5 - The Phenomenology of the Spirit in Fairytales

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object:5 - The Phenomenology of the Spirit in Fairytales
book class:The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious
author class:Carl Jung
subject class:Psychology
subject class:Occultism
class:chapter

V

THE PHENOMENOLOGY
OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

ON THE PSYCHOLOGY
OF THE TRICKSTER-FIGURE

THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT
IN FAIRYTALES 1

3 8 4 One of the unbreakable rules in scientific research is to take
an object as known only so far as the inquirer is in a position to
make scientifically valid statements about it. "Valid" in this
sense simply means what can be verified by facts. The object of
inquiry is the natural phenomenon. Now in psychology, one of
the most important phenomena is the statement, and in partic-
ular its form and content, the latter aspect being perhaps the
more significant with regard to the nature of the psyche. The
first task that ordinarily presents itself is the description and
arrangement of events, then comes the closer examination into
the laws of their living behaviour. To inquire into the substance
of what has been observed is possible in natural science only
where there is an Archimedean point outside. For the psyche,
no such outside standpoint exists only the psyche can observe
the psyche. Consequently, knowledge of the psychic substance
is impossible for us, at least with the means at present available.
This does not rule out the possibility that the atomic physics
of the future may supply us with the said Archimedean point.
For the time being, however, our subtlest lucubrations can es-
tablish no more than is expressed in the statement: this is how
the psyche behaves. The honest investigator will piously refrain
from meddling with questions of substance. I do not think it
superfluous to acquaint my reader with the necessary limitations
that psychology voluntarily imposes on itself, for he will then
be in a position to appreciate the phenomenological standpoint
of modern psychology, which is not always understood. This

i [First published as a lecture, "Zur Psychologie des Geistes," in the Eranos-Jahr-
buch 194$. Revised and published as "Zur Phanomenologie des Geistes im
Marchen," in Symbolik des Geistes (Zurich, 1948), from which the present transla-
tion was made. This translation was published in a slightly different form in
Spirit and Nature (Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks, 1; New York, 1953; London,
1 954) -Editors.]

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THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

standpoint does not exclude the existence of faith, conviction,
and experienced certainties of whatever description, nor does
it contest their possible validity. Great as is their importance for
the individual and for collective life, psychology completely
lacks the means to prove their validity in the scientific sense.
One may lament this incapacity on the part of science, but that
does not enable it to jump over its own shadow.

I. CONCERNING THE WORD SPIRIT

3 8 5 The word "spirit" possesses such a wide range of application
that it requires considerable effort to make clear to oneself all
the things it can mean. Spirit, we say, is the principle that stands
in opposition to matter. By this we understand an immaterial
substance or form of existence which on the highest and most
universal level is called "God." We imagine this immaterial sub-
stance also as the vehicle of psychic phenomena or even of life
itself. In contradiction to this view there stands the antithesis:
spirit and nature. Here the concept of spirit is restricted to the
supernatural or anti-natural, and has lost its substantial connec-
tion with psyche and life. A similar restriction is implied in
Spinoza's view that spirit is an attri bute of the One Substance.
Hylozoism goes even further, taking spirit to be a quality of
matter.

386 A very widespread view conceives spirit as a higher and
psyche as a lower principle of activity, and conversely the alche-
mists thought of spirit as the ligamentum animae et corporis,
obviously regarding it as a spiritus vegetativus (the later life-
spirit or nerve-spirit). Equally common is the view that spirit
and psyche are essentially the same and can be separated only
arbitrarily. Wundt takes spirit as "the inner being, regardless
of any connection with an outer being." Others restrict spirit
to certain psychic capacities or functions or qualities, such as the
capacity to think and reason in contradistinction to the more
"soulful" sentiments. Here spirit means the sum-total of all the
phenomena of rational thought, or of the intellect, including
the will, memory, imagination, creative power, and aspira-
tions motivated by ideals. Spirit has the further connotation of
sprightliness, as when we say that a person is "spirited," mean-

208

THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

ing that he is versatile and full of ideas, with a brilliant, witty,
and surprising turn of mind. Again, spirit denotes a certain
attitude or the principle underlying it, for instance, one is
"educated in the spirit of Pestalozzi," or one says that the "spirit
of Weimar is the immortal German heritage.' A special instance
is the time-spirit, or spirit of the age, which stands for the prin-
ciple and motive force behind certain views, judgments, and
actions of a collective nature. Then there is the "objective spir-
it," 2 by which is meant the whole stock of man's cultural pos-
sessions with particular regard to his intellectual and religious
achievements.

3 8 7 As linguistic usage shows, spirit in the sense of an attitude
has unmistakable leanings towards personification: the spirit of
Pestalozzi can also be taken concretistically as his ghost or imago,
just as the spirits of Weimar are the personal spectres of Goe the
and Schiller; for spirit still has the spookish meaning of the
soul of one departed. The "cold breath of the spirits" points on
the one hand to the ancient affinity of xpvxn w i tn ^xps an d ^x os
which both mean 'cold,' and on the other hand to the original
meaning of wey/na, which simply denoted 'air in motion'; and
in the same way animus and anima were connected with ave/xo?,
'wind.' The German word Geist probably has more to do with
something frothing, effervescing, or fermenting; hence affinities
with Gischt (foam), Gdscht (yeast), ghost, and also with the emo-
tional ghastly and aghast, are not to be rejected. From time im-
memorial emotion has been regarded as possession, which is why
we still say today, of a hot-tempered person, that he is possessed
of a devil or that an evil spirit has entered into him. 3 Just as,
according to the old view, the spirits or souls of the dead are
of a subtle disposition like a vapour or a smoke, so to the alche-
mist spiritus was a subtle, volatile, active, and vivifying essence,
such as alcohol was understood to be, and all the arcane sub-
stances. On this level, spirit includes spirits of salts, spirits of
ammonia, formic spirit, etc.

388 This score or so of meanings and shades of meaning attri but-
able to the word "spirit" make it difficult for the psychologist
to delimit his subject conceptually, but on the other hand they
lighten the task of describing it, since the many different aspects

2 [An Hegelian term, roughly equivalent to our "spirit of man." Trans.]
8 See my "Spirit and Life."

209

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

go to form a vivid and concrete picture of the phenomenon in
question. We are concerned with a functional complex which
originally, on the primitive level, was felt as an invisible, breath-
like "presence." William James has given us a lively account
of this primordial phenomenon in his Varieties of Religious
Experience. Another well-known example is the wind of the
Pentecostal miracle. The primitive mentality finds it quite nat-
ural to personify the invisible presence as a ghost or demon.
The souls or spirits of the dead are identical with the psychic
activity of the living; they merely continue it. The view that
the psyche is a spirit is implicit in this. When therefore some-
thing psychic happens in the individual which he feels as belong-
ing to himself, that something is his own spirit. But if anything
psychic happens which seems to him strange, then it is some-
body else's spirit, and it may be causing a possession. The spirit
in the first case corresponds to the subjective attitude, in the
latter case to public opinion, to the time-spirit, or to the origi-
nal, not yet human, anthropoid disposition which we also call
the unconscious.

3 8 9 In keeping with its original wind-nature, spirit is always an
active, winged, swift-moving being as well as that which vivifies,
stimulates, incites, fires, and inspires. To put it in modern lan-
guage, spirit is the dynamic principle, forming for that very
reason the classical antithesis of matter the antithesis, that is,
of its stasis and inertia. Basically it is the contrast between life
and death. The subsequent differentiation of this contrast leads
to the actually very remarkable opposition of spirit and nature.
Even though spirit is regarded as essentially alive and enliven-
ing, one cannot really feel nature as unspiritual and dead. We
must therefore be dealing here with the (Christian) postulate
of a spirit whose life is so vastly superior to the life of nature
that in comparison with it the latter is no better than death.

39 This special development in man's idea of spirit rests on the
recognition that its invisible presence is a psychic phenomenon,
i.e., one's own spirit, and that this consists not only of uprushes
of life but of formal products too. Among the first, the most
prominent are the images and shadowy presentations that oc-
cupy our inner field of vision; among the second, thinking and
reason, which organize the world of images. In this way a tran-

910

THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

scendent spirit superimposed itself upon the original, natural
life-spirit and even swung over to the opposite position, as
though the latter were merely naturalistic. The transcendent
spirit became the supranatural and transmundane cosmic prin-
ciple of order and as such was given the name of ''God," or at
least it became an attri bute of the One Substance (as in Spinoza)
or one Person of the Godhead (as in Christianity).

39 1 The corresponding development of spirit in the reverse,
hylozoistic direction a maiori ad minus took place under anti-
Christian auspices in materialism. The premise underlying this
reaction is the exclusive certainty of the spirit's identity with
psychic functions, whose dependence upon brain and metabo-
lism became increasingly clear. One had only to give the One
Substance another name and call it "matter" to produce the
idea of a spirit which was entirely dependent on nutrition and
environment, and whose highest form was the intellect or rea-
son. This meant that the original pneumatic presence had taken
up its abode in man's physiology, and a writer like Klages could
arraign the spirit as the "adversary of the soul." 4 For it was into
this latter concept that the original spontaneity of the spirit
withdrew after it had been degraded to a servile attri bute of
matter. Somewhere or other the deus ex machina quality of
spirit had to be preserved if not in the spirit itself, then in its
synonym the soul, that glancing, Aeolian 5 thing, elusive as a
butterfly (anima, ^xn)-

39 2 Even though the materialistic conception of the spirit did
not prevail everywhere, it still persisted, outside the sphere of
religion, in the realm of conscious phenomena. Spirit as "sub-
jective spirit" came to mean a purely endopsychic phenomenon,
while "objective spirit" did not mean the universal spirit, or
God, but merely the sum total of intellectual and cultural pos-
sessions which make up our human institutions and the content
of our libraries. Spirit had forfeited its original nature, its
autonomy and spontaneity over a very wide area, with the
solitary exception of the religious field, where, at least in prin-
ciple, its pristine character remained unimpaired.

4 Ludwig Klages, Der Geist als Widersacher der Seele.

5 Soul, from Old German saiwalo, may be cognate with aioXos, 'quick-moving,
changeful of hue, shifting.' It also has the meaning of 'wily' or 'shifty'; hence an
air of probability attaches to the alchemical definition of anima as Mercurius.

211

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

In this resume we have described an entity which presents
itself to us as an immediate psychic phenomenon distinguished
from other psychisms whose existence is naively believed to be
causally dependent upon physical influences. A connection be-
tween spirit and physical conditions is not immediately ap-
parent, and for this reason it was credited with immateriality
to a much higher degree than was the case with psychic phenom-
ena in the narrower sense. Not only is a certain physical depend-
ence attri buted to the latter, but they are themselves thought
of as possessing a kind of materiality, as the idea of the subtle
body and the Chinese kuei-soul clearly show. In view of the
intimate connection that exists between certain psychic proc-
esses and their physical parallels we cannot very well accept the
total immateriality of the psyche. As against this, the consensus
omnium insists on the immateriality of spirit, though not every-
one would agree that it also has a reality of its own. It is, how-
ever, not easy to see why our hypothetical "matter," which looks
quite different from what it did even thirty years ago, alone
should be real, and spirit not. Although the idea of immateri-
ality does not in itself exclude that of reality, popular opinion
invariably associates reality with materiality. Spirit and matter
may well be forms of one and the same transcendental being.
For instance the Tantrists, with as much right, say that matter
is nothing other than the concreteness of God's thoughts. The
sole immediate reality is the psychic reality of conscious con-
tents, which are as it were labelled with a spiritual or material
origin as the case may be.
393 The hallmarks of spirit are, firstly, the principle of sponta-
neous movement and activity; secondly, the spontaneous ca-
pacity to produce images independently of sense perception;
and thirdly, the autonomous and sovereign manipulation of
these images. This spiritual entity approaches primitive man
from outside; but with increasing development it gets lodged
in man's consciousness and becomes a subordinate function,
thus apparently forfeiting its original character of autonomy.
That character is now retained only in the most conservative
views, namely in the religions. The descent of spirit into the
sphere of human consciousness is expressed in the myth of the
divine vovs caught in the embrace of vo-i?. This process, con-

212

THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

tinuing over the ages, is probably an unavoidable necessity,
and the religions would find themselves in a very forlorn situa-
tion if they believed in the attempt to hold up evolution. Their
task, if they are well advised, is not to impede the ineluctable
march of events, but to guide it in such a way that it can proceed
without fatal injury to the soul. The religions should therefore
constantly recall to us the origin and original character of the
spirit, lest man should forget what he is drawing into himself
and with what he is filling his consciousness. He himself did not
create the spirit, rather the spirit makes him creative, always
spurring him on, giving him lucky ideas, staying power, "en-
thusiasm" and "inspiration." So much, indeed, does it permeate
his whole being that he is in gravest danger of thinking that
he actually created the spirit and that he "has" it. In reality,
however, the primordial phenomenon of the spirit takes posses-
sion of him, and, while appearing to be the willing object of
human intentions, it binds his freedom, just as the physical
world does, with a thousand chains and becomes an obsessive
idee-force. Spirit threatens the naive-minded man with inflation,
of which our own times have given us the most horribly instruc-
tive examples. The danger becomes all the greater the more
our interest fastens upon external objects and the more we for-
get that the differentiation of our relation to nature should go
hand in hand with a correspondingly differentiated relation to
the spirit, so as to establish the necessary balance. If the outer
object is not offset by an inner, unbridled materialism results,
coupled with maniacal arrogance or else the extinction of the
autonomous personality, which is in any case the ideal of the
totalitarian mass state.
394 As can readily be seen, the common modern idea of spirit ill
accords with the Christian view, which regards it as the sum-
mum bonum, as God himself. To be sure, there is also the idea
of an evil spirit. But the modern idea cannot be equated with
that either, since for us spirit is not necessarily evil; we would
have to call it morally indifferent or neutral. When the Bible
says "God is spirit," it sounds more like the definition of a
substance, or like a qualification. But the devil too, it seems,
is endowed with the same peculiar spiritual substance, albeit
an evil and corrupt one. The original identity of substance is

213

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

still expressed in the idea of the fallen angel, as well as in the
close connection between Jehovah and Satan in the Old Testa-
ment. There may be an echo of this primitive connection in the
Lord's Prayer, where we say "Lead us not into temptation"
for is not this really the business of the tempter, the devil him-
self?
395 This brings us to a point we have not considered at all in the
course of our observations so far. We have availed ourselves of
cultural and everyday conceptions which are the product of
human consciousness and its reflections, in order to form a pic-
ture of the psychic modes of manifestation of the factor "spirit."
But we have yet to consider that because of its original autono-
my, 6 about which there can be no doubt in the psychological
sense, the spirit is quite capable of staging its own manifesta-
tions spontaneously.

II. SELF-REPRESENTATION OF THE SPIRIT IN DREAMS

39 6 The psychic manifestations of the spirit indicate at once that
they are of an archetypal nature in other words, the phenome-
non we call spirit depends on the existence of an autonomous
primordial image which is universally present in the precon-
scious makeup of the human psyche. As usual, I first came up
against this problem when investigating the dreams of my pa-
tients. It struck me that a certain kind of father-complex has a
"spiritual" character, so to speak, in the sense that the father-
image gives rise to statements, actions, tendencies, impulses,
opinions, etc., to which one could hardly deny the attri bute
"spiritual." In men, a positive father-complex very often pro-
duces a certain credulity with regard to authority and a distinct
willingness to bow down before all spiritual dogmas and values;
while in women, it induces the liveliest spiritual aspirations and
interests. In dreams, it is always the father-figure from whom
the decisive convictions, prohibitions, and wise counsels ema-

6 Even if one accepts the view that a self-revelation of spirit an apparition for
instance is nothing but an hallucination, the fact remains that this is a spon-
taneous psychic event not subject to our control. At any rate it is an autonomous
complex, and that is quite sufficient for our purpose.

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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

nate. The invisibility of this source is frequently emphasized by
the fact that it consists simply of an authoritative voice which
passes final judgments. 7 Mostly, therefore, it is the figure of a
"wise old man" who symbolizes the spiritual factor. Sometimes
the part is played by a "real" spirit, namely the ghost of one
dead, or, more rarely, by grotesque gnomelike figures or talking
animals. The dwarf forms are found, at least in my experience,
mainly in women; hence it seems to me logical that in Ernst
Barlach's play Der tote Tag (1912), the gnomelike figure of
Steissbart ("Rumpbeard") is associated with the mother, just as
Bes is associated with the mother-goddess at Karnak. In both
sexes the spirit can also take the form of a boy or a youth. In
women he corresponds to the so-called "positive" animus who
indicates the possibility of conscious spiritual effort. In men his
meaning is not so simple. He can be positive, in which case he
signifies the "higher" personality, the self or filius regius as con-
ceived by the alchemists. 8 But he can also be negative, and then
he signifies the infantile shadow. 9 In both cases the boy means
some form of spirit. 10 Graybeard and boy belong together. The
pair of them play a considerable role in alchemy as symbols of
Mercurius.

397 It can never be established with one-hundred-per-cent cer-
tainty whether the spirit-figures in dreams are morally good.
Very often they show all the signs of duplicity, if not of outright
malice. I must emphasize, however, that the grand plan on
which the unconscious life of the psyche is constructed is so
inaccessible to our understanding that we can never know what
evil may not be necessary in order to produce good by enantio-
dromia, and what good may very possibly lead to evil. Some-
times the probate spiritus recommended by John cannot, with
the best will in the world, be anything other than a cautious
and patient waiting to see how things will finally turn out.

39 8 The figure of the wise old man can appear so plastically, not
only in dreams but also in visionary meditation (or what we call

7 Cf. Psychology and Alchemy, par. 115.

8 Cf. the vision of the "naked boy" in Meister Eckhart (trans, by Evans, I, p. 438).

9 I would remind the reader of the "boys" in Bruno Goetz's novel Das Reich ohne
Raum.

10 Cf. the paper on the "Child Archetype" in this volume, pars. 268f.

215

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

"active imagination"), that, as is sometimes apparently the case
in India, it takes over the role of a guru. 11 The wise old man
appears in dreams in the guise of a magician, doctor, priest,
teacher, professor, grandfa ther, or any other person possessing
authority. The archetype of spirit in the shape of a man, hob-
goblin, or animal always appears in a situation where insight,
understanding, good advice, determination, planning, etc., are
needed but cannot be mustered on one's own resources. The
archetype compensates this state of spiritual deficiency by con-
tents designed to fill the gap. An excellent example of this is
the dream about the white and black magicians, which tried to
compensate the spiritual difficulties of a young theological stu-
dent. I did not know the dreamer myself, so the question of my
personal influence is ruled out. He dreamed he was standing in
the presence of a sublime hieratic figure called the "white magi-
cian," who was nevertheless clothed in a long black robe. This
magician had just ended a lengthy discourse with the words
"And for that we require the help of the black magician" Then
the door suddenly opened and another old man came in, the
"black magician," who however was dressed in a white robe. He
too looked noble and sublime. The black magician evidently
wanted to speak with the white, but hesitated to do so in the
presence of the dreamer. At that the white magician, pointing
to the dreamer, said, "Speak, he is an innocent." So the black
magician began to relate a strange story of how he had found
the lost keys of Paradise and did not know how to use them. He
had, he said, come to the white magician for an explanation of
the secret of the keys. He told him that the king of the country
in which he lived was seeking a suitable tomb for himself. His
subjects had chanced to dig up an old sarcophagus containing
the mortal remains of a virgin. The king opened the sarcopha-
gus, threw away the bones, and had the empty sarcophagus
buried again for later use. But no sooner had the bones seen
the light of day than the being to whom they once had belonged

11 Hence the many miraculous stories about rishis and mahatmas. A cultured
Indian with whom I once conversed on the subject of gurus told me. when I asked
him who his guru had been, that it was Shankaracharya (who lived in the 8th and
9th cents.) "But that's the celebrated commentator," I remarked in amazement.
Whereupon he replied, "Yes, so he was; but naturally it was his spirit," not in the
least perturbed by my Western bewilderment.

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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

the virgin changed into a black horse that galloped off into
the desert. The black magician pursued it across the sandy
wastes and beyond, and there after many vicissitudes and dif-
ficulties he found the lost keys of Paradise. That was the end of
his story, and also, unfortunately, of the dream.
399 Here the compensation certainly did not fall out as the
dreamer would wish, by handing him a solution on a plate;
rather it confronted him with a problem to which I have already
alluded, and one which life is always bringing us up against:
namely, the uncertainty of all moral valuation, the bewildering
interplay of good and evil, and the remorseless concatenation of
guilt, suffering, and redemption. This path to the primordial
religious experience is the right one, but how many can recog-
nize it? It is like a still small voice, and it sounds from afar. It
is ambiguous, questionable, dark, presaging danger and haz-
ardous adventure; a razor-edged path, to be trodden for God's
sake only, without assurance and without sanction.

III. THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

400 1 would gladly present the reader with some more modern
dream-material, but I fear that the individualism of dreams
would make too high a demand upon our exposition and would
claim more space than is here at our disposal. We shall there-
fore turn to folklore, where we need not get involved in the
grim confrontations and entanglements of individual case his-
tories and can observe the variations of the spirit motif without
having to consider conditions that are more or less unique. In
myths and fairytales, as in dreams, the psyche tells its own story,
and the interplay of the archetypes is revealed in its natural set-
ting as "formation, transformation / the eternal Mind's eternal
recreation."

