systematised by Patanjali, one of the six darsanas].

yogi ::: n. --> A follower of the yoga philosophy; an ascetic.



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  126 Sri Aurobindo
   8 Bertrand Russell
   7 Saint Thomas Aquinas
   5 Simone Weil
   4 Terence James Stannus Gray
   3 Ken Wilber
   3 Francis Bacon
   3 Alfred Korzybski
   3 Sri Ramana Maharshi
   2 Sergius Bulgakov
   2 Mortimer J Adler
   2 Maurice Merleau-Ponty
   2 Ludwig Wittgenstein
   2 Giordano Bruno
   2 Georg C Lichtenberg
   2 Eliphas Levi
   2 Epictetus
   2 ?
   1 Yahya Suhaward
   1 William James
   1 Vivekananda
   1 Tom Butler-Bowdon
   1 The Dalai Lama
   1 Swami Sivananda
   1 SWAMI RAMA
   1 Swami Paramananda
   1 Sun Bear
   1 Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
   1 Seth Bernadette
   1 S. Bulgakov
   1 Robert Sokolowski
   1 Robert Anton Wilson
   1 Rene Guenon
   1 reading :::
   50 Philosophy Classics: List of Books Covered:
   1. Hannah Arendt - The Human Condition (1958)
   2. Aristotle - Nicomachean Ethics (4th century BC)
   3. AJ Ayer - Language
   1 Porphyry
   1 Philo of Alexandria
   1 Pavel Florensky
   1 Paul Ricoeur
   1 Parmenides
   1 Nolini Kanta Gupta
   1 Noam Chomsky
   1 Martin Buber
   1 Mark Jordan
   1 Manly P. Hall (Horizon August 1941 p. 4)
   1 Manly P. Hall
   1 Manly P Hall
   1 M Alan Kazlev
   1 Mage the Ascension
   1 Linus Torvalds
   1 Leonard Susskind
   1 King Solomon
   1 Joseph Campbell
   1 Jonathan Swift
   1 John Scottus Eriugena
   1 John Adams
   1 J.K.F.
   1 Israel Regardie
   1 H P Blavatsky
   1 Hegel
   1 Harold Abelson
   1 G. W. F. Hegel
   1 G Santayana
   1 Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola
   1 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
   1 Eugene Thacker
   1 Étienne Gilson
   1 Etienne Gilson
   1 Eriugena
   1 Epictetus
   1 Eleanor Roosevelt
   1 Edmund Husserl
   1 Editors of Discovery Magazine
   1 David Hume
   1 Dante
   1 Dalai Lama
   1 Daily Evolver
   1 Confucius "Ta-hio" I
   1 Clement of Alexandria
   1 Christos Yannaras
   1 Charles M. Schulz in "Peanuts
   1 Carl Jung
   1 Boethius
   1 Baruch Spinoza
   1 Arthur Koestler
   1 Apollonius of Tyana
   1 A. N. Whitehead
   1 Alfred North Whitehead
   1 Alexander von Humboldt to Schelling
   1 Alastair MacIntyre
   1 The Mother
   1 Swami Vivekananda
   1 Sri Ramakrishna
   1 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
   1 Leonardo da Vinci
   1 Aleister Crowley
   1 Agrippa

NEW FULL DB (2.4M)

   48 Sri Aurobindo
   20 Ludwig Wittgenstein
   20 Bertrand Russell
   19 Will Durant
   17 Plato
   13 Seneca
   13 Jim Rohn
   12 Anonymous
   11 Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel
   11 Aristotle
   11 Alfred North Whitehead
   10 Victor Hugo
   10 Friedrich Nietzsche
   9 William Shakespeare
   9 Novalis
   9 J K Rowling
   9 George Santayana
   9 Epictetus
   9 David Hume
   8 Seneca the Younger

1:Don't explain your philosophy. Embody it.
   ~ Epictetus,
2:Truth in philosophy means that concept and external reality correspond. ~ Hegel,
3:Socrates had no philosophy, he was it. ~ Etienne Gilson, Being and Some Philosophers,
4:All philosophy lies in two words, sustain and abstain. ~ Epictetus,
5:The love of God is the root and foundation of Plato's philosophy. ~ Simone Weil, 'God in Plato',
6:I do not know how to teach philosophy without becoming a disturber of the peace. ~ Baruch Spinoza,
7:Where philosophy ends spirituality begins. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi,
8:There is no other philosophical enquiry apart from metaphysics. ~ Simone Weil, Lectures on Philosophy,
9:The philosophy of laughter will never have anything in common with the religion of tears.
   ~ Eliphas Levi,
10:True philosophy entails learning to see the world anew. ~ Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception,
11:Knowledge without the idea of the good is just a matter of vanity and curiosity. ~ Simone Weil, Lectures on Philosophy,
12:Man is fortunately inconsistent. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Materialism,
13:The search for something permanent is one of the deepest of the instincts leading men to philosophy.
   ~ Bertrand Russell,
14:The Linux philosophy is 'Laugh in the face of danger'. Oops. Wrong One. 'Do it yourself'. Yes, that's it. ~ Linus Torvalds,
15:I have a new philosophy. I'm only going to dread one day at a time." ~ Charles M. Schulz in "Peanuts,", (American comic strip),
16:True philosophy is beyond all the attacks of things. ~ Apollonius of Tyana, the Eternal Wisdom
17:The perfect man is a divine child! ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - VII,
18:The mind pre-eminently is man; ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Perfection of the Body,
19:Liberation is self-possession, ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Involution and Evolution,
20:A little philosophy inclineth mans mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth mans minds about to religion.
   ~ Francis Bacon,
21:Everything is a poise of contrary energies. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - IV,
22:Philosophy begins in wonder. And, at the end, when philosophic thought has done its best, the wonder remains.
   ~ Alfred North Whitehead,
23:Hegel's philosophy is so odd that one would not have expected him to be able to get some men to accept it, but he did." ~ Bertrand Russell,
24:To know and to will are two operations of the human mind.
   ~ Leonardo da Vinci, Notebooks, Philosophy, 1146,
25:A little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion. ~ Francis Bacon, Atheism,
26:True philosophy is true religion and conversely true religion is true philosophy. ~ John Scottus Eriugena, Treatise on Divine Predestination 1,
27:All Nature is a display and a play of God, ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Involution and Evolution,
28:Everything becomes, nothing is made. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
29:It is only through life that one can reach to immortality. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Karmayoga,
30:All is eternal in the eternal spirit. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
31:If an angel were to tell us about his philosophy, I believe many of his statements might well sound like '2 x 2= 13'. ~ Georg C Lichtenberg, [T5],
32:All sentience is ultimately self-sentience. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Kena and Other Upanishads, The Philosophy of the Upanishads,
33:The body has an unexpressed knowledge of its own. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Supermind and Humanity,
34:The universe is a self-creative process of a supreme Reality. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
35:Nothing can exist which is not substance and power of Brahman. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
36:There is no need for temples; no need for complicated philosophy. Our own brain, our own heart is our temple; the philosophy is kindness." ~ Dalai Lama,
37:The form is phenomenon, the idea is reality. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
38:The purpose of philosophy is to turn you inward. If you know your Self, no evil can come to you. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi,
39:All variations resolve themselves into an unity. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Kena and Other Upanishads, The Philosophy of the Upanishads,
40:Energy distributes itself, but never really dissipates itself. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - V,
41:Apparent evil is often the shortest way to the good. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Strength of Stillness,
42:No human law is the absolute expression of the divine justice, ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - VI,
43:What we call the Ignorance is a cloaked Knowledge. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Supermind and Mind of Light,
44:Where there is no limitation, there can be no pain. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Kena and Other Upanishads, The Philosophy of the Upanishads,
45:Necessity is the child of the spirit's free self-determination. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Karma and Freedom,
46:The complete soul possesses all its self and all Nature. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Involution and Evolution,
47:All this infinite becoming is a birth of the Spirit into form. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Ascending Unity,
48:All the terrestrial past of the world is there summarised in man. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Ascending Unity,
49:There is no body without soul, no body that is not itself a form of soul. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
50:From exchange we can rise to the highest possible idea of interchange. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - VII,
51:But first philosophy considers what is universally true of things ~ Saint Thomas Aquinas, (Commentary on Metaphysics 2, lect. 1).,
52:Those who think that Aristotle disagrees with Plato disagree with me, who make a concordant philosophy of both. ~ Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola, On Being and the One,
53:Science and Philosophy are never entirely dispassionate and disinterested. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Human Cycle, The Reason as Governor of Life,
54:Transform reason into ordered intuition; let all thyself be light. This is thy goal.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, [T5],
55:A divine life in a divine body is the formula of the ideal that we envisage. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Divine Body,
56:All things are there as the spirit's powers and means and forms of manifestation. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
57:The Study of philosophy is not that we may know what men have thought, but what the truth of things is. ~ Saint Thomas Aquinas,
58:All birth is a progressive self-finding, a means of self-realisation. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Involution and Evolution,
59:The Spirit manifest as Intelligence is the basis of the world. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
60:Birth is the first spiritual mystery of the physical universe, death is the second. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
61:Quotations from a Friar, Theologian, Priest, Common Doctor, and Saint ~ Saint Thomas Aquinas, (1225-74).
62:The cosmos is eternally one and many and does not by becoming cease to be one. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - III,
63:Philosophy and religion are the soul of Indian culture. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Renaissance in India, A Rationalistic Critic on Indian Culture - II,
64:There is nothing which is exclusively spirit or exclusively matter. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Kena and Other Upanishads, The Philosophy of the Upanishads,
65:It is to make the yoga the ideal of human life that India rises today. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Ideal of the Karmayogin,
66:Freedom may be illusory and our apparent freedom may be a real and iron bondage. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Fate and Free-Will,
67:Matter is only so much mobile energy vibrating intensely into form. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
68:The form is the manifestation or appearance, the idea is the truth. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
69:Our humanity is the conscious meeting place of the finite and the infinite. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Involution and Evolution,
70:Adwaita is true, because the Many are only manifestations of the One. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
71:Being is an eternal becoming and yet the Becoming resolves itself into eternal being. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - II,
72:I don't want to hear of any philosophy unless it grows corn." ~ Sun Bear, (1929-1992), Ojibwe descent, author of "At Home in the Wilderness", (1973), "The Path of Power", (1983),
73:Limitation by ignorance and error is the fundamental defect of an untransformed mind, ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Divine Body,
74:Order is not inconsistent with liberty but rather the condition for the right use of liberty. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Message,
75:All cannot, indeed, reach in a single life the highest in this path, but all can go forward. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Karmayoga,
76:Everything is put out from latency, nothing is brought into existence. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
77:The ascent of Life is in its nature the ascent of the divine Delight in things. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Double Soul in Man,
78:The one reward of the works of right Knowledge is to grow perpetually into the infinite Light. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Rebirth,
79:The rejection of any source of evidence is always treason to that ultimate rationalism which urges forward science and philosophy alike. ~ A. N. Whitehead, The Function of Reason,
80:All things circle back to the eternal unity and in their beginning and end are the same. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - VI,
81:Change and unalterable conservation of energy in the change are the law, not destruction. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - V,
82:Science, philosophy and religion are bound to converge as they draw nearer to the whole. ~ Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon Of Man,
83:The infinite variety of particular objects constitutes one sole and identical Being. To know that unity is the aim of all philosophy and of all knowledge of Nature. ~ Giordano Bruno,
84:l that the seeker can find is his own absence." ~ Terence James Stannus Gray, (1895 - 1986), under the pen name "Wei Wu Wei", he published eight books on Taoist philosophy, Wikipedia.,
85:Philosophy is of course a creation of the mind but its defect is not that it is false. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Letters on Yoga - IV, The Place of Study in Sadhana,
86:The greatness of individuals is the greatness of the eternal Energy within. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Greatness of the Individual,
87:Body and mind are not the creators of the spirit, the spirit is the creator of the mind and body. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
88:Kali when she enters into a man cares nothing for rationality and possibility. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Greatness of the Individual,
89:The dance of Brindaban is not complete without the death-dance of Kurukshetra; ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Greatness of the Individual,
90:As the essence of Matter is Gravity, so, on the other hand, we may affirm that the substance, the essence of Spirit is Freedom
   ~ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Philosophy of History,
91:Philosophy is free thought applied to the conditions of possibility of politics and history, as we have known it since Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Ethics and Politics. ~ Paul Ricoeur,
92:Recover the source of all strength in yourselves and all else will be added to you. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Ideal of the Karmayogin,
93:The creative truth of things works and can work infallibly even in the Inconscient: ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Supermind and Mind of Light,
94:Philosophy must not take itself for granted, where it may have said true things; it is an ever-renewed experience of its own beginning. ~ Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception,
95:An ounce of practice is better than tons of theory. Practice Yoga, Religion and Philosophy in daily life and attain Self-realization. ~ Swami Sivananda, Light Power and Wisdom, Introduction,
96:There is an identity in things, in all existences, sarvabhūtāni, as well as a constant changing. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - III,
97:What is God after all?
   An eternal child
   playing an eternal game
   in an eternal garden.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, Thoughts And Glimpses,
98:It is only the Indian who can believe everything, dare everything, sacrifice everything. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Ideal of the Karmayogin,
99:Man may help or man may resist, but the Zeitgeist works, shapes, overbears, insists. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Greatness of the Individual,
100:Physical science may give clues of process, but cannot lay hold on the reality of things. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Rebirth and Soul Evolution,
101:Our spiritual orientation, the magnetism that draws the soul, is to eternal Being and not to eternal Non-Being. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Karma,
102:I don't like religion much, and I am glad that in the Bible the word is not to be found." ~ Martin Buber, (1878 - 1965) Austrian philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, Wikipedia.,
103:Indian religion is Indian spiritual philosophy put into action and experience. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Renaissance in India, A Rationalistic Critic on Indian Culture - IV,
104:Philosophy is a doctrine of building character, not of nourishing weak­ness. Strength of character comes from contact with life and not from running away. ~ Manly P. Hall (Horizon August 1941 p. 4)
105:The philosophy of the common man is an old wife that gives him no pleasure, yet he cannot live without her, and resents any aspersions that strangers may cast on her character. (461) ~ G Santayana,
106:This is my simple religion. There is no need for temples; no need for complicated philosophy. Our own brain, our own heart is our temple; the philosophy is love." ~ The Dalai Lama, 14th, (b. 1935).,
107:Man epitomises in his being not only the animal existence below him, but the obscurer subanimal being. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Ascending Unity,
108:There is a law, a one truth of being, a guiding and fulfilling purpose of the world-existence. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Supermind and Mind of Light,
109:The depths are linked to the heights and the Law of the one Truth creates and works everywhere. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Supermind and Mind of Light,
110:Brahman is willing to be called Vishnu, and yet he is not willing, because he is also Brahma and Maheshwara. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - VI,
111:The wisdom of Plato is not a philosophy, a search for God by means of human reason.... The wisdom of Plato is nothing other than an orientation of the soul towards grace. ~ Simone Weil, 'God in Plato',
112:To teach how to live without certainty, and yet without being paralyzed by hesitation, is perhaps the chief thing that philosophy, in our age, can still do for those who study it.
   ~ Bertrand Russell,
113:The consciousness is there throughout in our occult parts of being, the development is in the manifesting Nature. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
114:In the philosophy of Bertrand Russell, genius entails that an individual possesses unique qualities and talents that make the genius especially valuable to the society in which he or she operates.
   ~ ?,
115:Human thought in the generality of men is no more than a rough and crude acceptance of unexamined ideas. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Reincarnating Soul,
116:Dharma means every ideal which we can propose to ourselves and the law of its working out and its action. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Perfection of the Body,
117:Humanity is not the highest godhead; God is more than humanity; but in humanity too we have to find and to serve him. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Materialism,
118:The life of the individual must have the same rhythm of significance, the same law of progression as the cosmic life. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
119:Fortunate is the man who does not lose himself in the labyrinths of philosophy, but goes straight to the Source from which they all rise. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi, Guru Ramana,
120:Just as sacred doctrine is founded on the light of faith, so things in philosophy are founded on the light of natural reason ~ Saint Thomas Aquinas, (On the Trinity, 2.3).,
121:The Divine Truth is greater than any religion or creed or scripture or idea or philosophy. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Letters on Himself and the Ashram, Passages from The Synthesis of Yoga,
122:Progress is the very heart of the significance of human life, for it means our evolution into greater and richer being. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Materialism,
123:Man insists continually on making God in his own image instead of seeking to make himself more and more in the image of God, ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Rebirth,
124:Jnanam is more than philosophy, it is the inspired and direct knowledge which comes of what our ancients called drishti, spiritual sight. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Karmayogin, In Either Case,
125:The harmony of the world is made manifest in form and number, and the heart and soul and all the poetry of natural philosophy are embodied in the concept of mathematical beauty. ~ Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson,
126:Philosophy properly speaking begins in the ninth century with John Scottus Erigena. ~ G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the History of Philosophy: The Lectures of 1825-1826. Volume III: Medieval and Modern Philosophy,
127:Philosophy dealing with the principles of things must come to perceive the Principle of all these principles. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Higher and the Lower Knowledge,
128:It not seldom happens that in the purposeless rovings and wanderings of the imagination we hunt down such game as can be put to use by our purposeful philosophy in its well-ordered household. ~ Georg C Lichtenberg,
129:The emergence and growth of consciousness is the central motive of the evolution and the key to its secret purpose. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Perfection of the Body,
130:We can reach a point where our way of life again has the dignities and the values which make living important. ~ Manly P. Hall, Lecture
131:The meeting of man and God must always mean a penetration and entry of the divine into the human and a self-immergence of man in the Divinity. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga,
132:It is rebirth that gives to the birth of an incomplete being in a body its promise of completeness and its spiritual significance. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
133:The Divine is already there immanent within us, ourselves are that in our inmost reality and it is this reality. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Supermind and the Life Divine,
134:The One is for ever, and the Many are for ever because the One is for ever. So long as there is a sea, there will be waves. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Three Purushas,
135:All philosophy is concerned with the relations between two things, the fundamental truth of existence and the forms in which existence presents itself to our experience. ~ Sri Aurobindo,
136:Philosophy is to be studied, not for the sake of any definite answers to its questions since no definite answers can, as a rule, be known to be true, but rather for the sake of the questions themselves. ~ Bertrand Russell,
137:In all forms in the world there is a force at work, unconsciously active or oppressed by inertia in its lower formulations. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Perfection of the Body,
138:The end of a stage of evolution is usually marked by a powerful recrudescence of all that has to go out of the evolution. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Process of Evolution,
139:The overcoming of the sex instinct and impulse is indeed binding on all who would attain to self-mastery and lead the spiritual life. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Divine Body,
140:In philosophy it is always good to put a question instead of an answer to a question. For an answer to the philosophical question may easily be unfair; disposing of it by means of another question is not. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
141:You are the architect of your life. You build your own philosophy and construct your own attitudes. Without right attitudes, the entire architecture remains shaky. Once you realize this fact, you will look within. ~ SWAMI RAMA,
142:Ratio, scientific or theoretical reason, emerges from the ruins of the sophic; it becomes the lantern with which we seek the Logos in the nocturnal darkness. ~ Sergius Bulgakov, The Philosophy of Economy: The World as Household,
143:Suicide is merely a frenzied revolt against limitation, a revolt not the less significant because it is without knowledge. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Kena and Other Upanishads, The Philosophy of the Upanishads,
144:Because philosophy arises from awe, a philosopher is bound in his way to be a lover of myths and poetic fables. Poets and philosophers are alike in being big with wonder. ~ Saint Thomas Aquinas,
145:An involution of spirit in matter is the beginning, but a spiritual assumption of divine birth is the fullness of the evolution. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Involution and Evolution,
146:The resolution of every duality is nameless… For no non-duality can be a thing or an object." ~ Terence James Stannus Gray, (1895 - 1986), under the pen name "Wei Wu Wei", he published eight books on Taoist philosophy, Wikipedia.,
147:However much their systems of philosophy and religion may differ, all mankind stand in reverence and awe before the man who is ready to sacrifice himself for others. ~ Swami Vivekananda, (C.W. I. 86),
148:A little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion." ~ Francis Bacon, (1561-1626), an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author, Wikipedia.,
149:The infinite variety of particular objects constitutes one sole and identical Being. To know that unity is the aim of all philosophy and of all knowledge of Nature. ~ Giordano Bruno, the Eternal Wisdom
150:A divine life in a material world implies necessarily a union of the two ends of existence, the spiritual summit and the material base. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Perfection of the Body,
151:The manifestation of a supramental truth-consciousness is therefore the capital reality that will make the divine life possible. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Supermind and the Life Divine,
152:A great thing would be done if all these God-visions could embrace and cast themselves into each other; but intellectual dogma and cult egoism stand in the way. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga,
153:If a man knows himself, he shall know God." ~ Clement of Alexandria, (c. 150 - c. 215), Christian theologian. A convert to Christianity, he was an educated man who was familiar with classical Greek philosophy and literature, Wikipedia.,
154:Philosophy comprehends the apparent manifold of things and the single truth of their meaning.... There is a coincidence in philosophy and only in philosophy of the understanding of all human things with the human good. ~ Seth Bernadette,
155:Even in the most purely mental activities the fitness, readiness or perfect training of the bodily instrument is a condition indispensable. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Perfection of the Body,
156:Liberation is liberation from the idea of liberation. There is no one to be bound, no one to be free." ~ Terence James Stannus Gray, (1895 - 1986), under the pen name "Wei Wu Wei", he published eight books on Taoist philosophy, Wikipedia.,
157:It is simply wrong to say without further ado that metaphysics is essentially limited to the knowledge of being and that it must go beyond that to reach being. Philosophy invents itself; the history of philosophy informs." ~ Étienne Gilson,
158:The law of the grand study or practical philosophy consists in developing and bringing into light the luminous principle of reason which we have received from heaven. ~ Confucius "Ta-hio" I, the Eternal Wisdom
159:What good is there in reading a whole lot of scriptures? What good is there in the study of philosophy? What is the use of talking big? At the beginning one should concentrate on God with form. ~ Sri Ramakrishna,
160:Since philosophy arises out of wonder, it is clear that the philosopher is some kind of philo-myth, a lover of fables, which is proper to poets ~ Saint Thomas Aquinas, (Commentary on Metaphysics 1, lect. 3).,
161:Perfection is the true aim of all culture, the spiritual and psychic, the mental, the vital and it must be the aim of our physical culture also. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Perfection of the Body,
162:All would change if man could once consent to be spiritualised; but his nature mental and vital and physical is rebellious to the higher law. He loves his imperfections. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga,
163:Thou wouldst exhort men to good ? but hast thou exhorted thyself ? Thou wouldst be useful to them ? Show by thy own example what men philosophy can make and do not prate uselessly. ~ Epictetus, the Eternal Wisdom
164:Philosophy can never prove a hindrance to the advance of empirical science. On the contrary, she traces every new discovery back to fundamental principles, and that lays the foundation for fresh discoveries. ~ Alexander von Humboldt to Schelling,
165:It is precisely behind the obvious that the hardest problems lie hidden.... This is so much so, in fact, that philosophy may be paradoxically, but not unprofoundly, called the science of the trivial. ~ Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations II:76,
166:Remember always that you too are Brahman and the divine Shakti is working in you; reach out always to the realisation of God's omnipotence and his delight in the Lila. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, [T5],
167:The soul is not bound by the formula of mental humanity: it did not begin with that and will not end with it; it had a prehuman past, it has a superhuman future. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
168:Angels transcend every religion, every philosophy, every creed. In fact Angels have no religion as we know it... Their existence precedes every religious system that has ever existed on Earth. ~ Saint Thomas Aquinas,
169:Chance, that vague shadow of an infinite possibility, must be banished from the dictionary of our perceptions; for of chance we can make nothing, because it is nothing. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Karma,
170:A life in which the supernatural truths would be read in every kind of work, in every active labour, in all festivals, and all hierarchical and social relations, in all art, in all science, in all philosophy. ~ Simone Weil, First and Last Notebooks 173,
171:Philosophy is only a way of formulating to ourselves intellectually in their essential significance the psychological and physical facts of existence and their relation to any ultimate reality that may exist. ~ Sri Aurobindo,
172:My chief reason for choosing Christianity was because the mysteries were incomprehensible. What's the point of revelation if we could figure it out ourselves? If it were wholly comprehensible, then it would just be another philosophy. ~ Mortimer J Adler,
173:Generally speaking, the errors in religion are dangerous; those in philosophy only ridiculous." ~ David Hume, (1711 - 1776) Scottish philosopher, best known for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism." Wikipedia.,
174:Work without ideals is a false gospel.
The world is a great game of hide and seek in which the real hides behind the apparent, spirit behind matter. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
175:The purpose of economic activity is to defend and to spread the seeds of life, to resurrect nature. This is the action of Sophia on the universe in an effort to restore it to being in Truth. ~ Sergius Bulgakov, The Philosophy of Economy: The World as Household,
176:Show me a sane man and I will cure him for you." ~ Carl Jung, (1875 - 1961) Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology, influential in the fields of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy, and religious studies,
177:God is the Being in Whom being anything means being everything." ~ Parmenides, (late sixth or early fifth century BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek, considered the founder of metaphysics or ontology and has influenced the whole history of Western philosophy, Wikipedia.,
178:What sort of ground is required to support an adequate human knowledge of natural things? For Thomas, as the doctrine of Ideas makes clear, philosophy may know nature adequately without being able to reach the ground of natural intelligibility at all. ~ Mark Jordan,
179:For us, philosophy has become something like an intellectual exercise; for the Greeks it was not an external decoration of life but the inner beauty of the latter and an elucidation of it psychophysical and social structure. ~ Pavel Florensky, The Meaning of Idealism,
180:There are higher levels of the mind than any we now conceive and to these we must one day reach and rise beyond them to the heights of a greater, a spiritual existence. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Perfection of the Body,
181:You are the traveler; you are the path; you are the destination. Be careful never to lose the way to yourself." ~ Yahya Suhaward, (1154-1191) Persian philosopher and founder of the Iranian school of Illuminationism, an important school in Islamic philosophy, Wikipedia.,
182:Let empiricism once become associated with religion, as hitherto, through some strange misunderstanding, it has been associated with irreligion, and I believe that a new era of religion as well as philosophy will be ready to begin. ~ William James, A Pluralistic Universe,
183:One's philosophy is not best expressed in words; it is expressed in the choices one makes. In the long run, we shape our lives and we shape ourselves. The process never ends until we die. And, the choices we make are ultimately our own responsibility. ~ Eleanor Roosevelt,
184:When a man who has carried out a great work is destroyed, it is for the egoism by which he has misused the force within that the force itself breaks him to pieces. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Greatness of the Individual,
185:It is well known... that beside the extent of the heavens, the circumference of the earth has the size of a point; that is to say, compared with the magnitude of the celestial sphere, it may be thought as having no extent at all. ~ Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy II.7,
186:I become what I see in myself. All that thought suggests to me, I can do; all that thought reveals in me, I can become. This should be man's unshakable faith in himself, because God dwells in him.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga,
187:When you kick a man when he is down — do you realize that you are kicking yourself? Give him another kick — if you think you deserve it." ~ Terence James Stannus Gray, (1895 - 1986), under the pen name "Wei Wu Wei", he published eight books on Taoist philosophy, Wikipedia.,
188:Consistency is usually a rigid or narrow-minded inability to see more than one side of the truth or more than their own narrow personal view or experience of things. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Letters on Himself and the Ashram, On His Philosophy in General,
189:Philosophy explains by distinguishing... [I]t works with distinctions, it brings them out and dwells on them, dwells with them, showing how and why the things that it has distinguished must be distinguished one from the other. ~ Robert Sokolowski, 'The Method of Philosophy',
190:Here is the secret of happiness. Forget yourself and think of others." ~ Swami Paramananda, (1884-1940), an early Indian teacher who went to the United States to spread the Vedanta philosophy. He was a mystic, a poet and an innovator in spiritual community living, Wikipedia.,
191:The body is the chariot and the senses are the horses of the driving and it is through the bloodstained and mire-sunk ways of the world that Sri Krishna pilots the soul of man to Vaicuntha. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Karmayoga,
192:What is important about philosophy is the way in which a life informed by... philosophical inquiry and guided by its conclusions will be significantly different from the life of someone in other respects like the philosopher, but untouched by philosophy. ~ Alastair MacIntyre,
193:What we call the Inconscient is an appearance, a dwelling place, an instrument of a secret Consciousness or a Superconscient which has created the miracle we call the universe. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Perfection of the Body,
194:Every reader should ask himself periodically 'Toward what end, toward what end?' -- but do not ask it too often lest you pass up the fun of programming for the constipation of bittersweet philosophy.
   ~ Harold Abelson, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs,
195:[T]he archaic understanding of the presuppositions of life… are the order and harmony of beauty. The cosmos exists not because it represents an objective something but because it constitutes a how, a mode of harmony and decorum. ~ Christos Yannaras, The Schism in Philosophy, 5,
196:Feasting on sights displayed [in the heavens], his soul was insatiate in beholding. It went on to to ask: What is the essence of these visible objects and the method of their movement? It was out of the investigation of these problems that philosophy grew… ~ Philo of Alexandria,
197:The philosopher cannot fly; he must ascend into the ether; but his wings inevitably melt in the heat of the sun, and he falls and breaks into fragments. On this flight, however, he sees something, and his philosophy speaks of this vision. ~ S. Bulgakov, The Tragedy of Philosophy,
198:Philosophy is simply friendship with wisdom... thus in a certain sense we can call everyone a philosopher in accordance with the natural love that generates in everyone the desire to know. W/o love or without devotion one cannot be called a philosopher. ~ Dante, Convivio III.xi.6,
199:Philosophy, the study of wisdom, is not one thing & religion another... What is the exercise of philosophy but the exposition of the rules of true religion by which the supreme & principal cause of all things, God, is worshipped with humility & rationally searched for? ~ Eriugena,
200:In the totality of the change we have to achieve, human means and forces too have to be taken up, not dropped but used and magnified to their utmost possibility as part of the new life. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Perfection of the Body,
201:Philosophy not only purifies the reason and predisposes it to the contact of the universal and the infinite, but tends to stabilise the nature and create the tranquillity of the sage. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Higher and the Lower Knowledge,
202:It is in our inner spiritual experiences that we shall find the proof and source of the world's Scriptures, the law of knowledge, love and conduct, the basis and inspiration of Karmayoga. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Ideal of the Karmayogin,
203:If then we wish to give ourselves to the study of philosophy, let us apply ourselves to self-knowledge and we shall arrive at a right philosophy by elevating ourselves from the conception of ourselves to the contemplation of the universe. ~ Porphyry, the Eternal Wisdom
204:God cannot cease from leaning towards Nature, nor man from aspiring towards the Godhead. It is the eternal relation of the finite to the infinite. When they seem to turn from each other, it is to recoil for a more intimate meeting.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga,
205:The world is not prepared yet to understand the philosophy of Occult Sciences - let them assure themselves first of all that there are beings in an invisible world, whether 'Spirits' of the dead or Elementals; and that there are hidden powers in man, which are capable of making a God of him on earth. ~ H P Blavatsky,
206:My desire and wish is that the things I start with should be so obvious that you wonder why I spend my time stating them. This is what I aim at because the point of philosophy is to start with something so simple as not to seem worth stating, and to end with something so paradoxical that no one will believe it. ~ Bertrand Russell,
207:The sex-vampire eats up the other's vital and gives nothing or very little. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Letters on Yoga - IV: Interactions with Others and the Practice of Yoga
Sec-Vampire
In myself is the seed of all my creation. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Karma,
208:Philosophy hasn't made any progress? - If somebody scratches the spot where he has an itch, do we have to see some progress? Isn't genuine scratching otherwise, or genuine itching itching? And can't this reaction to an irritation continue in the same way for a long time before a cure for the itching is discovered? ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
209:Integral theory is a school of philosophy that seeks to integrate all of human wisdom into a new, emergent worldview that is able to accommodate the gifts of all previous worldviews, including those which have been historically at odds: science and religion, Eastern and Western schools of thought, and pre-modern, modern and post-modern worldviews. ~ Daily Evolver,
210:The essence of my work is; God, or the absolute Spirit, exists-and can be proven-and there is a ladder that reaches to that summit, a ladder that you can be shown how to climb, a ladder that leads from time to eternity, and from death to immortality. And all philosophy and psychology swings into a remarkable synthesis around that ladder. ~ Ken Wilber, The Great Chain of Being, 1987 (unpublished manuscript),
211:There is a meaning in each curve and line.
It is an architecture high and grand
By many named and nameless masons built
In which unseeing hands obey the Unseen, ~ Sri Aurobindo, Savitri, The Way of Fate and the Problem of Pain
Meaning of this World
Our means must be as great as our ends. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Ideal of the Karmayogin,
212:The soul of each man contains the potential divinity. Our aim must be to make apparent this divinity within us by subduing our inner and outer nature. Attain to him by works or by adoration, by physical mastery, by philosophy, by one, by several or by all of these methods and be free. That is the whole of religion. Doctrines, dogmas, rituals, books, temples, forms are only secondary details. ~ Vivekananda, the Eternal Wisdom
213:The Copenhagen Interpretation is sometimes called 'model agnosticism' and holds that any grid we use to organize our experience of the world is a model of the world and should not be confused with the world itself. Alfred Korzybski, the semanticist, tried to popularize this outside physics with the slogan, 'The map is not the territory.' Alan Watts, a talented exegete of Oriental philosophy, restated it more vividly as 'The menu is not the meal.'
   ~ Robert Anton Wilson, Cosmic Trigger,
214:There is a philosophy that says that if something is unobservable -- unobservable in principle -- it is not part of science. If there is no way to falsify or confirm a hypothesis, it belongs to the realm of metaphysical speculation, together with astrology and spiritualism. By that standard, most of the universe has no scientific reality -- it's just a figment of our imaginations. ~ Leonard Susskind, The Black Hole War: My Battle with Stephen Hawking to Make the World Safe for Quantum Mechanics,
215:We have to entertain the possibility that there is no reason for something existing; or that the split between subject and object is only our name for something equally accidental we call knowledge; or, an even more difficult thought, that while there may be some order to the self and the cosmos, to the microcosm and macrocosm, it is an order that is absolutely indifferent to our existence, and of which we can have only a negative awareness.
   ~ Eugene Thacker, In the Dust of This Planet: Horror Of Philosophy vol. 1,
216:MAGIC is the Highest, most Absolute, and most Divine Knowledge of Natural Philosophy, advanced in its works and wonderful operations by a right understanding of the inward and occult virtue of things; so that true Agents 2 being applied to proper Patients, 3 strange and admirable effects will thereby be produced. Whence magicians are profound and diligent searchers into Nature; they, because of their skill, know how to anticipate an effort, 4 the which to the vulgar shall seem to be a miracle.
   ~ King Solomon, Lesser Key Of The Goetia,
217:There are not many, those who have no secret garden of the mind. For this garden alone can give refreshment when life is barren of peace or sustenance or satisfactory answer. Such sanctuaries may be reached by a certain philosophy or faith, by the guidance of a beloved author or an understanding friend, by way of the temples of music and art, or by groping after truth through the vast kingdoms of knowledge. They encompass almost always truth and beauty, and are radiant with the light that never was on sea or land. - Clare Cameron, Green Fields of England ~ Israel Regardie, A Garden Of Pomegranates,
218:The other day I happened to be reading a careful, interesting account of the state of British higher education. The government is a kind of market-oriented government and they came out with an official paper, a 'White Paper' saying that it is not the responsibility of the state to support any institution that can't survive in the market. So, if Oxford is teaching philosophy, the arts, Greek history, medieval history, and so on, and they can't sell it on the market, why should they be supported? Because life consists only of what you can sell in the market and get back, nothing else. That is a real pathology. ~ Noam Chomsky,
219:The science of government it is my duty to study, more than all other sciences; the arts of legislation and administration and negotiation ought to take the place of, indeed exclude, in a manner, all other arts. I must study politics and war, that our sons may have liberty to study mathematics and philosophy. Our sons ought to study mathematics and philosophy, geography, natural history and naval architecture, navigation, commerce and agriculture in order to give their children a right to study painting, poetry, music, architecture, statuary, tapestry and porcelain. ~ John Adams, Letters of John Adams, Addressed to His Wife,
220:Essentially, Yoga is a generic name for the processes and the result of processes by which we transcend or shred off our present modes of being and rise to a new, a higher, a wider mode of consciousness which is not that of the ordinary animal and intellectual man. Yoga is the exchange of an egoistic for a universal or cosmic consciousness lifted towards or informed by the supra-cosmic, transcendent Unnameable who is the source and support of all things. Yoga is the passage of the human thinking animal towards the God-consciousness from which he has descended. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga,
221:The poet-philosopher or the philosopher-poet, whichever way we may put it, is a new formation of the human consciousness that is coming upon us. A wide and rationalising (not rationalistic) intelligence deploying and marshalling out a deep intuitive and direct Knowledge that is the pattern of human mind developing in the new age. Bergson's was a harbinger, a definite landmark on the way. Sri Aurobindo's The Life Divine arrives and opens the very portals of the marvellous temple city of a dynamic integral knowledge. ~ Nolini Kanta Gupta, Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, The Philosopher as an Artist and Philosophy as an Art,
222:Indeed, some of the problems commonly engaging the attention of philosophical thought appear to be deprived, not only of all importance, but of any meaning as well; a host of problems arise resting solely upon some ambiguity or upon a confusion of points of view, problems that only exist in fact because they are badly expressed, and that normally should not arise at all. In most cases therefore, it would in itself be sufficient to set these problems forth correctly in order to cause them to disappear, were it not that philosophy has an interest in keeping them alive, since it thrives largely upon ambiguities. ~ Rene Guenon, Introduction to the Study of the Hindu Doctrines,
223:The agony of breaking through personal limitations is the agony of spiritual growth. Art, literature, myth and cult, philosophy, and ascetic disciplines are instruments to help the individual past his limiting horizons into spheres of ever-expanding realization. As he crosses threshold after threshold, conquering dragon after dragon, the stature of the divinity that he summons to his highest wish increases, until it subsumes the cosmos. Finally, the mind breaks the bounding sphere of the cosmos to a realization transcending all experiences of form-all symbolizations, all divinities: a realization of the ineluctable void. ~ Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, The Ultimate Boon,
224:Hermetic philosophy is complex and many-layered. At the heart, the Hermetics profess the drive to perfection. This drive manifests through trials, tests, self-discovery, and the rejoining of fragmented patterns like disparate languages or mathematical conundrums. Ideally, each individual has a Word, a divine imperative that drives the figure's revelations. By exploring the boundaries of that Word and all of its meanings, the individual rises to his inner nature, then beyond. Each step in the process is a challenge that requires a leap of perception but also opens the way to the next path. Eventually, the human passes far enough to become something cosmically divine. ~ Mage the Ascension, Order of Hermes,
225:To take the last issue, the difficult issue, first. The first great Dharma systems, East and West, all arose, without exception, in the so-called "axial period" (Karl Jaspers), that rather extraordinary period beginning around the 6th century B.C. (plus or minus several centuries), a period that saw the birth of Gautama Buddha, Lao Tzu, Confucius, Moses, Plato, Patanjali—a period that would soon give way, over the next few centuries, to include Ashvaghosa, Nagarjuna, Plotinus, Jesus, Philo, Valentinus…. Virtually all of the major tenets of the perennial philosophy were first laid down during this amazing era (in Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Judaism, Christianity….) ~ Ken Wilber, Integral Life, right-bucks,
226: But we now come to speak of the holy and sacred Pentacles and Sigils. Now these pentacles, are as it were certain holy signes preserving us from evil chances and events, and helping and assisting us to binde, exterminate, and drive away evil spirits, and alluring the good spirits, and reconciling them unto us. And these pentacles do consist either of Characters of the good spirits of the superiour order, or of sacred pictures of holy letters or revelations, with apt and fit versicles, which are composed either of Geometrical figures and holy names of God, according to the course and maner of many of them; or they are compounded of all of them, or very many of them mixt. ~ Agrippa, A Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy,
227:The most general science. Pythagoras is said to have called himself a lover of wisdom. But philosophy has been both the seeking of wisdom and the wisdom sought. Originally, the rational explanation of anything, the general principles under which all facts could be explained; in this sense, indistinguishable from science. Later, the science of the first principles of being; the presuppositions of ultimate reality. Now, popularly, private wisdom or consolation; technically, the science of sciences, the criticism and systematization or organization of all knowledge, drawn from empirical science, rational learning, common experience, or whatever. Philosophy includes metaphysics, or ontology and epistemology, logic, ethics, aesthetics, etc. (all of which see). ~ J.K.F., Dagoberts Dictionary of Philosophy,
228:Only, in all he sees God, sees the supreme reality, and his motive of work is to help mankind towards the knowledge of God and the possession of the supreme reality. He sees God through the data of science, God through the conclusions of philosophy, God through the forms of Beauty and the forms of Good, God in all the activities of life, God in the past of the world and its effects, in the present and its tendencies, in the future and its great progression. Into any or all of these he can bring his illumined vision and his liberated power of the spirit. The lower knowledge has been the step from which he has risen to the higher; the higher illumines for him the lower and makes it part of itself, even if only its lower fringe and most external radiation.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Higher and the Lower Knowledge,
229: The purpose of creation, is lila. The concept of lila escapes all the traditional difficulties in assigning purpose to the creator. Lila is a purpose-less purpose, a natural outflow, a spontaneous self-manifestation of the Divine. The concept of lila, again, emphasizes the role of delight in creation. The concept of Prakriti and Maya fail to explain the bliss aspect of Divine. If the world is manifestation of the Force of Satcitananda, the deployment of its existence and consciousness, its purpose can be nothing but delight. This is the meaning of delight. Lila, the play, the child's joy, the poet's joy, the actor's joy, the mechanician's joy of the soul of things eternally young, perpetually inexhaustible, creating and recreating Himself in Himself for the sheer bliss of that self-creation, of that self-representation, Himself the play, Himself the player, Himself the playground ~ Sri Aurobindo, Philosophy of Social Development, pp-39-40
230:reading :::
   50 Philosophy Classics: List of Books Covered:
   1. Hannah Arendt - The Human Condition (1958)
   2. Aristotle - Nicomachean Ethics (4th century BC)
   3. AJ Ayer - Language, Truth and Logic (1936)
   4. Julian Baggini - The Ego Trick (2011)
   5. Jean Baudrillard - Simulacra and Simulation (1981)
   6. Simone de Beauvoir - The Second Sex (1952)
   7. Jeremy Bentham - Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)
   8. Henri Bergson - Creative Evolution (1911)
   9. David Bohm - Wholeness and the Implicate Order (1980)
   10. Noam Chomsky - Understanding Power (2002)
   11. Cicero - On Duties (44 BC)
   12. Confucius - Analects (5th century BC)
   13. Rene Descartes - Meditations (1641)
   14. Ralph Waldo Emerson - Fate (1860)
   15. Epicurus - Letters (3rd century BC)
   16. Michel Foucault - The Order of Things (1966)
   17. Harry Frankfurt - On Bullshit (2005)
   18. Sam Harris - Free Will (2012)
   19. GWF Hegel - Phenomenology of Spirit (1803)
   20. Martin Heidegger - Being and Time (1927)
   21. Heraclitus - Fragments
231:This last figure, the White Magician, symbolizes the self-transcending element in the scientist's motivational drive and emotional make-up; his humble immersion into the mysteries of nature, his quest for the harmony of the spheres, the origin of life, the equations of a unified field theory. The conquistadorial urge is derived from a sense of power, the participatory urge from a sense of oceanic wonder. 'Men were first led to the study of natural philosophy', wrote Aristotle, 'as indeed they are today, by wonder.' Maxwell's earliest memory was 'lying on the grass, looking at the sun, and wondering'. Einstein struck the same chord when he wrote that whoever is devoid of the capacity to wonder, 'whoever remains unmoved, whoever cannot contemplate or know the deep shudder of the soul in enchantment, might just as well be dead for he has already closed his eyes upon life'.

This oceanic feeling of wonder is the common source of religious mysticism, of pure science and art for art's sake; it is their common denominator and emotional bond. ~ Arthur Koestler,
232:ALL YOGA is in its nature a new birth; it is a birth out of the ordinary, the mentalised material life of man into a higher spiritual consciousness and a greater and diviner being. No Yoga can be successfully undertaken and followed unless there is a strong awakening to the necessity of that larger spiritual existence. The soul that is called to this deep and vast inward change, may arrive in different ways to the initial departure. It may come to it by its own natural development which has been leading it unconsciously towards the awakening; it may reach it through the influence of a religion or the attraction of a philosophy; it may approach it by a slow illumination or leap to it by a sudden touch or shock; it may be pushed or led to it by the pressure of outward circumstances or by an inward necessity, by a single word that breaks the seals of the mind or by long reflection, by the distant example of one who has trod the path or by contact and daily influence. According to the nature and the circumstances the call will come.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, Self-Consecration,
233:Here I want to make it very clear that mathematics is not what many people think it is; it is not a system of mere formulas and theorems; but as beautifully defined by Professor Cassius J. Keyser, in his book The Human Worth of Rigorous Thinking (Columbia University Press, 1916), mathematics is the science of "Exact thought or rigorous thinking," and one of its distinctive characteristics is "precision, sharpness, completeness of definitions." This quality alone is sufficient to explain why people generally do not like mathematics and why even some scientists bluntly refuse to have anything to do with problems wherein mathematical reasoning is involved. In the meantime, mathematical philosophy has very little, if anything, to do with mere calculations or with numbers as such or with formulas; it is a philosophy wherein precise, sharp and rigorous thinking is essential. Those who deliberately refuse to think "rigorously"-that is mathematically-in connections where such thinking is possible, commit the sin of preferring the worse to the better; they deliberately violate the supreme law of intellectual rectitude. ~ Alfred Korzybski, Manhood of Humanity,
234:
   An Informal Integral Canon: Selected books on Integral Science, Philosophy and the Integral Transformation
   Sri Aurobindo - The Life Divine
   Sri Aurobindo - The Synthesis of Yoga
   Pierre Teilhard de Chardin - The Phenomenon of Man
   Jean Gebser - The Ever-Present Origin
   Edward Haskell - Full Circle - The Moral Force of Unified Science
   Oliver L. Reiser - Cosmic Humanism and World Unity
   Christopher Hills - Nuclear Evolution: Discovery of the Rainbow Body
   The Mother - Mother's Agenda
   Erich Jantsch - The Self-Organizing Universe - Scientific and Human Implications of the Emerging Paradigm of Evolution
   T. R. Thulasiram - Arut Perum Jyothi and Deathless Body
   Kees Zoeteman - Gaiasophy
   Ken Wilber - Sex Ecology Spirituality: The Spirit of Evolution
   Don Edward Beck - Spiral Dynamics: Mastering Values, Leadership, and Change
   Kundan Singh - The Evolution of Integral Yoga: Sri Aurobindo, Sri Ramakrishna, and Swami Vivekananda
   Sean Esbjorn-Hargens - Integral Ecology: Uniting Multiple Perspectives on the Natural World
   ~ M Alan Kazlev, Kheper,
235:...the present terms are there not as an unprofitable recurrence, but in active pregnant gestation of all that is yet to be unfolded by the spirit, no irrational decimal recurrence helplessly repeating for ever its figures, but an expanding series of powers of the Infinite. What is in front of us is the greater potentialities, the steps yet unclimbed, the intended mightier manifestations. Why we are here is to be this means of the spirit's upward self-unfolding. What we have to do with ourselves and our significances is to grow and open them to greater significances of divine being, divine consciousness, divine power, divine delight and multiplied unity, and what we have to do with our environment is to use it consciously for increasing spiritual purposes and make it more and more a mould for the ideal unfolding of the perfect nature and self-conception of the Divine in the cosmos. This is surely the Will in things which moves, great and deliberate, unhasting, unresting, through whatever cycles, towards a greater and greater informing of its own finite figures with its own infinite Reality.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga,
236:The key one and threefold, even as universal science. The division of the work is sevenfold, and through these sections are distributed the seven degrees of initiation into is transcendental philosophy.

The text is a mystical commentary on the oracles of Solomon, ^ and the work ends with a series of synoptic schedules which are the synthesis of Magic and the occult Kabalah so far as concerns that which can be made public in writing. The rest, being the esoteric and inexpressible part of the science, is formulated in magnificent pantacles carefully designed and engraved. These are nine in number, as follows

(1) The dogma of Hermes;
(2) Magical realisation;
(3) The path of wisdom and the initial procedure in the work
(4) The Gate of the Sanctuary enlightened by seven mystic rays;
(5) A Rose of Light, in the centre of which a human figure is extending its arms in the form of a cross;
(6) The magical laboratory of Khunrath, demonstrating the necessary union of prayer and work
(7) The absolute synthesis of science;
(8) Universal equilibrium ;
(9) A summary of Khunrath's personal embodying an energetic protest against all his detractors. ~ Eliphas Levi, The History Of Magic,
237:Philosophy, as defined by Fichte, is the "science of sciences." Its aim was to solve the problems of the world. In the past, when all exact sciences were in their infancy, philosophy had to be purely speculative, with little or no regard to realities. But if we regard philosophy as a Mother science, divided into many branches, we find that those branches have grown so large and various, that the Mother science looks like a hen with her little ducklings paddling in a pond, far beyond her reach; she is unable to follow her growing hatchlings. In the meantime, the progress of life and science goes on, irrespective of the cackling of metaphysics. Philosophy does not fulfill her initial aim to bring the results of experimental and exact sciences together and to solve world problems. Through endless, scientific specialization scientific branches multiply, and for want of coordination the great world-problems suffer. This failure of philosophy to fulfill her boasted mission of scientific coordination is responsible for the chaos in the world of general thought. The world has no collective or organized higher ideals and aims, nor even fixed general purposes. Life is an accidental game of private or collective ambitions and greeds. ~ Alfred Korzybski, Manhood of Humanity,
238:I have been accused of a habit of changing my opinions. I am not myself in any degree ashamed of having changed my opinions. What physicist who was already active in 1900 would dream of boasting that his opinions had not changed during the last half century? In science men change their opinions when new knowledge becomes available; but philosophy in the minds of many is assimilated rather to theology than to science. The kind of philosophy that I value and have endeavoured to pursue is scientific, in the sense that there is some definite knowledge to be obtained and that new discoveries can make the admission of former error inevitable to any candid mind. For what I have said, whether early or late, I do not claim the kind of truth which theologians claim for their creeds. I claim only, at best, that the opinion expressed was a sensible one to hold at the time when it was expressed. I should be much surprised if subsequent research did not show that it needed to be modified. I hope, therefore, that whoever uses this dictionary will not suppose the remarks which it quotes to be intended as pontifical pronouncements, but only as the best I could do at the time towards the promotion of clear and accurate thinking. Clarity, above all, has been my aim.
   ~ Bertrand Russell,
239:Therefore the age of intuitive knowledge, represented by the early Vedantic thinking of the Upanishads, had to give place to the age of rational knowledge; inspired Scripture made room for metaphysical philosophy, even as afterwards metaphysical philosophy had to give place to experimental Science.

   Intuitive thought which is a messenger from the superconscient and therefore our highest faculty, was supplanted by the pure reason which is only a sort of deputy and belongs to the middle heights of our being; pure reason in its turn was supplanted for a time by the mixed action of the reason which lives on our plains and lower elevations and does not in its view exceed the horizon of the experience that the physical mind and senses or such aids as we can invent for them can bring to us.

   And this process which seems to be a descent, is really a circle of progress.

   For in each case the lower faculty is compelled to take up as much as it can assimilate of what the higher had already given and to attempt to re-establish it by its own methods.

   By the attempt it is itself enlarged in its scope and arrives eventually at a more supple and a more ample selfaccommodation to the higher faculties. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, 1.08-13,
240:on cultivating equality :::
   For it is certain that so great a result cannot be arrived at immediately and without any previous stages. At first we have to learn to bear the shocks of the world with the central part of our being untouched and silent, even when the surface mind, heart, life are strongly shaken; unmoved there on the bedrock of our life, we must separate the soul watching behind or immune deep within from these outer workings of our nature. Afterwards, extending this calm and steadfastness of the detached soul to its instruments, it will become slowly possible to radiate peace from the luminous centre to the darker peripheries. In this process we may take the passing help of many minor phases; a certain stoicism, a certain calm philosophy, a certain religious exaltation may help us towards some nearness to our aim, or we may call in even less strong and exalted but still useful powers of our mental nature. In the end we must either discard or transform them and arrive instead at an entire equality, a perfect self-existent peace within and even, if we can, a total unassailable, self-poised and spontaneous delight in all our members.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Yoga of Divine Works, Self-Surrender in Works - The Way of the Gita, [103-104],
241:But even when the desire to know exists in the requisite strength, the mental vision by which abstract truth is recognised is hard to distinguish from vivid imaginability and consonance with mental habits. It is necessary to practise methodological doubt, like Descartes, in order to loosen the hold of mental habits; and it is necessary to cultivate logical imagination, in order to have a number of hypotheses at command, and not to be the slave of the one which common sense has rendered easy to imagine. These two processes, of doubting the familiar and imagining the unfamiliar, are correlative, and form the chief part of the mental training required for a philosopher.

The naïve beliefs which we find in ourselves when we first begin the process of philosophic reflection may turn out, in the end, to be almost all capable of a true interpretation; but they ought all, before being admitted into philosophy, to undergo the ordeal of sceptical criticism. Until they have gone through this ordeal, they are mere blind habits, ways of behaving rather than intellectual convictions. And although it may be that a majority will pass the test, we may be pretty sure that some will not, and that a serious readjustment of our outlook ought to result. In order to break the dominion of habit, we must do our best to doubt the senses, reason, morals, everything in short. In some directions, doubt will be found possible; in others, it will be checked by that direct vision of abstract truth upon which the possibility of philosophical knowledge depends. ~ Bertrand Russell, Our Knowledge of the External World,
242:... Every one knew how laborious the usual method is of attaining to arts and sciences; whereas, by his contrivance, the most ignorant person, at a reasonable charge, and with a little bodily labour, might write books in philosophy, poetry, politics, laws, mathematics, and theology, without the least assistance from genius or study." He then led me to the frame, about the sides, whereof all his pupils stood in ranks. It was twenty feet square, placed in the middle of the room. The superfices was composed of several bits of wood, about the bigness of a die, but some larger than others. They were all linked together by slender wires. These bits of wood were covered, on every square, with paper pasted on them; and on these papers were written all the words of their language, in their several moods, tenses, and declensions; but without any order. The professor then desired me "to observe; for he was going to set his engine at work." The pupils, at his command, took each of them hold of an iron handle, whereof there were forty fixed round the edges of the frame; and giving them a sudden turn, the whole disposition of the words was entirely changed. He then commanded six-and-thirty of the lads, to read the several lines softly, as they appeared upon the frame; and where they found three or four words together that might make part of a sentence, they dictated to the four remaining boys, who were scribes. This work was repeated three or four times, and at every turn, the engine was so contrived, that the words shifted into new places, as the square bits of wood moved upside down. ~ Jonathan Swift, Gullivers Travels,
243:In the Judeo-Christian tradition, it is called 'the resurrection body ' and 'the glorified body.' The prophet Isaiah said, 'The dead shall live, their bodies shall rise' (Isa. 26:19). St. Paul called it 'the celestial body' or 'spiritual body ' (soma pneumatikon) (I Corinthians 15:40). In Sufism it is called 'the most sacred body ' (wujud al-aqdas) and 'supracelestial body ' (jism asli haqiqi). In Taoism, it is called 'the diamond body,' and those who have attained it are called 'the immortals' and 'the cloudwalkers.' In Tibetan Buddhism it is called 'the light body.' In Tantrism and some schools of yoga, it is called 'the vajra body,' 'the adamantine body,' and 'the divine body.' In Kriya yoga it is called 'the body of bliss.' In Vedanta it is called 'the superconductive body.' In Gnosticism and Neoplatonism, it is called 'the radiant body.' In the alchemical tradition, the Emerald Tablet calls it 'the Glory of the Whole Universe' and 'the golden body.' The alchemist Paracelsus called it 'the astral body.' In the Hermetic Corpus, it is called 'the immortal body ' (soma athanaton). In some mystery schools, it is called 'the solar body.' In Rosicrucianism, it is called 'the diamond body of the temple of God.' In ancient Egypt it was called 'the luminous body or being' (akh). In Old Persia it was called 'the indwelling divine potential' (fravashi or fravarti). In the Mithraic liturgy it was called 'the perfect body ' (soma teilion). In the philosophy of Sri Aurobindo, it is called 'the divine body,' composed of supramental substance. In the philosophy of Teilhard de Chardin, it is called 'the ultrahuman'.
   ~ ?, http://herebedragons.weebly.com/homo-lumen.html,
244:Philosophy, like all other studies, aims primarily at knowledge. The knowledge it aims at is the kind of knowledge which gives unity and system to the body of the sciences, and the kind which results from a critical examination of the grounds of our convictions, prejudices, and beliefs. But it cannot be maintained that philosophy has had any very great measure of success in its attempts to provide definite answers to its questions. If you ask a mathematician, a mineralogist, a historian, or any other man of learning, what definite body of truths has been ascertained by his science, his answer will last as long as you are willing to listen. But if you put the same question to a philosopher, he will, if he is candid, have to confess that his study has not achieved positive results such as have been achieved by other sciences. It is true that this is partly accounted for by the fact that, as soon as definite knowledge concerning any subject becomes possible, this subject ceases to be called philosophy, and becomes a separate science. The whole study of the heavens, which now belongs to astronomy, was once included in philosophy; Newton's great work was called 'the mathematical principles of natural philosophy'. Similarly, the study of the human mind, which was a part of philosophy, has now been separated from philosophy and has become the science of psychology. Thus, to a great extent, the uncertainty of philosophy is more apparent than real: those questions which are already capable of definite answers are placed in the sciences, while those only to which, at present, no definite answer can be given, remain to form the residue which is called philosophy.
   ~ Bertrand Russell,
245:science reading list :::
   1. and 2. The Voyage of the Beagle (1845) and The Origin of Species (1859) by Charles Darwin [tie
   3. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) by Isaac Newton (1687)
   4. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems by Galileo Galilei (1632)
   5. De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres) by Nicolaus Copernicus (1543)
   6. Physica (Physics) by Aristotle (circa 330 B.C.)
   7. De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius (1543)
   8. Relativity: The Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein (1916)
   9. The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins (1976)
   10. One Two Three . . . Infinity by George Gamow (1947)
   11. The Double Helix by James D. Watson (1968)
   12. What Is Life? by Erwin Schrodinger (1944)
   13. The Cosmic Connection by Carl Sagan (1973)
   14. The Insect Societies by Edward O. Wilson (1971)
   15. The First Three Minutes by Steven Weinberg (1977)
   16. Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962)
   17. The Mismeasure of Man by Stephen Jay Gould (1981)
   18. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales by Oliver Sacks (1985)
   19. The Journals of Lewis and Clark by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark (1814)
   20. The Feynman Lectures on Physics by Richard P Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands (1963)
   21. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male by Alfred C. Kinsey et al. (1948)
   22. Gorillas in the Mist by Dian Fossey (1983)
   23. Under a Lucky Star by Roy Chapman Andrews (1943)
   24. Micrographia by Robert Hooke (1665)
   25. Gaia by James Lovelock (1979)
   ~ Editors of Discovery Magazine, Website,
246:the omnipresent Trinity :::
   In practice three conceptions are necessary before there can be any possibility of Yoga; there must be, as it were, three consenting parties to the effort,-God, Nature and the human soul or, in more abstract language, the Transcendental, the Universal and the Individual. If the individual and Nature are left to themselves, the one is bound to the other and unable to exceed appreciably her lingering march. Something transcendent is needed, free from her and greater, which will act upon us and her, attracting us upward to Itself and securing from her by good grace or by force her consent to the individual ascension. It is this truth which makes necessary to every philosophy of Yoga the conception of the Ishwara, Lord, supreme Soul or supreme Self, towards whom the effort is directed and who gives the illuminating touch and the strength to attain. Equally true is the complementary idea so often enforced by the Yoga of devotion that as the Transcendent is necessary to the individual and sought after by him, so also the individual is necessary in a sense to the Transcendent and sought after by It. If the Bhakta seeks and yearns after Bhagavan, Bhagavan also seeks and yearns after the Bhakta. There can be no Yoga of knowledge without a human seeker of the knowledge, the supreme subject of knowledge and the divine use by the individual of the universal faculties of knowledge; no Yoga of devotion without the human God-lover, the supreme object of love and delight and the divine use by the individual of the universal faculties of spiritual, emotional and aesthetic enjoyment; no Yoga of works without the human worker, the supreme Will, Master of all works and sacrifices, and the divine use by the individual of the universal faculties of power and action. However Monistic maybe our intellectual conception of the highest truth of things, in practice we are compelled to accept this omnipresent Trinity.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, Introduction - The Conditions of the Synthesis, The Systems of Yoga,
247:This is the real sense and drive of what we see as evolution: the multiplication and variation of forms is only the means of its process. Each gradation contains the possibility and the certainty of the grades beyond it: the emergence of more and more developed forms and powers points to more perfected forms and greater powers beyond them, and each emergence of consciousness and the conscious beings proper to it enables the rise to a greater consciousness beyond and the greater order of beings up to the ultimate godheads of which Nature is striving and is destined to show herself capable. Matter developed its organised forms until it became capable of embodying living organisms; then life rose from the subconscience of the plant into conscious animal formations and through them to the thinking life of man. Mind founded in life developed intellect, developed its types of knowledge and ignorance, truth and error till it reached the spiritual perception and illumination and now can see as in a glass dimly the possibility of supermind and a truthconscious existence. In this inevitable ascent the mind of Light is a gradation, an inevitable stage. As an evolving principle it will mark a stage in the human ascent and evolve a new type of human being; this development must carry in it an ascending gradation of its own powers and types of an ascending humanity which will embody more and more the turn towards spirituality, capacity for Light, a climb towards a divinised manhood and the divine life.
   In the birth of the mind of Light and its ascension into its own recognisable self and its true status and right province there must be, in the very nature of things as they are and very nature of the evolutionary process as it is at present, two stages. In the first, we can see the mind of Light gathering itself out of the Ignorance, assembling its constituent elements, building up its shapes and types, however imperfect at first, and pushing them towards perfection till it can cross the border of the Ignorance and appear in the Light, in its own Light. In the second stage we can see it developing itself in that greater natural light, taking its higher shapes and forms till it joins the supermind and lives as its subordinate portion or its delegate.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, Mind of Light, 587,
248:There is one point in particular I would like to single out and stress, namely, the notion of evolution. It is common to assume that one of the doctrines of the perennial philosophy... is the idea of involution-evolution. That is, the manifest world was created as a "fall" or "breaking away" from the Absolute (involution), but that all things are now returning to the Absolute (via evolution). In fact, the doctrine of progressive temporal return to Source (evolution) does not appear anywhere, according to scholars as Joseph Campbell, until the axial period (i.e. a mere two thousand years ago). And even then, the idea was somewhat convoluted and backwards. The doctrine of the yugas, for example, sees the world as proceeding through various stages of development, but the direction is backward: yesterday was the Golden Age, and time ever since has been a devolutionary slide downhill, resulting in the present-day Kali-Yuga. Indeed, this notion of a historical fall from Eden was ubiquitous during the axial period; the idea that we are, at this moment, actually evolving toward Spirit was simply not conceived in any sort of influential fashion.

But sometime during the modern era-it is almost impossible to pinpoint exactly-the idea of history as devolution (or a fall from God) was slowly replaced by the idea of history as evolution (or a growth towards God). We see it explicitly in Schelling (1775-1854); Hegel (1770-1831) propounded the doctrine with a genius rarely equaled; Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) made evolution a universal law, and his friend Charles Darwin (1809-1882) applied it to biology. We find it next appearing in Aurobindo (1872-1950), who gave perhaps its most accurate and profound spiritual context, and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955) who made it famous in the West.

But here is my point: we might say that the idea of evolution as return-to-Spirit is part of the perennial philosophy, but the idea itself, in any adequate form, is no more than a few hundred years old. It might be 'ancient' as timeless, but it is certainly not ancient as "old."...

This fundamental shift in the sense or form of the perennial philosophy-as represented in, say, Aurobindo, Hegel, Adi Da, Schelling, Teilhard de Chardin, Radhakrishnan, to name a few-I should like to call the "neoperennial philosophy." ~ Ken Wilber, The Eye Of Spirit,
249:reading :::
   Self-Help Reading List:
   James Allen As a Man Thinketh (1904)
   Marcus Aurelius Meditations (2nd Century)
   The Bhagavad-Gita
   The Bible
   Robert Bly Iron John (1990)
   Boethius The Consolation of Philosophy (6thC)
   Alain de Botton How Proust Can Change Your Life (1997)
   William Bridges Transitions: Making Sense of Life's Changes (1980)
   David Brooks The Road to Character (2015)
   Brené Brown Daring Greatly (2012)
   David D Burns The New Mood Therapy (1980)
   Joseph Campbell (with Bill Moyers) The Power of Myth (1988)
   Richard Carlson Don't Sweat The Small Stuff (1997)
   Dale Carnegie How to Win Friends and Influence People (1936)
   Deepak Chopra The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success (1994)
   Clayton Christensen How Will You Measure Your Life? (2012)
   Paulo Coelho The Alchemist (1988)
   Stephen Covey The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (1989)
   Mihaly Cziksentmihalyi Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (1991)
   The Dalai Lama & Howard Cutler The Art of Happiness (1999)
   The Dhammapada (Buddha's teachings)
   Charles Duhigg The Power of Habit (2011)
   Wayne Dyer Real Magic (1992)
   Ralph Waldo Emerson Self-Reliance (1841)
   Clarissa Pinkola Estes Women Who Run With The Wolves (1996)
   Viktor Frankl Man's Search For Meaning (1959)
   Benjamin Franklin Autobiography (1790)
   Shakti Gawain Creative Visualization (1982)
   Daniel Goleman Emotional Intelligence (1995)
   John Gray Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus (1992)
   Louise Hay You Can Heal Your Life (1984)
   James Hillman The Soul's Code: In Search of Character and Calling (1996)
   Susan Jeffers Feel The Fear And Do It Anyway (1987)
   Richard Koch The 80/20 Principle (1998)
   Marie Kondo The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up (2014)
   Ellen Langer Mindfulness: Choice and Control in Everyday Life (1989)
   Lao-Tzu Tao-te Ching (The Way of Power)
   Maxwell Maltz Psycho-Cybernetics (1960)
   Abraham Maslow Motivation and Personality (1954)
   Thomas Moore Care of the Soul (1992)
   Joseph Murphy The Power of Your Subconscious Mind (1963)
   Norman Vincent Peale The Power of Positive Thinking (1952)
   M Scott Peck The Road Less Traveled (1990)
   Anthony Robbins Awaken The Giant Within (1991)
   Florence Scovell-Shinn The Game of Life and How To Play It (1923)
   Martin Seligman Learned Optimism (1991)
   Samuel Smiles Self-Help (1859)
   Pierre Teilhard de Chardin The Phenomenon of Man (1955)
   Henry David Thoreau Walden (1854)
   Marianne Williamson A Return To Love (1993)
   ~ Tom Butler-Bowdon, 50 Self-Help,
250:they are acting all the while in the spirit of rajasic ahaṅkara, persuade themselves that God is working through them and they have no part in the action. This is because they are satisfied with the mere intellectual assent to the idea without waiting for the whole system and life to be full of it. A continual remembrance of God in others and renunciation of individual eagerness (spr.ha) are needed and a careful watching of our inner activities until God by the full light of self-knowledge, jñanadı̄pena bhasvata, dispels all further chance of self-delusion. The danger of tamogun.a is twofold, first, when the Purusha thinks, identifying himself with the tamas in him, "I am weak, sinful, miserable, ignorant, good-for-nothing, inferior to this man and inferior to that man, adhama, what will God do through me?" - as if God were limited by the temporary capacities or incapacities of his instruments and it were not true that he can make the dumb to talk and the lame to cross the hills, mūkaṁ karoti vacalaṁ paṅguṁ laṅghayate girim, - and again when the sadhak tastes the relief, the tremendous relief of a negative santi and, feeling himself delivered from all troubles and in possession of peace, turns away from life and action and becomes attached to the peace and ease of inaction. Remember always that you too are Brahman and the divine Shakti is working in you; reach out always to the realisation of God's omnipotence and his delight in the Lila. He bids Arjuna work lokasaṅgraharthaya, for keeping the world together, for he does not wish the world to sink back into Prakriti, but insists on your acting as he acts, "These worlds would be overpowered by tamas and sink into Prakriti if I did not do actions." To be attached to inaction is to give up our action not to God but to our tamasic ahaṅkara. The danger of the sattvagun.a is when the sadhak becomes attached to any one-sided conclusion of his reason, to some particular kriya or movement of the sadhana, to the joy of any particular siddhi of the yoga, perhaps the sense of purity or the possession of some particular power or the Ananda of the contact with God or the sense of freedom and hungers after it, becomes attached to that only and would have nothing else. Remember that the yoga is not for yourself; for these things, though they are part of the siddhi, are not the object of the siddhi, for you have decided at the beginning to make no claim upon God but take what he gives you freely and, as for the Ananda, the selfless soul will even forego the joy of God's presence, ... ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga,
251:The preliminary movement of Rajayoga is careful self-discipline by which good habits of mind are substituted for the lawless movements that indulge the lower nervous being. By the practice of truth, by renunciation of all forms of egoistic seeking, by abstention from injury to others, by purity, by constant meditation and inclination to the divine Purusha who is the true lord of the mental kingdom, a pure, clear state of mind and heart is established.
   This is the first step only. Afterwards, the ordinary activities of the mind and sense must be entirely quieted in order that the soul may be free to ascend to higher states of consciousness and acquire the foundation for a perfect freedom and self-mastery. But Rajayoga does not forget that the disabilities of the ordinary mind proceed largely from its subjection to the reactions of the nervous system and the body. It adopts therefore from the Hathayogic system its devices of asana and pranayama, but reduces their multiple and elaborate forms in each case to one simplest and most directly effective process sufficient for its own immediate object. Thus it gets rid of the Hathayogic complexity and cumbrousness while it utilises the swift and powerful efficacy of its methods for the control of the body and the vital functions and for the awakening of that internal dynamism, full of a latent supernormal faculty, typified in Yogic terminology by the kundalini, the coiled and sleeping serpent of Energy within. This done, the system proceeds to the perfect quieting of the restless mind and its elevation to a higher plane through concentration of mental force by the successive stages which lead to the utmost inner concentration or ingathered state of the consciousness which is called Samadhi.
   By Samadhi, in which the mind acquires the capacity of withdrawing from its limited waking activities into freer and higher states of consciousness, Rajayoga serves a double purpose. It compasses a pure mental action liberated from the confusions of the outer consciousness and passes thence to the higher supra-mental planes on which the individual soul enters into its true spiritual existence. But also it acquires the capacity of that free and concentrated energising of consciousness on its object which our philosophy asserts as the primary cosmic energy and the method of divine action upon the world. By this capacity the Yogin, already possessed of the highest supracosmic knowledge and experience in the state of trance, is able in the waking state to acquire directly whatever knowledge and exercise whatever mastery may be useful or necessary to his activities in the objective world.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Conditions of the Synthesis, The Systems of Yoga, 36,
252:(Novum Organum by Francis Bacon.)
   34. "Four species of idols beset the human mind, to which (for distinction's sake) we have assigned names, calling the first Idols of the Tribe, the second Idols of the Den, the third Idols of the Market, the fourth Idols of the Theatre.
   40. "The information of notions and axioms on the foundation of true induction is the only fitting remedy by which we can ward off and expel these idols. It is, however, of great service to point them out; for the doctrine of idols bears the same relation to the interpretation of nature as that of the confutation of sophisms does to common logic.
   41. "The idols of the tribe are inherent in human nature and the very tribe or race of man; for man's sense is falsely asserted to be the standard of things; on the contrary, all the perceptions both of the senses and the mind bear reference to man and not to the Universe, and the human mind resembles these uneven mirrors which impart their own properties to different objects, from which rays are emitted and distort and disfigure them.
   42. "The idols of the den are those of each individual; for everybody (in addition to the errors common to the race of man) has his own individual den or cavern, which intercepts and corrupts the light of nature, either from his own peculiar and singular disposition, or from his education and intercourse with others, or from his reading, and the authority acquired by those whom he reverences and admires, or from the different impressions produced on the mind, as it happens to be preoccupied and predisposed, or equable and tranquil, and the like; so that the spirit of man (according to its several dispositions), is variable, confused, and, as it were, actuated by chance; and Heraclitus said well that men search for knowledge in lesser worlds, and not in the greater or common world.
   43. "There are also idols formed by the reciprocal intercourse and society of man with man, which we call idols of the market, from the commerce and association of men with each other; for men converse by means of language, but words are formed at the will of the generality, and there arises from a bad and unapt formation of words a wonderful obstruction to the mind. Nor can the definitions and explanations with which learned men are wont to guard and protect themselves in some instances afford a complete remedy-words still manifestly force the understanding, throw everything into confusion, and lead mankind into vain and innumerable controversies and fallacies.
   44. "Lastly, there are idols which have crept into men's minds from the various dogmas of peculiar systems of philosophy, and also from the perverted rules of demonstration, and these we denominate idols of the theatre: for we regard all the systems of philosophy hitherto received or imagined, as so many plays brought out and performed, creating fictitious and theatrical worlds. Nor do we speak only of the present systems, or of the philosophy and sects of the ancients, since numerous other plays of a similar nature can be still composed and made to agree with each other, the causes of the most opposite errors being generally the same. Nor, again, do we allude merely to general systems, but also to many elements and axioms of sciences which have become inveterate by tradition, implicit credence, and neglect. ~ Alfred Korzybski, Manhood of Humanity,
253:Reading list (1972 edition)[edit]
1. Homer - Iliad, Odyssey
2. The Old Testament
3. Aeschylus - Tragedies
4. Sophocles - Tragedies
5. Herodotus - Histories
6. Euripides - Tragedies
7. Thucydides - History of the Peloponnesian War
8. Hippocrates - Medical Writings
9. Aristophanes - Comedies
10. Plato - Dialogues
11. Aristotle - Works
12. Epicurus - Letter to Herodotus; Letter to Menoecus
13. Euclid - Elements
14.Archimedes - Works
15. Apollonius of Perga - Conic Sections
16. Cicero - Works
17. Lucretius - On the Nature of Things
18. Virgil - Works
19. Horace - Works
20. Livy - History of Rome
21. Ovid - Works
22. Plutarch - Parallel Lives; Moralia
23. Tacitus - Histories; Annals; Agricola Germania
24. Nicomachus of Gerasa - Introduction to Arithmetic
25. Epictetus - Discourses; Encheiridion
26. Ptolemy - Almagest
27. Lucian - Works
28. Marcus Aurelius - Meditations
29. Galen - On the Natural Faculties
30. The New Testament
31. Plotinus - The Enneads
32. St. Augustine - On the Teacher; Confessions; City of God; On Christian Doctrine
33. The Song of Roland
34. The Nibelungenlied
35. The Saga of Burnt Njal
36. St. Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologica
37. Dante Alighieri - The Divine Comedy;The New Life; On Monarchy
38. Geoffrey Chaucer - Troilus and Criseyde; The Canterbury Tales
39. Leonardo da Vinci - Notebooks
40. Niccolò Machiavelli - The Prince; Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy
41. Desiderius Erasmus - The Praise of Folly
42. Nicolaus Copernicus - On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
43. Thomas More - Utopia
44. Martin Luther - Table Talk; Three Treatises
45. François Rabelais - Gargantua and Pantagruel
46. John Calvin - Institutes of the Christian Religion
47. Michel de Montaigne - Essays
48. William Gilbert - On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies
49. Miguel de Cervantes - Don Quixote
50. Edmund Spenser - Prothalamion; The Faerie Queene
51. Francis Bacon - Essays; Advancement of Learning; Novum Organum, New Atlantis
52. William Shakespeare - Poetry and Plays
53. Galileo Galilei - Starry Messenger; Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
54. Johannes Kepler - Epitome of Copernican Astronomy; Concerning the Harmonies of the World
55. William Harvey - On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals; On the Circulation of the Blood; On the Generation of Animals
56. Thomas Hobbes - Leviathan
57. René Descartes - Rules for the Direction of the Mind; Discourse on the Method; Geometry; Meditations on First Philosophy
58. John Milton - Works
59. Molière - Comedies
60. Blaise Pascal - The Provincial Letters; Pensees; Scientific Treatises
61. Christiaan Huygens - Treatise on Light
62. Benedict de Spinoza - Ethics
63. John Locke - Letter Concerning Toleration; Of Civil Government; Essay Concerning Human Understanding;Thoughts Concerning Education
64. Jean Baptiste Racine - Tragedies
65. Isaac Newton - Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy; Optics
66. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - Discourse on Metaphysics; New Essays Concerning Human Understanding;Monadology
67.Daniel Defoe - Robinson Crusoe
68. Jonathan Swift - A Tale of a Tub; Journal to Stella; Gulliver's Travels; A Modest Proposal
69. William Congreve - The Way of the World
70. George Berkeley - Principles of Human Knowledge
71. Alexander Pope - Essay on Criticism; Rape of the Lock; Essay on Man
72. Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu - Persian Letters; Spirit of Laws
73. Voltaire - Letters on the English; Candide; Philosophical Dictionary
74. Henry Fielding - Joseph Andrews; Tom Jones
75. Samuel Johnson - The Vanity of Human Wishes; Dictionary; Rasselas; The Lives of the Poets
   ~ Mortimer J Adler,
254:Although a devout student of the Bible, Paracelsus instinctively adopted the broad patterns of essential learning, as these had been clarified by Pythagoras of Samos and Plato of Athens. Being by nature a mystic as well as a scientist, he also revealed a deep regard for the Neoplatonic philosophy as expounded by Plotinus, Iamblichus, and Proclus. Neo­platonism is therefore an invaluable aid to the interpretation of the Paracelsian doctrine.
   Paracelsus held that true knowledge is attained in two ways, or rather that the pursuit of knowledge is advanced by a two-fold method, the elements of which are completely interdependent. In our present terminology, we can say that these two parts of method are intuition and experience. To Paracelsus, these could never be divided from each other.
   The purpose of intuition is to reveal certain basic ideas which must then be tested and proven by experience. Experience, in turn, not only justifies intuition, but contributes certain additional knowledge by which the impulse to further growth is strengthened and developed. Paracelsus regarded the separation of intuition and experience to be a disaster, leading inevitably to greater error and further disaster. Intuition without experience allows the mind to fall into an abyss of speculation without adequate censorship by practical means. Experience without intuition could never be fruitful because fruitfulness comes not merely from the doing of things, but from the overtones which stimulate creative thought. Further, experience is meaningless unless there is within man the power capable of evaluating happenings and occurrences. The absence of this evaluating factor allows the individual to pass through many kinds of experiences, either misinterpreting them or not inter­ preting them at all. So Paracelsus attempted to explain intuition and how man is able to apprehend that which is not obvious or apparent. Is it possible to prove beyond doubt that the human being is capable of an inward realization of truths or facts without the assistance of the so-called rational faculty?
   According to Paracelsus, intuition was possible because of the existence in nature of a mysterious substance or essence-a universal life force. He gave this many names, but for our purposes, the simplest term will be appropriate. He compared it to light, further reasoning that there are two kinds of light: a visible radiance, which he called brightness, and an invisible radiance, which he called darkness. There is no essential difference between light and darkness. There is a dark light, which appears luminous to the soul but cannot be sensed by the body. There is a visible radiance which seems bright to the senses, but may appear dark to the soul. We must recognize that Paracelsus considered light as pertaining to the nature of being, the total existence from which all separate existences arise. Light not only contains the energy needed to support visible creatures, and the whole broad expanse of creation, but the invisible part of light supports the secret powers and functions of man, particularly intuition. Intuition, therefore, relates to the capacity of the individual to become attuned to the hidden side of life. By light, then, Paracelsus implies much more than the radiance that comes from the sun, a lantern, or a candle. To him, light is the perfect symbol, emblem, or figure of total well-being. Light is the cause of health. Invisible light, no less real if unseen, is the cause of wisdom. As the light of the body gives strength and energy, sustaining growth and development, so the light of the soul bestows understanding, the light of the mind makes wisdom possible, and the light of the spirit confers truth. Therefore, truth, wisdom, understanding, and health are all manifesta­ tions or revelations ot one virtue or power. What health is to the body, morality is to the emotions, virtue to the soul, wisdom to the mind, and reality to the spirit. This total content of living values is contained in every ray of visible light. This ray is only a manifestation upon one level or plane of the total mystery of life. Therefore, when we look at a thing, we either see its objective, physical form, or we apprehend its inner light Everything that lives, lives in light; everything that has an existence, radiates light. All things derive their life from light, and this light, in its root, is life itself. This, indeed, is the light that lighteth every man who cometh into the world. ~ Manly P Hall, Paracelsus,
255:It is natural from the point of view of the Yoga to divide into two categories the activities of the human mind in its pursuit of knowledge. There is the supreme supra-intellectual knowledge which concentrates itself on the discovery of the One and Infinite in its transcendence or tries to penetrate by intuition, contemplation, direct inner contact into the ultimate truths behind the appearances of Nature; there is the lower science which diffuses itself in an outward knowledge of phenomena, the disguises of the One and Infinite as it appears to us in or through the more exterior forms of the world-manifestation around us. These two, an upper and a lower hemisphere, in the form of them constructed or conceived by men within the mind's ignorant limits, have even there separated themselves, as they developed, with some sharpness.... Philosophy, sometimes spiritual or at least intuitive, sometimes abstract and intellectual, sometimes intellectualising spiritual experience or supporting with a logical apparatus the discoveries of the spirit, has claimed always to take the fixation of ultimate Truth as its province. But even when it did not separate itself on rarefied metaphysical heights from the knowledge that belongs to the practical world and the pursuit of ephemeral objects, intellectual Philosophy by its habit of abstraction has seldom been a power for life. It has been sometimes powerful for high speculation, pursuing mental Truth for its own sake without any ulterior utility or object, sometimes for a subtle gymnastic of the mind in a mistily bright cloud-land of words and ideas, but it has walked or acrobatised far from the more tangible realities of existence. Ancient Philosophy in Europe was more dynamic, but only for the few; in India in its more spiritualised forms, it strongly influenced but without transforming the life of the race.... Religion did not attempt, like Philosophy, to live alone on the heights; its aim was rather to take hold of man's parts of life even more than his parts of mind and draw them Godwards; it professed to build a bridge between spiritual Truth and the vital and material human existence; it strove to subordinate and reconcile the lower to the higher, make life serviceable to God, Earth obedient to Heaven. It has to be admitted that too often this necessary effort had the opposite result of making Heaven a sanction for Earth's desires; for, continually, the religious idea has been turned into an excuse for the worship and service of the human ego. Religion, leaving constantly its little shining core of spiritual experience, has lost itself in the obscure mass of its ever extending ambiguous compromises with life: in attempting to satisfy the thinking mind, it more often succeeded in oppressing or fettering it with a mass of theological dogmas; while seeking to net the human heart, it fell itself into pits of pietistic emotionalism and sensationalism; in the act of annexing the vital nature of man to dominate it, it grew itself vitiated and fell a prey to all the fanaticism, homicidal fury, savage or harsh turn for oppression, pullulating falsehood, obstinate attachment to ignorance to which that vital nature is prone; its desire to draw the physical in man towards God betrayed it into chaining itself to ecclesiastic mechanism, hollow ceremony and lifeless ritual. The corruption of the best produced the worst by that strange chemistry of the power of life which generates evil out of good even as it can also generate good out of evil. At the same time in a vain effort at self-defence against this downward gravitation, Religion was driven to cut existence into two by a division of knowledge, works, art, life itself into two opposite categories, the spiritual and the worldly, religious and mundane, sacred and profane; but this defensive distinction itself became conventional and artificial and aggravated rather than healed the disease.... On their side Science and Art and the knowledge of Life, although at first they served or lived in the shadow of Religion, ended by emancipating themselves, became estranged or hostile, or have even recoiled with indifference, contempt or scepticism from what seem to them the cold, barren and distant or unsubstantial and illusory heights of unreality to which metaphysical Philosophy and Religion aspire. For a time the divorce has been as complete as the one-sided intolerance of the human mind could make it and threatened even to end in a complete extinction of all attempt at a higher or a more spiritual knowledge. Yet even in the earthward life a higher knowledge is indeed the one thing that is throughout needful, and without it the lower sciences and pursuits, however fruitful, however rich, free, miraculous in the abundance of their results, become easily a sacrifice offered without due order and to false gods; corrupting, hardening in the end the heart of man, limiting his mind's horizons, they confine in a stony material imprisonment or lead to a final baffling incertitude and disillusionment. A sterile agnosticism awaits us above the brilliant phosphorescence of a half-knowledge that is still the Ignorance. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis Of Yoga, The Ascent of the Sacrifice - 1,
256:SECTION 1. Books for Serious Study
   Liber CCXX. (Liber AL vel Legis.) The Book of the Law. This book is the foundation of the New Æon, and thus of the whole of our work.
   The Equinox. The standard Work of Reference in all occult matters. The Encyclopaedia of Initiation.
   Liber ABA (Book 4). A general account in elementary terms of magical and mystical powers. In four parts: (1) Mysticism (2) Magical (Elementary Theory) (3) Magick in Theory and Practice (this book) (4) The Law.
   Liber II. The Message of the Master Therion. Explains the essence of the new Law in a very simple manner.
   Liber DCCCXXXVIII. The Law of Liberty. A further explanation of The Book of the Law in reference to certain ethical problems.
   Collected Works of A. Crowley. These works contain many mystical and magical secrets, both stated clearly in prose, and woven into the Robe of sublimest poesy.
   The Yi King. (S. B. E. Series [vol. XVI], Oxford University Press.) The "Classic of Changes"; give the initiated Chinese system of Magick.
   The Tao Teh King. (S. B. E. Series [vol. XXXIX].) Gives the initiated Chinese system of Mysticism.
   Tannhäuser, by A. Crowley. An allegorical drama concerning the Progress of the Soul; the Tannhäuser story slightly remodelled.
   The Upanishads. (S. B. E. Series [vols. I & XV.) The Classical Basis of Vedantism, the best-known form of Hindu Mysticism.
   The Bhagavad-gita. A dialogue in which Krishna, the Hindu "Christ", expounds a system of Attainment.
   The Voice of the Silence, by H.P. Blavatsky, with an elaborate commentary by Frater O.M. Frater O.M., 7°=48, is the most learned of all the Brethren of the Order; he has given eighteen years to the study of this masterpiece.
   Raja-Yoga, by Swami Vivekananda. An excellent elementary study of Hindu mysticism. His Bhakti-Yoga is also good.
   The Shiva Samhita. An account of various physical means of assisting the discipline of initiation. A famous Hindu treatise on certain physical practices.
   The Hathayoga Pradipika. Similar to the Shiva Samhita.
   The Aphorisms of Patanjali. A valuable collection of precepts pertaining to mystical attainment.
   The Sword of Song. A study of Christian theology and ethics, with a statement and solution of the deepest philosophical problems. Also contains the best account extant of Buddhism, compared with modern science.
   The Book of the Dead. A collection of Egyptian magical rituals.
   Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie, by Eliphas Levi. The best general textbook of magical theory and practice for beginners. Written in an easy popular style.
   The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage. The best exoteric account of the Great Work, with careful instructions in procedure. This Book influenced and helped the Master Therion more than any other.
   The Goetia. The most intelligible of all the mediæval rituals of Evocation. Contains also the favourite Invocation of the Master Therion.
   Erdmann's History of Philosophy. A compendious account of philosophy from the earliest times. Most valuable as a general education of the mind.
   The Spiritual Guide of [Miguel de] Molinos. A simple manual of Christian Mysticism.
   The Star in the West. (Captain Fuller). An introduction to the study of the Works of Aleister Crowley.
   The Dhammapada. (S. B. E. Series [vol. X], Oxford University Press). The best of the Buddhist classics.
   The Questions of King Milinda. (S. B. E. Series [vols. XXXV & XXXVI].) Technical points of Buddhist dogma, illustrated bydialogues.
   Liber 777 vel Prolegomena Symbolica Ad Systemam Sceptico-Mysticæ Viæ Explicandæ, Fundamentum Hieroglyphicam Sanctissimorum Scientiæ Summæ. A complete Dictionary of the Correspondences of all magical elements, reprinted with extensive additions, making it the only standard comprehensive book of reference ever published. It is to the language of Occultism what Webster or Murray is to the English language.
   Varieties of Religious Experience (William James). Valuable as showing the uniformity of mystical attainment.
   Kabbala Denudata, von Rosenroth: also The Kabbalah Unveiled, by S.L. Mathers. The text of the Qabalah, with commentary. A good elementary introduction to the subject.
   Konx Om Pax [by Aleister Crowley]. Four invaluable treatises and a preface on Mysticism and Magick.
   The Pistis Sophia [translated by G.R.S. Mead or Violet McDermot]. An admirable introduction to the study of Gnosticism.
   The Oracles of Zoroaster [Chaldæan Oracles]. An invaluable collection of precepts mystical and magical.
   The Dream of Scipio, by Cicero. Excellent for its Vision and its Philosophy.
   The Golden Verses of Pythagoras, by Fabre d'Olivet. An interesting study of the exoteric doctrines of this Master.
   The Divine Pymander, by Hermes Trismegistus. Invaluable as bearing on the Gnostic Philosophy.
   The Secret Symbols of the Rosicrucians, reprint of Franz Hartmann. An invaluable compendium.
   Scrutinium Chymicum [Atalanta Fugiens]¸ by Michael Maier. One of the best treatises on alchemy.
   Science and the Infinite, by Sidney Klein. One of the best essays written in recent years.
   Two Essays on the Worship of Priapus [A Discourse on the Worship of Priapus &c. &c. &c.], by Richard Payne Knight [and Thomas Wright]. Invaluable to all students.
   The Golden Bough, by J.G. Frazer. The textbook of Folk Lore. Invaluable to all students.
   The Age of Reason, by Thomas Paine. Excellent, though elementary, as a corrective to superstition.
   Rivers of Life, by General Forlong. An invaluable textbook of old systems of initiation.
   Three Dialogues, by Bishop Berkeley. The Classic of Subjective Idealism.
   Essays of David Hume. The Classic of Academic Scepticism.
   First Principles by Herbert Spencer. The Classic of Agnosticism.
   Prolegomena [to any future Metaphysics], by Immanuel Kant. The best introduction to Metaphysics.
   The Canon [by William Stirling]. The best textbook of Applied Qabalah.
   The Fourth Dimension, by [Charles] H. Hinton. The best essay on the subject.
   The Essays of Thomas Henry Huxley. Masterpieces of philosophy, as of prose.
   ~ Aleister Crowley, Liber ABA, Appendix I: Literature Recommended to Aspirants
257:The Supermind [Supramental consciousness] is in its very essence a truth-consciousness, a consciousness always free from the Ignorance which is the foundation of our present natural or evolutionary existence and from which nature in us is trying to arrive at self-knowledge and world-knowledge and a right consciousness and the right use of our existence in the universe. The Supermind, because it is a truth-consciousness, has this knowledge inherent in it and this power of true existence; its course is straight and can go direct to its aim, its field is wide and can even be made illimitable. This is because its very nature is knowledge: it has not to acquire knowledge but possesses it in its own right; its steps are not from nescience or ignorance into some imperfect light, but from truth to greater truth, from right perception to deeper perception, from intuition to intuition, from illumination to utter and boundless luminousness, from growing widenesses to the utter vasts and to very infinitude. On its summits it possesses the divine omniscience and omnipotence, but even in an evolutionary movement of its own graded self-manifestation by which it would eventually reveal its own highest heights, it must be in its very nature essentially free from ignorance and error: it starts from truth and light and moves always in truth and light. As its knowledge is always true, so too its will is always true; it does not fumble in its handling of things or stumble in its paces. In the Supermind feeling and emotion do not depart from their truth, make no slips or mistakes, do not swerve from the right and the real, cannot misuse beauty and delight or twist away from a divine rectitude. In the Supermind sense cannot mislead or deviate into the grossnesses which are here its natural imperfections and the cause of reproach, distrust and misuse by our ignorance. Even an incomplete statement made by the Supermind is a truth leading to a further truth, its incomplete action a step towards completeness. All the life and action and leading of the Supermind is guarded in its very nature from the falsehoods and uncertainties that are our lot; it moves in safety towards its perfection. Once the truth-consciousness was established here on its own sure foundation, the evolution of divine life would be a progress in felicity, a march through light to Ananda. Supermind is an eternal reality of the divine Being and the divine Nature. In its own plane it already and always exists and possesses its own essential law of being; it has not to be created or to emerge or evolve into existence out of involution in Matter or out of non-existence, as it might seem to the view of mind which itself seems to its own view to have so emerged from life and Matter or to have evolved out of an involution in life and Matter. The nature of Supermind is always the same, a being of knowledge, proceeding from truth to truth, creating or rather manifesting what has to be manifested by the power of a pre-existent knowledge, not by hazard but by a self-existent destiny in the being itself, a necessity of the thing in itself and therefore inevitable. Its -manifestation of the divine life will also be inevitable; its own life on its own plane is divine and, if Supermind descends upon the earth, it will bring necessarily the divine life with it and establish it here. Supermind is the grade of existence beyond mind, life and Matter and, as mind, life and Matter have manifested on the earth, so too must Supermind in the inevitable course of things manifest in this world of Matter. In fact, a supermind is already here but it is involved, concealed behind this manifest mind, life and Matter and not yet acting overtly or in its own power: if it acts, it is through these inferior powers and modified by their characters and so not yet recognisable. It is only by the approach and arrival of the descending Supermind that it can be liberated upon earth and reveal itself in the action of our material, vital and mental parts so that these lower powers can become portions of a total divinised activity of our whole being: it is that that will bring to us a completely realised divinity or the divine life. It is indeed so that life and mind involved in Matter have realised themselves here; for only what is involved can evolve, otherwise there could be no emergence. The manifestation of a supramental truth-consciousness is therefore the capital reality that will make the divine life possible. It is when all the movements of thought, impulse and action are governed and directed by a self-existent and luminously automatic truth-consciousness and our whole nature comes to be constituted by it and made of its stuff that the life divine will be complete and absolute. Even as it is, in reality though not in the appearance of things, it is a secret self-existent knowledge and truth that is working to manifest itself in the creation here. The Divine is already there immanent within us, ourselves are that in our inmost reality and it is this reality that we have to manifest; it is that which constitutes the urge towards the divine living and makes necessary the creation of the life divine even in this material existence. A manifestation of the Supermind and its truth-consciousness is then inevitable; it must happen in this world sooner or lateR But it has two aspects, a descent from above, an ascent from below, a self-revelation of the Spirit, an evolution in Nature. The ascent is necessarily an effort, a working of Nature, an urge or nisus on her side to raise her lower parts by an evolutionary or revolutionary change, conversion or transformation into the divine reality and it may happen by a process and progress or by a rapid miracle. The descent or self-revelation of the Spirit is an act of the supreme Reality from above which makes the realisation possible and it can appear either as the divine aid which brings about the fulfilment of the progress and process or as the sanction of the miracle. Evolution, as we see it in this world, is a slow and difficult process and, indeed, needs usually ages to reach abiding results; but this is because it is in its nature an emergence from inconscient beginnings, a start from nescience and a working in the ignorance of natural beings by what seems to be an unconscious force. There can be, on the contrary, an evolution in the light and no longer in the darkness, in which the evolving being is a conscious participant and cooperator, and this is precisely what must take place here. Even in the effort and progress from the Ignorance to Knowledge this must be in part if not wholly the endeavour to be made on the heights of the nature, and it must be wholly that in the final movement towards the spiritual change, realisation, transformation. It must be still more so when there is a transition across the dividing line between the Ignorance and the Knowledge and the evolution is from knowledge to greater knowledge, from consciousness to greater consciousness, from being to greater being. There is then no longer any necessity for the slow pace of the ordinary evolution; there can be rapid conversion, quick transformation after transformation, what would seem to our normal present mind a succession of miracles. An evolution on the supramental levels could well be of that nature; it could be equally, if the being so chose, a more leisurely passage of one supramental state or condition of things to something beyond but still supramental, from level to divine level, a building up of divine gradations, a free growth to the supreme Supermind or beyond it to yet undreamed levels of being, consciousness and Ananda.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, 558,
258:It does not matter if you do not understand it - Savitri, read it always. You will see that every time you read it, something new will be revealed to you. Each time you will get a new glimpse, each time a new experience; things which were not there, things you did not understand arise and suddenly become clear. Always an unexpected vision comes up through the words and lines. Every time you try to read and understand, you will see that something is added, something which was hidden behind is revealed clearly and vividly. I tell you the very verses you have read once before, will appear to you in a different light each time you re-read them. This is what happens invariably. Always your experience is enriched, it is a revelation at each step.

