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Jabir ibn Hayyan

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1:It is absurd to think that the scientific views of a Muslim scientist are necessarily connected with his religious belief, or that he necessarily derives inspiration for his scientific work from faith. This was as true a thousand years ago as it is now. Alchemy provides an excellent example. Developed extensively by Jabir Ibn Hayyan and AI-Razi, and based on certain myths going back to Arius and Pythagoras, it was one of the most important Muslim contributions. Of course, today everyone knows that alchemy was scientific nonsense: there cannot be anything like the Philosopher's Stone, and the transformation of base metals like copper or tin into silver or gold by chemical means is an impossibility ~ Pervez Hoodbhoy,

2:Under the impact of Western cultural influences, the souls of many Muslim men and women are slowly shrivelling. They are letting themselves be led away from their erstwhile belief that an improvement of living standards should be but a means to improving man’s spiritual perceptions; they are falling into the same idolatry of ‘progress’ into which the Western world fell after it reduced religion to a mere melodious tinkling somewhere in the background of happening; and are thereby growing smaller in stature, not greater: for all cultural imitation, opposed as it is to creativeness, is bound to make a people small... Not that the Muslims could not learn much from the West, especially in the fields of science and technology. But, then, acquisition of scientific notions and methods is not really ‘imitation’: and certainly not in the case of a people whose faith commands them to search for knowledge wherever it is to be found. Science is neither Western nor Eastern, for all scientific discoveries are only links in an unending chain of intellectual endeavour which embraces mankind as a whole. Every scientist builds on the foundations supplied by his predecessors, be they of his own nation or of another; and this process of building, correcting and improving goes on and on, from man to man, from age to age, from civilisation to civilisation: so that the scientific achievements of a particular age or civilisation can never be said to ‘belong’ to that age or civilisation. At various times one nation, more vigorous than others, is able to contribute more to the general fund of knowledge; but in the long run the process is shared, and legitimately so, by all. There was a time when the civilisation of the Muslims was more vigorous than the civilisation of Europe. It transmitted to Europe many technological inventions of a revolutionary nature, and more than that: the very principles of that ‘scientific method’ on which modern science and civilisation are built. Nevertheless, Jabir ibn Hayyan’s fundamental discoveries in chemistry did not make chemistry an ‘Arabian’ science; nor can algebra and trigonometry be described as ‘Muslim’ sciences, although the one was evolved by Al-Khwarizmi and the other by Al-Battani, both of whom were Muslims: just as one cannot speak of an ‘English’ Theory of Gravity, although the man who formulated it was an Englishman. All such achievements are the common property of the human race. If, therefore, the Muslims adopt, as adopt they must, modern methods in science and technology, they will do not more than follow the evolutionary instinct which causes men to avail themselves of other men’s experiences. But if they adopt - as there is no need for them to do - Western forms of life, Western manners and customs and social concepts, they will not gain thereby: for what the West can give them in this respect will not be superior to what their own culture has given them and to what their own faith points the way. If the Muslims keep their heads cool and accept process as a means and not an end in itself, they may not only retain their own inner freedom but also, perhaps, pass on to Western man the lost secret of life’s sweetness... ~ Muhammad Asad,

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https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Ascetical_theology#Application_of_the_neans_in_the_three_degrees_of_Christian_perfection

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism#Coptic_Orthodox_monastic_degrees

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism#External_links

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism#Great_Schema

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism#Novice

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism#Orthodox_monasticism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism#Rassophore

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism#References

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism#See_also

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism#Stavrophore

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mithraic_mysteries#Degrees_of_initiation

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Talk:Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism

Six Degrees of Separation(1993) - Two socialites find their view of the world changed when a young man takes advantage of their preconceptions in this thoughtful comedy-drama. Flan and Ouisa Kittredge (Donald Sutherland and Stockard Channing) are a married couple who have built highly successful careers as art dealers catering to Ma...

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axial_Degrees_of_freedom_of_a_Standard_Horizontal_Truss_Element.png

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