4* The frequency with which the spirit-type appears as an old
man is about the same in fairytales as in dreams. 12 The old man
always appears when the hero is in a hopeless and desperate
situation from which only profound reflection or a lucky idea
in other words, a spiritual function or an endopsychic autom-

12 I am indebted to Mrs. H. von Roques and Dr. Marie-Louise von Franz for the
fairytale material used here.

217

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

atism of some kind can extricate him. But since, for internal
and external reasons, the hero cannot accomplish this himself,
the knowledge needed to compensate the deficiency comes in
the form of a personified thought, i.e., in the shape of this
sagacious and helpful old man. An Estonian fairytale, 13 for
instance, tells how an ill-treated little orphan boy who had let
a cow escape was afraid to return home again for fear of more
punishment. So he ran away, chancing to luck. He naturally got
himself into a hopeless situation, with no visible way out. Ex-
hausted, he fell into a deep sleep. When he awoke, "it seemed
to him that he had something liquid in his mouth, and he saw
a little old man with a long grey beard standing before him, who
was in the act of replacing the stopper in his little milk-flask.
'Give me some more to drink,' begged the boy. 'You have had
enough for today,' replied the old man. 'If my path had not
chanced to lead me to you, that would assuredly have been your
last sleep, for when I found you, you were half dead.' Then the
old man asked the boy who he was and where he wanted to go.
The boy recounted everything he could remember happening
to him up to the beating he had received the previous evening.
'My dear child,' said the old man, 'you are no better and no
worse off than many others whose dear protectors and com-
forters rest in their coffins under the earth. You can no longer
turn back. Now that you have run away, you must seek a new
fortune in the world. As I have neither house nor home, nor
wife nor child, I cannot take further care of you, but I will
give you some good advice for nothing.' "
42 So far the old man has been expressing no more than what
the boy, the hero of the tale, could have thought out for him-
self. Having given way to the stress of emotion and simply run
off like that into the blue, he would at least have had to reflect
that he needed food. It would also have been necessary, at such
a moment, to consider his position. The whole story of his life
up to the recent past would then have passed before his mind,
as is usual in such cases. An anamnesis of this kind is a purpose-

13 Finniscke und estnische Volksmarchcn, No. 68, p. 208 ["How an Orphan Boy
Unexpectedly Found His Luck"]. [All German collections of tales here cited are
listed under "Folktales" in the bibliography, q.v. English titles of tales are given
in brackets, though no attempt has been made to locate published translations.
Editors.]

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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

ful process whose aim is to gather the assets of the whole per-
sonality together at the critical moment, when all one's spiritual
and physical forces are challenged, and w'th th : s united strength
to fling open the door of the future. No one can help the boy
to do this; he has to rely entirely on himself. There is no going
back. This realization will give the necessary resolution to his
actions. By forcing him to face the issue, the old man saves
him the trouble of making up his mind. Indeed the old man is
himself this purposeful reflection and concentration of moral
and physical forces that comes about spontaneously in the psy-
chic space outside consciousness when conscious thought is not
yet or is no longer possible. The concentration and tension of
psychic forces have something about them that always looks like
magic: they develop an unexpected power of endurance which
is often superior to the conscious effort of will. One can observe
this experimentally in the artificial concentration induced by
hypnosis: in my demonstrations I used regularly to put an
hysteric, of weak bodily build, into a deep hypnotic sleep and
then get her to lie with the back of her head on one chair and
her heels resting on another, stiff as a board, and leave her there
for about a minute. Her pulse would gradually go up to 90. A
husky young athlete among the students tried in vain to imitate
this feat with a conscious effort of will. He collapsed in the mid-
dle with his pulse racing at 120.
43 When the clever old man had brought the boy to this point
he could begin his good advice, i.e., the situation no longer
looked hopeless. He advised him to continue his wanderings, al-
ways to the eastward, where after seven years he would reach the
great mountain that betokened his good fortune. The bigness
and tallness of the mountain are allusions to his adult person-
ality. 14 Concentration of his powers brings assurance and is
therefore the best guarantee of success. 15 From now on he will

14 The mountain stands for the goal of the pilgrimage and ascent, hence it often
has the psychological meaning of the self. The / Ching describes tbe goal thus:
"The king introduces him / To the Western Mountain" (Wilhelm/Baynes trans.,
1967, p. 74 Hexagram 17, Sui, "Following"). Cf. Honorius of Autun (Expositio
in Cantica canticorum, col. 389): "The mountains are prophets." Richard of St.
Victor says: "Vis videre Christum transfiguratum? Ascende in montem istum, disce
cognoscere te ipsum" (Do you wish to see the transfigured Christ? Ascend that
mountain and learn to know yourself). (Benjamin minor, cols. 53-56.)

15 In this respect we would call attention to the phenomenology of yoga.

219

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

lack for nothing. "Take my scrip and my flask," says the old
man, "and each day you will find in them all the food and drink
you need." At the same time he gave him a burdock leaf that
could change into a boat whenever the boy had to cross water.

44 Often the old man in fairytales asks questions like who? why?
whence? and whither? 16 for the purpose of inducing self-reflec-
tion and mobilizing the moral forces, and more often still he
gives the necessary magical talisman, 17 the unexpected and im-
probable power to succeed, which is one of the peculiarities
of the unified personality in good or bad alike. But the in-
tervention of the old man the spontaneous objectivation of
the archetype would seem to be equally indispensable, since
the conscious will by itself is hardly ever capable of uniting the
personality to the point where it acquires this extraordinary
power to succeed. For that, not only in fairytales but in life
generally, the objective intervention of the archetype is needed,
which checks the purely affective reactions with a chain of inner
confrontations and realizations. These cause the who? where?
how? why? to emerge clearly and in this wise bring knowledge
of the immediate situation as well as of the goal. The resultant
enlightenment and untying of the fatal tangle often has some-
thing positively magical about it an experience not unknown
to the psycho therapist.

405 The tendency of the old man to set one thinking also takes
the form of urging people to "sleep on it." Thus he says to
the girl who is searching for her lost brothers: "Lie down:

16 There are numerous examples of this: Spanische und Portugiesische Volks-
marchen, pp. 158, 199 ["The White Parrot" and "Queen Rose, or Little Tom"];
Russische Volksmarch.cn, p. 149 ["The Girl with No Hands"]; Balkanmdrch.cn,
p. 64 ["The Shepherd and the Three Samovilas (Nymphs)"]; Marchen aus Iran,
pp. 150ft. ["The Secret of the Bath of Windburg"]; Nordische Volksmarchen, I,
p. 231 ["The Werewolf"].

17 To the girl looking for her brothers he gives a ball of thread that rolls towards
them (Finnische und Estnische Volksmarchen, p. 260 ["The Contending
Brothers"]). The prince who is searching for the kingdom of heaven is given a
boat that goes by itself (Deutsche Marchen seit Grimm, pp. 381L ["The Iron
Boots"]). Other gifts are a flute that sets everybody dancing (Balkanmarchen,
p. 173 ["The Twelve Crumbs"]), or the path-finding ball, the staff of invisibility

(Nordische Volksmarchen, I, p. 97 ["The Princess with Twelve Pairs of Golden
Shoes"]), miraculous dogs (ibid., p. 287 ["The Three Dogs"]), or a book of secret
wisdom (Chinesische Volksmarchen, p. 258 ["Jang Liang"]).

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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

morning is cleverer than evening." 18 He also sees through the
gloomy situation of the hero who has got himself into trouble,
or at least can give him such information as will help him on
his journey. To this end he makes ready use of animals, partic-
ularly birds. To the prince who has gone in search of the
kingdom of heaven the old hermit says: "I have lived here for
three hundred years, but never yet has anybody asked me about
the kingdom of heaven. I cannot tell you myself; but up there,
on another floor of the house, live all kinds of birds, and they
can surely tell you." 19 The old man knows what roads lead to
the goal and points them out to the hero. 20 He warns of dangers
to come and supplies the means of meeting them effectively. For
instance, he tells the boy who has gone to fetch the silver water
that the well is guarded by a lion who has the deceptive trick
of sleeping with his eyes open and watching with his eyes shut; 21
or he counsels the youth who is riding to a magic fountain in
order to fetch the healing draught for the king, only to draw the
water at a trot because of the lurking witches who lasso every-
body that comes to the fountain. 22 He charges the princess
whose lover has been changed into a werewolf to make a fire and
put a cauldron of tar over it. Then she must plunge her beloved
white lily into the boiling tar, and when the werewolf comes,
she must empty the cauldron over its head, which will release
her lover from the spell. 23 Occasionally the old man is a very
critical old man, as in the Caucasian tale of the youngest prince
who wanted to build a flawless church for his father, so as to
inherit the kingdom. This he does, and nobody can discover a
single flaw, but then an old man comes along and says, "That's
a fine church you've built, to be sure! What a pity the main wall
is a bit crooked!" The prince has the church pulled down again

18 Finnische und estnische Volksmdrchen, loc. cit.

19 Deutsche Mdrchen seit Grimm, p. 382 [op. cit.]. In one Balkan tale (Balkan-
mdrchen, p. 65 ["The Shepherd and the Three Samovilas"]) the old man is called
the "Czar of all the birds." Here the magpie knows all the answers. Cf. the
mysterious "master of the dovecot" in Gustav Meyrink's novel Der weisse Domini-
kaner.

20 Mdrchen aus Iran, p. 152 [op. cit.].

21 Spanische und Portugiesische Mdrchen, p. 158 ["The White Parrot"].

22 Ibid., p. 199 ["Queen Rose, or Little Tom"].

23 Nordische Volksmdrchen, Vol. I, p. 231L ["The Werewolf"].

221

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

and builds a new one, but here too the old man discovers a
flaw, and so on for the third time. 24

406 The old man thus represents knowledge, reflection, insight,
wisdom, cleverness, and intuition on the one hand, and on the
other, moral qualities such as goodwill and readiness to help,
which make his "spiritual" character sufficiently plain. Since
the archetype is an autonomous content of the unconscious, the
fairytale, which usually concretizes the archetypes, can cause the
old man to appear in a dream in much the same way as happens
in modern dreams. In a Balkan tale the old man appears to
the hard-pressed hero in a dream and gives him good advice
about accomplishing the impossible tasks that have been im-
posed upon him. 25 His relation to the unconscious is clearly
expressed in one Russian fairytale, where he is called the "King
of the Forest." As the peasant sat down wearily on a tree stump,
a little old man crept out: "all wrinkled he was and a green
beard hung down to his knees." "Who are you?" asked the
peasant. "I am Och, King of the Forest," said the manikin. The
peasant hired out his profligate son to him, "and the King of
the Forest departed with the young man, and conducted him to
that other world under the earth and brought him to a green
hut. ... In the hut everything was green: the walls were
green and the benches, Och's wife was green and the children
were green . . . and the little water-women who waited on him
were as green as rue." Even the food was green. The King of
the Forest is here a vegetation or tree numen who reigns in the
woods and, through the nixies, also has connections with water,
which clearly shows his relation to the unconscious since the
latter is frequently expressed through wood and water symbols.

407 There is equally a connection with the unconscious when
the old man appears as a dwarf. The fairytale about the princess
who was searching for her lover says: "Night came and the dark-
ness, and still the princess sat in the same place and wept. As she
sat there lost in thought, she heard a voice greeting her: 'Good
evening, pretty maid! Why are you sitting here so lonely and
sad?' She sprang up hastily and felt very confused, and that was
no wonder. But when she looked round there was only a tiny
little old man standing before her, who nodded his head at her

24 Kaukasische Marchen, pp. 35!:. ["The False and the True Nightingale"].

25 Balkanmdrciien, p. 217 ["The Lubi (She-Devil) and the Fair of the Earth"].

222

THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

and looked so kind and simple." In a Swiss fairytale, the peas-
ant's son who wants to bring the king's daughter a basket of
apples encounters "es chlis isigs Manndli, das frogt-ne, was er
do i dem Chratte haig?" (a little iron man who asked what he
had there in the basket). In another passage the "Manndli" has
"es isigs Chlaidli a" (iron clothes on). By "isig" presumably
"eisern" (iron) is meant, wTiich is more probable than "eisig"
(icy). In the latter case it would have to be "es Chlaidli vo Is"
(clothes of ice). 2Q There are indeed little ice men, and little
metal men too; in fact, in a modern dream I have even come
across a little black iron man who appeared at a critical juncture,
like the one in this fairytale of the country bumpkin who
wanted to marry the princess.
408 In a modern series of visions in which the figure of the wise
old man occurred several times, he was on one occasion of nor-
mal size and appeared at the very bottom of a crater surrounded
by high rocky walls; on another occasion he was a tiny figure
on the top of a mountain, inside a low, stony enclosure. We find
the same motif in Goethe's tale of the dwarf princess who lived
in a casket. 27 In this connection we might also mention the
Anthroparion, the little leaden man of the Zosimos vision, 28 as
well as the metallic men who dwell in the mines, the crafty
dactyls of antiquity, the homunculi of the alchemists, and the
gnomic throng of hobgoblins, brownies, gremlins, etc. How
"real" such conceptions are became clear to me on the occa-
sion of a serious mountaineering accident: after the catastrophe
two of the climbers had the collective vision, in broad daylight,
of a little hooded man who scrambled out of an inaccessible
crevasse in the ice face and passed across the glacier, creating a
regular panic in the two beholders. I have often encountered
motifs which made me think that the unconscious must be the
world of the infinitesimally small. Such an idea could be de-
rived rationalistically from the obscure feeling that in all these
visions we are dealing with something endopsychic, the infer-
ence being that a thing must be exceedingly small in order to fit

26 This occurs in the tale of the griffin, No. 84 in the volume of children's fairy-
tales collected by the brothers Grimm (1912), II, pp. 84ft. The text swarms with
phonetic mistakes. [The English text (trans, by Margaret Hunt, rev. by James
Stern, no. 165) has "hoary." Trans.] 27 Goethe, "Die neue Melusine."

28 Cf. "The Visions of Zosimos," par. 87 (III, i, 2-3).

223

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

inside the head. I am no friend of any such "rational" con-
jectures, though I would not say that they are all beside the
mark. It seems to me more probable that this liking for dimin-
utives on the one hand and for superlatives giants, etc. on the
other is connected with the queer uncertainty of spatial and
temporal relations in the unconscious. 29 Man's sense of propor-
tion, his rational conception of big and small, is distinctly
anthropomorphic, and it loses its validity not only in the realm
of physical phenomena but also in those parts of the collective
unconscious beyond the range of the specifically human. The
atman is "smaller than small and bigger than big," he is "the
size of a thumb" yet he "encompasses the earth on every side
and rules over the ten-finger space." And of the Cabiri Goe the
says: "little in length / mighty in strength." In the same way,
the archetype of the wise old man is quite tiny, almost imper-
ceptible, and yet it possesses a fateful potency, as anyone can
see when he gets down to fundamentals. The archetypes have
this peculiarity in common with the atomic world, which is
demonstrating before our eyes that the more deeply the in
vestigator penetrates into the universe of microphysics the more
devastating are the explosive forces he finds enchained there.
That the greatest effects come from the smallest causes has be-
come patently clear not only in physics but in the field of psy-
chological research as well. How often in the critical moments
of life everything hangs on what appears to be a mere nothing!
409 In certain primitive fairytales, the illuminating quality of
our archetype is expressed by the fact that the old man is identi-
fied with the sun. He brings a firebr and with him which he uses
for roasting a pumpkin. After he has eaten, he takes the fire
away again, which causes mankind to steal it from him. 30 In a
North American Indian tale, the old man is a witch-doctor who
owns the fire. 31 Spirit too has a fiery aspect, as we know from
the language of the Old Testament and from the story of the
Pentecostal miracle.

29 In one Siberian fairytale (Marchen aus Sibirien, no. 13 ["The Man Turned to
Stone"]) the old man is a white shape towering up to heaven.

30 lndianermdrchen aus Siidamerika, p. 285 ["The End of the World and the
Theft of Fire"-Bolivian].

31 lndianermdrchen aus Nordamerika, p. 74 [Tales of Manabos: "The Theft of
Fire"].

224

THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

4 ! Apart from his cleverness, wisdom, and insight, the old man,
as we have already mentioned, is also notable for his moral
qualities; what is more, he even tests the moral qualities of
others and makes his gifts dependent on this test. There is a
particularly instructive example of this in the Estonian fairy-
tale of the stepdaughter and the real daughter. The former is
an orphan distinguished for her obedience and good behaviour.
The story begins with her distaff falling into a well. She jumps
in after it, but does not drown, and comes to a magic country
where, continuing her quest, she meets a cow, a ram, and an
appletree whose wishes she fulfils. She now comes to a wash-
house where a dirty old man is sitting who wants her to wash
him. The following dialogue develops: "Pretty maid, pretty
maid, wash me, do, it is hard for me to be so dirty!" "What shall
I heat the stove with?" "Collect wooden pegs and crows' dung
and make a fire with that." But she fetches sticks, and asks,
"Where shall I get the bath-water?" "Under the barn there
stands a white mare. Get her to piss into the tub!" But she takes
clean water, and asks, "Where shall I get a bath-switch?" "Cut
off the white mare's tail and make a bath-switch of that!" But
she makes one out of birch-twigs, and asks, "Where shall I get
soap?" "Take a pumice-stone and scrub me with that!" But she
fetches soap from the village and with that she washes the old
man.

4 11 As a reward he gives her a bag full of gold and precious
stones. The daughter of the house naturally becomes jealous,
throws her distaff into the well, where she finds it again in-
stantly. Nevertheless she goes on and does everything wrong
that the stepdaughter had done right, and is rewarded accord-
ingly. The frequency of this motif makes further examples
superfluous.

4!2 The figure of the superior and helpful old man tempts one
to connect him somehow or other with God. In the German
tale of the soldier and the black princess 32 it is related how the
princess, on whom a curse has been laid, creeps out of her iron
coffin every night and devours the soldier standing guard over
the tomb. One soldier, when his turn came, tried to escape.
"That evening he stole away, fled over the fields and mountains,

32 Deutsche Mdrchen seit Grimm, pp. i8gff.

225

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

and came to a beautiful meadow. Suddenly a little man stood
before him with a long grey beard, but it was none other than
the Lord God himself, who could no longer go on looking at all
the mischief the devil wrought every night. 'Whither away?'
said the little grey man, 'may I come with you?' And because the
little old man looked so friendly the soldier told him that he
had run away and why he had done so." Good advice follows, as
always. In this story the old man is taken for God in the same
naive way that the English alchemist, Sir George Ripley, 33 de-
scribes the "old king" as "antiquus dierum" "the Ancient of
Days."
413 Just as all archetypes have a positive, favourable, bright side
that points upwards, so also they have one that points down-
wards, partly negative and unfavourable, partly chthonic, but
for the rest merely neutral. To this the spirit archetype is no
exception. Even his dwarf form implies a kind of limitation and
suggests a naturalistic vegetation-numen sprung from the under-
world. In one Balkan tale, the old man is handicapped by the
loss of an eye. It has been gouged out by the Vili, a species of
winged demon, and the hero is charged with the task of getting
them to restore it to him. The old man has therefore lost part
of his eyesight that is, his insight and enlightenment to the
daemonic world of darkness; this handicap is reminiscent of
the fate of Osiris, who lost an eye at the sight of a black pig
(his wicked brother Set), or again of Wotan, who sacrificed his
eye at the spring of Mimir. Characteristically enough, the ani-
mal ridden by the old man in our fairytale is a goat, a sign that
he himself has a dark side. In a Siberian tale, he appears as a
one-legged, one-handed, and one-eyed greybeard who wakens a
dead man with an iron staff. In the course of the story the latter,
after being brought back to life several times, kills the old man
by a mistake, and thus throws away his good fortune. The story
is entitled "The One-sided Old Man," and in truth his handicap
shows that he consists of one half only. The other half is in-
visible, but appears in the shape of a murderer who seeks the
hero's life. Eventually the hero succeeds in killing his persistent
murderer, but in the struggle he also kills the one-sided old
man, so that the identity of the two victims is clearly revealed.
It is thus possible that the old man is his own opposite, a life-

33 In his "Cantilena" (15 cent.). [Cf. Mysterium Coniunctionis, par. 374.].

226

THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

bringer as well as a death-dealer' 'ad utrumque peritus" (skilled
in both), as is said of Hermes. 34

4*4 In these circumstances, whenever the "simple" and "kindly"
old man appears, it is advisable for heuristic and other reasons
to scrutinize the context with some care. For instance, in the
Estonian tale we first mentioned, about the hired boy who lost
the cow, there is a suspicion that the helpful old man who hap-
pened to be on the spot so opportunely had surreptitiously made
away with the cow beforeh and in order to give his protege an
excellent reason for taking to flight. This may very well be, for
everyday experience shows that it is quite possible for a supe-
rior, though subliminal, foreknowledge of fate to contrive some
annoying incident for the sole purpose of bullying our Simple
Simon of an ego-consciousness into the way he should go, which
for sheer stupidity he would never have found by himself. Had
our orphan guessed that it was the old man who had whisked
off his cow as if by magic, he would have seemed like a spiteful
troll or a devil. And indeed the old man has a wicked aspect
too, just as the primitive medicine-man is a healer and helper
and also the dreaded concocter of poisons. The very word
(f>dpfiaxov means 'poison' as well as 'antidote,' and poison can in
fact be both.

415 The old man, then, has an ambiguous elfin character wit-
ness the extremely instructive figure of Merlin seeming, in
certain of his forms, to be good incarnate and in others an aspect
of evil. Then again, he is the wicked magician who, from sheer
egoism, does evil for evil's sake. In a Siberian fairytale, he is an
evil spirit "on whose head were two lakes with two ducks swim-
ming in them." He feeds on human flesh. The story relates how
the hero and his companions go to a feast in the next village,
leaving their dogs at home. These, acting on the principle
"when the cat's away the mice do play," also arrange a feast, at
the climax of which they all hurl themselves on the stores of
meat. The men return home and chase out the dogs, who dash
off into the wilderness. "Then the Creator spoke to Ememqut
[the hero of the tale]: 'Go and look for the dogs with your
wife.' " But he gets caught in a terrible snow-storm and has to
seek shelter in the hut of the evil spirit. There now follows the

34 Prudentius, Contra Symmachum, I, 94 (trans, by Thompson, I, p. 356). See
Hugo Rahner, "Die seelenheilende Blume.'

227

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

well-known motif of the biter bit. The "Creator" is Ememqut's
father, but the father of the Creator is called the "Self-created"
because he created himself. Although we are nowhere told that
the old man with the two lakes on his head lured the hero and
his wife into the hut in order to satisfy his hunger, it may be
conjectured that a very peculiar spirit must have got into the
dogs to cause them to celebrate a feast like the men and after-
wardscontrary to their nature to run away, so that Ememqut
had to go out and look for them; and that the hero was then
caught in a snow-storm in order to drive him into the arms of
the wicked old man. The fact that the Creator, son of the Self-
created, was a party to the advice raises a knotty problem whose
solution we had best leave to the Siberian theologians.