But you must not read it as you read other books or newspapers. You must read with an empty head, a blank and vacant mind, without there being any other thought; you must concentrate much, remain empty, calm and open; then the words, rhythms, vibrations will penetrate directly to this white page, will put their stamp upon the brain, will explain themselves without your making any effort.

Savitri alone is sufficient to make you climb to the highest peaks. If truly one knows how to meditate on Savitri, one will receive all the help one needs. For him who wishes to follow this path, it is a concrete help as though the Lord himself were taking you by the hand and leading you to the destined goal. And then, every question, however personal it may be, has its answer here, every difficulty finds its solution herein; indeed there is everything that is necessary for doing the Yoga.

*He has crammed the whole universe in a single book.* It is a marvellous work, magnificent and of an incomparable perfection.

You know, before writing Savitri Sri Aurobindo said to me, *I am impelled to launch on a new adventure; I was hesitant in the beginning, but now I am decided. Still, I do not know how far I shall succeed. I pray for help.* And you know what it was? It was - before beginning, I warn you in advance - it was His way of speaking, so full of divine humility and modesty. He never... *asserted Himself*. And the day He actually began it, He told me: *I have launched myself in a rudderless boat upon the vastness of the Infinite.* And once having started, He wrote page after page without intermission, as though it were a thing already complete up there and He had only to transcribe it in ink down here on these pages.

In truth, the entire form of Savitri has descended "en masse" from the highest region and Sri Aurobindo with His genius only arranged the lines - in a superb and magnificent style. Sometimes entire lines were revealed and He has left them intact; He worked hard, untiringly, so that the inspiration could come from the highest possible summit. And what a work He has created! Yes, it is a true creation in itself. It is an unequalled work. Everything is there, and it is put in such a simple, such a clear form; verses perfectly harmonious, limpid and eternally true. My child, I have read so many things, but I have never come across anything which could be compared with Savitri. I have studied the best works in Greek, Latin, English and of course French literature, also in German and all the great creations of the West and the East, including the great epics; but I repeat it, I have not found anywhere anything comparable with Savitri. All these literary works seems to me empty, flat, hollow, without any deep reality - apart from a few rare exceptions, and these too represent only a small fraction of what Savitri is. What grandeur, what amplitude, what reality: it is something immortal and eternal He has created. I tell you once again there is nothing like in it the whole world. Even if one puts aside the vision of the reality, that is, the essential substance which is the heart of the inspiration, and considers only the lines in themselves, one will find them unique, of the highest classical kind. What He has created is something man cannot imagine. For, everything is there, everything.

It may then be said that Savitri is a revelation, it is a meditation, it is a quest of the Infinite, the Eternal. If it is read with this aspiration for Immortality, the reading itself will serve as a guide to Immortality. To read Savitri is indeed to practice Yoga, spiritual concentration; one can find there all that is needed to realise the Divine. Each step of Yoga is noted here, including the secret of all other Yogas. Surely, if one sincerely follows what is revealed here in each line one will reach finally the transformation of the Supramental Yoga. It is truly the infallible guide who never abandons you; its support is always there for him who wants to follow the path. Each verse of Savitri is like a revealed Mantra which surpasses all that man possessed by way of knowledge, and I repeat this, the words are expressed and arranged in such a way that the sonority of the rhythm leads you to the origin of sound, which is OM.

My child, yes, everything is there: mysticism, occultism, philosophy, the history of evolution, the history of man, of the gods, of creation, of Nature. How the universe was created, why, for what purpose, what destiny - all is there. You can find all the answers to all your questions there. Everything is explained, even the future of man and of the evolution, all that nobody yet knows. He has described it all in beautiful and clear words so that spiritual adventurers who wish to solve the mysteries of the world may understand it more easily. But this mystery is well hidden behind the words and lines and one must rise to the required level of true consciousness to discover it. All prophesies, all that is going to come is presented with the precise and wonderful clarity. Sri Aurobindo gives you here the key to find the Truth, to discover the Consciousness, to solve the problem of what the universe is. He has also indicated how to open the door of the Inconscience so that the light may penetrate there and transform it. He has shown the path, the way to liberate oneself from the ignorance and climb up to the superconscience; each stage, each plane of consciousness, how they can be scaled, how one can cross even the barrier of death and attain immortality. You will find the whole journey in detail, and as you go forward you can discover things altogether unknown to man. That is Savitri and much more yet. It is a real experience - reading Savitri. All the secrets that man possessed, He has revealed, - as well as all that awaits him in the future; all this is found in the depth of Savitri. But one must have the knowledge to discover it all, the experience of the planes of consciousness, the experience of the Supermind, even the experience of the conquest of Death. He has noted all the stages, marked each step in order to advance integrally in the integral Yoga.

All this is His own experience, and what is most surprising is that it is my own experience also. It is my sadhana which He has worked out. Each object, each event, each realisation, all the descriptions, even the colours are exactly what I saw and the words, phrases are also exactly what I heard. And all this before having read the book. I read Savitri many times afterwards, but earlier, when He was writing He used to read it to me. Every morning I used to hear Him read Savitri. During the night He would write and in the morning read it to me. And I observed something curious, that day after day the experiences He read out to me in the morning were those I had had the previous night, word by word. Yes, all the descriptions, the colours, the pictures I had seen, the words I had heard, all, all, I heard it all, put by Him into poetry, into miraculous poetry. Yes, they were exactly my experiences of the previous night which He read out to me the following morning. And it was not just one day by chance, but for days and days together. And every time I used to compare what He said with my previous experiences and they were always the same. I repeat, it was not that I had told Him my experiences and that He had noted them down afterwards, no, He knew already what I had seen. It is my experiences He has presented at length and they were His experiences also. It is, moreover, the picture of Our joint adventure into the unknown or rather into the Supermind.

These are experiences lived by Him, realities, supracosmic truths. He experienced all these as one experiences joy or sorrow, physically. He walked in the darkness of inconscience, even in the neighborhood of death, endured the sufferings of perdition, and emerged from the mud, the world-misery to breathe the sovereign plenitude and enter the supreme Ananda. He crossed all these realms, went through the consequences, suffered and endured physically what one cannot imagine. Nobody till today has suffered like Him. He accepted suffering to transform suffering into the joy of union with the Supreme. It is something unique and incomparable in the history of the world. It is something that has never happened before, He is the first to have traced the path in the Unknown, so that we may be able to walk with certitude towards the Supermind. He has made the work easy for us. Savitri is His whole Yoga of transformation, and this Yoga appears now for the first time in the earth-consciousness.

And I think that man is not yet ready to receive it. It is too high and too vast for him. He cannot understand it, grasp it, for it is not by the mind that one can understand Savitri. One needs spiritual experiences in order to understand and assimilate it. The farther one advances on the path of Yoga, the more does one assimilate and the better. No, it is something which will be appreciated only in the future, it is the poetry of tomorrow of which He has spoken in The Future Poetry. It is too subtle, too refined, - it is not in the mind or through the mind, it is in meditation that Savitri is revealed.

And men have the audacity to compare it with the work of Virgil or Homer and to find it inferior. They do not understand, they cannot understand. What do they know? Nothing at all. And it is useless to try to make them understand. Men will know what it is, but in a distant future. It is only the new race with a new consciousness which will be able to understand. I assure you there is nothing under the blue sky to compare with Savitri. It is the mystery of mysteries. It is a *super-epic,* it is super-literature, super-poetry, super-vision, it is a super-work even if one considers the number of lines He has written. No, these human words are not adequate to describe Savitri. Yes, one needs superlatives, hyperboles to describe it. It is a hyper-epic. No, words express nothing of what Savitri is, at least I do not find them. It is of immense value - spiritual value and all other values; it is eternal in its subject, and infinite in its appeal, miraculous in its mode and power of execution; it is a unique thing, the more you come into contact with it, the higher will you be uplifted. Ah, truly it is something! It is the most beautiful thing He has left for man, the highest possible. What is it? When will man know it? When is he going to lead a life of truth? When is he going to accept this in his life? This yet remains to be seen.

My child, every day you are going to read Savitri; read properly, with the right attitude, concentrating a little before opening the pages and trying to keep the mind as empty as possible, absolutely without a thought. The direct road is through the heart. I tell you, if you try to really concentrate with this aspiration you can light the flame, the psychic flame, the flame of purification in a very short time, perhaps in a few days. What you cannot do normally, you can do with the help of Savitri. Try and you will see how very different it is, how new, if you read with this attitude, with this something at the back of your consciousness; as though it were an offering to Sri Aurobindo. You know it is charged, fully charged with consciousness; as if Savitri were a being, a real guide. I tell you, whoever, wanting to practice Yoga, tries sincerely and feels the necessity for it, will be able to climb with the help of Savitri to the highest rung of the ladder of Yoga, will be able to find the secret that Savitri represents. And this without the help of a Guru. And he will be able to practice it anywhere. For him Savitri alone will be the guide, for all that he needs he will find Savitri. If he remains very quiet when before a difficulty, or when he does not know where to turn to go forward and how to overcome obstacles, for all these hesitations and incertitudes which overwhelm us at every moment, he will have the necessary indications, and the necessary concrete help. If he remains very calm, open, if he aspires sincerely, always he will be as if lead by the hand. If he has faith, the will to give himself and essential sincerity he will reach the final goal.

Indeed, Savitri is something concrete, living, it is all replete, packed with consciousness, it is the supreme knowledge above all human philosophies and religions. It is the spiritual path, it is Yoga, Tapasya, Sadhana, in its single body. Savitri has an extraordinary power, it gives out vibrations for him who can receive them, the true vibrations of each stage of consciousness. It is incomparable, it is truth in its plenitude, the Truth Sri Aurobindo brought down on the earth. My child, one must try to find the secret that Savitri represents, the prophetic message Sri Aurobindo reveals there for us. This is the work before you, it is hard but it is worth the trouble. - 5 November 1967

~ The Mother, Sweet Mother, The Mother to Mona Sarkar, [T0],

*** WISDOM TROVE ***

1:Philosophy begins in wonder.     ~ plato, @wisdomtrove
2:Philosophy is an act of living. ~ plutarch, @wisdomtrove
3:Philosophy is the art of living. ~ plutarch, @wisdomtrove
4:All work is an act of philosophy. ~ ayn-rand, @wisdomtrove
5:History should be written as philosophy. ~ voltaire, @wisdomtrove
6:Inspirational, Philosophy, Philosophical ~ zhuangzi, @wisdomtrove
7:Philosophy will clip an angel's wings. ~ john-keats, @wisdomtrove
8:That's why I love philosophy: no one wins. ~ d-t-suzuki, @wisdomtrove
9:Philosophy: a purple bullfinch in a lilac tree. ~ t-s-eliot, @wisdomtrove
10:Philosophy is the science which considers truth. ~ aristotle, @wisdomtrove
11:To scorn philosophy is truly to philosophize. ~ blaise-pascal, @wisdomtrove
12:History is philosophy teaching by experience. ~ thomas-carlyle, @wisdomtrove
13:Poetry and philosophy will become friends. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
14:To ridicule philosophy is truly philosophical. ~ blaise-pascal, @wisdomtrove
15:God ‚ the John Doe of philosophy and religion. ~ elbert-hubbard, @wisdomtrove
16:All philosophy in two words - sustain and abstain.    ~ epictetus, @wisdomtrove
17:To ridicule philosophy is really to philosophize. ~ blaise-pascal, @wisdomtrove
18:Making fun of philosophy is really philosophising. ~ blaise-pascal, @wisdomtrove
19:Poetry contains philosophy as the soul contains reason. ~ victor-hugo, @wisdomtrove
20:A novel is never anything, but a philosophy put into images. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
21:Philosophy is the history of philosophy. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
22:My philosophy is that everything starts with a great product. ~ steve-jobs, @wisdomtrove
23:What is philosophy but a continual battle against custom? ~ thomas-carlyle, @wisdomtrove
24:Be a philosopher but, amid all your philosophy be still a man. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
25:To have no time for philosophy is to be a true philosopher. ~ blaise-pascal, @wisdomtrove
26:A philosophy of life: I'm an adventurer, looking for treasure. ~ paulo-coelho, @wisdomtrove
27:Yoga is a way of life; it is an art, a science, a philosophy. ~ b-k-s-iyengar, @wisdomtrove
28:All good moral philosophy is ... but the handmaid to religion. ~ francis-bacon, @wisdomtrove
29:Science is what you know, philosophy is what you don't know. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
30:Your income is directly related to your philosophy, NOT the economy. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
31:Even if I am but a pretender to wisdom, that in itself is philosophy. ~ diogenes, @wisdomtrove
32:If you would enjoy real freedom, you must be the slave of Philosophy. ~ epicurus, @wisdomtrove
33:Income is primarily determined by your philosophy, not by the economy ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
34:Skepticism is a virtue in history as well as in philosophy. ~ napoleon-bonaparte, @wisdomtrove
35:But then of course a philosophy is not the same thing as a style. ~ gertrude-stein, @wisdomtrove
36:Composition is a way of living out your philosophy and calling it art. ~ brian-eno, @wisdomtrove
37:The philosophy of one century is the common sense of the next. ~ henry-ward-beecher, @wisdomtrove
38:The hunger for facile wisdom is the root of all false philosophy. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
39:Economic disaster begins with a philosophy of doing less and wanting more. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
40:Philosophy, n. A route of many roads leading from nowhere to nothing. ~ ambrose-bierce, @wisdomtrove
41:God loves only one philosophy, And that is the Do-it-here-now philosophy. ~ sri-chinmoy, @wisdomtrove
42:Hinduism the perennial philosophy that is at the core of all religions. ~ aldous-huxley, @wisdomtrove
43:Reason in my philosophy is only a harmony among irrational impulses. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
44:Identify the dominant philosophy of a society and you can predict its future. ~ ayn-rand, @wisdomtrove
45:If you want to amend your errors, you must begin by amending your philosophy. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
46:It strains a man's philosophy the worst kind to laugh when he gets beat. ~ josh-billings, @wisdomtrove
47:Initial response illustrates a great deal about someone's personal philosophy. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
48:Let no one delay the study of philosophy while young nor weary of it when old. ~ epicurus, @wisdomtrove
49:The love of all-inclusiveness is as dangerous in philosophy as in art. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
50:For axioms in philosophy are not axioms until they are proved upon our pulses. ~ john-keats, @wisdomtrove
51:Her philosophy is carpe diem for herself and laissez faire for others. ~ f-scott-fitzgerald, @wisdomtrove
52:Philosophy, as the modern world knows it, is only intellectual club-swinging. ~ h-l-mencken, @wisdomtrove
53:It has been my philosophy of life that difficulties vanish when faced boldly. ~ isaac-asimov, @wisdomtrove
54:Philosophy is the sum total of all that you know and what you decide is valuable. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
55:My philosophy in life is that you only live once. Live life to its fullest. ~ richard-branson, @wisdomtrove
56:Only a philosophy of eternity, in the world today, could justify non-violence. ~ albert-camus, @wisdomtrove
57:A little philosophy makes a man an Atheist: a great deal converts him to religion ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
58:I take happiness very seriously. It is a creed, a philosophy and an objective. ~ hellen-keller, @wisdomtrove
59:The gems of philosophy are not less precious because they are not understood. ~ giordano-bruno, @wisdomtrove
60:All that philosophy can teach is to be stubborn or sullen under misfortunes. ~ oliver-goldsmith, @wisdomtrove
61:It is a great advantage for a system of philosophy to be substantially true. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
62:Philosophy would render us entirely Pyrrhonian, were not nature too strong for it. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
63:I'm a philosophy major. That means I can think deep thoughts about being unemployed. ~ bruce-lee, @wisdomtrove
64:“Philosophy is at once the most sublime and the most trivial of human pursuits.” ~ william-james, @wisdomtrove
65:Philosophy is life's dry-nurse, who can take care of us - but not suckle us. ~ soren-kierkegaard, @wisdomtrove
66:Philosophy insists that there is a joy which is absolute, which never changes. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
67:the power of philosophy floats through my head.. light like a feather, heavy as lead. ~ bob-marley, @wisdomtrove
68:Your personal philosophy is the greatest determining factor in how your life works out. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
69:During a wise man's whole life, his destiny holds his philosophy in a state of siege. ~ victor-hugo, @wisdomtrove
70:The basically simple things are best, whether it's automobiles or diets or philosophy. ~ henry-ford, @wisdomtrove
71:We are not called to proclaim philosophy and metaphysics, but the simple gospel. ~ charles-spurgeon, @wisdomtrove
72:What we learn from experience depends on the kind of philosophy we bring to experience. ~ c-s-lewis, @wisdomtrove
73:Small amounts of philosophy lead to atheism, but larger amounts bring us back to God. ~ francis-bacon, @wisdomtrove
74:Your philosophy determines whether you will go for the disciplines or continue the errors. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
75:Only human beings can reorder their lives any day they choose by refining their philosophy. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
76:Philosophy first constructs a scheme of happiness and then tries to fit the world to it. ~ h-l-mencken, @wisdomtrove
77:This same philosophy is a good horse in the stable, but an arrant jade on a journey. ~ oliver-goldsmith, @wisdomtrove
78:Truth in philosophy means that concept and external reality correspond. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
79:The intricacies of spiritual philosophy and theologies are just a thought within Emptiness. ~ adyashanti, @wisdomtrove
80:Materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself. ~ arthur-schopenhauer, @wisdomtrove
81:Practice the philosophy of continuous improvement. Get a little bit better every single day. ~ brian-tracy, @wisdomtrove
82:The Divine Truth is greater than any religion or creed or scripture or idea or philosophy. ~ sri-aurobindo, @wisdomtrove
83:My philosophy of defense is to keep the pressure on an opponent until you get to his emotions ~ john-wooden, @wisdomtrove
84:Good philosophy must exist, if for no other reason, because bad philosophy needs to be answered. ~ c-s-lewis, @wisdomtrove
85:Everything you have is to give. Thou art a phenomenon of philosophy and an unfortunate man. ~ ernest-hemingway, @wisdomtrove
86:Philosophy when superficially studied, excites doubt, when thoroughly explored, it dispels it. ~ francis-bacon, @wisdomtrove
87:Science must not impose any philosophy, any more than the telephone must tell us what to say. ~ g-k-chesterton, @wisdomtrove
88:Don't borrow someone else's plan. Develop your own philosophy and it will lead you to unique places. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
89:According to Zen philosophy each human being has two minds, a finite mind and an infinite mind. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove
90:Philosophy may describe unreasoning, as it may describe force; it cannot hope to refute them. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
91:The difference between gossip and philosophy lies only in one's way of taking a fact. ~ oliver-wendell-holmes-jr, @wisdomtrove
92:The more one is absorbed in so-called philosophy, the greater one's delusion and blindness. ~ emanuel-swedenborg, @wisdomtrove
93:You must learn some of my philosophy. Think only of the past as its remembrance gives you pleasure. ~ jane-austen, @wisdomtrove
94:All other love is extinguished by self-love; beneficence, humanity, justice, philosophy, sink under it. ~ epicurus, @wisdomtrove
95:Philosophy is the microscope of thought. Everything desires to flee from it, but nothing escapes it. ~ victor-hugo, @wisdomtrove
96:A History of Western Philosophy. Book by Bertrand Russell, Book Three, Part I, Chapter 17. Hume, 1945. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
97:Laughter without a tinge of philosophy is but a sneeze of humor. Genuine humor is replete with wisdom. ~ mark-twain, @wisdomtrove
98:Naturally, the Zen Master Rama philosophy is to have a high state of awareness and material success. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove
99:Tell me what gives a man or woman their greatest pleasure and I'll tell you their philosophy of life. ~ dale-carnegie, @wisdomtrove
100:I have no personal system of philosophy. I never attempt to do that. I am merely a man of letters. ~ jorge-luis-borges, @wisdomtrove
101:Man, therefore, according to the Vedanta philosophy, is the greatest being that is in the universe. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
102:My philosophy is that if I have any money I invest it in new ventures and not have it sitting around. ~ richard-branson, @wisdomtrove
103:The business of philosophy is not to give rules, but to analyze the private judgments of common reason. ~ immanuel-kant, @wisdomtrove
104:The Study of philosophy is not that we may know what men have thought, but what the truth of things is. ~ denis-diderot, @wisdomtrove
105:The trouble begins with a design philosophy that equates &
106:Science and knowledge, especially that of philosophy, came from the Arabs into the West. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
107:She - philosophy is equally helpful to the rich and poor: neglect her, and she equally harms the young and old. ~ horace, @wisdomtrove
108:Theology sits rouged at the window and courts philosophy's favor, offering to sell her charms to it. ~ soren-kierkegaard, @wisdomtrove
109:The Study of philosophy is not that we may know what men have thought, but what the truth of things is. ~ thomas-aquinas, @wisdomtrove
110:All laws and philosophy merely tell us what should be done, but they do not provide the strength to do it. ~ martin-luther, @wisdomtrove
111:The key factor that will determine your financial future is not the economy; the key factor is your philosophy. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
112:All our philosophy is as dry as dust if it is not immediately translated into some act of living service.  ~ mahatma-gandhi, @wisdomtrove
113:I have gained this from philosophy: that I do without being commanded what others do only from fear of the law. ~ aristotle, @wisdomtrove
114:There are three traps that strangle philosophy: The church, the marriage bed, and the professor's chair. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
115:The reason I can't follow the old eye-for-an-eye philosophy is that it ends up leaving everyone blind. ~ martin-luther-king, @wisdomtrove
116:Any genuine philosophy leads to action and from action back again to wonder, to the enduring fact of mystery. ~ henry-miller, @wisdomtrove
117:In their different ways, art and philosophy help us, in Schopenhauer's words, to turn pain into knowledge. ~ alain-de-botton, @wisdomtrove
118:That was it! The whole Redwood City philosophy was based on a willingness to try harder than anyone else. ~ malcolm-gladwell, @wisdomtrove
119:Any religion or philosophy which is not based on a respect for life is not a true religion or philosophy. ~ albert-schweitzer, @wisdomtrove
120:It's clear to me that there is no good reason for many philosophy books to sound as complicated as they do. ~ alain-de-botton, @wisdomtrove
121:Nobody can have the consolations of religion or philosophy unless he has first experienced their desolations. ~ aldous-huxley, @wisdomtrove
122:Philosophy is called upon to compensate for the frustrations of politics and, more generally, of life itself. ~ hannah-arendt, @wisdomtrove
123:The discovery of what is true and the practice of that which is good are the two most important aims of philosophy. ~ voltaire, @wisdomtrove
124:You will attract to yourself people who harmonize with your own philosophy of life, whether you wish it or not. ~ napoleon-hill, @wisdomtrove
125:If I gained one thing from philosophy is that at the very least, I am well prepared to confront any change in fortune. ~ diogenes, @wisdomtrove
126:The decisions of the courts on economic and social questions depend on their economic and social philosophy. ~ theodore-roosevelt, @wisdomtrove
127:The philosophy of reasoning, to be complete, ought to comprise the theory of bad as well as of good reasoning. ~ john-stuart-mill, @wisdomtrove
128:In the hands of a genius, engineering turns to magic, philosophy becomes poetry, and science pure imagination. ~ benjamin-disraeli, @wisdomtrove
129:My scholarly expectation is then that I may succeed in becoming clever in philosophy in spite of my stupidity. ~ soren-kierkegaard, @wisdomtrove
130:Philosophy which does not help to illuminate the process of the liberation of the oppressed should be rejected. ~ jean-paul-sartre, @wisdomtrove
131:A little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion. ~ francis-bacon, @wisdomtrove
132:Philosophy consists mostly of kicking up a lot of dust and then complaining that you can't see anything. ~ gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz, @wisdomtrove
133:We do not escape into philosophy, psychology, and art&
134:We have had enough, once and for all, of Hedonism&
135:Any person can achieve greatness if they understand the philosophy of success and the steps required to achieve it. ~ andrew-carnegie, @wisdomtrove
136:College totally changed my life. It changed what I believe and what I think about everything. I majored in philosophy. ~ steve-martin, @wisdomtrove
137:Philosophy rests on a proposition that whatever is is right. Preaching begins by assuming that whatever is is wrong. ~ elbert-hubbard, @wisdomtrove
138:Religion and philosophy have their value, but in the end all we can do is open to mystery and live a path with heart ~ jack-kornfield, @wisdomtrove
139:Life is not logic, life is not philosophy. Life is a dance, a song, a celebration! It is more like love and less like logic. ~ rajneesh, @wisdomtrove
140:The value given to the testimony of any feeling must depend on our whole philosophy, not our whole philosophy on a feeling. ~ c-s-lewis, @wisdomtrove
141:Philosophy ... should not pretend to increase our present stock, but make us economists of what we are possessed of. ~ oliver-goldsmith, @wisdomtrove
142:The philosophy of this world may be founded on facts, but its business is run on spiritual impressions and atmospheres. ~ g-k-chesterton, @wisdomtrove
143:Contemporary science is based on the philosophy of materialism, which claims that all reality is material or physical. ~ rupert-sheldrake, @wisdomtrove
144:Investment philosophy is the clear understanding that by owning shares of stocks he owns businesses, not pieces of paper. ~ warren-buffet, @wisdomtrove
145:When the soul wants to depend upon nothing, not even upon life, that is the height of philosophy, the height of manhood. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
146:A sound philosophy of life, I think, may be the most valuable asset for a psychiatrist to have when he is treating a patient. ~ viktor-frankl, @wisdomtrove
147:As a writer of philosophy, it's good to ask oneself, &
148:Always laugh when you can; it is cheap medicine. Merriment is a philosophy not well understood. It is the sunny side of existence. ~ lord-byron, @wisdomtrove
149:The Darwinian concept of the survival of the fittest has been substituted by a philosophy of the survival of the slickest. ~ martin-luther-king, @wisdomtrove
150:It is certain that the easy and obvious philosophy will always, with the generality of mankind, have preference above the accurate. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
151:Talking high philosophy often confuses people, but a look from an egoless person can lift the clouds of pain and despair. ~ mata-amritanandamayi, @wisdomtrove
152:A fool's brain digests philosophy into folly, science into superstition, and art into pedantry. Hence University education. ~ george-bernard-shaw, @wisdomtrove
153:I have a friend who lives by a three-word philosophy: Seize the Moment. Just possibly, she may be the wisest woman on this planet. ~ erma-bombeck, @wisdomtrove
154:Philosophy stands in need of a science which shall determine the possibility, principles, and extent of human knowledge à priori. ~ immanuel-kant, @wisdomtrove
155:We need energy, commitment, and courage not to run from our life nor to cover it over with any philosophy‚îmaterial or spiritual. ~ jack-kornfield, @wisdomtrove
156:Philosophy is by its nature something esoteric, neither made for the mob nor capable of being prepared for the mob. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
157:Philosophy must indeed recognize the possibility that the people rise to it, but must not lower itself to the people. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
158:The God to whom depth in philosophy bring back men's minds is far from being the same from whom a little philosophy estranges them ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
159:The marvel of the Bhagavad-Gita is its truly beautiful revelation of life's wisdom which enables philosophy to blossom into religion. ~ hermann-hesse, @wisdomtrove
160:There is no need for temples, no need for complicated philosophies. My brain and my heart are my temples; my philosophy is kindness.     ~ dalai-lama, @wisdomtrove
161:I think everybody should study ants. They have an amazing four-part philosophy. Never give up, look ahead, stay positive and do all you can. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
162:Philosophy is man’s expression of curiosity about everything and his attempt to make sense of the world primarily through his intellect. ~ alan-watts, @wisdomtrove
163:Philosophy will clip an angel's wings, Conquer all mysteries by rule and line, Empty the haunted air, and gnomed mine - Unweave a rainbow. ~ john-keats, @wisdomtrove
164:I enjoy poetry where I can talk as bizarre as I please, but theology or philosophy, I always respect the truth by taking it a step further. ~ criss-jami, @wisdomtrove
165:Keep me away from the wisdom which does not cry, the philosophy which does not laugh and the greatness which does not bow before children. ~ kahlil-gibran, @wisdomtrove
166:Self-taught poverty is a help toward philosophy, for the things which philosophy attempts to teach by reasoning, poverty forces us to practice. ~ diogenes, @wisdomtrove
167:Friendship is unnecessary, like philosophy, like art... It has no survival value; rather it is one of those things that give value to survival. ~ c-s-lewis, @wisdomtrove
168:Before philosophy can teach by Experience, the Philosophy has to be in readiness, the Experience must be gathered and intelligibly recorded. ~ thomas-carlyle, @wisdomtrove
169:I have no perfect panacea for human ills. And even if I had I would not attempt to present a system of philosophy between the soup and fish. ~ elbert-hubbard, @wisdomtrove
170:I like to think that someone will trace how the deepest thinking of India made its way to Greece and from there to the philosophy of our times ~ john-wheeler, @wisdomtrove
171:Mere philosophy will not satisfy us. We cannot reach the goal by mere words alone. Without practice, nothing can be achieved. ~ swami-satchidananda-saraswati, @wisdomtrove
172:Socialism is a philosophy of failure, the creed of ignorance, and the gospel of envy, its inherent virtue is the equal sharing of misery. ~ winston-churchill, @wisdomtrove
173:There comes an hour when protest no longer suffices; after philosophy there must be action; the strong hand finishes what the idea has sketched. ~ victor-hugo, @wisdomtrove
174:A work of great importance to deep thinkers as its last chapter offers an updated philosophy - to explain the issues of our new millennium. ~ emanuel-swedenborg, @wisdomtrove
175:My philosophy is that not only are you responsible for your life, but doing the best at this moment puts you I the best place for the next moment. ~ oprah-winfrey, @wisdomtrove
176:The sensual experiences in life are not to be avoided. This is the philosophy of Tantric Buddhism - nor are they particularly to be sought after. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove
177:We must be concerned not merely about who murdered them, but about the system, the way of life, the philosophy which produced the murderers . ~ martin-luther-king, @wisdomtrove
178:Whatever has a tendency to promote the civil intercourse of nations by an exchange of benefits is a subject as worthy of philosophy as of politics. ~ thomas-paine, @wisdomtrove
179:I remain convinced that obstinate addiction to ordinary language in our private thoughts is one of the main obstacles to progress in philosophy. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
180:Religions do a useful thing: they narrow God to the limits of man. Philosophy replies by doing a necessary thing: it elevates man to the plane of God. ~ victor-hugo, @wisdomtrove
181:A new philosophy, a new way of life, is not given for nothing. It has to be paid dearly for and only acquired with much patience and great effort ~ fyodor-dostoevsky, @wisdomtrove
182:Jokes of the proper kind, properly told, can do more to enlighten questions of politics, philosophy, and literature than any number of dull arguments. ~ isaac-asimov, @wisdomtrove
183:Some kind of philosophy is a necessity to all but the most thoughtless, and in the absence of knowledge it is almost sure to be a silly philosophy. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
184:What is at issue is the conversion of the mind from the twilight of error to the truth, that climb up into the real world which we shall call true philosophy. ~ plato, @wisdomtrove
185:With a philosophy education, one can infuriate his peers, intimidate his date, think of obscure, unreliable ways to make money, and never regret a thing. ~ criss-jami, @wisdomtrove
186:In philosophy, or religion, or ethics, or politics, two and two might make five, but when one was designing a gun or an aeroplane they had to make four. ~ george-orwell, @wisdomtrove
187:The great critic … must be a philosopher, for from philosophy he will learn serenity, impartiality, and the transitoriness of human things. ~ william-somerset-maugham, @wisdomtrove
188:Experience has shown, and a true philosophy will always show, that a vast, perhaps the larger portion of the truth arises from the seemingly irrelevant. ~ edgar-allan-poe, @wisdomtrove
189:The lies we tell about our duty and our purposes, the meaningless words of science and philosophy, are walls that topple before a bewildered little why'. ~ john-steinbeck, @wisdomtrove
190:The observation of human blindness and weakness is the result of all philosophy, and meets us at every turn, in spite of our endeavours to elude or avoid it. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
191:The thing that will make the biggest difference to your business, your bank account, your health and your relationships in the next 12 months is your philosophy ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
192:Here's the thing with me and the religious thing. This is the flat-out truth: I find the religiosity and philosophy in the music. I don't find it anywhere else. ~ bob-dylan, @wisdomtrove
193:One's philosophy is not best expressed in words; it is expressed in the choices one makes... and the choices we make are ultimately our responsibility. ~ eleanor-roosevelt, @wisdomtrove
194:Life is really about a spiritual unfolding that is personal and enchanting - an unfolding that no science or philosophy or religion has yet fully clarified. ~ james-redfield, @wisdomtrove
195:Philosophy always requires something more, requires the eternal, the true, in contrast to which even the fullest existence as such is but a happy moment. ~ soren-kierkegaard, @wisdomtrove
196:Auguries of innocence "The emmet's inch and eagle's mile Make lame philosophy to smile. He who doubts from what he sees Will ne'er believe, do what you please. ~ william-blake, @wisdomtrove
197:I think we ought always to entertain our opinions with some measure of doubt. I shouldn't wish people dogmatically to believe any philosophy, not even mine. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
198:Let no young man delay the study of philosophy, and let no old man become weary of it; for it is never too early nor too late to care for the well-being of the soul. ~ epicurus, @wisdomtrove
199:My philosophy of life is that if we make up our mind what we are going to make of our lives, then work hard toward that goal, we never lose - somehow we win out. ~ ronald-reagan, @wisdomtrove
200:Our system of philosophy is itself on trial; it must stand or fall according as it is broad enough to find room for this experience as an element of life. ~ sir-arthur-eddington, @wisdomtrove
201:Philosophy had supplied Socrates with convictions in which he had been able to have rational, as opposed to hysterical, confidence when faced with disapproval. ~ alain-de-botton, @wisdomtrove
202:The stability of modern governments above the ancient, and the accuracy of modern philosophy, have improved, and probably will still improve, by similar gradations. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
203:Sexually progressive cultures gave us literature, philosophy, civilization and the rest, while sexually restrictive cultures gave us the Dark Ages and the Holocaust. ~ alan-moore, @wisdomtrove
204:There was an awful rainbow once in heaven: We know her woof, her texture; she is given In the dull catalogue of common things. Philosophy will clip an angel's wings. ~ john-keats, @wisdomtrove
205:According to this philosophy, each man consists of three parts - the body, the internal organ or the mind, and behind that, what is called the Atman, the Self. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
206:The point of philosophy is to start with something so simple as not to seem worth stating, and to end with something so paradoxical that no one will believe it. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
207:There are a few dogmas and double standards and really regrettable exports from philosophy that have confounded the thinking of scientists on the subject of morality. ~ sam-harris, @wisdomtrove
208:It is our philosophical set of the sail that determines the course of our lives. To change our current Direction, we have to change our philosophy, not our circumstances. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
209:Irreverence is a most necessary ingredient of religion. Not to speak of its importance in philosophy. Irreverence is the only way left to us for testing our universe. ~ frank-herbert, @wisdomtrove
210:Since philosophy is the art which teaches us how to live, and since children need to learn it as much as we do at other ages, why do we not instruct them in it? ~ michel-de-montaigne, @wisdomtrove
211:My parents brought me up with this philosophy. You must do things. You mustn't watch what other people are doing. You must not listen to what other people are doing. ~ richard-branson, @wisdomtrove
212:My teaching - of what is perceived to be a complex and foreign sounding religious philosophy - has become the target for people's prejudice and religious intolerance. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove
213:True philosophy must start from the most immediate and comprehensive fact of consciousness: "I am life that wants to live, in the midst of life that wants to live." ~ albert-schweitzer, @wisdomtrove
214:As a human being it is just my nature to enjoy and share philosophy. I do this in the same way that some birds are eagles and some doves, some flowers lilies and some roses. ~ alan-watts, @wisdomtrove
215:Because philosophy arises from awe, a philosopher is bound in his way to be a lover of myths and poetic fables. Poets and philosophers are alike in being big with wonder. ~ denis-diderot, @wisdomtrove
216:The chief benefit, which results from philosophy, arises in an indirect manner, and proceeds more from its secret, insensible influence, than from its immediate application. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
217:Because philosophy arises from awe, a philosopher is bound in his way to be a lover of myths and poetic fables. Poets and philosophers are alike in being big with wonder. ~ thomas-aquinas, @wisdomtrove
218:I firmly believe that the Gandhian philosophy of nonviolent resistance is the only logical and moral approach to the solution of the race problem in the United States. ~ martin-luther-king, @wisdomtrove
219:The Darwinian movement has made no difference to mankind, except that, instead of talking unphilosophically about philosophy, they now talk unscientifically about science. ~ g-k-chesterton, @wisdomtrove
220:The principle itself of dogmatic religion, dogmatic morality, dogmatic philosophy, is what requires to be booted out; not any particular manifestation of that principle. ~ john-stuart-mill, @wisdomtrove
221:We are questioning more than the philosophy behind our dependence upon limited and limiting systems. We question the power structures that have grown up around such systems. ~ frank-herbert, @wisdomtrove
222:What does mysticism really mean? It means the way to attain knowledge. It's close to philosophy, except in philosophy you go horizontally while in mysticism you go vertically. ~ elie-wiesel, @wisdomtrove
223:He who says either that the time for philosophy has not yet come or that it has passed is like someone who says that the time for happiness has not yet come or that it has passed. ~ epicurus, @wisdomtrove
224:To teach how to live without certainty and yet without being paralysed by hesitation is perhaps the chief thing that philosophy, in our age, can do for those who study it. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
225:Wonder was the motive that led people to philosophy ... wonder is a kind of desire in knowledge. It is the cause of delight because it carries with it the hope of discovery. ~ denis-diderot, @wisdomtrove
226:I am not here to merely argue about the perplexities regarding theism or philosophy, but to be a light to the world and to reach out to those who long to be a part of that light. ~ criss-jami, @wisdomtrove
227:Wonder was the motive that led people to philosophy ... wonder is a kind of desire in knowledge. It is the cause of delight because it carries with it the hope of discovery. ~ thomas-aquinas, @wisdomtrove
228:Repression is the only lasting philosophy. The dark deference of fear and slavery, my friend, will keep the dogs obedient to the whip, as long as this roof shuts out the sky. ~ charles-dickens, @wisdomtrove
229:&
230:Taoist philosophy is essentially monistic. Matter and energy, Yang and Yin, heaven and earth, are conceived of as essentially one or as two coexistent poles of one indivisible whole. ~ bruce-lee, @wisdomtrove
231:Ordinary people seem not to realize that those who really apply themselves in the right way to philosophy are directly and of their own accord preparing themselves for dying and death. ~ socrates, @wisdomtrove
232:Philosophy consists very largely of one philosopher arguing that all others are jackasses. He usually proves it, and I should add that he also usually proves that he is one himself. ~ h-l-mencken, @wisdomtrove
233:The philosophy of the common man is an old wife that gives him no pleasure, yet he cannot live without her, and resents any aspersions that strangers may cast on her character. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
234:Isn't it strange that ... people build walls to keep an enemy out, and there's only one part of the world and one philosophy where they have to build walls to keep their people in ~ ronald-reagan, @wisdomtrove
235:If you're studying Geology, which is all facts, as soon as you get out of school you forget it all, but Philosophy you remember just enough to screw you up for the rest of your life. ~ steve-martin, @wisdomtrove
236:Tell me what a person finds sexually attractive and I will tell you their entire philosophy of life. Show me the person they sleep with and I will tell you their valuation of themselves. ~ ayn-rand, @wisdomtrove
237:We want today that bright sun of intellectuality joined with the heart of Buddha, the wonderful infinite heart of love and mercy. This union will give us the highest philosophy. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
238:The theoretical understanding of the world, which is the aim of philosophy, is not a matter of great practical importance to animals, or to savages, or even to most civilised men. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
239:It is possible to be a master in false philosophy, easier, in fact, than to be a master in the truth, because a false philosophy can be made as simple and consistent as one pleases. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
240:“Good-humor is a philosophic state of mind; it seems to say to Nature that we take her no more seriously than she takes us. I maintain that one should always talk of philosophy with a smile.” ~ william-james, @wisdomtrove
241:Nietzsche was personally more philosophical than his philosophy. His talk about power, harshness, and superb immorality was the hobby of a harmless young scholar and constitutional invalid. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
242:Angels transcend every religion, every philosophy, every creed. In fact Angels have no religion as we know it... Their existence precedes every religious system that has ever existed on Earth. ~ denis-diderot, @wisdomtrove
243:Much of the philosophy of religious education has been based upon a false premise, and perhaps many have missed the essence of Christian experience, having had religious training take its place. ~ billy-graham, @wisdomtrove
244:Angels transcend every religion, every philosophy, every creed. In fact Angels have no religion as we know it... Their existence precedes every religious system that has ever existed on Earth. ~ thomas-aquinas, @wisdomtrove
245:The arrogance that says analysing the relationship between reasons and causes is more important than writing a philosophy of shyness or sadness or friendship drives me nuts. I can't accept that. ~ alain-de-botton, @wisdomtrove
246:Yoga is an art, a science and a philosophy. It touches the life of man at every level, physical, mental, and spiritual. It is a practical method for making one's life purposeful, useful and noble. ~ b-k-s-iyengar, @wisdomtrove
247:Neither one should hesitate about dedicating oneself to philosophy when young, nor should get tired of doing it when one's old, because no one is ever too young or too old to reach one's soul's healthy. ~ epicurus, @wisdomtrove
248:When Philosophy with its abstractions paints grey in grey, the freshness and life of youth has gone, the reconciliation is not a reconciliation in the actual, but in the ideal world. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
249:The test of all beliefs is their practical effect in life. If it be true that optimism compels the world forward, and pessimism retards it, then it is dangerous to propagate a pessimistic philosophy. ~ hellen-keller, @wisdomtrove
250:Atheism is not a philosophy; it is not even a view of the world; it is simply a refusal to deny the obvious. Unfortunately, we live in a world in which the obvious is overlooked as a matter of principle. ~ sam-harris, @wisdomtrove
251:The self-styled practical man of affairs who pooh-poohs philosophy as a lot of windy notions is himself a pragmatist or a positivist, and a bad one at that, since he has given no thought to his position. ~ alan-watts, @wisdomtrove
252:I would not think that philosophy and reason themselves will be man's guide in the foreseeable future; however, they will remain the most beautiful sanctuary they have always been for the select few. ~ albert-einstein, @wisdomtrove
253:I don't think there's an interesting boundary between philosophy and science. Science is totally beholden to philosophy. There are philosophical assumptions in science and there's no way to get around that. ~ sam-harris, @wisdomtrove
254:Nietzsche said that the earth has been a madhouse long enough. Without contradicting him we might perhaps soften the expression, and say that philosophy has been long enough an asylum for enthusiasts. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
255:Philosophy is a slow process of logic and logical discourse: A bringing B bringing C and so forth. In mysticism you can jump from A to Z. But the ultimate objective is the same. It's knowledge. It's truth. ~ elie-wiesel, @wisdomtrove
256:My philosophy, in essence, is the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute. ~ ayn-rand, @wisdomtrove
257:If a philosophy is to bring happiness it should be inspired by kindly feelings. Marx pretended that he wanted the happiness of the proletariat; what he really wanted was the unhappiness of the bourgeois. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
258:It surprises me how disinterested we are today about things like physics, space, the universe and philosophy of our existence, our purpose, our final destination. It's a crazy world out there. Be curious. ~ stephen-hawking, @wisdomtrove
259:The defects of human nature afford us opportunities of exercising our philosophy, the best employment of our virtues. If all men were righteous, all hearts true and frank and loyal, what use would our virtues be? ~ moliere, @wisdomtrove
260:Dogmatism and skepticism are both, in a sense, absolute philosophies; one is certain of knowing, the other of not knowing. What philosophy should dissipate is certainty, whether of knowledge or ignorance. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
261:I'd rather speak as a student of philosophy. Philosophically it makes no sense, absolutely makes no sense. Why should people inherit evil things when their memories could contain and should invoke good things? ~ elie-wiesel, @wisdomtrove
262:What makes philosophy so tedious is not the profundity of philosophers, but their lack of art; they are like physicians who soughtto cure a slight hyperacidity by prescribing a carload of burned oyster-shells. ~ h-l-mencken, @wisdomtrove
263:Honor your seeing... digest your seeing... otherw ise it becomes just another thing you file away in the mind's department of philosophy... yo u're here for much more than knowledge... you are here for Self-discovery. ~ mooji, @wisdomtrove
264:The greatest threat to mankind and civilization is the spread of the totalitarian philosophy. Its best ally is not the devotion of its followers but the confusion of its enemies. To fight it, we must understand it. ~ ayn-rand, @wisdomtrove
265:Those sciences which govern the morals of mankind, such as Theology and Philosophy, make everything their concern: no activity is so private or so secret as to escape their attention or their jurisdiction. ~ michel-de-montaigne, @wisdomtrove
266:Philosophy is a more intense sort of experience than common life is, just as pure and subtle music, heard in retirement, is something keener and more intense than the howling of storms or the rumble of cities. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
267:I cannot forgive Descartes. In all his philosophy he would have been quite willing to dispense with God. But he had to make Him give a fillip to set the world in motion; beyond this, he has no further need of God. ~ blaise-pascal, @wisdomtrove
268:I plan to stand by nonviolence, because I have found it to be a philosophy of life that regulates not only my dealings in the struggle for racial justice, but also my dealings with people, and with my own self. ~ martin-luther-king, @wisdomtrove
269:It might be plausibly maintained, that in almost every one of the leading controversies, past or present, in social philosophy, both sides were in the right in what they affirmed, though wrong in what they denied. ~ john-stuart-mill, @wisdomtrove
270:So I say, “Live and let live.” That’s my motto. “Live and let live.” And anyone who can’t go along with that, take him outside and shoot the motherfucker. It’s a simple philosophy, but it’s always worked in our family. ~ george-carlin, @wisdomtrove
271:He (Jesus) knew that the old eye-for-eye philosophy would leave everyone blind. He did not seek to overcome evil with evil. He overcame evil with good. Although crucified by hate, he responded with aggressive love. ~ martin-luther-king, @wisdomtrove
272:The dairy man had a Ph.D. in mathematics, and he must have had some training in philosophy. He liked what he was doing and he didn't want to be somewhere else - one of the few contented people I met in my whole journey. ~ john-steinbeck, @wisdomtrove
273:The life of theoretical philosophy is the best and happiest a man can lead. Few men are capable of it and then only intermittently. For the rest, there is a second-best way of life, that of moral virtue and practical wisdom. ~ aristotle, @wisdomtrove
274:I am so stupid that I cannot understand philosophy; the antithesis of this is that philosophy is so clever that it cannot comprehend my stupidity. These antitheses are mediated in a higher unity; in our common stupidity. ~ soren-kierkegaard, @wisdomtrove
275:It is because artists do not practise, patrons do not patronize, crowds do not assemble to reverently worship the great work of Doing Nothing, that the world has lost its philosophy and even failed to invent a new religion. ~ g-k-chesterton, @wisdomtrove
276:Luxurious food and drinks, in no way protect you from harm. Wealth beyond what is natural, is no more use than an overflowing container. Real value is not generated by theaters, and baths, perfumes or ointments, but by philosophy. ~ epicurus, @wisdomtrove
277:Proselytism is tolerated by Hinduism. Any man, whether he be a Shudra or Chandala, can expound philosophy even to a Brahmin. The truth can be learnt from the lowest individual, no matter to what caste or creed he belongs. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
278:One believes things because one has been conditioned to believe them. Finding bad reasons for what one believes for other bad reasons-that's philosophy. People believe in God because they've been conditioned to believe in God. ~ aldous-huxley, @wisdomtrove
279:To argue with a man who has renounced the use and authority of reason, and whose philosophy consists in holding humanity in contempt, is like administering medicine to the dead, or endeavoring to convert an atheist by scripture. ~ thomas-paine, @wisdomtrove
280:If I am happy in spite of my deprivations, if my happiness is so deep that it is a faith, so thoughtful that it becomes a philosophy of life. If, in short, I am an optimist, my testimony to the creed of optimism is worth hearing. ~ hellen-keller, @wisdomtrove
281:I set forth a humble and inglorious life; that does not matter. You can tie up all moral philosophy with a common and private life just as well as with a life of richer stuff. Each man bears the entire form of man's estate. ~ michel-de-montaigne, @wisdomtrove
282:The purpose of a work of fiction is to appeal to the lingering after-effects in the reader's mind as differing from, say, the purpose of oratory or philosophy which respectively leave people in a fighting or thoughtful mood. ~ f-scott-fitzgerald, @wisdomtrove
283:If you use a philosophy education well, you can get your foot in the door of any industry you please. Industries are like the blossoms on a tree while philosophy is the trunk - it holds the tree together, but it often goes unnoticed. ~ criss-jami, @wisdomtrove
284:In spite of its glowing talk about the welfare of the masses, Communism's methods and philosophy strip man of his dignity and worth, leaving him as little more than a depersonalized cog in the ever-turning wheel of the state. ~ martin-luther-king, @wisdomtrove
285:I try to teach people to continually search and question the meaning of everything they are taught and everything they believe in. My job is not so much to impart a philosophy but to train people in the methods of self-discovery. ~ frederick-lenz, @wisdomtrove
286:Black Power is a nihilistic philosophy born out of the conviction that the Negro can't win... the view that American society is so hopelessly corrupt and enmeshed in evil that there is no possibility of salvation from within. ~ martin-luther-king, @wisdomtrove
287:In Hindu philosophy the whole creation is regarded as the Vishnu Lila, the play of Vishnu. Lila means dance or play. Also in Hindu philosophy, they call the world illusion; and in Latin the root of the word illusion is ludere, to play. ~ alan-watts, @wisdomtrove
288:There are evidently limits to the achievements of science; and there are irresolvable contradictions both between prosperity and virtue, and between happiness and "the good life," which had not been anticipated in our philosophy. ~ reinhold-niebuhr, @wisdomtrove
289:What's my philosophy? In a word, integral. And what on earth — or in heaven — do I mean by integral? The dictionary meaning is fairly simple: comprehensive, balanced, inclusive, essential for completeness. Short definition, tall order. ~ ken-wilber, @wisdomtrove
290:We are not called to proclaim philosophy and metaphysics, but the simple gospel. Man's fall, his need of a new birth, forgiveness through atonement, and salvation as the result of faith, these are our battle-ax and weapons of war. ~ charles-spurgeon, @wisdomtrove
291:I would rather sustain the penalties resulting from over-conservatism than face the consequences of error, perhaps with permanent capital loss, resulting from the adoption of "New Era" philosophy where trees really do grow to the sky. ~ warren-buffet, @wisdomtrove
292:And though the philosopher may live remote from business, the genius of philosophy, if carefully cultivated by several, must gradually diffuse itself throughout the whole society, and bestow a similar correctness on every art and calling. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
293:That which is now called natural philosophy, embracing the whole circle of science, of which astronomy occupies the chief place, is the study of the works of God, and of the power and wisdom of God in his works, and is the true theology. ~ thomas-paine, @wisdomtrove
294:Are we alone in the universe? This is a question which goes back to the dawn of history, but for most of human history it has been in the province of religion and philosophy. Fifty or something years ago, however, it became part of science. ~ paul-davies, @wisdomtrove
295:One should, for example, be able to see that things are hopeless and yet be determined to make them otherwise. This philosophy fitted on to my early adult life, when I saw the improbable, the implausible, often the "impossible," come true. ~ f-scott-fitzgerald, @wisdomtrove
296:We must consider how very little history there is&
297:But in truth I know nothing about the philosophy of education except this: that the greatest and the most important difficulty known to human learning seems to lie in that area which treats how to bring up children and how to educate them. ~ michel-de-montaigne, @wisdomtrove
298:The problem of vindicating an omnipotent and omniscient God in the face of evil is insurmountable. Those who claim to have surmounted it, by recourse to notions of free will and other incoherencies, have merely heaped bad philosophy onto bad ethics. ~ sam-harris, @wisdomtrove
299:To me this is the most beautiful, the most satisfactory from a scientific standpoint, the most logical theory of life. For thirty years I have leaned toward the theory of Reincarnation. It seems a most reasonable philosophy and explains many things. ~ henry-ford, @wisdomtrove
300:What is rational is actual and what is actual is rational. On this conviction the plain man like the philosopher takes his stand,and from it philosophy starts in its study of the universe of mind as well as the universe of nature. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
301:The man whom philosophy leaves cold, and the man whom real faith does not illuminate, may be assured that the fault lies in them, not in knowledge and faith. The former is still an alien to philosophy, the latter an alien to faith. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
302:[Among the books he chooses, a statesman] ought to read interesting books on history and government, and books of science and philosophy; and really good books on these subjects are as enthralling as any fiction ever written in prose or verse. ~ theodore-roosevelt, @wisdomtrove
303:Since religion is a primitive form of philosophy ‚ an attempt to offer a comprehensive view of reality‚ many of its myths are distorted, dramatized allegories based on some element of truth, some actual, if profoundly elusive, aspect of man's existence. ~ ayn-rand, @wisdomtrove
304:Ethics are complete, profound and alive only when addressed to all living beings. Only then are we in spiritual connection with the world. Any philosophy not representing this, not based on the indefinite totality of life, is bound to disappear. ~ albert-schweitzer, @wisdomtrove
305:The highest science, the loftiest speculation, the mightiest philosophy, which can ever engage the attention of a child of God, is the name, the nature, the person, the work, the doings, and the existence of the great God whom he calls his Father. ~ charles-spurgeon, @wisdomtrove
306:True eloquence makes light of eloquence, true morality makes light of morality; that is to say, the morality of the judgment, which has no rules, makes light of the morality of the intellect... . To make light of philosophy is to be a true philosopher. ~ blaise-pascal, @wisdomtrove
307:Vain is the word of a philosopher which does not heal any suffering of man. For just as there is no profit in medicine if it does not expel the diseases of the body, so there is no profit in philosophy either, if it does not expel the suffering of the mind. ~ epicurus, @wisdomtrove
308:I do not wish you much happiness&
309:Philosophy is that part of science which at present people chose to have opinions about, but which they have no knowledge about. Therefore, every advance in knowledge robs philosophy of some problems which formerly it had …and will belong to science. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
310:The most striking feature of the perennial philosophy/psychology is that it presents being and consciousness as a hierarchy of dimensional levels, moving from the lowest, densest, and most fragmentary realms to the highest, subtlest, and most unitary ones. ~ ken-wilber, @wisdomtrove
311:In history, we are concerned with what has been and what is; in philosophy, however, we are concerned not with what belongs exclusively to the past or to the future, but with that which is, both now and eternally ¬ó in short, with reason. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
312:There will be no end to the troubles of states, or of humanity itself, till philosophers become kings in this world, or till those we now call kings and rulers really and truly become philosophers, and political power and philosophy thus come into the same hands. ~ plato, @wisdomtrove
313:While Newton seemed to draw off the veil from some of the mysteries of nature, he showed at the same time the imperfections of the mechanical philosophy; and thereby restored her ultimate secrets to that obscurity, in which they ever did and ever will remain. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
314:My whole working philosophy is that the only stable happiness for mankind is that it shall live married in blessed union to woman-kind - intimacy, physical and psychical between a man and his wife. I wish to add that my state of bliss is by no means perfect. ~ d-h-lawrence, @wisdomtrove
315:The development of physics in the twentieth century already has transformed the consciousness of those involved with it. The study (of modern physics) produces insights into the nature of reality very similar to those produced by the study of eastern philosophy. ~ gary-zukav, @wisdomtrove
316:A philosophy can and must be worked out with the greatest rigour and discipline in the details, but can ultimately be founded on nothing but faith: and this is the reason, I suspect, why the novelties in philosophy are only in elaboration, and never in fundamentals. ~ t-s-eliot, @wisdomtrove
317:The one theme of the Vedanta philosophy is the search after unity. The Hindu mind does not care for the particular; it is always after the general, nay, the universal. "what is it that by knowing which everything else is to be known." That is the one search. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
318:Philosophy finds talkativeness a disease very difficult and hard to cure. For its remedy, conversation, requires hearers: but talkative people hear nobody, for they are ever prating. And the first evil this inability to keep silence produces is an inability to listen. ~ plutarch, @wisdomtrove
319:Philosophy, if it cannot answer so many questions as we could wish, has at least the power of asking questions which increase the interest of the world, and show the strangeness and wonder lying just below the surface even in the commonest things of daily life. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
320:All definite knowledge - so I should contend - belongs to science; all dogma as to what surpasses definite knowledge belongs to theology. But between theology and science there is a No Man's Land, exposed to attack by both sides; this No Man's Land is philosophy. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
321:There is, indeed a more mitigated scepticism or academical philosophy, which may be both durable and useful, and which may, in part, be the result of this Pyrrhonism, or excessive scepticism, when its undistinguished doubts are corrected by common sense and reflection. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
322:Any time and any place can be used to study: his room, a garden, is table, his bed; when alone or in company; morning and evening. His chief study will be Philosophy, that Former of good judgement and character who is privileged to be concerned with everything. ~ michel-de-montaigne, @wisdomtrove
323:Atheism leaves a man to sense, to philosophy, to natural piety, to laws, to reputation; all of which may be guides to an outward moral virtue, even if religion vanished; but religious superstition dismounts all these and erects an absolute monarchy in the minds of men. ~ francis-bacon, @wisdomtrove
324:Pessimism: A philosophy forced upon the convictions of the observer by the disheartening prevalence of the optimist with his scarecrow hope and his unsightly smile. Ambrose Bierce ~ ambrose-bierce, @wisdomtrove
325:You cannot prove realism to a complete sceptic or idealist; but you can show an honest man that he is not a complete sceptic or idealist, but a realist at heart. So long as he is alive his sincere philosophy must fulfil the assumptions of his life and not destroy him. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
326:Religion does what philosophy could never do; it shows the equal dealings of Heaven to the happy and the unhappy, and levels all human enjoyments to nearly the same standard. It gives to both rich and poor the same happiness hereafter, and equal hopes to aspire after it. ~ oliver-goldsmith, @wisdomtrove
327:The Bhagavad-Gita is the most systematic statement of spiritual evolution of endowing value to mankind. It is one of the most clear and comprehensive summaries of perennial philosophy ever revealed; hence its enduring value is subject not only to India but to all of humanity. ~ aldous-huxley, @wisdomtrove
328:University President: Why is it that you physicists always require so much expensive equipment? Now the Department of Mathematics requires nothing but money for paper, pencils, and erasers . . . and the Department of Philosophy is better still. It doesn't even ask for erasers. ~ isaac-asimov, @wisdomtrove
329:I do not care what philosophy you take up; only I am ready to prove here that throughout the whole of India, there runs a mutual and cordial string of eternal faith in the perfection of humanity, and I believe in it myself. And let that faith be spread over the whole land. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
330:My philosophy and my belief was that there was a long way for us to go in improving what we had ever known before, that this country of ours was a country of constant improvement. And so I thought that, well, what my whole approach was based on the promise of a better America. ~ ronald-reagan, @wisdomtrove
331:The evident character of this defective cognition of which mathematics is proud, and on which it plumes itself before philosophy, rests solely on the poverty of its purpose and the defectiveness of its stuff, and is therefore of a kind that philosophy must spurn ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
332:The older I get, the better I understand that every day is a gift. There's no guarantee of tomorrow. And part of my whole philosophy is: this day is too important to live it angry, upset, discouraged or stressed out if plans don't work out. This is life, and I'm going to move on. ~ joel-osteen, @wisdomtrove
333:There is no exercise of the intellect which is not, in the final analysis, useless. A philosophical doctrine begins as a plausible description of the universe; with the passage of the years it becomes a mere chapter if not a paragraph or a name in the history of philosophy. ~ jorge-luis-borges, @wisdomtrove
334:Religious and philosophical beliefs are, indeed, as dangerous as fire, and nothing can take from them that beauty of danger. But there is only one way of really guarding ourselves against the excessive danger of them, and that is to be steeped in philosophy and soaked in religion. ~ g-k-chesterton, @wisdomtrove
335:A good motivation is what is needed: compassion without dogmatism, without complicated philosophy; just understanding that others are human brothers and sisters and respecting their human rights and dignities. That we humans can help each other is one of our unique human capacities.    ~ dalai-lama, @wisdomtrove
336:Philosophy may serve as the bridge between theology and science. All atheism is a philosophy, but not all philosophy is atheism. Philosophy (&
337:Nature in darkness groans and men are bound to sullen contemplation in the night: restless they turn on beds of sorrow; in their inmost brain feeling the crushing wheels, they rise, they write the bitter words of stern philosophy and knead the bread of knowledge with tears and groans. ~ william-blake, @wisdomtrove
338:Meditation, then, is not so much a part of this or that particular religion, but rather part of the universal spiritual culture of all humankind&
339:Procrastination is the fear of success. People procrastinate because they are afraid of the success that they know will result if they move ahead now. Because success is heavy, carries a responsibility with it, it is much easier to procrastinate and live on the "someday I'll" philosophy. ~ denis-waitley, @wisdomtrove
340:Nature does not teach. A true philosophy may sometimes validate an experience of nature; an experience of nature cannot validate a philosophy. Nature will not verify any theological or metaphysical proposition (or not in the manner we are now considering); she will help to show what it means. ~ c-s-lewis, @wisdomtrove
341:The most effective way I know to begin with the end in mind is to develop a personal mission statement or philosophy or creed. It focused on what you want to be (character) and to do (contributions and achievements) and on the values or principles upon which being and doing are based.   ~ stephen-r-covey, @wisdomtrove
342:Accidents will occur in the best-regulated families; and in families not regulated by that pervading influence which sanctifies while it enhances... in short, by the influence of Woman, in the lofty character of Wife, they may be expected with confidence, and must be borne with philosophy. ~ charles-dickens, @wisdomtrove
343:What peculiar privilege has this little agitation of the brain which we call thought, that we must thus make it the model of the whole universe? Our partiality in our own favour does indeed present it on all occasions; but sound philosophy ought carefully to guard against so natural an illusion. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
344:Today the West is awakening to its wants; and the "true self of man and spirit" is the watchword of the advanced school of Western theologians. The student of Sanskrit philosophy knows where the wind is blowing from, but it matters not whence the power comes so longs as it brings new life. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
345:It needs a good deal of philosophy not to be mortified by the thought of persons who have voluntarily abandoned everything that for the most of us makes life worth living and are devoid of envy of what they have missed. I have never made up my mind whether they are fools or wise men. ~ william-somerset-maugham, @wisdomtrove
346:Whatever happens, every individual is a child of his time; so philosophy too is its own time apprehended in thoughts. It is just as absurd to fancy that a philosophy can transcend its contemporary world as it is to fancy that an individual can overleap his own age, jump over Rhodes. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
347:From the high spiritual flights of the Vedanta philosophy, of which the latest discoveries of science seem like echoes, to the low ideas of idolatry with its multifarious mythology, the agnosticism of the Buddhists and the atheism of the Jains, each and all have a place in the Hinduism religion. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
348:We either have wild places or we don't. We admit the spiritual-emotional validity of wild, beautiful places or we don't. We have a philosophy of simplicity of experience in these wild places or we don't. We admit an almost religious devotion to the clean exposition of the wild, natural earth or we don't. ~ amsel-adams, @wisdomtrove
349:I do not believe that a moral philosophy can ever be founded on a scientific basis. … The valuation of life and all its nobler expressions can only come out of the soul’s yearning toward its own destiny. Every attempt to reduce ethics to scientific formulas must fail. Of that I am perfectly convinced. ~ albert-einstein, @wisdomtrove
350:In vain do science and philosophy pose as the arbiters of the human mind, of which they are in fact only the servants. Religion has provided a conception of life, and science travels in the beaten path. Religion reveals the meaning of life, and science only applies this meaning to the course of circumstances. ~ leo-tolstoy, @wisdomtrove
351:I want you to know that this administration is motivated by a political philosophy that sees the greatness of America in you, her people, and in your families, churches, neighborhoods, communities - the institutions that foster and nourish values like concern for others and respect for the rule of law under God. ~ ronald-reagan, @wisdomtrove
352:I have no duty to be anyone's Friend and no man in the world has a duty to be mine. No claims, no shadow of necessity. Friendship is unnecessary, like philosophy, like art, like the universe itself (for God did not need to create). It has no survival value; rather it is one of those things which give value to survival. ~ c-s-lewis, @wisdomtrove
353:Meditation is not aimed at developing a fine philosophy of life or mind. It is not about thinking at all. It is about keeping things simple. Right now, in this moment, do you see? Do you hear? This seeing, this hearing, when unadorned, is the recovery of original mind, free from all concepts, including “original mind.” ~ jon-kabat-zinn, @wisdomtrove
354:Philosophy can add to our happiness in no other manner but by diminishing our misery; it should not pretend to increase our present stock, but make us economists of what we are possessed of. Happy were we all born philosophers; all born with a talent of thus dissipating our own cares by spreading them upon all mankind. ~ oliver-goldsmith, @wisdomtrove
355:There is a growing interest in Confucianism in China and other parts of the world. More and more followers of Confucianism are advocating a deeper study of his philosophies. Confucius' ideals stand true even today. His philosophy on how to be a Junzi or the perfect gentleman is based on the simple ideology of love and tolerance. ~ confucius, @wisdomtrove
356:Since philosophy is the exploration of the rational, it is for that very reason the apprehension of the present and the actual, not the erection of a beyond, supposed to exist, God knows where, or rather which exists, and we can perfectly well say where, namely in the error of a one-sided, empty, ratiocination. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
357:Accurate and just reasoning is the only catholic remedy, fitted for all persons and all dispositions; and is alone able to subvert that abstruse philosophy and metaphysical jargon, which, being mixed up with popular superstition, renders it in a manner impenetrable to careless reasoners, and gives it the air of science and wisdom. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
358:Descartes, the father of modern philosophy … would never—so he assures us—have been led to construct his philosophy if he had had only one teacher, for then he would have believed what he had been told; but, finding that his professors disagreed with each other, he was forced to conclude that no existing doctrine was certain. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
359:The agnostic, the skeptic, is neurotic, but this does not imply a false philosophy; it implies the discovery of facts to which he does not know how to adapt himself. The intellectual who tries to escape from neurosis by escaping from the facts is merely acting on the principle that “where ignorance is bliss, ‘tis folly to be wise. ~ alan-watts, @wisdomtrove
360:The aim of life is some way of living, as flexible and gentle as human nature; so that ambition may stoop to kindness, and philosophy to condor and humor. Neither prosperity nor empire nor heaven can be worth winning at the price of a virulent temper, bloody hands, an anguished spirit, and a vain hatred of the rest of the world. ~ george-santayana, @wisdomtrove
361:The fear of speculation, the ostensible rush from the theoretical to the practical, brings about the same shallowness in action that it does in knowledge. It is by studying a strictly theoretical philosophy that we become most acquainted with Ideas, and only Ideas provide action with vigour and ethical meaning. ~ friedrich-wilhelm-joseph-schelling, @wisdomtrove
362:I have never, in all my life, not for one moment, been tempted toward religion of any kind. The fact is that I feel no spiritual void. I have my philosophy of life, which does not include any aspect of the supernatural and which I find totally satisfying. I am, in short, a rationalist and believe only that which reason tells me is so. ~ isaac-asimov, @wisdomtrove
363:Philosophy dwells aloft in the Temple of Science, the divinity of its inmost shrine; her dictates descend among men, but she herself descends not : whoso would behold her must climb with long and laborious effort, nay, still linger in the forecourt, till manifold trial have proved him worthy of admission into the interior solemnities. ~ thomas-carlyle, @wisdomtrove
364:To be ignorant and simple now-not to be able to meet the enemies on their own ground-would be to throw down our weapons and to betray our uneducated brethren who have, under God, no defense but us against the intellectual attacks of the heathen. Good philosophy must exist, if for no other reason, because bad philosophy needs to be answered. ~ c-s-lewis, @wisdomtrove
365:Reasoning from the common course of nature, and without supposing any new interposition of the Supreme Cause, which ought always to be excluded from philosophy; what is incorruptible must also be ingenerable. The soul, therefore, if immortal, existed before our birth: And if the former existence noways concerned us, neither will the latter. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
366:Philosophy is to be studied, not for the sake of any definite answers to its questions... but rather for the sake of the questions themselves... because, through the greatness of the universe which philosophy contemplates, the mind is also rendered great, and becomes capable of that union with the universe which constitutes its highest good. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
367:By profession a biologist, [Thomas Henry Huxley] covered in fact the whole field of the exact sciences, and then bulged through its four fences. Absolutely nothing was uninteresting to him. His curiosity ranged from music to theology and from philosophy to history. He didn't simply know something about everything; he knew a great deal about everything. ~ h-l-mencken, @wisdomtrove
368:And violence is impractical, because the old eye for an eye philosophy ends up leaving everybody blind .. It is immoral because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for everybody. Means and ends are inseparable. The means represent the ideal in the making; in the long run of history destructive means cannot bring about constructive ends. ~ martin-luther-king, @wisdomtrove
369:There is but one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide. Judging whether life is or is not worth living amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy. All the rest - whether or not the world has three dimensions, whether the mind has nine or twelve categories - comes afterward. These are games; one must first answer. ~ albert-camus, @wisdomtrove
370:To conclude, therefore, let no man out of a weak conceit of sobriety, or an ill-applied moderation, think or maintain, that a man can search too far or be too well studied in the book of God's word, or in the book of God's works; divinity or philosophy; but rather let men endeavour an endless progress or proficience in both."—Bacon: "Advancement of Learning". ~ charles-darwin, @wisdomtrove
371:We need courage and strength, a kind of warrior spirit. But the place for this warrior strength is in the heart. We need energy, commitment, and courage not to run from our life nor to cover it over with any philosophy-mate rial or spiritual. We need a warrior’s heart that lets us face our lives directly, our pains and limitations, our joys and possibilities. ~ jack-kornfield, @wisdomtrove
372:Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this divinity by controlling nature, external and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, or psychic control, or philosophy - by one, or more, or all of these - and be free. This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
373:Our philosophy about activity and our attitude about hard work will affect the quality of our lives. What we decide about the rightful ratio of labor to rest will establish a certain work ethic. That work ethic - our attitude about the amount of labor we are willing to commit to future fortune - will determine how substantial or how meager that fortune turns out to be. ~ jim-rohn, @wisdomtrove
374:What Brahman is cannot be described. All things in the world — the Vedas, the Puranas, the Tantras, the six systems of philosophy — have been defiled, like food that has been touched by the tongue, for they have been read or uttered by the tongue. Only one thing has not been defiled in this way, and that is Brahman. No one has ever been able to say what Brahman is. ~ sri-ramakrishna, @wisdomtrove
375:That which Dante saw written on the door of the inferno must be written in a different sense also at the entrance to philosophy: Abandon all hope, ye who enter here. Those who look for true philosophy must be bereft of all hope, all desire, all longing. They must not wish for anything, not know anything, must feel completely bare and impoverished. ~ friedrich-wilhelm-joseph-schelling, @wisdomtrove
376:W hat Brahman is cannot be described. All things in the world — the Vedas, the Puranas, the Tantras, the six systems of philosophy — have been defiled, like food that has been touched by the tongue, for they have been read or uttered by the tongue. Only one thing has not been defiled in this way, and that is Brahman. No one has ever been able to say what Brahman is. ~ sri-ramakrishna, @wisdomtrove
377:Whether we be Italians or Frenchmen, misery concerns us all. Ever since history has been written, ever since philosophy has meditated, misery has been the garment of the human race; the moment has at length arrived for tearing off that rag, and for replacing, upon the naked limbs of the Man-People, the sinister fragment of the past with the grand purple robe of the dawn. ~ victor-hugo, @wisdomtrove
378:Philosophy is perfectly right in saying that life must be understood backward. But then one forgets the other clause - that it must be lived forward. The more one thinks through this clause, the more one concludes that life in temporality never becomes properly understandable, simply because never at any time does one get perfect repose to take the stance - backward. ~ soren-kierkegaard, @wisdomtrove
379:The most perfect philosophy of the natural kind only staves off our ignorance a little longer: as perhaps the most perfect philosophy of the moral or metaphysical kind serves only to discover larger portions of it. Thus the observation of human blindness and weakness is the result of all philosophy, and meets us at every turn, in spite of our endeavours to elude or avoid it. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
380:All the sciences have a relation, greater or less, to human nature; and... however wide any of them may seem to run from it, they still return back by one passage or another. Even Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and Natural Religion, are in some measure dependent on the science of MAN; since they lie under the cognizance of men, and are judged of by their powers and faculties. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
381:It is quite true what Philosophy says: that Life must be understood backwards. But that makes one forget the other saying: that it must be lived—forwards. The more one ponders this, the more it comes to mean that life in the temporal existence never becomes quite intelligible, precisely because at no moment can I find complete quiet to take the backward- looking position. ~ soren-kierkegaard, @wisdomtrove
382:Philosophy, art, politics, religion and bohemia have never sought to do away entirely with the status hierarchy; they have attemptee, rather, to institute new kinds of hierarchies based on sets of values unrecognised by, and critical of, those of the majority.. They have provided us with persuasive and consoling reminders that there is more than one way of succeeding in life. ~ alain-de-botton, @wisdomtrove
383:The undiscovered vein within us is a living part of the psyche; classical Chinese philosophy names this interior way "Tao," and likens it to a flow of water that moves irresistibly towards its goal. To rest in Tao means fulfillment, wholeness, one's destination reached, one's mission done; the beginning, end, and perfect realization of the meaning of existence innate in all things. ~ carl-jung, @wisdomtrove
384:I want to be a more serious-minded Christian, more detached from this world, more ready for heaven than I have ever been in my whole life. I want an ear that is sharp to know the voice of the enemy, whether it comes from religion, politics, or philosophy ... I would rather stand and have everybody my enemy than to go along with the crowd to destruction. Do you feel that way? ~ aiden-wilson-tozer, @wisdomtrove
385:You know, they've got these chocolate assortments, and you like some but you don't like others? And you eat all the ones you like, and the only ones left are the ones you don't like as much? I always think about that when something painful comes up. Now I just have to polish these off, and everything'll be OK. Life is a box of chocolates. I suppose you could call it a philosophy. ~ haruki-murakami, @wisdomtrove
386:It can be a good thing if deeper theology, or philosophy, only makes one more uncertain. It may lead to a healthy doubt; he may throw his hands up saying, &
387:I have long been an ardent believer in the science of Homeopathy and I feel happy that it has got now a greater hold in India than even in the land of its origin. It is not merely a collection of a few medicines but a real science with a rational philosophy at its base. We require more scientific interest and inquiry into the matter with special stress upon the Indian environment ~ rabindranath-tagore, @wisdomtrove
388:I know different ways of looking at things. I have my stockholders, and I feel a very keen responsibility to the shareholders, but I feel that the main responsibility I have to them is to have the stock appreciate. And you only have it appreciate by reinvesting as much as you can back in the business. And that's what we've done... and that has been my philosophy on running the business. ~ walt-disney, @wisdomtrove
389:... the test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function. One should, for example, be able to see that things are hopeless and yet be determined to make them otherwise. This philosophy fitted on to my early adult life, when I saw the improbable, the implausible, often the "impossible," come true. ~ f-scott-fitzgerald, @wisdomtrove
390:The whole drift of our law is toward the absolute prohibition of all ideas that diverge in the slightest form from the accepted platitudes, and behind that drift of law there is a far more potent force of growing custom, and under that custom there is a natural philosophy which erects conformity into the noblest of virtues and the free functioning of personality into a capital crime against society. ~ h-l-mencken, @wisdomtrove
391:We must have a new mythology, but it must place itself at the service of ideas, it must become a mythology of reason. Mythology must become philosophical, so that the people may become rational, and philosophy must become mythological, so that philosophers may become sensible. If we do not give ideas a form that is aesthetic, i.e., mythological, they will hold no interest for people. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
392:The man who cannot wonder, who does not habitually wonder (and worship), were he President of innumerable Royal Societies, and carried the whole Mecanique Celeste and Hegel's Philosophy, and the epitome of all Laboratories and Observatories with their results, in his single head, is but a Pair of Spectacles behind which there is no Eye. Let those who have Eyes look through him, then he may be useful. ~ thomas-carlyle, @wisdomtrove
393:The principle itself of dogmatic religion, dogmatic morality, dogmatic philosophy, is what requires to be rooted out; not any particular manifestation of that principle. The very corner-stone of an education intended to form great minds, must be the recognition of the principle, that the object is to call forth the greatest possible quantity of intellectual power, and to inspire the intensest love of truth. ~ john-stuart-mill, @wisdomtrove
394:And as this is the obvious appearance of things, it must be admitted, till some hypothesis be discovered, which by penetrating deeper into human nature, may prove the former affections to be nothing but modifications of the latter. All attempts of this kind have hitherto proved fruitless, and seem to have proceeded entirely from that love of simplicity which has been the source of much false reasoning in philosophy. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
395:Experience has repeatedly confirmed that well-known maxim of Bacon's that &
396:It seems then, say I, that you leave politics entirely out of the question, and never suppose, that a wise magistrate can justly be jealous of certain tenets of philosophy, such as those of Epicurus, which, denying a divine existence, and consequently a providence and a future state, seem to loosen, in a great measure, the ties of morality, and may be supposed, for that reason, pernicious to the peace of civil society. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
397:A writer must always try to have a philosophy and he should also have a psychology and a philology and many other things. Without a philosophy and a psychology and all these various other things he is not really worthy of being called a writer. I agree with Kant and Schopenhauer and Plato and Spinoza and that is quite enough to be called a philosophy. But then of course a philosophy is not the same thing as a style. ~ gertrude-stein, @wisdomtrove
398:Well, I always tried to look nice and be feminine even in the worst tragedies and crisis, there's no reason to add to everyone's misery by looking miserable yourself. That's my philosophy. This is why I always wore makeup and jewelry into the jungle-nothing too extravagant, but maybe just a nice gold bracelet and some earrings, a little lipstick, good perfume. Just enough to show that I still had my self-respect. ~ elizabeth-gilbert, @wisdomtrove
399:Every philosophy is complete in itself and, like a genuine work of art, contains the totality. Just as the works of Apelles and Sophocles, if Raphael and Shakespeare had known them, should not have appeared to them as mere preliminary exercises for their own work, but rather as a kindred force of the spirit, so, too reason cannot find in its own earlier forms mere useful preliminary exercises for itself. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
400:As to the so-called Hindu idolatry - first go and learn the forms they are going through, and where it is that the worshippers are really worshipping, whether in the temple, in the image, or in the temple of their own bodies. First know for certain what they are doing - which more than ninety per cent of the revilers are thoroughly ignorant of - and then it will explain itself in the light of the Vedantic philosophy. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
401:You know what I think?" she says. "That people's memories are maybe the fuel they burn to stay alive. Whether those memories have any actual importance or not, it doesn't matter as far as the maintenance of life is concerned. They're all just fuel. Advertising fillers in the newspaper, philosophy books, dirty pictures in a magazine, a bundle of ten-thousand-yen bills: when you feed 'em to the fire, they're all just paper. ~ haruki-murakami, @wisdomtrove
402:I need not instruct you of my belief: Time gives all and takes all away ; everything changes but nothing perishes ; One only is immutable, eternal and ever endures, one and the same with itself. With this philosophy my spirit grows, my mind expands. Whereof, how r ever obscure the night may be, I await daybreak, and they who dwell in day look for night Rejoice therefore, and keep whole, if you can, and return love for love. ~ giordano-bruno, @wisdomtrove
403:Our species is the only creative species, and it has only one creative instrument, the individual mind and spirit of man. Nothing was ever created by two men. There are no good collaborations, whether in music, in art, in poetry, in mathematics, in philosophy. Once the miracle of creation has taken place, the group can build and extend it, but the group never invents anything. The preciousness lies in the lonely mind of a man. ~ john-steinbeck, @wisdomtrove
404:If the ability to tell right from wrong should turn out to have anything to do with the ability to think, then we must be able to "demand" its exercise from every sane person, no matter how erudite or ignorant, intelligent or stupid, he may happen to be. Kant in this respect almost alone among the philosophers was much bothered by the common opinion that philosophy is only for the few, precisely because of its moral implications. ~ hannah-arendt, @wisdomtrove
405:How can a man find a sensible way to live? One way and one only - Philosophy. And my philosophy means keeping that vital spark within you free from damage and degradation, using it to transcend pain and pleasure, doing everything with a purpose, avoiding lies and hypocrisy, not relying on another person's actions or failings. To accept everything that comes, and everything that is given, as coming from that same spiritual source. ~ marcus-aurelius, @wisdomtrove
406:Until the philosophy which hold one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned... Everything is war. Me say war. That until the're no longer 1st class and 2nd class citizens of any nation... Until the color of a man's skin is of no more significa... nce than the color of his eyes, me say war. That until the basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all without regard to race me say war! ~ bob-marley, @wisdomtrove
407:Descartes, the father of modern philosophy … would never—so he assures us—have been led to construct his philosophy if he had had only one teacher, for then he would have believed what he had been told; but, finding that his professors disagreed with each other, he was forced to conclude that no existing doctrine was certain.  Bertrand Russell ~ rene-descartes, @wisdomtrove
408:The conduct of a man, who studies philosophy in this careless manner, is more truly sceptical than that of any one, who feeling inhimself an inclination to it, is yet so over-whelm'd with doubts and scruples, as totally to reject it. A true sceptic will be diffident of his philosophical doubts, as well as of his philosophical conviction; and will never refuse any innocent satisfaction, which offers itself, upon account of either of them. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
409:It has been the error of the schools to teach astronomy, and all the other sciences, and subjects of natural philosophy, as accomplishments only; whereas they should be taught theologically, or with reference to the Being who is the author of them: for all the principles of science are of divine origin. Man cannot make, or invent, or contrive principles: he can only discover them; and he ought to look through the discovery to the Author. ~ thomas-paine, @wisdomtrove
410:Inspiration is a divine element inside our life. When we are inspired, we try to climb up the Himalayas. When we are inspired, we try to swim the English Channel. When we are in spired, we go from one country to another country to inspire people and to be inspired by them. I feel that when we inspire humanity, we automatically become good citizens of the world. This is my philosophy. My weightlifting feats I have done solely to inspire humanity. ~ sri-chinmoy, @wisdomtrove
411:While the dogmatist is harmful, the sceptic is useless …; one is certain of knowing, the other of not knowing. What philosophy should dissipate is certainty, whether of knowledge or of ignorance. Knowledge is not so precise a concept as is commonly thought. Instead of saying ‘I know this’, we ought to say ‘I more or less know something more or less like this’. … Knowledge in practical affairs has not the certainty or the precision of arithmetic. ~ bertrand-russell, @wisdomtrove
412:The result of my journey was to bring a certain mental peace. Where there had been chaos there was now order. My mind was at rest. I had a philosophy at last. The words of Christ "The Kingdom of Heaven is within you," had a new meaning for me. Not in the past or in the future, but now and here is Heaven within us. All our duties lie in this world and in the present, and trying impatiently to peer into that which lies beyond is as vain as fruitless. ~ andrew-carnegie, @wisdomtrove
413:Philosophy and science have not always been friendly toward the idea of God, the reason being they are dedicated to the task of accounting for things and are impatient with anything that refuses to give an account of itself. The philosopher and the scientist will admit that there is much that they do not know; but that is quite another thing from admitting there is something which they can never know, which indeed they have no technique for discovering. ~ aiden-wilson-tozer, @wisdomtrove
414:The mere man of pleasure is miserable in old age, and the mere drudge in business is but little better, whereas, natural philosophy, mathematical and mechanical science, are a continual source of tranquil pleasure, and in spite of the gloomy dogmas of priests and of superstition, the study of these things is the true theology; it teaches man to know and admire the Creator, for the principles of science are in the creation, and are unchangeable and of divine origin. ~ thomas-paine, @wisdomtrove
415:The intellectual and moral satisfaction that I failed to gain from the utilitarianism of Bentham and Mill, the revolutionary methods of Marx and Lenin, the social contract theory of Hobbes, the "back to nature" optimism of Rousseau, and the superman philosophy of Nietzsche, I found in the nonviolent resistance philosophy of Gandhi. I came to feel that this was the only morally and practically sound method open to oppressed people in their struggle for freedom. ~ martin-luther-king, @wisdomtrove
416:One is not unpopular because he uses peculiar expressions; that just so happens; such terms become a fad, and by and by everybody, down to the last simpleton, uses them. But a person who follows through an idea in his mind is, and always will be, essentially unpopular. That is why Socrates was unpopular, though he did not use any special terms, for to grasp and hold his &
417:A man who has cured himself of all ridiculous prepossessions, and is fully, sincerely, and steadily convinced, from experience as well as philosophy, that the difference of fortune makes less difference in happiness than is vulgarly imagined; such a one does not measure out degrees of esteem according to the rent-rolls of his acquaintance. ... his internal sentiments are more regulated by the personal characters of men, than by the accidental and capricious favors of fortune. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
418:... But nature does not say that cats are more valuable than mice; nature makes no remark on the subject. She does not even say that the cat is enviable or the mouse pitiable. We think the cat superior because we have (or most of us have) a particular philosophy to the effect that life is better than death. But if the mouse were a German pessimist mouse, he might not think that the cat had beaten him at all. He might think he had beaten the cat by getting to the grave first. ~ g-k-chesterton, @wisdomtrove
419:In the case of all other sciences, arts, skills, and crafts, everyone is convinced that a complex and laborious programme of learning and practice is necessary for competence. Yet when it comes to philosophy, there seems to be a currently prevailing prejudice to the effect that, although not everyone who has eyes and fingers, and is given leather and last, is at once in a position to make shoes, everyone nevertheless immediately understands how to philosophize. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
420:The integral approach is committed to the full spectrum of consciousness as it manifests in all its extraordinary diversity. This allows the integral approach to recognize and honor the Great Holarchy of Being first elucidated by the perennial philosophy and the great wisdom traditions in general... The integral vision embodies an attempt to take the best of both worlds, ancient and modern. But that demands a critical stance willing to reject unflinchingly the worst of both as well. ~ ken-wilber, @wisdomtrove
421:I feel we urgently need an alternative to the soul-destroying understanding of science that has become dominant in our culture over the last few decades ... I call this philosophy ‘scientific objectivism’, because it regards only the objective world as real for scientific objectivists the world of my imagination, from which these words are pouring right now, is just a by-product of a piece of meat called the ‘brain’, because only the world that can be measured and mapped really exists. ~ tim-freke, @wisdomtrove
422:“Philosophy, beginning in wonder, as Plato and Aristotle said, is able to fancy everything different from what it is. It sees the familiar as if it were strange, and the strange as if it were familiar. It can take things up and lay them down again. It rouses us from our native dogmatic slumber and breaks up our caked prejudices.” ~ william-james, @wisdomtrove
423:Waves of hands, hesitations at street corners, someone dropping a cigarette into the gutter-all are stories. But which is the true story? That I do not know. Hence I keep my phrases hung like clothes in a cupboard, waiting for some one to wear them. Thus waiting, thus speculating, making this note and then an· other I do not cling to life. I shall be brushed like a bee from a sunflower. My philosophy, always accumulating, welling up moment by moment, runs like quicksilver a dozen ways at once. ~ virginia-woolf, @wisdomtrove
424:The evil that has resulted from the error of the schools, in teaching natural philosophy as an accomplishment only, has been that of generating in the pupils a species of atheism. Instead of looking through the works of creation to the Creator himself, they stop short, and employ the knowledge they acquire to create doubts of his existence. They labour with studied ingenuity to ascribe every thing they behold to innate properties of matter, and jump over all the rest by saying, that matter is eternal. ~ thomas-paine, @wisdomtrove
425:The modern habit of saying "This is my opinion, but I may be wrong" is entirely irrational. If I say that it may be wrong, I say that is not my opinion. The modern habit of saying "Every man has a different philosophy; this is my philosophy and it suits me" – the habit of saying this is mere weak-mindedness. A cosmic philosophy is not constructed to fit a man; a cosmic philosophy is constructed to fit a cosmos. A man can no more possess a private religion than he can possess a private sun and moon. ~ g-k-chesterton, @wisdomtrove
426:[The Head of Radio Three] had been ensnared by the Music Director of the college and a Professor of Philosophy. These two were busy explaining to the harassed man that the phrase "too much Mozart" was, given any reasonable definition of those three words, an inherently self-contradictory expression, and that any sentence which contained such a phrase would be thereby rendered meaningless and could not, consequently, be advanced as part of an argument in favour of any given programme-scheduling strategy. ~ douglas-adams, @wisdomtrove
427:To the exponents of the Perennial Philosophy, the question whether Progress is inevitable or even real is not a matter of primary importance. For them, the important thing is that individual men and women should come to the unitive knowledge of the divine Ground, and what interests them in regard to the social environment is not its progressiveness or non-progressiveness (whatever those terms may mean), but the degree to which it helps or hinders individuals in the their advance towards man's final end. ~ aldous-huxley, @wisdomtrove
428:Atheism is not a philosophy; it is not even a view of the world; it is simply an admission of the obvious. In fact, &
429:..I sought a world philosophy-or an integral philosophy-that would believably weave together the many pluralistic contexts of science, morals, aesthetics, Eastern as well as Western philosophy, and the world's great wisdom traditions. Not on the level of details-that is finitely impossible; but on the level of orienting generalizations: a way to suggest that the world really is one, undivided, whole, and related to itself in every way: a holistic philosophy for a holistic Kosmos, a plausible Theory of Everything. ~ ken-wilber, @wisdomtrove
430:A living body is not a fixed thing but a flowing event, like a flame or a whirlpool: the shape alone is stable, for the substance is a stream of energy going in at one end and out at the other. We are particularly and temporarily identifiable wiggles in a stream that enters us in the form of light, heat, air, water, milk, bread, fruit, beer, beef Stroganoff, caviar, and pate de foie gras. It goes out as gas and excrement - and also as semen, babies, talk, politics, commerce, war, poetry, and music. And philosophy. ~ alan-watts, @wisdomtrove
431:Everybody allows that to know any other science you must have first studied it, and that you can only claim to express a judgment upon it in virtue of such knowledge. Everybody allows that to make a shoe you must have learned and practised the craft of the shoemaker, though every man has a model in his own foot, and possesses in his hands the natural endowments for the operations required. For philosophy alone, it seems to be imagined, such study, care, and application are not in the least requisite ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
432:Is it not evident, in these last hundred years (when the Study of Philosophy has been the business of all the Virtuosi in Christendome) that almost a new Nature has been revealed to us? that more errours of the School have been detected, more useful Experiments in Philosophy have been made, more Noble Secrets in Opticks, Medicine, Anatomy, Astronomy, discover'd, than in all those credulous and doting Ages from Aristotle to us? So true it is that nothing spreads more fast than Science, when rightly and generally cultivated. ~ john-dryden, @wisdomtrove
433:In order to live, man must act; in order to act, he must make choices; in order to make choices, he must define a code of values; in order to define a code of values, he must know what he is and where he is ‚ì i.e. he must know his own nature (including his means of knowledge) and the nature of the universe in which he acts ‚ e. he needs metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, which means: philosophy. He cannot escape from this need; his only alternative is whether the philosophy guiding him is to be chosen by his mind or by chance. ~ ayn-rand, @wisdomtrove
434:In philosophy, when we make use of false principles, we depart the farther from the knowledge of truth and wisdom exactly in proportion to the care with which we cultivate them, and apply ourselves to the deduction of diverse consequences from them, thinking that we are philosophizing well, while we are only departing the farther from the truth; from which it must be inferred that they who have learned the least of all that has been hitherto distinguished by the name of philosophy are the most fitted for the apprehension of truth. ~ rene-descartes, @wisdomtrove
435:The so-called Philosophy of India is even more blowsy and senseless than the metaphysics of the West. It is at war with everything we know of the workings of the human mind, and with every sound idea formulated by mankind. If it prevailed in the whole modern world we'd still be in the Thirteenth Century; nay, we'd be back among the Egyptians of the pyramid age. Its only coherent contribution to Western thought has been theosophy-and theosophy is as idiotic as Christian Science. It has absolutely nothing to offer a civilized white man. ~ h-l-mencken, @wisdomtrove
436:We have resorted to every means to win back the position that Adam lost. We have tried through education, through philosophy, through religion, through governments to throw off our yoke of depravity and sin. All our knowledge, all our inventions, all our developments and ambitious plans move us ahead only a very little before we drop back again to the point from which we started. For we are still making the same mistake that Adam made - - we are still trying to be king in our own right, and with our own power, instead of obeying God's law. ~ billy-graham, @wisdomtrove
437:For thirty years I have leaned toward the theory of Reincarnation. It seems a most reasonable philosophy and explains many things. No, I have no desire to know what, or who I was once; or what, or who, I shall be in the ages to come. This belief in immortality makes present living the more attractive. It gives you all the time there is. You will always be able to finish what you start. There is no fever or strain in such an outlook. We are here in life for one purpose: to get experience. We are all getting it, and we shall all use it somewhere. ~ henry-ford, @wisdomtrove
438:Without the suitable conditions life could not exist. But both life and its conditions set forth the operations of inscrutable Power. We know not its origin; we know not its end. And the presumption, if not the degradation, rests with those who place upon the throne of the universe a magnified image of themselves, and make its doings a mere colossal imitation of their own. Wonder was the motive that led people to philosophy ... wonder is a kind of desire in knowledge. It is the cause of delight because it carries with it the hope of discovery. ~ denis-diderot, @wisdomtrove
439:Without the suitable conditions life could not exist. But both life and its conditions set forth the operations of inscrutable Power. We know not its origin; we know not its end. And the presumption, if not the degradation, rests with those who place upon the throne of the universe a magnified image of themselves, and make its doings a mere colossal imitation of their own. Wonder was the motive that led people to philosophy ... wonder is a kind of desire in knowledge. It is the cause of delight because it carries with it the hope of discovery. ~ thomas-aquinas, @wisdomtrove
440:I shall venture to affirm, that there never was a popular religion, which represented the state of departed souls in such a light,as would render it eligible for human kind, that there should be such a state. These fine models of religion are the mere product of philosophy. For as death lies between the eye and the prospect of futurity, that event is so shocking to nature, that it must throw a gloom on all the regions which lie beyond it; and suggest to the generality of mankind the idea of Cerberus and Furies; devils, and torrents of fire and brimstone. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
441:The whole is a riddle, an enigma, an inexplicable mystery. Doubt, uncertainty, suspence of judgment appear the only result of ourmost accurate scrutiny, concerning this subject. But such is the frailty of human reason, and such the irresistible contagion of opinion, that even this deliberate doubt could scarcely be upheld; did we not enlarge our view, and opposing one species of superstition to another, set them a quarrelling; while we ourselves, during their fury and contention, happily make our escape into the calm, though obscure, regions of philosophy. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
442:[M]an has been accustomed, ever since he was a boy, to having a dozen incompatible philosophies dancing about together inside his head. He doesn't think of doctrines as primarily "true" or "false," but as "academic" or "practical," "outworn" or "contemporary," "conventional" or "ruthless." Jargon, not argument, is your best ally in keeping him from the Church. Don't waste time trying to make him think that materialism is true! Make him think it is strong or stark or courageous—that it is the philosophy of the future. That's the sort of thing he cares about. ~ c-s-lewis, @wisdomtrove
443:To many, Indian thought, Indian manners; Indian customs, Indian philosophy, Indian literature are repulsive at the first sight; but let them persevere, let them read, let them become familiar with the great principles underlying these ideas, and it is ninety-nine to one that the charm will come over them, and fascination will be the result. Slow and silent, as the gentle dew that falls in the morning, unseen and unheard yet producing a most tremendous result, has been the work of the calm, patient, all-suffering spiritual race upon the world of thought. ~ swami-vivekananda, @wisdomtrove
444:An imbecile habit has arisen in modern controversy of saying that such and such a creed can be held in one age but cannot be held in another. Some dogma, we are told, was credible in the twelfth century, but is not credible in the twentieth. You might as well say that a certain philosophy can be believed on Mondays, but cannot be believed on Tuesdays. You might as well say of a view of the cosmos that it was suitable to half-past three, but not suitable to half-past four. What a man can believe depends upon his philosophy, not upon the clock or the century. ~ g-k-chesterton, @wisdomtrove
445:Why multiply instances? It is written, the Heavens and the Earth shall fade away like a Vesture; which indeed they are: the Time-vesture of the Eternal. Whatsoever sensibly exists, whatsoever represents Spirit to Spirit, is properly a Clothing, a suit of Raiment, put on for a season, and to be laid off. Thus in this one pregnant subject of CLOTHES, rightly understood, is included all that men have thought, dreamed, done, and been: the whole External Universe and what it holds is but Clothing; and the essence of all Science lies in the PHILOSOPHY OF CLOTHES. ~ thomas-carlyle, @wisdomtrove
446:Nothing upsets the philosophical mind more than when he hears that from now on all philosophy is supposed to lie caught in the shackles of one system. Never has he felt greater than when he sees before him the infinitude of knowledge. The entire dignity of his science consists in the fact that it will never be completed. In that moment in which he would believe to have completed his system, he would become unbearable to himself. He would, in that moment, cease to be a creator, and would instead descend to being an instrument of his creation. ~ friedrich-wilhelm-joseph-schelling, @wisdomtrove
447:The Western approach to reality is mostly through theory, and theory begins by denying reality - to talk about reality, to go around reality, to catch anything that attracts our sense-intellect and abstract it away from reality itself. Thus philosophy begins by saying that the outside world is not a basic fact, that its existence can be doubted and that every proposition in which the reality of the outside world is affirmed is not an evident proposition but one that needs to be divided, dissected and analyzed. It is to stand consciously aside and try to square a circle. ~ bruce-lee, @wisdomtrove
448:How can there be methods and systems to arrive at something that is living? To that which is static, fixed, dead, there can be a way, a definite path, but not to that which is living. Do not reduce reality to a static thing and then invent methods to reach it. ... Truth has no path. Truth is living and, therefore, changing. It has no resting place, no form, no organized institution, no philosophy. When you see that, you will understand that this living thing is also what you are. You cannot express and be alive through static, put-together form, through stylized movement. ~ bruce-lee, @wisdomtrove
449:And indeed nothing but the most determined scepticism, along with a great degree of indolence, can justify this aversion to metaphysics. For if truth be at all within the reach of human capacity, it is certain it must lie very deep and abstruse: and to hope we shall arrive at it without pains, while the greatest geniuses have failed with the utmost pains, must certainly be esteemed sufficiently vain and presumptuous. I pretend to no such advantage in the philosophy I am going to unfold, and would esteem it a strong presumption against it, were it so very easy and obvious. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
450:..there is need for a person to be generally educated. Otherwise you shrivel up much too soon. Whether this means reading the bible (I read the New Testament every few years) or reading the great 19th century novelists (the greatest and shrewdest judge of people and of society who ever lived), or classical philosophy (which I cannot read-it puts me to sleep immediately), or history (which is secondary). What matters is that the knowledge worker, by the time he or she reaches middle age, has developed and nourished a human being rather than a tax accountant or a hydraulic engineer. ~ peter-drucker, @wisdomtrove
451:In all determinations of morality, this circumstance of public utility is ever principally in view; and wherever disputes arise, either in philosophy or common life, concerning the bounds of duty, the questions cannot, by any means, be decided with greater certainty, than by ascertaining, on any side, the true interests of mankind. If any false opinion, embraced from appearances, has been found to prevail; as soon as farther experience and sounder reasoning have given us juster notions of human affairs, we retract our first sentiment, and adjust anew the boundaries of moral good and evil. ~ david-hume, @wisdomtrove
452:Each of the parts of philosophy is a philosophical whole, a circle rounded and complete in itself. In each of these parts, however, the philosophical Idea is found in a particular specificality or medium. The single circle, because it is a real totality, bursts through the limits imposed by its special medium, and gives rise to a wider circle. The whole of philosophy in this way resembles a circle of circles. The Idea appears in each single circle, but, at the same time, the whole Idea is constituted by the system of these peculiar phases, and each is a necessary member of the organisation. ~ georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel, @wisdomtrove
453:Love is blind, they say; sex is impervious to reason and mocks the power of all philosophers. But, in fact, a man’s sexual choice is the result and the sum of his fundamental convictions. Tell me what a man finds sexually attractive and I will tell you his entire philosophy on life. Show me the woman he sleeps with and I will tell you his valuation of himself. No matter what corruption he’s taught about the virtue of selflessness, sex is the most profoundly selfish of all acts, an act which he cannot perform for any motive but his own enjoyment–just try to think of performing it in a spirit of selfless charity!–an act which is not possible in self-abasement, only in self-exaltation, only in confidence of being desired and being worthy of desire. ~ ayn-rand, @wisdomtrove