416 In a Balkan fairytale the old man gives the childless Czarina
a magic apple to eat, from which she becomes pregnant and
bears a son, it being stipulated that the old man shall be his
godfather. The boy, however, grows up into a horrid little
tough who bullies all the children and slaughters the cattle. For
ten years he is given no name. Then the old man appears, sticks
a knife into his leg, and calls him the "Knife Prince." The boy
now wants to set forth on his adventures, which his father, after
long hesitation, finally allows him to do. The knife in his leg is
of vital importance: if he draws it out himself, he will live; if
anybody else does so, he will die. In the end the knife becomes
his doom, for an old witch pulls it out when he is asleep. He
dies, but is restored to life by the friends he has won. 35 Here the
old man is a helper, but also the contriver of a dangerous fate
which might just as easily have turned out for the bad. The evil
showed itself early and plainly in the boy's villainous character.

417 In another Balkan tale, there is a variant of our motif that is
worth mentioning: A king is looking for his sister who has been
abducted by a stranger. His wanderings bring him to the hut of
an old woman, who warns him against continuing the search.
But a tree laden with fruit, ever receding before him, lures him
away from the hut. When at last the tree comes to a halt, an old
man climbs down from the branches. He regales the king and
takes him to a castle, where the sister is living with the old man
as his wife. She tells her brother that the old man is a wicked

35 Balkanmarchen, pp. 34ft. ["The Deeds of the Czar's Son and His Two Com-
panions"].

228

THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

spirit who will kill him. And sure enough, three days after-
wards, the king vanishes without trace. His younger brother now
takes up the search and kills the wicked spirit in the form of a
dragon. A handsome young man is thereby released from the
spell and forthwith marries the sister. The old man, appearing
at first as a tree-numen, is obviously connected with the sister.
He is a murderer. In an interpolated episode, he is accused of
enchanting a whole city by turning it to iron, i.e., making it
immovable, rigid, and locked up. 36 He also holds the king's
sister a captive and will not let her return to her relatives. This
amounts to saying that the sister is animus-possessed. The old
man is therefore to be regarded as her animus. But the manner
in which the king is drawn into this possession, and the way he
seeks for his sister, make us think that she has an anima sig-
nificance for her brother. The fateful archetype of the old
man has accordingly first taken possession of the king's anima
in other words, robbed him of the archetype of life which the
anima personifies and forced him to go in search of the lost
charm, the ''treasure hard to attain," thus making him the
mythical hero, the higher personality who is an expression of
the self. Meanwhile, the old man acts the part of the villain and
has to be forcibly removed, only to appear at the end as the
husb and of the sister-anima, or more properly as the bride-
groom of the soul, who celebrates the sacred incest that symbol-
izes the union of opposites and equals. This bold enantiodromia,
a very common occurrence, not only signifies the rejuvenation
and transformation of the old man, but hints at a secret inner
relation of evil to good and vice versa.
4 l8 So in this story we see the archetype of the old man in the
guise of an evil-doer, caught up in all the twists and turns of an
individuation process that ends suggestively with the hieros
gamos. Conversely, in the Russian tale of th^ Forest King, he
starts by being helpful and benevolent, but then refuses to let
his hired boy go, so that the main episodes in the story deal
with the boy's repeated attempts to escape from the clutches of
the magician. Instead of the quest we have flight, which none-
theless appears to win the same reward as adventures valiantly
sought, for in the end the hero marries the king's daughter. The

36 ibid., pp. 177ft. ["The Son-in-Law from Abroad"].

229

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

magician, however, must rest content with the role of the biter
bit.

IV. THERIOMORPHIC SPIRIT SYMBOLISM IN FAIRYTALES

4*9 The description of our archetype would not be complete if
we omitted to consider one special form of its manifestation,
namely its animal form. This belongs essentially to the therio-
morphism of gods and demons and has the same psychological
significance. The animal form shows that the contents and func-
tions in question are still in the extrahuman sphere, i.e., on a
plane beyond human consciousness, and consequently have a
share on the one hand in the daemonically superhuman and on
the other in the bestially subhuman. It must be remembered,
however, that this division is only true within the sphere of
consciousness, where it is a necessary condition of thought. Logic
says tertium non datur, meaning that we cannot envisage the
opposites in their oneness. In other words, while the abolition
of an obstinate antinomy can be no more than a postulate for
us, this is by no means so for the unconscious, whose contents
are without exception paradoxical or antinomial by nature, not
excluding the category of being. If anyone unacquainted with
the psychology of the unconscious wants to get a working
knowledge of these matters, I would recommend a study of
Christian mysticism and Indian philosophy, where he will find
the clearest elaboration of the antinomies of the unconscious.

420 Although the old man has, up to now, looked and behaved
more or less like a human being, his magical powers and his
spiritual superiority suggest that, in good and bad alike, he is
outside, or above, or below the human level. Neither for the
primitive nor for the unconscious does his animal aspect imply
any devaluation, for in certain respects the animal is superior
to man. It has not yet blundered into consciousness nor pitted
a self-willed ego against the power from which it lives; on the
contrary, it fulfils the will that actuates it in a well-nigh perfect
manner. Were it conscious, it would be morally better than
man. There is deep doctrine in the legend of the fall: it is the
expression of a dim presentiment that the emancipation of ego-
consciousness was a Luciferian deed. Man's whole history con-

230

THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

sists from the very beginning in a conflict between his feeling of
inferiority and his arrogance. Wisdom seeks the middle path
and pays for this audacity by a dubious affinity with daemon
and beast, and so is open to moral misinterpretation.

421 Again and again in fairytales we encounter the motif of
helpful animals. These act like humans, speak a human lan-
guage, and display a sagacity and a knowledge superior to man's.
In these circumstances we can say with some justification that
the archetype of the spirit is being expressed through an animal
form. A German fairytale 37 relates how a young man, while
searching for his lost princess, meets a wolf, who says, "Do not
be afraid! But tell me, where is your way leading you?" The
young man recounts his story, whereupon the wolf gives him as
a magic gift a few of his hairs, with which the young man can
summon his help at any time. This intermezzo proceeds exactly
like the meeting with the helpful old man. In the same story,
the archetype also displays its other, wicked side. In order to
make this clear I shall give a summary of the story:

422 While the young man is watching his pigs in the wood, he
discovers a large tree, whose branches lose themselves in the
clouds. "How would it be," says he to himself, "if you were to
look at the world from the top of that great tree?" So he climbs
up, all day long he climbs, without even reaching the branches.
Evening comes, and he has to pass the night in a fork of the tree.
Next day he goes on climbing and by noon has reached the
foliage. Only towards evening does he come to a village nestling
in the branches. The peasants who live there give him food and
shelter for the night. In the morning he climbs still further.
Towards noon, he reaches a castle in which a young girl lives.
Here he finds that the tree goes no higher. She is a king's daugh-
ter, held prisoner by a wicked magician. So the young man
stays with the princess, and she allows him to go into all the
rooms of the castle: one room alone she forbids him to enter.
But curiosity is too strong. He unlocks the door, and there in
the room he finds a raven fixed to the wall with three nails.
One nail goes through his throat, the two others through the
wings. The raven complains of thirst and the young man, moved
by pity, gives him water to drink. At each sip a nail falls out,

87 Deutsche Mdrchen seit Grimm, pp. iff. ["The Princess in the Tree"].

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THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

and at the third sip the raven is free and flies out at the window.
When the princess hears of it she is very frightened and says,
"That was the devil who enchanted me! It won't be long now
before he fetches me again." And one fine morning she has
indeed vanished.

423 The young man now sets out in search of her and, as we
have described above, meets the wolf. In the same way he meets
a bear and a lion, who also give him some hairs. In addition the
lion informs him that the princess is imprisoned nearby in a
hunting-lodge. The young man finds the house and the princess,
but is told that flight is impossible, because the hunter possesses
a three-legged white horse that knows everything and would
infallibly warn its master. Despite that, the young man tries to
flee away with her, but in vain. The hunter overtakes him but,
because he had saved his life as a raven, lets him go and rides off
again with the princess. When the hunter has disappeared into
the wood, the young man creeps back to the house and per-
suades the princess to wheedle from the hunter the secret of
how he obtained his clever white horse. This she successfully
does in the night, and the young man, who has hidden himself
under the bed, learns that about an hour's journey from the
hunting-lodge there dwells a witch who breeds magic horses.
Whoever was able to guard the foals for three days might choose
a horse as a reward. In former times, said the hunter, she used
to make a gift of twelve lambs into the bargain, in order to
satisfy the hunger of the twelve wolves who lived in the woods
near the farmstead, and prevent them from attacking; but to
him she gave no lambs. So the wolves followed him as he rode
away, and while crossing the borders of her domain they suc-
ceeded in tearing off one of his horse's hoofs. That was why it
had only three legs.

424 Then the young man made haste to seek out the witch and
agreed to serve her on condition that she gave him not only a
horse of his own choosing but twelve lambs as well. To this she
consented. Instantly she commanded the foals to run away, and,
to make him sleepy, she gave him brandy. He drinks, falls asleep,
and the foals escape. On the first day he catches them with the
help of the wolf, on the second day the bear helps him, and on
the third the lion. He can now go and choose his reward. The
witch's little daughter tells him which horse her mother rides.

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This is naturally the best horse, and it too is white. Hardly has
he got it out of the stall when the witch pierces the four hoofs
and sucks the marrow out of the bones. From this she bakes a
cake and gives it to the young man for his journey. The horse
grows deathly weak, but the young man feeds it on the cake,
whereupon the horse recovers its former strength. He gets out
of the woods unscathed after quieting the twelve wolves with
the twelve lambs. He then fetches the princess and rides away
with her. But the three-legged horse calls out to the hunter,
who sets off in pursuit and quickly catches up with them, be-
cause the four-legged horse refuses to gallop. As the hunter ap-
proaches, the four-legged horse cries out to the three-legged,
"Sister, throw him off!" The magician is thrown and trampled
to pieces by the two horses. The young man sets the princess on
the three-legged horse, and the pair of them ride away to her
father's kingdom, where they get married. The four-legged
horse begs him to cut off both their heads, for otherwise they
would bring disaster upon him. This he does, and the horses
are transformed into a handsome prince and a wonderfully
beautiful princess, who after a while repair "to their own king-
dom." They had been changed into horses by the hunter, long
ago.
425 Apart from the theriomorphic spirit symbolism in this tale,
it is especially interesting to note that the function of knowing
and intuition is represented by a riding-animal. This is as much
as to say that the spirit can be somebody's property. The three-
legged white horse is thus the property of the demonic hunter,
and the four-legged one the property of the witch. Spirit is here
partly a function, which like any other object (horse) can change
its owner, and partly an autonomous subject (magician as owner
of the horse). By obtaining the four-legged horse from the
witch, the young man frees a spirit or a thought of some special
kind from the grip of the unconscious. Here as elsewhere, the
witch stands for a mater natura or the original "matriarchal"
state of the unconscious, indicating a psychic constitution in
which the unconscious is opposed only by a feeble and still-
dependent consciousness. The four-legged horse shows itself
superior to the three-legged, since it can comm and the latter.
And since the quaternity is a symbol of wholeness and wholeness
plays a considerable role in the picture-world of the uncon-

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THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

scious, 38 the victory of four-leggedness over three-leggedness is
not altogether unexpected. But what is the meaning of the op-
position between threeness and fourness, or rather, what does
threeness mean as compared with wholeness? In alchemy this
problem is known as the axiom of Maria and runs all through
alchemical philosophy for more than a thousand years, finally
to be taken up again in the Cabiri scene in Faust. The earliest
literary version of it is to be found in the opening words of
Plato's Timaeus 39 of which Goe the gives us a reminder. Among
the alchemists we can see clearly how the divine Trinity has its
counterpart in a lower, chthonic triad (similar to Dante's three-
headed devil). This represents a principle which, by reason of
its symbolism, betrays affinities with evil, though it is by no
means certain that it expresses nothing but evil. Everything
points rather to the fact that evil, or its familiar symbolism,
belongs to the family of figures which describe the dark, noc-
turnal, lower, chthonic element. In this symbolism the lower
stands to the higher as a correspondence 40 in reverse; that is to
say it is conceived, like the upper, as a triad. Three, being
a masculine number, is logically correlated with the wicked
hunter, who can be thought of alchemically as the lower triad.
Four, a feminine number, is assigned to the old woman. The
two horses are miraculous animals that talk and know and thus
represent the unconscious spirit, which in one case is subordi-
nated to the wicked magician and in the other to the old witch.
426 Between the three and the four there exists the primary op-
position of male and female, but whereas fourness is a symbol
of wholeness, threeness is not. The latter, according to alchemy,
denotes polarity, since one triad always presupposes another,
just as high presupposes low, lightness darkness, good evil. In
terms of energy, polarity means a potential, and wherever a

38 With reference to the quaternity I would call attention to my earlier writings,
and in particular to Psychology and Alchemy and "Psychology and Religion."

39 The oldest representation I know of this problem is that of the four sons of
Horus, three of whom are occasionally depicted with the heads of animals, and
the other with the head of a man. Chronologically this links up with Ezekiel's
vision of the four creatures, which then reappear in the attri butes of the four
evangelists. Three have animal heads and one a human head (the angel). [Cf.
frontispiece to Psychology and Religion: West and East. Editors.]

40 According to the dictum in the "Tabula smaragdina," "Quod est inferius, est
sicut quod est superius" (That which is below is like that which is above).

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potential exists there is the possibility of a current, a flow of
events, for the tension of opposites strives for balance. If one
imagines the quaternity as a square divided into two halves by
a diagonal, one gets two triangles whose apices point in opposite
directions. One could therefore say metaphorically that if the
wholeness symbolized by the quaternity is divided into equal
halves, it produces two opposing triads. This simple reflection
shows how three can be derived from four, and in the same
way the hunter of the captured princess explains how his horse,
from being four-legged, became three-legged, through having
one hoof torn off by the twelve wolves. The three-leggedness is
due to an accident, therefore, which occurred at the very mo-
ment when the horse was leaving the territory of the dark
mother. In psychological language we should say that when the
unconscious wholeness becomes manifest, i.e., leaves the un-
conscious and crosses over into the sphere of consciousness, one
of the four remains behind, held fast by the horror vacui of the
unconscious. There thus arises a triad, which as we know not
from the fairytale but from the history of symbolism con-
stellates a corresponding triad in opposition to it 41 in other
words, a conflict ensues. Here too we could ask with Socrates,
"One, two, three but, my dear Timaeus, of those who yester-
day were the banqueters and today are the banquet-givers,
where is the fourth?" 42 He has remained in the realm of the
dark mother, caught by the wolfish greed of the unconscious,
which is unwilling to let anything escape from its magic circle
save at the cost of a sacrifice.
427 The hunter or old magician and the witch correspond to the
negative parental imagos in the magic world of the unconscious.
The hunter first appears in the story as a black raven. He has
stolen away the princess and holds her a prisoner. She describes
him as "the devil." But it is exceedingly odd that he himself is
locked up in the one forbidden room of the castle and fixed to
the wall with three nails, as though crucified. He is imprisoned,
like all jailers, in his own prison, and bound like all who curse.
The prison of both is a magic castle at the top of a gigantic tree,
presumably the world-tree. The princess belongs to the upper

41 Cf. Psychology and Alchemy, fig. 54 and par. 539; and, for a more detailed
account, "The Spirit Mercurius," par. 271.

42 This unexplained passage has been put down to Plato's "drollery."

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THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

region of light near the sun. Sitting there in captivity on the
world-tree, she is a kind of anima mundi who has got herself
into the power of darkness. But this catch does not seem to have
done the latter much good either, seeing that the captor is cruci-
fied and moreover with three nails. The crucifixion evidently
betokens a state of agonizing bondage and suspension, fit pun-
ishment for one foolhardy enough to venture like a Prometheus
into the orbit of the opposing principle. This was what the
raven, who is identical with the hunter, did when he ravished
a precious soul from the upper world of light; and so, as a pun-
ishment, he is nailed to the wall in that upper world. That this is
an inverted reflection of the primordial Christian image should
be obvious enough. The Saviour who freed the soul of humanity
from the dominion of the prince of this world was nailed to a
cross down below on earth, just as the thieving raven is nailed
to the wall in the celestial branches of the world-tree for his
presumptuous meddling. In our fairytale, the peculiar instru-
ment of the magic spell is the triad of nails. Who it was that
made the raven captive is not told in the tale, but it sounds as
if a spell had been laid upon him in the triune name. 43
428 Having climbed up the world-tree and penetrated into
the magic castle where he is to rescue the princess, our young
hero is permitted to enter all the rooms but one, the very room
in which the raven is imprisoned. Just as in paradise there was
one tree of which it was forbidden to eat, so here there is one
room that is not to be opened, with the natural result that it is
entered at once. Nothing excites our interest more than a prohi-
bition. It is the surest way of provoking disobedience. Obviously
there is some secret scheme afoot to free not so much the princess
as the raven. As soon as the hero catches sight of him, the raven
begins to cry piteously and to complain of thirst, 44 and the

43 In Deutsche Marchen seit Grimm (I, p. 256 ["The Mary-Child"]) it is said that
the "Three-in-One" is in the forbidden room, which seems to me worth noting.

44 Aelian (De natura animalium, I, 47) relates that Apollo condemned the ravens
to perpetual thirst because a raven sent to fetch water dallied too long. In German
folklore it is said that the raven has to suffer from thirst in June or August, the
reason given being that he alone did not mourn at the death of Christ, and that
he failed to return when Noah sent him forth from the ark. (Kohler, Kleinere
Schriften zur Marchenforschung, p. 3.) For the raven as an allegory of evil, see
the exhaustive account by Hugo Rahner, "Earth Spirit and Divine Spirit in
Patristic Theology." On the other hand the raven is closely connected with Apollo

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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

young man, moved by the virtue of compassion, slakes it, not
with hyssop and gall, but with quickening water, whereupon
the three nails fall out and the raven escapes through the open
window. Thus the evil spirit regains his freedom, changes into
the hunter, steals the princess for the second time, but this time
locks her up in his hunting-lodge on earth. The secret scheme
is partially unveiled: the princess must be brought down from
the upper world to the world of men, which was evidently not
possible without the help of the evil spirit and man's disobe-
dience.

429 But since in the human world, too, the hunter of souls is the
princess's master, the hero has to intervene anew, to which end,
as we have seen, he filches the four-legged horse from the witch
and breaks the three-legged spell of the magician. It was the
triad that first transfixed the raven, and the triad also represents
the power of the evil spirit. These are the two triads that point
in opposite directions.

43 Turning now to quite another field, the realm of psycho-
logical experience, we know that three of the four functions of
consciousness can become differentiated, i.e., conscious, while
the other remains connected with the matrix, the unconscious,
and is known as the "inferior" function. It is the Achilles heel
of even the most heroic consciousness: somewhere the strong
man is weak, the clever man foolish, the good man bad, and the
reverse is also true. In our fairytale the triad appears as a
mutilated quaternity. If only one leg could be added to the
other three, it would make a whole. The enigmatic axiom of
Maria runs: ". . . from the third comes the one as the fourth"
(e/c tov rptrov to ev rirapTov) which presumably means, when the
third produces the fourth it at once produces unity. The lost
component which is in the possession of the wolves belonging
to the Great Mother is indeed only a quarter, but, together with
the three, it makes a whole which does away with division and
conflict.

as his sacred animal, and in the Bible too he has a positive significance. See Psalm
147 : 9: "He giveth to the beast his food, and to the young ravens which cry";
Job 38:41: "Who provideth for the raven his food? when his young ones cry
unto God, they wander for lack of meat." Cf. also Luke 12 : 24. Ravens appear
as true "ministering spirits" in I Kings 17:6, where they bring Elijah the Tish-
bite his daily fare.

237

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

43 1 But how is it that a quarter, on the evidence of symbolism,
is at the same time a triad? Here the symbolism of our fairytale
leaves us in the lurch, and we are obliged to have recourse to
the facts of psychology. I have said previously that three func-
tions can become differentiated, and only one remains under the
spell of the unconscious. This statement must be defined more
closely. It is an empirical fact that only one function becomes
more or less successfully differentiated, which on that account
is known as the superior or main function, and together with
extraversion or introversion constitutes the type of conscious
attitude. This function has associated with it one or two par-
tially differentiated auxiliary functions which hardly ever at-
tain the same degree of differentiation as the main function,
that is, the same degree of applicability by the will. Accordingly
they possess a higher degree of spontaneity than the main func-
tion, which displays a large measure of reliability and is ame-
nable to our intentions. The fourth, inferior function proves
on the other hand to be inaccessible to our will. It appears now
as a teasing and distracting imp, now as a deus ex machina. But
always it comes and goes of its own volition. From this it is clear
that even the differentiated functions have only partially freed
themselves from the unconscious; for the rest they are still rooted
in it and to that extent they operate under its rule. Hence the
three "differentiated" functions at the disposal of the ego have
three corresponding unconscious components that have not yet
broken loose from the unconscious. 45 And just as the three
conscious and differentiated parts of these functions are con-
fronted by a fourth, undifferentiated function which acts as a
painfully disturbing factor, so also the superior function seems
to have its worst enemy in the unconscious. Nor should we omit
to mention one final turn of the screw: like the devil who de-
lights in disguising himself as an angel of light, the inferior
function secretly and mischievously influences the superior
function most of all, just as the latter represses the former most
strongly. 46

432 These unfortunately somewhat abstract formulations are
necessary in order to throw some light on the tricky and allusive

45 Pictured as three princesses, buried neck deep, in Nordische Volksmarchen,
II, pp. i26ff. ["The Three Princesses in the White Land"].

46 For the function theory, see Psychological Types.

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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

associations in our save the mark! "childishly simple" fairy-
tale. The two antithetical triads, the one banning and the
other representing the power of evil, tally to a hair's breadth
with the functional structure of the conscious and unconscious
psyche. Being a spontaneous, naive, and uncontrived product of
the psyche, the fairytale cannot very well express anything ex-
cept what the psyche actually is. It is not only our fairytale that
depicts these structural psychic relations, but countless other
fairytales do the same. 47
433 Our fairytale reveals with unusual clarity the essentially
antithetical nature of the spirit archetype, while on the other
hand it show r s the bewildering play of antinomies all aiming at
the great goal of higher consciousness. The young swineherd
who climbs from the animal level up to the top of the giant
world-tree and there, in the upper world of light, discovers his
captive anima, the high-born princess, symbolizes the ascent of
consciousness, rising from almost bestial regions to a lofty perch
with a broad outlook, which is a singularly appropriate image
for the enlargement of the conscious horizon. 48 Once the mascu-
line consciousness has attained this height, it comes face to face
with its feminine counterpart, the anima. 49 She is a personifi-
cation of the unconscious. The meeting shows how inept it is to
designate the latter as the "subconscious": it is not merely
"below" consciousness but also above it, so far above it indeed
that the hero has to climb up to it with considerable effort. This
"upper" unconscious, however, is far from being a "supercon-
conscious" in the sense that anyone who reaches it, like our
hero, would stand as high above the "subconscious" as above
the earth's surface. On the contrary, he makes the disagreeable
discovery that his high and mighty anima, the Princess Soul, is
bewitched up there and no freer than a bird in a golden cage.

47 I would like to add, for the layman's benefit, that the theory of the psyche's
structure was not derived from fairytales and myths, but is grounded on empirical
observations made in the field of medico-psychological research and was corrob-
orated only secondarily through the study of comparative symbology, in spheres
very far removed from ordinary medical practice.

48 A typical enantiodromia is played out here: as one cannot go any higher along
this road, one must now realize the other side of one's being, and climb down
again.

49 The young man asks himself, on catching sight of the tree, "How would it be if
you were to look at the world from the top of that great tree?"

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THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

He may pat himself on the back for having soared up from the
flatlands and from almost bestial stupidity, but his soul is in the
power of an evil spirit, a sinister father-imago of subterrene
nature in the guise of a raven, the celebrated theriomorphic
figure of the devil. What use now is his lofty perch and his wide
horizon, when his own dear soul is languishing in prison?
Worse, she plays the game of the underworld and ostensibly
tries to stop the young man from discovering the secret of her
imprisonment, by forbidding him to enter that one room. But
secretly she leads him to it by the very fact of her veto. It is as
though the unconscious had two hands of which one always does
the opposite of the other. The princess wants and does not want
to be rescued. But the evil spirit too has got himself into a fix,
by all accounts: he wanted to filch a fine soul from the shining
upper world which he could easily do as a winged being but
had not bargained on being shut up there himself. Black spirit
though he is, he longs for the light. That is his secret justifica-
tion, just as his being spellbound is a punishment for his trans-
gression. But so long as the evil spirit is caught in the upper
world, the princess cannot get down to earth either, and the
hero remains lost in paradise. So now he commits the sin of
disobedience and thereby enables the robber to escape, thus
causing the abduction of the princess for the second time a
whole chain of calamities. In the result, however, the princess
comes down to earth and the devilish raven assumes the human
shape of the hunter. The other-worldly anima and the evil
principle both descend to the human sphere, that is, they
dwindle to human proportions and thus become approachable.
The three-legged, all-knowing horse represents the hunter's own
power: it corresponds to the unconscious components of the
differentiated functions. 50 The hunter himself personifies the
inferior function, which also manifests itself in the hero as his
inquisitiveness and love of adventure. As the story unfolds, he
becomes more and more like the hunter: he too obtains his
horse from the witch. But, unlike him, the hunter omitted to

50 The "omniscience" of the unconscious components is naturally an exaggera-
tion. Nevertheless they do have at their disposal or are influenced by subliminal
perceptions and memories of the unconscious, as well as by its instinctive arche-
typal contents. It is these that give unconscious activities their unexpectedly
accurate information.

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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

obtain the twelve lambs in order to feed the wolves, who then
injured his horse. He forgot to pay tri bute to the chthonic
powers because he was nothing but a robber. Through this
omission the hero learns that the unconscious lets its creatures
go only at the cost of sacrifice. 51 The number 1 2 is presumably a
time symbol, with the subsidiary meaning of the twelve labours
(aOXa) 52 that have to be performed for the unconscious before
one can get free. 53 The hunter looks like a previous unsuccessful
attempt of the hero to gain possession of his soul through rob-
bery and violence. But the conquest of the soul is in reality a
work of patience, self-sacrifice, and devotion. By gaining posses-
sion of the four-legged horse the hero steps right into the shoes
of the hunter and carries off the princess as well. The quaternity
in our tale proves to be the greater power, for it integrates into
its totality that which it still needed in order to become whole.
434 The archetype of the spirit in this, be it said, by no means
primitive fairytale is expressed theriomorphically as a system of
three functions which is subordinated to a unity, the evil spirit,
in the same way that some unnamed authority has crucified the
raven with a triad of three nails. The two supraordinate unities
correspond in the first case to the inferior function which is the
arch-enemy of the main function, namely to the hunter; and in
the second case to the main function, namely to the hero.
Hunter and hero are ultimately equated with one another, so
that the hunter's function is resolved in the hero. As a matter of
fact, the hero lies dormant in the hunter from the very begin-
ning, egging him on, with all the unmoral means at his dis-
posal, to carry out the rape of the soul, and then causing him to
play her into the hero's hands against the hunter's will. On the
surface a furious conflict rages between them, but down below
the one goes about the other's business. The knot is unravelled
directly the hero succeeds in capturing the quaternity or in psy-
chological language, when he assimilates the inferior function

51 The hunter has reckoned without his host, as generally happens. Seldom or

never do we think of the price exacted by the spirit's activity.

62 Cf. the Heracles cycle.

53 The alchemists stress the long duration of the work and speak of the "longissima

via," "diuturnitas immensae meditationis," etc. The number 12 may be connected

with the ecclesiastical year, in which the redemptive work of Christ is fulfilled.

The lamb-sacrifice probably comes from this source too.

241

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

into the ternary system. That puts an end to the conflict at one
blow, and the figure of the hunter melts into thin air. After this
victory, the hero sets his princess upon the three-legged steed
and together they ride away to her father's kingdom. From now
on she rules and personifies the realm of spirit that formerly
served the wicked hunter. Thus the anima is and remains the
representative of that part of the unconscious which can never
be assimilated into a humanly attainable whole.
435 Postscript. Only after the completion of my manuscript was
my attention drawn by a friend to a Russian variant of our
story. It bears the title "Maria Morevna." 54 The hero of the
story is no swineherd, but Czarevitch Ivan. There is an interest-
ing explanation of the three helpful animals: they correspond
to Ivan's three sisters and their husbands, who are really birds.
The three sisters represent an unconscious triad of functions
related to both the animal and spiritual realms. The bird-men
are a species of angel and emphasize the auxiliary nature of the
unconscious functions. In the story they intervene at the critical
moment when the hero unlike his German counterpart gets
into the power of the evil spirit and is killed and dismembered
(the typical fate of the God-man!). 55 The evil spirit is an old
man who is often shown naked and is called Koschei 56 the
Deathless. The corresponding witch is the well-known Baba
Yaga. The three helpful animals of the German variant are
doubled here, appearing first as the bird-men and then as the
lion, the strange bird, and the bees. The princess is Queen
Maria Morevna, a redoubtable martial leader Mary the queen
of heaven is lauded in the Russian Orthodox hymnal as "leader
of hosts"! who has chained up the evil spirit with twelve chains
in the forbidden room in her castle. When Ivan slakes the old
devil's thirst he makes off with the queen. The magic riding
animals do not in the end turn into human beings. This Rus-
sian story has a distinctly more primitive character.

54 "Daughter of the sea." Afanas'ev, Russian Fairy Talcs, pp. 553ft.

55 The old man puts the dismembered body into a barrel which he throws into
the sea. This is reminiscent of the fate of Osiris (head and phallus).

56 From kost, 'bone,' and pakost, kapost, 'disgusting, dirty.'

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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

V. SUPPLEMENT

43 6 The following remarks lay no claim to general interest,
being in the main technical. I wanted at first to delete them
from this revised version of my essay, but then I changed my
mind and appended them in a supplement. The reader who is
not specifically interested in psychology can safely skip this sec-
tion. For, in what follows, I have dealt with the abstruse-looking
problem of the three- and four-leggedness of the magic horses,
and presented my reflections in such a way as to demonstrate
the method I have employed. This piece of psychological reason-
ing rests firstly on the irrational data of the material, that is, of
the fairytale, myth, or dream, and secondly on the conscious
realization of the "latent" rational connections which these data
have with one another. That such connections exist at all is
something of a hypothesis, like that which asserts that dreams
have a meaning. The truth of this assumption is not established
a priori: its usefulness can only be proved by application. It
therefore remains to be seen whether its methodical application
to irrational material enables one to interpret the latter in a
meaningful way. Its application consists in approaching the
material as if it had a coherent inner meaning. For this purpose
most of the data require a certain amplification, that is, they
need to be clarified, generalized, and approximated to a more
or less general concept in accordance with Cardan's rule of in-
terpretation. For instance, the three-leggedness, in order to be
recognized for what it is, has first to be separated from the horse
and then approximated to its specific principle the principle of
threeness. Likewise, the four-leggedness in the fairytale, when
raised to the level of a general concept, enters into relationship
with the threeness, and as a result we have the enigma men-
tioned in the Timaeus, the problem of three and four. Triads
and tetrads represent archetypal structures that play a significant
part in all symbolism and are equally important for the investi-
gation of myths and dreams. By raising the irrational datum
(three-leggedness and four-leggedness) to the level of a general
concept we elicit the universal meaning of this motif and en-
courage the inquiring mind to tackle the problem seriously.
This task involves a series of reflections and deductions of a

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THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

technical nature which I would not wish to withhold from the
psychologically interested reader and especially from the pro-
fessional, the less so as this labour of the intellect represents a
typical unravelling of symbols and is indispensable for an ade-
quate understanding of the products of the unconscious. Only
in this way can the nexus of unconscious relationships be made
to yield their own meaning, in contrast to those deductive inter-
pretations derived from a preconceived theory, e.g., interpreta-
tions based on astronomy, meteorology, mythology, and last
but not least the sexual theory.

437 The three-legged and four-legged horses are in truth a recon-
dite matter worthy of closer examination. The three and the
four remind us not only of the dilemma we have already met in
the theory of psychological functions, but also of the axiom of
Maria Prophetissa, which plays a considerable role in alchemy.
It may therefore be rewarding to examine more closely the
meaning of the miraculous horses.

43 8 The first thing that seems to me worthy of note is that the
three-legged horse which is assigned to the princess as her mount
is a mare, and is moreover herself a bewitched princess. Three-
ness is unmistakably connected here with femininity, whereas
from the dominating religious standpoint of consciousness it is
an exclusively masculine affair, quite apart from the fact that 3,
as an uneven number, is masculine in the first place. One could
therefore translate threeness as "masculinity" outright, this
being all the more significant when one remembers the ancient
Egyptian triunity of God, Ka-mutef, 57 and Pharaoh.

439 Three-leggedness, as the attri bute of some animal, denotes
the unconscious masculinity immanent in a female creature. In
a real woman it would correspond to the animus who, like the
magic horse, represents "spirit." In the case of the anima, how-
ever, threeness does not coincide with any Christian idea of the
Trinity but with the "lower triangle," the inferior function
triad that constitutes the "shadow." The inferior half of the
personality is for the greater part unconscious. It does not de-
note the whole of the unconscious, but only the personal seg-
ment of it. The anima, on the other hand, so far as she is
distinguished from the shadow, personifies the collective un-

57 Ka-mutef means "bull of his mother." See Jacobsohn, "Die dogmatische Stellung
des Konigs in der Theologie der alten Aegypter," pp. 17, 35, 4 iff.

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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

conscious. If threeness is assigned to her as a riding-animal, it
means that she "rides" the shadow, is related to it as the mar. 5 *
In that case she possesses the shadow. But if she herself is the
horse, then she has lost her dominating position as a personifi-
cation of the collective unconscious and is "ridden" possessed
by Princess A, spouse of the hero. As the fairytale rightly says,
she has been changed by witchcraft into the three-legged horse
(Princess B).

We can sort out this imbroglio more or less as follows:

440 1. Princess A is the anima 59 of the hero. She rides that is,
possesses the three-legged horse, who is the shadow, the infe-
rior function-triad of her later spouse. To put it more simply:
she has taken possession of the inferior half of the hero's per-
sonality. She has caught him on his weak side, as so often hap-
pens in ordinary life, for where one is weak one needs support
and completion. In fact, a woman's place is on the weak side of
a man. This is how we would have to formulate the situation if
we regarded the hero and Princess A as two ordinary people.
But since it is a fairy-story played out mainly in the world of
magic, we are probably more correct in interpreting Princess A
as the hero's anima. In that case the hero has been wafted out
of the profane world through his encounter with the anima,
like Merlin by his fairy: as an ordinary man he is like one
caught in a marvellous dream, viewing the world through a veil
of mist.

44 1 2. The matter is now considerably complicated by the un-
expected fact that the three-legged horse is a mare, an equiv-
alent of Princess A. She (the mare) is Princess B, who in the
shape of a horse corresponds to Princess A's shadow (i.e., her
inferior function-triad). Princess B, however, differs from Prin-
cess A in that, unlike her, she does not ride the horse but is
contained in it: she is bewitched and has thus come under the
spell of a masculine triad. Therefore, she is possessed by a
shadow.

442 3. The question now is, whose shadow? It cannot be the
shadow of the hero, for this is already taken up by the latter's

58 Cf. Symbols of Transformation, pp. 249-51, 277.

59 The fact that she is no ordinary girl, but is of royal descent and moreover the
electa of the evil spirit, proves her nonhuman, mythological nature. I must assume
that the reader is acquainted with the idea of the anima.

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THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

anima. The fairytale gives us the answer: it is the hunter or
magician who has bewitched her. As we have seen, the hunter is
somehow connected with the hero, since the latter gradually
puts himself in his shoes. Hence one could easily arrive at the
conjecture that the hunter is at bottom none other than the
shadow of the hero. But this supposition is contradicted by
the fact that the hunter stands for a formidable power which
extends not only to the hero's anima but much further, namely
to the royal brother-sister pair of whose existence the hero and
his anima have no notion, and who appear very much out of the
blue in the story itself. The power that extends beyond the
orbit of the individual has a more than individual character
and cannot therefore be identified with the shadow, if we con-
ceive and define this as the dark half of the personality. As a
supra-individual factor the numen of the hunter is a dominant
of the collective unconscious, and its characteristic features-
hunter, magician, raven, miraculous horse, crucifixion or sus-
pension high up in the boughs of the world-tree 60 touch the
Germanic psyche very closely. Hence the Christian Weltan-
schauung, when reflected in the ocean of the (Germanic) un-
conscious, logically takes on the features of Wotan. 61 In the
figure of the hunter we meet an imago del, a God-image, for
Wotan is also a god of winds and spirits, on which account the
Romans fittingly interpreted him as Mercury.
443 4. The Prince and his sister, Princess B, have therefore been
seized by a pagan god and changed into horses, i.e., thrust down
to the animal level, into the realm of the unconscious. The
inference is that in their proper human shape the pair of them

60 "I ween that I hung / on the windy tree,
Hung there for nights full nine;
With the spear I was wounded, / and offered I was

To Othin, myself to myself,
On the tree that none / may ever know
What root beneath it runs."

Hovamol, 139 (trans, by H. A. Bellows, p. 60).
61 Cf. the experience of God as described by Nietzsche in "Ariadne's Lament":
"I am but thy quarry.
Cruellest of hunters!
Thy proudest captive,
Thou brig and back of the clouds!"

Gedichte und SpriXche, pp. 155ft.
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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

once belonged to the sphere of collective consciousness. But
who are they?

444 In order to answer this question we must proceed from the
fact that these two are an undoubted counterpart of the hero
and Princess A. They are connected with the latter also because
they serve as their mounts, and in consequence they appear as
their lower, animal halves. Because of its almost total uncon-
sciousness, the animal has always symbolized the psychic sphere
in man which lies hidden in the darkness of the body's instinc-
tual life. The hero rides the stallion, characterized by the even
(feminine) number 4; Princess A rides the mare who has only
three legs (3 = a masculine number). These numbers make it
clear that the transformation into animals has brought with it a
modification of sex character: the stallion has a feminine at-
tri bute, the mare a masculine one. Psychology can confirm this
development as follows: to the degree that a man is over-
powered by the (collective) unconscious there is not only a more
unbridled intrusion of the instinctual sphere, but a certain
feminine character also makes its appearance, which I have
suggested should be called "anima." If, on the other hand, a
woman comes under the domination of the unconscious, the
darker side of her feminine nature emerges all the more
strongly, coupled with markedly masculine traits. These latter
are comprised under the term "animus." 62

445 5. According to the fairytale, however, the animal form of
the brother-sister pair is "unreal" and due simply to the magic
influence of the pagan hunter-god. If they were nothing but
animals, we could rest content with this interpretation. But
that would be to pass over in unmerited silence the singular
allusion to a modification of sex character. The white horses are
no ordinary horses: they are miraculous beasts with super-
natural powers. Therefore the human figures out of which the
horses were magically conjured must likewise have had some-
thing supernatural about them. The fairytale makes no com-
ment here, but if our assumption is correct that the two animal
forms correspond to the subhuman components of hero and
princess, then it follows that the human forms Prince and Prin-
cess B must correspond to their superhuman components. The

62 Cf. Emma Jung, "On the Nature of the Animus."

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THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

superhuman quality of the original swineherd is shown by the
fact that he becomes a hero, practically a half-god, since he does
not stay with his swine but climbs the world-tree, where he is
very nearly made its prisoner, like Wotan. Similarly, he could
not have become like the hunter if he did not have a certain
resemblance to him in the first place. In the same way the im-
prisonment of Princess A on the top of the world-tree proves
her electness, and in so far as she shares the hunter's bed, as
stated by the tale, she is actually the bride of God.

446 It is these extraordinary forces of heroism and election,
bordering on the superhuman, which involve two quite ordi-
nary humans in a superhuman fate. Accordingly, in the pro-
fane world a swineherd becomes a king, and a princess gets an
agreeable husband. But since, for fairytales, there is not only a
profane but also a magical world, human fate does not have
the final word. The fairytale therefore does not omit to point
out what happens in the world of magic. There too a prince and
princess have got into the power of the evil spirit, who is him-
self in a tight corner from which he cannot extricate himself
without extraneous help. So the human fate that befalls the
swineherd and Princess A is paralleled in the world of magic.
But in so far as the hunter is a pagan God-image and thus
exalted above the world of heroes and paramours of the gods,
the parallelism goes beyond the merely magical into a divine
and spiritual sphere, where the evil spirit, the Devil himself
or at least a devil is bound by the spell of an equally mighty
or even mightier counter-principle indicated by the three nails.
This supreme tension of opposites, the mainspring of the whole
drama, is obviously the conflict between the upper and lower
triads, or, to put it in theological terms, between the Christian
God and the devil who has assumed the features of Wotan. 63

447 6. We must, it seems, start from this highest level if we want
to understand the story correctly, for the drama takes its rise
from the initial transgression of the evil spirit. The immediate
consequence of this is his crucifixion. In that distressing situa-
tion he needs outside help, and as it is not forthcoming from
above, it can only be summoned from below. A young swine-

63 As regards the triadic nature of Wotan cf. Ninck, Wodan und germanischer
Schicksalsglaube, p. 142. His horse is also described as, among other things,
three-legged.

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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

herd, possessed with the boyish spirit of adventure, is reckless
and inquisitive enough to climb the world-tree. Had he fallen
and broken his neck, no doubt everybody would have said,
"What evil spirit could have given him the crazy idea of climb-
ing up an enormous tree like that!" Nor would they have been
altogether wrong, for that is precisely what the evil spirit was
after. The capture of Princess A was a transgression in the
profane world, and the bewitching of the as we may suppose
semidivine brother-sister pair was just such an enormity in the
magical world. We do not know, but it is possible, that this
heinous crime was committed before the bewitching of Princess
A. At any rate, both episodes point to a transgression of the
evil spirit in the magical world as well as in the profane.

44 8 It is assuredly not without a deeper meaning that the rescuer
or redeemer should be a swineherd, like the Prodigal Son. He
is of lowly origin and has this much in common with the
curious conception of the redeemer in alchemy. His first liberat-
ing act is to deliver the evil spirit from the divine punishment
meted out to him. It is from this act, representing the first stage
of the lysis, that the whole dramatic tangle develops.