*** NEWFULLDB 2.4M ***

1:Philosophy begins in wonder. ~ Plato,
2:Philosophy.—Nil. ~ Arthur Conan Doyle,
3:Philosophy is the highest music. ~ Plato,
4:Let's drop the philosophy! ~ Anton Chekhov,
5:Philosophy begins with wonder. ~ Aristotle,
6:Philosophy is an act of living. ~ Plutarch,
7:AI makes philosophy honest ~ Daniel Dennett,
8:Philosophy is the art of living. ~ Plutarch,
9:All work is an act of philosophy. ~ Ayn Rand,
10:Animal smell is beyond philosophy. ~ K b Abe,
11:God loves only one philosophy, ~ Sri Chinmoy,
12:Philosophy bakes no bread ~ Bertrand Russell,
13:Philosophy begins in wonder." -Plato ~ Plato,
14:Philosophy can make people sick. ~ Aristotle,
15:Philosophy gives life to life. ~ Neel Burton,
16:Philosophy is for the few. ~ William Gilbert,
17:All Philosophy is Biography ~ Peter J Carroll,
18:Too much philosophy makes men mad. ~ Alan Judd,
19:Philosophy is the Devil's Whore ~ Martin Luther,
20:How charming is divine philosophy! ~ John Milton,
21:Never look back' is my philosophy. ~ Helen Clark,
22:Science is practical philosophy. ~ Rene Descartes,
23:Will our Philosophy to later Life ~ Julian Huxley,
24:in each shave lies a philosophy. ~ Haruki Murakami,
25:after philosophy, action is required; ~ Victor Hugo,
26:History should be written as philosophy. ~ Voltaire,
27:Leisure is the mother of Philosophy ~ Thomas Hobbes,
28:Philosophy is nothing but discretion. ~ John Selden,
29:Philosophy will clip an angel's wings. ~ John Keats,
30:CHAPTER VIII—PHILOSOPHY AFTER DRINKING ~ Victor Hugo,
31:Leisure is the Mother of Philosophy. ~ Thomas Hobbes,
32:Philosophy is everybody's business. ~ Mortimer Adler,
33:philosophy teaches us to act, not to speak; ~ Seneca,
34:Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy. ~ John Milton,
35:Don't explain your philosophy. Embody it. ~ Epictetus,
36:Don’t explain your philosophy. Embody it. ~ Epictetus,
37:Personal philosophy: Clothing optional ~ Will Ferrell,
38:Philosophy is really homesickness. ~ George MacDonald,
39:The essence of jiu-jitsu is philosophy. ~ David Mamet,
40:Astonishment is the root of philosophy. ~ Paul Tillich,
41:Philosophy is not a spectator sport. ~ Nigel Warburton,
42:Philosophy is the microscope of thought. ~ Victor Hugo,
43:The poem of the understanding is philosophy. ~ Novalis,
44:History is Philosophy teaching by example. ~ Thucydides,
45:Philosophy! the lumber of the schools. ~ Jonathan Swift,
46:Propaganda replaces moral philosophy. ~ Hans Morgenthau,
47:That's why I love philosophy: no one wins. ~ D T Suzuki,
48:A religion without mystics is a philosophy. ~ Quintilian,
49:Don't explain your philosophy. Embody it.
   ~ Epictetus,
50:My workout philosophy is; no pain, no pain ~ Woody Paige,
51:Never judge a philosophy by its abuse. ~ Saint Augustine,
52:Philosophy has degenerated into ideology. ~ Peter Kreeft,
53:Philosophy teaches you to think big. ~ Jay Chandrasekhar,
54:Adversity's sweet milk, philosophy. ~ William Shakespeare,
55:I don’t have a philosophy. I have a camera. ~ Saul Leiter,
56:O philosophy, you leader of life. ~ Marcus Tullius Cicero,
57:Philosophy is nothing but a failed art. ~ Ibrahim Ibrahim,
58:There is no other start to philosophy but wonder. ~ Plato,
59:I was allowed to play at philosophy no longer. ~ C S Lewis,
60:My philosophy is familiarity breeds contempt. ~ Chaka Khan,
61:My style philosophy is: Be comfortable. ~ Cheyenne Kimball,
62:Philosophy always buries its undertakers. ~ Etienne Gilson,
63:Philosophy has forgotten about children ~ Bernhard Schlink,
64:Philosophy - hopeless. Yet it gives me hope. ~ Anne Carson,
65:Philosophy is common sense with big words. ~ James Madison,
66:Philosophy is the education of grown-ups. ~ Stanley Cavell,
67:Philosophy is the health of the mind. ~ Seneca the Younger,
68:Philosophy is the microscope of the thought. ~ Victor Hugo,
69:Philosophy may be dodged, eloquence cannot. ~ Edgar Quinet,
70:Robert Garcia is a philosophy professor, ~ Nancy R Pearcey,
71:Words, without power, is mere philosophy. ~ Muhammad Iqbal,
72:It's easy to confuse a woman for a philosophy ~ Zadie Smith,
73:I was only 44, which is childhood philosophy. ~ Will Durant,
74:Philosophy: a purple bullfinch in a lilac tree. ~ T S Eliot,
75:Philosophy is the invention of the rich. ~ Vladimir Nabokov,
76:Philosophy is the opposite of fairy tales ~ Jostein Gaarder,
77:Abortion does not compute with my philosophy. ~ Kate Mulgrew,
78:My philosophy is worry means you suffer twice. ~ J K Rowling,
79:Philosophy is the science which considers truth. ~ Aristotle,
80:Slow are the beginnings of philosophy. ~ Henry David Thoreau,
81:All is well... That's my new philosophy... ~ Charles M Schulz,
82:All philosophy is a form of confession. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche,
83:Common sense is the folklore of philosophy. ~ Antonio Gramsci,
84:I made art a philosophy, and philosophy an art. ~ Oscar Wilde,
85:My personal philosophy of life is one of ethics ~ Alva Myrdal,
86:My whole philosophy is about playing dress-up. ~ Brad Goreski,
87:Parent hard, play hard. That's my philosophy. ~ Oliver Hudson,
88:Philosophy is the product of wonder. ~ Alfred North Whitehead,
89:Philosophy says truth, literature shows truth. ~ Peter Kreeft,
90:Religion is the retarded stepchild of philosophy. ~ Frank Mir,
91:Remain true to yourself and your philosophy. ~ Giorgio Armani,
92:To scorn philosophy is truly to philosophize. ~ Blaise Pascal,
93:Without philosophy, action has no meaning. ~ Sebastien Foucan,
94:History is philosophy teaching by examples. ~ Thomas Jefferson,
95:History is philosophy teaching by experience. ~ Thomas Carlyle,
96:Our whole philosophy is one of transparency. ~ Valerie Jarrett,
97:Pessimism is an emotion not a philosophy. ~ Immortal Technique,
98:Poetry and philosophy will become friends. ~ Swami Vivekananda,
99:To ridicule philosophy is truly philosophical. ~ Blaise Pascal,
100:God — the John Doe of philosophy and religion. ~ Elbert Hubbard,
101:I see I have made my self a slave to Philosophy. ~ Isaac Newton,
102:My philosophy is worrying means you suffer twice. ~ J K Rowling,
103:one generation is the philosophy of government ~ David Kupelian,
104:Philosophy is to science as masturbation is to sex. ~ Karl Marx,
105:that last word of human philosophy, “Perhaps! ~ Alexandre Dumas,
106:There is always a philosophy for lack of courage ~ Albert Camus,
107:But philosophy proper has become a place to hide... ~ N D Wilson,
108:Computers brought philosophy into everyday life. ~ Sherry Turkle,
109:es·se n. [PHILOSOPHY] essential nature or essence. ~ Erin McKean,
110:friendship is unnecessary, like philosophy, like art ~ C S Lewis,
111:Leisure can be one of the Mothers of Philosophy. ~ Thomas Hobbes,
112:My philosophy? I'm always right and you are wrong. ~ Oscar Wilde,
113:Philosophy is not a theory but an activity ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
114:Philosophy is surgery; surgery is philosophy. ~ David Cronenberg,
115:Philosophy likes to keen common sense on the run. ~ Mason Cooley,
116:There is always a philosophy for lack of courage. ~ Albert Camus,
117:To win true freeedom you must be a slave to philosophy. ~ Seneca,
118:Where philosophy ends spirituality begins. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi,
119:Believe it or not, philosophy has consequences. ~ Jonathan V Last,
120:I'm very passionate about philosophy and religion. ~ Helen Slater,
121:I saw death come for you, and I had no philosophy. ~ Mary Renault,
122:Philosophy is not a theory but an activity. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
123:Philosophy is the true mother of science. ~ Marcus Tullius Cicero,
124:Philosophy, satan's portal into man's insanity. ~ Ibrahim Ibrahim,
125:The first step towards philosophy is incredulity. ~ Denis Diderot,
126:To ridicule philosophy is really to philosophize. ~ Blaise Pascal,
127:Where there is no bread, there is no philosophy. ~ Avram Davidson,
128:All philosophy lies in two words, sustain and abstain. ~ Epictetus,
129:Isn't that an odd philosophy for a vampire? ~ Chelsea Quinn Yarbro,
130:Making fun of philosophy is really philosophising. ~ Blaise Pascal,
131:All philosophy lies in two words, sustain and abstain. ~ Epictetus,
132:Every man has two vocations: his own and philosophy. ~ Edward Abbey,
133:Go away, you give philosophy nothing to catch hold of. ~ Xenocrates,
134:In philosophy an individual is becoming himself. ~ Bernard Lonergan,
135:My philosophy is that worrying means you suffer twice ~ J K Rowling,
136:Philosophy is really nostalgia, the desire to be at home. ~ Novalis,
137:I don't exercise. My philosophy is: No pain, no pain. ~ Carol Leifer,
138:Indeed heresies are themselves instigated by philosophy ~ Tertullian,
139:My philosophy is that worrying means you suffer twice. ~ J K Rowling,
140:My philosophy of dating is to just fart right away. ~ Jenny McCarthy,
141:Paradox is the pathos or the passion of philosophy. ~ Gilles Deleuze,
142:Philosophy is one reason which could lead to death. ~ Santosh Kalwar,
143:That’s the underlying philosophy of Aoki Bootcamp: ~ Timothy Ferriss,
144:What philosophy has lacked most of all is precision. ~ Henri Bergson,
145:Wisdom corresponds to the future; it is philosophy. ~ Herbie Hancock,
146:Faith and philosophy are air, but events are brass. ~ Herman Melville,
147:My fashion philosophy is that if I like it, I wear it. ~ Nicky Hilton,
148:Philosophy: circles that include one another. ~ Maurice Merleau Ponty,
149:Philosophy is the acquisition of knowledge. ~ Plato, Euthydemus, 288d,
150:Poetry contains philosophy as the soul contains reason. ~ Victor Hugo,
151:Stay away from philosophy, kids: it will ruin your mind. ~ Rex Murphy,
152:Geometry is one of the handles of science and philosophy. ~ Xenocrates,
153:Good biology without good philosophy will be a calamity. ~ George Will,
154:Good philosophy is always hate speech to evil doers. ~ Stefan Molyneux,
155:Have a philosophy of investment and try to follow it. ~ Walter Schloss,
156:If you want to silence me, silence philosophy, who is my love. ~ Plato,
157:Intelligent design is a philosophy of ignorance. ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson,
158:Passions destroy more prejudices than philosophy does. ~ Denis Diderot,
159:A novel is never anything, but a philosophy put into images. ~ Jim Rohn,
160:Every show is your last show. That's my philosophy. ~ Garrison Keillor,
161:My basic philosophy is that no human being is a saint. ~ David Maraniss,
162:Popular atheism is not a philosophy but a therapy. ~ David Bentley Hart,
163:Skepticism is the first step on the road to philosophy. ~ Denis Diderot,
164:The grandeur of a philosophy does not certify its truth. ~ Mason Cooley,
165:The question of being is the darkest in all philosophy. ~ William James,
166:To make light of philosophy is to be a true philosopher ~ Blaise Pascal,
167:Art for art's sake is a philosophy of the well-fed. ~ Frank Lloyd Wright,
168:In philosophy all truth is old and only error is original. ~ Will Durant,
169:Making itself intelligible is suicide for philosophy. ~ Martin Heidegger,
170:Philosophy as well as foppery often changes fashion. ~ Benjamin Franklin,
171:Philosophy is the history of philosophy. ~ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,
172:Philosophy is the rational expression of genius. ~ Alphonse de Lamartine,
173:Philosophy studies the world, but the point is to change it. ~ Karl Marx,
174:The chief error in philosophy is overstatement. ~ Alfred North Whitehead,
175:To make light of philosophy is to be a true philosopher. ~ Blaise Pascal,
176:Children, viewed from one angle, are philosophy in motion. ~ Anthony Lane,
177:I'm not into working out. My philosophy: No pain, no pain. ~ Carol Leifer,
178:...is not all philosophy but preparation for a serene dying? ~ Gore Vidal,
179:Let the ‘why not’ philosophy be your life principle! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan,
180:Original philosophy is always "deviant" or even subversive. ~ Mario Bunge,
181:Philosophy is an art form—art of thought or thought as art ~ Susan Sontag,
182:Philosophy leads to death, sociology leads to suicide. ~ Jean Baudrillard,
183:Philosophy means the complete liberty of the mind. ~ Henri Fr d ric Amiel,
184:Philosophy means the complete liberty of the mind. ~ Henri Frederic Amiel,
185:Philosophy starts with doubt and loves only truth. ~ Henri Frederic Amiel,
186:Shall I tell you what philosophy holds out to humanity? Counsel. ~ Seneca,
187:The current philosophy was that Buddha was a communist. ~ Colin Cotterill,
188:The facts must rule philosophy, not philosophy the facts. ~ Philip Schaff,
189:Too much philosophy makes men mad. ~ Alan Judd, The Noonday Devil (1987).,
190:Your Philosophy of life shapes you more than anything else ~ Tony Robbins,
191:Do not all charms fly / At the mere touch of cold philosophy? ~ John Keats,
192:In the presence of death reason and philosophy are silent ~ Ambrose Bierce,
193:I've always said fantasy is sort of 'stealth philosophy'. ~ Terry Goodkind,
194:Marriage is a team effort. Both of us share that philosophy. ~ Nick Lachey,
195:Mere unbelief in a personal God is no philosophy at all. ~ Albert Einstein,
196:My philosophy all my life has been the pursuit of excellence. ~ John Kluge,
197:My philosophy has always been it's good to learn everything. ~ Gene LeBell,
198:My philosophy is that everything starts with a great product. ~ Steve Jobs,
199:Not to care for philosophy is to be a true philospher. ~ Lord Chesterfield,
200:Poetry is philosophy's sister, the one that wears makeup. ~ Jennifer Grotz,
201:rhetoric was to be surveyed from the standpoint of philosophy. ~ Aristotle,
202:The science of love is the philosophy of the heart ~ Marcus Tullius Cicero,
203:True philosophy is beyond all the attacks of things. ~ Apollonius of Tyana,
204:What is philosophy but a continual battle against custom? ~ Thomas Carlyle,
205:You destroy my life then feed me inspirational philosophy. ~ Richelle Mead,
206:A novel is never anything, but a philosophy put into images. ~ Albert Camus,
207:Be a philosopher but, amid all your philosophy be still a man. ~ David Hume,
208:Be a philosopher, but amid all your philosophy be still a man. ~ David Hume,
209:Everything is science and everything is philosophy. ~ Maurice Merleau Ponty,
210:Growth purely for its own sake is the philosophy of cancer. ~ Jasper Fforde,
211:I don't attach importance to great speeches or philosophy. ~ Jacques Santer,
212:I will not allow the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy. ~ Aristotle,
213:Philosophy: Impersonal anxiety; refuge among anemic ideas. ~ Emile M Cioran,
214:Philosophy is not a body of doctrine but an activity. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
215:Philosophy is true mother of the arts [of science]. ~ Marcus Tullius Cicero,
216:Something always turned up. That was Tom's philosophy. ~ Patricia Highsmith,
217:To have no time for philosophy is to be a true philosopher. ~ Blaise Pascal,
218:Any philosophy that can be put in a nutshell belongs there. ~ Julian Baggini,
219:As a comforter, philosophy cannot compete with a good dinner. ~ Mason Cooley,
220:but philosophy at half-past ten at night is somewhat late; ~ Alexandre Dumas,
221:But philosophy is an anestetic, a shot to keep the wonder away. ~ N D Wilson,
222:For justice is a blunt knife, both as a philosophy and as a judge. ~ Jo Nesb,
223:I'm someone who believes in centrist governing philosophy. ~ Scott McClellan,
224:Induction is the glory of science and the scandal of philosophy. ~ C D Broad,
225:Philosophy did not find Plato already a nobleman ; it made him one. ~ Seneca,
226:Science fiction tends to be philosophy for stupid people. ~ Chuck Klosterman,
227:Television is to news as bumperstickers are to philosophy. ~ Richard M Nixon,
228:The band has a liberal philosophy - that's sort of a given. ~ Thurston Moore,
229:An abundance of good friends does not lead to better philosophy . ~ Karl Marx,
230:Any philosophy that can be put in a nutshell belongs there. ~ Sydney J Harris,
231:It is easy to build a philosophy - it doesn't have to run ~ Charles Kettering,
232:Philosophy is a distancing, if not debilitating, activity. ~ Michael J Sandel,
233:Politics is opposed to morality, as philosophy to naïveté. ~ Emmanuel Levinas,
234:There is no philosophy that is not to some extent also theology. ~ Karl Barth,
235:Yoga is a way of life; it is an art, a science, a philosophy. ~ B K S Iyengar,
236:All good moral philosophy is ... but the handmaid to religion. ~ Francis Bacon,
237:Be a philosopher; but amidst all your philosophy, be still a man. ~ David Hume,
238:I am now convinced that theoretical physics is actually philosophy. ~ Max Born,
239:Philosophy is "an unusually stubborn attempt to think clearly. ~ William James,
240:philosophy of Marcus Aurelius and some of the work of Seneca. ~ Robin S Sharma,
241:Science is what you know, philosophy is what you don't know ~ Bertrand Russell,
242:Be a philosopher; but, amidst all your philosophy, be still a man. ~ David Hume,
243:Ethical and questions of philosophy interest me a great deal. ~ Robert Sheckley,
244:Every man must find his own philosophy, his attitude towards life. ~ Lin Yutang,
245:Every philosophy is the philosophy of some stage of life. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche,
246:It is precisely in knowing its limits that philosophy consists. ~ Immanuel Kant,
247:My philosophy is that the club is more important than anyone! ~ Gerard Houllier,
248:Philosophy is really homesickness: the urge to be at home everywhere. ~ Novalis,
249:Science is what you know, philosophy is what you don't know. ~ Bertrand Russell,
250:The agenda of the roadblock is the philosophy of the stop sign. ~ George W Bush,
251:The philosophy of one century is the common sense of the next. ~ David Schnarch,
252:Your face is a billboard advertising your philosophy of life! ~ Barbara Johnson,
253:Your income is directly related to your philosophy, NOT the economy. ~ Jim Rohn,
254:Even if I am but a pretender to wisdom, that in itself is philosophy. ~ Diogenes,
255:If you would enjoy real freedom, you must be the slave of Philosophy. ~ Epicurus,
256:I have this philosophy that A and B students work for C students. ~ Kenny Troutt,
257:Income is primarily determined by your philosophy, not by the economy ~ Jim Rohn,
258:Music is a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophy, ~ Caroline Mitchell,
259:My music and lyrics became an extension of this Indian philosophy. ~ Gary Wright,
260:My philosophy is very simple: when in doubt, take a bath. ~ Sarah Ban Breathnach,
261:My philosophy is, worrying means you suffer twice - Newt Scamander ~ J K Rowling,
262:philosophy is the discipline that involves creating concepts” . ~ Gilles Deleuze,
263:Philosophy is to a thinker … what push-ups are to a model. ~ Mokokoma Mokhonoana,
264:Rightly defined philosophy is simply the love of wisdom. ~ Marcus Tullius Cicero,
265:Skepticism is a virtue in history as well as in philosophy. ~ Napoleon Bonaparte,
266:Yoga began as a philosophy rather than as a physical discipline. ~ Deepak Chopra,
267:Go is to Western chess what philosophy is to double-entry accounting. ~ Trevanian,
268:If I had a philosophy, it's that I support the beautiful side of anarchy. ~ Bjork,
269:I just swung for the fence. That's my whole philosophy in life. ~ Ronnie Van Zant,
270:I think [ fashion philosophy] it's about your smile and your smell. ~ Erykah Badu,
271:I think the Greeks invented sports as an antidote to philosophy. ~ Jack Nicholson,
272:Philosophy limits the disputable sphere of natural science. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
273:Philosophy's greatest task is to enlarge our sense of possibility. ~ Susan Neiman,
274:Science gives us knowledge, but only philosophy can give us wisdom. ~ Will Durant,
275:Science is what we know, and philosophy is what we don't know. ~ Bertrand Russell,
276:The difficulty in philosophy is to say no more than we know ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
277:There are no free lunches in philosophy any more than in real life. ~ Jaegwon Kim,
278:The spectacle does not realize philosophy, it philosophizes reality. ~ Guy Debord,
279:To be nice to people and make them happy - that's my philosophy in life. ~ Hiromi,
280:True philosophy entails relearning to see the world anew. ~ Maurice Merleau Ponty,
281:But then of course a philosophy is not the same thing as a style. ~ Gertrude Stein,
282:Composition is a way of living out your philosophy and calling it art. ~ Brian Eno,
283:Everyone has his own philosophy that doesn't hold good for anybody else. ~ K b Abe,
284:I got an A in philosophy because I proved my professor didn't exist. ~ Judy Tenuta,
285:I have no philosophy, my favourite thing is sitting in the studio. ~ Arne Jacobsen,
286:Jiu-Jitsu is like a philosophy. It helps me learn how to face life. ~ Helio Gracie,
287:Josiah Royce wrote a book with the title The Philosophy of Loyalty. ~ Atul Gawande,
288:My pitching philosophy is simple - keep the ball way from the bat. ~ Satchel Paige,
289:Philosophy is properly home-sickness; the wish to be everywhere at home. ~ Novalis,
290:Philosophy is the process of deliberate dumbing down of Science. ~ Ibrahim Ibrahim,
291:Philosophy seems to me on the whole a rather hopeless business. ~ Bertrand Russell,
292:Philosophy's work is finding the shortest path between two points. ~ Khalil Gibran,
293:the damaging notion that obscure is the way philosophy should sound. ~ Clive James,
294:The difficulty in philosophy is to say no more than we know. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
295:There is no muse of philosophy, nor is there one of translation. ~ Walter Benjamin,
296:There is no philosophy without the art of ignoring objections. ~ Joseph de Maistre,
297:There's a difference between a philosophy and a bumper sticker. ~ Charles M Schulz,
298:The tragedy of contemporary philosophy is that it has been castrated. ~ Paul Kurtz,
299:We account the Scriptures of God to be the most sublime philosophy. ~ Isaac Newton,
300:Whence? wither? why? how? - these questions cover all philosophy. ~ Joseph Joubert,
301:Wonder is the feeling of the philosopher, and philosophy begins in wonder. ~ Plato,
302:Did you party too much and drop out?” “No, I got a philosophy degree. ~ Bobby Adair,
303:Fools alone say that work and philosophy are different, not the learned ~ Anonymous,
304:If I had followed the multitude, I should not have studied philosophy. ~ Chrysippus,
305:...it requires all my philosophy, and all my piety' to make peace... ~ Sarah Vowell,
306:Music is a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophy. ~ Ludwig van Beethoven,
307:My philosophy is the same as a Samurai: To hit without getting hit. ~ Lyoto Machida,
308:Only the most perfect human being can design the most perfect philosophy. ~ Novalis,
309:Philosophy: A route of many roads leading from nowhere to nothing. ~ Ambrose Bierce,
310:Philosophy asks the simple question: What is it all about? ~ Alfred North Whitehead,
311:Philosophy makes literature clear, literature makes philosophy real. ~ Peter Kreeft,
312:Philosophy only seems to offer endless dispute, with no cakes and ale. ~ Keith Ward,
313:Prepare for the worst, and pursue the fun: this was her philosophy ~ Meredith Duran,
314:Superstition sets the whole world in flames, but philosophy douses them. ~ Voltaire,
315:The business of philosophy is to circumnavigate human nature. ~ Julius Charles Hare,
316:The hunger for facile wisdom is the root of all false philosophy ~ George Santayana,
317:The philosophy of one century is the common sense of the next. ~ Henry Ward Beecher,
318:Where did biology, morality, literature, and philosophy intersect? ~ Paul Kalanithi,
319:Wonder is the feeling of a philosopher, and all philosophy begins in wonder ~ Plato,
320:As long as I draw breath and am able, I won't give up practicing philosophy. ~ Plato,
321:I believe that philosophy is part of literature, and not the reverse. ~ Paul Virilio,
322:Maybe it's my libertarian philosophy: but being in government is hard. ~ John Bolton,
323:My philosophy is: If you can't have fun, there's no sense in doing it. ~ Paul Walker,
324:my philosophy is that worrying means you suffer twice - newt scamander ~ J K Rowling,
325:Newt Scamander: My philosophy is that worrying means you suffer twice. ~ J K Rowling,
326:Our own brain, our own heart is our temple; the philosophy is kindness. ~ Dalai Lama,
327:Philosophy - A route of many roads leading from nowhere to nothing. ~ Ambrose Bierce,
328:Philosophy limits the thinkable and therefore the unthinkable. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
329:The final arbitrator in philosophy is not how we think but what we do. ~ Ian Hacking,
330:The hunger for facile wisdom is the root of all false philosophy. ~ George Santayana,
331:The legacy of Greece to Western philosophy is Western philosophy. ~ Bertrand Russell,
332:Economic disaster begins with a philosophy of doing less and wanting more. ~ Jim Rohn,
333:Europe was created by history. America was created by philosophy. ~ Margaret Thatcher,
334:Geometry will draw the soul toward truth and create the spirit of philosophy. ~ Plato,
335:Heresy is just philosophy that the establishment doesn’t approve of, ~ Mary Jo Putney,
336:I really wanted to maintain that bedroom philosophy to creating stuff. ~ Jamie Lidell,
337:Mathematics is less related to accounting than it is to philosophy. ~ Leonard Adleman,
338:My philosophy is that you sell things for more than you bought them. ~ Sophia Amoruso,
339:Philosophy does not exist. It is nothing but an hypostatized abstraction. ~ R D Laing,
340:Philosophy is a state of fermentation a process without final outcome. ~ Esa Saarinen,
341:Philosophy ought really to be written only as a form of poetry. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
342:Things bring their own philosophy with them, that is, prudence. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson,
343:But Aristotle's philosophy was the intellect's Declaration of Independence. ~ Ayn Rand,
344:He who despises painting has no love for the philosophy in nature. ~ Leonardo da Vinci,
345:I have a new philosophy. I'm only going to dread one day at a time. ~ Charles M Schulz,
346:I like to think that death gives life meaning. I like that philosophy. ~ Kirsten Dunst,
347:More things in heaven and earth than are dreamed of in your philosophy, ~ Stephen King,
348:My philosophy is that worrying means you suffer twice." - Newt Scamander ~ J K Rowling,
349:My philosophy of life can be summed up in four words: It can't be helped. ~ Will Cuppy,
350:Philosophy can only be approached with the most concrete comprehension. ~ Karl Jaspers,
351:Philosophy can't build bridges, but can encourage people to cross them. ~ Paulo Coelho,
352:Philosophy is an unusually ingenious attempt to think fallaciously. ~ Bertrand Russell,
353:Philosophy set knowledge adrift; physics anchored knowledge to reality. ~ James Gleick,
354:Philosophy teaches us to bear with equanimity the misfortunes of others. ~ Oscar Wilde,
355:Those who lack the courage will always find a philosophy to justify it. ~ Albert Camus,
356:what Shakespeare was to the drama of England, Plato was to ancient philosophy, ~ Plato,
357:Without philosophy, history is always for me dead and dumb. ~ Ferdinand Christian Baur,
358:You can't better the world by simply talking to it. Philosophy ~ R Buckminster Fuller,
359:Hinduism the perennial philosophy that is at the core of all religions. ~ Aldous Huxley,
360:I believe strongly that philosophy has nothing to do with specialists. ~ Gilles Deleuze,
361:I have the general philosophy of creating the future you want to see. ~ Peter Diamandis,
362:Look, my philosophy in life is expect nothing and everything is a bonus. ~ Hugh Jackman,
363:My philosophy, like color television, is all there in black and white. ~ Graham Chapman,
364:Philosophy is good advice; and no one can give advice at the top of his lungs. ~ Seneca,
365:Philosophy is the outcome of human weakness or limitation of knowledge". ~ Bhagat Singh,
366:Philosophy, to be relevant, must offer us a wisdom to live by. ~ Abraham Joshua Heschel,
367:Reason in my philosophy is only a harmony among irrational impulses. ~ George Santayana,
368:Science never makes an advance until philosophy authorizes it to do so. ~ Thomas E Mann,
369:The bosom-weight, your stubborn gift, That no philosophy can lift. ~ William Wordsworth,
370:The object of philosophy is the logical clarification of thought. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
371:There are nowadays professors of philosophy, but not philosophers ~ Henry David Thoreau,
372:This so-called contemporary art is not a form, but a philosophy of society. ~ Ai Weiwei,
373:You know, you have to have some inner philosophy to deal with adversity. ~ Kirk Douglas,
374:All human philosophy is riddled with the nightmare of searching in vain. ~ Wilhelm Reich,
375:Identify the dominant philosophy of a society and you can predict its future. ~ Ayn Rand,
376:If you want to amend your errors, you must begin by amending your philosophy. ~ Jim Rohn,
377:I have a new philosophy. I only dread one day at a time. —Charlie Brown ~ Edward T Welch,
378:In the Art, Science, Philosophy and Mystic rests the temple of Wisdom. ~ Samael Aun Weor,
379:Music is ... A higher revelation than all Wisdom & Philosophy ~ Ludwig van Beethoven,
380:My philosophy is: Everybody needs to look out for everybody else. ~ Robert James Thomson,
381:Philosophy is the replacement of category-habits by category-disciplines. ~ Gilbert Ryle,
382:Should philosophy guide experiments, or should experiments guide philosophy? ~ Liu Cixin,
383:The advantages of philosophy? That I am able to hold converse with myself. ~ Antisthenes,
384:There are nowadays professors of philosophy, but not philosophers. ~ Henry David Thoreau,
385:There is more wisdom in your body than in your deepest philosophy. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche,
386:To study philosophy is nothing but to prepare one’s self to die. ~ Marcus Tullius Cicero,
387:What is philosophy? It is something that lightens up, that makes bright. ~ Victor Cousin,
388:why did rail journeys always provoke interior monologues of philosophy? ~ Alex Rosenberg,
389:You may be a genius engineer, but I took Intro to Philosophy and got a B + ~ Audrey Bell,
390:a grand goal in living is the first component of a philosophy of life. ~ William B Irvine,
391:Bader's philosophy was my philosophy. His whole attitude to life was mine. ~ Kenneth More,
392:If philosophy begins in wonder, pedagogy typically begins in frustration. ~ Lee S Shulman,
393:Initial response illustrates a great deal about someone's personal philosophy. ~ Jim Rohn,
394:In the presence of death, no philosophy of life can feel triumphant! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan,
395:Let no one delay the study of philosophy while young nor weary of it when old. ~ Epicurus,
396:literature is not conceivable without philosophy or the other way round ~ Thomas Bernhard,
397:My philosophy has always been, you don't put your name in front of a movie. ~ Lee Daniels,
398:Philosophy and Art both render the invisible visible by imagination. ~ George Henry Lewes,
399:Remember: philosophy requires
only what your nature already demands. ~ Marcus Aurelius,
400:The love of all-inclusiveness is as dangerous in philosophy as in art. ~ George Santayana,
401:There is no real philosophy until the mind turns round and examines itself. ~ Will Durant,
402:The sole remaining task for philosophy is the analysis of language. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
403:Truth is the object of philosophy, but not always of philosophers. ~ John Churton Collins,
404:A bottle of wine contains more philosophy than all the books in the world. ~ Louis Pasteur,
405:A new philosophy generally means in practice the praise of some old vice. ~ G K Chesterton,
406:Aphorisms are the true form of the universal philosophy. ~ Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,
407:Deeds of endurance, which seem ordinary in philosophy, are rare in conduct. ~ Thomas Hardy,
408:My interest in political philosophy was rather casual until I met Hayek. ~ Milton Friedman,
409:My teaching is not a philosophy. It is the result of direct experience... ~ Gautama Buddha,
410:Natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate. ~ Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley,
411:philosophy is not suited for the masses, what they need is holiness. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche,
412:Singing is my main goal, and I think philosophy will help me write songs. ~ Jackie Evancho,
413:There is no real philosophy until the mind turns around and examines itself. ~ Will Durant,
414:Adopt a new philosophy of cooperation (win-win) in which everybody wins. ~ W Edwards Deming,
415:Existentialism is the kind of philosophy that makes for legendary children. ~ Norman Mailer,
416:Extreme liberalism is not a political philosophy. It is a mental disorder. ~ Michael Savage,
417:For axioms in philosophy are not axioms until they are proved upon our pulses. ~ John Keats,
418:For two cents the voter buys his politics, prejudices, and philosophy. ~ F Scott Fitzgerald,
419:God’s philosophy is simpler than the simplest: “Never give up, never give up! ~ Sri Chinmoy,
420:Her philosophy is carpe diem for herself and laissez faire for others. ~ F Scott Fitzgerald,
421:I think the Playboy philosophy is very, very connected to the American dream. ~ Hugh Hefner,
422:Medicine rests upon four pillars - philosophy, astronomy, alchemy, and ethics. ~ Paracelsus,
423:Philosophy, as the modern world knows it, is only intellectual club-swinging. ~ H L Mencken,
424:Philosophy is as far separated from impiety as religion is from fanaticism. ~ Denis Diderot,
425:Philosophy is overwhelmingly complicated, its procedure depressingly slow. ~ Max Horkheimer,
426:Real philosophy seeks rather to solve than to deny. ~ Edward Bulwer Lytton 1st Baron Lytton,
427:Deutschland über alles - I fear that was the end of German Philosophy. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche,
428:For every un-universe, then, an un-philosophy that must also negate itself. ~ Eugene Thacker,
429:In the world today, only a philosophy of eternity could justify non-violence. ~ Albert Camus,
430:It has been my philosophy of life that difficulties vanish when faced boldly. ~ Isaac Asimov,
431:Learning philosophy is learning a particular kind of intuitive understanding. ~ Iris Murdoch,
432:My mind was formed by studying philosophy, Plato and that sort of thing. ~ Werner Heisenberg,
433:Philosophy is the sum total of all that you know and what you decide is valuable. ~ Jim Rohn,
434:Poetry implies the whole truth. Philosophy expresses a particle of it. ~ Henry David Thoreau,
435:Prayer is to religion what thinking is to philosophy. To pray is to make religion. ~ Novalis,
436:Should philosophy guide experiments, or should experiments guide philosophy?” Ye ~ Liu Cixin,
437:The beginning of philosophy is the recognition of the conflict between opinions. ~ Epictetus,
438:The ideas within this philosophy are certainly not exclusive to any writer. ~ Nic Pizzolatto,
439:There is nothing in philosophy which could not be said in everyday language. ~ Henri Bergson,
440:Think small.... If you can't think small, try philosophy or social criticism. ~ Richard Hugo,
441:Trump himself has reduced his life philosophy to a single word—revenge. ~ David Cay Johnston,
442:When people ask me what philosophy is, I say philosophy is what you do when ~ Daniel Dennett,
443:Always marveling at how New Age pseudo-philosophy had taken over the Internet. ~ Jeff Lindsay,
444:In philosophy if you aren't moving at a snail's pace you aren't moving at all. ~ Iris Murdoch,
445:I take happiness very seriously. It is a creed, a philosophy and an objective. ~ Helen Keller,
446:It seemed too good to be true and thus, be human philosophy, clearly false. ~ Stephenie Meyer,
447:Know the philosophy, know the details, and ignore everything in the middle. ~ Gary Vaynerchuk,
448:Man is fortunately inconsistent. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Materialism,
449:My philosophy in life is that you only live once. Live life to its fullest. ~ Richard Branson,
450:My philosophy was if they weren't calling you names, you weren't doing anything. ~ Earl Lloyd,
451:My relationship with Barack Obama isn't based on my political philosophy or his. ~ Tom Coburn,
452:Never trust people that like to call things by initials, that's my philosophy. ~ Tad Williams,
453:One may summon his philosophy when they are beaten in battle, not till then. ~ John Burroughs,
454:Only then, approaching my fortieth birthday, I made philosophy my life's work. ~ Karl Jaspers,
455:Philosophy is, in the last instance, class struggle in the field of theory. ~ Louis Althusser,
456:Philosophy which asserts that human experience repeats itself is ineffectual. ~ Jacques Ellul,
457:the bold sensualist will use the name of philosophy to gild his crimes. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson,
458:The old harlot, German philosophy, has finally turned into a church lady. ~ Franz Grillparzer,
459:Those who love seek a philosophy and, because of this, are fond of solitude. ~ Eiji Yoshikawa,
460:True philosophy invents nothing; it merely establishes and describes what is. ~ Victor Cousin,
461:A little philosophy makes a man an Atheist: a great deal converts him to religion ~ David Hume,
462:A man of business may talk of philosophy; a man who has none may practice it. ~ Alexander Pope,
463:Don’t buy anything. My philosophy is, if it flies, floats, or fucks, rent it. ~ Nelson DeMille,
464:God save me from fools with a little philosophy—no one is more difficult to reach. ~ Epictetus,
465:I don't think there is any philosophy that suggests having polio is a good thing. ~ Bill Gates,
466:I gotta think that one that becomes a philosophy of work, which is "no excuses." ~ Phil Ramone,
467:I have a social philosophy; you have political opinions; he has an ideology. ~ Clifford Geertz,
468:It is quite true what philosophy says; that life must be understood backwards. ~ Megan Miranda,
469:Let that ethical philosophy therefore of free-will be far from a Christian mind. ~ John Calvin,
470:Philosophy cannot be taught; it is the application of the sciences to truth. ~ Alexandre Dumas,
471:Philosophy has a fine saying for everything.-For Death it has an entire set. ~ Laurence Sterne,
472:Philosophy is a root of science. Science is a branch of a philosophical tree. ~ Santosh Kalwar,
473:Philosophy is at once the most sublime and the most trivial of human pursuits. ~ William James,
474:Philosophy seeks to explain life and portray how life should be lived ~ Ernest Agyemang Yeboah,
475:Plato's Symposium shows that flirtation and philosophy can further one another. ~ Mason Cooley,
476:Pragmatism is an intellectually safe but ultimately sterile philosophy. ~ J Robert Oppenheimer,
477:Religion realizes philosophy by adapting it to the weaknesses of the vulgar.... ~ liphas L vi,
478:The gems of philosophy are not less precious because they are not understood. ~ Giordano Bruno,
479:To be deprived of art and left alone with philosophy is to be close to Hell. ~ Igor Stravinsky,
480:When you adopt a tool you adopt the management philosophy embedded in that tool. ~ Clay Shirky,
481:All that philosophy can teach is to be stubborn or sullen under misfortunes. ~ Oliver Goldsmith,
482:[ ] dreams provide rare insights into their philosophy about life and money [ ] ~ Matthew Kelly,
483:Genuine philosophical problems are always rooted outside philosophy and ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb,
484:It is a great advantage for a system of philosophy to be substantially true. ~ George Santayana,
485:Men were first led to the study of philosophy, as indeed they are today, by wonder. ~ Aristotle,
486:Philosophy is like a normal personal organizer, but it's smaller than a matchbox. ~ Oscar Wilde,
487:Philosophy suffered more from modernity than any other field of human endeavor. ~ Hannah Arendt,
488:Philosophy wants us to get ourselves out of trouble by utilising our own resources, ~ Luc Ferry,
489:Philosophy would render us entirely Pyrrhonian, were not nature too strong for it. ~ David Hume,
490:Plato's philosophy is a dignified preface to future religion. ~ Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,
491:Science asks what and how, philosophy asks why, myth and religion ask who. Who’s ~ Peter Kreeft,
492:Taoist philosophy, “Rest is prior to motion and stillness prior to action. ~ Arianna Huffington,
493:The creative mind is the playful mind. Philosophy is the play and dance of ideas. ~ Eric Hoffer,
494:The Nordstrom corollary to that philosophy is hire the smile, train the skill. ~ Robert Spector,
495:The only philosophy is that of language, the only religion is that of the word. ~ Michel Serres,
496:The philosophy to 'buy and hold' is a philosophy that I use to manage funds. ~ Michael Lee Chin,
497:There are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in your philosophy ~ Julia Gregson,
498:The topic of philosophy is whatever you experience, as you experience it. Such ~ Sarah Bakewell,
499:We call it drunk philosophy. You have a few beers and you become a lot smarter. ~ Kenny Chesney,
500:We can lead people to the well of philosophy, but we can’t force them to think. T ~ Jules Evans,
501:A new philosophy generally means in practice the praise of some old vice. ~ Gilbert K Chesterton,
502:A wise man once said, never discuss philosophy or politics in a disco environment. ~ Frank Zappa,
503:Every day, I read books on philosophy and science fiction and human consciousness. ~ Tom DeLonge,
504:I'm a philosophy major. That means I can think deep thoughts about being unemployed. ~ Bruce Lee,
505:More wisdom is contained in the best
crime fiction than in philosophy. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
506:My philosophy is to enjoy yourself. Do the things you want to do, like play golf! ~ Phil Daniels,
507:Philosophy began when man ate the produce of the earth and suffered indigestion. ~ Khalil Gibran,
508:Philosophy is life's dry-nurse, who can take care of us - but not suckle us. ~ Soren Kierkegaard,
509:Philosophy ... must not bargain away anything of the emphatic concept of truth. ~ Theodor Adorno,
510:Philosophy's power to blunt all the blows of circumstance is beyond belief. ~ Seneca the Younger,
511:Sorry, I was a philosophy major, so nutjob cultist is the only job I can hold. ~ Brian Clevinger,
512:The philosophy of waiting is sustained by all the oracles of the universe. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson,
513:Wonder is the feeling of a philosopher, and philosophy begins in wonder. ~ Plato Theaetetus, 155,
514:Between blasts she resorted to Epictetian philosophy in the form of pepsin chewing gum. ~ O Henry,
515:Daisy wore a clingy black dress with a neckline so deep it could tutor philosophy. ~ Harlan Coben,
516:Do all the work you can; that is the whole philosophy of the good way of life. ~ Eugene Delacroix,
517:Hey, you wanna hear my philosophy of life? Do it to him before he does it to you. ~ Marlon Brando,
518:I adhere to the philosophy, "I don't care who writes the laws, let me write the songs." ~ Chuck D,
519:I do not know how to teach philosophy without becoming a disturber of the peace. ~ Baruch Spinoza,
520:My fashion philosophy is, if you're not covered in dog hair, your life is empty. ~ Elayne Boosler,
521:My philosophy is simple: It's a down-home, common, horse-sense approach to things. ~ Dolly Parton,
522:My philosophy is TRUTH unto me. Through expressing my individuality I become free. ~ Stuart Wilde,
523:One has only as much morality as one has philosophy and poetry. ~ Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,
524:Religion deals in certainties and philosophy deals more in un-answered questions. ~ Steve Hackett,
525:Studying philosophy instills modesty and straightforwardness in your character. ~ Marcus Aurelius,
526:There's no one way to dance. And that's kind of my philosophy about everything. ~ Ellen DeGeneres,
527:You need your own philosophy for integrating deep work into your professional life. ~ Cal Newport,
528:A church was only as good or bad as the philosophy that emanated from the pulpit. ~ Erika Johansen,
529:I do not know how to teach philosophy without becoming a disturber of the peace. ~ Baruch Spinoza,
530:In Russia there is no philosophy, but philosophize everything, even the small fry. ~ Anton Chekhov,
531:I once heard philosophy defined as ‘the study of things that no one understands. ~ E William Brown,
532:I want to build up my philosophy... my philosophy with kung fu is to respect people. ~ Jackie Chan,
533:Philosophy becomes poetry, and science imagination, in the enthusiasm of genius. ~ Isaac D Israeli,
534:Philosophy insists that there is a joy which is absolute, which never changes. ~ Swami Vivekananda,
535:Philosophy is transcendental homelessness; it is the urge to be at home everywhere ~ Gyorgy Lukacs,
536:Philosophy teaches how man thinks he thinks; but drinking shows how he really thinks. ~ Ren Daumal,
537:the power of philosophy floats through my head.. light like a feather, heavy as lead. ~ Bob Marley,
538:There's more philosophy in jiu-jitsu mats than in any Ivy League school in America. ~ Renzo Gracie,
539:We're all in this together is a far better philosophy than you're on your own. ~ William J Clinton,
540:Without philosophy man cannot know what he makes; without religion he cannot know why. ~ Eric Gill,
541:Your personal philosophy is the greatest determining factor in how your life works out. ~ Jim Rohn,
542:During a wise man's whole life, his destiny holds his philosophy in a state of siege. ~ Victor Hugo,
543:Empiricist philosophy always tends to be anti-philosophy (and is often proud of it). ~ Allen W Wood,
544:I bought some books in order to learn the first principles of philosophy. ~ Johann Heinrich Lambert,
545:I suppose philosophy is historically not a woman's game, though that is changing. ~ Robert M Pirsig,
546:Living with less is a life philosophy; it’s not about the number of things you own. ~ Tammy Strobel,
547:My personal philosophy is I'm running a 100-yard dash, and I haven't reached the end. ~ Bill Kurtis,
548:My philosophy is: It's none of my business what people say of me and think of me. ~ Anthony Hopkins,
549:My philosophy is this: Life is too short to work another minute at a job you don’t love. ~ J R Rain,
550:My philosophy is very simple. To feel young, you must work as long as you can. ~ Dino De Laurentiis,
551:Of your philosophy you make no use,
If you give place to accidental evils. ~ William Shakespeare,
552:Philosophy's true use - "An operating system for life's difficulties and hardships". ~ Ryan Holiday,
553:Philosophy teaches how man thinks he thinks; but drinking shows how he really thinks. ~ Rene Daumal,
554:The basically simple things are best, whether it's automobiles or diets or philosophy. ~ Henry Ford,
555:The chief danger to philosophy is narrowness in the selection of evidence. ~ Alfred North Whitehead,
556:We are not called to proclaim philosophy and metaphysics, but the simple gospel. ~ Charles Spurgeon,
557:We come late, if at all, to wine and philosophy: whiskey and action are easier. ~ Mignon McLaughlin,
558:What sort of philosophy one chooses depends on what sort of person one is. ~ Johann Gottlieb Fichte,
559:What we learn from experience depends on the kind of philosophy we bring to experience. ~ C S Lewis,
560:Doing philosophy is only a threefold or double kind of waking--being awake--consciousness. ~ Novalis,
561:Feeling in the young precedes philosophy, and often acts with a more certain aim. ~ William Carleton,
562:Finding bad reasons for what one believes for other bad reasons - that's philosophy. ~ Aldous Huxley,
563:'Freedom from fear' could be said to sum up the whole philosophy of human rights. ~ Dag Hammarskjold,
564:I have some intellectual-type pursuits, like studying philosophy and stuff like that. ~ Van Morrison,
565:in the East al-Rashid and al-Mamun were delving into Greek and Persian philosophy, ~ Steven Weinberg,
566:I remain instinctively hostile to communitarian philosophy and communitarian politics. ~ Amartya Sen,
567:It is a proof of philosophical mediocrity, today, to look for a philosophy. ~ Pierre Joseph Proudhon,
568:Life is a gift of the immortal Gods, but living well is the gift of philosophy. ~ Seneca the Younger,
569:Philosophy, while it soothes the reason, damps the ambition. ~ Edward Bulwer Lytton 1st Baron Lytton,
570:Sometimes, in doing philosophy, one just wants to utter an inarticulate sound. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
571:The object of studying philosophy is to know one's own mind, not other peoples. ~ William Ralph Inge,
572:The perfect man is a divine child! ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - VII,
573:This is my philosophy: I prefer to stay out of the public eye. I love freedom. ~ Bidzina Ivanishvili,
574:To create happiness for oneself and others is the whole philosophy of religion. ~ Hazrat Inayat Khan,
575:True philosophy consists in relearning to look at the world. Maurice Merleau-Ponty ~ Simon Critchley,
576:What is your aim in philosophy? To show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
577:A philosophy untouched by the shadows on the wall can only yield a sterile utopia. ~ Michael J Sandel,
578:Dzin philosophy insisted that true ignorance was far superior to shallow knowledge. ~ L E Modesitt Jr,
579:It's a kind of philosophy of my own life, to create the energy enough to keep on going. ~ Ernie Banks,
580:My old man had a philosophy: peace means having a bigger stick than the other guy. ~ Robert Downey Jr,
581:Philosophy is good advice, and no one gives good advice at the top of his lungs. ~ Seneca the Younger,
582:Philosophy is the stray camel of the Faithful, take hold of it wherever ye come across it ~ Anonymous,
583:Rock is a great master of life. It teaches us this simple philosophy: Stay firm! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan,
584:SAMO as an end to to mindwash religion, nowhere politics and bogus philosophy. ~ Jean Michel Basquiat,
585:Small amounts of philosophy lead to atheism, but larger amounts bring us back to God. ~ Francis Bacon,
586:there are the learners and the learned. Memory makes the one, philosophy the other. ~ Alexandre Dumas,
587:The Yogi Philosophy teaches that Man has always lived and always will live. ~ William Walker Atkinson,
588:Thoreau’s philosophy: If you read about one train wreck, you’ve read about them all. ~ Nelson DeMille,
589:Truth as such is not a particularly important concept in naturalistic philosophy. ~ Phillip E Johnson,
590:Your philosophy determines whether you will go for the disciplines or continue the errors. ~ Jim Rohn,
591:About no subject is there less philosophizing than about philosophy. ~ Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,
592:Do not confuse manners for kindness. - STRONG: Powerful Philosophy for Timeless Thoughts. ~ Kailin Gow,
593:I do not believe that what one gives to the sciences is taken from philosophy. ~ Maurice Merleau Ponty,
594:In the last stage of civilization, Poetry, Religion, and Philosophy will be one. ~ Henry David Thoreau,
595:Let us not pretend to doubt in philosophy what we do not doubt in our hearts. ~ Charles Sanders Peirce,
596:My chief 'success philosophy' is, 'Give people every opportunity to say "Yes" to you'. ~ Robert Holden,
597:My philosophy? Have a laugh for as long as you can and don't get run over. Or stabbed. ~ Ricky Gervais,
598:Odd how food and water and a clean body—and a few moments of rest—lead me into philosophy. ~ Greg Bear,
599:One can say without exaggeration that Descartes was the father of modern philosophy. ~ Jostein Gaarder,
600:Only human beings can reorder their lives any day they choose by refining their philosophy. ~ Jim Rohn,
601:Philosophy first constructs a scheme of happiness and then tries to fit the world to it. ~ H L Mencken,
602:Philosophy, in its very diachrony, is the consciousness of the breakup of consciousness. ~ John Zerzan,
603:Philosophy is a will to confront human artifice with its outside, with Nature. ~ Maurice Merleau Ponty,
604:Philosophy is tested and characterised by the way in which it appropriates its history. ~ Karl Jaspers,
605:Philosophy of science is about as useful to scientists as ornithology is to birds. ~ Richard P Feynman,
606:Real philosophy is like trying to read an alarm system installation manual in Korean. ~ Chris Hardwick,
607:The mind pre-eminently is man; ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Perfection of the Body,
608:There are — how do you say — things in this world our philosophy cannot account for. ~ Haruki Murakami,
609:[This philosophy] … is antagonistic to minds perverted and crippled by a superhuman ~ Ludwig Feuerbach,
610:This sense of wonder is the mark of the philosopher. Philosophy indeed has no other origin. ~ Socrates,
611:We need a philosophy for mature adults, not fables and false consolations for children. ~ Hiram Crespo,
612:A great philosophy is not a philosophy without reproach; it is philosophy without fear. ~ Charles Peguy,
613:Democritus is studying philosophy here at Athens. This means that he delights in quarrels. ~ Gore Vidal,
614:History is philosophy teaching by example and also by warning. ~ Henry St John 1st Viscount Bolingbroke,
615:I am too good for philosophy and not good enough for physics. Mathematics is in between. ~ George Polya,
616:In my view all salvation for philosophy may be expected to come from Darwin's theory ~ Ludwig Boltzmann,
617:It's the Platonic philosophy in The Republic that philosophers should lead the country. ~ Alan Lightman,
618:Leisure is the mother of philosophy; and commonwealth, the mother of peace and leisure. ~ Thomas Hobbes,
619:...[P]hysics... [is] the philosophy of nature, so far as it is based on empirical laws. ~ Immanuel Kant,
620:proper task of philosophy is to remind ourselves of what we already know to be true: ~ Bertrand Russell,
621:The philosophy of the discoveries, the emigration, and the colonisation was Christianity. ~ Hugh Thomas,
622:There is more things in heaven and earth...than are dreamt of by your philosophy. ~ William Shakespeare,
623:There is no heresy or no philosophy which is so abhorrent to the church as a human being. ~ James Joyce,
624:This same philosophy is a good horse in the stable, but an arrant jade on a journey. ~ Oliver Goldsmith,
625:Truth in philosophy means that concept and external reality correspond. ~ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,
626:Well, thinking about what’s not supposed to require thinking, that is philosophy, no? ~ Samuel R Delany,
627:I don't discuss basketball. I dictate basketball. I'm not interested in philosophy classes. ~ Al McGuire,
628:In philosophy, as in politics, the longest distance between two points is a straight line. ~ Will Durant,
629:I practice Buddhist philosophy and contemplation but I don't know if I'm more of anything. ~ Goldie Hawn,
630:Liberation is self-possession, ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Involution and Evolution,
631:Nietzsche: A poet with a philosophy. A system without a method. A mustache with a man. ~ Eric Jarosinski,
632:Philosophy ... bears witness to the deepest love of reflection, to absolute delight in wisdom. ~ Novalis,
633:Philosophy, however, is for the few, whereas poetry is more useful to the people at large. ~ Will Durant,
634:Philosophy is not best expressed in words; it is expressed in the choices one makes. ~ Eleanor Roosevelt,
635:philosophy was that death should not be embarrassing; he was not about to powder its nose. ~ Mitch Albom,
636:The intricacies of spiritual philosophy and theologies are just a thought within Emptiness. ~ Adyashanti,
637:There are more things in heaven and earth...than are dreamt of by your philosophy. ~ William Shakespeare,
638:What is your aim in Philosophy?”
“To show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
639:Again, both literature and philosophy work by appealing to certain reigning idols. ~ Morris Raphael Cohen,
640:Always be polite to possible murderers: that was the twenty-four-hour-shopping philosophy. ~ Kate Griffin,
641:Broaden your vision, and maintain stability while advancing forward. That is my philosophy. ~ Li Ka shing,
642:Every religion, every philosophy, every individual outlook on life tells a story of reality. ~ Greg Koukl,
643:From the very beginning, existentialism defined itself as a philosophy of ambiguity. ~ Simone de Beauvoir,
644:If this is philosophy it is at any rate a philosophy that is not in its right mind. ~ Georg C Lichtenberg,
645:In its youth a people produce mythology and poetry; in its decadence, philosophy and logic. ~ Will Durant,
646:Live in the fields, and God will give you lectures on natural philosophy every day. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson,
647:My philosophy in life is, Decide what you want to do. You have to have something to hope for. ~ Lou Holtz,
648:Philosophy makes progress not by becoming more rigorous but by becoming more imaginative. ~ Richard Rorty,
649:The philosophy that I've embraced isn't about sitting under a tree and studying my navel. ~ Orlando Bloom,
650:the Reggio Emilia philosophy for the education of young children and the Waldorf schools. ~ Daniel H Pink,
651:The trouble was that he was talking in philosophy but they were listening in gibberish. ~ Terry Pratchett,
652:Why is it that all men who are outstanding in philosophy, poetry or the arts are melancholic? ~ Aristotle,
653:You know, the whole philosophy of ad hoc combinations has its strengths and its weaknesses. ~ Evan Parker,
654:Careerism: the self-centered philosophy of governing to win the next election above all else. ~ Tom Coburn,
655:In brief, the Tree of Life is a compendium of science, psychology, philosophy and theology. ~ Dion Fortune,
656:In every religion there are three parts: philosophy, mythology, and ritual. Philosophy ~ Swami Vivekananda,
657:In fourteenth-century philosophy, the word patient simply meant “the object of an action, ~ Paul Kalanithi,
658:It has been my philosophy of life that difficulties vanish when faced boldly.” Isaac Asimov ~ William Boyd,
659:Materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself. ~ Arthur Schopenhauer,
660:My philosophy is to always find the smartest people you can. Hire people smarter than you. ~ Donny Deutsch,
661:One cannot live through a long stretch of years without forming some philosophy of life. ~ Clarence Darrow,
662:One of the most destructive anti-concepts in the history of moral philosophy is the term 'duty. ~ Ayn Rand,
663:Philosophy . . .consists chiefly in suggesting unintelligible answers to insoluble problems. ~ Henry Adams,
664:Philosophy, that leaned on Heaven before,
Shrinks to her second cause, and is no more. ~ Alexander Pope,
665:Technology at present is covert philosophy; the point is to make it overtly philosophical. ~ Philip E Agre,
666:The Divine Truth is greater than any religion or creed or scripture or idea or philosophy. ~ Sri Aurobindo,
667:there’s anything I learned from studying philosophy, it’s that everything turns to shit—but ~ Kevin Hearne,
668:The violence had broken out in both sides, but our philosophy as a party was very, very clear. ~ John Hume,
669:The word " philosophy " carries unfortunate connotations: impractical, unworldly, weird. ~ Simon Blackburn,
670:Twentieth-century philosophy is not unique in its ability to confuse puzzles with problems. ~ Susan Neiman,
671:Wonder is the foundation of all philosophy, inquiry the progress, ignorance the end. ~ Michel de Montaigne,
672:You can't do without philosophy, since everything has its hidden meaning which we must know. ~ Maxim Gorky,
673:Ali's belief in himself was something I picked up on, and it's become my own philosophy ~ Sugar Ray Leonard,
674:As a universal history of philosophy, the history of philosophy must become one great unity. ~ Karl Jaspers,
675:As commonly practiced, philosophy is the attempt to find good reasons for conventional beliefs. ~ John Gray,
676:Generally speaking, the errors in religion are dangerous; those in philosophy only ridiculous. ~ David Hume,
677:Generally speaking, the errors in religion are dangerous; those in philosophy only ridiculous. ~ John Rawls,
678:However good an argument in philosophy may happen to be, it is generally not good enough. ~ David Berlinski,
679:I'm not the one going for a biology degree. I'm just a philosophy major who eats people. ~ Scott Westerfeld,
680:In 1970s Britain, conservative philosophy was the preoccupation of a few half-mad recluses. ~ Roger Scruton,
681:Less is more. Simplicity is awesome. That's all you need in life. Its just my personal philosophy. ~ G Eazy,
682:Philosophy and Religion-what are they when the wind blows and the water gets up in lumps? ~ William Golding,
683:Philosophy has no end in view save truth; faith looks for nothing but obedience and piety. ~ Baruch Spinoza,
684:Teaching and writing about philosophy is about the only thing I've ever been really good at. ~ Allen W Wood,
685:The philosophy of laughter will never have anything in common with the religion of tears.
   ~ Eliphas Levi,
686:There's lots of stocks out there and all you need is a few of 'em. That's been my philosophy. ~ Peter Lynch,
687:The trouble begins with a design philosophy that equates 'more options' with 'greater freedom.' ~ Brian Eno,
688:To grasp the limits of reason – only this is truly philosophy. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche, The Antichrist, §55}},
689:Believe me if you consult philosophy she will persuade you not to lit so long at your counting desk ~ Seneca,
690:But also philosophy is not about perceptible substances they, you see, are prone to destruction. ~ Aristotle,
691:By necessity practical and by philosophy stern, these folk were not beautiful in their sins. ~ H P Lovecraft,
692:Everything is a poise of contrary energies. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - IV,
693:Good philosophy must exist, if for no other reason, because bad philosophy needs to be answered. ~ C S Lewis,
694:I do not know how to teach philosophy without becoming a disturber of established religion. ~ Baruch Spinoza,
695:My philosophy of life is simple: I need someone to love, something to wait and do something. ~ Elvis Presley,
696:only philosophy can go deep enough to show that literature goes still deeper than philosophy ~ Michel Serres,
697:Philosophy is that which grasps its own era in thought. ~ Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Rights; 1821.,
698:Philosophy... is the creative perception by the spirit of the meaning of human existence. ~ Nikolai Berdyaev,
699:Philosophy of science is the neurotic self-consciousness of the modern body of knowledge. ~ Peter Sj stedt H,
700:Science is a philosophy of discovery. Intelligent design is a philosophy of ignorance. ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson,
701:Socialism is the philosophy of failure, the creed of ignorance and the gospel of envy. ~ Winston S Churchill,
702:The person that turns over the most rocks wins the game. And that's always been my philosophy. ~ Peter Lynch,
703:The philosophy of a lot of European teams, even in home matches, is not to give a goal away. ~ Alex Ferguson,
704:There is no philosophy that will help us to succeed if we doubt our ability to do so. ~ Joan Bennett Kennedy,
705:The true Philosophy, known and practised by Solomon, is the basis on which Masonry is founded. ~ Albert Pike,
706:As commonly practiced, philosophy is the attempt to find good reasons for conventional beliefs. ~ John N Gray,
707:Hello again! As you see, this short course in philosophy will come in handy-sized portions. ~ Jostein Gaarder,
708:I am composed of contradictions, which is why poetry is a better form for me than philosophy ~ Czes aw Mi osz,
709:I am composed of contradictions, which is why poetry is a better form for me than philosophy ~ Czeslaw Milosz,
710:I don't subscribe to relativism, whether it's in political philosophy, foreign policy or in life. ~ Paul Ryan,
711:I must study politics and war that my sons may have liberty to study mathematics and philosophy. ~ John Adams,
712:Literature is the question without the answer. Philosophy is the answer without the question. ~ Chloe Thurlow,
713:My philosophy has always been that benefits should percolate up rather than trickle down. ~ Hubert H Humphrey,
714:Not to be offended with other men's liberty of speech, and to apply myself unto philosophy. ~ Marcus Aurelius,
715:Philosophy and religion - what are they when the wind blows and the water gets up in lumps? ~ William Golding,
716:Philosophy! Empty thinking by ignorant conceited men who think they can digest without eating! ~ Iris Murdoch,
717:Philosophy is empty if it isn't based on science. Science discovers, philosophy interprets. ~ Albert Einstein,
718:Philosophy, the love of Wisdom, is at the very bottom defence against the incomprehensible. ~ Oswald Spengler,
719:Science must not impose any philosophy, any more than the telephone must tell us what to say ~ G K Chesterton,
720:The history of philosophy is to a great extent that of a certain clash of human temperaments. ~ William James,
721:There is no monster more destructive than the inventive mind that has outstripped philosophy. ~ Ellen Glasgow,
722:To know and to will are two operations of the human mind.
   ~ Leonardo da Vinci, Notebooks, Philosophy, 1146,
723:Cicero says—[Tusc., i. 31.]—"that to study philosophy is nothing but to prepare one's self to die. ~ Anonymous,
724:Dan   Philosophy is what you do when you don’t yet know what the right questions are to ask. ~ Susan Blackmore,
725:Everything you have is to give. Thou art a phenomenon of philosophy and an unfortunate man. ~ Ernest Hemingway,
726:I'm a believer in the parent first, friend second philosophy, and trying to find that balance. ~ Jenna Fischer,
727:In philosophy, the opposite of truth is error; in Scripture, the opposite of truth is a lie. ~ Brennan Manning,
728:I study philosophy after my dinner, but the dinner is not the cause o my studying philosophy. ~ Fulton J Sheen,
729:It was the spirit of the times: we applied high theory to shampoo ads, philosophy to NWA videos. ~ Zadie Smith,
730:Philosophy is a battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
731:Philosophy when superficially studied, excites doubt, when thoroughly explored, it dispels it. ~ Francis Bacon,
732:Science must not impose any philosophy, any more than the telephone must tell us what to say. ~ G K Chesterton,
733:Strength gives a man the right to do as he wishes."  "The philosophy of a bully and a thug, ~ Jonathan Moeller,
734:The dangers of sophistry and scholasticism are present in the possibility of philosophy itself. ~ Susan Neiman,
735:To create a healthy philosophy you should renounce metaphysics but be a good mathematician. ~ Bertrand Russell,
736:Back of every wasted life is a bad philosophy, an erroneous conception of life’s worth and purpose. ~ A W Tozer,
737:Don't borrow someone else's plan. Develop your own philosophy and it will lead you to unique places. ~ Jim Rohn,
738:Hey, if it's a good philosophy, it works. Death is imminent. Live every day like it's your last. ~ Justina Chen,
739:I'm not a proper anything. Majoring in philosophy kind of turns positive assertions into maybes. ~ Kevin Hearne,
740:In the western philosophy you can't perceive infinities at every moment. It's not there to do. ~ Frederick Lenz,
741:I stand in philosophy exactly where I stand in daily life; I should not be honest otherwise. ~ George Santayana,
742:Let's practice a little philosophy now; that is, let's shut up, lie on our stomachs, and think. ~ Hermann Hesse,
743:OTTO. Apes don't read philosophy.