449 7. The moral of this story is in truth exceedingly odd. The
finale satisfies in so far as the swineherd and Princess A are
married and become the royal pair. Prince and Princess B like-
wise celebrate their wedding, but this in accordance with the
archaic prerogative of kings takes the form of incest, which,
though somewhat repellent, must be regarded as more or less
habitual in semidivine circles. 64 But what, we may ask, happens
to the evil spirit, whose rescue from condign punishment sets
the whole thing in motion? The wicked hunter is trampled to
pieces by the horses, which presumably does no lasting damage
to a spirit. Apparently he vanishes without trace, but only
apparently, for he does after all leave a trace behind him,
namely a hard-won happiness in both the profane and the
magical world. Two halves of the quaternity, represented on
one side by the swineherd and Princess A and on the other by

64 The assumption that they are a brother-sister pair is supported by the fact that
the stallion addresses the mare as "sister." This may be just a figure of speech;
on the other hand sister means sister, whether we take it figuratively or non-
figuratively. Moreover, incest plays a significant part in mythology as well as in
alchemy.

249

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

Prince and Princess B, have each come together and united:
two marriage-pairs now confront one another, parallel but
otherwise divided, inasmuch as the one pair belongs to the
profane and the other to the magical world. But in spite of this
indubitable division, secret psychological connections, as we
have seen, exist between them which allow us to derive the one
pair from the other.

45 Speaking in the spirit of the fairytale, which unfolds its
drama from the highest point, one would have to say that the
world of half-gods is anterior to the profane world and pro-
duces it out of itself, just as the world of half-gods must be
thought of as proceeding from the world of gods. Conceived in
this way, the swineherd and Princess A are nothing less than
earthly simulacra of Prince and Princess B, who in their turn
would be the descendants of divine prototypes. Nor should we
forget that the horse-breeding witch belongs to the hunter as
his female counterpart, rather like an ancient Epona (the Celtic
goddess of horses). Unfortunately we are not told how the magi-
cal conjuration into horses happened. But it is evident that the
witch had a hand in the game because both the horses were
raised from her stock and are thus, in a sense, her productions.
Hunter and witch form a pair the reflection, in the nocturnal-
chthonic part of the magical world, of a divine parental pair.
The latter is easily recognized in the central Christian idea of
sponsus et sponsa, Christ and his bride, the Church.

45 1 If we wanted to explain the fairytale personalistically, the
attempt would founder on the fact that archetypes are not
whimsical inventions but autonomous elements of the uncon-
scious psyche which were there before any invention was
thought of. They represent the unalterable structure of a psy-
chic world whose "reality" is attested by the determining effects
it has upon the conscious mind. Thus, it is a significant psychic
reality that the human pair 65 is matched by another pair in the
unconscious, the latter pair being only in appearance a reflec-
tion of the first. In reality the royal pair invariably comes first,
as an a priori, so that the human pair has far more the sig-
nificance of an individual concretization, in space and time, of

65 Human in so far as the anima is replaced by a human person.

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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

an eternal and primordial image at least in its mental struc-
ture, which is imprinted upon the biological continuum.

452 We could say, then, that the swineherd stands for the "ani-
mal" man who has a soul-mate somewhere in the upper world.
By her royal birth she betrays her connection with the pre-
existent, semidivine pair. Looked at from this angle, the latter
stands for everything a man can become if only he climbs high
enough up the world-tree. 66 For to the degree that the young
swineherd gains possession of the patrician, feminine half of
himself, he approximates to the pair of half-gods and lifts him-
self into the sphere of royalty, which means universal validity.
We come across the same theme in Christian Rosencreutz's
Chymical Wedding, where the king's son must first free his
bride from the power of a Moor, to whom she has voluntarily
given herself as a concubine. The Moor represents the alchemi-
cal nigredo in which the arcane substance lies hidden, an idea
that forms yet another parallel to our mythologem, or, as we
would say in psychological language, another variant of this
archetype.

453 As in alchemy, our fairytale describes the unconscious proc-
esses that compensate the conscious, Christian situation. It de-
picts the workings of a spirit who carries our Christian thinking
beyond the boundaries set by ecclesiastical concepts, seeking an
answer to questions which neither the Middle Ages nor the
present day have been able to solve. It is not difficult to see in
the image of the second royal pair a correspondence to the
ecclesiastical conception of bridegroom and bride, and in that
of the hunter and witch a distortion of it, veering towards an
atavistic, unconscious Wotanism. The fact that it is a German
fairytale makes the position particularly interesting, since this
same Wotanism was the psychological godfather of National
Socialism, a phenomenon which carried the distortion to the
lowest pitch before the eyes of the world. 67 On the other hand,
the fairytale makes it clear that it is possible for a man to attain
totality, to become whole, only with the co-operation of the
spirit of darkness, indeed that the latter is actually a causa

66 The great tree corresponds to the arbor philosophica of the alchemists. The
meeting between an earthly human being and the anima, swimming down in the
shape of a mermaid, is to be found in the so-called "Ripley Scrowle." Cf. Psy-
chology and Alchemy, fig. 257. 67 Cf. my "Wotan."

251

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

instrumentalis of redemption and individuation. In utter per-
version of this goal of spiritual development, to which all nature
aspires and which is also prefigured in Christian doctrine, Na-
tional Socialism destroyed man's moral autonomy and set up
the nonsensical totalitarianism of the State. The fairytale tells
us how to proceed if we want to overcome the power of dark-
ness: we must turn his own weapons against him, which natu-
rally cannot be done if the magical underworld of the hunter
remains unconscious, and if the best men in the nation would
rather preach dogmatisms and platitudes than take the human
psyche seriously.

VI. CONCLUSION

454 When we consider the spirit in its archetypal form as it
appears to us in fairytales and dreams, it presents a picture that
differs strangely from the conscious idea of spirit, which is split
up into so many meanings. Spirit was originally a spirit in hu-
man or animal form, a daimonion that came upon man from
without. But our material already shows traces of an expansion
of consciousness which has gradually begun to occupy that orig-
inally unconscious territory and to transform those daimonia,
at least partially, into voluntary acts. Man conquers not only
nature, but spirit also, without realizing what he is doing. To
the man of enlightened intellect it seems like the correction of
a fallacy when he recognizes that what he took to be spirits is
simply the human spirit and ultimately his own spirit. All the
superhuman things, whether good or bad, that former ages
predicated of the daimonia, are reduced to ''reasonable" pro-
portions as though they were pure exaggeration, and everything
seems to be in the best possible order. But were the unanimous
convictions of the past really and truly only exaggerations? If
they were not, then the integration of the spirit means nothing
less than its demonization, since the superhuman spiritual agen-
cies that were formerly tied up in nature are introjected into
human nature, thus endowing it with a power which extends
the bounds of the personality ad infinitum, in the most perilous
way. I put it to the enlightened rationalist: has his rational

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THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN FAIRYTALES

reduction led to the beneficial control of matter and spirit? He
will point proudly to the advances in physics and medicine, to
the freeing of the mind from medieval stupidity and as a well-
meaning Christian to our deliverance from the fear of demons.
But we continue to ask: what have all our other cultural
achievements led to? The fearful answer is there before our
eyes: man has been delivered from no fear, a hideous night-
mare lies upon the world. So far reason has failed lamentably,
and the very thing that everybody wanted to avoid rolls on in
ghastly progression. Man has achieved a wealth of useful gadg-
ets, but, to offset that, he has torn open the abyss, and what will
become of him now where can he make a halt? After the last
World War we hoped for reason: we go on hoping. But already
we are fascinated by the possibilities of atomic fission and prom-
ise ourselves a Golden Age the surest guarantee that the abomi-
nation of desolation will grow to limitless dimensions. And
who or what is it that causes all this? It is none other than that
harmless (!), ingenious, inventive, and sweetly reasonable hu-
man spirit who unfortunately is abysmally unconscious of the
demonism that still clings to him. Worse, this spirit does every-
thing to avoid looking himself in the face, and we all help him
like mad. Only, heaven preserve us from psychology that de-
pravity might lead to self-knowledge! Rather let us have wars,
for which somebody else is always to blame, nobody seeing that
all the world is driven to do just what all the world flees from
in terror.
455 It seems to me, frankly, that former ages did not exaggerate,
that the spirit has not sloughed off its demonisms, and that
mankind, because of its scientific and technological develop-
ment, has in increasing measure delivered itself over to the
danger of possession. True, the archetype of the spirit is capable
of working for good as well as for evil, but it depends upon
man's free i.e., conscious decision whether the good also will
be perverted into something satanic. Man's worst sin is uncon-
sciousness, but it is indulged in with the greatest piety even by
those who should serve mankind as teachers and examples.
When shall we stop taking man for granted in this barbarous
manner and in all seriousness seek ways and means to exorcize
him, to rescue him from possession and unconsciousness, and

253

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

make this the most vital task of civilization? Can we not under-
stand that all the outward tinkerings and improvements do not
touch man's inner nature, and that everything ultimately de-
pends upon whether the man who wields the science and the
technics is capable of responsibility or not? Christianity has
shown us the way, but, as the facts bear witness, it has not
penetrated deeply enough below the surface. What depths of
despair are still needed to open the eyes of the world's re-
sponsible leaders, so that at least they can refrain from leading
themselves into temptation?

254

ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE
TRICKSTER-FIGURE 1

45 6 It is no light task for me to write about the figure of the
trickster in American Indian mythology within the confined
space of a commentary. When I first came across Adolf Ban-
delier's classic on this subject, The Delight Makers, many years
ago, I was struck by the European analogy of the carnival in the
medieval Church, with its reversal of the hierarchic order,
which is still continued in the carnivals held by student societies
today. Something of this contradictoriness also inheres in the
medieval description of the devil as simia del (the ape of
God), and in his characterization in folklore as the "simpleton"
who is "fooled" or "cheated." A curious combination of typical
trickster motifs can be found in the alchemical figure of Mer-
curius; for instance, his fondness for sly jokes and malicious
pranks, his powers as a shape-shifter, his dual nature, half ani-
mal, half divine, his exposure to all kinds of tortures, and
last but not least his approximation to the figure of a saviour.
These qualities make Mercurius seem like a daemonic being
resurrected from primitive times, older even than the Greek
Hermes. His rogueries relate him in some measure to various
figures met with in folklore and universally known in fairytales:
Tom Thumb, Stupid Hans, or the buffoon-like Hanswurst,
who is an altogether negative hero and yet manages to achieve
through his stupidity what others fail to accomplish with their
best efforts. In Grimm's fairytale, the "Spirit Mercurius" lets
himself be outwitted by a peasant lad, and then has to buy his
freedom with the precious gift of healing.

1 [Originally published as part 5 of Der gottliche Schelm, by Paul Radin, with
commentaries by C. G. Jung and Karl Kerenyi (Zurich, 1954). The present trans-
lation then appeared in the English version of the volume: The Trickster: A
Study in American Indian Mythology (London and New York, 1956); it is repub-
lished here with only minor revisions Editors.]

255

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

457 Since all mythical figures correspond to inner psychic experi-
ences and originally sprang from them, it is not surprising to
find certain phenomena in the field of parapsychology which
remind us of the trickster. These are the phenomena connected
with poltergeists, and they occur at all times and places in the
ambience of pre-adolescent children. The malicious tricks
played by the poltergeist are as well known as the low level of
his intelligence and the fatuity of his "communications." Ability
to change his shape seems also to be one of his characteristics, as
there are not a few reports of his appearance in animal form.
Since he has on occasion described himself as a soul in hell, the
motif of subjective suffering would seem not to be lacking
either. His universality is co-extensive, so to speak, with that of
shamanism, to which, as we know, the whole phenomenology of
spiritualism belongs. There is something of the trickster in the
character of the shaman and medicine-man, for he, too, often
plays malicious jokes on people, only to fall victim in his turn
to the vengeance of those whom he has injured. For this reason,
his profession sometimes puts him in peril of his life. Besides
that, the shamanistic techniques in themselves often cause the
medicine-man a good deal of discomfort, if not actual pain. At
all events the "making of a medicine-man" involves, in many
parts of the world, so much agony of body and soul that perma-
nent psychic injuries may result. His "approximation to the
saviour" is an obvious consequence of this, in confirmation of
the mythological truth that the wounded wounder is the agent
of healing, and that the sufferer takes away suffering.

45 8 These mythological features extend even to the highest
regions of man's spiritual development. If we consider, for
example, the daemonic features exhibited by Yahweh in the
Old Testament, we shall find in them not a few reminders of the
unpredictable behaviour of the trickster, of his senseless orgies
of destruction and his self-imposed sufferings, together with
the same gradual development into a saviour and his simul-
taneous humanization. It is just this transformation of the
meaningless into the meaningful that reveals the trickster's
compensatory relation to the "saint." In the early Middle Ages,
this led to some strange ecclesiastical customs based on memo-
ries of the ancient saturnalia. Mostly they were celebrated on
the days immediately following the birth of Christ that is, in

256

ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE TRICKSTER-FIGURE

the New Year with singing and dancing. The dances were the
originally harmless tripudia of the priests, lower clergy, chil-
dren, and subdeacons and took place in church. An episcopus
puerorum (children's bishop) was elected on Innocents' Day and
dressed in pontifical robes. Amid uproarious rejoicings he paid
an official visit to the palace of the archbishop and bestowed
the episcopal blessing from one of the windows. The same thing
happened at the tripudium hypodiaconorum, and at the dances
for other priestly grades. By the end of the twelfth century, the
subdeacons' dance had degenerated into a real festum stul-
torum (fools' feast). A report from the year 1198 says that at
the Feast of the Circumcision in Notre Dame, Paris, "so many
abominations and shameful deeds" were committed that the
holy place was desecrated "not only by smutty jokes, but even
by the shedding of blood." In vain did Pope Innocent III in-
veigh against the "jests and madness that make the clergy a
mockery," and the "shameless frenzy of their play-acting."
Two hundred and fifty years later (March 12, 1444), a letter from
the Theological Faculty of Paris to all the French bishops was
still fulminating against these festivals, at which "even the
priests and clerics elected an archbishop or a bishop or pope,
and named him the Fools' Pope" (fatuorum papam). "In the
very midst of divine service masqueraders with grotesque faces,
disguised as women, lions, and mummers, performed their
dances, sang indecent songs in the choir, ate their greasy food
from a corner of the altar near the priest celebrating mass, got
out their games of dice, burned a stinking incense made of old
shoe leather, and ran and hopped about all over the church." 2
459 It is not surprising that this veritable witches' sabbath was
uncommonly popular, and that it required considerable time
and effort to free the Church from this pagan heritage. 3

2Du Cange, Glossarium, s.v. Kalendae, p. 1666. Here there is a note to the effect
that the French title "sou-diacres" means literally 'saturi diaconi' or 'diacres saouls*
(drunken deacons).

3 These customs seem to be directly modelled on the pagan feast known as
"Cervula" or "Cervulus." It took place on the kalends of January and was a kind
of New Year's festival, at which people exchanged strenae (eHrennes, 'gifts'), dressed
up as animals or old women, and danced through the streets singing, to the
applause of the populace. According to Du Cange (s.v. cervulus), sacrilegious
songs were sung. This happened even in the immediate vicinity of St. Peter's in
Rome.

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THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

460 In certain localities even the priests seem to have adhered to
the "libertas decembrica," as the Fools' Holiday was called, in
spite (or perhaps because?) of the fact that the older level of
consciousness could let itself rip on this happy occasion with all
the wildness, wantonness, and irresponsibility of paganism. 4
These ceremonies, which still reveal the spirit of the trickster in
his original form, seem to have died out by the beginning of the
sixteenth century. At any rate, the various conciliar decrees
issued from 1581 to 1585 forbade only the festum puerorum
and the election of an episcopus puerorum.

4 61 Finally, we must also mention in this connection the festum
asinorum, which, so far as I know, was celebrated mainly in
France. Although considered a harmless festival in memory of
Mary's flight into Egypt, it was celebrated in a somewhat curious
manner which might easily have given rise to misunderstand-
ings. In Beauvais, the ass procession went right into the church. 5
At the conclusion of each part (Introit, Kyrie, Gloria, etc.) of
the high mass that followed, the whole congregation brayed,
that is, they all went "Y-a" like a donkey ("hac modulatione
hinham concludebantur"). A codex dating apparently from the
eleventh century says: "At the end of the mass, instead of the
words 'Ite missa est,' the priest shall bray three times (ter hin-
hamabit), and instead of the words 'Deo gratias,' the congrega-
tion shall answer 'Y-a' (hinham) three times,"

462 Du Cange cites a hymn from this festival:

Orientis partibus
Adventavit Asinus
Pulcher et fortissimus
Sarcinis aptissimus.

Each verse was followed by the French refrain:

4 Part of the festum fatuorum in many places was the still unexplained ball-
game played by the priests and captained by the bishop or archbishop, "ut etiam
sese ad lusum pilae demittent" (that they also may indulge in the game of pelota).
Pila or pelota is the ball which the players throw to one another. See Du Cange,
s.v. Kalendae and pelota.

5 "Puella, quae cum asino a parte Evangelii prope altare collocabatur" (the girl
who stationed herself with the ass at the side of the altar where the gospel is
read). Du Cange, s.v. festum asinorum.

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ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE TRICKSTER-FIGURE

Hez, Sire Asnes, car chantez
Belle bouche rechignez
Vous aurez du foin assez
Et de l'avoine a plantez.

The hymn had nine verses, the last of which was:

Amen, dicas, Asine (hie genuflectebatur)
Jam satur de gramine.
Amen, amen, itera
Aspernare vetera. 6

463 Du Cange says that the more ridiculous this rite seemed, the
greater the enthusiasm with which it was celebrated. In other
places the ass was decked with a golden canopy whose corners
were held "by distinguished canons"; the others present had to
"don suitably festive garments, as at Christmas." Since there
were certain tendencies to bring the ass into symbolic relation-
ship with Christ, and since, from ancient times, the god of the
Jews was vulgarly conceived to be an ass a prejudice which
extended to Christ himself, 7 as is shown by the mock cruci-
fixion scratched on the wall of the Imperial Cadet School on
the Palatine 8 the danger of theriomorphism lay uncomfortably
close. Even the bishops could do nothing to stamp out this cus-
tom, until finally it had to be suppressed by the "auctoritas
supremi Senatus." The suspicion of blasphemy becomes quite

6 Caetera instead of vetera} [Trans, by A. S. B. Glover:

From the furthest Eastern clime
Came the Ass in olden time,
Comely, sturdy for the road,
Fit to bear a heavy load.

Sing then loudly, master Ass,
Let the tempting titbit pass:
You shall have no lack of hay
And of oats find good supply.

Say Amen, Amen, good ass, (here a

genuflection is made)
Now you've had your fill of grass;
Ancient paths are left behind:
Sing Amen with gladsome mind.]

7 Cf. also Tertullian, Apologeticus adversus gentes, XVI.

8 [Reproduced in Symbols of Transformation, pi. XLIII. Editors.]

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THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

open in Nietzsche's "Ass Festival," which is a deliberately blas-
phemous parody of the mass. 9

464 These medieval customs demonstrate the role of the trickster
to perfection, and, when they vanished from the precincts of
the Church, they appeared again on the profane level of Italian
theatricals, as those comic types who, often adorned with enor-
mous ithyphallic emblems, entertained the far from prudish
public with ribaldries in true Rabelaisian style. Callot's engrav-
ings have preserved these classical figures for posterity the
Pulcinellas, Cucorognas, Chico Sgarras, and the like. 10

4 6 5 In picaresque tales, in carnivals and revels, in magic rites
of healing, in man's religious fears and exaltations, this phan-
tom of the trickster haunts the mythology of all ages, sometimes
in quite unmistakable form, sometimes in strangely modulated
guise. 11 He is obviously a "psychologem," an archetypal psychic
structure of extreme antiquity. In his clearest manifestations he
is a faithful reflection of an absolutely undifferentiated human
consciousness, corresponding to a psyche that has hardly left the
animal level. That this is how the trickster figure originated
can hardly be contested if we look at it from the causal and
historical angle. In psychology as in biology we cannot afford to
overlook or underestimate this question of origins, although the
answer usually tells us nothing about the functional meaning.
For this reason biology should never forget the question of pur-
pose, for only by answering that can we get at the meaning of a
phenomenon. Even in pathology, where we are concerned with
lesions which have no meaning in themselves, the exclusively
causal approach proves to be inadequate, since there are a num-
ber of pathological phenomena which only give up their mean-
ing when we inquire into their purpose. And where we are
concerned with the normal phenomena of life, this question of
purpose takes undisputed precedence.

9 Thus Spake Zarathustra, Part. IV, ch. LXXVIII.

10 I am thinking here of the series called "Balli di Sfessania." The name is prob-
ably a reference to the Etrurian town of Fescennia, which was famous for its lewd
songs. Hence "Fescennina licentia" in Horace, Fescenninus being the equivalent of

11 Cf. the article "Daily Paper Pantheon," by A. McGlashan, in The Lancet (1953),
p. 238, pointing out that the figures in comic-strips have remarkable archetypal
analogies.

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ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE TRICKSTER-FIGURE

466 When, therefore, a primitive or barbarous consciousness
forms a picture of itself on a much earlier level of development
and continues to do so for hundreds or even thousands of years,
undeterred by the contamination of its archaic qualities with
differentiated, highly developed mental products, then the
causal explanation is that the older the archaic qualities are, the
more conservative and pertinacious is their behaviour. One
simply cannot shake off the memory-image of things as they
were, and drags it along like a senseless appendage.