WANDA. Yes they do, Otto. They just don't understand it. ~ John Cleese,
744:Shamanism is just show business and philosophy is just a branch of that vaudevillian impulse. ~ Terence McKenna,
745:There are three dominant worldviews in psychology and philosophy. Each worldview is represented ~ Robert Holden,
746:The whole Redwood City philosophy was based on a willingness to try harder than anyone else. ~ Malcolm Gladwell,
747:This is the highest point of philosophy, to be simple & wise; this is the angelic life. ~ Saint John Chrysostom,
748:You gotta think positive, you know. Make the obstacles opportunities. Thats my philosophy. ~ Melina Kanakaredes,
749:According to Zen philosophy each human being has two minds, a finite mind and an infinite mind. ~ Frederick Lenz,
750:All the big problems of the world today are routed in the philosophy of separateness and dualism. ~ Satish Kumar,
751:Art requires philosophy, just as philosophy requires art. Otherwise, what would become of beauty? ~ Paul Gauguin,
752:As long as one believes in philosophy, one is healthy; sickness begins when one starts to think. ~ Emil M Cioran,
753:Countless things that happen every hour call for advice; and such advice is to be sought in philosophy. ~ Seneca,
754:Here is a good philosophy of life: Enjoy the road with flowers; enjoy the road with stones! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan,
755:Human knowledge is dark and uncertain; philosophy is dark, astrology is dark, and geometry is dark. ~ John Jewel,
756:Philosophy contemplates the world in every facet—its creation, its beauty, its flaws, its meaning. ~ Tillie Cole,
757:Philosophy is like wine. There are good years and bad years but, in general, the older the better. ~ Eric Weiner,
758:Philosophy may describe unreasoning, as it may describe force; it cannot hope to refute them. ~ George Santayana,
759:Philosophy, most broadly viewed, is the critical survey of existence from the standpoint of value. ~ Sidney Hook,
760:Tell me how you deal with your fear of annihilation, and I will tell you about your philosophy. ~ Costic Br d an,
761:The difference between gossip and philosophy lies only in one's way of taking a fact. ~ Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr,
762:The more one is absorbed in so-called philosophy, the greater one's delusion and blindness. ~ Emanuel Swedenborg,
763:The philosophy of FIFA is to expand world soccer space, to spread out the world football space. ~ Vladimir Putin,
764:There are more things in Heaven and Earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy. ~ William Shakespeare,
765:Unfortunately, I'm not a person that's always capable of living up to the Boy Scout philosophy. ~ Stanley Crouch,
766:Without the English, reason and philosophy would still be in the most despicable infancy in France. ~ John Dewey,
767:After a tragedy, a farce. Philosophy enters into her power, and the earth returns under one's feet. ~ Lev Shestov,
768:As long as one believes in philosophy, one is healthy; sickness begins when one starts to think. ~ Emile M Cioran,
769:His philosophy is that somethings the only way to get over feeling like shit is to feel like shit. ~ Trish Doller,
770:It is quite true what philosophy says; that life must be understood backwards. —SØREN KIERKEGAARD ~ Megan Miranda,
771:No philosophy based on an incorrect view of the nature of man is likely to produce social good. ~ Stanley Kubrick,
772:Not to be offended with other men's liberty of speech, and to apply myself unto philosophy. Him ~ Marcus Aurelius,
773:Philosophy is a kind of journey, ever learning yet never arriving at the ideal perfection of truth. ~ Albert Pike,
774:Philosophy is questions that may never be answered. Religion is answers that may never be questioned. ~ Anonymous,
775:Philosophy still moves too much straight ahead, and is not yet cyclical enough. ~ Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,
776:Religion and morals are symmetrically opposed, just like poetry and philosophy. ~ Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,
777:That's always been my philosophy. - I've never thought of the consequences of a necessary action. ~ Indira Gandhi,
778:the one aim of those who practice philosophy in the proper manner is to practice for dying and death. ~ Anonymous,
779:The philosophy of the schoolroom in one generation is the philosophy of government in the next. ~ Abraham Lincoln,
780:To choose doubt as a philosophy of life is akin to choosing immobility as a means of transportation ~ Yann Martel,
781:To choose doubt as a philosophy of life is ken to choosing immobility as a means of transportation. ~ Yann Martel,
782:To chose doubt as a philosophy of life is akin to choosing immobility as a means of transportation. ~ Yann Martel,
783:To observe processes and construct means is science; to criticize and coordinate ends is philosophy ~ Will Durant,
784:You must learn some of my philosophy. Think only of the past as its remembrance gives you pleasure. ~ Jane Austen,
785:All other love is extinguished by self-love; beneficence, humanity, justice, philosophy, sink under it. ~ Epicurus,
786:But basing a whole philosophy of life on what you would do in extremis does not seem to me to be right. ~ Jean Ure,
787:But sweat is the kindest creature of the three—far better than philosophy, as a cure for ill thoughts. ~ C S Lewis,
788:Don’t see anything impossible! This simple philosophy will enable many things to be possible! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan,
789:Every philosophical review ought to be a philosophy of reviews at the same time. ~ Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,
790:I believe philosophy must go to school with the poets; it's not either/or, it's not over or against. ~ Cornel West,
791:I have this terrible habit of wanting to try to be consistent and develop a philosophy that's coherent. ~ Ron Paul,
792:My philosophy is pretty simple – any day nobody’s trying to kill me is a good day in my book. ~ Karen Marie Moning,
793:Once we were alone Ryan scooped me into his arms and upheld his philosophy of kiss first, talk later. ~ Kelly Oram,
794:Philosophy does not regard pedigree, she received Plato not as a noble, but she made him one. ~ Seneca the Younger,
795:Philosophy is the microscope of thought. Everything desires to flee from it, but nothing escapes it. ~ Victor Hugo,
796:Reality has always proved to be much more sophisticated and subtle than any preconceived philosophy. ~ Michio Kaku,
797:The Beginning of Philosophy is a Consciousness of your own Weakness and inability in necessary things. ~ Epictetus,
798:The ductless glands secrete among other things our moods, our aspirations, our philosophy of life. ~ Aldous Huxley,
799:the Romans first neutralized Greek philosophy, then turned Christianity into a prop for their empire. ~ Ian Morris,
800:To choose doubt as a philosophy of life is akin to choosing immobility as a means of transportation. ~ Yann Martel,
801:We have no firm hold on any knowledge or philosophy that can lift us out of our difficulties. ~ Anne Sullivan Macy,
802:What philosophy worthy of the name has truly been able to avoid the link between poem and theorem? ~ Michel Serres,
803:Where the dance of Meera and the silence of Buddha meet, blossoms the true philosophy of Rajneesh. ~ Amrita Pritam,
804:You may proclaim, good sirs, your fine philosophy But till you feed us, right and wrong can wait! ~ Bertolt Brecht,
805:Your woodlot is, in fact, an historical document which faithfully records your personal philosophy. ~ Aldo Leopold,
806:A catholic and far-sighted theory of the adjustment of the conflicting factors of life is philosophy. ~ Will Durant,
807:A clear, well-defined philosophy gives you the guidelines and boundaries that keep you on track, ~ Angela Duckworth,
808:An important place to begin in philosophy is this: a clear perception of one’s own ruling principle. ~ Ryan Holiday,
809:Be attentive, feel nothing in vain, measure and compare: this is the whole law of philosophy. ~ Georg C Lichtenberg,
810:Be careful that no one takes you captive through philosophy and empty deceit based on human tradition,  ~ Anonymous,
811:he came into the store to threaten you with math and philosophy. The motherfucker’s going down. ~ Jonathan L Howard,
812:I don't master my craft or my style enough to have any philosophy or dogma to which I feel I belong. ~ Xavier Dolan,
813:In my view, we ought to replace the notion of analytic philosophy by that of synthetic philosophy. ~ Philip Kitcher,
814:I will not call it my philosophy; for I did not make it. God and humanity made it; and it made me. ~ G K Chesterton,
815:Laughter without a tinge of philosophy is but a sneeze of humor. Genuine humor is replete with wisdom. ~ Mark Twain,
816:My philosophy: if the heels are high enough, everyone looks like they have runner's calves, right? ~ Gemma Halliday,
817:Philosophy should be an energy; it should find its aim and its effect in the amelioration of mankind. ~ Victor Hugo,
818:Philosophy stands in the same relation to the study of the actual world as masturbation to sexual love. ~ Karl Marx,
819:The poet uses the results of science and philosophy, and generalizes their widest deductions. ~ Henry David Thoreau,
820:The problem is, if you study philosophy and stop believing in a meaning you start to need medical help. ~ Matt Haig,
821:There is more in the world than is dreamt of in your philosophy, Doctor - or in the Merck Manual. ~ Douglas Preston,
822:To become a popular religion, it is only necessary for a superstition to enslave a philosophy. ~ William Ralph Inge,
823:All Nature is a display and a play of God, ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Involution and Evolution,
824:A philosophy that begins in doubt assails what no-one believes, and invites us to nothing believable ~ Roger Scruton,
825:Genuine philosophical problems are always rooted outside philosophy and they die if these roots decay. ~ Karl Popper,
826:However attractive anarchy may be as a philosophy, it is not feasible in a world of imperfect men. ~ Milton Friedman,
827:I Should Just Stop Tweeting, The Human Consciousness Must Raise Before I Speak My Juvenile Philosophy. ~ Jaden Smith,
828:Microsoft's philosophy is to 'do things better.' And Vista has given us lots of opportunity to do that. ~ Bill Gates,
829:Philosophy are questions that may never get a answer, religion is an answer that may never be questioned ~ Anonymous,
830:Philosophy, having crept clinging to the rocks so far, puts out its feelers many ways in vain. ~ Henry David Thoreau,
831:Philosophy is the childhood of the intellect, and a culture that tries to skip it will never grow up. ~ Thomas Nagel,
832:Philosophy, like medicine, has plenty of drugs, few good remedies, and hardly any specific cures. ~ Nicolas Chamfort,
833:Science must not impose any philosophy, any more than the telephone must tell us what to say. ~ Gilbert K Chesterton,
834:Strive to be authentic all the time. That's sort of my philosophy on life, which applies to acting. ~ Paul Guilfoyle,
835:The flies were teaching an advanced seminar in philosophy as they crawled up the crack of my ass ~ Richard Brautigan,
836:We must re-center philosophy within our frame of reference which I think is the way to deal with it. ~ Tariq Ramadan,
837:Considered subjectively, philosophy always begins in the middle, like an epic poem. ~ Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,
838:Every science begins as philosophy and ends as art; it arises in hypothesis and flows into achievement. ~ Will Durant,
839:Everything becomes, nothing is made. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
840:History, therefore, is firmly rooted in philosophy. It deserves to be accounted a branch of philosophy. ~ Ibn Khaldun,
841:I decided to teach because I think that any person who studies philosophy has to be involved actively. ~ Angela Davis,
842:I discovered philosophy in my youth when I read wildly, and thus I was exposed to the world of ideas. ~ Michel Onfray,
843:In Plato's opinion, man was made for philosophy; in Bacon's opinion, philosophy was made for man. ~ Thomas B Macaulay,
844:It is an acknowledged truth in philosophy that a just theory will always be confirmed by experiment. ~ Thomas Malthus,
845:It is only through life that one can reach to immortality. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Karmayoga,
846:I will not call it my philosophy; for I did not make it. God and humanity made it; and it made me. I ~ G K Chesterton,
847:Karma theory is a spiritual philosophy used to explain and maintain the economic status of Asia. ~ Stephen H Wolinsky,
848:Let animals live like animals; let humans live like humans. That's my whole philosophy in a sentence. ~ Aravind Adiga,
849:Naturally, the Zen Master Rama philosophy is to have a high state of awareness and material success. ~ Frederick Lenz,
850:Natura nihil agit frustra, [Nature does nothing in vain] is the only indisputed Axiome in Philosophy. ~ Thomas Browne,
851:No literature is sound, no philosophy of action workable, if it doesn't take a hard look at itself. ~ John W Campbell,
852:Philosophy gets its ugly head into everything, but I don't think we live philosophy anymore. It's done. ~ Agnes Denes,
853:Science, philosophy and religion are bound to converge as they draw nearer to the whole. ~ Pierre Teilhard de Chardin,
854:So that's my philosophy: If you believe in yourself, the chances and the opportunities will come around. ~ Mindy Cohn,
855:Tell me what gives a man or woman their greatest pleasure and I'll tell you their philosophy of life. ~ Dale Carnegie,
856:The finding of arguments for a conclusion given in advance is not philosophy, but special pleading ~ Bertrand Russell,
857:The great question of philosophy remains: If life is meaningless, what can be done about alphabet soup? ~ Woody Allen,
858:The Linux philosophy is "laugh in the face of danger". Oops. Wrong one. "Do it yourself". That's it. ~ Linus Torvalds,
859:The men who are not interested in philosophy need it most urgently; they are most helplessly in its power. ~ Ayn Rand,
860:The philosophy of the wisest man that ever existed, is mainly derived from the act of introspection. ~ William Godwin,
861:The point of philosophy, as I see it, is to change thinking, and thereby to change the conversation. ~ Philip Kitcher,
862:There is always a philosophy behind the misadventures of men, even if they are unaware of it.’ And ~ Lawrence Durrell,
863:They do say that socialism is the ideal philosophy-just as long as you have capitalists to pay for it. ~ Wilbur Smith,
864:We must reason in natural philosophy not from what we hope, or even expect, but from what we perceive. ~ Humphry Davy,
865:All is eternal in the eternal spirit. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
866:During the Great Depression, the philosophy of grin-and-bear-it became a national coping mechanism. ~ Maureen Corrigan,
867:Excellent. I approve of statesmen who write philosophy. It means they have given up all hope of power. ~ Robert Harris,
868:For this feeling of wonder shows that you are a philosopher, since wonder is the only beginning of philosophy. ~ Plato,
869:I do not presume that I have found the best philosophy, I know that I understand the true philosophy. ~ Baruch Spinoza,
870:I have a simple philosophy: Fill what's empty. Empty what's full. Scratch where it itches. ~ Alice Roosevelt Longworth,
871:I have no personal system of philosophy. I never attempt to do that. I am merely a man of letters. ~ Jorge Luis Borges,
872:It took all their common sense and philosophy to face life these days. The two are synonymous. ~ Bess Streeter Aldrich,
873:I went to Princeton from Amherst, where I split my interests between mathematics and philosophy. ~ Stephen Cole Kleene,
874:Most of my learning and philosophy regarding coaching basketball was developed after great frustration. ~ Dick Bennett,
875:My philosophy is fundamentally sad, but I'm not a sad man, and I don't believe I sadden anyone else. ~ Antonio Machado,
876:People who lean on logic and philosophy and rational exposition end by starving the best part of the mind. ~ W B Yeats,
877:Philosophy, as I shall understand the word, is something intermediate between theology and science. ~ Bertrand Russell,
878:Philosophy goes no further than probabilities, and in every assertion keeps a doubt in reserve. ~ James Anthony Froude,
879:Philosophy is the self-correction by consciousness of its own initial excess of subjectivity. ~ Alfred North Whitehead,
880:Philosophy, n. A route of many roads leading from nowhere to nothing. ~ Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary (1911).,
881:Playborhood, which documents these efforts, and more, as well as his overarching philosophy.8 I ~ Julie Lythcott Haims,
882:that philosophy was not something you can learn; but perhaps you can learn to think philosophically. ~ Jostein Gaarder,
883:The most effective way of destroying art is the canonization of one given form. And one philosophy. ~ Yevgeny Zamyatin,
884:The purpose of philosophy is to turn you inward. If you know your Self, no evil can come to you. ~ Sri Ramana Maharshi,
885:This was the last thing I expected. You destroy my life and then feed me some inspiratonal philosophy. ~ Richelle Mead,
886:Those who practice philosophy in the right way are in training for dying and they fear death least of all men. ~ Plato,
887:We may receive so much light as not to see, and so much philosophy as to be worse than foolish. ~ Walter Savage Landor,
888:A cold atheistical materialism is the tendency of the so-called material philosophy of the present day. ~ Adam Sedgwick,
889:A man with no philosophy in him is the most inauspicious and unprofitable of all possible social mates. ~ William James,
890:Art shows how it loves, philosophy what it loves; mysticism knows only that it loves. ~ Constantin Brunner, Our Christ.,
891:Atheism is not a philosophy; it is not even a view of the world; it is simply an admission of the obvious. ~ Sam Harris,
892:Bravery is going forth despite the fear. - STRONG: Powerful Philosophy for Timeless Thoughts by Kailin Gow ~ Kailin Gow,
893:If your divines are not philosophers, your philosophy will neither be divine, nor able to divine. ~ Julius Charles Hare,
894:In the eyes of dialectical philosophy, nothing is established for all times, nothing is absolute or sacred. ~ Karl Marx,
895:In theology we must consider the predominance of authority; in philosophy the predominance of reason. ~ Johannes Kepler,
896:I saw that philosophy had no power to make my life more bearable. Thus I lost my belief in philosophy. ~ Emile M Cioran,
897:Man, therefore, according to the Vedanta philosophy, is the greatest being that is in the universe. ~ Swami Vivekananda,
898:My philosophy: find what it is you want to say, walk in the room, say it, and get the hell out. ~ J Michael Straczynski,
899:My philosophy is that if I have any money I invest it in new ventures and not have it sitting around. ~ Richard Branson,
900:Not philosophy, after all, not humanity, just sheer joyous power of song, is the primal thing in poetry. ~ Max Beerbohm,
901:Philosophy calls for simple living, not for doing penance, and the simple way of life need not be a crude one. ~ Seneca,
902:the blessings of matrimony, like those of poverty, belong rather to philosophy than reality. ~ Letitia Elizabeth Landon,
903:The business of philosophy is not to give rules, but to analyze the private judgments of common reason. ~ Immanuel Kant,
904:The philosophy of the school room in one generation will be the philosophy of government in the next. ~ Abraham Lincoln,
905:The search for something permanent is one of the deepest of the instincts leading men to philosophy. ~ Bertrand Russell,
906:this approach, in which you fit deep work wherever you can into your schedule, the journalist philosophy. ~ Cal Newport,
907:This is the philosophy of nonviolence that I have learned from Gandhi, Bacha Khan and Mother Teresa. ~ Malala Yousafzai,
908:we know that he read a considerable amount of philosophy, including Bacon, Hobbes, Montaigne, and Cicero. ~ Ron Chernow,
909:Wisdom is the perfect good of the human mind; philosophy is the love of wisdom, and the endeavor to attain it. ~ Seneca,
910:You sound like a college freshman taking his first philosophy class way too seriously, but that's good. ~ Michael Grant,
911:All the most prominent Darwinists proclaim naturalistic philosophy when they think it safe to do so. ~ Phillip E Johnson,
912:for only philosophy or honourable occupation can divert from its anguish a heart whose grief springs from love. ~ Seneca,
913:Here in the world, each human frailty Provides occasion for philosophy, And that is virtue's noblest exercise; ~ Moli re,
914:I am,” Jefferson wrote to a correspondent who wanted to know his philosophy of life, “an Epicurean. ~ Stephen Greenblatt,
915:I believe in the Democratic party, and their philosophy and what they stand for - for the poor people. ~ Dikembe Mutombo,
916:If we are to know ourselves, philosophy needs to maintain an ongoing dialogue with the sciences of mind. ~ George Lakoff,
917:I'm in love with a philosophy major, and she doesn't even know I exist. And what's worse, she can prove it. ~ Arj Barker,
918:In conformity with the philosophy of Christ, let us make of our life a training for death. ~ Saint Maximus the Confessor,
919:My philosophy is, don't take no for an answer and be willing to sacrifice your entire project for freedom. ~ Tim Robbins,
920:My philosophy is that when I go out of my room, I'm prepared to love everybody I meet, unless they're bad. ~ Omar Sharif,
921:No philosophy, no religion, has ever brought so glad a message to the world as this good news of Atheism. ~ Annie Besant,
922:Philosophy and the study of the real world have the same relation to one another as onanism and sexual love. ~ Karl Marx,
923:Religion, history, and philosophy are just fictions we’ve invented to explain our meaningless world. ~ John Twelve Hawks,
924:Science and knowledge, especially that of philosophy, came from the Arabs into the West. ~ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,
925:She - philosophy is equally helpful to the rich and poor: neglect her, and she equally harms the young and old. ~ Horace,
926:The disciple of philosophy must present itself, first as a way of thinking and then as a way of life. ~ Peter Sloterdijk,
927:Theology sits rouged at the window and courts philosophy's favor, offering to sell her charms to it. ~ Soren Kierkegaard,
928:Theology sits rouged at the window and courts philosophy's favor, offering to sell her charms to it. ~ S ren Kierkegaard,
929:[T]hose who practice philosophy in the right way are in training for dying and they fear death least of all men. ~ Plato,
930:All sentience is ultimately self-sentience. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Kena and Other Upanishads, The Philosophy of the Upanishads,
931:Being deluged with trolley problems is one of the professional hazards of modern moral philosophy. ~ Kwame Anthony Appiah,
932:Even if we don't know it or aren't aware of it, politics and philosophy are really what make our up lives. ~ Roland Joffe,
933:Everybody should have a chance to rise. That's our philosophy in Ohio and that's my philosophy for America. ~ John Kasich,
934:For what is philosophy but an art - one more attempt to give "significant form" to the chaos of experience? ~ Will Durant,
935:I believe if you want to convey a complex philosophy, its advisable to keep it simple: day-to-day lingo. ~ Amish Tripathi,
936:I find purer philosophy in a Poem than in a Conclusion of Geometry, a chemical analysis, or a physical law ~ Wilfred Owen,
937:I have always done what I love myself. My philosophy was that I never had focus groups. I did what I wear. ~ Ralph Lauren,
938:It’s very fluid, this space between philosophy and literature, and that’s something that resonates for me. ~ Tom McCarthy,
939:I will not call it my philosophy; for I did not make it. God and humanity made it; and it made me. ~ Gilbert K Chesterton,
940:My pitching philosophy is simple. I believe in getting the ball over the plate and not walking a lot of men. ~ Bob Gibson,
941:Philosophy addresses, in a systematic and progress-making way, questions of deep concern to everyone. ~ Rebecca Goldstein,
942:Philosophy and the subjects known as ‘humanities’ are still taught almost as if Darwin had never lived. ~ Richard Dawkins,
943:Philosophy as science, as serious, rigorous, indeed apodictically rigorous science -- the dream is over. ~ Edmund Husserl,
944:The body has an unexpressed knowledge of its own. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Supermind and Humanity,
945:The business of philosophy is to teach man to live in uncertainty... not to reassure him, but to upset him. ~ Lev Shestov,
946:The philosophy of Africanism holds out the hope of a genuine democracy beyond the stormy sea of struggle ~ Robert Sobukwe,
947:The philosophy of the rain is very simple: No obstacle is obstacle when you are strongly determined! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan,
948:After the first exams, I switched to the Faculty of Philosophy and studied Zoology in Munich and Vienna. ~ Karl von Frisch,
949:All laws and philosophy merely tell us what should be done, but they do not provide the strength to do it. ~ Martin Luther,
950:All our philosophy is as dry as dust if it is not immediately translated into some act of living service. ~ Mahatma Gandhi,
951:Challenges in life, keeps us in the game." - STRONG: Powerful Philosophy for Timeless Thoughts by Kailin Gow. ~ Kailin Gow,
952:Europe will never be like America. Europe is a product of history. America is a product of philosophy. ~ Margaret Thatcher,
953:For me, Buddhism is a psychology and a philosophy that provides a means, upayas, for working with the mind. ~ Joan Halifax,
954:For me, philosophy is an activity of thought that is common to human beings. Human beings at their best. ~ Simon Critchley,
955:History is philosophy teaching by example, and also warning; its two eyes are geography and chronology. ~ James A Garfield,
956:If asked my philosophy, it would be simply this: Savor life, don't press too hard, don't worry too much. ~ Jerry Weintraub,
957:I have lived most of my life as a devotee of the philosophy that a man should not see two sevens in one day ~ Mackenzi Lee,
958:Judging whether life is or is not worth living amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy. ~ Albert Camus,
959:Life's philosophy, hm... I just say, 'Do what you do and have fun doing it and try not to be too miserable.' ~ Bam Margera,
960:Mandatory, and soon despised, dancing sessions were implemented under this same improving philosophy. ~ Caroline Alexander,
961:Monogamy is monotonous, but it's safe you know. And that's my philosophy. And I like to convey that to people. ~ Joy Behar,
962:My philosophy on getting knocked out is that it renders you unconscious and numb, so why worry about it. ~ Forrest Griffin,
963:never ceased to amaze him how a discredited philosophy and a repressive nation still attracted idealists. ~ Nelson DeMille,
964:Nothing could be more reckless than to base one's moral philosophy on the latest pronouncements of science. ~ Edward Abbey,
965:Our philosophy is that if it was grown on a plant, eat it. If it was made in a plant, leave it on the shelf. ~ Rick Warren,
966:People look for morals in fiction because there has always been a confusion between fiction and philosophy. ~ John Cheever,
967:state’s position on the map is the first thing that defines it, more than its governing philosophy even. ~ Robert D Kaplan,
968:The key factor that will determine your financial future is not the economy; the key factor is your philosophy. ~ Jim Rohn,
969:The search for something permanent is one of the deepest of the instincts leading men to philosophy.
   ~ Bertrand Russell,
970:The universe is a self-creative process of a supreme Reality. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
971:[...] to introduce into the philosophy of war itself a principle of moderation would be an absurdity ~ Carl von Clausewitz,
972:When truth has no burning, then it is philosophy, when it gets burning from the heart, it becomes poetry. ~ Muhammad Iqbal,
973:You wander. You work nearly every job known to man, it seems, only to arrive at the wonderings of philosophy. ~ Criss Jami,
974:8See to it that no one takes you captive by  n philosophy and  o empty deceit, according to  p human tradition, ~ Anonymous,
975:At the present moment, the security of coherent philosophy, which existed from Parmenides to Hegel, is lost. ~ Karl Jaspers,
976:But know this. All is speculation under the sky. All myth, all religion, all philosophy, all history - is lies. ~ Anne Rice,
977:Especially the transcendental philosophy needs the leaven of humor to render it light and digestible. ~ Henry David Thoreau,
978:Good Governance cannot remain merely a philosophy. Concrete steps have to be taken for realizing its goals. ~ Narendra Modi,
979:If I were to adopt pure mechanism as a philosophy, there would be no way I could choose to be a scholar. ~ Kenneth Lee Pike,
980:I had a philosophy, which may have been proven right, that directing isn't as hard as everyone says it is. ~ Matthew Vaughn,
981:I have gained this from philosophy: that I do without being commanded what others do only from fear of the law. ~ Aristotle,
982:I have lived most of my life as a devotee of the philosophy that a man should not see two sevens in one day, ~ Mackenzi Lee,
983:I looked at the sweatshirt again. "'You swim' is a philosophy?" He shrugged. "Better than 'you sink', right? ~ Sarah Dessen,
984:I'm big into social studies, the humanities. I really love history and world issues and philosophy and law. ~ Connor Jessup,
985:In both classes, Pastor Merrill preached his doubt-is-the-essence-of-and-not-the-opposite-of-faith philosophy ~ John Irving,
986:Infinite possibility in all things is a certainty. That pretty much covers theology and philosophy for me. ~ Robert Fulghum,
987:It's something that's very often said that philosophy, as opposed to science, never makes any progress. ~ Rebecca Goldstein,
988:Let us not pretend to doubt in philosophy what we do not doubt in our hearts. (Peirce 1992, pp. 28–9) ~ Richard J Bernstein,
989:Nothing can exist which is not substance and power of Brahman. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
990:Our intonations contain our philosophy of life, what each of us is constantly telling himself about things. ~ Marcel Proust,
991:Our offensive philosophy is to simply find a way to get the ball into the hands of our team's best player. ~ Kelvin Sampson,
992:Our philosophy is we call it as we see it. Sometimes you agree, sometimes you don't. Robust debate is good. ~ Bill O Reilly,
993:Philosophy is an act of seduction between one true lover and another, most often the philosopher and himself. ~ Neel Burton,
994:Philosophy is a process of inquiry only. It doesn't attempt to find specific answers to specific questions. ~ Harold Pinter,
995:She is not philosophy, I am not an ethical question. I will not risk my existence to satisfy your curiosity. ~ Heidi Heilig,
996:The American Revolution was, in fact, a battle against the philosophy of Locke and the English utilitarians. ~ Robert Trout,
997:The chief error in philosophy is overstatement. ~ Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology (1929),
998:The Linux philosophy is 'Laugh in the face of danger'. Oops. Wrong One. 'Do it yourself'. Yes, that's it. ~ Linus Torvalds,
999:There are three traps that strangle philosophy: The church, the marriage bed, and the professor's chair. ~ George Santayana,
1000:The sole philosophy open to those who doubt the possibility of truth is absolute silence -- even mental. ~ Jacques Maritain,
1001:To sum up the whole, we should say that the aim of the Platonic philosophy was to exalt man into a god. ~ Thomas B Macaulay,
1002:When appearance and reality coincide, philosophy and literary criticism find themselves with nothing to say. ~ Mason Cooley,
1003:All genuine philosophy transcends national boundaries. Patriotic philosophies are just nationalist ideologies. ~ Mario Bunge,
1004:Any genuine philosophy leads to action and from action back again to wonder, to the enduring fact of mystery. ~ Henry Miller,
1005:EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENS, STAYS HAPPENED.
"What kind of philosophy is that?"
THE ONLY ONE THAT WORKS. ~ Terry Pratchett,
1006:HTML5 isn’t just a pile of cool new functionality, but a whole new philosophy that empowers web applications. ~ Kyle Simpson,
1007:In no country in the civilized world is less attention paid to philosophy than in the United States. ~ Alexis de Tocqueville,
1008:In their different ways, art and philosophy help us, in Schopenhauer's words, to turn pain into knowledge. ~ Alain de Botton,
1009:Philosophy calls for simple living, but not for penance—it’s quite possible to be simple without being crude. ~ Ryan Holiday,
1010:Philosophy lives in words, but truth and fact well up into our lives in ways that exceed verbal formulation. ~ William James,
1011:That was it! The whole Redwood City philosophy was based on a willingness to try harder than anyone else. ~ Malcolm Gladwell,
1012:There should be a harmonious blend of religion, philosophy and art for man to live healthily in the world. ~ Sathya Sai Baba,
1013:Adversity's sweet milk, philosophy, to comfort thee, though thou art banished. Friar Lawrence to Romeo. ~ William Shakespeare,
1014:Any philosophy worth taking seriously would have to be built upon a firm foundation of unyielding despair. ~ Bertrand Russell,
1015:Any religion or philosophy which is not based on a respect for life is not a true religion or philosophy. ~ Albert Schweitzer,
1016:Art tries, literally, to picture the things which philosophy tries to put into carefully thought-out words. ~ Hans Rookmaaker,
1017:A sense of humor, being born of perspective, bears a near kinship to philosophy; each is the soul of the other. ~ Will Durant,
1018:I learn that you can work really hard and still have a great time. That is part of Russell Crowe philosophy. ~ Rachel McAdams,
1019:I rather stumbled into philosophy. When I began my undergraduate career at Cambridge, I studied mathematics. ~ Philip Kitcher,
1020:I still somehow or other fancy that "my philosophy" represents the true meaning of the teaching of the Gita. ~ Mahatma Gandhi,
1021:I thought you went to college here. Did you party too much and drop out?” “No, I got a philosophy degree.” “Oh. ~ Bobby Adair,
1022:It's clear to me that there is no good reason for many philosophy books to sound as complicated as they do. ~ Alain de Botton,
1023:Lymond said gently, "Let us bathe in moral philosophy, as in a living river. Double-dealing is my business. ~ Dorothy Dunnett,
1024:Nobody can have the consolations of religion or philosophy unless he has first experienced their desolations. ~ Aldous Huxley,
1025:Philosophy is called upon to compensate for the frustrations of politics and, more generally, of life itself. ~ Hannah Arendt,
1026:Philosophy is life's dry-nurse, who can take care of us -- but not suckle us. ~ Søren Kierkegaard, Journals and Papers, 1837.,
1027:Philosophy may in no way interfere with the actual use of language; it can in the end only describe it. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
1028:Philosophy teaches a man that he can't take it with him; taxes teach him he can't leave it behind either. ~ Mignon McLaughlin,
1029:Shall I tell you what philosophy holds out to humanity? Counsel...You are called in to help the unhappy. ~ Seneca the Younger,
1030:The form is phenomenon, the idea is reality. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
1031:There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in our philosophy.” act 1, sc. 5 ~ William Shakespeare,
1032:The word right should be excluded from political language, as the word cause from the language of philosophy. ~ Auguste Comte,
1033:This is the tragedy of almost every civilization—that its soul is in its faith, and seldom survives philosophy. ~ Will Durant,
1034:To persevere is always a reflection of the state of one's inner life, one's philosophy and one's perspective ~ David Guterson,
1035:To theology, ... only what it holds sacred is true, whereas to philosophy, only what holds true is sacred. ~ Ludwig Feuerbach,
1036:You have heard of, and studied various systems of philosophy; but real philosophy is opposed to all systems. ~ Frances Wright,
1037:All variations resolve themselves into an unity. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Kena and Other Upanishads, The Philosophy of the Upanishads,
1038:Darwinism is not merely a support for naturalistic philosophy: it is a product of naturalistic philosophy. ~ Phillip E Johnson,
1039:Energy distributes itself, but never really dissipates itself. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - V,
1040:Epicurus summed up his whole philosophy in his epitaph: ‘I was not; I have been; I am not; I do not mind’ If ~ Nigel Warburton,
1041:God created philosophy for all the intellects that got bored of hearing the same bible stories every Sunday. ~ Shannon L Alder,
1042:Hillary Clinton appears to believe in a form of stoicism - which is a tried and true life philosophy. ~ Christina Hoff Sommers,
1043:It stares you in the face. No role is so well suited to philosophy as the one you happen to be in right now. ~ Marcus Aurelius,
1044:My philosophy of life is that the meek shall inherit nothing but debasement, frustration, and ignoble deaths. ~ Harlan Ellison,
1045:Philosophy calls for plain living, but not for penance; and we may perfectly well be plain and neat at the same time. ~ Seneca,
1046:Philosophy easily triumphs over past and future ills; but present ills triumph over philosophy. ~ Francois de La Rochefoucauld,
1047:Philosophy triumphs easily over past evils and future evils, but present evils triumph over it. ~ Francois de La Rochefoucauld,
1048:Religion and philosophy, philosophy and religion - they're two words which are both ... different. In spelling. ~ Eddie Izzard,
1049:Roast Beef, Medium, is not only a food. It is a philosophy. ... Roast Beef, Medium, is safe, and sane, and sure. ~ Edna Ferber,
1050:Seeking first to understand isn't about who's right or wrong; it is a philosophy of effective communication. ~ Richard Carlson,
1051:So what? Few men, Miles reflected, lived so comfortably within the confines of a two.word personal philosophy. ~ Richard Russo,
1052:Such a man, truly wise, creams off Nature leaving the sour and the dregs for philosophy and reason to lap up. ~ Jonathan Swift,
1053:The discovery of what is true and the practice of that which is good are the two most important aims of philosophy. ~ Voltaire,
1054:The reason I can't follow the old eye-for-an-eye philosophy is that it ends up leaving everyone blind. ~ Martin Luther King Jr,
1055:There is but one philosophy and its name is fortitude! To bear is to conquer our fate. ~ Edward Bulwer Lytton 1st Baron Lytton,
1056:The Study of philosophy is not that we may know what men have thought, but what the truth of things is. ~ Saint Thomas Aquinas,
1057:to learn is not to know; there are the learners and the learned. Memory makes the one, philosophy the other. ~ Alexandre Dumas,
1058:All philosophers should end their days at Pythia's feet. There is only one philosophy, that of unique moments. ~ Emile M Cioran,
1059:An art, which has an aim to achieve the beauty, is called a philosophy or in the absolute sense it is named wisdom. ~ Al Farabi,
1060:Apparent evil is often the shortest way to the good. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Strength of Stillness,
1061:Every transformation demands as its precondition "the ending of a world"-the collapse of an old philosophy of life. ~ Carl Jung,
1062:India is a civilization where the principle and philosophy of sacrifice is ingrained as part of our upbringing. ~ Narendra Modi,
1063:...in no country in the civilized world is less attention paid to philosophy than in the United States. ~ Alexis de Tocqueville,
1064:I play basketball on Sundays and I'm a very spiritual guy; I read a lot of Eastern philosophy and I meditate. ~ Garry Shandling,
1065:I think that [there is] this fundamental right to privacy and the philosophy that government shouldn't be intrusive. ~ Tim Cook,
1066:It requires philosophy and heroism to rise above the opinion of the wise men of all nations and races. ~ Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
1067:Let it go. That’s my philosophy: learn to not give a fuck, at least about petty shit. Life will be much simpler. ~ Cherrie Lynn,
1068:Most mistakes in philosophy and logic occur because the human mind is apt to take the symbol for the reality. ~ Albert Einstein,
1069:My philosophy is to take one day at a time. I don't worry about the future. Tomorrow is even out of sight for me. ~ Bobby Darin,
1070:No human law is the absolute expression of the divine justice, ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - VI,
1071:People are looking for a philosophy they can embody or a series of steps they can take to solve their problems. ~ Donald Miller,
1072:Philosophy is an odd thing. When we use the word in everyday speech, you know, you sometimes hear it hilariously. ~ Stephen Fry,
1073:She talks philosophy and tries to commit suicide every now and again, apparently in order to annoy her husband. ~ Anton Chekhov,
1074:The Baby Boomers: whiny, narcissistic, self-indulgent people with a simple philosophy: "Gimme that! It's mine!" ~ George Carlin,
1075:The best way of approaching philosophy is to ask a few philosophical questions: How was the world created? Is ~ Jostein Gaarder,
1076:The boundary between philosophy and fiction is not as clear cut as you may think and the two definitely interact. ~ Ken Follett,
1077:The next time anyone asks you "What is Bertrand Russell's philosophy?" the correct answer is "What year, please?" ~ Sidney Hook,
1078:The philosopher must become non-philosopher so that non-philosophy becomes the earth and people of philosophy. ~ Gilles Deleuze,
1079:This wasn’t about an infraction, but dictating a philosophy of life: certain types of people must be overseen. ~ Victor LaValle,
1080:To learn is not to know; there are the learners and the learned. Memory makes the one, philosophy the others. ~ Alexandre Dumas,
1081:We do not escape into philosophy, psychology, and art--we go there to restore our shattered selves into whole ones. ~ Anais Nin,
1082:We do not escape into philosophy, psychology, and art--we go there to restore our shattered selves into whole ones. ~ Ana s Nin,
1083:We have had enough, once and for all, of Hedonism--the gloomy philosophy which says that Pleasure is the only good. ~ C S Lewis,
1084:What we call the Ignorance is a cloaked Knowledge. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Supermind and Mind of Light,
1085:You will attract to yourself people who harmonize with your own philosophy of life, whether you wish it or not. ~ Napoleon Hill,
1086:A •practical philosophy doesn’t commit itself to explanations of what happens but to laws about what ought to happen ~ Anonymous,
1087:Heidegger’s philosophy is neither atheism nor theism, but a description of the world from which God is absent. ~ William Barrett,
1088:Hermès and my own brand share the same philosophy, the same vision of women, but the two aren't identical. ~ Christophe Lemaitre,
1089:I'm always looking for the idea in a scene or the philosophy that makes a scene worth existing beyond exposition. ~ Bryan Fuller,
1090:In philosophy, it is not the attainment of the goal that matters, it is the things that are met with by the way ~ Havelock Ellis,
1091:In the battle that is philosophy all the techniques of war, including looting and camouflage, are permissible. ~ Louis Althusser,
1092:I read somewhere that how we shave in the morning has its own philosophy, too. Otherwise, we couldn’t survive. ~ Haruki Murakami,
1093:It's always interesting to see what judges do when their legal philosophy conflicts with their political views. ~ Jeffrey Toobin,
1094:Kindness and love can buy you the whole world; lectures and books and philosophy all stand lower than these. ~ Swami Vivekananda,
1095:Looking back, I should have pursued philosophy and economics and things of that sort in college more, but I didn't. ~ Dan Quayle,
1096:Love is religion, and hate is atheism...ethics is philosophy. ~ Manly P Hall, Back to Basics in Religion, Philosophy and Science,
1097:might try for a doctorate in philosophy and become a teacher, as teaching is, after all, a form of show business. ~ Steve Martin,
1098:Philosophy as science, as serious, rigorous, indeed apodictically rigorous science -- the dream is over. ~ Edmund Husserl,
1099:Philosophy fulfills the need to create for ourselves a single and complete concept of the world and of life. ~ Miguel de Unamuno,
1100:Philosophy is not in the business of explaining anything. Actual occasions explain what happened, not philosophy. ~ Bruno Latour,
1101:Science does not stand still, and neither does philosophy, although the latter has a tendency to walk in circles. ~ Peter Singer,
1102:the Almighty had called upon him to do in this cataclysmic world and the philosophy, the Weltanschauung, that ~ William L Shirer,
1103:The basic drive behind real philosophy is curiosity about the world, not interest in the writings of philosophers. ~ Bryan Magee,
1104:The Flinstones wore furs, they ate red meat, and had a stoneage philosophy. In fact, they were the first Republicans. ~ Jay Leno,
1105:the hermetic philosophy of the harmony between man and nature contained in the phrase “As above, so below. ~ Christiane Northrup,
1106:The proverbial philosophy of a people helps us to understand more about them than any other kind of literature. ~ Lafcadio Hearn,
1107:the rivers of mythology and philosophy run parallel and do not mingle till they meet in the sea of Christendom. ~ G K Chesterton,
1108:Art, science, philosophy, religion -- each offers at best only a crude simplification of actual living experience. ~ Edward Abbey,
1109:Englishmen are babes in philosophy and so prefer faction-fighting to the labour of its unfamiliar thought. ~ William Butler Yeats,
1110:[FBI] philosophy is "Go ahead and make the story you want to make, and hopefully we'll love it." So that's that. ~ Clint Eastwood,
1111:He was weak on philosophy and an excellent driver, but his driving was a lot more dangerous than his philosophy. ~ Bertolt Brecht,
1112:I do not imply that this philosophy of land was always clear to me. It is rather the end result of a life journey. ~ Aldo Leopold,
1113:It is thus the adventure of poetry, not the closure of philosophy, that most truly reflects the human condition. ~ Terry Eagleton,
1114:I wanted a theory that would allow one to live outside the office with the same philosophy one uses inside it. ~ Kenneth Lee Pike,
1115:My parents have a strong work ethic, but their attitude to life, their philosophy, is: 'whatever makes you happy. ~ Sally Hawkins,
1116:My point of view and philosophy continues to change and grow. As the years go by you go through this evolution. ~ Madonna Ciccone,
1117:Nonetheless, to the extent that there is a favored theory in physics and philosophy, it is certainly eternalism. ~ Dean Buonomano,
1118:People who lean on logic and philosophy and rational exposition end by starving the best part of the mind. ~ William Butler Yeats,
1119:Philosophy, as we use the word, is a fight against the fascination which forms of expression exert upon us. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
1120:spent a lot of time on her back, pondering the mystery and vagaries of life. Positional prostitutional philosophy, ~ Marc Cameron,
1121:The decisions of the courts on economic and social questions depend on their economic and social philosophy. ~ Theodore Roosevelt,
1122:The philosophy of reasoning, to be complete, ought to comprise the theory of bad as well as of good reasoning. ~ John Stuart Mill,
1123:There is an Arabic writer who wrote philosophy and poetry and who brought all religions and all the world together. ~ Salma Hayek,
1124:There's no longer a monolithic evil empire somewhere, spreading a different philosophy of life. That doesn't exist. ~ Seth Gordon,
1125:Those who have been eminent in philosophy, politics, poetry, and the arts have all had tendencies toward melancholia. ~ Aristotle,
1126:We are not abandoning our convictions, our philosophy or traditions, nor do we urge anyone to abandon theirs. ~ Mikhail Gorbachev,
1127:We must exchange the philosophy of excuse - what I am is beyond my control for the philosophy of responsibility. ~ Barbara Jordan,
1128:Where there is no limitation, there can be no pain. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Kena and Other Upanishads, The Philosophy of the Upanishads,
1129:22.—Philosophy triumphs easily over past evils and future evils; but present evils triumph over it. ~ Fran ois de La Rochefoucauld,
1130:56:10.10
Truth is the basis of science and philosophy, presenting the intellectual foundation of religion. ~ Urantia Foundation,
1131:a happy state of society will never be achieved, until philosophers are kings, or kings take to studying philosophy. ~ Thomas More,
1132:and in thy papers finde my extasie. ~ Henry Cornelius Agrippa, Three Books of Occult Philosophy (1531), translated by John French.,
1133:An image of thought called philosophy has been formed historically and it effectively stops people from thinking. ~ Gilles Deleuze,
1134:I conceive of nothing, in religion, science or philosophy, that is more than the proper thing to wear, for a while. ~ Charles Fort,
1135:In good philosophy, the word cause ought to be reserved to the single Divine impulse that has formed the universe. ~ Louis Pasteur,
1136:In the hands of a genius, engineering turns to magic, philosophy becomes poetry, and science pure imagination. ~ Benjamin Disraeli,
1137:I thought I'd take style to its limit... My philosophy is a belief in magic, good luck , self-confidence, and pride. ~ Grace Jones,
1138:Jan Dhan Yojana is at the core of our philosophy of 'Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas' & we will work towards its success. ~ Narendra Modi,
1139:My philosophy has always been to help women and men feel comfortable and confident through the clothes they wear. ~ Giorgio Armani,
1140:My philosophy is that it's better to explore life and make mistakes than to play it safe and not to explore at all. ~ Sophia Loren,
1141:My scholarly expectation is then that I may succeed in becoming clever in philosophy in spite of my stupidity. ~ Soren Kierkegaard,
1142:Necessity is the child of the spirit’s free self-determination. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Karma and Freedom,
1143:Philosophy directs us first to seek the goods of the mind, and the rest will either be supplied, or not much wanted. ~ Will Durant,
1144:Philosophy is a bad master for poetry; religion worse; and politics self-serving will never serve the Muse. ~ Shirley Geok lin Lim,
1145:Philosophy which does not help to illuminate the process of the liberation of the oppressed should be rejected. ~ Jean Paul Sartre,
1146:The complete soul possesses all its self and all Nature. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Involution and Evolution,
1147:Their philosophy seemed to be that life would thrive where it could, it was the nature of the universe to do so. ~ Michelle Diener,
1148:There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio,        Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.        But ~ William Shakespeare,
1149:Wizards don’t like philosophy very much. As far as they are concerned, one hand clapping makes a noise like “cl. ~ Terry Pratchett,
1150:A little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion ~ Francis Bacon,
1151:A little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion. ~ Manly P Hall,
1152:All schools of philosophy, and almost all authors, are rather to be frequented for exercise than for weight. ~ Walter Savage Landor,
1153:All this infinite becoming is a birth of the Spirit into form. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Ascending Unity,
1154:A true philosophy may sometimes validate an experience of nature; an experience of nature cannot validate a philosophy. ~ C S Lewis,
1155:General Obregon’s philosophy: “Don’t be afraid of enemies who attack you. Be afraid of the friends who flatter you. ~ Dale Carnegie,
1156:I have gained this by philosophy … I do without being ordered what some are constrained to do by their fear of the law. ~ Aristotle,
1157:I really believe in the philosophy that you create your own universe. I'm just trying to create a good one for myself. ~ Jim Carrey,
1158:One can only worry so much, however; then one becomes philosophical. I suppose philosophy is merely sublimated worry. ~ Paul Bowles,
1159:Philosophy begins in wonder. And at the end when philosophic thought has done its best the wonder remains. ~ Alfred North Whitehead,
1160:Philosophy is a corrective against sadness. Yet there still are people who believe in the profundity of philosophy! ~ Emil M Cioran,
1161:Philosophy is questions that may never be answered. Religion is answers that may never be questioned. —Anonymous ~ Daniel C Dennett,
1162:The most important philosophy I think is that even if it isn't true you must absolutely assume there is no afterlife. ~ Stephen Fry,
1163:Uncomplicated joy and sorrow is not matter for philosophy, but rather for the simpler kinds of poetry and music. ~ Bertrand Russell,
1164:According to Nietzche," said a sharp new voice, making them all jump, "philosophy is the biography of the philosopher. ~ J K Rowling,
1165:A little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion. ~ Francis Bacon,
1166:Even religion had to invent some kind of science for itself (Theology = The philosophy of divinity) To justify its existence. ~ Rius,
1167:History, at least in its ideal state of perfection, is a compound of poetry and philosophy. ~ Nathan Rothschild 1st Baron Rothschild,
1168:in the face of severe injustice, a refusal to dissent is the sign of a character flaw or moral failure. Philosophy ~ Glenn Greenwald,
1169:It is vain philosophy that supposes more causes than are exactly adequate to explain the phenomena of things. ~ Percy Bysshe Shelley,
1170:It took all my philosophy, all the religion I had been taught, all my courage, not to collapse in a paroxysm of fright. ~ E F Benson,
1171:Modern philosophy from Descartes onward has asked itself the question: How can the subject really know the object? ~ William Barrett,
1172:My view is that if your philosophy is not unsettled daily then you are blind to all the universe has to offer. ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson,
1173:One of two things is usually lacking in the so-called Philosophy of Art: either philosophy or art. ~ Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,
1174:Philosophy consists mostly of kicking up a lot of dust and then complaining that you can't see anything. ~ Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz,
1175:Philosophy is a corrective against sadness. Yet there still are people who believe in the profundity of philosophy! ~ Emile M Cioran,
1176:Philosophy of science without history of science is empty; history of science without philosophy of science is blind. ~ Imre Lakatos,
1177:Please tell me you aren’t one of those people who subscribes to the ‘say something nice or stay silent’ philosophy. ~ Gena Showalter,
1178:to learn is not to know; there are the learners and the learned. Memory makes the one, philosophy the other.” “But ~ Alexandre Dumas,
1179:We really are All One....this is the very philosophy that has kept me virtually anonymous in America for fifteen years. ~ Bill Hicks,
1180:Why are we here? Where do we come from? Traditionally, these are questions for philosophy, but philosophy is dead. ~ Stephen Hawking,
1181:Wonder [said Socrates] is very much the affection of a philosopher; for there is no other beginning of philosophy than this. ~ Plato,
1182:You might as well say that a certain philosophy can be believed on Mondays, but cannot be believed on Tuesdays. You ~ G K Chesterton,
1183:Against classical philosophy: thinking about eternity or the immensity of the universe does not lessen my unhappiness. ~ Mason Cooley,
1184:A little philosophy inclineth mans mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth mans minds about to religion.
   ~ Francis Bacon,
1185:A little philosophy inclineth men’s minds to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men’s minds about to religion. ~ Henry Hazlitt,
1186:Any person can achieve greatness if they understand the philosophy of success and the steps required to achieve it. ~ Andrew Carnegie,
1187:College totally changed my life. It changed what I believe and what I think about everything. I majored in philosophy. ~ Steve Martin,
1188:Everyone has some kind of philosophy, some general worldview, which to men of other views will seem mythological. ~ H Richard Niebuhr,
1189:Every trace of the old philosophy and literatureof the ancient world has vanished from the face of the earth. ~ Saint John Chrysostom,
1190:Greta abides by the reasonable philosophy that there is nothing in the universe more boring than someone else's dreams. ~ Elan Mastai,
1191:I went off to college planning to major in math or philosophy-- of course, both those ideas are really the same idea. ~ Frank Wilczek,
1192:My fundamental philosophy is that you owe it to society to transfer to them any knowledge you have that might be useful. ~ Leroy Hood,
1193:My philosophy is always to hire the best from the best. ~ Donald J. Trump with Tony Schwartz, Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987) p. 31,
1194:Philosophy rests on a proposition that whatever is is right. Preaching begins by assuming that whatever is is wrong. ~ Elbert Hubbard,
1195:Philosophy seems to me on the whole a rather hopeless business. ~ Bertrand Russell, in a letter to Gilbert Murray, December 28, 1902.,
1196:Religion and philosophy have their value, but in the end all we can do is open to mystery and live a path with heart ~ Jack Kornfield,
1197:There is a desire deep within the soul which drives man from the seen to the unseen, to philosophy and to the divine. ~ Khalil Gibran,
1198:All the terrestrial past of the world is there summarised in man. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Ascending Unity,
1199:Being a victim is more palatable than having to recognize the intrinsic contradictions of one's own governing philosophy. ~ Tom Clancy,
1200:Ever since history has been written, ever since philosophy has meditated, misery has been the garment of the human race. ~ Victor Hugo,
1201:Everything was dragging me toward the arts; even the study of modern philosophy suggested that philosophy was nonsense. ~ Steve Martin,
1202:Great and terrible systems of divinity and philosophy lie round about us, which, if true, might drive a wise man mad. ~ Walter Bagehot,
1203:He's a beautiful man, but I'm sorry he doesn't agree with my political philosophy

Tip O'Neill on Ronald Reagan ~ Chris Matthews,
1204:Making itself intelligible is suicide for philosophy. ~ Martin Heidegger, Contributions to Philosophy, P. Emad, trans. (1989), p. 307.,
1205:Mental strength is more powerful than physical strength.- STRONG: Powerful Philosophy for Timeless Thoughts by Kailin Gow ~ Kailin Gow,
1206:Most families controlled their children with scripture and a whip. This philosophy extended into the classrooms, too. ~ Carolyn Jessop,
1207:Philosophy begins in wonder. And, at the end, when philosophic thought has done its best, the wonder remains. ~ Alfred North Whitehead,
1208:Philosophy begins when one learns to doubt—particularly to doubt one’s cherished beliefs, one’s dogmas and one’s axioms. ~ Will Durant,
1209:Philosophy is not a matter of knowledge; it is a matter of understanding, that is to say, of organizing what is known. ~ Anthony Kenny,
1210:She prefers simply a life in the shape of an Apollo to that of humpbacked Pulcinello; that is her philosophy. She ~ Henryk Sienkiewicz,
1211:That students of philosophy ought first to learn logics, then ethics, next physics, last of all the nature of the gods.”1 ~ David Hume,
1212:The amusements of life, he argued, should be accepted with the same philosophy as its ills. ("The Striding Place") ~ Gertrude Atherton,
1213:The first thing which philosophy undertakes to give is fellow-feeling with all men; in other words, sympathy and sociability. ~ Seneca,
1214:Theology, philosophy, metaphysics, and quantum physics are merely ways for God to have his smart people believe in him ~ Jeremy Aldana,
1215:There is no body without soul, no body that is not itself a form of soul. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
1216:Whatever works, that's my philosophy. I don't care if it's magic beans or a prayer cloth dipped in the Jordan River. ~ Robert Ferrigno,
1217:Who can doubt, my dear Lucilius, that life is the gift of the immortal gods, but that living well1 is the gift of philosophy? ~ Seneca,
1218:As a writer of philosophy, it's good to ask oneself, 'Will I still believe this a week from now, or months, or even years? ~ Criss Jami,
1219:At the very moment when someone is beginning to take philosophy seriously, the whole world believes the opposite. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche,
1220:But this is the kind of ass-clownery that stems from the fact that all philosophy looks weird when you don't have one. ~ Jonah Goldberg,
1221:Greek philosophy seems to have met with something with which a good tragedy is not supposed to meet, namely, a dull ending. ~ Karl Marx,
1222:Learning philosophy is learning a particular kind of intuitive understanding. ~ Iris Murdoch, Metaphysics As A Guide To Morals, p. 236.,
1223:Life is not logic, life is not philosophy. Life is a dance, a song, a celebration! It is more like love and less like logic. ~ Rajneesh,
1224:Narrative is the way to communicate ideas. Philosophy just tastes bad to most people unless you wrap it up in a good story. ~ Lily King,
1225:One view is that philosophy is a kind of halfway house for questions that have not yet yielded to the scientific method. ~ Ray Kurzweil,
1226:Philosophy is such an impertinently litigious lady that a man had as good be engaged in lawsuits as have to do with her. ~ Isaac Newton,
1227:Philosophy ... should not pretend to increase our present stock, but make us economists of what we are possessed of. ~ Oliver Goldsmith,
1228:Science repudiates philosophy. In other words, it has never cared to justify its truth or explain its meaning. ~ Alfred North Whitehead,
1229:The incomparable stupidity of life teaches us to love our parents; divine philosophy teaches us to forgive them. ~ Baron de Montesquieu,
1230:The person who appeases Philosophy in matters of logic, is the person who got bankrupt in the first place in Science. ~ Ibrahim Ibrahim,
1231:T he single most important practice in Stoic philosophy is differentiating between what we can change and what we can’t. ~ Ryan Holiday,
1232:The Study of philosophy is not that we may know what men have thought, but what the truth of things is. ~ Saint Thomas Aquinas, #index,
1233:The value given to the testimony of any feeling must depend on our whole philosophy, not our whole philosophy on a feeling. ~ C S Lewis,
1234:They declaim against the passions without bothering to think that it is from their flame philosophy lights its torch. ~ Marquis de Sade,
1235:A liberal is only a bundle of prejudices until he has mastered, has understood, experienced the philosophy of Conservatism. ~ Lord Acton,
1236:As long as I am running this Government I will run the Government as I see fit... as I believe in, based on my philosophy. ~ Brian Cowen,
1237:Attention to detail can't be (and never is) added later. It's an entire development philosophy, methodology, and culture. ~ Marco Arment,
1238:Everyone should study at least enough philosophy and belles-lettres to make his sexual experience more delectable. ~ Georg C Lichtenberg,
1239:Forcing this philosophy deeper into his mind, searching for the soil of its roots, he allows himself to breathe, slowly. ~ Josh Malerman,
1240:From exchange we can rise to the highest possible idea of interchange. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - VII,
1241:I am not an absolutist or chauvinist whose ways are immune to evolution. My core philosophy is that I might be wrong. ~ Asaad Almohammad,
1242:It is given to us to calculate, to weigh, to measure, to observe, this is natural philosophy; almost all the rest is chimera. ~ Voltaire,
1243:It is within science itself, and not in some prior philosophy, that reality is to be identified and described. ~ Willard Van Orman Quine,
1244:I very rarely read any fiction. I love biographies; I read about all kinds of people. I love theology and some philosophy. ~ Al Sharpton,
1245:of all the avenues for curing our negative characteristics, philosophy has existed the longest and helped the most people ~ Ryan Holiday,
1246:Philosophy should make clear and delimit sharply the thoughts which otherwise are, as it were, opaque and blurred. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
1247:There is space in its philosophy for everyone which is one reason why India is a home to every single religion in the world. ~ H G Wells,
1248:we are fallen fools, most of our philosophy is not “the proper use of human reason” but the improper use of human reason. ~ Peter Kreeft,
1249:Without the communist oppression, I am absolutely sure I would now be a local stupid professor of philosophy in Ljubljana. ~ Slavoj i ek,
1250:You only get married the first time once.” There was the philosophy of a generation wrapped up in a tidy little sentence ~ Carrie Vaughn,
1251:A little or superficial knowledge may incline a man's mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth him back to religion. ~ Anonymous,
1252:All we know of science or of religion comes from philosophy. It lies behind and above all other knowledge we have or use. ~ L Ron Hubbard,
1253:Ambassador Noyes had another trait I had noticed in many slow-witted people: he was tremendously interested in philosophy. ~ Paul Theroux,
1254:a philosophy borrowed from the long-suffering Scots, that there is no such thing as bad weather, only the wrong clothes.  ~ Bruce Beckham,
1255:But if science may be said to be blind without philosophy, it is true also that philosophy is virtually empty without science. ~ A J Ayer,
1256:Contemporary science is based on the philosophy of materialism, which claims that all reality is material or physical. ~ Rupert Sheldrake,
1257:If we include hedonistic philosophy in hospitals, the lives of patients suffering from cancer would be much, much better. ~ Michel Onfray,
1258:I think that in no country in the civilized world is less attention paid to philosophy than in the United States. ~ Alexis de Tocqueville,
1259:Life does not agree with philosophy: There is no happiness that is not idleness, and only what is useless is pleasurable. ~ Anton Chekhov,
1260:Philosophy begins in wonder. And, at the end, when philosophic thought has done its best, the wonder remains.
   ~ Alfred North Whitehead,
1261:Philosophy begins when one learns to doubt -- particularly to doubt one's cherished beliefs, one's dogmas and one's axioms. ~ Will Durant,
1262:Philosophy is in fact a quest for wisdom based in sophia; that quest for wisdom has everything to do with a love of wisdom. ~ Cornel West,
1263:Plain women he regarded as he did the other severe facts of life, to be faced with philosophy and investigated by science. ~ George Eliot,
1264:Socialism is the philosophy of failure, the creed of ignorance, and the
gospel of envy.”
[PERTH, 28 MAY 1948] ~ Winston S Churchill,
1265:The Sun Stone, the famous Aztec calendar, is unquestionably a perfect summary of science, philosophy, art and religion. ~ Samael Aun Weor,
1266:those who make philosophy the business of their lives, generally turn out rogues if they are bad men, and fools if they are good. ~ Plato,
1267:Triumphal arch, that fill'st the sky When storms prepare to part, I ask not proud Philosophy To teach me what thou art. ~ Thomas Campbell,
1268:Unless philosophy can make a Juliet,
Displant a town, reverse a prince’s doom,
It helps not, it prevails not. ~ William Shakespeare,
1269:Without the communist oppression, I am absolutely sure I would now be a local stupid professor of philosophy in Ljubljana. ~ Slavoj Zizek,
1270:A general philosophy of the female characters in my films is they all want something to believe in, and not having anything. ~ Woody Allen,
1271:A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. ~ Martin Farquhar Tupper, Proverbial Philosophy (1838-1842), "Of Reading".,
1272:Anyone can keep going in an easy situation, but do you have a philosophy which can enable you to meet the worst hardship? ~ Sun Myung Moon,
1273:by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ~ Anonymous,
1274:I do not have much liking for the too famous existential philosophy, and, to tell the truth, I think its conclusions false. ~ Albert Camus,
1275:Investment philosophy is the clear understanding that by owning shares of stocks he owns businesses, not pieces of paper. ~ Warren Buffett,
1276:Marla's philosophy of life, she told me, is that she can die at any moment. The tragedy of her life is that she doesn't. ~ Chuck Palahniuk,
1277:Marla’s philosophy of life, she told me, is that she can die at any moment. The tragedy of her life is that she doesn’t. ~ Chuck Palahniuk,
1278:My whole philosophy is working smarter and not harder. And making sure I'm using little effort and getting a huge effect. ~ Anthony Pettis,
1279:Philosophy — the power of separate thought and the thought of separate power — was never by itself able to supersede theology. ~ Anonymous,
1280:Rather, think of etiquette as a philosophy of living and enjoying life with grace, compassion, and respect for others. ~ Mary Alice Monroe,
1281:Religion ends and philosophy begins, just as alchemy ends and chemistry begins, and astrology ends and astronomy begins. ~ Richard Dawkins,
1282:Smith, I distrust any kind of Buddhism or any kinda philosophy or social system that puts down sex said Japhy (Gary Snyder) ~ Jack Kerouac,
1283:The best philosophers were not academics, but had another job, so their philosophy was not corrupted by careerism. ~ Nassim Nicholas Taleb,
1284:The emblem of a philosophy is not that it contains a set of specific thoughts , but that it generates a way of thinking. ~ Samuel R Delany,
1285:The great benefit of philosophy, which is also its great weakness, is that all its steps are taken in the spirit of doubt. ~ Roger Scruton,
1286:The philosophy of hedonism means little to lovers of pleasure. They have no inclination to read philosophy, or to write it. ~ Mason Cooley,
1287:The progress of mankind is due exclusively to the progress of natural sciences, not to morals, religion or philosophy. ~ Justus von Liebig,
1288:There is a ... matter - much more valuable and divine than natural philosophy . ... On this matter I must speak to you in enigmas. ~ Plato,
1289:why are we here?
where do we come from?
traditionally,these are questions
for philosophy,but philosophy is dead ~ Stephen Hawking,
1290:Without ego I don't know how identity works, I don't know... I need to sit down and re-read some philosophy or something. ~ Sophia Amoruso,
1291:Do not commence your exercises in philosophy in those regions where an error can deliver you over to the executioner. ~ Georg C Lichtenberg,
1292:Hegel's philosophy is so odd that one would not have expected him to be able to get some men to accept it, but he did." ~ Bertrand Russell,
1293:Human philosophy tends to shake down into values which might be categorized as intellectual, religious, moral, and aesthetic. ~ Dan Simmons,
1294:I am concerned, rather, that there should not be more things dreamt of in my philosophy than there are in heaven or earth. ~ Nelson Goodman,
1295:I don't really believe in dialogue; I am too Nietzschean for that. We need to have a warrior conception of philosophy. ~ Bernard Henri Levy,
1296:If an angel were to tell us about his philosophy, I believe many of his statements might well sound like '2 x 2= 13'. ~ Georg C Lichtenberg,
1297:If we believe something does not exist unless we measure it, then we put aside: love, feeling, intuition, art and philosophy. ~ Peter Block,
1298:It is certain that memory contains not only philosophy, but all the arts and all that appertain to the use of life. ~ Marcus Tullius Cicero,
1299:...love rather than fear...this radical philosophy is coming from me, an avowed misanthrope...surely there is hope for us all. ~ Bill Hicks,
1300:Socialism is the philosophy of failure, the creed of ignorance, and the
gospel of envy.”
—WSC, PERTH, 28 MAY 1948 ~ Winston Churchill,
1301:That's the underlying philosophy of Chinese driving courses: if something is technically difficult, then in must be useful. ~ Peter Hessler,
1302:The paper was Catholic, but she embraced a philosophy of personalism, which is an affirmation of the dignity of each person, ~ David Brooks,
1303:The Philosophy of Princes is to dive into the Secrets of men, leaving the secrets of nature to those that have spare time. ~ George Herbert,
1304:Those that study particular sciences, and neglect philosophy, are like Penelope's wooers, that make love to the waiting women. ~ Aristippus,
1305:Whatever science and philosophy may do for mankind, the world can never outgrow its need of the simplicity that is in Christ. ~ Lucy Larcom,
1306:curriculum committee were not entirely wrong. Death is not a philosophical issue; it is a literary one. And yet, if philosophy ~ Lee Gutkind,
1307:Few leaders are born. We learn to be leaders. We learn by working with other people and working through our philosophy. ~ Frances Hesselbein,
1308:I always lov'd Precaution, and took care to avoid Dangers. But when a thing was past, I ever had Philosophy to be easie. ~ Susanna Centlivre,
1309:I never considered a difference of opinion in politics, in religion, in philosophy, as cause for withdrawing from a friend. ~ James Campbell,
1310:It is love, and not German philosophy, that is the true explanation of the world, whatever may be the explanation of the next. ~ Oscar Wilde,
1311:It’s ever been the way of the man of science or philosophy. Most folks stay in the dark and then complain they can’t see nothing. ~ Ron Rash,
1312:McCarthy generally, as an individual, was a liberal. He was, in economic philosophy and a lot of other things, extremely liberal. ~ Roy Cohn,
1313:One novel in five hundred or a thousand has the quality a novel should have to make it a novel -- the quality of philosophy. ~ Doris Lessing,
1314:Philosophy has a great sort of appeal in terms of an artistic or aesthetic organization of concepts. It's a conceptual art. ~ William H Gass,
1315:Philosophy is explicitness, generality, orientation and assessment. That which one would insinuate, thereof one must speak. ~ Ernest Gellner,
1316:Philosophy is regarded by many as inseparable from speculation. ... Philosophy has proceeded from speculation to science. ~ Hans Reichenbach,
1317:Science and Philosophy are never entirely dispassionate and disinterested. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Human Cycle, The Reason as Governor of Life,
1318:Someone asked me once what my philosophy of life was, and I said some crazy thing. I should have said, how the hell do I know? ~ Rock Hudson,
1319:The essence of philosophy is that a man should so live that his happiness shall depend as little as possible on external things. ~ Epictetus,
1320:Those who advocate common usage in philosophy sometimes speak in a manner that suggests the mystique of the 'common man.' ~ Bertrand Russell,
1321:Transform reason into ordered intuition; let all thyself be light. This is thy goal.
   ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, [T5],
1322:When the soul wants to depend upon nothing, not even upon life, that is the height of philosophy, the height of manhood. ~ Swami Vivekananda,
1323:Zen is not a philosophy, it is poetry. It does not propose, it simply persuades. It does not argue, it simply sings its own song. ~ Rajneesh,
1324:A divine life in a divine body is the formula of the ideal that we envisage. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Divine Body,
1325:Christianity is not a theory or speculation, but a life; not a philosophy of life, but a life and a living process. ~ Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
1326:Emerson used India to formulate his philosophy, and India used Emerson to legitimize its ancient wisdom to the modern mind. ~ Philip Goldberg,
1327:He who has religion will speak poetry. But philosophy is the tool with which to seek and discover religion. ~ Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,
1328:I think philosophy is all about lived experience, which is to say life in the streets, life in a variety of different contexts. ~ Cornel West,
1329:My philosophy is never start talking about 'if,' 'and,' 'but' or the past, because 90 percent of what follows will be negative. ~ Gordie Howe,
1330:My philosophy is that one shall not resort to violence unless one is resolved to become the subject of violence at any time. ~ Takeshi Kitano,
1331:Neither party has God on its side, a monopoly on good ideas, or a lock on any single fiscal, social, or moral philosophy. ~ Michael Bloomberg,
1332:Persons who have been homeless carry within them a certain philosophy of life which makes them apprehensive about ownership. ~ Jerzy Kosinski,
1333:Science, philosophy and religion are bound to converge as they draw nearer to the whole. ~ Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon Of Man,
1334:Sometimes I have this feeling,” Walter said, “that he operates on the philosophy that ‘what Walter doesn’t know won’t hurt him. ~ Julia Glass,
1335:Wisdom that is not acted upon is just philosophy... but when lived as a verb, wisdom will be the foundation of your success. ~ Steve Maraboli,
1336:[A] little philosophy inclineth man’s mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth men’s minds about to religion.”32 Bacon ~ David Barton,
1337:A little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion. ~ Francis Bacon, Atheism,
1338:All things are there as the spirit’s powers and means and forms of manifestation. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
1339:Human experience is usually paradoxical, if that means incongruous with the phrases of current talk or even current philosophy. ~ George Eliot,
1340:Ideas trickle out of science, into the flow of commerce, where they drift into less protectable eddies of art and philosophy. ~ Steven Johnson,
1341:[I]ndeed, one hears, in early Christian theology, as many echoes of Persian dualism as of Hebrew Puritanism or Greek philosophy. ~ Will Durant,
1342:I never considered a difference of opinion in politics, in religion, in philosophy, as cause for withdrawing from a friend. ~ Thomas Jefferson,
1343:Let us therefore study the incidents in this as philosophy to learn wisdom from and none of them as wrongs to be avenged.... ~ Abraham Lincoln,
1344:On all vital measures, measures necessary to protect you, the Democrats in Washington follow a simple philosophy: Just say no. ~ George W Bush,
1345:Science is what we know, and philosophy is what we don't know. ~ Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays (1950), Chapter II: Philosophy for Laymen.,
1346:That no philosophy can lift. ~ William Wordsworth, Presentiments. Reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 596-97.,
1347:the aggregation of marginal gains,” which was the philosophy of searching for a tiny margin of improvement in everything you do. ~ James Clear,
1348:The philosophy of this world may be founded on facts, but its business is run on spiritual impressions and atmospheres. ~ Gilbert K Chesterton,
1349:All birth is a progressive self-finding, a means of self-realisation. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Involution and Evolution,
1350:Always laugh when you can; it is cheap medicine. Merriment is a philosophy not well understood. It is the sunny side of existence. ~ Lord Byron,
1351:Any theory, hypothesis, philosophy, sect, creed or institution that fears investigation, openly manifests its own error. ~ Andrew Jackson Davis,
1352:A sound philosophy of life, I think, may be the most valuable asset for a psychiatrist to have when he is treating a patient. ~ Viktor E Frankl,
1353:Because men have so long ruled the world, it does not follow that the philosophy by which they have ruled it is the correct one. ~ Dora Russell,
1354:But human experience is usually paradoxical, that means incongruous with the phrases of current talk or even current philosophy. ~ George Eliot,
1355:I came into acting with that sort of dull, meet-with-triumph-and-disaster-the-same philosophy and it's been the right one for me. ~ Jamie Sives,
1356:If I lost all, at least I would have played for it. It had always been my philosophy that one must play, or be a loser two-fold. ~ Anna Freeman,
1357:I found it challenging to give her an accurate account of his odd humanity, his unique philosophy, and his uncentred morality ~ Haruki Murakami,
1358:It was my first meeting with a philosophy that confirmed my vague speculations and seemed at once logical and boundless. ~ William Butler Yeats,
1359:Philosophy, from the earliest times, has made greater claims, and achieved fewer results, than any other branch of learning. ~ Bertrand Russell,
1360:The Spirit manifest as Intelligence is the basis of the world. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
1361:The study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy ~ Abraham Maslow,
1362:The ultimate goal of Pythagorean and Platonic philosophy was assimilation to god through the cultivation of virtue and truth. ~ Algis U davinys,
1363:The XP philosophy is to start where you are now and move towards the ideal. From where you are now, could you improve a little bit? ~ Kent Beck,
1364:Birth is the first spiritual mystery of the physical universe, death is the second. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, The Philosophy of Rebirth,
1365:Come,” he called after a while, “let’s practice a little philosophy now; that is, let’s shut up, lie on our stomachs, and think. ~ Hermann Hesse,
1366:Every one of our beliefs, from a minimal one like the sound of a letter to a whole philosophy, is using our life force to survive. ~ Miguel Ruiz,
1367:I am interested in study, reflection, philosophy - but always as a dilettante. I also consider myself a dilettante as a painter. ~ Antoni Tapies,
1368:Interesting office management skills, kind of a 'violence is not the answer so I'm going to beat the shit out of you philosophy. ~ Craig Johnson,
1369:It is certain that the easy and obvious philosophy will always, with the generality of mankind, have preference above the accurate. ~ David Hume,
1370:I went to Notre Dame. I don't know if that has any relevance, but maybe we all had a little too much philosophy and theology. ~ William Mapother,
1371:knew that he consumed volumes of political philosophy as if it were beach reading, that he spent all his spare change on books. ~ Michelle Obama,
1372:Let philosophy resolutely aim to be as scientific as possible, but let her not forget her strong kinship with literature. ~ Morris Raphael Cohen,
1373:Philosophy is the thoughts of men about human thinking, reasoning and imagining, and the real values in human existence. ~ Charles William Eliot,
1374:Pre-Socratic philosophy begins … with the discovery of Nature; Socratic philosophy begins with the discovery of man’s soul.”3 ~ William B Irvine,
1375:Talking high philosophy often confuses people, but a look from an egoless person can lift the clouds of pain and despair. ~ Mata Amritanandamayi,
1376:The cosmos is eternally one and many and does not by becoming cease to be one. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - III,
1377:The urge to make art or contemplate philosophy does not go away when you are sick. Those urges just become transfigured by illness. ~ John Green,
1378:thought you went to college here. Did you party too much and drop out?” “No, I got a philosophy degree.” “Oh.” “I’ll get the guns. ~ Bobby Adair,
1379:We need a moral philosophy in which the concept of love, so rarely mentioned now by philosophers, can once again be made central. ~ Iris Murdoch,
1380:Whoever does not philosophize for the sake of philosophy, but rather uses philosophy as a means, is a sophist. ~ Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,
1381:Academe, n.: An ancient school where morality and philosophy were taught. Academy, n.: A modern school where football is taught. ~ Ambrose Bierce,
1382:A fool's brain digests philosophy into folly, science into superstition, and art into pedantry. Hence University education. ~ George Bernard Shaw,
1383:All roads are blocked to a philosophy which reduces everything to the word 'no.' To 'no' there is only one answer and that is 'yes. ~ Victor Hugo,
1384:Gurgeh never ceased to be fascinated by the way a society’s games revealed so much about its ethos, its philosophy, its very soul. ~ Iain M Banks,
1385:I have a friend who lives by a three-word philosophy: Seize the Moment. Just possibly, she may be the wisest woman on this planet. ~ Erma Bombeck,
1386:In Hungary, acting is a career for which one fits himself as earnestly as one studies for a degree in medicine, law, or philosophy. ~ Bela Lugosi,
1387:Literature ceases to be literature when it commits itself to moral uplift; it becomes moral philosophy or some such dull thing. ~ Anthony Burgess,
1388:Misfortunes, in fine, cannot be avoided; but they may be sweetened, if not overcome, and our lives made happy by philosophy. ~ Seneca the Younger,
1389:Philosophy and religion are the soul of Indian culture. ~ Sri Aurobindo, The Renaissance in India, A Rationalistic Critic on Indian Culture - II,
1390:Philosophy must never be divorced from action. Unless it is put into practice, philosophy is nothing more than an intellectual game. ~ Josei Toda,
1391:Philosophy stands in need of a science which shall determine the possibility, principles, and extent of human knowledge à priori. ~ Immanuel Kant,
1392:Roilant caught himself, with exasperation, slipping into vacuous philosophy, a sure sign his opinion of life was at its very lowest. ~ Tanith Lee,
1393:So in the end, when one is doing philosophy, one gets to the point where one would like just to emit an inarticulate sound. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
1394:The Copernican revolution brought about by Kant was, I think, the most important single turning point in the history of philosophy. ~ Bryan Magee,
1395:The notion that he can accomplish a huge amount with a larger time frame, if he is steady about it, is fundamentally his philosophy. ~ Brad Stone,
1396:There is nothing which is exclusively spirit or exclusively matter. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Kena and Other Upanishads, The Philosophy of the Upanishads,
1397:There is philosophy, which is about conceptual analysis - about the meaning of what we say - and there is all of this ... all of life. ~ A J Ayer,
1398:The spectacle does not realize philosophy, it philosophizes reality, reducing everyone’s concrete life to a universe of speculation. ~ Guy Debord,
1399:To praise oneself is considered improper, immodest; to praise one’s own sect, one’s own philosophy, is considered the highest duty. ~ Lev Shestov,
1400:We need energy, commitment, and courage not to run from our life nor to cover it over with any philosophy—material or spiritual. ~ Jack Kornfield,
1401:A Grecian history, perfectly written should be a complete record of the rise and progress of poetry, philosophy, and the arts. ~ Thomas B Macaulay,
1402:A novel is never anything but a philosophy expressed in images. And in a good novel the philosophy has disappeared into the images. ~ Albert Camus,
1403:A philosophy may explain difficult things, but has no power to change them. The gospel, the story of Jesus' life, promises change. ~ Philip Yancey,
1404:Being our Self is the wisest philosophy, the bravest action, the kindest consideration and the greatest act of healing imaginable. ~ Robert Holden,
1405:Christianity is at its purest a philosophy about a person, Jesus Christ, and at its dirtiest a philosophy about requirements and law. ~ Criss Jami,
1406:Greek is a musical and prolific language, that gives a soul to the objects of sense, and a body to the abstractions of philosophy. ~ Edward Gibbon,
1407:Historically, philosophy does not have an impressive track record of answering questions about natural world in a decisive manner. ~ Christof Koch,
1408:IDEAS TRICKLE OUT OF SCIENCE, into the flow of commerce, where they drift into the less predictable eddies of art and philosophy. ~ Steven Johnson,
1409:If an angel were to tell us about his philosophy, I believe many of his statements might well sound like '2 x 2= 13'. ~ Georg C Lichtenberg, [T5],
1410:I like Sade. I’m re-reading Juliette. I skip the philosophy and read the salacious bits. His descriptive imagination is incredible. ~ Michael Gira,
1411:Moral relativism has a reputation for being compassionate, caring and humane, but it is an extremely useful philosophy for tyrants. ~ Peter Kreeft,
1412:Philosophy finds it an easy matter to vanquish past and future evils, but the present are commonly too hard for it. ~ Francois de La Rochefoucauld,
1413:Pre-Socratic philosophy begins ... with the discovery of Nature; Socratic philosophy begins with the discovery of man's soul."3 ~ William B Irvine,
1414:Socrates condemned art because he preferred philosophy and only after much internal struggle did Plato accept this judgment. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche,
1415:So philosophy purifies the will. But philosophy is to be understood as experience and thought, not as mere reading or passive study. ~ Will Durant,
1416:That the world is a divine game and beyond good and evil:Min this the Vedanta philosophy and Heraclitus are my predecessors. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche,
1417:The Darwinian concept of the survival of the fittest has been substituted by a philosophy of the survival of the slickest. ~ Martin Luther King Jr,
1418:There is not, I think, a single country in the civilized world where less attention is paid to philosophy than in the United States. ~ Amor Towles,
1419:...there is no true understanding of any art without some knowledge of its philosophy. Only then does its meaning come clear. ~ Frank Lloyd Wright,
1420:Buddhism has become a socially recognized religious philosophy for Americans, whereas it used to be considered an exotic religion. ~ Thurston Moore,
1421:I arrived from Harvard, where I had studied philosophy and the history of ideas, with a bias toward literature and formal thought. ~ Robert Darnton,
1422:I can remember picking up weighty tomes on the history of science and the history of philosophy and reading those when I was small. ~ Peter Ackroyd,
1423:It is to make the yoga the ideal of human life that India rises today. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Ideal of the Karmayogin,
1424:My philosophy is always, "Let's get the spirit of the character." If people believe in it and the spirit of it, then it will work. ~ Julian Jarrold,
1425:No performance is worth loss of geniality. 'Tis a cruel price we pay for certain fancy goods called fine arts and philosophy. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson,
1426:Not all the problems must be solved! Stick to this philosophy and you will save awful a lot of time! Stick to this philosophy! ~ Mehmet Murat ildan,
1427:Philosophy is by its nature something esoteric, neither made for the mob nor capable of being prepared for the mob. ~ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,
1428:such lines of inquiry start to smack of philosophy, and it is far better to avoid that murky swamp and answer this by science alone. ~ Robert Lanza,
1429:The men sit around getting fat and arguing with each other about something they call “philosophy” - most of which is pure nonsense. ~ David Eddings,
1430:The relation of this God with this man; the relation of this man with this God--this is the only theme of the Bible and of philosophy. ~ Karl Barth,
1431:What is that by knowing which everything in this universe is known?’22 That is the answer that Hindu philosophy seeks to provide. ~ Hindol Sengupta,
1432:While I am interested both in economics and in philosophy, the union of my interests in the two fields far exceeds their intersection ~ Amartya Sen,
1433:Any materialist philosophy must take as its point of departure the existence of a material world that is independent of our minds. ~ Manuel De Landa,
1434:Fire is bright and fire is clean. That way lies melancholy. Don't let the torrent of melancholy and drear philosophy drown our world. ~ Ray Bradbury,
1435:Freedom may be illusory and our apparent freedom may be a real and iron bondage. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Fate and Free-Will,
1436:In the name of the cross, more injustice has been perpetrated than for any other single cause or emblem or philosophy or creed on Earth. ~ Anne Rice,
1437:I think I summed up my attitude to philosophy when I said: philosophy ought really to be written only as a poetic composition. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein,
1438:It's no use trying to talk philosophy to our politicians. And I'm not a moral or political philosopher. I'm not interested in that. ~ Marjorie Grene,
1439:just as soon as a philosophy begins believing in itself. It always creates the world in its own image, it cannot do otherwise; ~ Friedrich Nietzsche,
1440:Matter is only so much mobile energy vibrating intensely into form. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
1441:Philippe seemed to think that pacifism was a workable philosophy. Ghosting may have reduced conquest, but it has never stopped it. ~ L E Modesitt Jr,
1442:Philosophy alone makes the mind invincible, and places us out of the reach of fortune, so that all her arrows fall short of us. ~ Seneca the Younger,
1443:Philosophy always buries its undertakers. ~ Étienne Gilson, The Unity of Philosophical Experience (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937), p. 306.,
1444:Philosophy can bake no bread; but she can procure for us God, Freedom, Immortality. Which, then, is more practical, Philosophy or Economy? ~ Novalis,
1445:Science may eventually explain the world of How. The ultimate world of Why may remain for contemplation, philosophy, religion. ~ Liberty Hyde Bailey,
1446:The form is the manifestation or appearance, the idea is the truth. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
1447:The message of guidance that neither politics nor philosophy nor religion now seems able to provide, we look for in modern literature. ~ Irving Howe,
1448:When he who hears does not know what he who speaks means, and when he who speaks does not know what he himself means, that is philosophy. ~ Voltaire,
1449:While I am interested both in economics and in philosophy, the union of my interests in the two fields far exceeds their intersection. ~ Amartya Sen,
1450:You can be creative in anything - in math, science, engineering, philosophy - as much as you can in music or in painting or in dance. ~ Ken Robinson,
1451:A gentleman can't even discuss fucking philosophy without you puritanical twats casting judgmental glances at his tackle d'amore. ~ Christopher Moore,
1452:And so my militant philosophy is this: to make with a brush on canvas is a simple direct delight-to make with the movie is the same. ~ Norman McLaren,
1453:Art, music, and philosophy are merely poignant examples of what we might have been had not the priests and traders gotten hold of us. ~ George Carlin,
1454:Fight Club is a thrill ride masquerading as philosophy - the kind of ride where some people puke and others can't wait to get on again. ~ Roger Ebert,
1455:His philosophy was the polar opposite of modern Gnosticism, in which a self-deified humanity brings history to a triumphant conclusion. ~ John N Gray,
1456:I begin to perceive that I am a woman. What that is, heaven knows... the philosophy is yet to be written, there is a world to be explored. ~ Pam Gems,
1457:If Martin [Luther King, Jr.]'s philosophy had been embraced and lived out in Iraq and other places, we wouldn't have bin Ladens. ~ Coretta Scott King,
1458:It's progress I think, that science has joined philosophy, metaphysics & religion as subjects drunk people argue about in bars. ~ Neil deGrasse Tyson,
1459:Many of our ideas of democracy, so much of our literature and philosophy and science can be traced back to roots right here in Athens. ~ Barack Obama,
1460:Our humanity is the conscious meeting place of the finite and the infinite. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Involution and Evolution,
1461:Pessimism is the night-side of thought, a melodrama of the futility of the brain, a lyricism written in the graveyard of philosophy. ~ Eugene Thacker,
1462:Philosophy is an interpretation of the world in order to change it. ~ Karl Marx cited in: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry by Jonathan Wolff,
1463:Philosophy is man’s expression of curiosity about everything and his attempt to make sense of the world primarily through his intellect. ~ Alan Watts,
1464:Philosophy must indeed recognize the possibility that the people rise to it, but must not lower itself to the people. ~ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,
1465:The disinterested imaginative core of mythology is what develops into literature, science, philosophy. Religion is applied mythology. ~ Northrop Frye,
1466:The God to whom depth in philosophy bring back men's minds is far from being the same from whom a little philosophy estranges them ~ George Santayana,
1467:The gospel message does not center in a philosophy, a doctrine, or a religious system. It centers in Jesus Christ, the Son of God. ~ Warren W Wiersbe,
1468:The marvel of the Bhagavad-Gita is its truly beautiful revelation of life's wisdom which enables philosophy to blossom into religion. ~ Hermann Hesse,
1469:The philosophy of life is this: Life is not a struggle, not a tension Life is bliss. It is eternal wisdom, eternal existence. ~ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi,
1470:There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy. —William Shakespeare, Hamlet, act 1, scene 5 ~ Max Tegmark,
1471:there rose this man Krishna, and in the Gita he tries to reconcile the ceremony and the philosophy of the priests and the people. ~ Swami Vivekananda,
1472:The spectacle does not realize philosophy, it philosophizes reality, reducing everyone’s concrete life to a
universe of speculation. ~ Guy Debord,
1473:...you don't need to be technically great, because if you have a strong philosophy people will be moved by your pictures regardless. ~ Mario Sorrenti,
1474:Adwaita is true, because the Many are only manifestations of the One. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
1475:And truly Philosophy is but sophisticated poetry. Whence do those ancient writers derive all their authority but from the poets? ~ Michel de Montaigne,
1476:Being is an eternal becoming and yet the Becoming resolves itself into eternal being. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Heraclitus - II,
1477:I practice stoic philosophy. As a human being, you may have emotions, but these don't need to affect your soul. The two are not one. ~ Daphne Guinness,
1478:isn't there some philosophy about how it's the arts that separate humans from animals?
Really? I thought it was not eating our young. ~ Claire Zorn,
1479:It is the forgetfulness of these principles which as made for the anarchy in thinking in so much of the anemic philosophy of our day. ~ Fulton J Sheen,
1480:Limitation by ignorance and error is the fundamental defect of an untransformed mind, ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Divine Body,
1481:My philosophy is the thicker the wood the thicker the sound, the bigger the string the bigger the sound. My smallest string is a 14 gauge. ~ Dick Dale,
1482:Order is not inconsistent with liberty but rather the condition for the right use of liberty. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Message,
1483:Our imagination is struck only by what is great; but the lover of natural philosophy should reflect equally on little things. ~ Alexander von Humboldt,
1484:Our philosophy is about reaching back to move forward. We have something different to say with a sensibility that is both old and new. ~ John Varvatos,
1485:The chief danger to philosophy is narrowness in the selection of evidence. ~ Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology (1929),
1486:The promise of business is to increase the general well-being of humankind through service, a creative invention and ethical philosophy. ~ Paul Hawken,
1487:There is no room in this philosophy for a middle ground, or a series of gradations, between the passive and aggressive status. Many, ~ Benjamin Graham,
1488:The ruler must be a philosopher as well as a king; and he must govern unwillingly, because he loves philosophy better than dominion. ~ Marcus Aurelius,
1489:We do not learn by inference and deduction and the application of mathematics to philosophy, but by direct intercourse and sympathy. ~ Richard M Nixon,
1490:Zen is influenced by Daoism, which is not so much a nature-religion in the animistic sense as a nature-philosophy in a cosmic sense. ~ Quentin S Crisp,
1491:All cannot, indeed, reach in a single life the highest in this path, but all can go forward. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, Karmayoga,
1492:Any creed whose basic doctrines do not include respect for the creeds of others, is simply power politics masquerading as philosophy. ~ Sydney J Harris,
1493:Everything is put out from latency, nothing is brought into existence. ~ Sri Aurobindo, Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, The Stress of the Hidden Spirit,
1494:hedonism is the default philosophy of most people and certainly has become the dominant view of consumer “shop till you drop” culture. ~ Dalai Lama XIV,
1495:He who accepts the unaltered philosophy of another is as ludicrous as he who donshis neighbor's hat, and infinitely more ridiculous. ~ Paulette Goddard,
1496:I have said my philosophy - I'm a backyard philosopher, I guess - is that the dirtiest word in the English language is "retirement." ~ Frank Sinatra Jr,
1497:I think everybody should study ants. They have an amazing four-part philosophy. Never give up, look ahead, stay positive and do all you can. ~ Jim Rohn,
1498:Men are not allowed to think freely about chemistry and biology: why should they be allowed to think freely about political philosophy? ~ Auguste Comte,
1499:Mere philosophy will not satisfy us. We cannot reach the goal by mere words alone. Without practice, nothing can be achieved. (3) ~ Swami Satchidananda,
1500:My philosophy about the whole thing is that awards are like gifts: it's lovely to receive them, and it is very bad form to covet them. ~ Charlie Hunnam,

IN CHAPTERS [150/697]



  217 Integral Yoga
   62 Philosophy
   59 Occultism
   52 Yoga
   42 Psychology
   42 Poetry
   35 Christianity
   22 Fiction
   12 Hinduism
   10 Science
   2 Mysticism
   2 Cybernetics
   1 Theosophy
   1 Thelema
   1 Sufism
   1 Mythology
   1 Integral Theory
   1 Education
   1 Buddhism
   1 Baha i Faith
   1 Alchemy


  215 Sri Aurobindo
   55 Nolini Kanta Gupta
   51 The Mother
   41 Carl Jung
   29 Aldous Huxley
   28 Sri Ramakrishna
   28 Satprem
   27 Aleister Crowley
   17 Swami Vivekananda
   16 A B Purani
   13 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
   12 Saint Augustine of Hippo
   12 Plato
   12 H P Lovecraft
   10 Plotinus
   10 Percy Bysshe Shelley
   10 James George Frazer
   8 William Wordsworth
   8 Friedrich Nietzsche
   7 Swami Krishnananda
   7 George Van Vrekhem
   6 Vyasa
   6 Paul Richard
   6 Jordan Peterson
   4 Walt Whitman
   4 Patanjali
   4 Jorge Luis Borges
   4 John Keats
   4 Henry David Thoreau
   3 Sri Ramana Maharshi
   3 Saint John of Climacus
   3 Robert Browning
   3 Nirodbaran
   2 Norbert Wiener
   2 Mahendranath Gupta
   2 Friedrich Schiller
   2 Franz Bardon
   2 Edgar Allan Poe


   60 Essays In Philosophy And Yoga
   37 The Synthesis Of Yoga
   29 The Perennial Philosophy
   27 The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna
   17 The Life Divine
   17 The Human Cycle
   17 Magick Without Tears
   16 Evening Talks With Sri Aurobindo
   15 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 07
   15 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01
   14 The Practice of Psycho therapy
   14 Essays On The Gita
   12 Mysterium Coniunctionis
   12 Lovecraft - Poems
   11 Liber ABA
   11 Essays Divine And Human
   11 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02
   10 The Problems of Philosophy
   10 The Golden Bough
   10 Shelley - Poems
   9 The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious
   9 Talks
   9 City of God
   9 A Garden of Pomegranates - An Outline of the Qabalah
   8 Wordsworth - Poems
   8 Letters On Yoga II
   7 Twilight of the Idols
   7 The Study and Practice of Yoga
   7 Preparing for the Miraculous
   7 Bhakti-Yoga
   6 Vishnu Purana
   6 The Secret Doctrine
   6 The Future of Man
   6 Raja-Yoga
   6 Maps of Meaning
   6 Letters On Poetry And Art
   6 Aion
   5 Sri Aurobindo or the Adventure of Consciousness
   5 Questions And Answers 1950-1951
   5 Letters On Yoga I
   5 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 04
   4 Whitman - Poems
   4 Walden
   4 Questions And Answers 1956
   4 Questions And Answers 1953
   4 Plotinus - Complete Works Vol 02
   4 Patanjali Yoga Sutras
   4 Letters On Yoga IV
   4 Let Me Explain
   4 Keats - Poems
   4 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03
   4 Agenda Vol 03
   3 Vedic and Philological Studies
   3 Twelve Years With Sri Aurobindo
   3 The Ladder of Divine Ascent
   3 The Confessions of Saint Augustine
   3 The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People
   3 Savitri
   3 Questions And Answers 1957-1958
   3 Questions And Answers 1955
   3 Questions And Answers 1929-1931
   3 Plotinus - Complete Works Vol 04
   3 Labyrinths
   3 Isha Upanishad
   3 Browning - Poems
   3 Agenda Vol 11
   3 Agenda Vol 02
   2 The Secret Of The Veda
   2 Symposium
   2 Schiller - Poems
   2 Record of Yoga
   2 Questions And Answers 1954
   2 Prayers And Meditations
   2 Poe - Poems
   2 Plotinus - Complete Works Vol 01
   2 On Thoughts And Aphorisms
   2 On the Way to Supermanhood
   2 Initiation Into Hermetics
   2 Hymns to the Mystic Fire
   2 Hymn of the Universe
   2 Cybernetics
   2 Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 08
   2 Agenda Vol 12
   2 Agenda Vol 10
   2 Agenda Vol 08
   2 Agenda Vol 07
   2 Agenda Vol 04


00.01 - The Mother on Savitri, #Sweet Mother - Harmonies of Light, #unset, #Integral Yoga
  My child, yes, everything is there: mysticism, occultism, Philosophy, the history of evolution, the history of man, of the gods, of creation, of Nature. How the universe was created, why, for what purpose, what destiny - all is there. You can find all the answers to all your questions there. Everything is explained, even the future of man and of the evolution, all that nobody yet knows. He has described it all in beautiful and clear words so that spiritual adventurers who wish to solve the mysteries of the world may understand it more easily. But this mystery is well hidden behind the words and lines and one must rise to the required level of true consciousness to discover it. All prophesies, all that is going to come is presented with the precise and wonderful clarity. Sri Aurobindo gives you here the key to find the Truth, to discover the Consciousness, to solve the problem of what the universe is. He has also indicated how to open the door of the Inconscience so that the light may penetrate there and transform it. He has shown the path, the way to liberate oneself from the ignorance and climb up to the superconscience; each stage, each plane of consciousness, how they can be scaled, how one can cross even the barrier of death and attain immortality. You will find the whole journey in detail, and as you go forward you can discover things altogether unknown to man. That is Savitri and much more yet. It is a real experience - reading Savitri. All the secrets that man possessed, He has revealed, - as well as all that awaits him in the future; all this is found in the depth of Savitri. But one must have the knowledge to discover it all, the experience of the planes of consciousness, the experience of the Supermind, even the experience of the conquest of Death. He has noted all the stages, marked each step in order to advance integrally in the integral Yoga.
  All this is His own experience, and what is most surprising is that it is my own experience also. It is my sadhana which He has worked out. Each object, each event, each realisation, all the descriptions, even the colours are exactly what I saw and the words, phrases are also exactly what I heard. And all this before having read the book. I read Savitri many times afterwards, but earlier, when He was writing He used to read it to me. Every morning I used to hear Him read Savitri. During the night He would write and in the morning read it to me. And I observed something curious, that day after day the experiences He read out to me in the morning were those I had had the previous night, word by word. Yes, all the descriptions, the colours, the pictures I had seen, the words I had heard, all, all, I heard it all, put by Him into poetry, into miraculous poetry. Yes, they were exactly my experiences of the previous night which He read out to me the following morning. And it was not just one day by chance, but for days and days together. And every time I used to compare what He said with my previous experiences and they were always the same. I repeat, it was not that I had told Him my experiences and that He had noted them down afterwards, no, He knew already what I had seen. It is my experiences He has presented at length and they were His experiences also. It is, moreover, the picture of Our joint adventure into the unknown or rather into the Supermind.

000 - Humans in Universe, #Synergetics - Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, #R Buckminster Fuller, #Science
  political ideologies have since adopted a prime Philosophy that says: "You may not
  like our political system, but we are convinced that we have the fairest, most
  --
  Rudyard Kipling labored under the only-you-or-me Philosophy, but he was inspired
  by thoughts that it might some day be otherwise:

0.00 - INTRODUCTION, #The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, #Sri Ramakrishna, #Hinduism
   Hindu society during the eighteenth century had been passing through a period of decadence. It was the twilight of the Mussalman rule. There were anarchy and confusion in all spheres. Superstitious practices dominated the religious life of the people. Rites and rituals passed for the essence of spirituality. Greedy priests became the custodians of heaven. True Philosophy was supplanted by dogmatic opinions. The pundits took delight in vain polemics.
   In 1757 English traders laid the foundation of British rule in India. Gradually the Government was systematized and lawlessness suppressed. The Hindus were much impressed by the military power and political acumen of the new rulers. In the wake of the merchants came the English educators, and social reformers, and Christian missionaries — all bearing a culture completely alien to the Hindu mind. In different parts of the country educational institutions were set up and Christian churches established. Hindu young men were offered the heady wine of the Western culture of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and they drank it to the very dregs.
  --
   For the achievement of this goal the Vedanta prescribes an austere negative method of discrimination and renunciation, which can be followed by only a few individuals endowed with sharp intelligence and unshakable will-power. But Tantra takes into consideration the natural weakness of human beings, their lower appetites, and their love for the concrete. It combines Philosophy with rituals, meditation with ceremonies, renunciation with enjoyment. The underlying purpose is gradually to train the aspirant to meditate on his identity with the Ultimate.
   The average man wishes to enjoy the material objects of the world. Tantra bids him enjoy these, but at the same time discover in them the presence of God. Mystical rites are prescribed by which, slowly, the sense-objects become spiritualized and sense attraction is transformed into a love of God. So the very "bonds" of man are turned into "releasers". The very poison that kills is transmuted into the elixir of life. Outward renunciation is not necessary. Thus the aim of Tantra is to sublimate bhoga, or enjoyment into yoga, or union with Consciousness. For, according to this Philosophy, the world with all its manifestations is nothing but the sport of Siva and Sakti, the Absolute and Its inscrutable Power.
   The disciplines of Tantra are graded to suit aspirants of all degrees. Exercises are prescribed for people with "animal", "heroic", and "divine" outlooks. Certain of the rites require the presence of members of the opposite sex. Here the aspirant learns to look on woman as the embodiment of the Goddess Kali, the Mother of the Universe. The very basis of Tantra is the Motherhood of God and the glorification of woman. Every part of a woman's body is to be regarded as incarnate Divinity. But the rites are extremely dangerous. The help of a qualified guru is absolutely necessary. An unwary devotee may lose his foothold and fall into a pit of depravity.
  --
   Totapuri was the bearer of a Philosophy new to Sri Ramakrishna, the non-dualistic Vedanta Philosophy, whose conclusions Totapuri had experienced in his own life. This ancient Hindu system designates the Ultimate Reality as Brahman, also described as Satchidananda, Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute. Brahman is the only Real Existence. In It there is no time, no space, no causality, no multiplicity. But through maya, Its inscrutable Power, time, space, and causality are created and the One appears to break into the many. The eternal Spirit appears as a manifold of individuals endowed with form and subject to the conditions of time. The Immortal becomes a victim of birth and death. The Changeless undergoes change. The sinless Pure Soul, hypnotized by Its own maya, experiences the joys of heaven and the pains of hell. But these experiences based on the duality of the subject-object relationship are unreal. Even the vision of a Personal God
   is, ultimately speaking, as illusory as the experience of any other object. Man attains his liberation, therefore, by piercing the veil of maya and rediscovering his total identity with Brahman. Knowing himself to be one with the Universal Spirit, he realizes ineffable Peace. Only then does he go beyond the fiction of birth and death; only then does he become immortal. 'And this is the ultimate goal of all religions — to dehypnotize the soul now hypnotized by its own ignorance.
  --
   Sri Ramakrishna used to say that when the flower blooms the bees come to it for honey of their own accord. Now many souls began to visit Dakshineswar to satisfy their spiritual hunger. He, the devotee and aspirant, became the Master. Gauri, the great scholar who had been one of the first to proclaim Sri Ramakrishna an Incarnation of God, paid the Master a visit in 1870 and with the Master's blessings renounced the world. Narayan Shastri, another great pundit, who had mastered the six systems of Hindu Philosophy and had been offered a lucrative post by the Maharaja of Jaipur, met the Master and recognized in him one who had realized in life those ideals which he himself had encountered merely in books. Sri Ramakrishna initiated Narayan Shastri, at his earnest request, into the life of sannyas. Pundit Padmalochan, the court pundit of the Maharaja of Burdwan, well known for his scholarship in both the Vedanta and the Nyaya systems of Philosophy, accepted the Master as an Incarnation of God. Krishnakishore, a Vedantist scholar, became devoted to the Master. And there arrived Viswanath Upadhyaya, who was to become a favourite devotee; Sri Ramakrishna always addressed him as "Captain". He was a high officer of the King of Nepal and had received the title of Colonel in recognition of his merit. A scholar of the Gita, the Bhagavata, and the Vedanta Philosophy, he daily performed the worship of his Chosen Deity with great devotion. "I have read the Vedas and the other scriptures", he said. "I have also met a good many monks and devotees in different places. But it is in Sri Ramakrishna's presence that my spiritual yearnings have been fulfilled. To me he seems to be the embodiment of the truths of the scriptures."
   The Knowledge of Brahman in nirvikalpa samadhi had convinced Sri Ramakrishna that the gods of the different religions are but so many readings of the Absolute, and that the Ultimate Reality could never be expressed by human tongue. He understood that all religions lead their devotees by differing paths to one and the same goal. Now he became eager to explore some of the alien religions; for with him understanding meant actual experience.
  --
   Girish Chandra Ghosh was a born rebel against God, a sceptic, a Bohemian, a drunkard. He was the greatest Bengali dramatist of his time, the father of the modem Bengali stage. Like other young men he had imbibed all the vices of the West. He had plunged into a life of dissipation and had become convinced that religion was only a fraud. Materialistic Philosophy he justified as enabling one to get at least a little fun out of life. But a series of reverses shocked him and he became eager to solve the riddle of life. He had heard people say that in spiritual life the help of a guru was imperative and that the guru was to be regarded as God Himself. But Girish was too well acquainted with human nature to see perfection in a man. His first meeting with Sri Ramakrishna did not impress him at all. He returned home feeling as if he had seen a freak at a circus; for the Master, in a semi-conscious mood, had inquired whether it was evening, though the lamps were burning in the room. But their paths often crossed, and Girish could not avoid further encounters. The Master attended a performance in Girish's Star Theatre. On this occasion, too, Girish found nothing impressive about him. One day, however, Girish happened to see the Master dancing and singing with the devotees. He felt the contagion and wanted to join them, but restrained himself for fear of ridicule. Another day Sri Ramakrishna was about to give him spiritual instruction, when Girish said: "I don't want to listen to instructions. I have myself written many instructions. They are of no use to me. Please help me in a more tangible way If you can." This pleased the Master and he asked Girish to cultivate faith.
   As time passed, Girish began to learn that the guru is the one who silently unfolds the disciple's inner life. He became a steadfast devotee of the Master. He often loaded the Master with insults, drank in his presence, and took liberties which astounded the other devotees. But the Master knew that at heart Girish was tender, faithful, and sincere. He would not allow Girish to give up the theatre. And when a devotee asked him to tell Girish to give up drinking, he sternly replied: "That is none of your business. He who has taken charge of him will look after him. Girish is a devotee of heroic type. I tell you, drinking will not affect him." The Master knew that mere words could not induce a man to break deep-rooted habits, but that the silent influence of love worked miracles. Therefore he never asked him to give up alcohol, with the result that Girish himself eventually broke the habit. Sri Ramakrishna had strengthened Girish's resolution by allowing him to feel that he was absolutely free.
  --
   Narendra was born in Calcutta on January 12, 1863, of an aristocratic kayastha family. His mother was steeped in the great Hindu epics, and his father, a distinguished attorney of the Calcutta High Court, was an agnostic about religion, a friend of the poor, and a mocker at social conventions. Even in his boyhood and youth Narendra possessed great physical courage and presence of mind, a vivid imagination, deep power of thought, keen intelligence, an extraordinary memory, a love of truth, a passion for purity, a spirit of independence, and a tender heart. An expert musician, he also acquired proficiency in physics, astronomy, mathematics, Philosophy, history, and literature. He grew up into an extremely handsome young man. Even as a child he practised meditation and showed great power of concentration. Though free and passionate in word and action, he took the vow of austere religious chastity and never allowed the fire of purity to be extinguished by the slightest defilement of body or soul.
   As he read in college the rationalistic Western philosophers of the nineteenth century, his boyhood faith in God and religion was unsettled. He would not accept religion on mere faith; he wanted demonstration of God. But very soon his passionate nature discovered that mere Universal Reason was cold and bloodless. His emotional nature, dissatisfied with a mere abstraction, required a concrete support to help him in the hours of temptation. He wanted an external power, a guru, who by embodying perfection in the flesh would still the commotion of his soul. Attracted by the magnetic personality of Keshab, he joined the Brahmo Samaj and became a singer in its choir. But in the Samaj he did not find the guru who could say that he had seen God.
  --
   The Master wanted to train Narendra in the teachings of the non-dualistic Vedanta Philosophy. But Narendra, because of his Brahmo upbringing, considered it wholly blasphemous to look on man as one with his Creator. One day at the temple garden he laughingly said to a friend: "How silly! This jug is God! This cup is God! Whatever we see is God! And we too are God! Nothing could be more absurd." Sri Ramakrishna came out of his room and gently touched him. Spellbound, he immediately perceived that everything in the world was indeed God. A new universe opened around him. Returning home in a dazed state, he found there too that the food, the plate, the eater himself, the people around him, were all God. When he walked in the street, he saw that the cabs, the horses, the streams of people, the buildings, were all Brahman. He could hardly go about his day's business. His parents became anxious about him and thought him ill. And when the intensity of the experience abated a little, he saw the world as a dream. Walking in the public square, he would strike his head against the iron railings to know whether they were real. It took him a number of days to recover his normal self. He had a foretaste of the great experiences yet to come and realized that the words of the Vedanta were true.
   At the beginning of 1884 Narendra's father suddenly died of heart-failure, leaving the family in a state of utmost poverty. There were six or seven mouths to feed at home. Creditors were knocking at the door. Relatives who had accepted his father's unstinted kindness now became enemies, some even bringing suit to deprive Narendra of his ancestral home. Actually starving and barefoot, Narendra searched for a job, but without success. He began to doubt whether anywhere in the world there was such a thing as unselfish sympathy. Two rich women made evil proposals to him and promised to put an end to his distress; but he refused them with contempt.

0.00 - The Book of Lies Text, #The Book of Lies, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
     Philosophy on every plane...."
     "...My association with Free Masonry was there-
  --
  various systems of Philosophy.
   No = Nihilism; Yes = Monism, and all dogmatic systems; Perhaps =

0.00 - THE GOSPEL PREFACE, #The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, #Sri Ramakrishna, #Hinduism
  I have made a literal translation, omitting only a few pages of no particular interest to English-speaking readers. Often literary grace has been sacrificed for the sake of literal translation. No translation can do full justice to the original. This difficulty is all the more felt in the present work, whose contents are of a deep mystical nature and describe the inner experiences of a great seer. Human language is an altogether inadequate vehicle to express supersensuous perception. Sri Ramakrishna was almost illiterate. He never clothed his thoughts in formal language. His words sought to convey his direct realization of Truth. His conversation was in a village patois. Therein lies its charm. In order to explain to his listeners an abstruse Philosophy, he, like Christ before him, used with telling effect homely parables and illustrations, culled from his observation of the daily life around him.
  The reader will find mentioned in this work many visions and experiences that fall outside the ken of physical science and even psychology. With the development of modern knowledge the border line between the natural and the supernatural is ever shifting its position. Genuine mystical experiences are not as suspect now as they were half a century ago. The words of Sri Ramakrishna have already exerted a tremendous influence in the land of his birth. Savants of Europe have found in his words the ring of universal truth.
  --
  Sri Mahendra Nath Gupta, familiary known to the readers of the Gospel by his pen name M., and to the devotees as Master Mahashay, was born on the 14th of July, 1854 as the son of Madhusudan Gupta, an officer of the Calcutta High Court, and his wife, Swarnamayi Devi. He had a brilliant scholastic career at Hare School and the Presidency College at Calcutta. The range of his studies included the best that both occidental and oriental learning had to offer. English literature, history, economics, western Philosophy and law on the one hand, and Sanskrit literature and grammar, Darsanas, Puranas, Smritis, Jainism, Buddhism, astrology and Ayurveda on the other were the subjects in which he attained considerable proficiency.
  He was an educationist all his life both in a spiritual and in a secular sense. After he passed out of College, he took up work as headmaster in a number of schools in succession Narail High School, City School, Ripon College School, Metropolitan School, Aryan School, Oriental School, Oriental Seminary and Model School. The causes of his migration from school to school were that he could not get on with some of the managements on grounds of principles and that often his spiritual mood drew him away to places of pilgrimage for long periods. He worked with some of the most noted public men of the time like Iswar Chandra Vidysgar and Surendranath Banerjee. The latter appointed him as a professor in the City and Ripon Colleges where he taught subjects like English, Philosophy, history and economics. In his later days he took over the Morton School, and he spent his time in the staircase room of the third floor of it, administering the school and preaching the message of the Master. He was much respected in educational circles where he was usually referred to as Rector Mahashay. A teacher who had worked under him writes thus in warm appreciation of his teaching methods: "Only when I worked with him in school could I appreciate what a great educationist he was. He would come down to the level of his students when teaching, though he himself was so learned, so talented. Ordinarily teachers confine their instruction to what is given in books without much thought as to whether the student can accept it or not. But M., would first of all gauge how much the student could take in and by what means. He would employ aids to teaching like maps, pictures and diagrams, so that his students could learn by seeing. Thirty years ago (from 1953) when the question of imparting education through the medium of the mother tongue was being discussed, M. had already employed Bengali as the medium of instruction in the Morton School." (M The Apostle and the Evangelist by Swami Nityatmananda Part I. P. 15.)
  Imparting secular education was, however, only his profession ; his main concern was with the spiritual regeneration of man a calling for which Destiny seems to have chosen him. From his childhood he was deeply pious, and he used to be moved very much by Sdhus, temples and Durga Puja celebrations. The piety and eloquence of the great Brahmo leader of the times, Keshab Chander Sen, elicited a powerful response from the impressionable mind of Mahendra Nath, as it did in the case of many an idealistic young man of Calcutta, and prepared him to receive the great Light that was to dawn on him with the coming of Sri Ramakrishna into his life.

0.02 - The Three Steps of Nature, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  The assertion of a higher than the mental life is the whole foundation of Indian Philosophy and its acquisition and organisation is the veritable object served by the methods of Yoga.
  Mind is not the last term of evolution, not an ultimate aim, but, like body, an instrument. It is even so termed in the language of

0.04 - The Systems of Yoga, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  It is this truth which makes necessary to every Philosophy of Yoga the conception of the Ishwara, Lord, supreme Soul or supreme Self, towards whom the effort is directed and who gives the illuminating touch and the strength to attain. Equally true is the complementary idea so often enforced by the Yoga of devotion that as the Transcendent is necessary to the individual and sought after by him, so also the individual is necessary in a sense to the Transcendent and sought after by It. If the
  Bhakta seeks and yearns after Bhagavan, Bhagavan also seeks and yearns after the Bhakta.1 There can be no Yoga of knowledge without a human seeker of the knowledge, the supreme subject of knowledge and the divine use by the individual of the universal faculties of knowledge; no Yoga of devotion without the human God-lover, the supreme object of love and delight and the divine use by the individual of the universal faculties of spiritual, emotional and aesthetic enjoyment; no Yoga of works without the human worker, the supreme Will, Master of all works and sacrifices, and the divine use by the individual of the universal faculties of power and action. However Monistic may be our intellectual conception of the highest truth of things, in practice we are compelled to accept this omnipresent Trinity.
  --
   its object which our Philosophy asserts as the primary cosmic energy and the method of divine action upon the world. By this capacity the Yogin, already possessed of the highest supracosmic knowledge and experience in the state of trance, is able in the waking state to acquire directly whatever knowledge and exercise whatever mastery may be useful or necessary to his activities in the objective world. For the ancient system of
  Rajayoga aimed not only at Swarajya, self-rule or subjective empire, the entire control by the subjective consciousness of all the states and activities proper to its own domain, but included

0.06 - INTRODUCTION, #Dark Night of the Soul, #Saint John of the Cross, #Christianity
  Nowhere else does the genius of St. John of the Cross for infusing Philosophy into
  his mystical dissertations find such an outlet as here. Nowhere else, again, is he
  --
  sublimest passages, this intermingling of Philosophy with mystical theology makes
  him seem particularly so. These treatises are a wonderful illustration of the

01.02 - Sri Aurobindo - Ahana and Other Poems, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   What is the world that Sri Aurobindo sees and creates? Poetry is after all passion. By passion I do not mean the fury of emotion nor the fume of sentimentalism, but what lies behind at their source, what lends them the force they have the sense of the "grandly real," the vivid and pulsating truth. What then is the thing that Sri Aurobindo has visualised, has endowed with a throbbing life and made a poignant reality? Victor Hugo said: Attachez Dieu au gibet, vous avez la croixTie God to the gibbet, you have the cross. Even so, infuse passion into a thing most prosaic, you create sublime poetry out of it. What is the dead matter that has found life and glows and vibrates in Sri Aurobindo's passion? It is something which appears to many poetically intractable, not amenable to aesthetic treatment, not usually, that is to say, nor in the supreme manner. Sri Aurobindo has thrown such a material into his poetic fervour and created a sheer beauty, a stupendous reality out of it. Herein lies the greatness of his achievement. Philosophy, however divine, and in spite of Milton, has been regarded by poets as "harsh and crabbed" and as such unfit for poetic delineation. Not a few poets indeed foundered upon this rock. A poet in his own way is a philosopher, but a philosopher chanting out his Philosophy in sheer poetry has been one of the rarest spectacles.1 I can think of only one instance just now where a philosopher has almost succeeded being a great poet I am referring to Lucretius and his De Rerum Natura. Neither Shakespeare nor Homer had anything like Philosophy in their poetic creation. And in spite of some inclination to Philosophy and philosophical ideas Virgil and Milton were not philosophers either. Dante sought perhaps consciously and deliberately to philosophise in his Paradiso I Did he? The less Dante then is he. For it is his Inferno, where he is a passionate visionary, and not his Paradiso (where he has put in more thought-power) that marks the nee plus ultra of his poetic achievement.
   And yet what can be more poetic in essence than Philosophy, if by Philosophy we mean, as it should mean, spiritual truth and spiritual realisation? What else can give the full breath, the integral force to poetic inspiration if it is not the problem of existence itself, of God, Soul and Immortality, things that touch, that are at the very root of life and reality? What can most concern man, what can strike the deepest fount in him, unless it is the mystery of his own being, the why and the whither of it all? But mankind has been taught and trained to live merely or mostly on earth, and poetry has been treated as the expression of human joys and sorrows the tears in mortal things of which Virgil spoke. The savour of earth, the thrill of the flesh has been too sweet for us and we have forgotten other sweetnesses. It is always the human element that we seek in poetry, but we fail to recognise that what we obtain in this way is humanity in its lower degrees, its surface formulations, at its minimum magnitude.
   We do not say that poets have never sung of God and Soul and things transcendent. Poets have always done that. But what I say is this that presentation of spiritual truths, as they are in their own home, in other words, treated philosophically and yet in a supreme poetic manner, has always been a rarity. We have, indeed, in India the Gita and the Upanishads, great philosophical poems, if there were any. But for one thing they are on dizzy heights out of the reach of common man and for another they are idolised more as Philosophy than as poetry. Doubtless, our Vaishnava poets sang of God and Love Divine; and Rabindranath, in one sense, a typical modern Vaishnava, did the same. And their songs are masterpieces. But are they not all human, too human, as the mad prophet would say? In them it is the human significance, the human manner that touches and moves us the spiritual significance remains esoteric, is suggested, is a matter of deduction. Sri Aurobindo has dealt with spiritual experiences in a different way. He has not clothed them in human symbols and allegories, in images and figures of the mere earthly and secular life: he presents them in their nakedness, just as they are seen and realised. He has not sought to tone down the rigour of truth with contrivances that easily charm and captivate the common human mind and heart. Nor has he indulged like so many poet philosophers in vague generalisations and colourless or too colourful truisms that do not embody a clear thought or rounded idea, a radiant judgment. Sri Aurobindo has given us in his poetry thoughts that are clear-cut, ideas beautifully chiselledhe is always luminously forceful.
   Take these Vedantic lines that in their limpidity and harmonious flow beat anything found in the fine French poet Lamartine:
  --
   This is sheer Philosophy, told with an almost philosophical bluntnessmay be, but is it mere Philosophy and mediocre poetry? Once more listen to the Upanishadic lines:
   Deep in the luminous secrecy, the mute
  --
   We have been speaking of Philosophy and the philosophic manner. But what are the exact implications of the words, let us ask again. They mean nothing more and nothing lessthan the force of thought and the mass of thought content. After all, that seems to be almost the whole difference between the past and the present human consciousness in so far at least as it has found expression in poetry. That element, we wish to point out, is precisely what the old-world poets lacked or did not care to possess or express or stress. A poet meant above all, if not all in all, emotion, passion, sensuousness, sensibility, nervous enthusiasm and imagination and fancy: remember the classic definition given by Shakespeare of the poet
   Of imagination all compact.. . .
  --
   Indeed it would be wrong to associate any cold ascetic nudity to the spiritual body of Sri Aurobindo. His poetry is philosophic, abstract, no doubt, but every Philosophy has its practice, every abstract thing its concrete application,even as the soul has its body; and the fusion, not mere union, of the two is very characteristic in him. The deepest and unseizable flights of thought he knows how to clo the with a Kalidasian richness of imagery, or a Keatsean gusto of sensuousness:
   . . . . .O flowers, O delight on the tree-tops burning!

01.03 - Mystic Poetry, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   Among the ancients, strictly speaking, the later classical Lucretius was a remarkable phenomenon. By nature he was a poet, but his mental interest lay in metaphysical speculation, in Philosophy, and unpoetical business. He turned away from arms and heroes, wrath and love and, like Seneca and Aurelius, gave himself up to moralising and philosophising, delving 'into the mystery, the why and the how and the whither of it all. He chose a dangerous subject for his poetic inspiration and yet it cannot be said that his attempt was a failure. Lucretius was not a religious or spiritual poet; he was rather Marxian,atheistic, materialistic. The dialectical materialism of today could find in him a lot of nourishment and support. But whatever the content, the manner has made a whole difference. There was an idealism, a clarity of vision and an intensity of perception, which however scientific apparently, gave his creation a note, an accent, an atmosphere high, tense, aloof, ascetic, at times bordering on the supra-sensual. It was a high light, a force of consciousness that at its highest pitch had the ring and vibration of something almost spiritual. For the basic principle of Lucretius' inspiration is a large thought-force, a tense perception, a taut nervous reactionit is not, of course, the identity in being with the inner realities which is the hallmark of a spiritual consciousness, yet it is something on the way towards that.
   There have been other philosophical poets, a good number of them since thennot merely rationally philosophical, as was the vogue in the eighteenth century, but metaphysically philosophical, that is to say, inquiring not merely into the phenomenal but also into the labyrinths of the noumenal, investigating not only what meets the senses, but also things that are behind or beyond. Amidst the earlier efflorescence of this movement the most outstanding philosopher poet is of course Dante, the Dante of Paradiso, a philosopher in the mediaeval manner and to the extent a lesser poet, according to some. Goe the is another, almost in the grand modern manner. Wordsworth is full of metaphysics from the crown of his head to the tip of his toe although his poetry, perhaps the major portion of it, had to undergo some kind of martyrdom because of it. And Shelley, the supremely lyric singer, has had a very rich undertone of thought-content genuinely metaphysical. And Browning and Arnold and Hardyindeed, if we come to the more moderns, we have to cite the whole host of them, none can be excepted.
  --
   Man's consciousness is further to rise from the mental to over-mental regions. Accordingly, his life and activities and along with that his artistic creations too will take on a new tone and rhythm, a new mould and constitution even. For this transition, the higher mentalwhich is normally the field of philosophical and idealistic activitiesserves as the Paraclete, the Intercessor; it takes up the lower functionings of the consciousness, which are intense in their own way, but narrow and turbid, and gives, by purifying and enlarging, a wider frame, a more luminous pattern, a more subtly articulated , form for the higher, vaster and deeper realities, truths and harmonies to express and manifest. In the old-world spiritual and mystic poets, this intervening medium was overlooked for evident reasons, for human reason or even intelligence is a double-edged instrument, it can make as well as mar, it has a light that most often and naturally shuts off other higher lights beyond it. So it was bypassed, some kind of direct and immediate contact was sought to be established between the normal and the transcendental. The result was, as I have pointed out, a pure spiritual poetry, on the one hand, as in the Upanishads, or, on the other, religious poetry of various grades and denominations that spoke of the spiritual but in the terms and in the manner of the mundane, at least very much coloured and dominated by the latter. Vyasa was the great legendary figure in India who, as is shown in his Mahabharata, seems to have been one of the pioneers, if not the pioneer, to forge and build the missing link of Thought Power. The exemplar of the manner is the Gita. Valmiki's represented a more ancient and primary inspiration, of a vast vital sensibility, something of the kind that was at the basis of Homer's genius. In Greece it was Socrates who initiated the movement of speculative Philosophy and the emphasis of intellectual power slowly began to find expression in the later poets, Sophocles and Euripides. But all these were very simple beginnings. The moderns go in for something more radical and totalitarian. The rationalising element instead of being an additional or subordinate or contri buting factor, must itself give its norm and form, its own substance and manner to the creative activity. Such is the present-day demand.
   The earliest preoccupation of man was religious; even when he concerned himself with the world and worldly things, he referred all that to the other world, thought of gods and goddesses, of after-death and other where. That also will be his last and ultimate preoccupation though in a somewhat different way, when he has passed through a process of purification and growth, a "sea-change". For although religion is an aspiration towards the truth and reality beyond or behind the world, it is married too much to man's actual worldly nature and carries always with it the shadow of profanity.

01.04 - Sri Aurobindos Gita, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   The style and manner of Sri Aurobindo's interpretation1 is also supremely characteristic: it does not carry the impress of a mere metaphysical dissertation-although in matter it clothes throughout a profound Philosophy; it is throbbing with the luminous life of a prophet's message, it is instinct with something of the Gita's own mantraakti.
   Essays on the Gita, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry

01.04 - The Intuition of the Age, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   Now, what is the intuition that lies behind the movements of the new age? What is the intimate realisation, the underlying view-point which is guiding and modelling all our efforts and achievementsour science and art, our poetry and Philosophy, our religion and society? For, there is such a common and fundamental note which is being voiced forth by the human spirit through all the multitude of its present-day activities.
   A new impulse is there, no one can deny, and it has vast possibilities before it, that also one need not hesitate to accept. But in order that we may best fructuate what has been spontaneously sown, we must first recognise it, be luminously conscious of it and develop it along its proper line of growth. For, also certain it is that this new impulse or intuition, however true and strong in itself, is still groping and erring and miscarrying; it is still wasting much of its energy in tentative things, in mere experiments, in even clear failures. The fact is that the intuition has not yet become an enlightened one, it is still moving, as we shall presently explain, in the dark vital regions of man. And vitalism is naturally and closely affianced to pragmatism, that is to say, the mere vital impulse seeks immediately to execute itself, it looks for external effects, for changes in the form, in the machinery only. Thus it is that we see in art and literature discussions centred upon the scheme of composition, as whether the new poetry should be lyrical or dramatic, popular or aristocratic, metrical or free of metre, and in practical life we talk of remodelling the state by new methods of representation and governance, of purging society by bills and legislation, of reforming humanity by a business pact.

01.05 - Rabindranath Tagore: A Great Poet, a Great Man, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   Socrates is said to have brought down Philosophy from Heaven to live among men upon earth. A similar exploit can be ascribed to Tagore. The Spirit, the bare transcendental Reality contemplated by the orthodox Vedantins, has been brought nearer to our planet, close to human consciousness in Tagore's vision, being clothed in earth and flesh and blood, made vivid with the colours and contours of the physical existence. The Spirit, yes and by all means, but not necessarily asceticism and monasticism. So Tagore boldly declared in those famous lines of his:
   Mine is not the deliverance achieved through mere renunciation. Mine rather the freedom that tastes itself in a thousand associations.1

01.05 - The Nietzschean Antichrist, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   The real secret of Nietzsche's Philosophy is not an adoration of brute force, of blind irrational joy in fighting and killing. Far from it, Nietzsche has no kinship with Treitschke or Bernhard. What Nietzsche wanted was a world purged of littleness and ugliness, a humanity, not of saints, perhaps, but of heroes, lofty in their ideal, great in their achievement, majestic in their empirea race of titanic gods breathing the glory of heaven itself.
   ***

01.10 - Nicholas Berdyaev: God Made Human, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   William Blake: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Aldous Huxley: The Perennial Philosophy
   Other Authors Nolini Kanta Gupta Poets and MysticsNicholas Berdyaev: God Made Human
  --
   William Blake: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Aldous Huxley: The Perennial Philosophy

01.11 - Aldous Huxley: The Perennial Philosophy, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
  object:01.11 - Aldous Huxley: The Perennial Philosophy
  author class:Nolini Kanta Gupta
  --
   Other Authors Nolini Kanta Gupta Poets and MysticsAldous Huxley: The Perennial Philosophy
   Aldous Huxley: The Perennial Philosophy
   This latest work of Aldous Huxley is a collection of sayings of sages and saints and philosophers from all over the world and of all times. The sayings are arranged under several heads such as "That art Thou", "The Nature of the Ground", "Divine Incarnation", "Self-Knowledge", "Silence", "Faith" etc., which clearly give an idea of the contents and also of the "Neo-Brahmin's" own personal preoccupation. There is also a running commentary, rather a note on each saying, meant to elucidate and explain, naturally from the compiler's standpoint, what is obviously addressed to the initiate.

01.12 - Goethe, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   Aldous Huxley: The Perennial Philosophy T. S. Eliot: Four Quartets
   Other Authors Nolini Kanta Gupta Poets and MysticsGoe the
  --
   Aldous Huxley: The Perennial Philosophy T. S. Eliot: Four Quartets

01.13 - T. S. Eliot: Four Quartets, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   Our poet is too self-conscious, he himself feels that he has not the perfect voice. A Homer, even a Milton possesses a unity of tone and a wholeness of perception which are denied to the modern. To the modern, however, the old masters are not subtle enough, broad enough, psychological enough, let us say the word, spiritual enough. And yet the poetic inspiration, more than the religious urge, needs the injunction not to be busy with too many things, but to be centred upon the one thing needful, viz., to create poetically and not to discourse philosophically or preach prophetically. Not that it is impossible for the poet to swallow the philosopher and the prophet, metabolising them into the substance of his bone and marrow, of "the trilling wire in his blood", as Eliot graphically expresses. That perhaps is the consummation towards which poetry is tending. But at present, in Eliot, at least, the strands remain distinct, each with its own temper and rhythm, not fused and moulded into a single streamlined form of beauty. Our poet flies high, very high indeed at times, often or often he flies low, not disdaining the perilous limit of bathos. Perhaps it is all wilful, it is a mannerism which he cherishes. The mannerism may explain his psychology and enshrine his Philosophy. But the poet, the magician is to be looked for elsewhere. In the present collection of poems it is the philosophical, exegetical, discursive Eliot who dominates: although the high lights of the subject-matter may be its justification. Still even if we have here doldrums like
   That the past has another pattern, and ceases to be a mere sequence

0 1961-08-02, #Agenda Vol 02, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   The other tradition Theon said it was the origin of both the Kabbala and the Vedasalso held the same concept of divine life and a divine world as Sri Aurobindo: that the summit of evolution would be the divinization of everything objectified, along with an unbroken progression from that moment on. (As things are now, one goes forward and then backwards, then forward and backwards again; but in this divine world, retrogression wont be necessary: there will be a continuous ascent.) This concept was held in that ancient tradition Theon spoke to me very clearly of it, and Sri Aurobindo hadnt yet written anything when I met Theon. Theon had written all kinds of thingsnot Philosophy, but stories, fantastic stories! Yet this same knowledge was behind them, and when asked about the source of this knowledge he used to say that it antedated both the Kabbala and the Vedas (he was well-versed in the Rig-veda).
   But Theon had no idea of the path of bhakti,5 none whatsoever. The idea of surrender to the Divine was absolutely alien to him. Yet he did have the idea of the Divine Presence here (Mother indicates the heart center), of the immanent Divine and of union with That. And he said that by uniting with That and letting That transform the being one could arrive at the divine creation and the transformation of the earth.

0 1961-11-05, #Agenda Vol 02, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   He was a pastor at Lille, in France, for perhaps ten years; he was quite a practicing Christian, but he dropped it all as soon as he began to study occultism. He had first specialized in theological Philosophy in order to pass the pastoral examinations, studying all the modem Philosophy of Europe (he had a rather remarkable metaphysical brain). Then I met him in connection with Theon and the Cosmic Review, and I led him into occult knowledge. Afterwards, there were all sorts of uninteresting stories. He became a lawyer during the early period of our relationship and I learned Law along with him I could even have passed the exam! Then the divorce stories began: he divorced his wife; they had three children and he wanted to keep them, but to do so he had to be legally married, so he asked me to marry himand I said yes. I have always been totally indifferent to these things. Anyway, when I met him I knew who he was and I decided to convert him the whole story revolves around that.
   As a matter of fact, the books he wrote (especially the first one, The Living Ether) were based on my knowledge; he put my knowledge into French and beautiful French, I must say! I would tell him my experiences and he would write them down. Later he wrote The Gods (it was incomplete, one-sided). Then he became a lawyer and entered politics (he was a first-class orator and fired his audiences with enthusiasm) and was sent to Pondicherry to help a certain candidate who couldnt manage his election campaign single-handed. And since Richard was interested in occultism and spirituality, he took this opportunity to seek a Master, a yogi. When he arrived, instead of involving himself in politics, the first thing he did was announce, I am seeking a yogi. Someone said to him, Youre incredibly lucky! The yogi has just arrived. It was Sri Aurobindo, who was told, Theres a Frenchman asking to see you. Sri Aurobindo wasnt particularly pleased but he found the coincidence rather interesting and received him. This was in 1910.

0 1961-12-20, #Agenda Vol 02, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   Seen from the European angle, Sri Aurobindo represents an immense spiritual revolution, redeeming Matter and the creation, which to the Christian religion is fundamentally a fallits really unclear how what has come from God could become so bad, but anyway, better not be too logical! its a fall. The creation is a fall. And thats why they are far more easily convinced by Buddhism. I saw this particularly with Richard, whose education was entirely in European Philosophy, with Christian and positivist influences; under these two influences, when he came into contact with Theons cosmic Philosophy and later Sri Aurobindos revelation, he immediately explained, in his Wherefore of the Worlds, that the world is the fruit of DesireGods desire. Yet Sri Aurobindo says (in simple terms), God created the world for the Joy of the creation, or rather, He brought forth the world from Himself for the Joy of living an objective life. This was Theons thesis too, that the world is the Divine in an objective form, but for him the origin of this objective form was the desire to be. All this is playing with words, you understand, but it turns out that in one case the world is reprehensible and in the other it is adorable! And that makes all the difference. To the whole European mind, the whole Christian spirit, the world is reprehensible. And when THAT is pointed out to them, they cant stand it.
   So the very normal, natural reaction against this attitude is to negate the spiritual life: lets take the world as it is, brutally, materially, short and sweet (since it all comes to an end with this short life), lets do all we can to enjoy ourselves now, suffer as little as possible and not think of anything else. Having said that life is a condemned, reprehensible, anti-divine thing, this is the logical conclusion. Then what to do? We dont want to do away with life, so we do away with the Divine.
  --
   A book like that (sufficiently veiled, of course), written in the simplest way possible (like I wrote The Science of Living, I believe)and its fine, you speak to people in their own language. Above all, no Philosophy! None! You simply tell some extraordinary stories in the same way you would tell an ordinary story. But the Story is there, thats the most important thing.
   It started in my infancy the Story was already there.

0 1962-05-29, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   Almost no Philosophy, nothing intellectualalmost a story. His work presented in an entirely practical and matter-of-fact way, like the talks I used to give to the children here. When I said to the children, This, you know, is why you are here, I told them in a way they could understand, didnt I? Well the book should be like that. If I were to write (I will never write a book on Sri Aurobindo! Never, never, never I know it), but were I ever to write a book on Sri Aurobindo, thats the book I would write, something like a fairy tale. Just imagine. You see life, you see how it is, you are used to this sort of existence; and its dreary and its sad (some people find it entertainingbecause it doesnt take much to entertain them!). Well, behind it all there is a fairy tale. Something in the making, something thats going to be beautiful, beautiful, inexpressibly beautiful. And we shall take part in it. You have no idea, you think you will forget everything when you die, leave it all behind you but its not true! And all who feel the call to a beautiful, luminous, joyous, progressive life, well they will all take part in it, in one way or another. You dont know now, but you will after a while. There you are.
   A fairy tale.

0 1962-09-05, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   I remember that one of the first things I asked Sri Aurobindo when I came here, after innumerable experiences and innumerable realizations, was, Why am I so mediocre? Everything I do is mediocre, all my realizations are mediocre, theres never anything remarkable or exceptionalits just average. It isnt low, but its not high eithereverything is average. And thats really how I felt. I painted: it wasnt bad painting, but many others could do as well. I played music: it wasnt bad music, but you couldnt say, Oh, what a musical genius! I wrote: it was perfectly ordinary. My thoughts slightly excelled those of my friends, but nothing exceptional; I had no special gift for Philosophy or whatever. Everything I did was like that: my body had its skills, but nothing fantastic; I wasnt ugly, I wasnt beautiful you see, everything was mediocre, mediocre, mediocre, mediocre. Then he told me, It was indispensable.
   All right, so I kept quietand very quickly, within a few weeks, I understood.

0 1962-10-30, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   And he has experiences, too. Weve hardly ever spoken together, but I have seen some letters he wrote. To one person he said, If you want the Taoist experience, all you have to do is come here and live at the Ashramyou will have the REALIZATION of Lao-Tses Philosophy.
   Hes a sage!
  --
   They could come into contact with Sri Aurobindos thought but not their troops! I dont know whether the new Chinese are much interested in Philosophy. Its better they dont come!
   ***

0 1962-12-15, #Agenda Vol 03, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   (Mother shows Satprem some pamphlets printed during Theon's time, "Fundamental Axioms of Cosmic Philosophy," which have just been found among some old papers:)
   This is pretty funny! (Laughing, Mother reads:)
  --
   It was in both French and English. He called it Fundamental Axioms of Cosmic Philosophy. It was the work of a certain French metaphysician who was well known around the turn of the centuryhis name began with a B. He met Theon in Egypt when Theon was with Blavatski; they started a magazine with an ancient Egyptian name (I cant recall what it was), and then he told Theon (Theon must have already known French) to publish a Cosmic Review and the Cosmic Books. And this B. is the one who formulated all this gobbledygook.
   There used to be the name of the printer and the year it was printed, but its not there any more.

0 1963-06-19, #Agenda Vol 04, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   All the details are clearit would take a book to write them. Everybody now has his place and meaning.3 And theyre all so content, so content! So BLISSFULLY ignorant of the condition they live in. And Im not speaking of people who know nothing: all those who were there last night were people full of Philosophy, of knowledge, of spiritual experiences and all that the cream.
   The elite of mankind.

0 1963-07-03, #Agenda Vol 04, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   I saw two examples of this, one physically and the other intellectually (I am referring to things I was in contact with materially). Intellectually, it was a studio friend; for years we had done painting together, she was a very gentle girl, older than I, very serious, and a very good painter. During the last years of my life in Paris, I saw her often and I spoke to her, first of occult matters and the Cosmic Philosophy, then of what I knew of Sri Aurobindo (I had a group there and I used to explain certain things), and she would listen with great understandingshe understood, she approved. Now, one day, I went to her house and she told me she was in a great torment. When she was awake, she had no doubts, she understood well, she felt the limitations and obscurities of religion (she came from a family with several archbishops and a cardinalwell, one of those old French families). But at night, she told me, I suddenly wake up with an anguish and somethingfrom my subconscient, obviouslytells me, But after all this, what if you go to hell? And she repeated, When I am awake it doesnt have any force, but at night, when it comes up from the subconscient, it chokes me.
   Then I looked, and I saw a kind of huge octopus over the earth: that formation of the Churchof hellwith which they hold people in their grip. The fear of hell. Even when all your reason, all your intelligence, all your feeling is against it, there is, at night, that octopus of the fear of hell which comes and grips you.

0 1966-06-29, #Agenda Vol 07, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   In Indian Philosophy, they put Existence before Consciousness. They say Sat-Chit-Ananda.2 So if we say, Chit-Sat-Ananda! And its not true.
   Its not true, the Rishis always spoke of Fire, Agni, which is the primordial substance.

0 1966-10-29, #Agenda Vol 07, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   To tell the truth, I dont like mental activity I have never liked it. I worked a lot in the mind for a time: it was a phase, the phase of mental development when I did Philosophyall philosophies, comparative philosophiesin order to make the intellect more supple. But to tell the truth, it doesnt interest me. While states of consciousness movements of consciousness, states of consciousness thats tremendously interesting! And going on at the moment there is a very keen, that is, very painstaking study of the relationship between states of consciousness and the phenomenon of death.
   Ultimately, all beliefs people have about what happens after death Human beings have long tried to know, of course, and some religions thought they had found an explanation. Ive had personal experiences. And now the problem is put in a new way, as if (I say as if because I havent come to the end and I dont know), as if what is perpetuated from life to life werent personalities but STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS, which are immortal and in constant transformation at the same time, and whats transformed through ones lives is the state of consciousness. Some have only one state of consciousness, others have many (there are even certain people who have two nearly opposite states of consciousness, which results in that double personality and those contradictions in life). Some are very simple and have only one, and that results in almost primitive individuals; but they sometimes have a wonderful development in their state of consciousness. That explains many contradictions. Thats what I am clearly shown at the moment: states of consciousness passing through numerous aggregates. And then, there is, there too, a secret to be found for the prolongation of an aggregate, that is, what gives the character not of immortality (which is something very different), but of the indefinite duration of lifeof the FORM, rather (life never stops), of the form. So then, once this study has been done in depth, another secret will have been found.

0 1967-05-24, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   I know it is the Russian explanation of the recent trend to spirituality and mysticism that it is a phenomenon of capitalist society in its decadence. But to read an economic cause, conscious or unconscious, into all phenomena of mans history is part of the Bolshevik gospel born of the fallacy of Karl Marx. Mans nature is not so simple and one-chorded as all thatit has many lines and each line produces a need of his life. The spiritual or mystic line is one of them and man tries to satisfy it in various ways, by superstitions of all kinds, by ignorant religionism, by spiritism, demonism and what not, in his more enlightened parts by spiritual Philosophy, the higher occultism and the rest, at his highest by the union with the All, the Eternal or the Divine. The tendency towards the search of spirituality began in Europe with a recoil from the nineteenth centurys scientific materialism, a dissatisfaction with the pretended all-sufficiency of the reason and the intellect and a feeling out for something deeper. That was a pre-war [of 1914] phenomenon, and began when there was no menace of Communism and the capitalistic world was at its height of insolent success and triumph, and it came rather as a revolt against the materialistic bourgeois life and its ideals, not as an attempt to serve or sanctify it. It has been at once served and opposed by the post-war disillusionmentopposed because the post-war world has fallen back either on cynicism and the life of the senses or on movements like Fascism and Communism; served because with the deeper minds the dissatisfaction with the ideals of the past or the present, with all mental or vital or material solutions of the problem of life has increased and only the spiritual path is left. It is true that the European mind having little light on these things dallies with vital will-o-the-wisps like spiritism or theosophy or falls back upon the old religionism; but the deeper minds of which I speak either pass by them or pass through them in search of a greater Light. I have had contact with many and the above tendencies are very clear. They come from all countries and it was only a minority who hailed from England or America. Russia is differentunlike the others it has lingered in mediaeval religionism and not passed through any period of revoltso when the revolt came it was naturally anti-religious and atheistic. It is only when this phase is exhausted that Russian mysticism can revive and take not a narrow religious but the spiritual direction. It is true that mysticism revers, turned upside down, has made Bolshevism and its endeavour a creed rather than a political theme and a search for the paradisal secret millennium on earth rather than the building of a purely social structure. But for the most part Russia is trying to do on the communistic basis all that nineteenth-century idealism hoped to get atand failedin the midst of or against an industrial competitive environment. Whether it will really succeed any better is for the future to decide for at present it only keeps what it has got by a tension and violent control which is not over.
   Sri Aurobindo

0 1967-10-21, #Agenda Vol 08, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   Naturally, this can be done because even in the inconscient, at its very bottom, there is consciousness; but thats Philosophy. Yesterday, it was the perfectly concrete and material experience of it all.
   And individualization is part of the process, its a necessity of the process, because it permits a more minute and direct action.