467 This explanation, which is facile enough to satisfy the ra-
tionalistic requirements of our age, would certainly not meet
with the approval of the Winnebagos, the nearest possessors of
the trickster cycle. For them the myth is not in any sense a
remnant it is far too amusing for that, and an object of un-
divided enjoyment. For them it still "functions," provided that
they have not been spoiled by civilization. For them there is no
earthly reason to theorize about the meaning and purpose of
myths, just as the Christmas-tree seems no problem at all to the
naive European. For the thoughtful observer, however, both
trickster and Christmas-tree afford reason enough for reflection.
Naturally it depends very much on the mentality of the ob-
server what he thinks about these things. Considering the crude
primitivity of the trickster cycle, it would not be surprising if
one saw in this myth simply the reflection of an earlier, rudi-
mentary stage of consciousness, which is what the trickster ob-
viously seems to be. 12

468 The only question that would need answering is whether
such personified reflections exist at all in empirical psychology.
As a matter of fact they do, and these experiences of split or
double personality actually form the core of the earliest psy-
chopathological investigations. The peculiar thing about these
dissociations is that the split-off personality is not just a random
one, but stands in a complementary or compensatory relation-
ship to the ego-personality. It is a personification of traits of

12 Earlier stages of consciousness seem to leave perceptible traces behind them.
For instance, the chakras of the Tantric system correspond by and large to the
regions where consciousness was earlier localized, anahata corresponding to the
breast region, manipura to the abdominal region, svadhistana to the bladder
region, and visuddha to the larynx and the speech-consciousness of modern man.
Cf. Avalon, The Serpent Power.

26l

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

character which are sometimes worse and sometimes better than
those the ego-personality possesses. A collective personification
like the trickster is the product of an aggregate of individuals
and is welcomed by each individual as something known to him,
which would not be the case if it were just an individual out-
growth.

469 Now if the myth were nothing but an historical remnant,
one would have to ask why it has not long since vanished into
the great rubbish-heap of the past, and why it continues to make
its influence felt on the highest levels of civilization, even where,
on account of his stupidity and grotesque scurrility, the trickster
no longer plays the role of a "delight-maker." In many cultures
his figure seems like an old river-bed in which the water still
flows. One can see this best of all from the fact that the trickster
motif does not crop up only in its mythical form but appears just
as naively and au thentically in the unsuspecting modern man-
whenever, in fact, he feels himself at the mercy of annoying
"accidents" which thwart his will and his actions with appar-
ently malicious intent. He then speaks of "hoodoos" and
"jinxes" or of the "mischievousness of the object." Here the
trickster is represented by counter-tendencies in the uncon-
scious, and in certain cases by a sort of second personality, of a
puerile and inferior character, not unlike the personalities who
announce themselves at spiritualistic seances and cause all those
ineffably childish phenomena so typical of poltergeists. I have,
I think, found a suitable designation for this character-com-
ponent when I called it the shadow. 13 On the civilized level, it
is regarded as a personal "gaffe," "slip," "faux pas," etc., which
are then chalked up as defects of the conscious personality. We
are no longer aware that in carnival customs and the like there
are remnants of a collective shadow figure which prove that the
personal shadow is in part descended from a numinous collec-
tive figure. This collective figure gradually breaks up under the
impact of civilization, leaving traces in folklore which are diffi-
cult to recognize. But the main part of him gets personalized
and is made an object of personal responsibility.

47 Radin's trickster cycle preserves the shadow in its pristine
mythological form, and thus points back to a very much earlier

13 The same idea can be found in the Church Father Irenaeus, who calls it the
"umbra." Adversus haereses, I, ii, 1.

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ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE TRICKSTER-FIGURE

stage of consciousness which existed before the birth of the
myth, when the Indian was still groping about in a similar men-
tal darkness. Only when his consciousness reached a higher level
could he detach the earlier state from himself and objectify it,
that is, say anything about it. So long as his consciousness was
itself trickster-like, such a confrontation could obviously not
take place. It was possible only when the attainment of a newer
and higher level of consciousness enabled him to look back on
a lower and inferior state. It was only to be expected that a good
deal of mockery and contempt should mingle with this retro-
spect, thus casting an even thicker pall over man's memories of
the past, which were pretty unedifying anyway. This phenome-
non must have repeated itself innumerable times in the history
of his mental development. The sovereign contempt with
which our modern age looks back on the taste and intelligence
of earlier centuries is a classic example of this, and there is an
unmistakable allusion to the same phenomenon in the New
Testament, where we are told in Acts 17:30 that God looked
down from above (virepMv, despiciens) on the xp vol rrjs dyvotas,
the times of ignorance (or unconsciousness).

47 1 This attitude contrasts strangely with the still commoner
and more striking idealization of the past, which is praised not
merely as the "good old days" but as the Golden Age and not
just by uneducated and superstitious people, but by all those
legions of theosophical enthusiasts who resolutely believe in
the former existence and lofty civilization of Atlantis.

472 Anyone who belongs to a sphere of culture that seeks the
perfect state somewhere in the past must feel very queerly in-
deed when confronted by the figure of the trickster. He is a
forerunner of the saviour, and, like him, God, man, and animal
at once. He is both subhuman and superhuman, a bestial and
divine being, whose chief and most alarming characteristic is
his unconsciousness. Because of it he is deserted by his (evi-
dently human) companions, which seems to indicate that he has
fallen below their level of consciousness. He is so unconscious
of himself that his body is not a unity, and his two hands fight
each other. He takes his anus off and entrusts it with a special
task. Even his sex is optional despite its phallic qualities: he
can turn himself into a woman and bear children. From his
penis he makes all kinds of useful plants. This is a reference to

263

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

his original nature as a Creator, for the world is made from the
body of a god.

473 On the other hand he is in many respects stupider than the
animals, and gets into one ridiculous scrape after another. Al-
though he is not really evil, he does the most atrocious things
from sheer unconsciousness and unrelatedness. His imprison-
ment in animal unconsciousness is suggested by the episode
where he gets his head caught inside the skull of an elk, and the
next episode shows how he overcomes this condition by im-
prisoning the head of a hawk inside his own rectum. True, he
sinks back into the former condition immediately afterwards,
by falling under the ice, and is outwitted time after time by the
animals, but in the end he succeeds in tricking the cunning
coyote, and this brings back to him his saviour nature. The
trickster is a primitive "cosmic" being of divine-animal nature,
on the one hand superior to man because of his superhuman
qualities, and on the other hand inferior to him because of his
unreason and unconsciousness. He is no match for the animals
either, because of his extraordinary clumsiness and lack of in-
stinct. These defects are the marks of his human nature, which
is not so well adapted to the environment as the animal's but,
instead, has prospects of a much higher development of con-
sciousness based on a considerable eagerness to learn, as is duly
emphasized in the myth.

474 What the repeated telling of the myth signifies is the thera-
peutic anamnesis of contents which, for reasons still to be dis-
cussed, should never be forgotten for long. If they were nothing
but the remnants of an inferior state it would be understandable
if man turned his attention away from them, feeling that their
reappearance was a nuisance. This is evidently by no means the
case, since the trickster has been a source of amusement right
down to civilized times, where he can still be recognized in the
carnival figures of Pulcinella and the clown. That is one im-
portant reason for his still continuing to function. But it is
not the only one, and certainly not the reason why this reflec-
tion of an extremely primitive state of consciousness solidified
into a mythological personage. Mere vestiges of an early state
that is dying out usually lose their energy at an increasing rate,
otherwise they would never disappear. The last thing we would
expect is that they would have the strength to solidify into a

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ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE TRICKSTER-FIGURE

mythological figure with its own cycle of legends unless, of
course, they received energy from outside, in this case from a
higher level of consciousness or from sources in the uncon-
scious which are not yet exhausted. To take a legitimate parallel
from the psychology of the individual, namely the appearance
of an impressive shadow figure antagonistically confronting a
personal consciousness: this figure does not appear merely be-
cause it still exists in the individual, but because it rests on a
dynamism whose existence can only be explained in terms of his
actual situation, for instance because the shadow is so disagree-
able to his ego-consciousness that it has to be repressed into the
unconscious. This explanation does not quite meet the case
here, because the trickster obviously represents a vanishing level
of consciousness which increasingly lacks the power to take
express and assert itself. Furthermore, repression would prevent
it from vanishing, because repressed contents are the very ones
that have the best chance of survival, as we know from experi-
ence that nothing is corrected in the unconscious. Lastly,
the story of the trickster is not in the least disagreeable to the
Winnebago consciousness or incompatible with it but, on the
contrary, pleasurable and therefore not conducive to repres-
sion. It looks, therefore, as if the myth were actively sustained
and fostered by consciousness. This may well be so, since that
is the best and most successful method of keeping the shadow
figure conscious and subjecting it to conscious criticism. Al-
though, to begin with, this criticism has more the character of a
positive evaluation, we may expect that with the progressive
development of consciousness the cruder aspects of the myth
will gradually fall away, even if the danger of its rapid disap-
pearance under the stress of white civilization did not exist. We
have often seen how certain customs, originally cruel or obscene,
became mere vestiges in the course of time. 14
475 The process of rendering this motif harmless takes an ex-
tremely long time, as its history shows; one can still detect
traces of it even at a high level of civilization. Its longevity
could also be explained by the strength and vitality of the state
of consciousness described in the myth, and by the secret attrac-

14 For instance, the ducking of the "Ueli" (from Udalricus Ulrich, yokel, oaf,
fool) in Basel during the second half of January was, if I remember correctly,
forbidden by the police in the 1860's, after one of the victims died of pneumonia.

265

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

tion and fascination this has for the conscious mind. Although
purely causal hypotheses in the biological sphere are not as a
rule very satisfactory, due weight must nevertheless be given to
the fact that in the case of the trickster a higher level of con-
sciousness has covered up a lower one, and that the latter was
already in retreat. His recollection, however, is mainly due to
the interest which the conscious mind brings to bear on him,
the inevitable concomitant being, as we have seen, the gradual
civilizing, i.e., assimilation, of a primitive daemonic figure who
was originally autonomous and even capable of causing posses-
sion.

47 6 To supplement the causal approach by a final one therefore
enables us to arrive at more meaningful interpretations not
only in medical psychology, where we are concerned with in-
dividual fantasies originating in the unconscious, but also in the
case of collective fantasies, that is myths and fairytales.

477 As Radin points out, the civilizing process begins within the
framework of the trickster cycle itself, and this is a clear indica-
tion that the original state has been overcome. At any rate the
marks of deepest unconsciousness fall away from him; instead of
acting in a brutal, savage, stupid, and senseless fashion, the trick-
ster's behaviour towards the end of the cycle becomes quite use-
ful and sensible. The devaluation of his earlier unconsciousness
is apparent even in the myth, and one wonders what has hap-
pened to his evil qualities. The naive reader may imagine
that when the dark aspects disappear they are no longer there
in reality. But that is not the case at all, as experience shows.
What actually happens is that the conscious mind is then able
to free itself from the fascination of evil and is no longer
obliged to live it compulsively. The darkness and the evil have
not gone up in smoke, they have merely withdrawn into the
unconscious owing to loss of energy, where they remain uncon-
scious so long as all is well with the conscious. But if the con-
scious should find itself in a critical or doubtful situation, then
it soon becomes apparent that the shadow has not dissolved into
nothing but is only waiting for a favourable opportunity to
reappear as a projection upon one's neighbour. If this trick is
successful, there is immediately created between them that
world of primordial darkness where everything that is character-
istic of the trickster can happen even on the highest plane of

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ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE TRICKSTER-FIGURE

civilization. The best examples of these "monkey tricks," as
popular speech aptly and truthfully sums up this state of affairs
in which everything goes wrong and nothing intelligent hap-
pens except by mistake at the last moment, are naturally to be
found in politics.

47 8 The so-called civilized man has forgotten the trickster. He
remembers him only figuratively and metaphorically, when,
irritated by his own ineptitude, he speaks of fate playing tricks
on him or of things being bewitched. He never suspects that
his own hidden and apparently harmless shadow has qualities
whose dangerousness exceeds his wildest dreams. As soon as
people get together in masses and submerge the individual, the
shadow is mobilized, and, as history shows, may even be per-
sonified and incarnated.

479 The disastrous idea that everything comes to the human psy-
che from outside and that it is born a tabula rasa is responsible
for the erroneous belief that under normal circumstances the in-
dividual is in perfect order. He then looks to the State for salva-
tion, and makes society pay for his inefficiency. He thinks the
meaning of existence would be discovered if food and clothing
were delivered to him gratis on his own doorstep, or if every-
body possessed an automobile. Such are the puerilities that rise
up in place of an unconscious shadow and keep it unconscious.
As a result of these prejudices, the individual feels totally de-
pendent on his environment and loses all capacity for introspec-
tion. In this way his code of ethics is replaced by a knowledge
of what is permitted or forbidden or ordered. How, under these
circumstances, can one expect a soldier to subject an order re-
ceived from a superior to ethical scrutiny? He has not yet made
the discovery that he might be capable of spontaneous ethical
impulses, and of performing them even when no one is look-
ing.

480 From this point of view we can see why the myth of the
trickster was preserved and developed: like many other myths,
it was supposed to have a therapeutic effect. It holds the earlier
low intellectual and moral level before the eyes of the more
highly developed individual, so that he shall not forget how
things looked yesterday. We like to imagine that something
which we do not understand does not help us in any way. But
that is not always so. Seldom does a man understand with his

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THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

head alone, least of all when he is a primitive. Because of its
numinosity the myth has a direct effect on the unconscious, no
matter whether it is understood or not. The fact that its re-
peated telling has not long since become obsolete can, I believe,
be explained by its usefulness. The explanation is rather diffi-
cult because two contrary tendencies are at work: the desire on
the one hand to get out of the earlier condition and on the
other hand not to forget it. 15 Apparently Radin has also felt this
difficulty, for he says: "Viewed psychologically, it might be con-
tended that the history of civilization is largely the account of
the attempts of man to forget his transformation from an ani-
mal into a human being." 16 A few pages further on he says (with
reference to the Golden Age): "So stubborn a refusal to forget is
not an accident." 17 And it is also no accident that we are forced
to contradict ourselves as soon as we try to formulate man's
paradoxical attitude to myth. Even the most enlightened of us
will set up a Christmas-tree for his children without having the
least idea what this custom means, and is invariably disposed to
nip any attempt at interpretation in the bud. It is really aston-
ishing to see how many so-called superstitions are rampant
nowadays in town and country alike, but if one took hold of
the individual and asked him, loudly and clearly, "Do you be-
lieve in ghosts? in witches? in spells and magic?" he would deny
it indignantly. It is a hundred to one he has never heard of
such things and thinks it all rubbish. But in secret he is all for
it, just like a jungle-dweller. The public knows very little of
these things anyway, for everyone is convinced that in our en-
lightened society that kind of superstition has long since been
eradicated, and it is part of the general convention to act as
though one had never heard of such things, not to mention be-
lieving in them.
4 gl But nothing is ever lost, not even the blood pact with the
devil. Outwardly it is forgotten, but inwardly not at all. We act
like the natives on the southern slopes of Mount Elgon, in East
Africa, one of whom accompanied me part of the way into the
bush. At a fork in the path we came upon a brand new "ghost
trap," beautifully got up like a little hut, near the cave where

15 Not to forget something means keeping it in consciousness. If the enemy disap-
pears from my field of vision, then he may possibly be behind me and even more
dangerous. 16 Radin, The World of Primitive Man, p. 3. 17 Ibid., p. 5.

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ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE TRICKSTER-FIGURE

he lived with his family. I asked him if he had made it. He
denied it with all the signs of extreme agitation, asserting that
only children would make such a "ju-ju." Whereupon he gave
the hut a kick, and the whole thing fell to pieces.
4 g 2 This is exactly the reaction we can observe in Europe today.
Outwardly people are more or less civilized, but inwardly they
are still primitives. Something in man is profoundly disinclined
to give up his beginnings, and something else believes it has
long since got beyond all that. This contradiction was once
brought home to me in the most drastic manner when I was
watching a "Strudel" (a sort of local witch-doctor) taking the
spell off a stable. The stable was situated immediately beside
the Gotthard railway line, and several international expresses
sped past during the ceremony. Their occupants would hardly
have suspected that a primitive ritual was being performed a
few yards away.

4 8 3 The conflict between the two dimensions of consciousness is
simply an expression of the polaristic structure of the psyche,
which like any other energic system is dependent on the tension
of opposites. That is also why there are no general psychological
propositions which could not just as well be reversed; indeed,
their reversibility proves their validity. We should never forget
that in any psychological discussion we are not saying anything
about the psyche, but that the psyche is always speaking about
itself. It is no use thinking we can ever get beyond the psyche
by means of the "mind," even though the mind asserts that it is
not dependent on the psyche. How could it prove that? We can
say, if we like, that one statement comes from the psyche, is
psychic and nothing but psychic, and that another comes from
the mind, is "spiritual" and therefore superior to the psychic
one. Both are mere assertions based on the postulates of belief.

484 The fact is, that this old trichotomous hierarchy of psychic
contents (hylic, psychic, and pneumatic) represents the polar-
istic structure of the psyche, which is the only immediate object
of experience. The unity of our psychic nature lies in the
middle, just as the living unity of the waterfall appears in the
dynamic connection between above and below. Thus, the living
effect of the myth is experienced when a higher consciousness,
rejoicing in its freedom and independence, is confronted by the
autonomy of a mythological figure and yet cannot flee from its

269

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

fascination, but must pay tri bute to the overwhelming impres-
sion. The figure works, because secretly it participates in the
observer's psyche and appears as its reflection, though it is not
recognized as such. It is split off from his consciousness and
consequently behaves like an autonomous personality. The
trickster is a collective shadow figure, a summation of all the in-
ferior traits of character in individuals. And since the individual
shadow is never absent as a component of personality, the col-
lective figure can construct itself out of it continually. Not
always, of course, as a mythological figure, but, in consequence
of the increasing repression and neglect of the original mytholo-
gems, as a corresponding projection on other social groups and
nations.
4 8 5 If we take the trickster as a parallel of the individual shadow,
then the question arises whether that trend towards meaning,
which we saw in the trickster myth, can also be observed in the
subjective and personal shadow. Since this shadow frequently
appears in the phenomenology of dreams as a well-defined fig-
ure, we can answer this question positively: the shadow, al-
though by definition a negative figure, sometimes has certain
clearly discernible traits and associations which point to a quite
different background. It is as though he were hiding meaning-
ful contents under an unprepossessing exterior. Experience con-
firms this; and what is more important, the things that are
hidden usually consist of increasingly numinous figures. The
one standing closest behind the shadow is the anima, 18 who
is endowed with considerable powers of fascination and pos-
session. She often appears in rather too youthful form, and
hides in her turn the powerful archetype of the wise old man
(sage, magician, king, etc.). The series could be extended, but
it would be pointless to do so, as psychologically one only
understands what one has experienced oneself. The concepts of
complex psychology are, in essence, not intellectual formula-
is By the metaphor "standing behind the shadow" I am attempting to illustrate
the fact that, to the degree in which the shadow is recognized and integrated,
the problem of the anima, i.e., of relationship, is constellated. It is understand-
able that the encounter with the shadow should have an enduring effect on the
relations of the ego to the inside and outside world, since the integration of the
shadow brings about an alteration of personality. Cf. Aion, Part II of this vol.,
pars. 13s.

270

ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE TRICKSTER-FIGURE

tions but names for certain areas of experience, and though
they can be described they remain dead and irrepresentable to
anyone who has not experienced them. Thus, I have noticed
that people usually have not much difficulty in picturing to
themselves what is meant by the shadow, even if they would
have preferred instead a bit of Latin or Greek jargon that
sounds more "scientific." But it costs them enormous difficulties
to understand what the anima is. They accept her easily enough
when she appears in novels or as a film star, but she is not
understood at all when it comes to seeing the role she plays in
their own lives, because she sums up everything that a man can
never get the better of and never finishes coping with. There-
fore it remains in a perpetual state of emotionality which must
not be touched. The degree of unconsciousness one meets with
in this connection is, to put it mildly, astounding. Hence it is
practically impossible to get a man who is afraid of his own femi-
ninity to understand what is meant by the anima.

486 Actually, it is not surprising that this should be so, since
even the most rudimentary insight into the shadow sometimes
causes the greatest difficulties for the modern European. But
since the shadow is the figure nearest his consciousness and the
least explosive one, it is also the first component of personality
to come up in an analysis of the unconscious. A minatory and
ridiculous figure, he stands at the very beginning of the way of
individuation, posing the deceptively easy riddle of the Sphinx,
or grimly demanding answer to a "quaestio crocodilina." 19

487 If, at the end of the trickster myth, the saviour is hinted at,
this comforting premonition or hope means that some calamity
or other has happened and been consciously understood. Only
out of disaster can the longing for the saviour arise in other
words, the recognition and unavoidable integration of the
shadow create such a harrowing situation that nobody but a
saviour can undo the tangled web of fate. In the case of the in-
dividual, the problem constellated by the shadow is answered
on the plane of the anima, that is, through relatedness. In the

19 A crocodile stole a child from its mother. On being asked to give it back to
her, the crocodile replied that he would grant her wish if she could give a true
answer to his question: "Shall I give the child back?" If she answers "Yes," it is
not true, and she won't get the child back. If she answers "No," it is again not
true, so in either case the mother loses the child.

271

THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

history of the collective as in the history of the individual,
everything depends on the development of consciousness. This
gradually brings liberation from imprisonment in ayvola, 'un-
consciousness/ 20 and is therefore a bringer of light as well as of
healing.
488 As in its collective, mythological form, so also the individual
shadow contains within it the seed of an enantiodromia, of a
conversion into its opposite.