0 1968-09-21, #Agenda Vol 09, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   Its like this: the body is absolutely convinced that there is only one Willone Consciousness, one Will. Consequently, whatever happens is part of that Consciousness and that Will. Thats how it is, you understand. So it cant get angry. It has one spontaneous tendency: let the aspiration be more intense, the surrender more complete, the trust more total. It gets formulated like this: ThatThat which is everything and is oneis nevertheless, despite all appearances, it is nevertheless the Supreme Goodness, the Supreme Beauty, the Supreme Harmony everything reaches out towards That. That is it. And we too reach out towards That. There, thats the bodys Philosophy. But not in the manner of the other parts of the being: quite spontaneous, and with a sort of indisputability.
   (silence)

0 1969-07-23, #Agenda Vol 10, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   An Asram means the house or houses of a Teacher or Master of spiritual Philosophy in which he receives and lodges those who come to him for the teaching and practice. An Asram is not an association or a religious body or a monasteryit is only what has been indicated above and nothing more.
   Everything in the Asram belongs to the Teacher; the sadhaks (those who practise under him) have no claim, right or voice in any matter. They remain or go according to his will. Whatever money he receives is his property and not that of a public body. It is not a trust or a fund, for there is no public institution. Such Asrams have existed in India since many centuries before Christ and still exist in large numbers. All depends on the Teacher and ends with his lifetime,7 unless there is another Teacher who can take his place.

0 1969-10-25, #Agenda Vol 10, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   I havent learned anything new. All that she [Mother] says I have known for twenty years. The very basis of my experience was the transformation of the cells, that was my starting point. According to what Mother writes, I think she only began this experience two years ago, and I understand she has now completed it. So for me, all that she says is true, correct, and it cannot be otherwise. Only, unlike her, I did not go through every stage of the experience in detail, right to the end. My method was direct straight, all the way up; I cut out all those stages and visions on the way, because otherwise I could not have done what I did. You understand, I couldnt attempt those details, because if I had, I would have lost my aim, I would have missed my realization. For her, its all right, because she was educated. She knows Philosophy, metaphysics, science, and what not! Moreover, she had the good fortune of meeting Sri Aurobindo. I would like to meet him. But as for me, I was all alone. So I had no option. I dont regret it. I came here because I knew there was here someone who spoke my language. I got confirmation of my experiences, and I provide conirmation to her experience. Thats right. One might say that we have gone hand in hand into our experiencewe are on the same plane. Thats how I understand it. I dont know what she thinks of me, she didnt tell me anything. I wanted to talk with her, but I dont think she is inclined to speak much. So!
   At any rate, she told me she would help me; in that case, something is surely being done. The seed you sow today doesnt grow the next day. We must wait. It may take time.

0 1970-01-10, #Agenda Vol 11, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   Cosmic Philosophy admits no personal god.
   Whether it admits or not, they exist anyhow! (laughter)

0 1970-06-03, #Agenda Vol 11, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   Then, to reach there, the first condition is to descend deep down in oneself to find out what one IS behind all these hereditary, social, cultural appearanceswhat one truly is. Then, at that stage, things take on a meaning, but before that they dont mean anything. Before that, they have the meaning given in morality, religion, Philosophy they mean nothing.
   So well put (Mother writes): First essential condition

0 1970-10-17, #Agenda Vol 11, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   All those things, I dont know. Its Philosophy in English, I would say wordy. Those are psychological words that I dont know at all.
   Yes, of course! In any case, it has no relationship with the psychic, the soul as we understand it.

0 1971-10-16, #Agenda Vol 12, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   He mentions you only in the preface and says this: The influence of the cosmic Philosophy goes beyond the boundaries of the cosmic groups of France. Consider, for example, that the Reverend Mother of the Pondicherry Ashram (!), Sri Aurobindos collaborator, was a student of Max Thon in Tlemcen. Thats all he says about you.
   I told you the story. There were some astonishing things. I told you I saw him deflect lightning!

0 1971-12-11, #Agenda Vol 12, #The Mother, #Integral Yoga
   For the problem is fundamental. It is not a question of bringing a new Philosophy to the world or new ideas or illuminations, as they are called. The question is not of making the Prison of our lives more habitable, or of endowing man with ever more fantastic powers. Armed with his microscopes and telescopes, the human gnome remains a gnome, pain-ridden and helpless. We send rockets to the moon, but we know nothing of our own hearts. It is a question, says Sri Aurobindo, of creating a new physical nature which is to be the habitation of the Supramental being in a new evolution.3 For, in actuality, he says, the imperfection of Man is not the last word of Nature, but his perfection too is not the last peak of the Spirit.4 Beyond the mental man we are, there exists the possibility of another being who will be the spearhead of evolution as man was once the spearhead of evolution among the great apes. If, says Sri Aurobindo, the animal is a living laboratory in which Nature has, it is said, worked out man, man himself may well be a thinking and living laboratory in whom and with whose conscious co-operation she wills to work out the superman, the god.5 Sri Aurobindo has come to tell us how to create this other being, this supramental being, and not only to tell us but actually to create this other being and open the path of the future, to hasten upon earth the rhythm of evolution, the new vibration that will replace the mental vibrationexactly as a thought one day disturbed the slow routine of the beastsand will give us the power to shatter the walls of our human prison.
   Indeed, the prison is already starting to collapse. The end of a stage of evolution, announced by Sri Aurobindo, is usually marked by a powerful recrudescence of all that has to go out of the evolution.6 Everywhere about us we see this paroxysmal shattering of all the old forms: our borders, our churches, our laws, our morals are collapsing on all sides. They are not collapsing because we are bad, immoral, irreligious, or because we are not sufficiently rational, scientific or human, but because we have come to the end of the human! To the end of the old mechanism for we are on our way to SOMETHING ELSE. The world is not going through a moral crisis but through an evolutionary crisis. We are not going towards a better worldnor, for that matter, towards a worse onewe are in the midst of a MUTATION to a radically different world, as different as the human world was from the ape world of the Tertiary Era. We are entering a new era, a supramental Quinary. We leave our countries, wander aimlessly, we go looking for drugs, for adventure, we go on strike here, enact reforms there, foment revolutions and counterrevolutions. But all this is only an appearance; in fact, unwittingly, we are looking for the new being. We are in the midst of human evolution.

02.01 - Metaphysical Thought and the Supreme Truth, #The Integral Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  If we can get that, intellectual speculation and reasoning must fall necessarily into a very secondary place and even lose their reason for existence. Philosophy, intellectual expression of the
  Truth may remain, but mainly as a means of expressing this greater discovery and as much of its contents as can at all be expressed in mental terms to those who still live in the mental intelligence.
  --
  In the East, especially in India, the metaphysical thinkers have tried, as in the West, to determine the nature of the highest Truth by the intellect. But, in the first place, they have not given mental thinking the supreme rank as an instrument in the discovery of Truth, but only a secondary status. The first rank has always been given to spiritual intuition and illumination and spiritual experience; an intellectual conclusion that contradicts this supreme authority is held invalid. Secondly, each Philosophy has armed itself with a practical way of reaching to the supreme state of consciousness, so that even when one begins with Thought, the aim is to arrive at a consciousness beyond mental thinking. Each philosophical founder (as also those who continued his work or school) has been a metaphysical thinker doubled with a Yogi. Those who were only philosophic intellectuals were respected for their learning but never took rank as truth discoverers. And the philosophies that lacked a sufficiently powerful means of spiritual experience died out and became things of the past because they were not dynamic for spiritual discovery and realisation.
  In the West it was just the opposite that came to pass.
  Thought, intellect, the logical reason came to be regarded more and more as the highest means and even the highest end; in Philosophy, Thought is the be-all and the end-all. It is by intellectual thinking and speculation that the truth is to be discovered; even spiritual experience has been summoned to pass the tests of the intellect, if it is to be held valid - just the reverse of the
  Indian position. Even those who see that mental Thought must be overpassed and admit a supramental "Other", do not seem to escape from the feeling that it must be through mental Thought, sublimating and transmuting itself, that this other Truth must be reached and made to take the place of the mental limitation and ignorance. And again Western thought has ceased to be dynamic; it has sought after a theory of things, not after realisation. It was still dynamic amongst the ancient Greeks, but for moral and aesthetic rather than spiritual ends. Later on, it became yet more purely intellectual and academic; it became intellectual speculation only without any practical ways and means for the attainment of the Truth by spiritual experiment, spiritual discovery, a spiritual transformation. If there were not this difference, there would be no reason for seekers like yourself to turn to the East for guidance; for in the purely intellectual field, the Western thinkers are as competent as any Eastern sage.

02.06 - Vansittartism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   Germany is considered now, and naturally with great reason, as the arch criminal among nations. Such megalomania, such lust for wanton cruelty, such wild sadism, such abnormal velleities no people, it is said, have ever evinced anywhere on the face of the earth: the manner and the extent of it all are appalling. Hitler is not the malady; removal of the Fuehrer will not cure Germany. The man is only a sign and a symbol. The whole nation is corrupt to the core: it has been inoculated with a virus that cannot be eradicated. The peculiar German character that confronts and bewilders us now, is not a thing of today or even of yesterday; it has been there since Tacitus remarked it. Even Germans themselves know it very well; the best among them have always repudiated their mother country. Certainly there were peoples and nations that acted at times most barbarously and inhumanly. The classical example of the Spanish Terror in America is there. But all pales into insignificance when compared to the German achievement and ideal in this respect. For here is a people violent and cruel, not simply because it is their character to be so and they delight in being so, but because it forms the bedrock of their Philosophy of life, their weltanschauung.
   This is the very core of the matter. Germany stands for a Philosophy of life, for a definite mode of human values. That Philosophy was slowly developed, elaborated by the German mind, in various degrees and in various ways through various thinkers and theorists and moralists and statesmen, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously. The conception of the State as propounded even by her great philosophers as something self-existent, sacrosanct and almost divineaugust and grim, one has to addis profoundly significant of the type of the subconscient dynamic in the nation: it strangely reminds one of the state organised by the bee, the ant or the termite. Hitler has only precipitated the idea, given it a concrete, physical and dynamic form. That Philosophy in its outlook has been culturally anti-Latin, religiously anti-Christian. Germany cherishes always in her heart the memory of the day when her hero Arminius routed the Roman legions of Varus. Germany stands for a mode of human consciousness that is not in line with the major current of its evolutionary growth: she harks back to something primeval, infra-rational, infra-human.
   Such is the position taken up by Lord Vansittart who has given his name to the new ideology of anti-Germanism. Vansittartism (at least in its extreme variety) has very little hope for the mending of Germany, it practically asks for its ending.

02.07 - The Descent into Night, #Savitri, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
    A new Philosophy theorised evil's rights,
    Gloried in the shimmering rot of decadence,

02.14 - Appendix, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   Sri Aurobindo has said that Vyasa is the most masculine of poets. Echoing his words we may say that Wordsworth is the most masculine of English poets. This classification of poets into "masculine" and "feminine" was made by the poet Coleridge. "Masculine" means in the first place, shorn of ornament, whereas the "feminine" loves ornament. Secondly, the masculine has intellectuality and the feminine emotionalism. Then again, femininity is sweetness and charm, masculinity implies hard restraint; the feminine has movement, like the flow of a stream, the play of melody, while the masculine has immobility, like the stillness of sculpture, the stability of a rock. This is the difference between the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, between the styles of Vyasa and Valmiki. This too is the difference between Wordsworth and Shelley. The Ramayana has always been recognised for its poetic beauty; Valmiki is our first great poet, di-kavi. In the Mahabharata we appreciate not so much the beauty of poetic form as a treasury of knowledge, on polity and ethics, culture and spirituality. We consider the Gita primarily as a work of Philosophy, not of poetry. In the same way, Wordsworth has not been able to capture the mind and heart of India or Bengal as Shelley has done. In order truly to appreciate Wordsworth's poetry, one must be something of a meditative ascetic,dhyn, tapasv indeed,
   quiet as a nun Breathless

02.14 - Panacea of Isms, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   So the cry is for greater human values. Man needs food and shelter, goes without saying, but he yearns for other things also, air and light: he needs freedom, he needs culturehigher thoughts, finer emotions, nobler urges the field and expression of personal worth. The acquisition of knowledge, the creation of beauty, the pursuit of Philosophy, art, literature, and science in their pure forms and for their own sake are things man holds dear to his heart. Without them life loses its charm and significance. Mind and sensibility must be free to roam, not turned and tied to the exclusive needs and interests of physical life, free, that is to say, to discover and create norms and ideals and truths that are values in themselves and also lend values to the matter-of-fact terrestrial life. It is not sufficient that all men should have work and wages, it is not sufficient that I all should have learnt the three R's, it is not sufficient that they should understand their rightssocial, political, economic and claim and vindicate them. Nor is it sufficient for men to r become merely useful or indispensablealthough happy and I contentedmembers of a collective body. The individual must be free, free in his creative joy to bring out and formulate, in thought, in speech, in action, in all the modes of expression, the truth, the beauty, the good he experiences within. An all-round culture, a well-developed mind, a well-organised life, a well-formed body, a harmonious working of all the members of the system at a high level of consciousness that is man's need, for there lies his self-fulfilment. That is the ideal of Humanismwhich the ancient Grco-Roman culture worshipped, which was again revived by the Renaissance and which once again became a fresh and living force after the great Revolution and is still the high light to which Science and modern knowledge turns.
   The More Beyond

03.01 - Humanism and Humanism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   Appendix The Philosopher as an Artist and Philosophy as an Art
   Other Authors Nolini Kanta Gupta Man, Human and DivineHumanism and Humanism
  --
   But first of all we must know what exactly is meant by humanism. It is, of course, not a doctrine or dogma; it is an attitude, an outlook the attitude, the outlook that views and weighs the worth of man as man. The essential formula was succinctly given by the Latin poet when he said that nothing human he considered foreign to him.2 It is the characteristic of humanism to be interested in man as man and in all things that interest man as man. To this however an important corollary is to be added, that it does not concern itself with things that do not concern man's humanity. The original father of humanism was perhaps Socrates whose mission it was, as he said, to bring down Philosophy from heaven to live among men. More precisely, the genesis should be ascribed rather to the Aristotelian tradition of Socratic teaching.
   Humanism proper was bornor rebornwith the Renaissance. It was as strongly and vehemently negative and protestant in its nature as it was positive and affirmative. For its fundamental character that which gave it its very namewas a protest against, a turning away from whatever concerned itself with the supra-human, with God or Self, with heaven or other worlds, with abstract or transcendental realities. The movement was humanistic precisely because it stood against the theological and theocratical mediaeval age.
  --
   Appendix The Philosopher as an Artist and Philosophy as an Art

03.02 - The Philosopher as an Artist and Philosophy as an Art, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
  object:03.02 - The Philosopher as an Artist and Philosophy as an Art
  author class:Nolini Kanta Gupta
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   Other Authors Nolini Kanta Gupta Man, Human and Divine The Philosopher as an Artist and Philosophy as an Art
   The Philosopher as an Artist and Philosophy as an Art
   I wonder why Philosophy has never been considered as a variety of Art. Philosophy is admired for the depth and height of its substance, for its endeavour to discover the ultimate Truth, for its one-pointed adherence to the supremely Real; but precisely because it does so it is set in opposition to Art which is reputed as the domain of the ideal, the imaginative or the fictitious. Indeed it is the antagonism between the two that has always been emphasised and upheld as an axiomatic truth and an indisputable fact. Of course, old Milton (he was young, however, when he wrote these lines) says that Philosophy is divine and charming:
   Not harsh, and crabbed as dull fools suppose,
  --
   In the face of established opinion and tradition (and in the wake of the prophetic poet) I propose to demonstrate that Philosophy has as much claim to be called an art, as any other orthodox art, painting or sculpture or music or architecture. I do not refer to the element of Philosophyperhaps the very large element of Philosophy that is imbedded and ingrained in every Art; I speak of Philosophy by itself as a distinct type of au thentic art. I mean that Philosophy is composed or created in the same way as any other art and the philosopher is moved and driven by the inspiration and impulsion of a genuine artist. Now, what is Art? Please do not be perturbed by the question. I am not trying to enter into the Philosophy the metaphysicsof it, but only into the science the physicsof it. Whatever else it may be, the sine qua non, the minimum requisite of art is that it must be a thing of beauty, that is to say, it must possess a beautiful form. Even the Vedic Rishi says that the poet by his poetic power created a heavenly formkavi kavitva divi rpam asajat. As a matter of fact, a supreme beauty of form has often marked the very apex of artistic creation. Now, what does the Philosopher do? The sculptor hews beautiful forms out of marble, the poet fashions beautiful forms out of words, the musician shapes beautiful forms out of sounds. And the philosopher? The philosopher, I submit, builds beautiful forms out of thoughts and concepts. Thoughts and concepts are the raw materials out of which the artist philosopher creates mosaics and patterns and designs architectonic edifices. For what else are philosophic systems? A system means, above all, a form of beauty, symmetrical and harmonious, a unified whole, rounded and polished and firmly holding together. Even as in Art, truth, bare sheer truth is not the object of philosophical inquiry either. Has it not been considered sufficient for a truth to be philosophically true, if it is consistent, if it does not involve self-contradiction? The equation runs: Truth=Self-consistency; Error=Self-contradiction. To discover the absolute truth is not the philosopher's taskit is an ambitious enterprise as futile and as much of a my as the pursuit of absolute space, absolute time or absolute motion in Science. Philosophy has nothing more to doand nothing lessthan to evolve or build up a system, in other words, a self-consistent whole (of concepts, in this case). Art also does exactly the same thing. Self-contradiction means at bottom, want of harmony, balance, symmetry, unity, and self-consistency means the contrary of these things the two terms used by Philosophy are only the logical formulation of an essentially aesthetic value.
   Take, for example, the philosophical system of Kant or of Hegel or of our own Shankara. What a beautiful edifice of thought each one has reared! How cogent and compact, organised and poised and finely modelled! Shankara's reminds me of a tower, strong and slender, mounting straight and tapering into a vanishing point among the clouds; it has the characteristic linear movement of Indian melody. On the otherhand, the march of the Kantian Critiques or of the Hegelian Dialectic has a broader base and involves a composite strain, a balancing of contraries, a blending of diverse notes: thereis something here of the amplitude and comprehensiveness of harmonic architecture (without perhaps a corresponding degree of altitude).
  --
   But the philosopher's stone is not, after all, a myth, as is being proved by modern science. Even so, the philosopher's truth the truth, that is to say, in the noumenal sense, to which he aspires in his heart of heartsis also existent. There is a reality apart from and beyond all relativities and contingencies: truth is not mere self-consistence, it is self-existence. Art and Philosophy as an art may not comprehend it, but they circuit round it and even have glimpses of it and touch it, though the vision they have more often aberrates, distorting a rope into a snake.
   It is a grain of this truth that is the substance and the core of all true art and Philosophy. Philosophy works upon this secret strand by its logic, art by imaginationalthough logic and imagination may not be so incommensurable as they are commonly thought to be; even so, both art and Philosophy arrive at the same result, viz., the building of a beautiful superstructure.
   This golden core of truth comes from elsewhere it is beyond the myic circle of art and Philosophy. To have access to it, a lid overhead is to be broken throughra ther, as it is said, it is that that breaks through of its own accord and reveals its identity.
   Plato would not tolerate the poets in his ideal society since they care too much for beauty and very little for the true and good. He wanted it all to be a kingdom of philosophers. I am afraid Plato's philosopher is not true to type, the type set up by his great disciple. Plato's philosopher is no longeran artist, he has become a mystica Rishi in our language.

03.03 - A Stainless Steel Frame, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 02, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   The Philosopher as an Artist and Philosophy as an Art Towardsa New Ideology
   Other Authors Nolini Kanta Gupta Man, Human and DivineA Stainless Steel Frame
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   The Philosopher as an Artist and Philosophy as an Art Towardsa New Ideology

03.06 - Divine Humanism, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   But first of all we must know what exactly is meant by humanism. It is, of course, not a doctrine or dogma; it is an attitude, an outlook the attitude, the outlook that views and weighs the worth of man as man. The essential formula was succinctly given by the Latin poet when he said that nothing human he considered foreign to him. It is the characteristic of humanism to be interested in man as man and in all things that interest man as man. To this, however, an important corollary is to be added, that it does not concern itself with things that do not concern man's humanity. The original father of humanism was perhaps the father of European culture itself, Socrates, whose mission it was, as he said, to bring down Philosophy from heaven to live among men. More precisely the genesis should be ascribed to the Aristotelian tradition of Socratic teaching.
   Humanism proper was bornor rebornwith the Renaissance.It was as strongly and vehemently negative and protestant in its nature, on one side, as it was positive and affirmative on the other. For its fundamental character that which gave it its Very namewas a protest against a turning away from, whatever concerned itself with the supra-human, with God or Self, with heaven or other worlds, with abstract or transcendental realities. The movement was humanistic precisely because it stood against the theological and theocratical mediaeval age.

04.01 - The March of Civilisation, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   Turning to India we find a fuller and completerif not a globalpicture of the whole movement. India, we may say, is the spiritual world itself: and she epitomised the curve of human progress in a clearer and more significant manner. Indian history, not its political but its cultural and spiritual history, divides itself naturally into great movements with corresponding epochs each dwelling upon and dealing with one domain in the hierarchy of man's consciousness. The stages and epochs are well known: they are(l) Vedic, (2) Upanishadic, (3) Darshanasroughly from Buddha to Shankara, (4) Puranic, (5) Bhagavataor the Age of Bhakti, and finally (6) the Tantric. The last does not mean that it is the latest revelation, the nearest to us in time, but that it represents a kind of complementary movement, it was there all along, for long at least, and in which the others find their fruition and consummation. We shall explain presently. The force of consciousness that came and moved and moulded the first and the earliest epoch was Revelation. It was a power of direct vision and occult will and cosmic perception. Its physical seat is somewhere behind and or just beyond the crown of the head: the peak of man's manifest being that received the first touch of Surya Savitri (the supreme Creative Consciousness) to whom it bowed down uttering the invocation mantra of Gayatri. The Ray then entered the head at the crown and illumined it: the force of consciousness that ruled there is Intuition, the immediate perception of truth and reality, the cosmic consciousness gathered and concentrated at that peak. That is Upanishadic knowledge. If the source and foundation of the Vedic initiation was occult vision, the Upanishad meant a pure and direct Ideation. The next stage in the coming down or propagation of the Light was when it reached further down into the brain and the philosophical outlook grew with rational understanding and discursive argumentation as the channel for expression, the power to be cultivated and the limb to be developed. The Age of the Darshanas or Systems of Philosophy started with the Buddha and continued till it reached its peak in Shankaracharya. The age sought to give a bright and strong mental, even an intellectual body to the spiritual light, the consciousness of the highest truth and reality. In the Puranic Age the vital being was touched by the light of the spirit and principally on the highest, the mental level of that domain. It meant the advent of the element of feeling and emotiveness and imagination into the play of the Light, the beginning of their reclamation. This was rendered more concrete and more vibrant and intense in the next stage of the movement. The whole emotional being was taken up into the travailing crucible of consciousness. We may name it also as the age of the Bhagavatas, god-lovers, Bhaktas. It reached its climax in Chaitanya whose physical passion for God denoted that the lower ranges of the vital being (its physical foundations) were now stirred in man to awake and to receive the Light. Finally remains the physical, the most material to be worked upon and made conscious and illumined. That was the task of the Tantras. Viewed in that light one can easily understand why especial stress was laid in that system upon the esoteric discipline of the five m's (pancha makra),all preoccupied with the handling and harnessing of the grossest physical instincts and the most material instruments. The Tantric discipline bases itself upon Nature Power coiled up in Matter: the release of that all-conquering force through a purification and opening into the consciousness of the Divine Mother, the transcendent creatrix of the universe. The dynamic materialising aspect of consciousness was what inspired the Tantras: the others forming the Vedantic line, on the whole, were based on the primacy of the static being, the Purusha, aloof and withdrawing.
   The Indian consciousness, we say, presented the movement as an intensive and inner, a spiritual process: it dealt with the substance itself, man's very nature and sought to know it from within and shape it consciously. In Europe where the frontal consciousness is more stressed and valued, the more characteristic feature of its history is the unfoldment and metamorphosis of the forms and expressions, the residuary powers, as it were, of man's evolving personality, individual and social.

04.02 - A Chapter of Human Evolution, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   The Mind of Reason is a kind of steel-frame for other movements of consciousness pure ideas, imaginations or instinctive and sensory notions, or even secret intimations and visions of deeper truths and greater realitiesto take body, to find a local habitation and name and be firmly stabilised for experience or utilisation in physical life. There was indeed a hiatus in the human consciousness of the earlier period. Take, for example, the earliest human civilisation at its best, of which we have historical record, the Vedic culture of India: human consciousness is here at its optimum, its depth and height is a thing of wonder. But between that world, an almost occult world and this world of the physical senses there is a gap. That world was occult precisely because of this gap. The physical life and mind could translate and represent the supra-physical only in figures and symbols; the impact was direct, but it expressed itself in hieroglyphs. Life itself was more or less a life of rites and ceremonies, and mind a field of metaphors and legends and parables. The parable, the myth was an inevitability with this type of consciousness and in such a world. The language spoken was also one of images and figures, expressing ideas and perceptions not in the abstract but as concrete objects, represented through concrete objects. It is the Mind of Reason that brought in the age of Philosophy, the age of pure and abstract ideas, of the analytic language. A significant point to note is that it was in the Greek language that the pre-position, the backbone almost of the analytical language, started to have an independent and autonomous status. With the Greeks dawned the spirit of Science.
   In India we meet a characteristic movement. As I said the Vedas represented the Mythic Age, the age when knowledge was gained or life moulded and developed through Vision and Revelation (Sruti, direct Hearing). The Upanishadic Age followed next. Here we may say the descending light touched the higher reaches of the Mind, the mind of pure, fundamental, typical ideas. The consciousness divested itself of much of the mythic and parabolic apparel and, although supremely immediate and intuitive, yet was bathed with the light of the day, the clear sunshine of the normal wakeful state. The first burgeoning of the Rational Mind proper, the stress of intellect and intellectuality started towards the end of the Upanishadic Age with the Mahabharata, for example and the Brahmanas. It flowered in full vigour, however, in the earlier philosophical schools, the Sankhyas perhaps, and in the great Buddhist illuminationBuddha being, we note with interest, almost a contemporary of Socrates and also of the Chinese philosopher or moralist Confuciusa triumvirate almost of mighty mental intelligence ruling over the whole globe and moulding for an entire cycle human culture and destiny. The very name Buddha is significant. It means, no doubt, the Awakened, but awakened in and through the intelligence, the mental Reason, buddhi. The Buddhist tradition is that the Buddhist cycle, the cycle over which Buddha reigns is for two thousand and five hundred years since his withdrawal which takes us, it seems, to about 1956 A.D.

04.02 - Human Progress, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   We can thus note, broadly speaking, three stages in the human cycle of Nature's evolution. The first was the period of emergence of self-consciousness and the trials and experiments it went through to establish and confirm itself. The ancient civilisations represented this character of the human spirit. The subject freeing itself more and more from its environmental tegument, still living and moving within it and dynamically reacting upon itthis was the character we speak of. Next came the period when the free and dynamic subject feeling itself no more tied down to its natural objective sphere sought lines of development and adventure on its own account. This was the age of speculation and of scholasticism in Philosophy and intellectual inquiry and of alchemy in natural sciencea period roughly equated with the Middle Ages. The Scientific Age coming last seeks to re-establish a junction and co-ordination between the free and dynamic self-consciousness and the mode and pattern of its objective field, involving a greater enrichment on one side the subjective consciousness and on the other, the objective environment, a corresponding change and effective reorganisation.
   The present age which ushers a fourth stagesignificantly called turiya or the transcendent, in Indian terminologyis pregnant with a fateful crisis. The stage of self-consciousness to which scientific development has arrived seems to land in a cul-de-sac, a blind alley: Science also is faced, almost helplessly, with the antinomies of reason that Kant discovered long ago in the domain of speculative Philosophy. The way out, for a further growth and development and evolution, lies in a supersession of the self-consciousness, an elevation into a super-consciousnessas already envisaged by Yogis and Mystics everywherewhich will give a new potential and harmony to the human consciousness.
   This super consciousness is based upon a double movement of sublimation and integration which are precisely the two things basically aimed at by present-day psychology to meet the demands of new facts of consciousness. The rationalisation, specialisation or foreshortening of consciousness, mentioned above, is really an attempt at sublimation of the consciousness, its purification and ascension from baseranimal and vegetalconfines: only, ascension does not mean alienation, it must mean a gathering up of the lower elements also into their higher modes. Integration thus involves a descent, but it has to be pointed out, not merely or exclusively that, as Jung and his school seem to say. Certainly one has to see and recognise the aboriginal, the infra-rational elements imbedded in our nature and consciousness, the roots and foundations that lie buried under the super-structure that Evolution has erected. But that recognition must be accompanied by an upward look and sense: indeed it is healthy and fruitful only on condition that it occurs in a consciousness open to an infiltration of light coming from summits not only of the mind but above the mind. If we go back, it must be with a light that is ahead of us; that is the sense of evolution.

04.04 - A Global Humanity, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   There is the view, an old-world view, of eternal recurrence. That is to say, creation is ever the same; it goes through a cycle of changes, but the cycles repeat ad infinitum. There is no progress, no forward movement towards a more and more perfection. Indeed, the cycle of creation is a closed circle. The idea of progress was very much in vogue at one time. It was born under the auspices of Romantic Idealism; it was fostered and streng thened by youthful, Science in the first enthusiasm of her early discoveries, especially that of the fact of biological evolution. There has, however, been a setback since, when it was found that the original picture of evolution the emergence and growth of species in the course of a few thousand years is far from being true, that evolution means not thousands but millions of years. And when archaeologists discovered that men could build hygienic cities, run democratic states, discuss and argue acutely on recondite problems of life and Philosophy, women knew the use of ornaments and jewels of consummate beauty and craftsmanship in epochs when they were expected to be no more than wild denizens of the cave or the forest, the belief in human progress, at least along a steady straight line, was very much shaken.
   Yet an imperious necessity of the idea, almost as an inevitable ingredient of human consciousness, always exists and constantly makes its presence felt. If recurrence is the law of creation, this idea with its will to fruition is also a recurrent phenomenon. A modern form of it has been given a very dynamic drive in the Marxian gospel. A socio-economic progress, however, is and can be only a part, in fact, a result of a wider and deeper progress.

05.05 - In Quest of Reality, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   The Immortal Person Physics or Philosophy
   Other Authors Nolini Kanta Gupta The Quest and the Goal In Quest of Reality
  --
   The Immortal Person Physics or Philosophy

05.06 - Physics or philosophy, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
  object:05.06 - Physics or Philosophy
  author class:Nolini Kanta Gupta
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   Other Authors Nolini Kanta Gupta The Quest and the GoalPhysics or Philosophy
   Physics or Philosophy
   What is the world that we see really like? Is it mental, is it material? This is a question, we know, philosophers are familiar with, and they have answered and are still answering, each in his own way, taking up one side or other of the antinomy. There is nothing new or uncommon in that. The extraordinary novelty comes in when we see today even scientists forced to tackle the problem, give an answer to it,scientists who used to smile at philosophers, because they seemed to assault seriously the windmills of abstract notions and airy concepts, instead of reposing on the terra firmaof reality. The tables are turned now. The scientists have had to start the same business the terra firmaon which they stood as on the securest rock of ages is slipping away under their feet and fast vanishing into smoke and thin air. Not only that, it is discovered today that the scientist has always been a philosopher,' without his knowledgea crypto-philosopher,only he has become conscious of it at last. And furthermirabile dictum!many a scientist is busy demonstrating that the scientist is, in his essence, a philosopher of the Idealist school!
   Physical Science in the nineteenth century did indeed develop or presuppose a Philosophy of its own; it had, that is to say, a definite outlook on the fundamental quality of things and the nature of the universe. Those were days of its youthful self-confidence and unbending assurance. The view was, as is well-known, materialistic and deterministic. That is to say, all observation and experiment, according to it, demonstrated and posited:
   First, that this universe is made up of particles that push and pull each other, the particles having certain constant values, such as in respect of mass and volume. secondly, that the laws governing the relations among the particles, in other words, their push and pull, are laws of simple mechanics; they are fixed and definite and give us determinable and mensurable quantities called co-ordinatesby which one can ascertain the pattern or configuration of things at a given moment and deduce from that the pattern or configuration of things at any other moment: the chain that hangs things together is fixed and uniform and continuous and is not broken anywhere.
  --
   Physics and Philosophy, by Sir James Jeans.
   op. cit.

05.07 - The Observer and the Observed, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   Physics or Philosophy An Age of Revolution
   Other Authors Nolini Kanta Gupta The Quest and the GoalThe Observer and the Observed
  --
   Science means objectivity, that is to say, elimination of the personal elementtruth as pure fact without being distorted or coloured by the feelings and impressions and notions of the observer. It is the very opposite of the philosopher's standpoint who says that a thing exists because (and so long as) it is perceived. The scientist swears that a thing exists whether you perceive it or not, perception is possible because it exists, not the other way. And yet Descartes is considered not only as the father of modern Philosophy, but also as the founder o( modern mathematical science. But more of that anon. The scientific observer observes as a witness impartial and aloof: he is nothing more than a recording machine, a sort of passive mirror reflecting accurately and faithfully what is presented to it. This is indeed the great revolution brought about by Science in the world of human inquiry and in human consciousness, viz.,the isolation of the observer from the observed.
   In the old world, before Science was born, sufficient distinction or discrimination was not made between the observer and the observed. The observer mixed himself up or identified himself with what he observed and the result was not a scientific statement but a poetic description. Personal feelings, ideas, judgments entered into the presentation of facts and the whole mass passed as truth, the process often being given the high-sounding name of Intuition, Vision or Revelation but whose real name is fancy. And if there happened to be truth off act somewhere, it was almost by chance. Once we thought of the eclipse being due to the greed of a demon, and pestilence due to the evil eye of a wicked goddess. The universe was born out of an egg, the cosmos consisted of concentric circles of worlds that were meant to reward the virtuous and punish the sinner in graded degrees. These are some of the very well-known instances of pathetic fallacy, that is to say, introducing the element of personal sentiment in our appreciation of events and objects. Even today Nazi race history and Soviet Genetics carry that unscientific prescientific tradition.
  --
   Is it then to say that science is no longer science, it has now been converted into Philosophy, even into idealistic Philosophy? In spite of Russell and Eddington who may be considered in this respect as counsellors of despair, the objective reality of the scientific field stands, it is asserted, although somewhat changed.
   Now, there are four positions possible with regard to the world and reality, depending on the relation between the observer and the observed, the subject and the object. They are:(I) subjective, (2) objective, (3) subjective objective and (4) objective subjective. The first two are extreme positions, one holding the subject as the sole or absolute reality, the object being a pure fabrication of its will and idea, an illusion, and the other considering the object as the true reality, the subject being an outcome, an epiphenomenon of the object itself, an illusion after all. The first leads to radical or as it is called monistic spirituality the type of which is Mayavada: the second is the highway of materialism, the various avataras of which are Marxism, Pragmatism, Behaviourism etc. In between lie the other two intermediate positions according to the stress or value given to either of the two extremes. The first of the intermediates is the position held generally by the idealists, by many schools of spirituality: it is a major Vedantic position. It says that the outside world, the object, is not an illusion, a mere fabrication of the mind or consciousness of the subject, but that it exists and is as real as the subject: it is dovetailed into the subject which is a kind of linchpin, holding together and even energising the object. The object can further be considered as an expression or embodiment of the subject. Both the subject and the object are made of the same stuff of consciousness the ultimate reality being consciousness. The subject is the consciousness turned on itself and the object is consciousness turned outside or going abroad. This is pre-eminently the Upanishadic position. In Europe, Kant holds a key position in this line: and on the whole, idealists from Plato to Bradley and Bosanquet can be said more or less to belong to this category. The second intermediate position views the subject as imbedded into the object, not the object into the subject as in the first one: the subject itself is part of the object something like its self-regarding or self-recording function. In Europe apart possibly from some of the early Greek thinkers (Anaxagoras or Democritus, for example), coming to more recent times, we can say that line runs fairly well-represented from Leibnitz to Bergson. In India the Sankhyas and the Vaisheshikas move towards and approach the position; the Tantriks make a still more near approach.
  --
   Physics or Philosophy An Age of Revolution

05.12 - The Revealer and the Revelation, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   The Place of Reason Darshana and Philosophy
   Other Authors Nolini Kanta Gupta The Quest and the GoalThe Revealer and the Revelation
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   The Place of Reason Darshana and Philosophy

05.13 - Darshana and Philosophy, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
  object:05.13 - Darshana and Philosophy
  author class:Nolini Kanta Gupta
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   Other Authors Nolini Kanta Gupta The Quest and the GoalDarshana and Philosophy
   Darshana and Philosophy
   There is a mental approach to spiritual truths and there is a direct and immediate approach or rather contact. The mind sees as though through a mist, a darkling glass, a more or less opaque veil, and the thing envisaged presents a blurred and not unoften a deformed appearance. The mind has its own pre-dispositionsits own categories and terms, its own forms and figureswhich it has to use when it seeks to express that which is beyond it. Naturally the object, the truth as it is, it cannot apprehend or represent; it gives as it were the reverse side of an embroidery work. It goes round about the thing, has to take recourse to all kinds of contortions and gymnastics and grimaces to ape the natural gesture of the truth. But mind acts in this way, as a veil rather than' a medium, when one is stationed in it or below it and strains to look at what is above and beyond. On the other hand, if the consciousness is stationed above the mind, that is to say, if it has direct access or contact with the truth, the spiritual reality, in that case, mind need not act as a veil, it too can be made transparent, and sufflused with the higher light, it too can translate faithfully, present and embody the reality beyond somewhat as it actually is, in its native rhythm and figure and not diffracted and diffused through a hazy atmosphere.
   European thought, European Philosophy particularly, moves under the aegis of the Mind. It takes its stand within the Mind and from there tries to reach out to truths and realities; and therefore, however far it goes, its highest flights of perception, its most intimate contacts with spirit-truths are 'sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought'. The Indian standpoint, on the contrary, is first to contact the truth by a direct realisationthrough meditation, concentration, an uplifting and a deepening of the consciousness, through Yoga, spiritual discipline, and then endeavour to express the truth thus realised, directly intuited or revealed, through mental terms, to make it familiar and communicable to the normal intelligence. Mind, so subordinated and keyed to a new rhythm, becomes, as far as it is possible for it, a channel, a vehicle and not a veil. All the main systems of Indian Philosophy have this characteristic as their background. Each stands on a definite experience, a spiritual realisation, a direct contact with an aspect of truth and in and -through that seeks to give a world-view, building "up an intellectual system, marshalling rational conclusions that are natural to it or derive inevitably from it. In the Upanishads, which preceded the Darshanas, the spiritual realisations were not yet mentally systematised or logically buttressed: truths were delivered there as self-evident statements, as certitudes luminous in their own au thenticity. We accept them without question and take them into our consciousness as forming its fundamental norms, structuring its most intimate inscape. This is darana, seeing, as Philosophy is named in India. One sees the truth or reality and describes it as it is seen, its limbs and gestures, its constituents and functions. Philosophy here is fundamentally a recording of one's vision and a translation or presentation of it in mental terms.
   The procedure of European Philosophy is different. There the reason or the mental light is the starting-point. That light is cast about: one collects facts, one observes things and happenings and then proceeds to find out a general trutha law, a hypothesisjustified by such observations. But as a matter of fact this is the ostensible method: it is only a make-believe. For mind and reason are not normally so neutral and impersonal, a tabula rasa. The observer already comes into the field with a definite observational angle and a settled viewpoint. The precise sciences of today have almost foundered on this question of the observer entering inextricably into his observations and vitiating them. So in Philosophy too as it is practised in Europe, on a closer observation, if the observer is carefully observed, one finds not unoften a core of suppositions, major premises taken for granted hidden behind the logical apparatus. In other words, even a hardened philosopher cherishes at the back of his mind a priorijudgments and his whole Philosophy is only a rationalisation of an inner prejudgment, almost a window-dressing of a perception that came to him direct and in other secret ways. That was what Kant meant when he made the famous distinction between the Pure and the Practical Reason and their categories. Only the direct perceptions, the spiritual realisations are so much imbedded behind, covered so much with the mist of mind's struggle and tension and imaginative construction that it is not always easy to disengage the pure metal from the ore.
   We shall take the case of one such philosopher and try to illustrate our point. We are thinking of Whitehead. The character of European philosophical mind is well exemplified in this remarkable modern philosopher. The anxiety to put the inferences into a strict logical frame makes a naturally abstruse and abstract procedure more abstruse and abstract. The effort to present suprarational truths in terms of reason and syllogism clouds the issues more than it clarifies them. The fundamental perception, the living intuition that is behind his entire Philosophy and world outlook is that of an Immanent God, a dynamic evolving Power working out the growth and redemption of mankind and the world {the apotheosis of the World, as he puts it). It is the theme which comes last in the development of his system, as the culminating conclusion of his Philosophy, but it is the basic presupposition, the first principle that inspires his whole outlook, all the rest is woven and extended around this central nucleus. The other perception intimate to this basic -original perception and inseparable from it is a synthetic view in which things that are usually supposed to be contraries find their harmony and union, viz.,God and the World, Permanence and Flux, Unity and Multiplicity, the Universal and the Individual. The equal reality of the two poles of an integral truth is characteristic of many of the modern philosophical systems. In this respect Whitehead echoes a fundamental conclusion of Sri Aurobindo.
   There is another concept in Whitehead which seems to be moulded after a parallel concept in Sri Aurobindo: it is with regard to the working out of the process of creation, the mechanism of its dynamism. It is almost a glimpse into the occult functioning of the world forces. Whitehead speaks of two principles that guide the world process, first, the principle of limitation, and second, the principle of ingress. The first one Sri Aurobindo calls the principle of concentration (and of exclusive concentration) by which the infinite and the eternal limits himself, makes himself finite and temporal and infinitesimal, the universal transforms itself into the individual and the particular. The second is the principle of descent, which is almost the corner-stone in Sri Aurobindo's system. There are layers of reality: the higher forces and formulations enter into the lower, work upon it and bring about a change and transformation, purification and redemption. All progress and evolution is due to this influx of the higher, the deeper into , the lower and superficial plane of existence.
  --
   To return to our main theme, we should point out, however, that in Europe too at one time (during the whole Middle Age, the Age of Scholasticism) Philosophy was considered only as a handmaid of Religion, it had to echo and amplify and reason out the dogmas (which were sometimes real spiritual experiences or revelations); but the New Illumination came and Philosophy declared her autonomy, only that autonomy did not last long. For today in Europe, Philosophy has become the handmaid of Science. It was natural, since Reason is not a self-sufficient faculty, it is mediatory and must be ancillary either to something above it 'or something below iteither to Revelation or to sense-perception.
   ***

05.14 - The Sanctity of the Individual, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   Darshana and Philosophy Sartrian Freedom
   Other Authors Nolini Kanta Gupta The Quest and the GoalThe Sanctity of the Individual
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   Darshana and Philosophy Sartrian Freedom

05.19 - Lone to the Lone, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 01, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   Some mystics and philosophers recently come into vogue (inspired or encouraged by the Christian or the Buddhist way of Realisation) have emphasised this outlook. But it has also been counterbalanced by another way of spiritual growth and fulfilment: we may call it the modern way, for it has been a pronounced characteristic of the modern consciousness. We referred in our previous essay to the Existentialist who has attracted so much attention in these days, the linchpin of whose Philosophy is the value of the individual person, especially the individual personal in relation to each other. Kierkegaard, the Danish mystic, from whom this school is supposed to originate, speaks of the Absolute as the Single One that excludes and annuls all "others", the crowd. He lays especial emphasis upon complete solitariness and total renunciation as the very condition, sine qua non, of the soul's spiritual journey and yet characterises the singlenessof the one in terms that make of it an essential whole, an integer. Man must isolate himself from his phenomenal being, certainlyas the neti netiformula enjoins but also he must first find or become his real self, realise his true individuality before he can reach God, the Divine Self, identify himself with the Transcendent. It is only a freely and truly formed individual being that can give itself to the Divine or become one with it. This true individuality is indeed a solitary being away and apart from the crowd of personalities that surround itit has been called by the Indian mystics, the Purusha in the heart, no bigger than the thumb, the Dwarf Godhead (Vmana).
   When one is a member of the crowd, he has no personality or individuality, he is an amorphous mass, moving helplessly in the current of life, driven by Nature-force as it pleases her: spiritual life begins by withdrawing oneself from this flow of Ignorance and building up or taking cognisance of one's true person and being. When one possesses oneself integrally, is settled in the armature of one's spirit self, he has most naturally turned away from the inferior personalities of his own being and the comradeship also of people in bondage and ignorance. But then one need not stop at this purely negative poise: one can move up and arrive at a positive status, a new revaluation and reaffirmation. For when the divine selfhood is attained, one is no longer sole or solitary. Indeed, the solitariness or loneliness that is attri buted to the spiritual status is a human way of viewing the experience: that is the impression left on the normal mind consciousness when the Purusha soars out of it, upwards from the life of the world to the life of the Spirit. But the soul, the true spiritual being in the individual, is not and cannot be an isolated entity; the nature of the spiritual consciousness is first transcendence, no doubt, transcendence of the merely temporal and ephemeral, but it is also universalisation, that is to say, the cosmic realisation that has its classic expression in the famous mantra of the Gita, he who sees himself in other selves and other selves in his own self. In that status "own" and "other" are not distinct or contrary things, but aspects of the one and the same reality, different stresses in one rhythm.

06.02 - The Way of Fate and the Problem of Pain, #Savitri, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  A huge Philosophy of Nothingness.
  In him Nirvana lives and speaks and acts

06.08 - The Individual and the Collective, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   An integral sadhana cannot be confined to the individual alone; an element of collectivity must enter into it. An individual is not an isolated being in any way. There are, of course, schools of Yoga and Philosophy that seek to isolate the individual, consider him as an entity hemmed in by his own consciousness; indeed they view the individuals as all distinct and separate, each a closed circle or sphere, they may barely touch each other but never interpenetrate or inter-communicate. Each stands as a solitary island, all together forming the vast archipelago of the universe. This is a position; no doubt, that can be acquired by a kind of discipline of the consciousness, though not to a great perfection; but it is not a natural or necessary poise. Normally, individuals do merge into each other and form one weft of give and take. A desire, an impulse, even a thought that rises in you, goes out of you, overflows you and spreads around even to the extreme limit of the earth, like a Hertzian wave. Again, any movement in any person anywhere in the world would come to you, penetrate you, raise a similar vibration in you, even though you may not so recognise it but consider it as something exclusively personal to you. You send out vibrations into the world and the world sends out vibrations into you. Individual life is the meeting-ground of these outgoing and incoming forces. It is precisely to avoid this circle or cycle of world-vibrations that the older Yogis used to leave the world, away from society, retire to mountain-tops, into the virgin forest where they hoped to find themselves alone and aloof, to be single with the Single Self. This is a way out, but it is not the only or the best solution. It is not the best solution, for although apparent-ly one is alone on the hill-top, in the desert crypt, or the forest womb, one always carries with oneself a whole world within, the normal nature with all its instincts and impulses, reactions, memories and hopes: you cut away the outside, run away from it, but what about the outside that is within you? The taste for a tasty thing does not drop with the removal of the object. Secondly, such an individual solution, even if it were possible, would still be a purely personal matter and, in the ultimate analysis, egoistic. It is why the Buddha refused to enter definitely into Nirvana and withdrew from the brink to work among men. Indeed, the real solution is else-where. It is not to withdraw or go away but to find within the orbit here a centre, a focus of consciousness which is not controlled by the outside forces but can control them, which is not coloured by them but can lend them its own luminosity. That is the soul or the psychic centre.
   And this centre is not an isolated entity in its nature: it is, as it were, a universal centre, that is to say, it links itself indissolubly in a secret sense of identity with all other centres. For this self is only one of the selves through which the One Self has multiplied itself for a varied self-objectification. The light that shines here, the fire that burns here and the delight that flows here illumine, purify and revitalise not only the individual in which it dwells, but move abroad and extend into the other individuals with which it lives in spiritual identity.

07.45 - Specialisation, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 03, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   You have, for example, several subjects to learn at school. Well, learn as many as possible. If you study at home, read as many varieties as possible. I know you are usually asked and advised to follow a different way. You are to take as few subjects as possible and specialise. Yes, that is the general ideal: specialisation, to be an expert in one thing. If you wish to be a good philosopher, read Philosophy only; if you wish to be a good chemist, do only chemistry; and even you should concentrate upon only one problem or thesis in Philosophy or chemistry. In sports you are asked to do the same. Choose one item and fix your attention upon that alone. If you want to be a good tennis player, think of tennis alone. However, I am not of that opinion. My experience is different. I believe, there are general faculties in man which he should acquire and cultivate more than specialise himself. Of course, if it is your ambition to be a Monsieur or Madame Curie who wanted to discover one particular thing, to find out a new mystery of a definite kind, then you have to concentrate upon the one thing in view. But even then, once the object is gained, you can turn very well to other things. Besides, it is not an impossibility in the midst of the one-pointed pursuit to find occasions and opportunities to be interested in other pursuits.
   From my childhood I have been hearing of the same lesson; I am afraid it was taught also in the days of our fathers and grandfa thers and great grandfa thers, namely, that if you wish to be successful in something you must do that only and nothing else. I was rebuked very much because I was busy with many different things at the same time. I was told I would be in the end good for nothing. I was studying, I was painting, I was doing music and many other things. I was repeatedly warned that my painting would be worthless, my music would be worthless, my studies would be incomplete and defective if I had my way. Perhaps it was true; but I found that my way, too, had its advantagesprecisely the advantages I was speaking of at the outset, namely, it widens and enriches the mind and consciousness, makes it supple and flexible, gives it a spontaneous power to understand and handle anything new presented to it. If, however, I had wanted to become an executant of the first order and play in concerts, then of course I would have had to restrict myself. Or in painting if my aim had been to be one of the great artists of the age, I could have done only that and nothing else. One understands the position very well, but it is only a point of view. I do not see why I should become the greatest musician or the greatest painter. It seems to me to be nothing but vanity.

08.14 - Poetry and Poetic Inspiration, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 04, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   I have said: "Poetry is sensuality of the mind". How is it so? It is because poetry is in relation with the forms and images of ideasforms, images, sensations, impressions, emotions attached to ideas are the sensual or, if you prefer to call it, the sensuous side of things. All such relations are sensuousness. And poetry concerns itself with this idea of mind and thought. It approaches the world of ideas through their appearances, through the play of sensations and emotions around them. It is not like Philosophy or metaphysics which endeavours to look into the inside of ideas. Poetry, on the other hand, cannot be poetry unless it evokes, that is to say, unless it gives a form, a sensuous form to the idea. I have used an epigrammatic phrase to express this truth and even chosen the stronger word to give an edge to it. People are called sensual when they are occupied solely with the sensations of the physical life, with the forms and formations and movements of the material world, when they live with their senses and enjoy the things of the senses. The same tendency instead of going out towards the external life, the physical world, when it turns towards objects of the mind, towards ideas gives rise to poetry. Poetry is a world under the aspect of the beauty of form. It expresses the beauty of an idea, the harmony or rhythm of a thought, giving all that a concrete shape or image: it becomes a play of images, a play of sounds, a play of words. Thus instead of a sensuality of matter, we have a sensuality of the mind. I have not taken the word in a pejorative sense, nor in a moral sense; it is simply descriptive.
   I do not mean, in other words, that such a view, the poetic view, necessarily prevents you from seeing the truth of things. It only describes the way of the poet's approach as poet. Indeed, if it were a choice between reading a book of good poetry and reading a book of metaphysics, personally I would prefer poetry, for that is less arid! My definition of poetry, I assure you, is not a condemnation, it is only a description, a statement of fact, namely, that poetry is the sensual or sensuous approach to truth. It is perhaps a somewhat paradoxical way of putting the thing: it is meant to strike the thought, to awaken it to the perception of a reality which is usually obscured by the habitual, traditional or "classical" way of thinking.

08.31 - Personal Effort and Surrender, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 04, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   The relation of the whole and its part does not hold good here; for there is no longer any division. The very quality of the approach is different. Can you say that a perfect identification with one drop of water would give you the knowledge of what the sea is? And here the perfect identification in question is not merely with the ocean but with all possible oceans. And yet the perfect identification with one drop of water does give you the knowledge of the ocean in its essence; but in the other way you know the ocean not merely in its essence but in its totality. It is however very difficult to express the reality of the truth. What can be said to put it as clearly as possible is this: in the line of personal effort, when one depends solely upon one's personal strength, all that has been individualised maintains the virtues of individuality and hence also, in a certain sense, all the limitations necessary for this individuality. In the other case, when you have surrendered your individuality, you not only enjoy the virtues of individuality but also you are not subject to its limitations. It is almost high Philosophy, I am afraid. It is not clear therefore. But that is all I can say.
   ***

10.03 - The Debate of Love and Death, #Savitri, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  Champion of a harsh and sad Philosophy
  Thou hast used words to shutter out the Light

1.007 - Initial Steps in Yoga Practice, #The Study and Practice of Yoga, #Swami Krishnananda, #Yoga
  The principles called yamas and niyamas especially, or the sadhana chatustaya, as they say in the Vedanta Philosophy, are intended to bring about the necessary adjustment of personality with those conditions and factors which are going to affect one's life, especially when they are meddled with or interfered with. Things look all right when we do not interfere with them. The moment we touch them, they then show their real nature. So it is necessary not to oppose these forces or really meddle with them. We are not going to meddle with them. We are going to adjust ourselves with them in the beginning, and later on we will find that they will adjust themselves with us. When we become friendly with one aspect, that aspect becomes friendly with us also. Later on there is a mutual adjustment of values. All these things are difficult for a single mind to understand at one stroke.
  A novitiate cannot comprehend all these things, because generally we are fired up with a kind of sudden enthusiasm. That is all we don't know anything else. "I want to realise God in this very birth now itself, if possible." This is all we say. But what are the things necessary for this purpose? How many difficulties are there? These things will not come to the mind easily, because every little event in this world is connected with many other events and conditions. There is no single, isolated event in this world. This is why we say that steps in the direction of the practice of yoga particularly, should be taken only under the guidance of a competent teacher, one who is an expert in this field. It is more dangerous and more difficult than flying an airplane, because we cannot know what is ahead of us. We also cannot know what influence our past will have upon our present, what effect external conditions will have upon us, and what sudden reactions will be set up from factors within nothing of the kind will be clear in the beginning. When we take a few steps in the practice of yoga, an all-round change will take place. There will be internal change, external change, and even a feeling that God Himself is getting related to us in a more tangible manner than it appeared earlier.

1.00a - Introduction, #Magick Without Tears, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
  7. The Book of Thoth Surely all terms not in a good dictionary are explained in the text. I don't see what I can do about it, in any case; the same criticism would apply to (say) Bertr and Russell's Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, wouldn't it?
  Is x an R-ancestor of y if y has every R-hereditary that x has, provided x is a term which has the relation R to something or to which something has the relation R? (Enthusiastic cries of "Yes, it is!") He says "A number is anything which has the number of some class." Feel better now?

1.00b - INTRODUCTION, #The Perennial Philosophy, #Aldous Huxley, #Philosophy
  universal. Rudiments of the Perennial Philosophy may be found among the
  traditionary lore of primitive peoples in every region of the world, and in its fully
  --
  particular point in the general system of the Perennial Philosophy but also for their
  intrinsic beauty and memorableness. These selections are arranged under various
  --
  This book, I repeat, is an anthology of the Perennial Philosophy; but, though an
  anthology, it contans but few extracts from the writings of professional men of letters
  and, though illustrating a Philosophy, hardly anything from the professionalphilosophers.
  The reason for this is very simple. The Perennial Philosophy is primarily
  concerned with the one, divine Reality substantial to the manifold world of things and
  --
  the Perennial Philosophy, it is generally at second hand. But in every age there have
  been some men and women who chose to fulfil the conditions upon which alone, as a
  --
  exponents of the Perennial Philosophy those who knew them have generally given
  the name of saint or prophet, sage or enlightened one. And it is mainly to
  --
  selecting material to illustrate the doctrines of the Perennial Philosophy, as they were
  formulated in the West, I have gone almost always to sources other than the Bible.

1.00d - Introduction, #On the Way to Supermanhood, #Satprem, #Integral Yoga
  It has come, it is bursting out all over the earth, even if the unseen flower still looks like a festering boil: students behead Gandhi's statue in Calcutta, the old gods crumble, minds fed on intellect and Philosophy cry for destruction and invite the outl and Barbarians to help them break their own prison, just as the ancient Romans did; others call for chemical paradises any way is better than this one! And the earth gasps and groans through all its cracks, its countless cracks, through all the cells of its great body in transformation. The so-called evil of our time is a new birth in disguise, which we do not know how to handle. We are before a new evolutionary crisis as radical as must have been the first human aberration among the great apes.
  But since the terrestrial body is one, the remedy is one, like Truth, and a single point transmuted will transmute all the others. That point, however, is not to be found in the improvement of our laws, our systems or sciences, our religions, schools of thought or many-hued isms all those are part of the old Machinery; not a single nut needs to be tightened, added or improved anywhere: we are suffocating in the extreme. Moreover, that point has nothing to do with our intelligence that is what has contrived the whole Machine in the first place or even with improving Man, which would amount only to glorifying his weaknesses and past greatness. The imperfection of Man is not the last word of Nature, said Sri Aurobindo, but his perfection too is not the last peak of the Spirit. Indeed, this point lies in a future beyond the grasp of our intelligence, but it is growing in the depths of the being like the flowers of the flame tree when all its leaves have fallen.

1.00 - Introduction to Alchemy of Happiness, #The Alchemy of Happiness, #Al-Ghazali, #Sufism
  Mohammedan scholars of the present day still hold him in such high respect, that his name is never mentioned by them without some such distinctive epithet, as the "Scientific [6] Imaum," or "Chief witness for Islamism." His rank in the eastern world, as a philosopher and a theologian, had naturally given his name some distinction in our histories of Philosophy, and it is enumerated in connection with those of Averroes (Abu Roshd) and Avicenna (Abu Sina) as illustrating the intellectual life and the philosophical schools of the Mohammedans. Still his writings were less known than either of the two others. His principal work, The Destruction of the Philosophers, called forth in reply one of the two most important works of Averroes entitled The Destruction of the Destruction. Averroes, in his commentary upon Aristotle, extracts from Ghazzali copiously for the purpose of refuting bis views. A short treatise of his had been published at Cologne, in 1506, and Pocock had given in Latin his interpretation of the two fundamental articles of the Mohammedan creed. Von Hammer printed in 1838, at Vienna, a translation of a moral essay, Eyuha el Weled, as a new year's token for youth.
  It has been reserved to our own times to obtain a more intimate acquaintance with Ghazzali, and this chiefly by means of a translation by M. Pallia, into French, of his Confessions, wherein he announces very clearly his philosophical views; and from an essay on his writings by M. Smolders. In consequence, Mr. Lewes, who in his first edition of the Biographical History of Philosophy, found no place for Ghazzali, is induced in his last edition, from the evidenee which that treatise contains that he was one of the controlling minds of his age, to devote an entire section to an exhibition of his opinions in the same series with Abclard and Bruno, and to make him the typical figure to represent Arabian Philosophy. For a full account of Ghazzali's [7] school of Philosophy, we refer to his history and to the two essays, just mentioned. We would observe, very briefly however, that like most of the learned Mohammedans of his age, he was a student of Aristotle. While they regarded all the Greek philosophers as infidels, they availed themselves of their logic and their principles of Philosophy to maintain, as far possible, the dogmas of the Koran. Ghazzali's mind possessed however Platonizing tendencies, and he affiliated himself to the Soofies or Mystics in his later years. He was in antagonism with men who to him appeared, like Avicenna, to exalt reason above the Koran, yet he himself went to the extreme limits of reasoning in his endeavors to find an intelligible basis for the doctrines of the Koran, and a philosophical basis for a holy rule of life. His character, and moral and intellectual rank are vividly depicted in the following extract from the writings of Tholuck, a prominent leader of the modern Evangelical school of Germany.
  "Ghazzali," says Tholuck, "if ever any man have deserved the name, was truly a divine, and he may justly he placed on a level with Origen, so remarkable was he for learning and ingenuity, and gifted with such a rare faculty for the skillful and worthy exposition of doctrine. All that is good, noble and sublime, which his great soul had compassed, he bestowed upon Mohammedanism; and he adorned the doctrines of the Koran with so much piety and learning, that, in the form given them by him, they seem in my opinion worthy the assent of Christians. Whatsoever was most excellent in the Philosophy of Aristotle or in the Soofi mysticism, he discreetly adapted to the Mohammedan theology. From every school, he sought the [8] means of shedding light and honor upon religion; while his sincere piety and lofty conscientiousness imparted to all his writings a sacred majesty. He was the first of Mohammedan divines." (Bibliotheca Sacra, vi, 233).
  Sale, in the preliminary discourse to his translation of the Koran, shows that he had discovered the peculiar traits of Ghazzali's mind; for wherever he gives an explanation of the Mussulman creed, peculiarly consonant to universal reason and opposed to superstition, it will be found that he quotes from him.1
  This treatise on the Alchemy of Happiness, or Kimiai Saadet, seems well adapted to extend our knowledge of the writings of Ghazzali and of the opinions current then and now in the Oriental world. Although it throws no light on any questions of geography, philology or political history, objects most frequently in view in translations from the Oriental languages, yet a book which exhibits with such plainness the opinions of so large a portion of the human race as the Mohammedans, on questions of Philosophy, practical morality and religion, will always be as interesting to the general reader and to a numerous class of students, as the facts that may be elicited to complete a series of kings in a dynasty or to establish the site of an ancient city can be to the historian or the geographer. I translate it from an edition published in Turkish in 1845 (A. H., 1260), at the imperial printing press in Constantinople. [9] As no books are allowed to be printed there which have not passed under the eyes of the censor, the doctrines presented in the book indicate, not only the opinions of eight hundred years since, but also what views are regarded as orthodox, or tolerated among the orthodox at the present day. It has been printed also in Persian at Calcutta.
  In form, the book contains a treatise on practical piety, but as is the case with a large proportion of Mohammedan works, the author, whatever may be his subject, finds a place for observations reaching far wide of his apparent aim, so our author is led to make many observations which develop his notions in anatomy, physiology, natural Philosophy and natural religion. The partisans of all sorts of opinions will be interested in finding that a Mohammedan author writing so long since in the centre of Asia, had occasion to approve or condemn so many truths, speculations or fancies which are now current among us with the reputation of novelty. Many of the same paradoxes and problems that startle or fascinate in the nineteenth century are here discussed. He came in contact, among his contemporaries, with persons who made the same general objections to natural and revealed religion, as understood by Mohammedans, as are in our days made to Christianity, or who perverted and abused the religion which they professed for their own ends, in the same manner as Christianity is abused among us. And he engaged with earnestness now truthfully, and now erroneously, in refuting these men. His usual stand-point in discussion is equally removed from the most extravagant mysticism, and literal and formal orthodoxy. He attempts a dignified blending of reason [10] and faith, requiring of his fellow men unfeigned piety in the temper and tone of an evangelical Christian. He reminds his readers, in these discourses, that they are not Mussulmans if they are satisfied with merely a nominal faith, and treats with scorn those who are spiritualists only in language and dress.
  It is too narrow a view to adopt, in regard to a man of the sublime character of Ghazzali, that he obtained his ideas from any one school of thinkers, or that being in fellowship with the Soofies, that he was merely a Soofi. He was living in the centre of Aryan peoples and religions. He may have had his doctrine of the future life shaped by Zoroaster, and have been influenced by the missionaries of the Buddhists.

1.00 - Preface, #A Garden of Pomegranates - An Outline of the Qabalah, #Israel Regardie, #Occultism
  BASED on the versicle in the Song of Songs, " Thy plants are an orchard of Pomegranates ", a book entitled Pardis Rimonim came to be written by Rabbi Moses Cordovero in the sixteenth century. By some authorities this philosopher is considered as the greatest lamp in post-Zoharic days of that spiritual Menorah, the Qabalah, which, with so rare a grace and so profuse an irradiation of the Supernal Light, illuminated the literature and religious Philosophy of the Jewish people as well as their immediate and subsequent neighbours in the Dias- pora. The English equivalent of Pardis Rimonim - A Garden of Pomegranates - I have adopted as the title of my own modest work, although I am forced to confess that this latter has but little connection either in actual fact or in historicity with that of Cordovero. In the golden harvest of purely spiritual intimations which the Holy Qabalah brings, I truly feel that a veritable garden of the soul may be builded ; a garden of immense magnitude and lofty significance, wherein may be discovered by each one of us all manner and kind of exotic fruit and gracious flower of exquisite colour. The pomegranate, may I add, has always been for mystics everywhere a favourable object for recon- dite symbolism. The garden or orchard has likewise pro- duced in that book named The Book of Splendour an almost inexhaustible treasury of spiritual imagery of superb and magnificent taste.
  This book goes forth then in the hope that, as a modern writer has put it:
    "There are not many, those who have no secret garden of the mind. For this garden alone can give refreshment when life is barren of peace or sustenance or satisfactory answer. Such sanctuaries may be reached by a certain Philosophy or faith, by the guidance of a beloved author or an understanding friend, by way of the temples of music and art, or by groping after truth through the vast kingdoms of knowledge. They encompass almost always truth and beauty, and are radiant with the light that never was on sea or land."
  (Clare Cameron, Green Fields of England.)
  --
  I am greatly indebted to Madame H. P. Blavatsky's writings, and I believe I shall not be too egotistical in claiming that a proper understanding of the principles outlined herein will reveal many points of subtlety and philosophic interest in her Secret Doctrine , and aid in the comprehension of this monumental work of hers. The same is also true of S. L. McGregor Mathers' translation of portions of the Zohar, " The Kaballah Unveiled ", and of Arthur E. Waite's excellent compendium of the Zohar, " The Secret Doctrine in Israel ", both of which are closed books, in the main, to most students of mystical lore and Philosophy who do not have the specialized comparative knowledge which I have endeavoured to incorporate in this little book.
  I should here call attention to a tract, the author of which is unknown, entitled The Thirty-two Paths of Wisdom, of which splendid translations have been made by W. Wynn Westcott, Arthur E. Waite, and Knut Stenring. In the course of time this appears to have become incorporated into, and affiliated with, the text of the Sepher Yetsirah, although several critics place it at a later date than the genuine Mishnahs of the Sepher Yetsirah. However, in giving the titles of the Paths from this tract, I have named throughout the source as the Sepher Yetsirah to avoid unnecessary confusion. It is to be hoped that no adverse criticism will arise on this point.

1.00 - PREFACE - DESCENSUS AD INFERNOS, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
  had no broader socially constructed Philosophy at hand, to aid my understanding, as I became aware of
  the existential problems that accompany maturity. The final consequences of that lack took years to become
  --
  told me that the world could not be completely encapsulated within the boundaries of socialist Philosophy. I
  had more or less come to this conclusion on my own, but had not admitted so much in words. Soon
  --
  junior college, where I was introduced to the history of political Philosophy. When I moved to the main
  campus at the University of Alberta, however, my interest disappeared.. I was taught that people were
  --
  to me moral appeared to me to be a consequence of the moral Philosophy adopted by the society, culture
  or person in question. What people valued, economically, merely reflected what they believed to be

1.01 - Adam Kadmon and the Evolution, #Preparing for the Miraculous, #George Van Vrekhem, #Integral Yoga
  Evangeliou (The Hellenic Philosophy: Between Europe, Asia
  and Africa) have shown how frequent the exchanges around

1.01 - An Accomplished Westerner, #Sri Aurobindo or the Adventure of Consciousness, #Satprem, #Integral Yoga
  replete. He even had a way of jesting with a straight face, which never left him: Sense of humour? It is the salt of existence. Without it the world would have got utterly out of balance it is unbalanced enough already and rushed to a blaze long ago. 9 For there is also Sri Aurobindo the humorist, and that Sri Aurobindo is perhaps more important than the philosopher whom Western universities speak of so solemnly. Philosophy, for Sri Aurobindo, was only a way of reaching those who could not understand anything without explanations; it was only a language, just as poetry was another, clearer and truer language. But the essence of his being was humor, not the sarcastic humor of the so-called spiritual man, but a kind of joy that cannot help dancing wherever is passes. Now and then, in a flash that leaves us somewhat mystified, we sense behind the most tragic, the most distressing human situations an almost facetious laughter, as if a child were playing a tragedy and suddenly made a face at himself because it is his nature to laugh, and ultimately because nothing in the world and no one can affect that place inside ourselves where we are ever a king.
  Indeed, perhaps this is the true meaning of Sri Aurobindo's humor: a refusal to see things tragically, and, even more so, a sense of inalienable royalty.

1.01 - A NOTE ON PROGRESS, #The Future of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
  minds toward a Philosophy that comprises at once a theoretical
  system, a rule of action, a religion and a presentiment, heralds and

1.01 - Appearance and Reality, #The Problems of Philosophy, #Bertrand Russell, #Philosophy
  Is there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reasonable man could doubt it? This question, which at first sight might not seem difficult, is really one of the most difficult that can be asked. When we have realized the obstacles in the way of a straightforward and confident answer, we shall be well launched on the study of Philosophy--for Philosophy is merely the attempt to answer such ultimate questions, not carelessly and dogmatically, as we do in ordinary life and even in the sciences, but critically, after exploring all that makes such questions puzzling, and after realizing all the vagueness and confusion that underlie our ordinary ideas.
  In daily life, we assume as certain many things which, on a closer scrutiny, are found to be so full of apparent contradictions that only a great amount of thought enables us to know what it is that we really may believe. In the search for certainty, it is natural to begin with our present experiences, and in some sense, no doubt, knowledge is to be derived from them. But any statement as to what it is that our immediate experiences make us know is very likely to be wrong. It seems to me that
  --
  For most practical purposes these differences are unimportant, but to the painter they are all-important: the painter has to unlearn the habit of thinking that things seem to have the colour which common sense says they 'really' have, and to learn the habit of seeing things as they appear. Here we have already the beginning of one of the distinctions that cause most trouble in Philosophy--the distinction between
  'appearance' and 'reality', between what things seem to be and what they are. The painter wants to know what things seem to be, the practical man and the philosopher want to know what they are; but the philosopher's wish to know this is stronger than the practical man's, and is more troubled by knowledge as to the difficulties of answering the question.
  --
  Among these surprising possibilities, doubt suggests that perhaps there is no table at all. Philosophy, if it cannot _answer_ so many questions as we could wish, has at least the power of _asking_ questions which increase the interest of the world, and show the strangeness and wonder lying just below the surface even in the commonest things of daily life.

1.01 - Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious, #The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
  of divinity in India and the abysms of Taoist Philosophy in
  China just as once before the heart and mind of the men of
  --
  any power of cool reflection, nor does any science or Philosophy
  help us, and the traditional teachings of religion do so only to
  --
  clearest example of this is to be found in Taoist Philosophy. But
  in the Christian tradition, too, there are various sayings that

1.01 - Economy, #Walden, and On The Duty Of Civil Disobedience, #Henry David Thoreau, #Philosophy
  By the words, _necessary of life_, I mean whatever, of all that man obtains by his own exertions, has been from the first, or from long use has become, so important to human life that few, if any, whether from savageness, or poverty, or Philosophy, ever attempt to do without it.
  To many creatures there is in this sense but one necessary of life,
  --
  We know not much about them. It is remarkable that _we_ know so much of them as we do. The same is true of the more modern reformers and benefactors of their race. None can be an impartial or wise observer of human life but from the vantage ground of what we should call voluntary poverty. Of a life of luxury the fruit is luxury, whether in agriculture, or commerce, or literature, or art. There are nowadays professors of Philosophy, but not philosophers. Yet it is admirable to profess because it was once admirable to live. To be a philosopher is not merely to have subtle thoughts, nor even to found a school, but so to love wisdom as to live according to its dictates, a life of simplicity, independence, magnanimity, and trust. It is to solve some of the problems of life, not only theoretically, but practically. The success of great scholars and thinkers is commonly a courtier-like success, not kingly, not manly. They make shift to live merely by conformity, practically as their fathers did, and are in no sense the progenitors of a nobler race of men. But why do men degenerate ever?
  What makes families run out? What is the nature of the luxury which enervates and destroys nations? Are we sure that there is none of it in our own lives? The philosopher is in advance of his age even in the outward form of his life. He is not fed, sheltered, clothed, warmed, like his contemporaries. How can a man be a philosopher and not maintain his vital heat by better methods than other men?
  --
  Which would have advanced the most at the end of a month,the boy who had made his own jackknife from the ore which he had dug and smelted, reading as much as would be necessary for this,or the boy who had attended the lectures on metallurgy at the Institute in the mean while, and had received a Rodgers penknife from his father? Which would be most likely to cut his fingers?... To my astonishment I was informed on leaving college that I had studied navigation!why, if I had taken one turn down the harbor I should have known more about it. Even the _poor_ student studies and is taught only _political_ economy, while that economy of living which is synonymous with Philosophy is not even sincerely professed in our colleges. The consequence is, that while he is reading Adam Smith, Ricardo, and Say, he runs his father in debt irretrievably.
  As with our colleges, so with a hundred modern improvements; there is an illusion about them; there is not always a positive advance. The devil goes on exacting compound interest to the last for his early share and numerous succeeding investments in them. Our inventions are wont to be pretty toys, which distract our attention from serious things. They are but improved means to an unimproved end, an end which it was already but too easy to arrive at; as railroads lead to Boston or New York. We are in great haste to construct a magnetic telegraph from Maine to Texas; but Maine and Texas, it may be, have nothing important to communicate. Either is in such a predicament as the man who was earnest to be introduced to a distinguished deaf woman, but when he was presented, and one end of her ear trumpet was put into his hand, had nothing to say. As if the main object were to talk fast and not to talk sensibly. We are eager to tunnel under the Atlantic and bring the old world some weeks nearer to the new; but perchance the first news that will leak through into the broad, flapping American ear will be that the Princess Adelaide has the whooping cough. After all, the man whose horse trots a mile in a minute does not carry the most important messages; he is not an evangelist, nor does he come round eating locusts and wild honey. I doubt if Flying Childers ever carried a peck of corn to mill.
  --
  It appears from the above estimate, that my food alone cost me in money about twenty-seven cents a week. It was, for nearly two years after this, rye and Indian meal without yeast, potatoes, rice, a very little salt pork, molasses, and salt, and my drink water. It was fit that I should live on rice, mainly, who loved so well the Philosophy of India.
  To meet the objections of some inveterate cavillers, I may as well state, that if I dined out occasionally, as I always had done, and I trust shall have opportunities to do again, it was frequently to the detriment of my domestic arrangements. But the dining out, being, as I have stated, a constant element, does not in the least affect a comparative statement like this.
  --
  Goodfellow, peeping in at every cottage window, inspiring lunatics, and tainting meats, and making darkness visible, instead of steadily increasing his genial heat and beneficence till he is of such brightness that no mortal can look him in the face, and then, and in the mean while too, going about the world in his own orbit, doing it good, or rather, as a truer Philosophy has discovered, the world going about him getting good. When Phaeton, wishing to prove his heavenly birth by his beneficence, had the suns chariot but one day, and drove out of the beaten track, he burned several blocks of houses in the lower streets of heaven, and scorched the surface of the earth, and dried up every spring, and made the great desert of Sahara, till at length Jupiter hurled him headlong to the earth with a thunderbolt, and the sun, through grief at his death, did not shine for a year.
  There is no odor so bad as that which arises from goodness tainted. It is human, it is divine, carrion. If I knew for a certainty that a man was coming to my house with the conscious design of doing me good, I should run for my life, as from that dry and parching wind of the

1.01 - Foreward, #Hymns to the Mystic Fire, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  Indian civilisation, its religion, its Philosophy, its culture is more
  in consonance with historical fact than the European scouting of
  --
  reason, art, Philosophy and science and a clearer and sounder,
  more matter-of-fact intelligence. The ancient idea about the Veda
  --
  drew many of their ideas from the mystics. In India Philosophy
  grew out of the seeking of the mystics and retained and developed their spiritual aims and kept something of their methods in

1.01 - Historical Survey, #A Garden of Pomegranates - An Outline of the Qabalah, #Israel Regardie, #Occultism
  Vap (QBL) meaning "to receive". The legend is that this Philosophy is a knowledge of things first taught by the
  Demiurgos to a select company of spiritual intelligences of a lofty rank who, after the Fall, communicated its divine injunctions to Mankind- who, in reality, were themselves in incarnation. It is also denominated the
  --
  To come down to more historic ground, the Qabalah is the Jewish mystical teaching concerning the initiated inter- pretation of the Hebrew scriptures. It is a system of spiritual Philosophy or theosophy, using this word in its original implications of 0eo? 2 o$ia, which has not only exercised for centuries an influence on the intellectual development of so shrewd and clear-thinking a people as the Jews, but has attracted the attention of many renowned
  17
  --
   theological and philosophical thinkers, particularly in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Among those devoted to the study of its theorems were Raymond Lully, the scholastic metaphysician and alchemist ; John Reuchlin, who revived Oriental Philosophy in Europe ; John Baptist von Helmont, the physician and chemist who discovered hydrogen ; Baruch Spinoza, the excommunicated " God- intoxicated " Jewish philosopher ; and Dr. Henry More, the famous Cambridge Platonist. These men, to name but a few among many who have been attracted to the
  Qabalistic ideology, after restlessly searching for a world- view which should disclose to them the true explanations of life, and show the real inner bond uniting all things, found the cravings of their minds at least partially satisfied by its psychological and philosophical system.
  --
  The Qabalistic doctrine admittedly is not explicit there, but analysis reveals it to be tacitly assumed, and the many cryptic remarks of several of the more important Rabbis can have no particle of meaning without the implication of a mystical Philosophy cherished and venerated in their hearts, and affecting the whole of their teaching.
  In his brilliant essay, " The Origin of Letters and
  --
  Mordell argues that the Pythagorean Number Philosophy
  (the greatest enigma of all philosophical systems of anti- quity) is identical with that of the Sepher Yetsirah, and
   that its Philosophy apparently emanated from one of the
  Hebrew prophetic schools. Mordell finally hazards the opinion that the Sepher Yetsirah represents the genuine fragments of Philolaus, who was the first to publish the
  Pythagorean Philosophy, and that Philolaus seems to correspond in very curious ways to Joseph ben Uziel who wrote down the Sepher Yetsirah. If the latter theory can be maintained, then we may claim for the Sepher Yetsirah a pre-Talmudic origin - probably the second century prior to the Christian era.
  The Zohar, if actually the wmrk of Simeon ben Yochai, was never consigned to writing at the time but had been orally handed down by the companions of the Holy
  --
  The former was the author of a classic philosophical work entitled The Commentary on the Ten Sephiros, an excellent and most lucid exposition of Qabalistic Philosophy and considered an authoritative work by those who know it.
  These were succeeded by Nachmanides, born in 1195 a.d..
  --
  The Philosophy underwent a further elaboration and exposition in the hands of R. Isaac Nasir and Jacob ben
  Sheshet in the twelfth century, the latter composing a treatise in rhymed prose and a series of eight essays dealing with the doctrines of the Infinite ( En Soph), Reincarnation
  --
  A contemporary School believed that Judaism of that day, taken from an exclusively philosophical standpoint, did not show the "right way to the Sanctuary", and endeavoured to combine Philosophy and Qabalah, illustrating their various theorems by mathematical forms.
  About 1240 a.d. was born Abraham Abulafia, who became a celebrated figure - bringing, however, a great deal of dis- repute to the name of this theosophy. He studied philo- logy* medicine, and Philosophy, as well as those few books on the Qabalah which were available at the time. He soon perceived that the Pythagorean Number Philosophy was identical with that expounded in the Sepher Yetsirah, and later, becoming dissatisfied with academic research, he turned towards that aspect of Qabalah termed nbsp n'ova or the Practical Qabalah, which, to-day, we term
  Magick. Unfortunately, the Qabalists in the public eye at that time were not acquainted with the developed specialized technique that is now available, derived as it is from the Collegii ad Spiritum Sanctum. The result was that
  --
  Universe, the Soul and its transmigrations, and its final return to the Source of All. The new era in the history of the Qabalah created by the appearance of this storehouse of legend, Philosophy, and anecdote, has continued right down to the present day. Yet nearly every writer who has since espoused the doctrines of the Qabalah has made the
  Zohar his principal textbook, and its exponents have applied themselves assiduously to commentaries, epitomes, and translations - missing, however, with only a few exceptions, the real underlying possibilities of the Qabalistic
  --
  Qabalistic research. The first-named (an Aristotelean) made a really noble attempt to reconcile Qabalah with the academic Philosophy of his day, and wrote a treatise which is an excellent compendium of the Qabalah.
  Mirandola and Reuchlin were Christians who took up a study of the Qabalah with the ulterior motive of obtaining a suitable weapon wherewith to convert Jews to Chris- tianity. Some Jews were so misguided and sadly bewildered by the mangling of texts and distorted inter- pretations which ensued that they actually forsook
  --
  Russia, Poland, and Lithuania gave refuge to numbers of them. None of these have expounded publicly that par- ticular portion of the Philosophy to which this present
  26
  --
   principles of the Qabalah, devoid of the theological accre- tions and hysterical superstitions which were deposited on this venerable arcane Philosophy during the Middle Ages.
  W. Wynn Westcott, who translated the Sepher Yetsirah into English and wrote An Introduction to the Study of the
  --
  Mage ; Madame Blavatsky, that lion-hearted woman who brought Eastern esoteric Philosophy to the attention of western students ; Arthur Edward Waite, who made available expository summaries of various of the Qabalistic works ; and the poet Aleister Crowley to whose Liber 777 and Sepher Sephiroth, among many other fine philosophic writings, I am in no little degree indebted - all these have provided a wealth of vital information which could be utilized for the construction of a philosophical alphabet.

1.01 - Introduction, #unset, #Anonymous, #Various
  This world of phenomena which we call the universe, is only the apparent figure, the image in us of the real world; it is the myth which covers a truth too profound for us. All Philosophy consists in the discovery of its hidden sense, and it is the more and more veridical interpretation of it that we call knowledge. May its illumination render the human mind master of the shadow and the mystery and open to us the paths of the unknown!
  But how shall we discover the paths that lead to an unknown? And how shall we discover that unknown itself if we do not first know the paths? Therefore these two, the way and its goal, must manifest themselves together and each must reveal the other.

1.01 - Maitreya inquires of his teacher (Parashara), #Vishnu Purana, #Vyasa, #Hinduism
  Maitreya[10], having saluted him reverentially, thus addressed Parāśara, the excellent sage, the grandson of Vaśiṣṭha, who was versed in traditional history, and the Purāṇas; who was acquainted with the Vedas, and the branches of science dependent upon them; and skilled in law and Philosophy; and who had performed the morning rites of devotion.
  Maitreya said, Master! I have been instructed by you in the whole of the Vedas, and in the institutes of law and of sacred science: through your favour, other men, even though they be my foes, cannot accuse me of having been remiss in the acquirement of knowledge. I am now desirous, oh thou who art profound in piety! to hear from thee, how this world was, and how in future it will be? what is its substance, oh Brahman, and whence proceeded animate and inanimate things? into what has it been resolved, and into what will its dissolution again occur? how were the elements manifested? whence proceeded the gods and other beings? what are the situation and extent of the oceans and the mountains, the earth, the sun, and the planets? what are the families of the gods and others, the Menus, the periods called Manvantaras, those termed Kalpas, and their subdivisions, and the four ages: the events that happen at the close of a Kalpa, and the terminations of the several ages[11]: the histories, oh great Muni, of the gods, the sages, and kings; and how the Vedas were divided into branches (or schools), after they had been arranged by Vyāsa: the duties of the Brahmans, and the other tribes, as well as of those who pass through the different orders of life? All these things I wish to hear from you, grandson of Vaśiṣṭha. Incline thy thoughts benevolently towards me, that I may, through thy favour, be informed of all I desire to know. Parāśara replied, Well inquired, pious Maitreya. You recall to my recollection that which was of old narrated by my father's father, Vaśiṣṭha. I had heard that my father had been devoured by a Rākṣas employed by Visvāmitra: violent anger seized me, and I commenced a sacrifice for the destruction of the Rākṣasas: hundreds of them were reduced to ashes by the rite, when, as they were about to be entirely extirpated, my grandfather Vaśiṣṭha thus spake to me: Enough, my child; let thy wrath be appeased: the Rākṣasas are not culpable: thy father's death was the work of destiny. Anger is the passion of fools; it becometh not a wise man. By whom, it may be asked, is any one killed? Every man reaps the consequences of his own acts. Anger, my son, is the destruction of all that man obtains by arduous exertions, of fame, and of devout austerities; and prevents the attainment of heaven or of emancipation. The chief sages always shun wrath: he not thou, my child, subject to its influence. Let no more of these unoffending spirits of darkness be consumed. Mercy is the might of the righteous[12].
  --
  khya Philosophy.
  [10]: Maitreya is the disciple of Parāśara, who relates the Viṣṇu Purāṇa to him; he is also one of the chief interlocutors in the Bhāgavata, and is introduced in the Mahābhārata (Vana Parva, s. 10.) as a great Ṛṣi, or sage, who denounces Duryodhana's death. In the Bhāgavata he is also termed Kauṣāravi, or the son of Kuṣarava.

1.01 - MAPS OF EXPERIENCE - OBJECT AND MEANING, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
  thoroughly explored, in existential Philosophy and literature. Nietzsche described this modern condition as
  the (inevitable and necessary) consequence of the death of God:
  --
  of religious Philosophy might allow us to provisionally determine the nature of essential human motivation
  and morality if we were willing to admit our ignorance, and take the risk. Accurate specification of

1.01 - Newtonian and Bergsonian Time, #Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, #Norbert Wiener, #Cybernetics
  role in the early history of modern Philosophy, although we are
  rather prone to ignore it.

1.01 - NIGHT, #Faust, #Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, #Poetry
  I've studied now Philosophy
  And Jurisprudence, Medicine,

1.01 - Our Demand and Need from the Gita, #Essays On The Gita, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  God and all others are either impostures or at best imperfectly inspired, that this or that Philosophy is the last word of the reasoning intellect and other systems are either errors or saved only by such partial truth in them as links them to the one true philosophical cult. Even the discoveries of physical Science have been elevated into a creed and in its name religion and spirituality banned as ignorance and superstition, Philosophy as frippery and moonshine. And to these bigoted exclusions and vain wranglings even the wise have often lent themselves, misled by some spirit of darkness that has mingled with their light and overshadowed it with some cloud of intellectual egoism or spiritual pride. Mankind seems now indeed inclined to grow a little modester and wiser; we no longer slay our fellows in the name of God's truth or because they have minds differently trained or differently constituted from ours; we are less ready to curse and revile our neighbour because he is wicked or presumptuous enough to differ from us in opinion; we are ready even to admit that Truth is everywhere and cannot be our sole monopoly; we are beginning to look at other religions and philosophies for the truth and help they contain and no longer merely in order to damn them as false or criticise what we conceive to be their errors. But we are still apt to declare that our truth gives us the supreme knowledge which other religions or philosophies
  Essays on the Gita
  --
  It may therefore be useful in approaching an ancient Scripture, such as the Veda, Upanishads or Gita, to indicate precisely the spirit in which we approach it and what exactly we think we may derive from it that is of value to humanity and its future. First of all, there is undoubtedly a Truth one and eternal which we are seeking, from which all other truth derives, by the light of which all other truth finds its right place, explanation and relation to the scheme of knowledge. But precisely for that reason it cannot be shut up in a single trenchant formula, it is not likely to be found in its entirety or in all its bearings in any single Philosophy or scripture or uttered altogether and for ever by any one teacher, thinker, prophet or Avatar. Nor has it been wholly found by us if our view of it necessitates the intolerant exclusion of the truth underlying other systems; for when we reject passionately, we mean simply that we cannot appreciate and explain. Secondly, this Truth, though it is one and eternal, expresses itself in Time and through the mind of man; therefore every Scripture must necessarily contain two elements, one temporary, perishable, belonging to the ideas of the period and country in which it was produced, the other eternal and imperishable and applicable in all ages and countries. Moreover, in the statement of the Truth the actual form given to it, the system and arrangement, the metaphysical and intellectual mould, the precise expression used must be largely subject to the mutations of Time and cease to have the same force; for the human intellect modifies itself always; continually dividing and putting together it is obliged to shift its divisions continually and to rearrange its syntheses; it is always leaving old expression and symbol for new or, if it uses the old, it so changes its connotation or at least
  Our Demand and Need from the Gita
  --
  That it is not possible, is shown by the divergence of the original commentaries which have been and are still being written upon it; for they all agree in each disagreeing with all the others, each finds in the Gita its own system of metaphysics and trend of religious thought. Nor will even the most painstaking and disinterested scholarship and the most luminous theories of the historical development of Indian Philosophy save us from inevitable error. But what we can do with profit is to seek in the
  Gita for the actual living truths it contains, apart from their metaphysical form, to extract from it what can help us or the world at large and to put it in the most natural and vital form and expression we can find that will be suitable to the mentality and helpful to the spiritual needs of our present-day humanity.
  --
  Our object, then, in studying the Gita will not be a scholastic or academical scrutiny of its thought, nor to place its Philosophy in the history of metaphysical speculation, nor shall we deal with it in the manner of the analytical dialectician. We approach it for help and light and our aim must be to distinguish its essential and living message, that in it on which humanity has to seize for its perfection and its highest spiritual welfare.

1.01 - Prayer, #Bhakti-Yoga, #Swami Vivekananda, #Hinduism
  next chapter: 1.02 - The Philosophy of Ishvara

1.01 - SAMADHI PADA, #Patanjali Yoga Sutras, #Swami Vivekananda, #Hinduism
  qualities. According to Yoga Philosophy the whole of nature
  consists of three qualities; one is called Tamas, another Rajas
  --
  based entirely on Sankhya Philosophy, about which I have
  already told you. As you will remember, egoism and will, and
  --
  the Sankhya Philosophy there is no God. It says that there
  cannot be any God of this universe, because if there were He
  --
  We must again remember that this Patanjali Yoga Philosophy
  is based upon that of the Sankhyas, only that in the latter there
  --
  Pranayama. Patanjali, the father of the Yoga Philosophy,
  does not give many particular directions about Pranayama,
  --
  widely accpeted, while the other part, the Philosophy, or the
  Psychology, which deals with the inner nature of man, is so

1.01 - THAT ARE THOU, #The Perennial Philosophy, #Aldous Huxley, #Philosophy
  IN STUDYING the Perennial Philosophy we can begin either at the bottom, with practice and morality; or at the top, with a consideration of metaphysical truths; or, finally, in the middle, at the focal point where mind and matter, action and thought have their meeting place in human psychology.
  The lower gate is that preferred by strictly practical teachersmen who, like Gautama Buddha, have no use for speculation and whose primary concern is to put out in mens hearts the hideous fires of greed, resentment and infatuation. Through the upper gate go those whose vocation it is to think and speculate the born philosophers and theologians. The middle gate gives entrance to the exponents of what has been called spiritual religion the devout contemplatives of India, the Sufis of Islam, the Catholic mystics of the later Middle Ages, and, in the Protestant tradition, such men as Denk and Franck and Castellio, as Everard and John Smith and the first Quakers and William Law.
  It is through this central door, and just because it is central, that we shall make our entry into the subject matter of this book. The psychology of the Perennial Philosophy has its source in metaphysics and issues logically in a characteristic way of life and system of ethics. Starting from this midpoint of doctrine, it is easy for the mind to move in either direction.
  In the present section we shall confine our attention to but a single feature of this traditional psychology the most important, the most emphatically insisted upon by all exponents of the Perennial Philosophy and, we may add, the least psychological. For the doctrine that is to be illustrated in this section belongs to autology rather than psychologyto the science, not of the personal ego, but of that eternal Self in the depth of particular, individualized selves, and identical with, or at least akin to, the divine Ground. Based upon the direct experience of those who have fulfilled the necessary conditions of such knowledge, this teaching is expressed most succinctly in the Sanskrit formula, tat tvam asi (That art thou); the Atman, or immanent eternal Self, is one with Brahman, the Absolute Principle of all existence; and the last end of every human being is to discover the fact for himself, to find out Who he really is.
  The more God is in all things, the more He is outside them. The more He is within, the more without.
  --
  Only the transcendent, the completely other, can be immanent without being modified by the becoming of that in which it dwells. The Perennial Philosophy teaches that it is desirable and indeed necessary to know the spiritual Ground of things, not only within the soul, but also outside in the world and, beyond world and soul, in its transcendent othernessin heaven.
  Though GOD is everywhere present, yet He is only present to thee in the deepest and most central part of thy soul. The natural senses cannot possess God or unite thee to Him; nay, thy inward faculties of understanding, will and memory can only reach after God, but cannot be the place of his habitation in thee. But there is a root or depth of thee from whence all these faculties come forth, as lines from a centre, or as branches from the body of the tree. This depth is called the centre, the fund or bottom of the soul. This depth is the unity, the eternity I had almost said the infinityof thy soul; for it is so infinite that nothing can satisfy it or give it rest but the infinity of God.
  --
  It is from the more or less obscure intuition of the oneness that is the ground and principle of all multiplicity that Philosophy takes its source. And not alone Philosophy, but natural science as well. All science, in Meyersons phrase, is the reduction of multiplicities to identities. Divining the One within and beyond the many, we find an intrinsic plausibility in any explanation of the diverse in terms of a single principle.
  The Philosophy of the Upanishads reappears, developed and enriched, in the Bhagavad-Gita and was finally systematized, in the ninth century of our era, by Shankara. Shankaras teaching (simultaneously theoretical and practical, as is that of all true exponents of the Perennial Philosophy) is summarized in his versified treatise, Viveka-Chudarnani (The Crest-Jewel of Wisdom). All the following passages are taken from this conveniently brief and untechnical work.
  The Atman is that by which the universe is pervaded, but which nothing pervades; which causes all things to shine, but which all things cannot make to shine.
  --
  Liberation cannot be achieved except by the perception of the identity of the individual spirit with the universal Spirit. It can be achieved neither by Yoga (physical training), nor by Sankhya (speculative Philosophy), nor by the practice of religious ceremonies, nor by mere learning.
  Disease is not cured by pronouncing the name of medicine, but by taking medicine. Deliverance is not achieved by repeating the word Brahman, but by directly experiencing Brahman.
  --
  In the Taoist formulations of the Perennial Philosophy there is an insistence, no less forcible than in the Upanishads, the Gita and the writings of Shankara, upon the universal immanence of the transcendent spiritual Ground of all existence. What follows is an extract from one of the great classics of Taoist literature, the Book of Chuang Tzu, most of which seems to have been written around the turn of the fourth and third centuries B. C.
  Do not ask whether the Principle is in this or in that; it is in all beings. It is on this account that we apply to it the epithets of supreme, universal, total. It has ordained that all things should be limited, but is Itself unlimited, infinite. As to what pertains to manifestation, the Principle causes the succession of its phases, but is not this succession. It is the author of causes and effects, but is not the causes and effects. It is the author of condensations and dissipations (birth and death, changes of state), but is not itself condensations and dissipations. All proceeds from It and is under its influence. It is in all things, but is not identical with beings, for it is neither differentiated nor limited.
  --
  I am not competent, nor is this the place to discuss the doctrinal differences between Buddhism and Hinduism. Let it suffice to point out that, when he insisted that human beings are by nature non-Atman, the Buddha was evidently speaking about the personal self and not the universal Self. The Brahman controversialists, who appear in certain of the Pali scriptures, never so much as mention the Vedanta doctrine of the identity of Atman and Godhead and the non-identity of ego and Atman. What they maintain and Gautama denies is the substantial nature and eternal persistence of the individual psyche. As an unintelligent man seeks for the abode of music in the body of the lute, so does he look for a soul within the skandhas (the material and psychic aggregates, of which the individual mind-body is composed). About the existence of the Atman that is Brahman, as about most other metaphysical matters, the Buddha declines to speak, on the ground that such discussions do not tend to edification or spiritual progress among the members of a monastic order, such as he had founded. But though it has its dangers, though it may become the most absorbing, because the most serious and noblest, of distractions, metaphysical thinking is unavoidable and finally necessary. Even the Hinayanists found this, and the later Mahayanists were to develop, in connection with the practice of their religion, a splendid and imposing system of cosmological, ethical and psychological thought. This system was based upon the postulates of a strict idealism and professed to dispense with the idea of God. But moral and spiritual experience was too strong for philosophical theory, and under the inspiration of direct experience, the writers of the Mahayana sutras found themselves using all their ingenuity to explain why the Tathagata and the Bodhisattvas display an infinite charity towards beings that do not really exist. At the same time they stretched the framework of subjective idealism so as to make room for Universal Mind; qualified the idea of soullessness with the doctrine that, if purified, the individual mind can identify itself with the Universal Mind or Buddha-womb; and, while maintaining godlessness, asserted that this realizable Universal Mind is the inner consciousness of the eternal Buddha and that the Buddha-mind is associated with a great compassionate heart which desires the liberation of every sentient being and bestows divine grace on all who make a serious effort to achieve mans final end. In a word, despite their inauspicious vocabulary, the best of the Mahayana sutras contain an au thentic formulation of the Perennial Philosophya formulation which in some respects (as we shall see when we come to the section, God in the World) is more complete than any other.
  In India, as in Persia, Mohammedan thought came to be enriched by the doctrine that God is immanent as well as transcendent, while to Mohammedan practice were added the moral disciplines and spiritual exercises, by means of which the soul is prepared for contemplation or the unitive knowledge of the Godhead. It is a significant historical fact that the poet-saint Kabir is claimed as a co-religionist both by Moslems and Hindus. The politics of those whose goal is beyond time are always pacific; it is the idolaters of past and future, of reactionary memory and Utopian dream, who do the persecuting and make the wars.
  --
  Here it may be remarked that the cult of unity on the political level is only an idolatrous ersatz for the genuine religion of unity on the personal and spiritual levels. Totalitarian regimes justify their existence by means of a Philosophy of political monism, according to which the state is God on earth, unification under the heel of the divine state is salvation, and all means to such unification, however intrinsically wicked, are right and may be used without scruple. This political monism leads in practice to excessive privilege and power for the few and oppression for the many, to discontent at home and war abroad. But excessive privilege and power are standing temptations to pride, greed, vanity and cruelty; oppression results in fear and envy; war breeds hatred, misery and despair. All such negative emotions are fatal to the spiritual life. Only the pure in heart and poor in spirit can come to the unitive knowledge of God. Hence, the attempt to impose more unity upon societies than their individual members are ready for makes it psychologically almost impossible for those individuals to realize their unity with the divine Ground and with one another.
  Among the Christians and the Sufis, to whose writings we now return, the concern is primarily with the human mind and its divine essence.
  --
  Philo was the exponent of the Hellenistic Mystery Religion which grew up, as Professor Goodenough has shown, among the Jews of the Dispersion, between about 200 B. C. and 100 A. D. Reinterpreting the Pentateuch in terms of a metaphysical system derived from Platonism, Neo-Pythagoreanism and Stoicism, Philo transformed the wholly transcendental and almost anthropomorphically personal God of the Old Testament into the immanent-transcendent Absolute Mind of the Perennial Philosophy. But even from the orthodox scribes and Pharisees of that momentous century which witnessed, along with the dissemination of Philos doctrines, the first beginnings of Christianity and the destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem, even from the guardians of the Law we hear significantly mystical utterances. Hillel, the great rabbi whose teachings on humility and the love of God and man read like an earlier, cruder version of some of the Gospel sermons, is reported to have spoken these words to an assemblage in the courts of the Temple. If I am here, (it is Jehovah who is speaking through the mouth of his prophet) everyone is here. If I am not here, no one is here.
  The Beloved is all in all; the lover merely veils Him; The Beloved is all that lives, the lover a dead thing.
  --
  Crude formulations of some of the doctrines of the Perennial Philosophy are to be found in the thought-systems of the uncivilized and so-called primitive peoples of the world. Among the Maoris, for example, every human being is regarded as a compound of four elementsa divine eternal principle, known as the toiora; an ego, which disappears at death; a ghost-shadow, or psyche, which survives death; and finally a body. Among the Oglala Indians the divine element is called the sican, and this is regarded as identical with the ton, or divine essence of the world. Other elements of the self are the nagi, or personality, and niya, or vital soul. After death the sican is reunited with the divine Ground of all things, the nagi survives in the ghost world of psychic phenomena and the niya disappears into the material universe.
  In regard to no twentieth-century primitive society can we rule out the possibility of influence by, or borrowing from, some higher culture. Consequently, we have no right to argue from the present to the past. Because many contemporary savages have an esoteric Philosophy that is monotheistic with a monotheism that is sometimes of the That art thou variety, we are not entitled to infer offh and that neolithic or palaeolithic men held similar views.
  More legitimate and more intrinsically plausible are the inferences that may be drawn from what we know about our own physiology and psychology. We know that human minds have proved themselves capable of everything from imbecility to Quantum Theory, from Mein Kampf and sadism to the sanctity of Philip Neri, from metaphysics to crossword puzzles, power politics and the Missa Solemnis. We also know that human minds are in some way associated with human brains, and we have fairly good reasons for supposing that there have been no considerable changes in the size and conformation of human brains for a good many thousands of years. Consequently it seems justifiable to infer that human minds in the remote past were capable of as many and as various kinds and degrees of activity as are minds at the present time.
  --
  The lack of a suitable vocabulary and an adequate frame of reference, and the absence of any strong and sustained desire to invent these necessary instruments of though there are two sufficient reasons why so many of the almost endless potentialities of the human mind remained for so long unactualized. Another and, on its own level, equally cogent reason is this: much of the worlds most original and fruitful thinking is done by people of poor physique and of a thoroughly unpractical turn of mind. Because this is so, and because the value of pure thought, whether analytical or integral, has everywhere been more or less clearly recognized, provision was and still is made by every civilized society for giving thinkers a measure of protection from the ordinary strains and stresses of social life. The hermitage, the monastery, the college, the academy and the research laboratory; the begging bowl, the endowment, patronage and the grant of taxpayers moneysuch are the principal devices that have been used by actives to conserve that rare bird, the religious, philosophical, artistic or scientific contemplative. In many primitive societies conditions are hard and there is no surplus wealth. The born contemplative has to face the struggle for existence and social predominance without protection. The result, in most cases, is that he either dies young or is too desperately busy merely keeping alive to be able to devote his attention to anything else. When this happens the prevailing Philosophy will be that of the hardy, extraverted man of action.
  All this sheds some lightdim, it is true, and merely inferentialon the problem of the perennialness of the Perennial Philosophy. In India the scriptures were regarded, not as revelations made at some given moment of history, but as eternal gospels, existent from everlasting to everlasting, inasmuch as coeval with man, or for that matter with any other kind of corporeal or incorporeal being possessed of reason. A similar point of view is expressed by Aristotle, who regards the fundamental truths of religion as everlasting and indestructible. There have been ascents and falls, periods (literally roads around or cycles) of progress and regress; but the great fact of God as the First Mover of a universe which partakes of His divinity has always been recognized. In the light of what we know about prehistoric man (and what we know amounts to nothing more than a few chipped stones, some paintings, drawings and sculptures) and of what we may legitimately infer from other, better documented fields of knowledge, what are we to think of these traditional doctrines? My own view is that they may be true. We know that born contemplatives in the realm both of analytic and of integral thought have turned up in fair numbers and at frequent intervals during recorded history. There is therefore every reason to suppose that they turned up before history was recorded. That many of these people died young or were unable to exercise their talents is certain. But a few of them must have survived. In this context it is highly significant that, among many contemporary primitives, two thought-patterns are foundan exoteric pattern for the unphilosophic many and an esoteric pattern (often monotheistic, with a belief in a God not merely of power, but of goodness and wisdom) for the initiated few. There is no reason to suppose that circumstances were any harder for prehistoric men than they are for many contemporary savages. But if an esoteric monotheism of the kind that seems to come natural to the born thinker is possible in modern savage societies, the majority of whose members accept the sort of polytheistic Philosophy that seems to come natural to men of action, a similar esoteric doctrine might have been current in prehistoric societies. True, the modern esoteric doctrines may have been derived from higher cultures. But the significant fact remains that, if so derived, they yet had a meaning for certain members of the primitive society and were considered valuable enough to be carefully preserved. We have seen that many thoughts are unthinkable apart from an appropriate vocabulary and frame of reference. But the fundamental ideas of the Perennial Philosophy can be formulated in a very simple vocabulary, and the experiences to which the ideas refer can and indeed must be had immediately and apart from any vocabulary whatsoever. Strange openings and theophanies are granted to quite small children, who are often profoundly and permanently affected by these experiences. We have no reason to suppose that what happens now to persons with small vocabularies did not happen in remote antiquity. In the modern world (as Vaughan and Traherne and Wordsworth, among others, have told us) the child tends to grow out of his direct awareness of the one Ground of things; for the habit of analytical thought is fatal to the intuitions of integral thinking, whether on the psychic or the spiritual level. Psychic preoccupations may be and often are a major obstacle in the way of genuine spirituality. In primitive societies now (and, presumably, in the remote past) there is much preoccupation with, and a widespread talent for, psychic thinking. But a few people may have worked their way through psychic into genuinely spiritual experiencejust as, even in modern industrialized societies, a few people work their way out of the prevailing preoccupation with matter and through the prevailing habits of analytical thought into the direct experience of the spiritual Ground of things.
  Such, then, very briefly are the reasons for supposing that the historical traditions of oriental and our own classical antiquity may be true. It is interesting to find that at least one distinguished contemporary ethnologist is in agreement with Aristotle and the Vedantists. Orthodox ethnology, writes Dr. Paul Radin in his Primitive Man as Philosopher, has been nothing but an enthusiastic and quite uncritical attempt to apply the Darwinian theory of evolution to the facts of social experience. And he adds that no progress in ethnology will be achieved until scholars rid themselves once and for all of the curious notion that everything possesses a history; until they realize that certain ideas and certain concepts are as ultimate for man, as a social being, as specific physiological reactions are ultimate for him, as a biological being. Among these ultimate concepts, in Dr. Radins view, is that of monotheism. Such monotheism is often no more than the recognition of a single dark and numinous Power ruling the world. But it may sometimes be genuinely ethical and spiritual.

1.01 - The First Steps, #Raja-Yoga, #Swami Vivkenanda, #unset
  The second obstruction is doubt; we always feel doubtful about things we do not see. Man cannot live upon words, however he may try. So, doubt comes to us as to whether there is any truth in these things or not; even the best of us will doubt sometimes: With practice, within a few days, a little glimpse will come, enough to give one encouragement and hope. As a certain commentator on Yoga Philosophy says, "When one proof is obtained, however little that may be, it will give us faith in the whole teaching of Yoga." For instance, after the first few months of practice, you will begin to find you can read another's thoughts; they will come to you in picture form. Perhaps you will hear something happening at a long distance, when you concentrate your mind with a wish to hear. These glimpses will come, by little bits at first, but enough to give you faith, and strength, and hope. For instance, if you concentrate your thoughts on the tip of your nose, in a few days you will begin to smell most beautiful fragrance, which will be enough to show you that there are certain mental perceptions that can be made obvious without the contact of physical objects. But we must always remember that these are only the means; the aim, the end, the goal, of all this training is liberation of the soul. Absolute control of nature, and nothing short of it, must be the goal. We must be the masters, and not the slaves of nature; neither body nor mind must be our master, nor must we forget that the body is mine, and not I the body's.
  A god and a demon went to learn about the Self from a great sage. They studied with him for a long time. At last the sage told them, "You yourselves are the Being you are seeking." Both of them thought that their bodies were the Self. They went back to their people quite satisfied and said, "We have learned everything that was to be learned; eat, drink, and be merry; we are the Self; there is nothing beyond us." The nature of the demon was ignorant, clouded; so he never inquired any further, but was perfectly contented with the idea that he was God, that by the Self was meant the body. The god had a purer nature. He at first committed the mistake of thinking: I, this body, am Brahman: so keep it strong and in health, and well dressed, and give it all sorts of enjoyments. But, in a few days, he found out that that could not be the meaning of the sage, their master; there must be something higher. So he came back and said, "Sir, did you teach me that this body was the Self? If so, I see all bodies die; the Self cannot die." The sage said, "Find it out; thou art That." Then the god thought that the vital forces which work the body were what the sage meant. But after a time, he found that if he ate, these vital forces remained strong, but, if he starved, they became weak. The god then went back to the sage and said, "Sir, do you mean that the vital forces are the Self?" The sage said, "Find out for yourself; thou art That." The god returned home once more, thinking that it was the mind, perhaps, that was the Self. But in a short while he saw that thoughts were so various, now good, again bad; the mind was too changeable to be the Self. He went back to the sage and said, "Sir, I do not think that the mind is the Self; did you mean that?" "No," replied the sage, "thou art That; find out for yourself." The god went home, and at last found that he was the Self, beyond all thought, one without birth or death, whom the sword cannot pierce or the fire burn, whom the air cannot dry or the water melt, the beginningless and endless, the immovable, the intangible, the omniscient, the omnipotent Being; that It was neither the body nor the mind, but beyond them all. So he was satisfied; but the poor demon did not get the truth, owing to his fondness for the body.

1.01 - The Ideal of the Karmayogin, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  The task we set before ourselves is not mechanical but moral and spiritual. We aim not at the alteration of a form of government but at the building up of a nation. Of that task politics is a part, but only a part. We shall devote ourselves not to politics alone, nor to social questions alone, nor to theology or Philosophy or literature or science by themselves, but we include all these in one entity which we believe to be all-important, the dharma, the national religion which we also believe to be universal. There is a mighty law of life, a great principle of human evolution, a body of spiritual knowledge and experience of which India has always been destined to be guardian, exemplar and missionary. This is the sanatana dharma, the eternal religion. Under the stress of alien impacts she has largely lost hold not of the structure of that dharma, but of its living reality.
  For the religion of India is nothing if it is not lived. It has to be applied not only to life, but to the whole of life; its spirit has to enter into and mould our society, our politics, our literature, our science, our individual character, affections and aspirations.
  --
  We must know our past and recover it for the purposes of our future. Our business is to realise ourselves first and to mould everything to the law of India's eternal life and nature. It will therefore be the object of the Karmayogin to read the heart of our religion, our society, our Philosophy, politics, literature, art, jurisprudence, science, thought, everything that was and is ours, so that we may be able to say to ourselves and our nation, 'This is our dharma.' We shall review European civilisation entirely from the standpoint of Indian thought and knowledge and seek to throw off from us the dominating stamp of the Occident; what we have to take from the West we shall take as Indians.
  And the dharma once discovered we shall strive our utmost not only to profess but to live, in our individual actions, in our social life, in our political endeavours."

1.01 - The King of the Wood, #The Golden Bough, #James George Frazer, #Occultism
  elaborated its first crude Philosophy of life. Accordingly, if we
  can show that a barbarous custom, like that of the priesthood of
  --
  the summer flowers. Such fables contain a deeper Philosophy of the
  relation of the life of man to the life of nature--a sad Philosophy
  which gave birth to a tragic practice. What that Philosophy and that
  practice were, we shall learn later on.

1.02.2.2 - Self-Realisation, #Isha Upanishad, #unset, #Integral Yoga
  our text, because they are indispensable to an understanding of the complete Philosophy
  of these Scriptures and to the relations of the thought which is developed in the Isha.

10.23 - Prayers and Meditations of the Mother, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 04, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   This wonder-lyre has three strings, giving out a triple note or strain: there is a strain of Philosophy, there is a strain of yoga and there is a strain of poetry. We may also call them values and say there is a philosophical, a yogic and a poetic value in these contemplations. The philosophical strain or value means that the things said are presented, explained to the intellect so that the human mind can seize them, understand them. The principles underlying the ideal, the fundamental ideas are elaborated in terms of reason and logical comprehension, although the subject-matter treated is in the last analysis' beyond reason and logic. For example, here is true Philosophy expressed in a philosophic manner as neatly as possible.
   A quoi servirait l'homme s'il n'tait pas fait pour jeter un pont entre Ce qui est ternellement, mais qui n' est pas manifest, et ce qui est manifest, entre toutes les transcendances, toutes les splendeu-rs de la vie divine et toute l'obscure et douloureuse ignorance du monde matriel? L'homme est le lien entre ce qui doit tre et ce qui est; il est la passerelle jete sur l' abme, il est le grand X en croix, le trait d'union quaternaire. Son domicile vritable, le sige effectif de sa conscience doit tre dans le monde intermdiaire au point de jonction des quatre bras de la croix, l, o tout l'infini de l'impensable vient prendre forme prcise pour tre projet dans l'innombrable manifestation.1
  --
   Indeed Philosophy and yoga go hand in hand. Yoga is applied Philosophy. What is at first mentally perceived and recognised, what is accepted by the reason is made active and dynamic in life. The character embodies the abstract and general principles, the vital energy executes them, that is yoga. Philosophy brings in the light of consciousness, yoga the energy of consciousness. Here we have an expression of what may be caned "yogic Philosophy".
   II faut chaque moment secouer le pass comme une poussire qui tombe, afin qu' elle ne salisse pas le chemin vierge qui, chaque moment aussi, s' ouvre devant nous.6

10.24 - Savitri, #Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta - Vol 04, #Nolini Kanta Gupta, #Integral Yoga
   But man in the strength of his ignorance and arrogance does not recognise this Goddess. Human power, we have said, is a reflection, a shadow of the Divine Power but most often it is a deformed, a perverted Divine Power. Man is full of his egoistic vital self-confidence: he believes it is his own will that is realising all, all which is achieved here; whatever he has creater it is through the might of his own merit and whatever new creations will be done in the future will be through the Grace of his own genius. A mighty vital selfhood obscures his consciousness and he sees nothing else, understands nothing else beyond the reach of that limited vision. This is the Rakshasa, this is the Asura in man. Here is his Philosophy of life:
   I climb, a claimant to the throne of heaven.||123.33||

1.02 - In the Beginning, #unset, #Anonymous, #Various
  And wherever Philosophy has made itself, according to the ecclesiastical formula, the handmaid of Theology, it has ended by arriving at the entire negation of the Principle which Religion has abased.
  Thus the rigid cult of the male Principle, formulated in the adoration of a masculine and celibate God, has given birth to an exaggerated dogma of spirituality which translates its contempt for nature and for life into an ascetic mysticism.

1.02 - Karmayoga, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  There have been others in the past which have powerfully influenced the national mind and there is no reason why there should not be a yet more perfect synthesis in the future. It is such a synthesis, embracing all life and action in its scope, that the teachings of Sri Ramakrishna and Vivekananda have been preparing. What is dimly beginning now is a repetition on a wider stage of what happened once before in India, more rapidly but to smaller issues, when the Buddha lived and taught his Philosophy and ethics to the Aryan nations. Then as now a mighty spirit, it matters not whether Avatar or Vibhuti, the full expression of God in man or a great outpouring of the divine energy, came down among men and brought into their daily life and practice the force and impulse of utter spirituality. And this time it is the full light and not a noble part, unlike Buddhism which, expressing Vedantic morality, yet ignored a fundamental reality of Vedanta and was therefore expelled from its prime seat and cradle. The material result was then what it will be now, a great political, moral and social revolution which made India
  Karmayoga

1.02 - MAPS OF MEANING - THREE LEVELS OF ANALYSIS, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
  ...anyone who considers the basic drives of man.... will find that all of them have done Philosophy at some
  time and that every one of them would like only too well to represent just itself as the ultimate purpose of
  --
  and codified religion and only then criticized in Philosophy, and provided, post-hoc, with rational
  underpinnings. Explicit philosophical statements regarding the grounds for and nature of ethical behavior,
  --
  Explicit (moral) Philosophy arises from the mythos of culture, grounded in procedure, rendered
  progressively more abstract and episodic through ritual action, and observation of that action. The process
  --
  narrative, narrative into formal religion, and religion into critical Philosophy, providing for exponential
  expansion of adaptive ability. Consider Nietzsches words, yet again:
  Gradually it has become clear to me what every great Philosophy so far has been: namely, the personal
  confession of its author and a kind of involuntary and unconscious memoir; also that the moral (or
  immoral) intentions in every Philosophy constituted the real germ of life from which the whole plant had
  grown.183
  --
  purely semantic (transmitted through the medium of explicit ethical Philosophy, say) makes comprehension
  of their structure and inter-relationships conceptually difficult. This difficulty is compounded by the fact
  --
  There exists clear psychological precedent for the Philosophy of the early Jews (and the later Christians)
  in the Mesopotamian and Egyptian schools of metaphysical speculation in their rituals, images and acts of

1.02 - Prayer of Parashara to Vishnu, #Vishnu Purana, #Vyasa, #Hinduism
  khya Philosophy (Sā
  khya Kārikā, p. 16, &c.), although some of them are incompatible with its origin from a first cause. In the Sā

1.02 - SADHANA PADA, #Patanjali Yoga Sutras, #Swami Vivekananda, #Hinduism
  According to the Philosophy of the Yogis all virtuous actions
  bring pleasure, and all vicious actions bring pain. Any man
  --
  must remember, according to this Philosophy, is pure; it is
  when it is joined to nature, and by reflection, that it appears to
  --
  The system of Yoga is built entirely on the Philosophy of the
  Sankhyas, as I told you in some of the previous lectures, and
  --
  of the Sankhya Philosophy is that beginning with the intellect,
  and coming down to a block of stone, all has come out of the
  --
  to the Sankhya Philosophy, beyond the whole of this nature is
  the PuruSa, which is not material at all. PuruSa is not at all
  --
  Indian Philosophy, however, goes beyond both intelligence
  and matter, and finds a PuruSa, or Self, which is beyond all
  --
  This is again Sankhya Philosophy. We have seen from this
   Philosophy that from the lowest form up to intelligence all is
  --
  According to this Yoga Philosophy it is through ignorance that
  the Soul has been joined with nature and the idea is to get rid

1.02 - Self-Consecration, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  1:All Yoga is in its nature a new birth; it is a birth out of the ordinary, the mentalised material life of man into a higher spiritual consciousness and a greater and diviner being. No Yoga can be successfully undertaken and followed unless there is a strong awakening to the necessity of that larger spiritual existence. The soul that is called to this deep and vast change, may arrive in different ways to the initial departure. It may come to it by its own natural development which has been leading it unconsciously towards the awakening; it may reach it through the influence of a religion or the attraction of a Philosophy; it may approach it by a slow illumination or leap to it by a sudden touch or shock; it may be pushed or led to it by the pressure of outward circumstances or by an inward necessity, by a single word that breaks the seals of the mind or by long reflection, by the distant example of one who has trod the path or by contact and daily influence. According to the nature and the circumstances the call will come.
  2:But in whatever way it comes, there must be a decision of the mind and the will and, as its result, a complete and effective self-consecration. The acceptance of a new spiritual idea-force and upward orientation in the being, an illumination, a turning or conversion seized on by the will and the heart's aspiration, -- this is the momentous act which contains as in a seed all the results that the Yoga has to give. The mere idea or intellectual seeking of something higher beyond, however strongly grasped by the mind's interest, is ineffective unless it is seized on by the heart as the one thing desirable and by the will as the one thing to be done. For truth of the Spirit has not to be merely thought but to be lived, and to live it demands a unified single-mindedness of the being; so great a change as is contemplated by the Yoga is not to be effected by a divided will or by a small portion of the energy or by a hesitating mind. He who seeks the Divine must consecrate himself to God and -- to God only.

1.02 - SOCIAL HEREDITY AND PROGRESS, #The Future of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
  whether his subject be literature, history, science or Philosophy,
  must constantly live with it and consciously strive for its realization.

1.02 - Taras Tantra, #Tara - The Feminine Divine, #unset, #Integral Yoga
  studied all the mysteries in the sutras, the Philosophy
  of madhyamika, or the epistemology of abhidharma

1.02 - The 7 Habits An Overview, #The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, #Stephen Covey, #unset
  "But you know why you don't like Star Wars? It's because you don't understand the Philosophy and training of a Jedi Knight."
  "What?"
  --
  And we did. She sat next me and gave me the paradigm. I became her student, her learner. It was totally fascinating. I could begin to see out of a new paradigm the whole way a Jedi Knight's basic Philosophy in training is manifested in different circumstances.
  That experience was not a planned P experience; it was the serendipitous fruit of a PC investment.

1.02 - The Concept of the Collective Unconscious, #The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
  experience; it is the key idea in medieval, occult Philosophy,
  and, last but not least, it is an infantile fantasy occurring in

1.02 - The Development of Sri Aurobindos Thought, #Preparing for the Miraculous, #George Van Vrekhem, #Integral Yoga
  is the fundamental tenet of the Philosophy of the Arya.
  These statements were found in his notes, now published
  as Essays on Philosophy and Yoga 2 and other volumes of his
  complete works. During the year of his imprisonment he
  --
  Sri Aurobindo: Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, pp. 191 and 107.t h e de v e l opme nt of Sr i Aur ob indos thought
  29
  --
  Friedrich Nietzsche, with his Philosophy of the Um
  wertung aller Werte (revaluation of all values) and the ber

1.02 - The Divine Teacher, #Essays On The Gita, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  The teaching of the Gita must therefore be regarded not merely in the light of a general spiritual Philosophy or ethical doctrine, but as bearing upon a practical crisis in the application of ethics and spirituality to human life. For what that crisis stands, what is the significance of the battle of Kurukshetra and its effect on
  Arjuna's inner being, we have first to determine if we would

1.02 - THE NATURE OF THE GROUND, #The Perennial Philosophy, #Aldous Huxley, #Philosophy
  To this the fully developed Perennial Philosophy has at all times and in all places given fundamentally the same answer. The divine Ground of all existence is a spiritual Absolute, ineffable in terms of discursive thought, but (in certain circumstances) susceptible of being directly experienced and realized by the human being. This Absolute is the God-without-form of Hindu and Christian mystical phraseology. The last end of man, the ultimate reason for human existence, is unitive knowledge of the divine Ground the knowledge that can come only to those who are prepared to the to self and so make room, as it were, for God. Out of any given generation of men and women very few will achieve the final end of human existence; but the opportunity for coming to unitive knowledge will, in one way or another, continually be offered until all sentient beings realize Who in fact they are.
  The Absolute Ground of all existence has a personal aspect. The activity of Brahman is Isvara, and Isvara is further manifested in the Hindu Trinity and, at a more distant remove, in the other deities or angels of the Indian pantheon. Analogously, for Christian mystics, the ineffable, attri buteless Godhead is manifested in a Trinity of Persons, of whom it is possible to predicate such human attri butes as goodness, wisdom, mercy and love, but in a supereminent degree.
  --
  Things are a great deal better when the transcendent, omnipotent personal God is regarded as also a loving Father. The sincere worship of such a God changes character as well as conduct, and does something to modify consciousness. But the complete transformation of consciousness, which is enlightenment, deliverance, salvation, comes only when God is thought of as the Perennial Philosophy affirms Him to beimmanent as well as transcendent, supra-personal as well as personal and when religious practices are adapted to this conception.
  When God is regarded as exclusively immanent, legalism and external practices are abandoned and there is a concentration on the Inner Light. The dangers now are quietism and antinomianism, a partial modification of consciousness that is useless or even harmful, because it is not accompanied by the transformation of character which is the necessary prerequisite of a total, complete and spiritually fruitful transformation of consciousness.
  --
  Like St. Augustine, Eckhart was to some extent the victim of his own literary talents. Le style cest Ihomme. No doubt. But the converse is also partly true. Lhomme cest le style. Because we have a gift for writing in a certain way, we find ourselves, in some sort, becoming our way of writing. We mould ourselves in the likeness of our particular brand of eloquence. Eckhart was one of the inventors of German prose, and he was tempted by his new-found mastery of forceful expression to commit himself to extreme positionsto be doctrinally the image of his powerful and over-emphatic sentences. A statement like the foregoing would lead one to believe that he despised what the Vedantists call the lower knowledge of Brahman, not as the Absolute Ground of all things, but as the personal God. In reality he, like the Vedantists, accepts the lower knowledge as genuine knowledge and regards devotion to the personal God as the best preparation for the unitive knowledge of the Godhead. Another point to remember is that the attri buteless Godhead of Vedanta, of Mahayana Buddhism, of Christian and Sufi mysticism is the Ground of all the qualities possessed by the personal God and the Incarnation. God is not good, I am good, says Eckhart in his violent and excessive way. What he really meant was, I am just humanly good; God is supereminently good; the Godhead is, and his isness (istigkeit, in Eckharts German) contains goodness, love, wisdom and all the rest in their essence and principle. In consequence, the Godhead is never, for the exponent of the Perennial Philosophy, the mere Absolute of academic metaphysics, but something more purely perfect, more reverently to be adored than even the personal God or his human incarnationa Being towards whom it is possible to feel the most intense devotion and in relation to whom it is necessary (if one is to come to that unitive knowledge which is mans final end) to practise a discipline more arduous and unremitting than any imposed by ecclesiastical authority.
  There is a distinction and differentiation, according to our reason, between God and the Godhead, between action and rest. The fruitful nature of the Persons ever worketh in a living differentiation. But the simple Being of God, according to the nature thereof, is an eternal Rest of God and of all created things.
  --
  The extract which follows next is of great historical significance, since it was mainly through the Mystical Theology and the Divine Names of the fifth-century author who wrote under the name of Dionysius the Areopagite that mediaeval Christendom established contact with Neoplatonism and thus, at several removes, with the metaphysical thought and discipline of India. In the ninth century Scotus Erigena translated the two books into Latin and from that time forth their influence upon the philosophical speculations and the religious life of the West was wide, deep and beneficent. It was to the authority of the Areopagite that the Christian exponents of the Perennial Philosophy appealed, whenever they were menaced (and they were always being menaced) by those whose primary interest was in ritual, legalism and ecclesiastical organization. And because Dionysius was mistakenly identified with St. Pauls first Athenian convert, his authority was regarded as all but apostolic; therefore, according to the rules of the Catholic game, the appeal to it could not lightly be dismissed, even by those to whom the books meant less than nothing. In spite of their maddening eccentricity, the men and women who followed the Dionysian path had to be tolerated. And once left free to produce the fruits of the spirit, a number of them arrived at such a conspicuous degree of sanctity that it became impossible even for the heads of the Spanish Inquisition to condemn the tree from which such fruits had sprung.
  The simple, absolute and immutable mysteries of divine Truth are hidden in the super-luminous darkness of that silence which revealeth in secret. For this darkness, though of deepest obscurity, is yet radiantly clear; and, though beyond touch and sight, it more than fills our unseeing minds with splendours of transcendent beauty. We long exceedingly to dwell in this translucent darkness and, through not seeing and not knowing, to see Him who is beyond both vision and knowledgeby the very fact of neither seeing Him nor knowing Him. For this is truly to see and to know and, through the abandonment of all things, to praise Him who is beyond and above all things. For this is not unlike the art of those who carve a life-like image from stone; removing from around it all that impedes clear vision of the latent form, revealing its hidden beauty solely by taking away. For it is, as I believe, more fitting to praise Him by taking away than by ascription; for we ascribe attri butes to Him, when we start from universals and come down through the intermediate to the particulars. But here we take away all things from Him going up from particulars to universals, that we may know openly the unknowable, which is hidden in and under all things that may be known. And we behold that darkness beyond being, concealed under all natural light.
  --
  Whenever, for any reason, we wish to think of the world, not as it appears to common sense, but as a continuum, we find that our traditional syntax and vocabulary are quite inadequate. Mathematicians have therefore been compelled to invent radically new symbol-systems for this express purpose. But the divine Ground of all existence is not merely a continuum, it is also out of time, and different, not merely in degree, but in kind from the worlds to which traditional language and the languages of mathematics are adequate. Hence, in all expositions of the Perennial Philosophy, the frequency of paradox, of verbal extravagance, sometimes even of seeming blasphemy. Nobody has yet invented a Spiritual Calculus, in terms of which we may talk coherently about the divine Ground and of the world conceived as its manifestation. For the present, therefore, we must be patient with the linguistic eccentricities of those who are compelled to describe one order of experience in terms of a symbol-system, whose relevance is to the facts of another and quite different order.
  So far, then, as a fully adequate expression of the Perennial Philosophy is concerned, there exists a problem in semantics that is finally insoluble. The fact is one which must be steadily borne in mind by all who read its formulations. Only in this way shall we be able to understand even remotely what is being talked about. Consider, for example, those negative definitions of the transcendent and immanent Ground of being. In statements such as Eckharts, God is equated with nothing. And in a certain sense the equation is exact; for God is certainly no thing. In the phrase used by Scotus Erigena God is not a what; He is a That. In other words, the Ground can be denoted as being there, but not defined as having qualities. This means that discursive knowledge about the Ground is not merely, like all inferential knowledge, a thing at one remove, or even at several removes, from the reality of immediate acquaintance; it is and, because of the very nature of our language and our standard patterns of thought, it must be, paradoxical knowledge. Direct knowledge of the Ground cannot be had except by union, and union can be achieved only by the annihilation of the self-regarding ego, which is the barrier separating the thou from the That.

1.02 - The Necessity of Magick for All, #Magick Without Tears, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
  We who accept the Law of Thelema, even should we concur in this doctrine theoretically, cannot admit that in practice the plan would work out; our aim is that our Nothing, ideally perfect as it is in itself, should enjoy itself through realizing itself in the fulfillment of all possibilities. All such phenomena or "point-events" are equally "illusion"; Nothing is always Nothing; but the projection of Nothing on this screen of the phenomenal does not only explain, but constitutes, the Universe. It is the only system which reconciles all the contradictions inherent in Thought, and in Experience; for in it "Reality" is "Illusion", "Free-will" is "Destiny", the "Self" is the "Not-Self"; and so for every puzzle of Philosophy.
  Not too bad an analogy is an endless piece of string. Like a driving band, you cannot tie a knot in it; all the complexities you can contrive are "Tom Fool" knots, and unravel at the proper touch. Always either Naught or Two! But every new re-arrangement throws further light on the possible tangles, that is, on the Nature of the String itself. It is always "Nothing" when you pull it out; but becomes "Everything" as you play about with it,*[AC7] since there is no limit to the combinations that you can form from it, save only in your imagination (where the whole thing belongs!) and that grows mightily with Experience. It is accordingly well worth while to fulfill oneself in every conceivable manner.

1.02 - The Philosophy of Ishvara, #Bhakti-Yoga, #Swami Vivekananda, #Hinduism
  object:1.02 - The Philosophy of Ishvara
  author class:Swami Vivekananda
  --
  THE Philosophy OF ISHVARA
  Who is Ishvara? Janmdyasya yatah "From whom is the birth, continuation, and dissolution of the universe," He is Ishvara "the Eternal, the Pure, the Ever-Free, the Almighty, the AllKnowing, the All-Merciful, the Teacher of all teachers"; and above all, Sa Ishvarah anirvachaniyapremasvarupah "He the Lord is, of His own nature, inexpressible Love." These certainly are the definitions of a Personal God. Are there then two Gods the "Not this, not this," the Sat-chit-nanda, the Existence-Knowledge-Bliss of the philosopher, and this God of Love of the Bhakta? No, it is the same Sat-chit-ananda who is also the God of Love, the impersonal and personal in one. It has always to be understood that the Personal God worshipped by the Bhakta is not separate or different from the Brahman. All is Brahman, the One without a second; only the Brahman, as unity or absolute, is too much of an abstraction to be loved and worshipped; so the Bhakta chooses the relative aspect of Brahman, that is, Ishvara, the Supreme Ruler. To use a simile: Brahman is as the clay or substance out of which an infinite variety of articles are fashioned. As clay, they are all one; but form or manifestation differentiates them. Before every one of them was made, they all existed potentially in the clay, and, of course, they are identical substantially; but when formed, and so long as the form remains, they are separate and different; the clay-mouse can never become a clay-elephant, because, as manifestations, form alone makes them what they are, though as unformed clay they are all one.

1.02 - The Pit, #A Garden of Pomegranates - An Outline of the Qabalah, #Israel Regardie, #Occultism
  THE Philosophy of the Qabalah is essentially esoteric. Yet the practical methods of esoteric and secular investigations are essentially identical
  -continual and persistent experimentation, the endeavour to eliminate chance and error, and the effort to ascertain the constants and variables of the equations investigated.
  --
  Formal academic Philosophy glorifies the intellect and thus makes research into what are, after all, incidentalsif we consider Philosophy as the supreme means of investigating the problems of life and the universe. The Qabalah makes the primary claim that the intellect contains within itself a principle of self-contradiction, and that, therefore, it is an unreliable instrument to use in the great Quest for
  Truth. Numerous academic philosophers have likewise arrived at a similar conclusion. Some of the greater of these have despaired of ever devising a suitable method of transcending this limitation, and became sceptics. Others, seeing simply the solution, have seized upon intuition, or to be more accurate, the intellectual concept of intuition, leaving us, however, with no methods of checking and verifying that intuition, which in consequence is so liable to degenerate into mere guesswork, coloured by personal inclination and abetted by gross wish-phantasm.
  --
  Qabalists and all the various schools of Mystics generally begin from a still more absolute point of view, arguing that the whole controversy is a purely verbal one; for all such ontological propositions can, with a little ingenuity, be reduced to one form or another. There is in consequence of this observation in the realm of modern Philosophy what is
  80
  --
  Secular Science and Academic Philosophy.
  Yet the progress of secular sciencein the last thirty years
  --
  Athena. This necessity was emphasized in the most surprising way by the result of the Michelson-Morley experiments, when Physics itself calmly and frankly offered a contradiction in terms. It was not the metaphysicians this time who were picking holes in a vacuum. It was the mathematicians and the physicists who found the ground completely cut away from under their feet. It was not enough to replace the geometry of Euclid by those of Riemann and Lobatchevsky and the mechanics of Newton by those of Einstein, so long as any of the axioms of the old thought and the definitions of its terms survived. They deliberately abandoned positivism and materialism for an indeterminate mysticism, creating a new mathematical Philosophy and a new logic, wherein infinite-or rather transfinite-ideas might be made commensurable with those of ordinary thought in the forlorn hope that all might live happily ever after. In short, to use a Qabalistic nomenclature, they found it incumbent upon themselves to adopt for inclusion of terms of Ruach (intellect) concepts which are proper only to Neschamah (the organ and faculty of direct spiritual apperception and intuition). This same process took place in Philosophy years earlier. Had the dialectic of Hegel been only. half understood, the major portion of philosophical speculation from the Schoolmen to
  Kant's perception of the Antinomies of Reason would have been thrown overboard.

1.02 - THE PROBLEM OF SOCRATES, #Twilight of the Idols, #Friedrich Nietzsche, #Philosophy
  rational. The moral bias of Greek Philosophy from Plato onward, is the
  outcome of a pathological condition, as is also its appreciation of

1.02 - The Two Negations 1 - The Materialist Denial, #The Life Divine, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  17:Not only in the one final conception, but in the great line of its general results Knowledge, by whatever path it is followed, tends to become one. Nothing can be more remarkable and suggestive than the extent to which modern Science confirms in the domain of Matter the conceptions and even the very formulae of language which were arrived at, by a very different method, in the Vedanta, - the original Vedanta, not of the schools of metaphysical Philosophy, but of the Upanishads. And these, on the other hand, often reveal their full significance, their richer contents only when they are viewed in the new light shed by the discoveries of modern Science, - for instance, that Vedantic expression which describes things in the Cosmos as one seed arranged by the universal Energy in multitudinous forms.6 Significant, especially, is the drive of Science towards a Monism which is consistent with multiplicity, towards the Vedic idea of the one essence with its many becomings. Even if the dualistic appearance of Matter and Force be insisted on, it does not really stand in the way of this Monism. For it will be evident that essential Matter is a thing non-existent to the senses and only, like the Pradhana of the Sankhyas, a conceptual form of substance; and in fact the point is increasingly reached where only an arbitrary distinction in thought divides form of substance from form of energy.
  18:Matter expresses itself eventually as a formulation of some unknown Force. Life, too, that yet unfathomed mystery, begins to reveal itself as an obscure energy of sensibility imprisoned in its material formulation; and when the dividing ignorance is cured which gives us the sense of a gulf between Life and Matter, it is difficult to suppose that Mind, Life and Matter will be found to be anything else than one Energy triply formulated, the triple world of the Vedic seers. Nor will the conception then be able to endure of a brute material Force as the mother of Mind. The Energy that creates the world can be nothing else than a Will, and Will is only consciousness applying itself to a work and a result.

1.02 - The Vision of the Past, #Let Me Explain, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
  tory and Philosophy has appeared to be a matter of specula-
  tion, imagination and hypothesis, we can now see that in

1.02 - Where I Lived, and What I Lived For, #Walden, and On The Duty Of Civil Disobedience, #Henry David Thoreau, #Philosophy
  Paris and London, through New York and Boston and Concord, through church and state, through poetry and Philosophy and religion, till we come to a hard bottom and rocks in place, which we can call _reality_, and say, This is, and no mistake; and then begin, having a _point dappui_, below freshet and frost and fire, a place where you might found a wall or a state, or set a lamp-post safely, or perhaps a gauge, not a Nilometer, but a Realometer, that future ages might know how deep a freshet of shams and appearances had gathered from time to time. If you stand right fronting and face to face to a fact, you will see the sun glimmer on both its surfaces, as if it were a cimeter, and feel its sweet edge dividing you through the heart and marrow, and so you will happily conclude your mortal career. Be it life or death, we crave only reality. If we are really dying, let us hear the rattle in our throats and feel cold in the extremities; if we are alive, let us go about our business.
  Time is but the stream I go a-fishing in. I drink at it; but while I drink I see the sandy bottom and detect how shallow it is. Its thin current slides away, but eternity remains. I would drink deeper; fish in the sky, whose bottom is pebbly with stars. I cannot count one. I know not the first letter of the alphabet. I have always been regretting that I was not as wise as the day I was born. The intellect is a cleaver; it discerns and rifts its way into the secret of things.

1.03 - APPRENTICESHIP AND ENCULTURATION - ADOPTION OF A SHARED MAP, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
  consequence of the appropriation of mythological ideas. The Philosophy attri buting individual evil to the
  pathology of social force constitutes one such partial story. Although society, the Great Father, has a
  --
  terminology, that he was an unconscious exponent, 359 for example, of the Philosophy of Rousseau:
  With what simplicity I should have demonstrated that man is by nature good, and that only our
  --
  dawning of such understanding meant the beginnings of a mature and healthy Philosophy of life, on his
  part. Such a Philosophy was outlined in explicit detail by Friedrich Nietzsche despite his theoretically
  antidogmatic stance.
  --
  This is the Philosophy of apprenticeship useful for conceptualizing the necessary relationship between
  subordination to a potent historically-constructed social institution and the eventual development of true
  --
  contrast, to be found in the Philosophy of the apprenticeship: each individual must voluntarily subjugate
  him or herself to a master a wise king whose goal is not so much maintenance and protection of his

1.03 - Concerning the Archetypes, with Special Reference to the Anima Concept, #The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
  ence and natural Philosophy of the ancients. It is, in fact, so
  much that we are absolutely incapable of saying how the world
  --
  nese Philosophy, where the cosmogonic pair of concepts are
  designated yang (masculine) and yin (feminine). 15 We can safely
  --
  16 Hermetic alchemical Philosophy from the 14th to the 17th cents, provides a
  wealth of instructive examples. For our purposes, a glimpse into Michael Maier's
  --
  cal Philosophy, 30 quite apart from the spontaneous fantasy-prod-
  ucts in neurotic and psychotic case material. When one carefully

1.03 - Man - Slave or Free?, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  The psychology of the human race has not yet been discovered by Science. All creation is essentially the same and proceeds by similar though not identical laws. If therefore we see in the outside material world that all phenomena proceed from and can be reduced to a single causal substance from which they were born, in which they move and to which they return, the same truth is likely to hold good in the psychical world. The unity of the material universe has now been acknowledged by the scientific intellect of Europe and the high priests of atheism and materialism in Germany have declared the ekam evdvityam in matter with no uncertain voice. In so doing they have merely reaffirmed the discovery made by Indian masters of the Yogic science thousands of years ago. But the European scientists have not discovered any sure and certain methods, such as they have in dealing with gross matter, for investigating psychical phenomena. They can only observe the most external manifestations of mind in action. But in these manifestations the mind is so much enveloped in the action of the outer objects and seems so dependent on them that it is very difficult for the observer to find out the springs of its action or any regularity in its workings. The European scientists have therefore come to the conclusion that it is the stimulations of outside objects which are the cause of psychical phenomena, and that even when the mind seems to act of itself and on its own material it is only associating, grouping together and manipulating the recorded experiences from outside objects. The very nature of mind is, according to them, a creation of past material experience transmitted by heredity with such persistence that we have grown steadily from the savage with his rudimentary mind to the civilised man of the twentieth century. As a natural result of these materialistic theories, science has found it difficult to discover any true psychical centre for the multifarious phenomena of mind and has therefore fixed upon the brain, the material organ of thought, as the only real centre. From this materialistic Philosophy have resulted certain theories very dangerous to the moral future of mankind. First, man is a creation and slave of matter. He can only master matter by obeying it Secondly, the mind itself is a form of gross matter and not independent of and master of the senses. Thirdly, there is no real free will, because all our action is determined by two great forces, heredity and environment. We are the slaves of our nature, and where we seem to be free from its mastery, it is because we are yet worse slaves of our environment, worked on by the forces that surround and manipulate us.
  It is from these false and dangerous doctrines of materialism which tend to subvert mans future and hamper his evolution, that Yoga gives us a means of escape. It asserts on the contrary mans freedom from matter and gives him a means of asserting that freedom. The first great fundamental discovery of the Yogins was a means of analysing the experiences of the mind and the heart. By Yoga one can isolate mind, watch its workings as under a microscope, separate every minute function of the various parts of the antakaraa, the inner organ, every mental and moral faculty, test its isolated workings as well as its relations to other functions and faculties and trace backwards the operations of mind to subtler and ever subtler sources until just as material analysis arrives at a primal entity from which all proceeds, so Yoga analysis arrives at a primal spiritual entity from which all proceeds. It is also able to locate and distinguish the psychical centre to which all psychical phenomena gather and so to fix the roots of personality. In this analysis its first discovery is that mind can entirely isolate itself from external objects and work in itself and of itself. This does not, it is true, carry us very far because it may be that it is merely using the material already stored up by its past experiences. But the next discovery is that the farther it removes itself from objects, the more powerfully, surely, rapidly can the mind work with a swifter clarity, with a victorious and sovereign detachment. This is an experience which tends to contradict the scientific theory, that mind can withdraw the senses into itself and bring them to bear on a mass of phenomena of which it is quite unaware when it is occupied with external phenomena. Science will naturally challenge these as hallucinations. The answer is that these phenomena are related to each other by regular, simple and intelligible laws and form a world of their own independent of thought acting on the material world. Here too Science has this possible answer that this supposed world is merely an imaginative reflex in the brain of the material world and to any arguments drawn from the definiteness and unexpectedness of these subtle phenomena and their independence of our own will and imagination it can always oppose its theory of unconscious cerebration and, we suppose, unconscious imagination. The fourth discovery is that mind is not only independent of external matter, but its master; it can not only reject and control external stimuli, but can defy such apparently universal material laws as that of gravitation and ignore, put aside and make nought of what are called laws of nature and are really only the laws of material nature, inferior and subject to the psychical laws because matter is a product of mind and not mind a product of matter. This is the decisive discovery of Yoga, its final contradiction of materialism. It is followed by the crowning realisation that there is within us a source of immeasurable force, immeasurable intelligence, immeasurable joy far above the possibility of weakness, above the possibility of ignorance, above the possibility of grief which we can bring into touch with ourselves and, under arduous but not impossible conditions, habitually utilise or enjoy. This is what the Upanishads call the Brahman and the primal entity from which all things were born, in which they live and to which they return. This is God and communion with Him is the highest aim of Yogaa communion which works for knowledge, for work, for delight.

1.03 - PERSONALITY, SANCTITY, DIVINE INCARNATION, #The Perennial Philosophy, #Aldous Huxley, #Philosophy
  The word personality is derived from the Latin, and its upper partials are in the highest degree respectable. For some odd philological reason, the Saxon equivalent of personality is hardly ever used. Which is a pity. For if it were usedused as currently as belch is used for eructationwould people make such a reverential fuss about the thing connoted as certain English-speaking philosophers, moralists and theologians have recently done? Personality, we are constantly being assured, is the highest form of reality, with which we are acquainted. But surely people would think twice about making or accepting this affirmation if, instead of personality, the word employed had been its Teutonic synonym, selfness. For selfness, though it means precisely the same, carries none of the high-class overtones that go with personality. On the contrary, its primary meaning comes to us embedded, as it were, in discords, like the note of a cracked bell. For, as all exponents of the Perennial Philosophy have constantly insisted, mans obsessive consciousness of, and insistence on being, a separate self is the final and most formidable obstacle to the unitive knowledge of God. To be a self is, for them, the original sin, and to the to self, in feeling, will and intellect, is the final and all-inclusive virtue. It is the memory of these utterances that calls up the unfavourable overtones with which the word selfness is associated. The all too favourable overtones of personality are evoked in part by its intrinsically solemn Latinity, but also by reminiscences of what has been said about the persons of the Trinity. But the persons of the Trinity have nothing in common with the flesh-and-blood persons of our everyday acquaintancenothing, that is to say, except that indwelling Spirit, with which we ought and are intended to identify ourselves, but which most of us prefer to ignore in favour of our separate selfness. That this God-eclipsing and anti-spiritual selfness, should have been given the same name as is applied to the God who is a Spirit, is, to say the least of it, unfortunate. Like all such mistakes it is probably, in some obscure and subconscious way, voluntary and purposeful. We love our selfness; we want to be justified in our love; therefore we christen it with the same name as is applied by theologians to Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
  But now thou askest me how thou mayest destroy this naked knowing and feeling of thine own being. For per-adventure thou thinkest that if it were destroyed, all other hindrances were destroyed; and if thou thinkest thus, thou thinkest right truly. But to this I answer thee and I say, that without a full special grace full freely given by God, and also a full according ableness on thy part to receive this grace, this naked knowing and feeling of thy being may in nowise be destroyed. And this ableness is nought else but a strong and a deep ghostly sorrow. All men have matter of sorrow; but most specially he feeleth matter of sorrow that knoweth and feeleth that he is. All other sorrows in comparison to this be but as it were game to earnest. For he may make sorrow earnestly that knoweth and feeleth not only what he is, but that he is. And whoso felt never this sorrow, let him make sorrow; for he hath never yet felt perfect sorrow. This sorrow, when it is had, cleanseth the soul, not only of sin, but also of pain that it hath deserved for sin; and also it maketh a soul able to receive that joy, the which reaveth from a man all knowing and feeling of his being.
  --
  What is the nature of this stinking lump of selfness or personality, which has to be so passionately repented of and so completely died to, before there can be any true knowing of God in purity of spirit? The most meagre and non-committal hypodiesis is that of Hume. Mankind, he says, are nothing but a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity and are in a perpetual flux and movement. An almost identical answer is given by the Buddhists, whose doctrine of anatta is the denial of any permanent soul, existing behind the flux of experience and the various psycho-physical skandhas (closely corresponding to Humes bundles), which constitute the more enduring elements of personality. Hume and the Buddhists give a sufficiently realistic description of selfness in action; but they fail to explain how or why the bundles ever became bundles. Did their constituent atoms of experience come together of their own accord? And, if so, why, or by what means, and within what kind of a non-spatial universe? To give a plausible answer to these questions in terms of anatta is so difficult that we are forced to abandon the doctrine in favour of the notion that, behind the flux and within the bundles, there exists some kind of permanent soul, by which experience is organized and which in turn makes use of that organized experience to become a particular and unique personality. This is the view of the orthodox Hinduism, from which Buddhist thought parted company, and of almost all European thought from before the time of Aristotle to the present day. But whereas most contemporary thinkers make an attempt to describe human nature in terms of a dichotomy of interacting psyche and physique, or an inseparable wholeness of these two elements within particular embothed selves, all the exponents of the Perennial Philosophy make, in one form or another, the affirmation that man is a kind of trinity composed of body, psyche and spirit. Selfness or personality is a product of the first two elements. The third element (that quidquid increatum et increabile, as Eckhart called it) is akin to, or even identical with, the divine Spirit that is the Ground of all being. Mans final end, the purpose of his existence, is to love, know and be united with the immanent and transcendent Godhead. And this identification of self with spiritual not-self can be achieved only by dying to selfness and living to spirit.
  What could begin to deny self, if there were not something in man different from self?
  --
  We have seen that, in critical emergencies, solthers specifically trained to cope with that kind of thing tend to forget the inborn and acquired idiosyncrasies with which they normally identify their being and, transcending selfness, to behave in the same, one-pointed, better-than-personal way. What is true of solthers is also true of saints, but with this important difference that the aim of spiritual training is to make people become selfless in every circumstance of life, while the aim of military training is to make them selfless only in certain very special circumstances and in relation to only certain classes of human beings. This could not be otherwise; for all that we are and will and do depends, in the last analysis, upon what we believe the Nature of Things to be. The Philosophy that rationalizes power politics and justifies war and military training is always (whatever the official religion of the politicians and war makers) some wildly unrealistic doctrine of national, racial or ideological idolatry, having, as its inevitable corollaries, the notions of Herrenvolk and the lesser breeds without the Law.
  The biographies of the saints testify unequivocally to the fact that spiritual training leads to a transcendence of personality, not merely in the special circumstances of battle, but in all circumstances and in relation to all creatures, so that the saint loves his enemies or, if he is a Buddhist, does not even recognize the existence of enemies, but treats all sentient beings, sub-human as well as human, with the same compassion and disinterested good will. Those who win through to the unitive knowledge of God set out upon their course from the most diverse starting points. One is a man, another a woman; one a born active, another a born contemplative. No two of them inherit the same temperament and physical constitution, and their lives are passed in material, moral and intellectual environments that are profoundly dissimilar. Nevertheless, insofar as they are saints, insofar as they possess the unitive knowledge that makes them perfect as their Father which is in heaven is perfect, they are all astonishingly alike. Their actions are uniformly selfless and they are constantly recollected, so that at every moment they know who they are and what is their true relation to the universe and its spiritual Ground. Of even plain average people it may be said that their name is Legionmuch more so of exceptionally complex personalities, who identify themselves with a wide diversity of moods, cravings and opinions. Saints, on the contrary, are neither double-minded nor half-hearted, but single and, however great their intellectual gifts, profoundly simple. The multiplicity of Legion has given place to one-pointedness not to any of those evil one-pointednesses of ambition or covetousness, or lust for power and fame, not even to any of the nobler, but still all too human one-pointednesses of art, scholarship and science, regarded as ends in themselves, but to the supreme, more than human one-pointedness that is the very being of those souls who consciously and consistently pursue mans final end, the knowledge of eternal Reality. In one of the Pali scriptures there is a significant anecdote about the Brahman Drona who, seeing the Blessed One sitting at the foot of a tree, asked him, Are you a deva? And the Exalted One answered, I am not. Are you a gandharva? I am not, Are you a yaksha? I am not. Are you a man? I am not a man. On the Brahman asking what he might be, the Blessed One replied, Those evil influences, those cravings, whose non-destruction would have individualized me as a deva, a gandharva, a yaksha (three types of supernatural being), or a man, I have completely annihilated. Know therefore that I am Buddha.
  --
  The doctrine that God can be incarnated in human form is found in most of the principal historic expositions of the Perennial Philosophyin Hinduism, in Mahayana Buddhism, in Christianity and in the Mohammedanism of the Sufis, by whom the Prophet was equated with the eternal Logos.
  When goodness grows weak,
  --
  What we do depends in large measure upon what we think, and if what we do is evil, there is good empirical reason for supposing that our thought patterns are inadequate to material. mental or spiritual reality. Because Christians believed that there had been only one Avatar, Christian history has been disgraced by more and bloother crusades, interdenominational wars, persecutions and proselytizing imperialism than has the history of Hinduism and Buddhism. Absurd and idolatrous doctrines, affirming the quasi-divine nature of sovereign states and their rulers, have led oriental, no less than Western, peoples into innumerable political wars; but because they have not believed in an exclusive revelation at one sole instant of time, or in the quasi-divinity of an ecclesiastical organization, oriental peoples have kept remarkably clear of the mass murder for religions sake, which has been so dreadfully frequent in Christendom. And while, in this important respect, the level of public morality has been lower in the West than in the East, the levels of exceptional sanctity and of ordinary individual morality have not, so far as one can judge from the available evidence, been any higher. If the tree is indeed known by its fruits, Christianitys departure from the norm of the Perennial Philosophy would seem to be philosophically unjustifiable.
  The Logos passes out of eternity into time for no other purpose than to assist the beings, whose bodily form he takes, to pass out of time into eternity. If the Avatars appearance upon the stage of history is enormously important, this is due to the fact that by his teaching he points out, and by his being a channel of grace and divine power he actually is, the means by which human beings may transcend the limitations of history. The author of the Fourth Gospel affirms that the Word became flesh; but in another passage he adds that the flesh profiteth nothingnothing, that is to say, in itself, but a great deal, of course, as a means to the union with immanent and transcendent Spirit. In this context it is very interesting to consider the development of Buddhism. Under the forms of religious or mystical imagery, writes R. E. Johnston in his Buddhist China, the Mahayana expresses the universal, whereas Hinayana cannot set itself free from the domination of historical fact. In the words of an eminent orientalist, Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, The Mahayanist believer is warnedprecisely as the worshipper of Krishna is warned in the Vaishnavite scriptures that the Krishna Lila is not a history, but a process for ever unfolded in the heart of man that matters of historical fact are without religious significance (except, we should add, insofar as they point to or themselves constitute the meanswhe ther remote or proximate, whether political, ethical or spiritualby which men may come to deliverance from selfness and the temporal order.)
  In the West, the mystics went some way towards liberating Christianity from its unfortunate servitude to historic fact. (or, to be more accurate, to those various mixtures of contemporary record with subsequent inference and phantasy, which have, at different epochs, been accepted as historic fact). From the writings of Eckhart, Tauler and Ruysbroeck, of Boehme, William Law and the Quakers, it would be possible to extract a spiritualized and universalized Christianity, whose narratives should refer, not to history as it was, or as someone afterwards thought it ought to be, but to processes forever unfolded in the heart of man. But unfortunately the influence of the mystics was never powerful enough to bring about a radical Mahayanist revolution in the West. In spite of them, Christianity has remained a religion in which the pure Perennial Philosophy has been overlaid, now more, now less, by an idolatrous preoccupation with events and things in timeevents and things regarded not merely as useful means, but as ends, intrinsically sacred and indeed divine. Moreover such improvements on history as were made in the course of centuries were, most imprudently, treated as though they themselves were a part of historya procedure which put a powerful weapon into the hands of Protestant and, later, of Rationalist controversialists. How much wiser it would have been to admit the perfectly avowable fact that, when the sternness of Christ the Judge had been unduly emphasized, men and women felt the need of personifying the divine compassion in a new form, with the result that the figure of the Virgin, mediatrix to the mediator, came into increased prominence. And when, in course of time, the Queen of Heaven was felt to be too awe-inspiring, compassion was re-personified in the homely figure of St. Joseph, who thus became me thator to the me thatrix to the me thator. In exactly the same way Buddhist worshippers felt that the historic Sakyamuni, with his insistence on recollectedness, discrimination and a total dying to self as the principal means of liberation, was too stern and too intellectual. The result was that the love and compassion which Sakyamuni had also inculcated came to be personified in Buddhas such as Amida and Maitreyadivine characters completely removed from history, inasmuch as their temporal career was situated somewhere in the distant past or distant future. Here it may be remarked that the vast numbers of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, of whom the Mahayanist theologians speak, are commensurate with the vastness of their cosmology. Time, for them, is beginningless, and the innumerable universes, every one of them supporting sentient beings of every possible variety, are born, evolve, decay and the, only to repeat the same cycleagain and again, until the final inconceivably remote consummation, when every sentient being in all the worlds shall have won to deliverance out of time into eternal Suchness or Buddhahood This cosmological background to Buddhism has affinities with the world picture of modern astronomyespecially with that version of it offered in the recently published theory of Dr. Weiszcker regarding the formation of planets. If the Weiszcker hypothesis is correct, the production of a planetary system would be a normal episode in the life of every star. There are forty thousand million stars in our own galactic system alone, and beyond our galaxy other galaxies, indefinitely. If, as we have no choice but to believe, spiritual laws governing consciousness are uniform throughout the whole planet-bearing and presumably life-supporting universe, then certainly there is plenty of room, and at the same time, no doubt, the most agonizing and desperate need, for those innumerable redemptive incarnations of Suchness, upon whose shining multitudes the Mahayanists love to dwell.
  For my part, I think the chief reason which prompted the invisible God to become visible in the flesh and to hold converse with men was to lead carnal men, who are only able to love carnally, to the healthful love of his flesh, and afterwards, little by little, to spiritual love.
  --
  Can the many fantastic and mutually incompatible theories of expiation and atonement, which have been grafted onto the Christian doctrine of divine incarnation, be regarded as indispensable elements in a sane theology? I find it difficult to imagine how anyone who has looked into a history of these notions, as expounded, for example, by the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, by Athanasius and Augustine, by Anselm and Luther, by Calvin and Grotius, can plausibly answer this question in the affirmative. In the present context, it will be enough to call attention to one of the bitterest of all the bitter ironies of history. For the Christ of the Gospels, lawyers seemed further from the Kingdom of Heaven, more hopelessly impervious to Reality, than almost any other class of human beings except the rich. But Christian theology, especially that of the Western churches, was the product of minds imbued with Jewish and Roman legalism. In all too many instances the immediate insights of the Avatar and the theocentric saint were rationalized into a system, not by philosophers, but by speculative barristers and metaphysical jurists. Why should what Abbot John Chapman calls the problem of reconciling (not merely uniting) Mysticism and Christianity be so extremely difficult? Simply because so much Roman and Protestant thinking was done by those very lawyers whom Christ regarded as being peculiarly incapable of understanding the true Nature of Things. The Abbot (Chapman is apparently referring to Abbot Marmion) says St John of the Cross is like a sponge full of Christianity. You can squeeze it all out, and the full mystical theory (in other words, the pure Perennial Philosophy) remains. Consequently for fifteen years or so I hated St John of the Cross and called him a Buddhist. I loved St Teresa and read her over and over again. She is first a Christian, only secondarily a mystic. Then I found I had wasted fifteen years, so far as prayer was concerned.
  Now see the meaning of these two sayings of Christs. The one, No man cometh unto the Father but by me, that is through my life. The other saying, No man cometh unto me except the Father draw him; that is, he does not take my life upon him and follow after me, except he is moved and drawn of my Father, that is, of the Simple and Perfect Good, of which St. Paul saith, When that which is perfect is come, that which is in part shall be done away.

1.03 - Preparing for the Miraculous, #Preparing for the Miraculous, #George Van Vrekhem, #Integral Yoga
  8 Sri Aurobindo: Essays in Philosophy and Yoga, pp. 537 and 585.54
  between the mental and the supramental being, a kind of
  --
  stitute that world. This is not a question of Philosophy or
  morals; it is a question of the way the human being exists,
  --
  Mother, the perennial Philosophy worded for the present
  times. The knowledge of this revelation should not result

1.03 - .REASON. IN PHILOSOPHY, #Twilight of the Idols, #Friedrich Nietzsche, #Philosophy
  object:1.03 - .REASON. IN Philosophy
  class:chapter
  --
  "REASON" IN Philosophy
  You ask me what all idiosyncrasy is in philosophers? ... For instance

1.03 - Self-Surrender in Works - The Way of The Gita, #The Synthesis Of Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  3 It is not indispensable for the Karmayoga to accept implicitly all the Philosophy of the Gita. We may regard it, if we like, as a statement of psychological experience useful as a practical basis for the Yoga; here it is perfectly valid and in entire consonance with a high and wide experience. For this reason I have thought it well to state it here, as far as possible in the language of modern thought, omitting all that belongs to metaphysics rather than to psychology.
  * *
  --
  For it is certain that so great a result cannot be arrived at immediately and without any previous stages. At first we have to learn to bear the shocks of the world with the central part of our being untouched and silent, even when the surface mind, heart, life are strongly shaken; unmoved there on the bedrock of our life, we must separate the soul watching behind or immune deep within from these outer workings of our nature. Afterwards, extending this calm and steadfastness of the detached soul to its instruments, it will become slowly possible to radiate peace from the luminous centre to the darker peripheries. In this process we may take the passing help of many minor phases; a certain stoicism, a certain calm Philosophy, a certain religious exaltation may help us towards some nearness to our aim, or we may call in even less strong and exalted but still useful powers of our mental nature. In the end we must either discard or transform them and arrive instead at an entire equality, a perfect self-existent peace within and even, if we can, a total unassailable, self-poised and spontaneous delight in all our members.
  But how then shall we continue to act at all? For ordinarily the human being acts because he has a desire or feels a mental, vital or physical want or need; he is driven by the necessities of the body, by the lust of riches, honours or fame, or by a craving for the personal satisfactions of the mind or the heart or a craving for power or pleasure. Or he is seized and pushed about by a moral need or, at least, the need or the desire of making his ideas or his ideals or his will or his party or his country or his gods prevail in the world. If none of these desires nor any other must be the spring of our action, it would seem as if all incentive or motive power had been removed and action itself must necessarily cease. The Gita replies with its third great secret of the divine life. All action must be done in a more and more Godward and finally a God-possessed consciousness; our works must be a sacrifice to the Divine and in the end a surrender of all our being, mind, will, heart, sense, life and body to the One must make God-love and God-service our only motive. This transformation of the motive force and very character of works is indeed its master idea; it is the foundation of its unique synthesis of works, love and knowledge. In the end not desire, but the consciously felt will of the Eternal remains as the sole driver of our action and the sole originator of its initiative.