20 Neumann, The Origins and History of Consciousness, passim.

272

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Wikipedia - Decoration Day (Appalachia and Liberia) -- A living tradition of group ancestor veneration observances focused on the maintenance and decoration of cemeteries and grave markers in Appalachia, Liberia, and other areas where Appalachian people migrated

Wikipedia - Decretum Gelasianum -- Roman Catholic ecclesiastical text traditionally attributed to Pope Gelasius I

Wikipedia - Delay of game (ice hockey) -- Ice hockey rule to prevent traditional longevity

Wikipedia - Deng Xi -- Chinese philosopher and rhetorician associated with the School of Names philosophical tradition (c.546 BC-501 BC)

Wikipedia - Deposit of faith -- The body of revealed truth in the Scriptures and Tradition proposed by the Roman Catholic Church

Wikipedia - Dhammakaya tradition -- Tradition in Thai Buddhism

Wikipedia - Dhoti -- Traditional men's garment of South Asia

Wikipedia - Dick o the Cow -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Didgeridoo -- Traditional Australian musical instrument

Wikipedia - Digor (sports) -- Traditional sport in Bhutan

Wikipedia - Dinetah -- Traditional homeland of the Navajo tribe of Native Americans

Wikipedia - Dinka religion -- Traditional religion the Dinka ethnic group of South Sudan

Wikipedia - Dirndl -- Traditional dress worn in Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria and South Tyrol

Wikipedia - Dives and Lazarus (ballad) -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Divine Liturgy -- Rite practiced in Eastern Christian traditions

Wikipedia - Docang -- Indonesian traditional dish

Wikipedia - Dog king -- Scandinavian tradition

Wikipedia - Donegal fiddle tradition -- Traditional fiddle-playing method from County Donegal, Ireland

Wikipedia - Donkey Riding -- Traditional work song or sea shanty

Wikipedia - Dortmund Christmas Market -- Annual tradition in Dortmund, Germany

Wikipedia - Down by Blackwaterside -- Traditional folk songs

Wikipedia - Down in Yon Forest -- Traditional English Christmas carol

Wikipedia - Down on Me (traditional song) -- Traditional freedom song

Wikipedia - Dozo -- Members of traditional hunting fraternities of West Africa

Wikipedia - Draft:Baju Sikap -- Malay traditional clothing

Wikipedia - Draft:Edidem Efik Eburutu -- Traditional ruler of the Efik people

Wikipedia - Draft:Ghazal Parti -- Malay traditional musical performance

Wikipedia - Draft:Igwe Oranu Chidume -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Draft:Media Jockey -- Name for person who does mix or create fusion of communication by collaborating and mixing different traditional communications methods or platform to reach an audience

Wikipedia - Draft:Modern Slavery in Nigeria -- Traditional slave trade in southeastern Nigeria

Wikipedia - Draft:Oranu Chris Chidume -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Draft:Terinai -- Malay traditional dance

Wikipedia - Dragon kiln -- Traditional Chinese form of long sloped kiln

Wikipedia - Dried persimmon -- Traditional dried fruit

Wikipedia - Duck blood and vermicelli soup -- Traditional delicacy of Nanjing, China

Wikipedia - Dugall Quin -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Dumdyam -- Traditional woman's costume of the Lepcha people

Wikipedia - Dumpra -- A traditional dress of Lepcha men

Wikipedia - Dzogchen Monastery -- major monastery of the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism

Wikipedia - Dzogchen -- tradition of teachings in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism

Wikipedia - Earl Brand -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Earl Crawford -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Earl Rothes -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Eastern Christianity -- Christian traditions originating from Greek- and Syriac-speaking populations

Wikipedia - East Midlands English -- Traditional form of the English language

Wikipedia - Ecstasy (philosophy) -- Term used in philosophy with different meanings in different traditions

Wikipedia - Edinburgh rock -- Traditional Scottish confection

Wikipedia - Edom o Gordon -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Edward (ballad) -- Traditional murder ballad

Wikipedia - Egg coffee -- Vietnamese drink which is traditionally prepared with egg yolks, sugar, condensed milk, and robusta coffee

Wikipedia - Eileen Donaghy -- Irish traditional singer

Wikipedia - Elephant Walk (Texas A&M) -- Tradition at Texas A&M University

Wikipedia - Emerging market -- Country's economy that was traditionally small, but is currently expanding rapidly

Wikipedia - Emma Dupree -- American herbalist and traditional healer

Wikipedia - Emmanuel Noi Omaboe -- Ghanaian economist and traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Empadao -- Portuguese traditional dish

Wikipedia - Empat perkataan -- Traditional Southeast Asian poetic form

Wikipedia - Emping -- Indonesian traditional chips made of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon)

Wikipedia - English folk music -- Tradition-based music originating in England

Wikipedia - Eppie Morrie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Erejuwa II -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Erlinton -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Error has no rights -- Traditional Catholic principle

Wikipedia - Escalivada -- Spanish traditional smoky grilled vegetable dish

Wikipedia - Escudella i carn d'olla -- Spanish Catalan traditional meat and vegetable stew

Wikipedia - Ethiopian cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Ethiopia

Wikipedia - Ethiopian suit -- Traditional formal wear of the men of Ethiopia and Eritrea

Wikipedia - Eton mess -- Traditional English dessert

Wikipedia - Evangelical Anglicanism -- Tradition within Anglicanism

Wikipedia - Ewuare II -- traditional ruler of Benin, crowned in 2016

Wikipedia - Experimental pop -- Pop music that cannot be categorized within traditional musical boundaries

Wikipedia - Extended vocal technique -- Unconventional, unorthodox, or non-traditional methods of singing

Wikipedia - Faggot (food) -- Traditional dish in the UK

Wikipedia - Fair Annie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Fair Janet -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Fair Margaret and Sweet William -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Fair Mary of Wallington -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Falles -- Traditional celebration in Valencia, Spain

Wikipedia - Faloodeh -- Traditional Iranian cold dessert

Wikipedia - Faluche -- Traditional cap worn by students in France

Wikipedia - Family Tradition (Hank Williams Jr. song) -- Single by Hank Williams, Jr.

Wikipedia - Fara (Rotuman festivity) -- Traditional Rotuman cultural and social event, occurring in the summertime

Wikipedia - Farewell to Nova Scotia -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Faroese cuisine -- Traditional food of the Faroe Islands

Wikipedia - Fatanyeros -- Traditional Hungarian mixed meat barbecue dish

Wikipedia - Fause Foodrage -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Feis -- Traditional Gaelic arts and culture festival

Wikipedia - Feri Tradition

Wikipedia - Fesikh -- Traditional Egyptian fish dish fermented in salt

Wikipedia - Fierljeppen -- Traditional sport

Wikipedia - Fijian traditions and ceremonies -- Fijian tradition and ceremony

Wikipedia - Fika Emirate -- Traditional state in Nigeria

Wikipedia - Filial piety in Buddhism -- Aspect of Buddhist ethics, story-telling traditions, apologetics and history

Wikipedia - Filmjolk -- Traditional Swedish fermented milk product

Wikipedia - Finnish cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Finland

Wikipedia - Firaq partug -- Traditional women's clothing in Afghanistan

Wikipedia - First Battle of St Albans -- 15th-century battle traditionally marking the beginning of the Wars of the Roses

Wikipedia - Fish and brewis -- A traditional Newfoundland meal consisting of cod and hard bread

Wikipedia - Flyssa -- Type of traditional long knife or sword of the Kabyles

Wikipedia - Folk healer -- Unlicensed person who practices the art of healing using traditional practices, herbal remedies and even the power of suggestion

Wikipedia - Folk metal -- fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music

Wikipedia - Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition -- Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition

Wikipedia - Four harmonious animals -- Story in Buddhist traditions, especially South Asian

Wikipedia - Fox spirit -- Any of several folk traditions in East Asia describing a fox-like apparition

Wikipedia - French mother sauces -- Sauce from which other sauces are derived within the French cooking tradition

Wikipedia - Frog Went a-Courting -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Fuchun Teahouse -- Historic traditional teahouse in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

Wikipedia - Fukusuke -- Traditional porcelain dolls associated with good luck in Japan

Wikipedia - Fuling jiabing -- Traditional snack food of Beijing

Wikipedia - Full breakfast -- Traditional English breakfast

Wikipedia - Fundoshi -- Traditional Japanese men's undergarment made from a length of cotton

Wikipedia - Funeral biscuit -- Type of biscuit traditionally served at funerals in England and North America

Wikipedia - Furoshiki -- Traditional Japanese wrapping cloth

Wikipedia - Furo -- Traditional Japanese bath

Wikipedia - Fustanella -- Traditional pleated skirt-like garment worn by men of the Balkans

Wikipedia - Futon -- Traditional Japanese bedding

Wikipedia - Gabbeh -- A traditional variety of Persian carpet.

Wikipedia - Gaelic handball -- Traditional sport played primarily in Ireland

Wikipedia - Galgo -- Traditional Korean drum

Wikipedia - Galician gaita -- Traditional bagpipe of Galicia and northern Portugal

Wikipedia - Galik alphabet -- Extension to the traditional Mongolian script

Wikipedia - Gamelan -- Traditional ensemble music of Indonesia

Wikipedia - Ganesh Baba -- Yogi and teacher in the tradition of Kriya Yoga

Wikipedia - Gaper Day -- Local tradition at North American ski resorts

Wikipedia - Gardnerian Wicca -- Tradition in Wiccan religion

Wikipedia - Gariba II -- Traditional ruler of the Kingdom of Dagbon in Ghana

Wikipedia - Gat (hat) -- Traditional men's hat of Korea

Wikipedia - Gaudiya Nritya -- Bengali classical dance tradition

Wikipedia - Gayatri Mantra -- Mantra of the Vedic tradition

Wikipedia - Gazelle ankles -- Traditional Maghrebi cookie

Wikipedia - Geisha -- Traditional Japanese female entertainer and hostess

Wikipedia - Gelbwurst -- Traditional sausage from Germany

Wikipedia - Gendang beleq -- Indonesian traditional musical instrument

Wikipedia - Genetic genealogy -- The use of DNA testing in combination with traditional genealogical methods to infer relationships between individuals and find ancestors

Wikipedia - Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union -- Protected names and designations of agricultural products and foodstuffs

Wikipedia - George Spelvin -- Traditional pseudonym used in programs in American theater

Wikipedia - Georgie Porgie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - German cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Germany

Wikipedia - Geta (footwear) -- Traditional Japanese open-topped wooden shoes

Wikipedia - Get Up and Bar the Door -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Ghader Abdollahzadeh -- Kurdish traditional musician

Wikipedia - Ghagra choli -- A traditional clothing of women from Indian Subcontinent

Wikipedia - Gharara -- A traditional outfit similar to a flared skirt

Wikipedia - Ghost Festival -- Traditional Buddhist and Taoist festival

Wikipedia - Gil Brenton -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition

Wikipedia - Glasgerion -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Glasgow Peggie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Glass mosaic -- Traditional Burmese mosaic made with pieces of glass, used to embellish decorative art, structures, and furniture

Wikipedia - Glengarry -- Traditional Scots cap, worn by Highland regiments

Wikipedia - Glenlogie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Golden rule (law) -- Traditional rule of statutory interpretation in English law

Wikipedia - Gomme (food) -- Traditional Norwegian cheese preparation

Wikipedia - Great capes -- The three major capes of the traditional clipper route

Wikipedia - Great Officers of State -- Traditional ministers of the Crown in the United Kingdom

Wikipedia - Greek cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Greece

Wikipedia - Greek shipping -- Greek tradition of aquatic shipping

Wikipedia - Green Beer Day -- Traditional party at Miami University in Oxford, OH, USA

Wikipedia - Green Bushes -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Green Grow the Rushes, O -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Groundhog Day -- Traditional method of weather prediction

Wikipedia - Gude Wallace -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Guksi -- Traditional drinking cup

Wikipedia - Gulgula (doughnut) -- U.P. traditional sweet doughnut

Wikipedia - Gulyas (herdsman) -- Traditional mounted cattle-herdsman of Hungary

Wikipedia - Gurung shamanism -- The traditional shamanistic religion of the Gurung people of Nepal.

Wikipedia - Guru-shishya tradition

Wikipedia - Gwern -- Mythical character in Welsh tradition

Wikipedia - Hadith of Fatima tablet -- Tradition of Imam al-Sadiq

Wikipedia - Hadith studies -- Study of the sayings and traditions of Muhammad

Wikipedia - Hahoe Folk Village -- Traditional village

Wikipedia - Haida argillite carvings -- Indigenous art tradition of the Pacific Northwest

Wikipedia - Haik (garment) -- Traditional women's garment in Algeria

Wikipedia - Hail Mary -- Traditional Catholic prayer

Wikipedia - Hail Smiling Morn -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Hakama -- Type of traditional Japanese trousers/skirt

Wikipedia - Haka -- Traditional chanting dance or challenge of the Maori people of New Zealand

Wikipedia - Halling (dance) -- Traditional Norwegian dance

Wikipedia - Hanbok -- Traditional Korean clothing

Wikipedia - Handsel Monday -- Scotland traditional celebration

Wikipedia - Hanfu -- Traditional dress of the Han people

Wikipedia - Hangikjot -- Icelandic smoked meat dish traditional for Christmas

Wikipedia - Hans Cory -- British colonial officer of Austrian descent, with a special interest in traditional lifestyles of ethnic groups in former Tanganyika, now Tanzania

Wikipedia - Harana (elopement) -- Indian Hindu tradition

Wikipedia - Hardanger fiddle -- Traditional Norwegian stringed instrument

Wikipedia - Haredi Judaism -- Strict or traditionalist Orthodox Judaism

Wikipedia - Harem -- Women's quarters in the traditional house of a Muslim family

Wikipedia - Hariti -- Both a revered goddess and demon in some Buddhist traditions

Wikipedia - Heaven -- Divine abode in various religious traditions

Wikipedia - Hebrew Catholics -- Jews who converted to the Catholic Church and Catholics of non-Jewish origin who keep Mosaic traditions

Wikipedia - Hebrew Gospel hypothesis -- Group of theories for the synoptic problem, stating that a lost Hebrew or Aramaic gospel lies behind the canonical gospels; based upon a 2nd-century tradition from Papias of Hierapolis, that the apostle Matthew composed such a gospel

Wikipedia - Helek -- Time measurement in Jewish tradition

Wikipedia - Hellenistic Judaism -- A form of Judaism in classical antiquity that combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of Greek culture

Wikipedia - Heresy in Judaism -- Beliefs which contradict the traditional doctrines of Rabbinic Judaism

Wikipedia - Hermeticism -- Tradition based primarily upon writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus

Wikipedia - Hey, Johnnie Cope, Are Ye Waking Yet? -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Highland dress -- Traditional dress of Scotland's highlands and isles

Wikipedia - High Tory -- Traditionalist conservatism, primarily in UK

Wikipedia - Hind Etin -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Hind Horn -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Hirairi -- Japanese traditional architectural structure

Wikipedia - Historical Monthly -- Traditional Chinese journal on humanities and history

Wikipedia - Historic counties of England -- Geographical designations for areas of England, based on historical traditions

Wikipedia - Hitaikakushi -- Traditional Japanese hat

Wikipedia - Hobie Noble -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Holy tradition

Wikipedia - Homa (ritual) -- Offering made into fire in Vedic tradition

Wikipedia - Homecoming -- Tradition of welcoming back alumni of a school

Wikipedia - Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition -- 1955 book by Derrick Sherwin Bailey

Wikipedia - Homowo -- Traditional festival in Ghana

Wikipedia - Honest Labourer -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Honyaki -- Traditional Japanese forging technique

Wikipedia - Hopewell tradition -- Common aspects of Native American culture that flourished in northeastern and midwestern North America

Wikipedia - Hot cross bun -- Spiced sweet bun made with currants or raisins and marked with a cross on the top, traditionally eaten on Good Friday

Wikipedia - Htanthi Mont -- Burmese traditional food

Wikipedia - Huaiyang cuisine -- Branch of Chinese traditional cuisine native to Jiangsu province

Wikipedia - Huarache (shoe) -- Traditional sandal of Mexico

Wikipedia - Hughie Graham -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Hunan cuisine -- Branch of Chinese traditional cuisine native to Hunan province

Wikipedia - Hundreds of Norfolk -- Traditional administrative subdivision of Norfolk, England

Wikipedia - Hungarian cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Hungary

Wikipedia - Hunkpapa -- Traditional tribal grouping within the Lakota people

Wikipedia - Hunting with eagles -- Traditional form of falconry practised by the Kazakhs and the Kyrgyz

Wikipedia - Hyam Maccoby -- British historian specialising in the study of the Jewish and Christian religious tradition (1924-2004)

Wikipedia - Iblis -- Devil-like figure in Quran and Islamic tradition

Wikipedia - Ibn Bashkuwal -- Andalusian traditionalist and biographer

Wikipedia - Ibrahim Usman Jibril -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Icknield Way Morris Men -- British traditional dance troupe

Wikipedia - Ida Red -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Igbo calendar -- Traditional calendar of the Igbo

Wikipedia - Ikebana -- Traditional Japanese flower arranging

Wikipedia - Ikenwoli Godfrey Emiko -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - I Know You Rider -- Traditional blues song

Wikipedia - I'll Tell Me Ma -- 1988 traditional song performed by Van Morrison

Wikipedia - Illusionistic ceiling painting -- Artistic tradition

Wikipedia - Illusionistic tradition -- Theatrical genre originated in Italy during the mid-2nd millennium

Wikipedia - Image editing -- Processes of altering images, digital or traditional photos and add/paste/and cut words

Wikipedia - Inai (dance) -- Malay traditional dance

Wikipedia - Indianapolis 500 traditions -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - Indian cuisine -- Culinary traditions of India

Wikipedia - Indian philosophy -- Philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent

Wikipedia - Indian Red -- Traditional Mardi Gras Indians chant

Wikipedia - Infant oral mutilation -- Dangerous procedure in some traditional medicine systems

Wikipedia - Inkstick -- A type of solid ink (India ink) used traditionally in several East Asian cultures for [[calligraphy]] and brush painting

Wikipedia - Inner Traditions - Bear & Company -- American book publishing company

Wikipedia - Inner Traditions - Bear and Company

Wikipedia - Inro -- Traditional Japanese pillbox or case

Wikipedia - Insular Danish -- Traditional Danish dialects

Wikipedia - Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Philippines -- Traditions and living expressions that are passed down from generation to generation within a particular community

Wikipedia - Intangible Cultural Property (South Korea) -- Traditions and customs in Korea designated for official preservation

Wikipedia - International folk dance -- Variety of ethnic dance traditions

Wikipedia - International Traditional Karate Federation -- International governing body for Traditional Karate

Wikipedia - Intersession -- Short break or mini-term between the traditional, standard academic terms

Wikipedia - Invented tradition

Wikipedia - Irezumi -- Several forms of traditional Japanese tattooing

Wikipedia - Irish dance -- Group of traditional dance forms originating in Ireland

Wikipedia - Irish Folklore Commission -- Orhanization to study and collect information on the folklore and traditions of Ireland

Wikipedia - Irish stepdance -- Style of performance dance with its roots in traditional Irish dance

Wikipedia - Irish traditional music session -- Mostly informal gathering at which people play Irish traditional music

Wikipedia - Irish traditional music -- Genre of folk music that developed in Ireland

Wikipedia - Irish Travellers -- Traditionally nomadic people of ethnic Irish origin

Wikipedia - Isa Lei -- Traditional Fijian song.