1.03 - Some Aspects of Modern Psycho therapy, #The Practice of Psycho therapy, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
  moreover they are backed by a Philosophy that is falling more and more out
  of favour with the public: a thoroughly materialistic point of view which
  --
  By adopting a more idealistic Philosophy, one can interpret things
  differently and produce a perfectly decent and respectable psychology

1.03 - Sympathetic Magic, #The Golden Bough, #James George Frazer, #Occultism
  primitive law and Philosophy, that boy or man is really your son to
  all intents and purposes. Thus Diodorus tells us that when Zeus

1.03 - The Coming of the Subjective Age, #The Human Cycle, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  The individualistic age is, then, a radical attempt of mankind to discover the truth and law both of the individual being and of the world to which the individual belongs. It may begin, as it began in Europe, with the endeavour to get back, more especially in the sphere of religion, to the original truth which convention has overlaid, defaced or distorted; but from that first step it must proceed to others and in the end to a general questioning of the foundations of thought and practice in all the spheres of human life and action. A revolutionary reconstruction of religion, Philosophy, science, art and society is the last inevitable outcome. It proceeds at first by the light of the individual mind and reason, by its demand on life and its experience of life; but it must go from the individual to the universal. For the effort of the individual soon shows him that he cannot securely discover the truth and law of his own being without discovering some universal law and truth to which he can relate it. Of the universe he is a part; in all but his deepest spirit he is its subject, a small cell in that tremendous organic mass: his substance is drawn from its substance and by the law of its life the law of his life is determined and governed. From a new view and knowledge of the world must proceed his new view and knowledge of him self, of his power and capacity and limitations, of his claim on existence and the high road and the distant or immediate goal of his individual and social destiny.
  In Europe and in modern times this has taken the form of a clear and potent physical Science: it has proceeded by the discovery of the laws of the physical universe and the economic and sociological conditions of human life as determined by the physical being of man, his environment, his evolutionary history, his physical and vital, his individual and collective need. But after a time it must become apparent that the knowledge of the physical world is not the whole of knowledge; it must appear that man is a mental as well as a physical and vital being and even much more essentially mental than physical or vital. Even though his psychology is strongly affected and limited by his physical being and environment, it is not at its roots determined by them, but constantly reacts, subtly determines their action, effects even their new-shaping by the force of his psychological demand on life. His economic state and social institutions are themselves governed by his psychological demand on the possibilities, circumstances, tendencies created by the relation between the mind and soul of humanity and its life and body. Therefore to find the truth of things and the law of his being in relation to that truth he must go deeper and fathom the subjective secret of himself and things as well as their objective forms and surroundings.
  --
  All these tendencies, though in a crude, initial and ill-developed form, are manifest now in the world and are growing from day to day with a significant rapidity. And their emergence and greater dominance means the transition from the ratio-nalistic and utilitarian period of human development which individualism has created to a greater subjective age of society. The change began by a rapid turning of the current of thought into large and profound movements contradictory of the old intellectual standards, a swift breaking of the old tables. The materialism of the nineteenth century gave place first to a novel and profound vitalism which has taken various forms from Nietzsches theory of the Will to be and Will to Power as the root and law of life to the new pluralistic and pragmatic Philosophy which is pluralistic because it has its eye fixed on life rather than on the soul and pragmatic because it seeks to interpret being in the terms of force and action rather than of light and knowledge. These tendencies of thought, which had until yesterday a profound influence on the life and thought of Europe prior to the outbreak of the great War, especially in France and Germany, were not a mere superficial recoil from intellectualism to life and action,although in their application by lesser minds they often assumed that aspect; they were an attempt to read profoundly and live by the Life-Soul of the universe and tended to be deeply psychological and subjective in their method. From behind them, arising in the void created by the discrediting of the old rationalistic intellectualism, there had begun to arise a new Intuitionalism, not yet clearly aware of its own drive and nature, which seeks through the forms and powers of Life for that which is behind Life and sometimes even lays as yet uncertain hands on the sealed doors of the Spirit.
  The art, music and literature of the world, always a sure index of the vital tendencies of the age, have also undergone a profound revolution in the direction of an ever-deepening sub jectivism. The great objective art and literature of the past no longer commands the mind of the new age. The first tendency was, as in thought so in literature, an increasing psychological vitalism which sought to represent penetratingly the most subtle psychological impulses and tendencies of man as they started to the surface in his emotional, aesthetic and vitalistic cravings and activities. Composed with great skill and subtlety but without any real insight into the law of mans being, these creations seldom got behind the reverse side of our surface emotions, sensations and actions which they minutely analysed in their details but without any wide or profound light of knowledge; they were perhaps more immediately interesting but ordinarily inferior as art to the old literature which at least seized firmly and with a large and powerful mastery on its province. Often they described the malady of Life rather than its health and power, or the riot and revolt of its cravings, vehement and therefore impotent and unsatisfied, rather than its dynamis of self-expression and self-possession. But to this movement which reached its highest creative power in Russia, there succeeded a turn towards a more truly psychological art, music and literature, mental, intuitional, psychic rather than vitalistic, departing in fact from a superficial vitalism as much as its predecessors departed from the objective mind of the past. This new movement aimed like the new philo sophic Intuitionalism at a real rending of the veil, the seizure by the human mind of that which does not overtly express itself, the touch and penetration into the hidden soul of things. Much of it was still infirm, unsubstantial in its grasp on what it pursued, rudimentary in its forms, but it initiated a decisive departure of the human mind from its old moorings and pointed the direction in which it is being piloted on a momentous voyage of discovery, the discovery of a new world within which must eventually bring about the creation of a new world without in life and society. Art and literature seem definitely to have taken a turn towards a subjective search into what may be called the hidden inside of things and away from the rational and objective canon or motive.

1.03 - THE GRAND OPTION, #The Future of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
  the historians OF Philosophy, in their study of the develop-
  ment of thought through the ages, prefer to dwell upon the birth
  --
  we call Philosophy. To philosophize is to put in order the lines of
  reality around us. What first emerges from any Philosophy is a co-
  herent whole of harmonized relationships. But this whole, if we
  --
  should change, the whole Philosophy, without necessarily breaking
  down, must adapt itself and readjust the relation between its parts;

1.03 - The Sephiros, #A Garden of Pomegranates - An Outline of the Qabalah, #Israel Regardie, #Occultism
  Moreover, and this is extremely important, by the acquisi- tion of an understanding of any one system of mystical Philosophy or religion, one automatically acquires, when relating that comprehension to the Tree of Life, an under- standing of every system. So that ultimately, by a species of association of impersonal and abstract ideas, one gradually equilibrizes the whole of one's mental structure and obtains a simple view of the incalculably vast com- plexity of the universe. For it is written : " Equilibrium is the basis of the work ".
  Serious students will need to make a careful study of the attri butions detailed in this work and commit them to memory. When, by persistent application to his own mental apparatus, the numerical system with its corres- pondences is partly understood - as opposed to being merely memorized - the student will be amazed to find fresh light breaking in on him at every turn as he continues to refer every item in experience and consciousness to this standard.
  --
  Let us reduce all our knowledge of man and the universe to symbols which can be portrayed in pictures suitable for use as an ordinary game. In such a manner, the accumulated wisdom of the ages will be preserved in an unorthodox way, passing unnoticed by the herd as being the Philosophy
  41
  --
   epitome of Zoharic Philosophy, The Secret Doctrine in
  Israel, which substantially demonstrates that the basis of my interpretation has the sanction of the highest Qabalistic authority.
  Let us now approach the exegesis of the Philosophy of the
  Qabalah in its various aspects. First we shall deal more fully with the ten Sephirothal ideas, giving the student in a later chapter examples of the mode of treatment which he himself will then be able to follow in studying the attribu- tions of all the Paths.
  --
  Spirits, etc., for the whole universe in this Philosophy is guided and animated by whole series of these hierarchies of sentient beings, each with a particular function and mission, varying in their respective degrees and states of conscious- ness and intelligence. There is but one indivisible and absolute consciousness thrilling throughout every particle and infinitesimal point in the manifested universe in Space.
  But its first differentiation, by emanation or reflection, is purely spiritual and gives rise to a number of " beings " which we may call Gods, their consciousness being of such a nature, of such a degree of sublimity, as to surpass our comprehension. From one point of consideration, the
  --
  Spirit or the Purusha of the Sankhyan Philosophy of India, by which is implied the basic reality underlying all mani- festations of Consciousness. In Blavatsky's system,
  Chokmah would be what is there named Mahat or " Cosmic
  --
  At the outset of the comparative study that is here being presented, the basic implication of this method of classifica- tion of the correspondences selected from comparative religions and Philosophy should be thoroughly grasped. In this instance, all of the four things mentioned above possess a certain quality or set of attri butes of a similar nature, which renders them in harmony with the filing jacket to which they have been attri buted. There is an underlying connection which associates them with the number 5.
  This idea must be kept in mind throughout if any benefit is to be derived from the Qabalah, and all confusion banished at the beginning.

1.03 - VISIT TO VIDYASAGAR, #The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, #Sri Ramakrishna, #Hinduism
  Vidyasagar was very reticent about giving religious instruction to others. He had studied Hindu Philosophy. Once, when M. had asked him his opinion of it, Vidyasagar had said, "I think the philosophers have failed to explain what was in their minds." But in his daily life he followed all the rituals of Hindu religion and wore the sacred thread of a brahmin.
  About God he had once declared: "It is indeed impossible to know Him. What, then, should be our duty? It seems to me that we should live in such a way that, if others followed our example, this very earth would be heaven. Everyone should try to do good to the world."
  --
  "What Brahman is cannot he described. All things in the world - the Vedas, the Puranas, the Tantras, the six systems of Philosophy - have been defiled, like food that has been touched by the tongue, for they have been read or uttered by the tongue. Only one thing has not been defiled in this way, and that is Brahman. No one has ever been able to say what Brahman is."
  VIDYASAGAR (to his friends): "Oh! That is a remarkable statement. I have learnt something new today."

1.03 - YIBHOOTI PADA, #Patanjali Yoga Sutras, #Swami Vivekananda, #Hinduism
  highest Philosophy of the Yogi is based upon this fact, that the
  PuruSa is pure and perfect, and is the only simple that

1.040 - Re-Educating the Mind, #The Study and Practice of Yoga, #Swami Krishnananda, #Yoga
  In the beginning stages, for the purpose of novitiates absolutely unfamiliar with this subject, what is prescribed is a conceptual form of the ideal that one would regard as the highest possible, and this is the Philosophy behind the worship of the gods of religions. It is not the worship of many gods, but the worship of any aspect of the one God, which can be taken as the means to the realisation of that all-inclusive background of these various manifestations called 'gods'. Sometimes, especially in the field of pure psychic science and occultism, any object is taken for the purpose of concentration, provided the will is strong enough. The object of meditation or concentration need not necessarily be a deity in the sense of a divine being it can be anything. It can be even a candlestick, or even a fountain pen or a pencil; the only condition is that we should not think of anything else except that pencil in front of us.
  But the nature of the mind is such, the mind is made in such a way, that it cannot go on thinking continuously of any absurd object. A leaf from a tree cannot become the object of attraction for the mind, because the mind cannot see any value or significance in a leaf, or a pen or a pencil, though a very scientific attitude would find significance in anything. Even a pencil is as important as a deity if we understand the background of it and the way in which it is constituted. But the ordinary mind cannot understand it. It requires the foisting of certain characteristics which are regarded as beautiful, magnificent and capable of fulfilling the wishes of the person concentrating. No one concentrates without a purpose.

1.045 - Piercing the Structure of the Object, #The Study and Practice of Yoga, #Swami Krishnananda, #Yoga
  This sutra has reference to certain specialties of the Samkhya Philosophy on which the yoga system of Patanjali, particularly, is based. Of course, it has no contradistinction from other systems of thought as far as the practical aspects are concerned, but the point made in this sutra is that the advance in meditation, or the progress one makes in meditation, is commensurate with the various stages of the manifestation of what is called prakriti in the Samkhya. The indeterminable, or alinga mentioned in this sutra, is nothing but the pradhana or the prakriti of the Samkhya.
  The cosmological doctrine of the Samkhya is that there is originally a common base for every form of material existence, and that the variety of this world is really a diversified form of one and the same substance. It is not really a variety of substance but a variety of form forms taken by one and the same substance which the Samkhya calls prakriti or pradhana. This original material of all things, called pradhana or prakriti, is constituted of what we know as gunas, the essential properties sattva, rajas and tamas. These are peculiar things which are easily mistaken and misconstrued as certain conditions or attri butes of prakriti or pradhana. However, they are not the ordinary attri butes or qualities of pradhana, but are another name for pradhana itself.
  --
  These stages of meditation are referred to in a sutra of Patanjali from his first chapter, and these stages are designated by him as savitarka, savichara, sananda and sasmita. These are all peculiar technical words of the yoga Philosophy, which simply mean the conditions of gross consciousness, subtle consciousness, cause consciousness and reality consciousness. Though he has mentioned only four stages for the purpose of a broad division of the process of ascent, we can subdivide these into many more. As a matter of fact, when we actually come to it and begin to practise, we will find that we have to pass through various stages, just as we do in a course of education. Though we may designate a particular year of study as being the first grade, second grade, third grade, etc., even in each grade we will find there are various stages of study through the divisions of the syllabus or the curriculum of study.
  Similarly, in the process of meditation the stages are many, and we may find that practically every day we are in one particular stage. The details of these stages will be known only to one who has started the practice. They cannot be described in books because they are so many, and every peculiar turn of experience will be regarded by us as one stage. Each stage is characterised by a peculiar relation of consciousness to its object and the reaction which the object sets in respect of the consciousness that experiences it. In the beginning it looks very difficult on account of this aforementioned conviction that the object is completely cut off from the mind and that is why there is so much anxiety and heartache in this world. We seem to be completely powerless and helpless in every matter. We are helpless because the world is outside us, and it has no connection with our principle of experience, namely consciousness. To bring into the conscious level the conviction that the objects of experience are not as much segregated as they appear to be, requires very hard effort, philosophical analysis and deep thinking bestowed upon the subject.

1.04 - ADVICE TO HOUSEHOLDERS, #The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, #Sri Ramakrishna, #Hinduism
  Haladhri replied, 'What is the use of seeing a mere human body, which is no better than a cage of clay?' Haladhri was a student of the Gita and Vedanta Philosophy, and therefore referred to the holy man as a mere 'cage of clay'. I repeated this to Krishnakishore. With great anger he said: 'How impudent of Haladhri to make such a remark! How can he ridicule as a "cage of clay" the body of a man who constantly thinks of God, who meditates on Rama, and has renounced all for the sake of the Lord? Doesn't he know that such a man is the embodiment of Spirit?' He was so upset by Haladhri's remarks that he would turn his face away from him whenever he met him in the temple garden, and stopped speaking to him.
  "Once Krishnakishore asked me, 'Why have you cast off the sacred thread?' In those days of God-vision I felt as if I were passing through the great storm of win, and everything had blown away from me. No trace of my old self was left. I lost all consciousness of the world. I could hardly keep my cloth on my body, not to speak of the sacred thread! I said to Krishnakishore, 'Ah, you will understand if you ever happen to be as intoxicated with God as I was.'

1.04 - GOD IN THE WORLD, #The Perennial Philosophy, #Aldous Huxley, #Philosophy
  These phrases about the unmoving first mover remind one of Aristotle. But between Aristotle and the exponents of the Perennial Philosophy within the great religious traditions there is this vast difference: Aristotle is primarily concerned with cosmology, the Perennial Philosophers are primarily concerned with liberation and enlightenment: Aristotle is content to know about the unmoving mover, from the outside and theoretically; the aim of the Perennial Philosophers is to become directly aware of it, to know it unitively, so that they and others may actually become the unmoving One. This unitive knowledge can be knowledge in the heights, or knowledge in the fulness, or knowledge simultaneously in the heights and the fulness. Spiritual knowledge exclusively in the heights of the soul was rejected by Mahayana Buddhism as inadequate. The similar rejection of quietism within the Christian tradition will be touched upon in the section, Contemplation and Action. Meanwhile it is interesting to find that the problem which aroused such acrimonious debate throughout seventeenth-century Europe had arisen for the Buddhists at a considerably earlier epoch. But whereas in Catholic Europe the outcome of the battle over Molinos, Mme. Guyon and Fnelon was to all intents and purposes the extinction of mysticism for the best part of two centuries, in Asia the two parties were tolerant enough to agree to differ. Hinayana spirituality continued to explore the heights within, while the Mahayanist masters held up the ideal not of the Arhat, but of the Bodhisattva, and pointed the way to spiritual knowledge in its fulness as well as in its heights. What follows is a poetical account, by a Zen saint of the eighteenth century, of the state of those who have realized the Zen ideal.
  Abiding with the non-particular which is in particulars,
  --
  It is in the Indian and Far Eastern formulations of the Perennial Philosophy that this subject is most systematically treated. What is prescribed is a process of conscious discrimination between the personal self and the Self that is identical with Brahman, between the individual ego and the Buddha-womb or Universal Mind. The result of this discrimination is a more or less sudden and complete revulsion of consciousness, and the realization of a state of no-mind, which may be described as the freedom from perceptual and intellectual attachment to the ego-principle. This state of no-mind exists, as it were, on a knife-edge between the carelessness of the average sensual man and the strained over-eagerness of the zealot for salvation. To achieve it, one must walk delicately and, to maintain it, must learn to combine the most intense alertness with a tranquil and self-denying passivity, the most indomitable determination with a perfect submission to the leadings of the spirit. When no-mind is sought after by a mind, says Huang Po, that is making it a particular object of thought. There is only testimony of silence; it goes beyond thinking. In other words, we, as separate individuals, must not try to think it, but rather permit ourselves to be thought by it. Similarly, in the Diamond Sutra we read that if a Bodhisattva, in his attempt to realize Suchness, retains the thought of an ego, a person, a separate being, or a soul, he is no longer a Bodhisattva. Al Ghazzali, the philosopher of Sufism, also stresses the need for intellectual humbleness and docility. If the thought that he is effaced from self occurs to one who is in fana (a term roughly corresponding to Zens no-mind, or mushin), that is a defect. The highest state is to be effaced from effacement. There is an ecstatic effacement-from-effacement in the interior heights of the Atman-Brahman; and there is another, more comprehensive effacement-from-effacement, not only in the inner heights, but also in and through the world, in the waking, everyday knowledge of God in his fulness.
  A man must become truly poor and as free from his own creaturely will as he was when he was born. And I tell you, by the eternal truth, that so long as you desire to fulfill the will of God and have any hankering after eternity and God, for just so long you are not truly poor. He alone has true spiritual poverty who wills nothing, knows nothing, desires nothing.
  --
  In this delicately comic parable Chaos is Nature in the state of wu-weinon-assertion or equilibrium. Shu and Hu are the living images of those busy persons who thought they would improve on Nature by turning dry prairies into wheat fields, and produced deserts; who proudly proclaimed the Conquest of the Air, and then discovered that they had defeated civilization; who chopped down vast forests to provide the newsprint demanded by that universal literacy which was to make the world safe for intelligence and democracy, and got wholesale erosion, pulp magazines and the organs of Fascist, Communist, capitalist and nationalist propaganda. In brief, Shu and Hu are devotees of the apocalyptic religion of Inevitable Progress, and their creed is that the Kingdom of Heaven is outside you, and in the future. Chuang Tzu, on the other hand, like all good Taoists, has no desire to bully Nature into subserving ill-considered temporal ends, at variance with the final end of men as formulated in the Perennial Philosophy. His wish is to work with Nature, so as to produce material and social conditions in which individuals may realize Tao on every level from the physiological up to the spiritual.
  Compared with that of the Taoists and Far Eastern Buddhists, the Christian attitude towards Nature has been curiously insensitive and often downright domineering and violent. Taking their cue from an unfortunate remark in Genesis, Catholic moralists have regarded animals as mere things which men do right to exploit for their own ends. Like landscape painting, the humanitarian movement in Europe was an almost completely secular affair. In the Far East both were essentially religious.
  --
  Looking backwards across the carnage and the devastation, we can see that Vigny was perfectly right. None of those gay travellers, of whom Victor Hugo was the most vociferously eloquent, had the faintest notion where that first, funny little Puffing Billy was taking them. Or rather they had a very clear notion, but it happened to be entirely false. For they were convinced that Puffing Billy was hauling them at full speed towards universal peace and the brotherhood of man; while the newspapers which they were so proud of being able to read, as the train rumbled along towards its Utopian destination not more than fifty years or so away, were the guarantee that liberty and reason would soon be everywhere triumphant. Puffing Billy has now turned into a four-motored bomber loaded with white phosphorus and high explosives, and the free press is everywhere the servant of its advertisers, of a pressure group, or of the government. And yet, for some inexplicable reason, the travellers (now far from gay) still hold fast to the religion of Inevitable Progresswhich is, in the last analysis, the hope and faith (in the teeth of all human experience) that one can get something for nothing. How much saner and more realistic is the Greek view that every victory has to be paid for, and that, for some victories, the price exacted is so high Uiat it outweighs any advantage that may be obtained! Modern man no longer regards Nature as being in any sense divine and feels perfectly free to behave towards her as an overweening conqueror and tyrant. The spoils of recent technological imperialism have been enormous; but meanwhile nemesis has seen to it that we get our kicks as well as halfpence. For example, has the ability to travel in twelve hours from New York to Los Angeles given more pleasure to the human race than the dropping of bombs and fire has given pain? There is no known method of computing the amount of felicity or goodness in the world at large. What is obvious, however, is that the advantages accruing from recent technological advancesor, in Greek phraseology, from recent acts of hubris directed against Natureare generally accompanied by corresponding disadvantages, that gains in one direction entail losses in other directions, and that we never get something except for something. Whether the net result of these elaborate credit and debit operations is a genuine Progress in virtue, happiness, charity and intelligence is something we can never definitely determine. It is because the reality of Progress can never be determined that the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have had to treat it as an article of religious faith. To the exponents of the Perennial Philosophy, the question whether Progress is inevitable or even real is not a matter of primary importance. For them, the important thing is that individual men and women should come to the unitive knowledge of the divine Ground, and what interests them in regard to the social environment is not its progressiveness or non-progressiveness (whatever those terms may mean), but the degree to which it helps or hinders individuals in their advance towards mans final end.
  next chapter: 1.05 - CHARITY

1.04 - KAI VALYA PADA, #Patanjali Yoga Sutras, #Swami Vivekananda, #Hinduism
  said of Kapila , the great father of the Sankhya Philosophy,
  that he was a born Siddha, which means, literally, a man who
  --
  deeds, and the whole scope of Philosophy is to approach the
  glory of man. All the Scriptures sing the glory of man, of the

1.04 - On blessed and ever-memorable obedience, #The Ladder of Divine Ascent, #Saint John of Climacus, #unset
  From obedience comes humility, as we have already said earlier. From humility comes discernment as the great Cassian has said with beautiful and sublime Philosophy in his chapter on discernment.2 From discernment comes insight, and from insight comes foresight. And who would not follow this fair way of obedience, seeing such blessings in store for him? It was of this great virtue of obedience that the good Psalmist said: Thou hast in Thy goodness prepared for the poor3 obedient soul, O God, Thy presence in his heart.
  Throughout your life remember that great athlete who for eighteen whole years never heard with his outward ears his superior say the words, May you be saved, but inwardly heard daily from the Lord, not merely, May you be saved (which is an uncertain wish), but You are saved (which is definite and sure).

1.04 - SOME REFLECTIONS ON PROGRESS, #The Future of Man, #Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, #Christianity
  which to base our Philosophy of life.
  Let us now take a further step.

1.04 - Sounds, #Walden, and On The Duty Of Civil Disobedience, #Henry David Thoreau, #Philosophy
  But while we are confined to books, though the most select and classic, and read only particular written languages, which are themselves but dialects and provincial, we are in danger of forgetting the language which all things and events speak without metaphor, which alone is copious and standard. Much is published, but little printed. The rays which stream through the shutter will be no longer remembered when the shutter is wholly removed. No method nor discipline can supersede the necessity of being forever on the alert. What is a course of history, or Philosophy, or poetry, no matter how well selected, or the best society, or the most admirable routine of life, compared with the discipline of looking always at what is to be seen? Will you be a reader, a student merely, or a seer? Read your fate, see what is before you, and walk on into futurity.
  I did not read books the first summer; I hoed beans. Nay, I often did better than this. There were times when I could not afford to sacrifice the bloom of the present moment to any work, whether of the head or hands. I love a broad margin to my life. Sometimes, in a summer morning, having taken my accustomed bath, I sat in my sunny doorway from sunrise till noon, rapt in a revery, amidst the pines and hickories and sumachs, in undisturbed solitude and stillness, while the birds sing around or flitted noiseless through the house, until by the sun falling in at my west window, or the noise of some travellers wagon on the distant highway, I was reminded of the lapse of time. I grew in those seasons like corn in the night, and they were far better than any work of the hands would have been. They were not time subtracted from my life, but so much over and above my usual allowance.

1.04 - The Aims of Psycho therapy, #The Practice of Psycho therapy, #Carl Jung, #Psychology
  for I have no ready made Philosophy of life to hand out to them. In the
  majority of my cases the resources of the conscious mind are exhausted (or,

1.04 - THE APPEARANCE OF ANOMALY - CHALLENGE TO THE SHARED MAP, #Maps of Meaning, #Jordan Peterson, #Psychology
  instead, in a form of Philosophy). Paradigmatic thinking allows for comprehension of an infinity of facts,
  through application of a finite system of presuppositions allows, in the final analysis, for the limited
  --
  A moral Philosophy, which is a pattern for behavior and interpretation, is therefore dependent for its
  existence upon a mythology, which is a collection of images of behaviors, which emerge, in turn, as a
  --
  civilizations, every Philosophy, every ideology, all religions. The general idea that change may bring
  improvement upon which all voluntary change is predicated is in itself based in the ideal upon the
  --
  The widespread practices and viewpoints of shamanism constitute a cohesive Philosophy, so to speak,
  embedded unconsciously in behavior and image. This ritual Philosophy comprises a set of observations
  about the nature of radical personality transformation, and practices designed to bring such alteration about.

1.04 - The Core of the Teaching, #Essays On The Gita, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  Gita. The rest of the eighteen chapters with their high Philosophy are given a secondary importance, except indeed the great vision in the eleventh. This is natural enough for the modern mind which is, or has been till yesterday, inclined to be impatient of
  36

1.04 - The Discovery of the Nation-Soul, #The Human Cycle, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  The great determining force has been the example and the aggression of Germany; the example, because no other nation has so self-consciously, so methodically, so intelligently, and from the external point of view so successfully sought to find, to dynamise, to live itself and make the most of its own power of being; its aggression, because the very nature and declared watchwords of the attack have tended to arouse a defensive self-consciousness in the assailed and forced them to perceive what was the source of this tremendous strength and to perceive too that they themselves must seek consciously an answering strength in the same deeper sources. Germany was for the time the most remarkable present instance of a nation preparing for the subjective stage because it had, in the first place, a certain kind of visionunfortunately intellectual rather than illuminated and the courage to follow itunfortunately again a vital and intellectual rather than a spiritual hardihood,and, secondly, being master of its destinies, was able to order its own life so as to express its self-vision. We must not be misled by appearances into thinking that the strength of Germany was created by Bismarck or directed by the Kaiser Wilhelm II. Rather the appearance of Bismarck was in many respects a misfortune for the growing nation because his rude and powerful hand precipitated its subjectivity into form and action at too early a stage; a longer period of incubation might have produced results less disastrous to itself, if less violently stimulative to humanity. The real source of this great subjective force which has been so much disfigured in its objective action, was not in Germanys statesmen and soldiers for the most part poor enough types of men but came from her great philosophers, Kant, Hegel, Fichte, Nietzsche, from her great thinker and poet Goethe, from her great musicians, Beethoven and Wagner, and from all in the German soul and temperament which they represented. A nation whose master achievement has lain almost entirely in the two spheres of Philosophy and music, is clearly predestined to lead in the turn to subjectivism and to produce a profound result for good or evil on the beginnings of a subjective age.
  This was one side of the predestination of Germany; the other is to be found in her scholars, educationists, scientists, organisers. It was the industry, the conscientious diligence, the fidelity to ideas, the honest and painstaking spirit of work for which the nation has been long famous. A people may be highly gifted in the subjective capacities, and yet if it neglects to cultivate this lower side of our complex nature, it will fail to build that bridge between the idea and imagination and the world of facts, between the vision and the force, which makes realisation possible; its higher powers may become a joy and inspiration to the world, but it will never take possession of its own world until it has learned the humbler lesson. In Germany the bridge was there, though it ran mostly through a dark tunnel with a gulf underneath; for there was no pure transmission from the subjective mind of the thinkers and singers to the objective mind of the scholars and organisers. The misapplication by Treitschke of the teaching of Nietzsche to national and international uses which would have profoundly disgusted the philosopher himself, is an example of this obscure transmission. But still a transmission there was. For more than a half-century Germany turned a deep eye of subjective introspection on herself and things and ideas in search of the truth of her own being and of the world, and for another half-century a patient eye of scientific research on the objective means for organising what she had or thought she had gained. And something was done, something indeed powerful and enormous, but also in certain directions, not in all, misshapen and disconcerting. Unfortunately, those directions were precisely the very central lines on which to go wrong is to miss the goal.

1.04 - The First Circle, Limbo Virtuous Pagans and the Unbaptized. The Four Poets, Homer, Horace, Ovid, and Lucan. The Noble Castle of Philosophy., #The Divine Comedy, #Dante Alighieri, #Christianity
  object:1.04 - The First Circle, Limbo Virtuous Pagans and the Unbaptized. The Four Poets, Homer, Horace, Ovid, and Lucan. The Noble Castle of Philosophy.
  Broke the deep lethargy within my head

1.04 - The Gods of the Veda, #Vedic and Philological Studies, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  Even this confirmation may not be sufficient. For although the new version may have the immense superiority of a clear depth & simplicity supported & confirmed by a minute & consistent scientific experimentation, although it may explain rationally & simply most or all of the passages which have baffled the older & the newer, the Eastern & the Western scholars, still the confirmation may be discounted as a personal test applied in the light of a previous conclusion. If, however, there is a historical confirmation as well, if it is found that Veda has exactly the same psychology & Philosophy as Vedanta, Purana, Tantra & ancient & modern Yoga & all of them indicate the same Vedic results which we ourselves have discovered in our experience, then we may possess our souls in peace & say to ourselves that we have discovered the meaning of Veda; its true meaning if not all its significance. Nor need we be discouraged, if we have to disagree with Sayana & Yaska in the actual rendering of the hymns no less than with the Europeans. Neither of these great authorities can be held to be infallible. Yaska is an authority for the interpretation of Vedic words in his own age, but that age was already far subsequent to the Vedic & the sacred language of the hymns was already to him an ancient tongue. The Vedas are much more ancient than we usually suppose. Sayana represents the scholarship & traditions of a period not much anterior to our own. There is therefore no authoritative rendering of the hymns. The Veda remains its own best authority.
  But all this triple labour is a work of great responsibility, minute research and an immense & meticulous industry. Meanwhile I hold myself justified in opening the way by a purely hypothetical entrance into the subject, suggesting possibilities for the present rather than seeking to enforce a settled opinion. There is a possible theory that may be proposed, certain provisional details of it that may be formulated. A few initial stones may be laid down to help in crossing by a convenient ford this great stream of the Veda.

1.04 - The Paths, #A Garden of Pomegranates - An Outline of the Qabalah, #Israel Regardie, #Occultism
  O NE of the several difficulties encountered in pre- senting a new scheme or a new interpretation of Philosophy is the popular prejudice against new terminology. It is conceivable that objections will be raised against the Hebrew Alphabet and the terms utilized by the Qabalah by people who may overlook the fact that in the study of Astronomy, Physics, or Chemistry, for example, a completely new nomenclature must be mastered.
  Even commerce uses a whole system of words and terms meaningless without a knowledge of commercial methods and procedure. The terminology used by the Qabalah is so employed for several reasons.
  --
  This quotation is fundamental in the number Philosophy of the Qabalah, indicating that the existence of these letters and the impress which they leave in every particle of creation, constitutes the harmony of the cosmos. The idealistic position that thoughts are things is analogous, and in the Sepher Yetsirah, the twenty-two letters or sets of ideas are observed to be the underlying forms and essences which go to make up the whole manifested universe in all its variety.
  The Tree of Life consists of the thirty-two Paths of
  --
   with relevant matter concerning their pronunciation which seems never to have been systematically presented before in treatises on the Number Philosophy of the Qabalah.
  R- A
  --
  Ches (guttural Ch as in " loch ")- a Fence. In Astrology it is the sign of the Crab, s Cancer. It is Khephra, the beetle-headed God, representing the midnight Sun. In the ancient Egyptian astrological Philosophy, <& Cancer was considered to be the Celestial House of the Soul. Mercury in his aspect of the messenger of the Gods, and Apollo in his role of the Charioteer, are other attri butions. The Norse
  78

1.04 - The Qabalah The Best Training for Memory, #Magick Without Tears, #Aleister Crowley, #Philosophy
  If you only knew what I am grappling with in the Yi King! the order of the sixty-four hexagrams. I am convinced that it is extremely significant, that it implies a sublime system of Philosophy. I've got far enough to be absolutely sure that there is a necessary rhythm; and it's killing me by millimetres, finding out why each pair succeeds the last. Forgive these tears!
  But our Magical Alphabet is primarily not letters, but figures, not sounds but mathematical ideas. Sir Humphrey Davy, coming out of his famous illumination (with some help from Nitrous Oxide he got in) exclaimed: The Universe is composed solely of ideas. We, analyzing this a little, say: The Universe is a mathematical expression.

1.04 - What Arjuna Saw - the Dark Side of the Force, #Preparing for the Miraculous, #George Van Vrekhem, #Integral Yoga
  by any practical Philosophy and religion. (Essays on the
  Gita, p. 49)
  --
  accounted for by any practical Philosophy and religion. 28
  The Yoga having come down against the bed-rock of

1.04 - Wherefore of World?, #unset, #Anonymous, #Various
  Therefore, all teachings about the riddle of the world, however seemingly different, should be considered with the same sympathy; for they are all of them perceptions, distinct and sometimes opposite, of one and the same integral truth and may become, with advantage to that truth and to each other, elements in a comprehensive synthesis in which Philosophy may at length find its highest thought and its truest conception.
  ***

1.04 - Yoga and Human Evolution, #Essays In Philosophy And Yoga, #Sri Aurobindo, #Integral Yoga
  The animal is distinguished from man by its enslavement to the body and the vital impulses. Aany mtyu, Hunger who is Death, evolved the material world from of old, and it is the physical hunger and desire and the vital sensations and primary emotions connected with the pra that seek to feed upon the world in the beast and in the savage man who approximates to the condition of the beast. Out of this animal state, according to European Science, man rises working out the tiger and the ape by intellectual and moral development in the social condition. If the beast has to be worked out, it is obvious that the body and the pra must be conquered, and as that conquest is more or less complete, the man is more or less evolved. The progress of mankind has been placed by many predominatingly in the development of the human intellect, and intellectual development is no doubt essential to self-conquest. The animal and the savage are bound by the body because the ideas of the animal or the ideas of the savage are mostly limited to those sensations and associations which are connected with the body. The development of intellect enables a man to find the deeper self within and partially replace what our Philosophy calls the dehtmaka-buddhi, the sum of ideas and sensations which make us think of the body as ourself, by another set of ideas which reach beyond the body, and, existing for their own delight and substituting intellectual and moral satisfaction as the chief objects of life, master, if they cannot entirely silence, the clamour of the lower sensual desires. That animal ignorance which is engrossed with the cares and the pleasures of the body and the vital impulses, emotions and sensations is tamasic, the result of the predominance of the third principle of nature which leads to ignorance and inertia. That is the state of the animal and the lower forms of humanity which are called in the Purana the first or tamasic creation. This animal ignorance the development of the intellect tends to dispel and it assumes therefore an all-important place in human evolution.
  But it is not only through the intellect that man rises. If the clarified intellect is not supported by purified emotions, the intellect tends to be dominated once more by the body and to put itself at its service and the lordship of the body over the whole man becomes more dangerous than in the natural state because the innocence of the natural state is lost. The power of knowledge is placed at the disposal of the senses, sattva serves tamas, the god in us becomes the slave of the brute. The disservice which scientific Materialism is unintentionally doing the world is to encourage a return to this condition; the suddenly awakened masses of men, unaccustomed to deal intellectually with ideas, able to grasp the broad attractive innovations of free thought but unable to appreciate its delicate reservations, verge towards that reeling back into the beast, that relapse into barbarism which was the condition of the Roman Empire at a high stage of material civilisation and intellectual culture and which a distinguished British statesman declared the other day to be the condition to which all Europe approached. The development of the emotions is therefore the first condition of a sound human evolution. Unless the feelings tend away from the body and the love of others takes increasingly the place of the brute love of self, there can be no progress upward. The organisation of human society tends to develop the altruistic element in man which makes for life and battles with and conquers aany mtyu. It is therefore not the struggle for life, or at least not the struggle for our own life, but the struggle for the life of others which is the most important term in evolution,for our children, for our family, for our class, for our community, for our race and nation, for humanity. An ever-enlarging self takes the place of the old narrow self which is confined to our individual mind and body, and it is this moral growth which society helps and organises.
  So far there is little essential difference between our own ideas of human progress and those of the West except in this vital point that the West believes this evolution to be a development of matter and the satisfaction of the reason, the reflective and observing intellect, to be the highest term of our progress. Here it is that our religion parts company with Science. It declares the evolution to be a conquest of matter by the recovery of the deeper emotional and intellectual self which was involved in the body and over-clouded by the desires of the pra. In the language of the Upanishads the manakoa and the buddhikoa are more than the prakoa and annakoa and it is to them that man rises in his evolution. Religion farther seeks a higher term for our evolution than the purified emotions or the clarified activity of the observing and reflecting intellect. The highest term of evolution is the spirit in which knowledge, love and action, the threefold dharma of humanity, find their fulfilment and end. This is the tman in the nandakoa, and it is by communion and identity of this individual self with the universal self which is God that man will become entirely pure, entirely strong, entirely wise and entirely blissful, and the evolution will be fulfilled. The conquest of the body and the vital self by the purification of the emotions and the clarification of the intellect was the principal work of the past. The purification has been done by morality and religion, the clarification by science and Philosophy, art, literature and social and political life being the chief media in which these uplifting forces have worked. The conquest of the emotions and the intellect by the spirit is the work of the future. Yoga is the means by which that conquest becomes possible.
  In Yoga the whole past progress of humanity, a progress which it holds on a very uncertain lease, is rapidly summed up, confirmed and made an inalienable possession. The body is conquered, not imperfectly as by the ordinary civilised man, but entirely. The vital part is purified and made the instrument of the higher emotional and intellectual self in its relations with the outer world. The ideas which go outward are replaced by the ideas which move within, the baser qualities are worked out of the system and replaced by those which are higher, the lower emotions are crowded out by the nobler. Finally all ideas and emotions are stilled and by the perfect awakening of the intuitive reason which places mind in communion with spirit the whole man is ultimately placed at the service of the Infinite. All false self merges into the true Self. Man acquires likeness, union or identification with God. This is mukti, the state in which humanity thoroughly realises the freedom and immortality which are its eternal goal.

1.052 - Yoga Practice - A Series of Positive Steps, #The Study and Practice of Yoga, #Swami Krishnananda, #Yoga
  This Philosophy of the twofold character of an object is vastly emphasised in the Tantra Shastra, where nothing in this world is to be regarded as evil, unnecessary, useless or meaningless everything has a meaning of its own. And, the seed of this Philosophy is recognised in a sutra of Patanjali himself: bhogpavargrtham dyam (II.18). The drisya, or the object, is for two purposes: for our enjoyment and bondage, and, under different conditions, also for our freedom.
  Thus, a thing in this world is neither good nor bad. We cannot make any remark about any object in this world wholly, unlimitedly or unconditionally; all remarks about things are conditional. Things are useful, helpful and contri butory to the freedom of the soul under a given set of circumstances, but they are the opposite under a different set of circumstances. Not knowing this fact, the mind flitters from one thing to another thing. This is the character of what is known as rajas the principle of diversity and distraction. The remedy for this illness of distraction of the mind is austerity, or self-restraint. The great goal of yoga that has been described all this time will remain merely a will-o-the-wisp and will not be accessible to the mind if the condition necessary for the entry of consciousness into the supreme goal of yoga namely, freedom from distraction is not fulfilled.
  --
  These are various silly things which come in the way of our yoga practice because the extent of trouble that they can create will come to our notice only when we actually touch them, or interfere with them, or try to avoid them. As long as we are friendly with things, they also look friendly, but when we try to avoid them, we will see their reactions are of a different type altogether. It is very necessary to use tact even in avoiding the unnecessary things; otherwise, there can be a resentment on the part of those things. This is the Philosophy of moderation the via media and the golden mean of Philosophy and yoga where the self that is redundant, external and related has to be made subservient to the ultimate goal which is the Absolute Self.
  The social self is easier to control than the personal self, known as the bodily self. We cannot easily control our body, because that has a greater intimacy with our pure state or consciousness than the intimacy that is exhibited by external relations like family members, etc. We may for a few days forget the existence of the members of the family, but we cannot forget for a few days that we have a body; that is a greater difficulty. So, the withdrawal of consciousness from attachment has to be done by degrees, as I mentioned, and the problems have to be gradually thinned out by the coming back of consciousness from its external relationships, stage by stage, taking every step with fixity so that it may not be retraced, and missing not a single link in this chain of steps taken. We should not take jumps in this practice of self-restraint, because every little item is an important item and one single link that we missed may create trouble one day. There may be small desires which do not look very big or troublesome, but they can become troublesome if they are completely ignored, because there is nothing in this world which can be regarded as wholly unimportant. Everything has some importance or the other; and if the time comes, it can help us, or it can trouble us.

1.056 - Lack of Knowledge is the Cause of Suffering, #The Study and Practice of Yoga, #Swami Krishnananda, #Yoga
  The point they make out is that if we are in tune with the way in which society expects us to live, we are normal. If we are not able to live in that manner, we are abnormal. The laws of society are supposed to be what they call the super-ego in psychoanalytical language. It has nothing to do with the ego that we are speaking of in Philosophy; it is something different altogether. The superego is a Freudian word which implies the check that is put upon individual instincts and desires by the laws of human society outside. On account of this pressure that is exerted perpetually upon inward desires by the reality of social rules and regulations outside, every human being is kept in tension. Therefore, there is a tendency to revolt against society. No one is really happy with society, ultimately. There is a disrespect and a dislike and a discontent, but because we cannot wag our tail before this monster called society, we keep quiet. But sometimes we become vehement, and then so many consequences follow inwardly as well as outwardly.
  The attunement of the inward conduct and character of the individual with the conditions prevailing outside in human society is supposed to be the normal behaviour of the mind, according to psychoanalysis. The word used for this prevailing condition outside is reality, because that is what persists always, whereas individual instincts may go on changing. But the definition of reality as applied to the social laws would not hold water for long, because anything that is subject to change cannot be called real. The constitution of human society is subject to transformation on account of the mutations of history the changes that we see in the world through the process of evolution. Therefore, laws will change, and our concept of normalcy also will change.

WORDNET



--- Overview of noun philosophy

The noun philosophy has 3 senses (first 3 from tagged texts)
                  
1. (12) doctrine, philosophy, philosophical system, school of thought, ism ::: (a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school)
2. (8) philosophy ::: (the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics)
3. (1) philosophy ::: (any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation; "self-indulgence was his only philosophy"; "my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it")


--- Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun philosophy

3 senses of philosophy                        

Sense 1
doctrine, philosophy, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
   => belief
     => content, cognitive content, mental object
       => cognition, knowledge, noesis
         => psychological feature
           => abstraction, abstract entity
             => entity

Sense 2
philosophy
   => humanistic discipline, humanities, liberal arts, arts
     => discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study, study, bailiwick
       => knowledge domain, knowledge base, domain
         => content, cognitive content, mental object
           => cognition, knowledge, noesis
             => psychological feature
               => abstraction, abstract entity
                 => entity

Sense 3
philosophy
   => belief
     => content, cognitive content, mental object
       => cognition, knowledge, noesis
         => psychological feature
           => abstraction, abstract entity
             => entity


--- Hyponyms of noun philosophy

2 of 3 senses of philosophy                      

Sense 1
doctrine, philosophy, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
   => nuclear deterrence
   => Kabbalism, Cabalism
   => abolitionism
   => absolutism
   => amoralism
   => animalism
   => animism
   => antiestablishmentarianism, antiestablishmentism
   => asceticism
   => contextualism
   => creationism
   => creed, credo
   => divine right, divine right of kings
   => dogma
   => dualism
   => dynamism
   => epicureanism
   => establishmentarianism, establishmentism
   => ethicism
   => expansionism
   => formalism
   => functionalism
   => Girondism
   => gospel
   => gymnosophy
   => imitation
   => individualism, laissez faire
   => internationalism
   => unilateralism
   => irredentism, irridentism
   => literalism
   => majority rule, democracy
   => monism
   => multiculturalism
   => nationalism
   => nationalism
   => nihilism
   => pacifism, pacificism, passivism
   => pluralism
   => populism
   => presentism
   => rationalism, freethinking
   => reformism
   => humanism, secular humanism
   => humanitarianism, humanism
   => egalitarianism, equalitarianism
   => feminism
   => reincarnationism
   => secessionism
   => secularism
   => phenomenology
   => philosophical doctrine, philosophical theory
   => states' rights
   => teaching, precept, commandment
   => theological doctrine
   => utilitarianism
   => descriptivism
   => descriptivism
   => prescriptivism
   => prescriptivism
   => religious doctrine, church doctrine, gospel, creed
   => millennium

Sense 2
philosophy
   => ethics, moral philosophy
   => etiology, aetiology
   => aesthetics, esthetics
   => axiology
   => jurisprudence, law, legal philosophy
   => metaphysics
   => dialectic
   => logic
   => epistemology
   => transcendentalism, transcendental philosophy


--- Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun philosophy

3 senses of philosophy                        

Sense 1
doctrine, philosophy, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
   => belief

Sense 2
philosophy
   => humanistic discipline, humanities, liberal arts, arts

Sense 3
philosophy
   => belief




--- Coordinate Terms (sisters) of noun philosophy

3 senses of philosophy                        

Sense 1
doctrine, philosophy, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
  -> belief
   => conviction, strong belief, article of faith
   => faith, trust
   => doctrine, philosophy, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
   => philosophy
   => expectation, outlook, prospect
   => fetishism, fetichism
   => geneticism
   => meliorism
   => opinion, sentiment, persuasion, view, thought
   => autotelism
   => originalism
   => pacifism, pacificism
   => religion, faith, religious belief
   => public opinion, popular opinion, opinion, vox populi
   => revolutionism
   => sacerdotalism
   => spiritualism
   => spiritual world, spiritual domain, unseen
   => suffragism
   => supernaturalism
   => superstition, superstitious notion
   => supremacism
   => theory
   => theosophism
   => thought
   => totemism
   => tribalism
   => values
   => vampirism
   => individualism
   => spiritual being, supernatural being

Sense 2
philosophy
  -> humanistic discipline, humanities, liberal arts, arts
   => neoclassicism
   => classicism, classicalism
   => Romanticism, Romantic Movement
   => English
   => history
   => art history
   => chronology
   => fine arts, beaux arts
   => performing arts
   => Occidentalism
   => Orientalism, Oriental Studies
   => philosophy
   => literary study
   => library science
   => linguistics, philology
   => musicology
   => Sinology
   => stemmatology, stemmatics
   => trivium
   => quadrivium

Sense 3
philosophy
  -> belief
   => conviction, strong belief, article of faith
   => faith, trust
   => doctrine, philosophy, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
   => philosophy
   => expectation, outlook, prospect
   => fetishism, fetichism
   => geneticism
   => meliorism
   => opinion, sentiment, persuasion, view, thought
   => autotelism
   => originalism
   => pacifism, pacificism
   => religion, faith, religious belief
   => public opinion, popular opinion, opinion, vox populi
   => revolutionism
   => sacerdotalism
   => spiritualism
   => spiritual world, spiritual domain, unseen
   => suffragism
   => supernaturalism
   => superstition, superstitious notion
   => supremacism
   => theory
   => theosophism
   => thought
   => totemism
   => tribalism
   => values
   => vampirism
   => individualism
   => spiritual being, supernatural being




--- Grep of noun philosophy
department of philosophy
doctor of philosophy
empiricist philosophy
existential philosophy
existentialist philosophy
legal philosophy
moral philosophy
natural philosophy
philosophy
philosophy department
transcendental philosophy



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Wikipedia - Portal:Philosophy
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Wikipedia - Process philosophy
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Wikipedia - Proper name (philosophy)
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Wikipedia - Proposition (philosophy)
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Wikipedia - Quantum mechanics, philosophy and controversy
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Wikipedia - Royal Institute of Philosophy
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Wikipedia - Virtuality (philosophy)
Wikipedia - Vishishtadvaita -- One of the most popular schools of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy
Wikipedia - Void (philosophy)
Wikipedia - Voluntarism (philosophy)
Wikipedia - Voluntaryism -- Philosophy supporting all forms of human association being voluntary
Wikipedia - Waldorf education -- Educational philosophy
Wikipedia - Western Philosophy
Wikipedia - Western philosophy -- Philosophy of the Western world
Wikipedia - What Is Philosophy? (Agamben book)
Wikipedia - What Is Philosophy? (Deleuze and Guattari book)
Wikipedia - What Is Philosophy? (Heidegger book)
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Wikipedia - White's Professor of Moral Philosophy
Wikipedia - Wikipedia:Getting to Philosophy -- Wikipedia phenomenon in which ~97% of all articles link to Philosophy
Wikipedia - Wikipedia talk:Contents/Philosophy and thinking
Wikipedia - Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy/Article alerts
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Wikipedia - Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Mind -- Sub-project of WikiProject Philosophy
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Wikipedia - Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy -- Wikimedia subject-area collaboration
Wikipedia - Will (philosophy)
Wikipedia - Wisconsin Idea -- Educational philosophy
Wikipedia - Wittgenstein's philosophy of mathematics
Wikipedia - Women in philosophy
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Wikipedia - Wronger than wrong -- Informal concept in philosophy of science
Wikipedia - Wuji (philosophy)
Wikipedia - Wujud -- Term in Islamic philosophy and Sufism
Wikipedia - Wuxing (Chinese philosophy) -- Chinese five elements
Wikipedia - Xin (philosophy)
Wikipedia - Xuanxue -- Post-classical Chinese philosophy bringing together Daoist and Confucian beliefs
Wikipedia - Yi (philosophy) -- Concept in Confucianism
Wikipedia - Yoga (philosophy)
Wikipedia - Yugoslav philosophy
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http://malankazlev.com/kheper/topics/emanation/Perennial_Philosophy.html -- 0
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Kheper - metaphysics -- 36
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Kheper - Philosophy_of_Sant_Mat -- 17
Kheper - cosmic_philosophy -- 55
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Integral World - What Would Errol Do?, A Brief Introduction to the Octagonal Philosophy of Errol Flynn, David Lane
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Daniel Dennett, Captoria Frizell
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Thomas Nagel, Una Shing
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Giulio Tononi, Rania Serena Soetirto
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Gerald Edelman, Gavin Lee
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Paul Churchland, Alice Ailisi
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Timothy Leary, Emily Park
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Noam Chomsky, Faizaan Merchant
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, John Lilly, Joseph Perez
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, David John Chalmers, Diana Hernandez
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Nicholas Keynes Humphrey, Christy Lin
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Aldous Huxley, Denise Motus
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Francis Crick, Ethan Li
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Patricia Churchland, Vikraant Chowdhry
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Jean Pierre Changeux, Chen Lin Wang
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Owen Flanagan, Paycee Minaya
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Terence McKenna, Yan Xu
Integral World - The Study of Consciousness, Glimpses into the Life and Work of Great Thinkers in Neuroscience and Philosophy, Christof Koch, I Cheng Lam
Integral World - The Archeology of Truth and the Return of Philosophy, Part I, Oleg Linetsky
Integral World - Integrating Psychology and Philosophy Through The Psychology of Belief, Jeff Meyerhoff
Integral World - Bald Ambition, Chapter 8: Methodology and Philosophy, Jeff Meyerhoff
Integral World - Toward an Integrative Scientific and World Philosophy, Giorgio Piacenza
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Integral World - Integral Evolution: A Neo-Perennial Philosophy, Brad Reynolds
Integral World - Critical Comments On Perennialist Philosophy, Kevin R.D. Shepherd
Integral World - Is God in the Garbage?: A Critical Appraisal of Adi Da's Philosophy, essay by Andrew Smith
Integral World - Why Idealism is Bonkers, Some Reflections on the Philosophy of Bernardo Kastrup, Frank Visser
Integral World - Eloquent Emptiness, The Philosophy of WOW! and the End of Science, Frank Visser
http://integraltransformation.blogspot.com/2007/05/philosophy-vs-teaching.html
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selforum - ancient philosophy begins with vedas
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https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2012/10/eastern-philosophy.html
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https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2012/10/sufi-philosophy.html
https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2012/10/taiji-philosophy.html
https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2013/10/lluminationist-philosophy.html
https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2014/05/the-cosmic-philosophy.html
https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2014/10/chinese-philosophy.html
https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2015/08/philosophy-of-colour-or-color.html
https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2015/08/philosophy-of-perception.html
https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2015/11/the-influence-vedic-philosophy-had-on.html
https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2016/08/the-esoteric-philosophy-of-henry-corbin.html
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https://esotericotherworlds.blogspot.com/2012/11/the-cosmic-philosophy.html
https://esotericotherworlds.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-perennial-philosophy.html
https://esotericotherworlds.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-new-sant-mat-philosophy-of.html
https://esotericotherworlds.blogspot.com/2013/12/yogic-philosophy-of-saints.html
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - delmedigo
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - delusion
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - democracy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - democritus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - demonstration-medieval
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dependence-ontological
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - depiction
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - derrida
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - descartes-epistemology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - descartes-ethics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - descartes-ideas
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - descartes-mathematics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - descartes-method
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - descartes-modal
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - descartes-ontological
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - descartes-physics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - descartes
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - descartes-works
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - descriptions
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - desert
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - desgabets
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - desire
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - determinate-determinables
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - determinism-causal
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dewey-aesthetics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dewey-moral
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dewey-political
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dewey
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dharmakiirti
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - diagrams
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dialectical-school
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dialetheism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - diderot
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dietrich-freiberg
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - digital-art
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dilthey
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - diodorus-cronus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dirty-hands
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - disability-care-rationing
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - disability-critical
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - disability-health
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - disability-justice
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - disability
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - disagreement
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - discourse-representation-theory
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - discrimination
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - disjunction
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dispositions
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - divine-freedom
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - divine-hiddenness
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - divine-revelation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - divine-simplicity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - doing-allowing
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - domination
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - double-consciousness
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - double-effect
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - doxography-ancient
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dreams-dreaming
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dualism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dubois
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - du-bos
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - duhem
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - duns-scotus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dutch-book
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dynamic-choice
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dynamic-epistemic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - dynamic-semantics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - early-modern-india
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ecology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - economic-justice
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - economics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - education-philosophy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - edwards
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - egalitarianism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - egoism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ehrenfels
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - einstein-philscience
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - elias
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - elisabeth-bohemia
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - embodied-cognition
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - emerson
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - emilie-du-chatelet
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - emily-elizabeth-constance-jones
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - emotion-Christian-tradition
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - emotions-17th18th
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - emotion
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - empathy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - empedocles
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - empiricism-ancient-medieval
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - enhancement
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - enlightenment
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - environmental-aesthetics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - envy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epictetus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epicurus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epigenesis
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epiphenomenalism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - episteme-techne
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemic-game
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemic-paradoxes
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemic-self-doubt
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemic-utility
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemology-bayesian
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemology-evolutionary
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemology-geometry
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemology-india
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemology-language-tibetan
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemology-latin-america
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemology-naturalized
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemology-social
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemology-virtue
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epistemology-visual-thinking
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - epsilon-calculus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - equal-ed-opportunity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - equality
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - equal-opportunity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - equivME
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - erasmus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - erfurt
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ergodic-hierarchy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ernst-mach
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - erotic-art
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - essential-accidental
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - eternity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-ai
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-ancient
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-belief
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-business
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-chinese
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-cultural-heritage
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-deontological
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-environmental
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-indian-buddhism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-internet-research
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-it-phenomenology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-manipulation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-pregnancy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-search
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-social-networking
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ethics-virtue
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - eugenics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - euthanasia-voluntary
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - events
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - evidence-legal
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - evidence
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - evil
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - evolutionary-genetics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - evolutionary-psychology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - evolution-before-darwin
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - evolution-cultural
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - evolution-development
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - evolution
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - existence
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - existentialism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - experimental-moral
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - experimental-philosophy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - exploitation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - facts
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - faith
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - falaquera
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fallacies
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fatalism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fechner
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - federalism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feigl
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - femapproach-analy-cont
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - femapproach-analytic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - femapproach-continental
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - femapproach-prag-cont
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - femapproach-pragmatism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-aesthetics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-argumentation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-autonomy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-class
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-disability
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-environmental
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-epistemology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-ethics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-family
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-femhist
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-gender
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-globalization
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-language
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-latin-america
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-law
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-liberal
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-metaphysics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-moralpsych
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-objectification
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-political
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-psychoanalysis
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-rape
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-self
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminism-trans
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminist-bioethics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminist-body
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminist-philosophy-biology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminist-philosophy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminist-power
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminist-religion
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminist-science
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminist-sex-markets
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feminist-social-epistemology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - feyerabend
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ficino
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fictional-entities
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fictionalism-mathematics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fictionalism-modal
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fictionalism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fiction
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fideism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - film
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - findlay
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fine-tuning
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fitch-paradox
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fitness
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fitting-attitude-theories
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fitzralph
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fleck
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - folkpsych-simulation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - folkpsych-theory
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - forgiveness
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - formal-belief
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - formal-epistemology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - formalism-mathematics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - form-matter
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - foucault
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - frame-problem
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - francis-bacon
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - francisco-sanches
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - francis-marchia
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - francois-barre
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - frantz-fanon
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - frederick-douglass
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - freedom-ancient
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - freedom-association
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - freedom-speech
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - free-rider
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - free-will-foreknowledge
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - freewill
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - frege-hilbert
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - frege
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - frege-theorem
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - friedrich-hayek
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - friedrich-jacobi
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - friedrich-lange
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - friendship
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - functionalism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - fundamentality
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - future-contingents
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - gadamer-aesthetics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - gadamer
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - galen
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - galileo
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - game-ethics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - game-evolutionary
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - games-abstraction
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - gametes-donation-sale
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - game-theory
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - gangesa
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - gassendi
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - gasset
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - gelukpa
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - generalized-quantifiers
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - generics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - gene
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - genetic-drift
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - genetics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - genomics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - genotype-phenotype
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - genrel-early
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - geometry-19th
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - geometry-finitism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - gersonides
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - giles
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - global-democracy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - globalization
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - godfrey
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - god-necessary-being
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - godwin
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - goedel-incompleteness
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - goedel
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - goodman-aesthetics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - goodman
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - gorampa
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - gratitude
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - green
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - gregory-rimini
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - grice
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - grosseteste
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - grotius
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - grounding
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - grounds-moral-status
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - habermas
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - haecceitism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - halevi
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hamann
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - happiness
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hare
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - harriet-mill
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hartley
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hartshorne
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - health-disease
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - heaven-hell
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hedonism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hegel-aesthetics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hegel-dialectics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hegel
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - heidegger-aesthetics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - heidegger
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - heinrich-rickert
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hempel
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - henricus-regius
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - henry-ghent
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - henry-more
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - heraclitus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - herder
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - heredity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hermann-helmholtz
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hermann-lotze
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hermeneutics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - heytesbury
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hilbert-program
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - histfem-condorcet
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - history
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hobbes-moral
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hobbes-science
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hobbes
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - holbach
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - holes
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - holism-social
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - holkot
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - homosexuality
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hope
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - horkheimer
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - human-genome
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - humanism-civic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - human-nature
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hume-aesthetics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hume-freewill
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hume-moral
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hume-newton
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hume-religion
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hume
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - humor
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - husserl
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - hyperintensionality
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - iamblichus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ibn-arabi
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ibn-bajja
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ibn-ezra
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ibn-gabirol
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ibn-kammuna
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ibn-rushd-natural
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ibn-sina-logic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ibn-sina-metaphysics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ibn-sina-natural
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ibn-sina
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - idealism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - identity-ethics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - identity-indiscernible
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - identity-personal
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - identity-politics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - identity-relative
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - identity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - identity-time
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - identity-transworld
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - idiolects
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ikhwan-al-safa
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - illumination
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - imagination
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - imaginative-resistance
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - immigration
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - immunology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - immutability
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - impartiality
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - implicature-optimality-games
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - implicature
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - implicit-bias
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - impossible-worlds
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - imprecise-probabilities
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - incommensurability
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - incompatibilism-arguments
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - incompatibilism-theories
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - independence-large-cardinals
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - indexicals
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - induction-problem
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - infinite-regress
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - information-biological
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - information-entropy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - information-semantic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - information
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - informed-consent
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ingarden
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - inheritance-systems
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - innate-acquired
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - innateness-cognition
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - innateness-history
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - innateness-language
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - insolubles
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - integrity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - intellectual-property
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - intensional-trans-verbs
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - intentionality-ancient
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - intentionality
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - intention
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - international-justice
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - intrinsic-extrinsic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - introspection
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - intuitionism-ethics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - intuitionism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - intuitionistic-logic-development
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - intuition
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - israeli
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - it-moral-values
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - it-privacy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - james-mill
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - james
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - james-viterbo
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - james-ward
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - japanese-aesthetics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - japanese-confucian
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - japanese-philosophy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - japanese-pure-land
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - japanese-zen
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - jaspers
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - jayaraasi
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - jefferson
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - joane-petrizi
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - johann-fichte
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - johann-herbart
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - johann-sturm
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - john-norris
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - john-salisbury
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justep-coherence
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justep-foundational
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justep-intext
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justice-bad-luck
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justice-climate
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justice-distributive
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justice-global
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justice-healthcareaccess
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justice-inequality-health
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justice-intergenerational
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justice-moral-psych
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justice-retributive
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justice
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justice-transitional
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justice-virtue
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justification-public
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - justus-lipsius
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-aesthetics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-conceptualism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-development
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-hume-causality
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-hume-morality
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-judgment
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-leibniz
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-mathematics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-metaphysics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-mind
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-moral
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-reason
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-religion
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-science
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-social-political
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-spacetime
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-transcendental-idealism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kant-transcendental
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - karl-reinhold
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kaspi-joseph
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kepler
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kierkegaard
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kilvington
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - knowledge-acquaindescrip
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - knowledge-analysis
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - knowledge-how
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - knowledge-value
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kochen-specker
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kokugaku-school
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kukai
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kumaarila
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - kyoto-school
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lacan
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lady-masham
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - la-forge
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lakatos
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lambda-calculus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - language-india
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - language-thought
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - laozi
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - large-cardinals-determinacy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - latin-american-analytic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - latin-american-metaphilosophy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - latin-american-philosophy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - latinx
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - law-ideology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - law-interpretivist
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - law-language
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - law-limits
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lawphil-naturalism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lawphil-nature
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lawphil-theory
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - laws-of-nature
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - learning-formal
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lefevre-etaples
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - legal-econanalysis
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - legal-obligation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - legal-positivism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - legal-punishment
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - legal-reas-interpret
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - legal-reas-prec
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - legal-rights
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - legitimacy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - legrand
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - leibniz-causation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - leibniz-ethics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - leibniz-evil
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - leibniz-exoteric
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - leibniz-logic-influence
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - leibniz-mind
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - leibniz-modal
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - leibniz-physics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - leibniz
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - leibowitz-yeshayahu
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lesniewski
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - leucippus
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - levels-org-biology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - levinas
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lewis-ci
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lewis-metaphysics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - liar-paradox
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - liberalism-latin-america
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - liberalism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - liberation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - libertarianism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - liberty-positive-negative
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - life-meaning
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - life
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - linguistics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - literal-nonliteral-india
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - llull
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - location-mereology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - locke-freedom
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - locke-moral
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - locke-personal-identity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - locke-philosophy-science
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - locke-political
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - locke
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-action
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-ai
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logical-atomism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logical-consequence
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logical-constants
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logical-construction
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logical-empiricism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logical-form
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-algebraic-propositional
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logical-pluralism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logical-truth
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-ancient
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-belief-revision
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-classical
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-combinatory
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-combining
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-conditionals
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-connexive
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-deontic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-dependence
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-dialogical
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-dynamic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-epistemic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-firstorder-emergence
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-free
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-fuzzy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-games
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-higher-order
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-hybrid
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-if
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-india
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-inductive
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-infinitary
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-informal
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-information
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-intensional
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-intuitionistic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logicism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-justification
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-linear
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-manyvalued
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-massexpress
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-modal-origins
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-modal
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-nonmonotonic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-normative
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-ontology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-paraconsistent
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-power-games
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-probability
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-provability
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-relevance
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logics-for-games
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-substructural
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - logic-temporal
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lorenzo-valla
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - love
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - loyalty
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lucretius
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lucrezia-marinella
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ludwig-feuerbach
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lukacs
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lukasiewicz
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - luther-influence
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - luther
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lvov-warsaw
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lying-definition
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - lyotard
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - machiavelli
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - macroevolution
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - madeleine-scudery
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - madhyamaka
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - maimonides-islamic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - maimonides
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - maimon
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - malebranche-ideas
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - malebranche
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mally-deontic
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mally
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - marcel
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - marcus-aurelius
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - marcuse
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - margaret-cavendish
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - margaret-fell
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - maritain
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - markets
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - marriage
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - marsilius-inghen
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - marty
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - marx
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mary-shepherd
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - material-constitution
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - materialism-eliminative
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mathematical-style
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mathematics-constructive
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mathematics-explanation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mathematics-inconsistent
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mathematics-nondeductive
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mathphil-indis
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - max-stirner
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mctaggart
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mead
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - meaning-holism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - meaning-normativity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - meaning
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - measurement-science
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - medicine
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - medieval-categories
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - medieval-emotions
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - medieval-futcont
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - medieval-haecceity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - medieval-literary
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - medieval-philosophy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - medieval-political
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - medieval-syllogism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - medieval-terms
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - meinong
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - meister-eckhart
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - memory-episprob
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - memory
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mencius
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mendelssohn
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mental-causation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mental-disorder
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mental-imagery
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mental-representation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mereology-medieval
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - mereology
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - postmodernism
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - principia-mathematica
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - prior
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - qing-philosophy
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - realism-theory-change
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - reasoning-analogy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - reasoning-automated
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - reasoning-defeasible
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - reasoning-moral
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - reasons-agent
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - reasons-just-vs-expl
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - recognition
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - recursive-functions
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - reflective-equilibrium
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - reichenbach
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - reid
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - reinach
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - reism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - relations-medieval
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - relations
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - relativism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - reliabilism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - religion-epistemology
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - religion-morality
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - religion-politics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - religion-science
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - religious-experience
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - religious-language
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - religious-pluralism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - replication
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - representation-medieval
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - republicanism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - repugnant-conclusion
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - respect
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - revolution
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - richard-price
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - richard-sophister
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - ricoeur
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - rights-children
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - rights-group
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - rights-human
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - rigid-designators
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - risk
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - robert-kilwardby
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - roger-bacon
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - rorty
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - rosenstock-huessy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - rosenzweig
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - rousseau
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - royce
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - rule-of-law
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - russellian-monism
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - sartre
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - schiller
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - schmitt
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - scientific-reduction
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - scientific-reproducibility
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - scientific-revolutions
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - scientific-underdetermination
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - scientific-unity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - scottish-18th
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - secession
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - self-consciousness-phenomenological
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - self-consciousness
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - self-deception
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - self-knowledge-externalism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - self-knowledge
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - sellars
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - semiotics-medieval
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - seneca
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - settheory-alternative
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - set-theory-constructive
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - settheory-early
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - sex-sexuality
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - singular-terms-medieval
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - situations-semantics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - skeptical-theism
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - skepticism
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - social-choice
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - socialism
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - spacetime-bebecome
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - spacetime-convensimul
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - spacetime-holearg
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - supervenience
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - type-theory
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - zombies
Occultopedia - pseudoscience_philosophy
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Kung Fu (1972 - 1975) - This series follows the adventures of Kwai Chang Caine, a Shaolin priest, in the American West. Caine was an orphan of a Chinese-American marriage, and was schooled in a Shaolin monastery, by his mentors, Masters Po and Kan. Through his life's journeys, he remembers the lessons and philosophy they i...
Little Clowns of Happy Town (1987 - 1988) - "Laughter is the best medicine." That was the philosophy of writer and cancer survivor Norman Cousins, who was hired as a consultant on this show about the residents of Itty Bitty City. Also known as Happytown, the city was home to miniature clowns whose purpose was to spread joy throughout the worl...
Butterbeans Cafe (2018 - Current) - an animated preschool fantasy television series created by Jonny Belt and Robert Scull, the creators of Bubble Guppies,[1] ordered by Nickelodeon. The series follows Butterbean, a fairy who runs a neighborhood caf with her friends. The series involves "creative cooking, a farm-to-table philosophy,...
Gideon(1999) - In the comic fable Gideon, the residents of the Lakeview Retirement Home are drifting through their final years with quiet dissatisfaction. A former cook (Carrol O'Connor) can't stand the food, a former fighter (Mike Connors) wishes he could still box, a one-time philosophy professor (Charlton Hesto...
Philosophy Of A Knife(2008) - The true history of Japanese Unit 731, from its beginnings in the 1930s to its demise in 1945, and the subsequent trials in Khabarovsk, USSR, of many of the Japanese doctors from Unit 731. The facts are told, and previously unknown evidence is revealed by an eyewitness to these events, former doctor...
Won't You Be My Neighbor?(2018) - A deep look into the life and guiding philosophy of children's TV host Fred Rogers and his program "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood"
Agora (2009) ::: 7.2/10 -- R | 2h 7min | Adventure, Biography, Drama | 9 October 2009 (Spain) -- A historical drama set in Roman Egypt, concerning a slave who turns to the rising tide of Christianity in the hope of pursuing freedom while falling in love with his mistress, the philosophy and mathematics professor Hypatia of Alexandria. Director: Alejandro Amenbar Writers:
A.P. Bio ::: TV-14 | 21min | Comedy | TV Series (2018 ) -- A former philosophy professor who takes a job teaching AP biology, uses his students to get back at the people in his life who have wronged him. Creators:
Gandhi (1982) ::: 8.0/10 -- PG | 3h 11min | Biography, Drama, History | 25 February 1983 (USA) -- The life of the lawyer who became the famed leader of the Indian revolts against the British rule through his philosophy of nonviolent protest. Director: Richard Attenborough Writer:
Inside the Actors Studio ::: TV-PG | 1h 5min | Talk-Show | TV Series (1994 ) -- Famous actors, directors and writers reminisce about their careers and the philosophy behind their craft. Creator: James Lipton
Irrational Man (2015) ::: 6.6/10 -- R | 1h 35min | Comedy, Drama, Romance | 7 August 2015 (USA) -- A tormented philosophy professor finds a will to live when he commits an existential act. Director: Woody Allen Writer: Woody Allen
Jerry Maguire (1996) ::: 7.3/10 -- R | 2h 19min | Comedy, Drama, Romance | 13 December 1996 (USA) -- When a sports agent has a moral epiphany and is fired for expressing it, he decides to put his new philosophy to the test as an independent agent with the only athlete who stays with him and his former colleague. Director: Cameron Crowe Writer:
Kino's Journey ::: Kino no tabi (original tit ::: TV-PG | Animation, Adventure, Drama | TV Series (2003) Episode Guide 14 episodes Kino's Journey Poster -- Young world-weary sharpshooter girl Kino and her talking inquisitive motorcycle Hermes travel around her unusual world, visiting various city-states for three days each to learn about their culture, history and ruling philosophy.
The Addiction (1995) ::: 6.5/10 -- Not Rated | 1h 22min | Drama, Horror | 6 October 1995 (USA) -- A New York philosophy grad student turns into a vampire after getting bitten by one, and then tries to come to terms with her new lifestyle and frequent craving for human blood. Director: Abel Ferrara Writer:
The Believer (2001) ::: 7.2/10 -- R | 1h 38min | Drama | 23 August 2001 (Russia) -- A young Jewish man develops a fiercely anti-Semitic philosophy. Based on the factual story of a K.K.K. member in the 1960s who was revealed to be Jewish by a New York Times reporter. Director: Henry Bean Writers:
The Spectacular Now (2013) ::: 7.1/10 -- R | 1h 35min | Comedy, Drama, Romance | 13 September 2013 (USA) -- A hard-partying high school senior's philosophy on life changes when he meets the not-so-typical "nice girl." Director: James Ponsoldt Writers: Scott Neustadter (screenplay), Michael H. Weber (screenplay) | 1 more
Things to Come (2016) ::: 7.0/10 -- L'avenir (original title) -- Things to Come Poster -- A philosophy teacher soldiers through the death of her mother, losing her book deal, and dealing with a husband who is cheating on her. Director: Mia Hansen-Lve Writer:
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Gall Force 2: Destruction -- -- AIC, animate Film, Artmic -- 1 ep -- Original -- Action Military Sci-Fi Space -- Gall Force 2: Destruction Gall Force 2: Destruction -- Lufy, discovered floating lifeless in space, is brought on board a Solnoid cruiser and given another chance at life. Once the hardened warrior, she is shown events that shake her faith (one's own death seems to have a way of changing one's philosophy) and lessening her power as a fighter just as that power is most needed! -- -- (Source: AniDB) -- -- Licensor: -- Central Park Media -- OVA - Nov 21, 1987 -- 2,606 6.39
Hanasaku Iroha -- -- P.A. Works -- 26 eps -- Original -- Slice of Life Comedy Drama -- Hanasaku Iroha Hanasaku Iroha -- Ohana Matsumae is an energetic and wild teenager residing in Tokyo with her carefree single mother. Abruptly, her mother decides to run away with her new boyfriend from debt collectors, forcing the young girl to fend for herself—as per her mother's "rely only on yourself" philosophy—in rural Japan, where her cold grandmother runs a small inn. Driven to adapt to the tranquil lifestyle of the countryside, Ohana experiences and deals with the challenges of working as a maid, as well as meeting and making friends with enthralling people at her new school and the inn. -- -- 274,850 7.94
Hanasaku Iroha -- -- P.A. Works -- 26 eps -- Original -- Slice of Life Comedy Drama -- Hanasaku Iroha Hanasaku Iroha -- Ohana Matsumae is an energetic and wild teenager residing in Tokyo with her carefree single mother. Abruptly, her mother decides to run away with her new boyfriend from debt collectors, forcing the young girl to fend for herself—as per her mother's "rely only on yourself" philosophy—in rural Japan, where her cold grandmother runs a small inn. Driven to adapt to the tranquil lifestyle of the countryside, Ohana experiences and deals with the challenges of working as a maid, as well as meeting and making friends with enthralling people at her new school and the inn. -- -- -- Licensor: -- NIS America, Inc. -- 274,850 7.94
Initial D Second Stage -- -- Pastel -- 13 eps -- Manga -- Action Cars Drama Seinen Sports -- Initial D Second Stage Initial D Second Stage -- Accumulating an impressive series of victories with his AE86, Takumi Fujiwara has imposed himself as street racing's newest rising star. However, his newly found confidence of winning at his home turf of Mount Akina has been put in jeopardy by a new Emperor team exclusively using a car model favored by most professional racing pilots: the Mitsubishi four-wheel drive Lancer Evolutions—also known as Lan Evos. The Emperor team leader, Kyouichi Sudou, looks down on Takumi and regards him as an inferior pilot for driving an antique car that lacks the makings of a true modern race car. Kyouichi's elitist philosophy is also the reason why his team is only made of Lan Evo drivers. -- -- Will Takumi be able to keep his perfect track record intact against the highly skilled and mechanically superior Emperor team, or does his hot streak end here? -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation, Tokyopop -- 142,566 8.12
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Portal:Philosophy/WikiProjects
Postanalytic philosophy
Postmodern philosophy
Praxis (British philosophy journal)
Predication (philosophy)
Pre-Socratic philosophy
Principles of Philosophy
Problems of philosophy (magazine)
Process philosophy
Professor of Moral Philosophy
Professor of Moral Philosophy (Glasgow)
Professor of Natural Philosophy (Glasgow)
Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture
Proper name (philosophy)
Property (philosophy)
Pseudophilosophy
Psychology, philosophy and physiology
Public philosophy
Pub Philosophy
Qing (philosophy)
Quantum Philosophy
Quietism (Christian philosophy)
Radical Philosophy
Radical Philosophy Review
Radiohead and Philosophy
Regius Professor of Moral Philosophy
Relations (philosophy)
Religious philosophy
Renaissance philosophy
Rereading Ancient Philosophy
Review of Philosophy and Psychology
Rhizome (philosophy)
Right to Philosophy
Romanian philosophy
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Hegel and the Phenomenology of Spirit
Royal Institute of Philosophy
Sage (philosophy)
Salzburg Conference for Young Analytic Philosophy
Samskara (Indian philosophy)
Scientific philosophy
Scottish philosophy
Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy
Simple (philosophy)
Si (philosophy)
Slavic Native Faith's identity and political philosophy
Social philosophy
Social Philosophy Today
Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy
Society for Philosophy and Psychology
Society for Women in Philosophy
South African Journal of Philosophy
Southern Journal of Philosophy
Spiritualism (philosophy)
Spiritual philosophy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Structuralism (philosophy of mathematics)
Structuralism (philosophy of science)
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
Subject (philosophy)
Sublime (philosophy)
Sufi philosophy
Swapna (philosophy)
Symposium: Canadian Journal of Continental Philosophy
Systems philosophy
T'ai chi ch'uan philosophy
Taiji (philosophy)
Talk:Non-philosophy
Tamas (philosophy)
Teaching Philosophy
Techn: Research in Philosophy and Technology
The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy
The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
The Consolation of Philosophy
The Consolations of Philosophy
The dichotomy of soul and spirit in Islamic philosophy
The Early Heidegger and Medieval Philosophy
The Harvard Review of Philosophy
The Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy
The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy
The Journal of Philosophy
The Journal of Political Philosophy
Theosophy and Western philosophy
The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
The Perennial Philosophy
The Philosophy Gym
The Philosophy of 'As if'
The Philosophy of Chance
The Philosophy of Composition
The Philosophy of Eating
The Philosophy of Freedom
The Philosophy of Furniture
The Philosophy of Money
The Philosophy of Sound and Machine
The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam
The Poverty of Philosophy
The Problems of Philosophy
Theses on the Philosophy of History
The Simpsons and Philosophy
The Story of Philosophy
The Sunday Philosophy Club
The Transcendent Philosophy of the Four Journeys of the Intellect
The Void (philosophy)
Thought: A Journal of Philosophy
Three Books of Occult Philosophy
Time and Eternity (philosophy book)
Ti (philosophy)
Transcendence (philosophy)
Transparency (philosophy)
Trinity College Dublin Chair of Natural Philosophy
Trope (philosophy)
Tulane Studies in Philosophy
Turkish philosophy
Ubuntu philosophy
UCL Department of Philosophy
Universality (philosophy)
University of Copenhagen Center for the Philosophy of Nature and Science Studies
Unix philosophy
Vidya (philosophy)
Virtuality (philosophy)
Voluntarism (philosophy)
Western philosophy
What Is Living and What Is Dead in Indian Philosophy
What Is Philosophy?
What Is Philosophy? (Agamben book)
What Is Philosophy? (Deleuze and Guattari book)
What Is Philosophy? (Heidegger book)
White's Professor of Moral Philosophy
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy
Will (philosophy)
Wireless Philosophy
Women in philosophy
World Congress of Philosophy
World Philosophy Day
Wuji (philosophy)
Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)
Xin (philosophy)
Yi (philosophy)
Yoga (philosophy)



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