Wikipedia - I Saw Three Ships -- Traditional and popular Christmas carol from England

Wikipedia - Islamic grammatical tradition

Wikipedia - Islamic neo-traditionalism

Wikipedia - Islamic philosophy -- Philosophy that is characterised by coming from an Islamic tradition

Wikipedia - Israeli Andalusian Orchestra -- Israeli traditional orchestra

Wikipedia - Itinerant groups in Europe -- Traditionally nomadic groups in Europe

Wikipedia - Jaapi -- Traditional conical hat of Assam, India

Wikipedia - Jack Be Nimble -- Nursery rhyme and traditional song

Wikipedia - Jack Hall (song) -- Traditional song about an English criminal

Wikipedia - Jalangkote -- Indonesian traditional dumpling of Makassarese cuisine

Wikipedia - Jamdani -- Traditional weaving art of Bengal

Wikipedia - James Hatley -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - James Smith & Sons -- Traditional umbrella shop

Wikipedia - Japanese clothing -- Japanese clothing, traditional and modern

Wikipedia - Japanese cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Japan

Wikipedia - Japanese folklore -- Folk traditions of Japan, expressed in oral traditions, customs, and material culture

Wikipedia - Japanese garden -- Type of traditional garden

Wikipedia - Japanese poetry -- Literary tradition of Japan

Wikipedia - Japanese sword -- Type of traditionally made sword from Japan

Wikipedia - Japanese tea ceremony -- Traditional Japanese ceremony

Wikipedia - Japanese traditional dance -- Traditional styles of Japanese dance

Wikipedia - Javanese doughnut -- Javanese traditional doughnut

Wikipedia - Jazz funeral -- Tradition developed in New Orleans

Wikipedia - Jebena -- Traditional Ethiopian coffee pot

Wikipedia - Jellabiya -- Traditional Egyptian garment

Wikipedia - Jellon Grame -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Jewish apple cake -- Cake made with apples traditional to Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine

Wikipedia - Jhatka -- Meat in the Sikh tradition

Wikipedia - Jiangsu cuisine -- Traditional cuisine of Jiangsu province, China

Wikipedia - Jika-tabi -- Traditional Japanese split-toe boots

Wikipedia - Jinbei -- Traditional Japanese clothing set, consisting of a top and trousers

Wikipedia - Jiu zixing -- Traditional printing press form

Wikipedia - Jnanaprasthana -- An Abhidharma text of the Sarvastivada tradition

Wikipedia - Jock o' the Side -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Jock the Leg and the Merry Merchant -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Joe Heaney -- Irish traditional singer

Wikipedia - Johad -- Traditional rainwater storage wetland in India

Wikipedia - Johannine literature -- New Testament works traditionally attributed to John the Apostle or to a Johannine Christian community

Wikipedia - John Carty (musician) -- Irish traditional musician

Wikipedia - Johnie Cock -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Johnie Scot -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - John of Hazelgreen -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - John Philip Sousa Baton -- traditional symbol of the authority of the directorate of the United States Marine Band "The President's Own"

Wikipedia - John the Revelator (song) -- 1930 traditional American folk song

Wikipedia - John van der Puije -- Gold Coast merchant, newspaper publisher, traditional ruler and politician

Wikipedia - Josephine Keegan -- piano accompanist, musician and traditional Irish composer

Wikipedia - Josephine Marsh -- Irish traditional composer and musician

Wikipedia - Jude the Apostle -- One of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus; traditionally identified with Jude the brother of Jesus

Wikipedia - Judogi -- Japanese name for the traditional uniform

Wikipedia - Jujube tea -- traditional Korean tea made from jujubes

Wikipedia - Julius La Rosa -- Italian-American traditional popular music singer

Wikipedia - Jultagi -- Traditional Korean tightrope-walking

Wikipedia - Jutti -- Traditional and ethnic North Indian footwear

Wikipedia - Kabasaran -- Indonesian traditional tribal war dance

Wikipedia - Kachabia -- Traditional man's garment of Algeria

Wikipedia - Kaftan -- Long, coatlike garment, traditionally fastened at the waist with a sash

Wikipedia - Kage-ryM-EM-+ (Aizu) -- Traditional school of Japanese swordsmanship

Wikipedia - Kagyu tradition

Wikipedia - Kaibauk -- Traditional headdress in East Timor

Wikipedia - Kaiseki -- Traditional multi-course Japanese dinner

Wikipedia - Kalachakra -- Nondualistic tantra tradition in Tibetan Buddhism

Wikipedia - Kalamkari -- Traditional textile decoration technique of Andhra Pradesh combining hand-painting and block-printing on mordanted fabric

Wikipedia - Kalampattu -- Traditional Hindu Performing Art in India

Wikipedia - Kalanta of the Theophany -- Greek traditional carol

Wikipedia - Kalari -- Traditional training space in South India

Wikipedia - Kamado -- Traditional Japanese cook stove

Wikipedia - Kamaiya and kamlari -- Traditional systems of bonded labour in Nepal

Wikipedia - KamifM-EM-+sen -- Traditional Japanese paper balloon

Wikipedia - Kampung Padang Balang -- Traditional village in Malaysia

Wikipedia - Kangilu -- Traditional Udupi and Karnataka folk dance from India

Wikipedia - Kanzashi -- Traditional Japanese hair ornaments

Wikipedia - Karpas -- One of the traditional rituals in the Passover Seder

Wikipedia - Kasa (hat) -- Traditional Japanese hat

Wikipedia - Kashmiri cuisine -- Traditional food dishes from India's Kashmir Valley

Wikipedia - Kastom -- Traditional culture, including religion, economics, art and magic in Melanesia

Wikipedia - Katharine Jaffray -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Kattumaram -- Traditional watercraft made from logs lashed together

Wikipedia - Kava culture -- Western Oceanic traditions surrounding kava

Wikipedia - Kebaya -- Indonesian traditional clothing

Wikipedia - Keev -- Name of Krishna from the Hindu tradition

Wikipedia - Kelaghayi -- Silk headscarf tradition of Azerbaijan and intangible cultural heritage

Wikipedia - Kemp Owyne -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Kempy Kay -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Kerikam -- Malay traditional clothing

Wikipedia - Kesme -- Traditional egg noodles found in various Turkic cuisines

Wikipedia - Kete (basket) -- A carrying basket traditionally woven by Maori from the leaves of New Zealand flax or other New Zealand native or endemic plants

Wikipedia - Khalasi -- Group of people traditionally employed at ports and dockyards in India

Wikipedia - Khao niao sangkhaya -- Traditional Thai dessert

Wikipedia - Khata -- Traditional ceremonial scarf in Tibetan Buddhism and tengrism

Wikipedia - Khet partug -- Traditional Afghan clothing

Wikipedia - Kho (costume) -- Traditional dress worn by Bhutia, ethnic Sikkimese people

Wikipedia - Khyber Pakhtunkhwa clothing -- Traditional clothing worn in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Wikipedia - Kimchi -- Traditional Korean side dish of salted and fermented vegetables

Wikipedia - Kimkhwab -- A traditional brocade from India

Wikipedia - Kimono -- Traditional Japanese garment

Wikipedia - Kindergarten -- Preschool educational approach traditionally based on playing

Wikipedia - King Arthur and King Cornwall -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Kingdom of Dagbon -- Traditional kingdom of the Dagomba people in Ghana

Wikipedia - King Edward the Fourth and a Tanner of Tamworth -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - King Estmere -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - King Henry Fifth's Conquest of France -- Traditional British ballad

Wikipedia - King John and the Bishop -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Kings of Shambhala -- Thirty-two kings in the Indo-Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhist tradition

Wikipedia - Kippah -- Skullcap traditionally worn by Jewish men to cover the head

Wikipedia - Kirtan -- Musically recited story in Indian traditions

Wikipedia - Klappertaart -- Indonesian traditional cake

Wikipedia - Kalua -- Traditional Hawaiian method of cooking

Wikipedia - Knocking on wood -- Apotropaic tradition believed to ward off evil

Wikipedia - Kogin-zashi -- Japanese traditional textile craft

Wikipedia - Kokoshnik -- Traditional Russian headdress worn by women

Wikipedia - Kombo -- Traditional kingdom of Gambia

Wikipedia - Kopi tiam -- Traditional coffee shop found in Southeast Asia

Wikipedia - Korean calligraphy -- Korean tradition of artistic writing

Wikipedia - Korean cuisine -- The customary cooking traditions and practices of Korea

Wikipedia - Korean tea ceremony -- Traditional form of tea ceremony practiced in Korea

Wikipedia - Koteka -- Traditional New Guinean penis sheath

Wikipedia - Kransekake -- Traditional Danish and Norwegian confection

Wikipedia - Krur -- Traditional African mancala game

Wikipedia - Ktav Ashuri -- Talmudic or traditional Hebrew name for the Hebrew alphabet

Wikipedia - Ktav Stam -- Specific Jewish traditional writing with which Torah scrolls (Sifrei Torah), phylacteries (Tefillin), Mezuzot and the Five Megillot are written

Wikipedia - Kuchi shM-EM-^Mga -- System of notation for traditional Japanese drums

Wikipedia - Kue bahulu -- Malaysian traditional snack

Wikipedia - Kue bingka -- Indonesian traditional cake

Wikipedia - Kue gapit -- Indonesian traditional snack

Wikipedia - Kue makmur -- Traditional Malay cake

Wikipedia - Kue pinyaram -- Minangkabau traditional cake

Wikipedia - Kue putu mangkok -- Indonesian traditional delicacy made from rice flour and filled with either ground peanut and sugar, or shredded coconut

Wikipedia - Kue putu -- Indonesian traditional cake

Wikipedia - Kue semprit -- Indonesian traditional cake

Wikipedia - Kue semprong -- Indonesian traditional cookies

Wikipedia - Kuluban -- Indonesian traditional salad dish

Wikipedia - Kumari (goddess) -- Manifestations of the divine female energy or devi in Hindu religious traditions

Wikipedia - Kumihimo -- Traditional Japanese artform of making cords and braids

Wikipedia - Kumis -- Fermented dairy product traditionally made of mare's milk

Wikipedia - Kung Jaadee -- British Columbian Haida traditionalist

Wikipedia - Kura (storehouse) -- Japanese traditional storehouse

Wikipedia - Kurta -- Various forms of loose and long shirts or tunics worn traditionally in South Asia

Wikipedia - Kutch Embroidery -- Handicraft and textile art tradition of Kutch, Gujarat, India

Wikipedia - Kutia -- Sweet grain pudding, traditionally served in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia

Wikipedia - Kvass -- Traditional Slavic and Baltic fermented drink

Wikipedia - Kwangali -- Traditional Kavango kingdom in modern-day Namibia

Wikipedia - KyM-EM-^Mgen -- Traditional Japanese comic theater

Wikipedia - Kyz kuu -- Turkic traditional sport

Wikipedia - Laba garlic -- A vinegar-preserved garlic of Chinese tradition.

Wikipedia - La Bamba (song) -- Traditional Mexican folk song and dance

Wikipedia - Labi-labi (dance) -- Malay traditional dance

Wikipedia - Lacemaking in Croatia -- Lacemaking tradition and intangible cultural heritage of Croatia

Wikipedia - Lady Diamond -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lady Elspat -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lady Isabel and the Elf Knight -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lady Isabel -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lady Maisry -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lake Miwok traditional narratives -- Histories preserved by the Lake Miwok people of Clear Lake, California, U.S.

Wikipedia - Laklak (food) -- A traditional Balinese pancake with grated coconut and melted palm sugar

Wikipedia - Lakshmikutty -- Traditional medicine practitioner

Wikipedia - Lamkin -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Land of Israel -- Traditional Jewish name for an area of indefinite geographical extension in the Southern Levant

Wikipedia - Langa voni -- A traditional South Indian dress

Wikipedia - Lang Johnny More -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Laoise Kelly -- Harpist, musician and traditional Irish composer

Wikipedia - Las Posadas -- Christmas tradition in the Spanish-speaking world

Wikipedia - Lathi khela -- Traditional Bengali martial art

Wikipedia - Latin rock -- Term to describe a music subgenre consisting in melting traditional sounds and elements of Latin American and Caribbean folk with rock music

Wikipedia - Lebanese cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Lebanon

Wikipedia - Leche frita -- Traditional Spanish dessert, Spanish sweet typical of northern Spain

Wikipedia - Lecithocera nomaditis -- Species of moth in the genus Lecithocera

Wikipedia - Lederhosen -- Traditional garments, leather trousers, with short or long legs, from Bavaria and Tyrol

Wikipedia - Leesome Brand -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lefkara lace -- Lacemaking tradition and intagible cultural heritage of Cyprus

Wikipedia - Lefse -- Traditional Norwegian flatbread

Wikipedia - Legend -- Traditional story of heroic humans.

Wikipedia - Lemang -- Indonesian traditional food

Wikipedia - Lenapehoking -- Lands traditionally inhabited by the Lenape people

Wikipedia - Let Erin Remember -- Traditional Irish song

Wikipedia - Liberal arts education -- Traditional academic program in Western higher education

Wikipedia - Libyan cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Libya

Wikipedia - Lidah -- Traditional Malaysian snack food

Wikipedia - Li Donghai -- Traditional Chinese medicine practitioner

Wikipedia - Lighvan cheese -- A brined curd sheep's milk cheese traditionally made in Iran

Wikipedia - Likok Pulo -- Indonesian traditional dance

Wikipedia - Lingayatism -- Shaivite religious tradition in India

Wikipedia - Lis-alis -- Type of traditional vessel from Madura

Wikipedia - List of astrological traditions, types, and systems -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - List of Austrian intellectual traditions

Wikipedia - List of classical and art music traditions

Wikipedia - List of European folk music traditions -- Wikimedia list article

Wikipedia - List of founders of religious traditions -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - List of legendary creatures from Japan -- Wikipedia list article of legendary creatures and entities in traditional Japanese mythology

Wikipedia - List of nontraditional bagpipe usage -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - List of purported relics of major figures of religious traditions -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - List of religions and spiritual traditions -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - List of TG4 Traditional Musician of the Year recipients -- List of award winning musicians

Wikipedia - List of TG4 Young Traditional Musician of the Year recipients -- List of award winning Musicians

Wikipedia - List of traditional children's games -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - List of traditional Chinese medicines -- Wikimedia list article

Wikipedia - List of traditional festivals in Vietnam

Wikipedia - List of traditional Irish singers -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - List of traditional Japanese games -- Wikimedia list article

Wikipedia - List of traditional musicians from County Clare -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - List of traditional settlements of Greece -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - List of traditional star names

Wikipedia - List of Vietnamese traditional games

Wikipedia - List of Wii games with traditional control schemes -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - Little John a Begging -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Little Robin Redbreast -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lizie Lindsay -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lizie Wan -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - LM-CM-$skisoosi -- Traditional Finnish stew made with pork chops

Wikipedia - LM-EM-+M-JM-;au -- Traditional Hawaiian feast

Wikipedia - Lofoten -- Archipelago and traditional district in Nordland, Norway

Wikipedia - Long live our noble Duke -- Traditional Lancastrian alteration to the British royal anthem 'God Save the Queen'

Wikipedia - Lontara script -- Script traditionally used for the Bugis, Makassarese, and Mandar languages of Sulawesi in Indonesia

Wikipedia - Lord Lovel -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lord Maxwell's Last Goodnight -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lord Randall -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lord Thomas and Fair Annet -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Lord Thomas and Lady Margaret -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Loren Bommelyn -- Tolowa traditionalist, language instructor, and basket weaver from California

Wikipedia - Lorne sausage -- Traditional Scottish food usually made from minced meat, rusk and spices

Wikipedia - Loteria -- Traditional Mexican game of chance

Wikipedia - Louis Althusser and the Traditions of French Marxism -- 2005 book by William S. Lewis

Wikipedia - Louisiana Voodoo -- Set of spiritual folkways that developed from the traditions of the African diaspora

Wikipedia - Lovely Joan -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Loving cup -- Shared drinking container traditionally used at weddings and banquets

Wikipedia - Low technology -- Simple technology, often of a traditional or non-mechanical kind, such as crafts and tools that pre-date the Industrial Revolution

Wikipedia - Lucius Junius Brutus -- semi-legendary founder of the Roman Republic, and traditionally one of its first consuls in 509 BC

Wikipedia - Luke the Evangelist -- One of the four traditionally ascribed authors of the canonical gospels

Wikipedia - Lutefisk -- A traditional Scandinavian dish made from dried fish fermented in lye

Wikipedia - Lyke-Wake Dirge -- Traditional Yorkshire-dialect English song

Wikipedia - Machiya -- Japanese traditional wooden townhouse

Wikipedia - Madhva tradition -- tradition in Hinduism linked to Dvaita Vedanta

Wikipedia - Maeve Donnelly -- Irish traditional fiddle player

Wikipedia - Maggie May (folk song) -- Traditional folk song from Liverpool, England

Wikipedia - Magnificat -- Scriptural hymn of Mary in the Christian tradition

Wikipedia - Maguro bM-EM-^MchM-EM-^M -- Traditional Japanese long knife for large fish

Wikipedia - Mahanam Sampraday -- Famous Religious tradition of Bengal

Wikipedia - Ma Htwe Lay -- traditional Burmese dance performer

Wikipedia - Maire Ni ChM-CM-)ileachair -- traditional Irish singer

Wikipedia - Malagan -- Traditional cultural events that take place in parts of New Ireland province in Papua New Guinea

Wikipedia - Malagasy cuisine -- Culinary traditions of the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar.

Wikipedia - Malaysian cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Malaysia

Wikipedia - Malidzano -- A traditional Macedonian spread made from purM-CM-)ed bell peppers, eggplant, oil and salt

Wikipedia - Malik ibn Anas -- Famous Islamic jurist, theologian and hadith traditionist

Wikipedia - Mallard Song -- Ancient tradition of All Souls College, Oxford

Wikipedia - Mamaliga -- Porridge made out of yellow maize flour, traditional in Romania

Wikipedia - Mamon -- Traditional Filipino chiffon or sponge cakes

Wikipedia - Mandolin playing traditions worldwide -- Global traditions of playing the mandolin

Wikipedia - Mangu -- Dominican traditional dish

Wikipedia - Man of Constant Sorrow -- Traditional American folk song first published by Dick Burnett

Wikipedia - Mantfombi Dlamini -- Swazi-South African traditional aristocrat, Great wife of King Goodwill Zwelithini

Wikipedia - Margaret Tafoya -- Santa Clara Pueblo traditional pottery artist

Wikipedia - Maria Clara gown -- A traditional gown worn by women in the Philippines

Wikipedia - Marian devotions -- External pious practices directed to the person of Mary by members of certain Christian traditions

Wikipedia - Mark the Evangelist -- Author of the Gospel of Mark and Christian saint; traditionally identified with John Mark

Wikipedia - Marriage in Pakistan -- Tradition in Pakistan

Wikipedia - Martenitsa -- Bulgarian tradition

Wikipedia - Martha Scanlan -- Old-time, traditional singer

Wikipedia - Martial arts -- Codified systems and traditions of combat

Wikipedia - Mary of Bethany -- Figure described in the Gospel of John; sister of Lazarus and Martha, living in the village of Bethany near Jerusalem; traditionally identified with Mary Magdalene

Wikipedia - Master Kilby -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Mastic (plant resin) -- A resin traditionally obtained from the mastic tree on the island of Chios

Wikipedia - Matagi -- Traditional winter hunters in Japan

Wikipedia - Mate (drink) -- Traditional South American caffeine-infused drink

Wikipedia - Matty Groves -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Maude Kegg -- Ojibwe traditionalist, bead artist, and author from Minnesota

Wikipedia - Mbege -- Traditional Chagga beverage made from fermented bananas

Wikipedia - Mbiwi -- Traditional instrument accompanied by song and dance

Wikipedia - M-CM-^Fbleskiver -- Danish traditional batter cakes

Wikipedia - M-CM-^@ la claire fontaine -- Traditional French song

Wikipedia - M-DM-^@dityas -- Offspring of the goddess Aditi and her husband the sage Kashyapa

Wikipedia - Media of Puerto Rico -- From traditional to social media

Wikipedia - Medicine man -- Native American traditional healer and spiritual leader

Wikipedia - Mediterranean cuisine -- Culinary traditions of the Mediterranean area

Wikipedia - Meg Davis -- American singer of traditional music

Wikipedia - Mekhela chador -- Traditional Assamese attire

Wikipedia - M-EM- akotis -- Traditional Polish-Lithuanian cake

Wikipedia - M-EM- ibenik cap -- Regional variant of a traditional red cap used in the Balkans that was developed in M-EM- ibenik, Croatia

Wikipedia - SramaM-aM-9M-^Ga -- Tradition in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism

Wikipedia - Menang -- Traditional dance of Cameroon

Wikipedia - Mercado Jamaica -- Traditional public market in Mexico City

Wikipedia - Mesoamerican architecture -- Building traditions of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica

Wikipedia - Metochion -- Eccliastical embassy church of the Eastern Orthodox tradition

Wikipedia - Mexican cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Mexico

Wikipedia - Mexican music in Chile -- Music and musical traditions of Mexico expressed in Chile

Wikipedia - Meyboom -- Oldest tradition in Brussels (Belgium)

Wikipedia - M-HM-^Zuica -- Traditional Romanian spirit

Wikipedia - Midnight Special (song) -- 1923 traditional American folk song

Wikipedia - Mijwiz -- Traditional Middle Eastern single-reed musical instrument

Wikipedia - Milagro (votive) -- Religious folk charms that are traditionally used for healing purposes

Wikipedia - Miller of Dee -- 1763 traditional song

Wikipedia - Minahasan cuisine -- Cuisine tradition of the Minahasan people

Wikipedia - Mince pie -- English-originating sweet pie, traditionally eaten at Christmas

Wikipedia - Minhag -- An accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism

Wikipedia - Ministry of AYUSH -- Indian government ministry for traditional medicines

Wikipedia - Mino (straw cape) -- A traditional Japanese garment, a raincoat made out of straw

Wikipedia - Mischief rule -- Traditional rule of statutory interpretation in English law

Wikipedia - Mish -- Traditional egyptian cheese

Wikipedia - Miso -- traditional Japanese seasoning

Wikipedia - Mizuhiki -- Traditional Japanese paper artform using stiffened rice paper cord

Wikipedia - MahM-EM-+ -- Third gender in traditional Hawaiian, Kanaka and Maohi cultures

Wikipedia - Modern Scots -- Varieties of Scots traditionally spoken in Lowland Scotland, and parts of Ulster

Wikipedia - Mofongo -- Caribbean islands traditional dish

Wikipedia - Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami -- Odissi classical musician, Guru of traditional Odisha Rasa theatre, Indian film director

Wikipedia - Mohaori -- Traditional musical ensemble of Cambodia

Wikipedia - Mojari -- Traditional South Asian footwear

Wikipedia - Mojito -- Traditional Cuban highball cocktail

Wikipedia - Molecular ecology -- A field of evolutionary biology that applies molecular population genetics, molecular phylogenetics, and genomics to traditional ecological questions

Wikipedia - Mon Casteller Human Tower Museum of Catalonia -- Museum about the Catalan tradition of "Castells" (human towers and human pyramids)

Wikipedia - Monday's Child -- Traditional song or poem

Wikipedia - Mongolian cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Mongolia

Wikipedia - Morabaraba -- Traditional two-player strategy board game played Africa

Wikipedia - Mormonism -- Religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement

Wikipedia - Mos maiorum -- The customs and traditions of ancient Rome

Wikipedia - Moving Day (Quebec) -- Traditional beginning and end of leases in Quebec, Canada

Wikipedia - M'semen -- Traditional flatbread from North Africa

Wikipedia - Mud horse -- Traditional hand-built wooden sledge for fishing in Bridgwater Bay

Wikipedia - Mudiao -- Traditional Chinese wood-carving

Wikipedia - Mugham triads -- Azerbaijani music triad who play traditional tar, kamancheh and daf instruments

Wikipedia - MuiM-CM-1eira -- Galician traditional dance and musical genre

Wikipedia - Mujib coat -- Bangladesh traditional men's coat

Wikipedia - Mula Bandha -- Lock in traditional yoga

Wikipedia - Multiculturalism -- Existence of multiple cultural traditions within a single country

Wikipedia - Mundillo -- Handmade bobbin lace, tradition and cultural heritage of Puerto Rico and Panama

Wikipedia - Mundum Neriyathum -- Traditional clothing

Wikipedia - Mundu -- Traditional draped garment for the Lowe body, worn in South Asia and the Maldives

Wikipedia - Munster -- Traditional province in the southwest of Ireland

Wikipedia - Musciame -- Traditional Italian preserved meat made from the salted and sun-dried flesh of dolphins

Wikipedia - Muscogee -- Native American people traditionally from the southeastern US

Wikipedia - Music genre -- Category that identifies pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions

Wikipedia - Music of Africa -- Overview of musical traditions in Africa

Wikipedia - Music of Alabama -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Alabama

Wikipedia - Music of Argentina -- Music and musical traditions of Argentina

Wikipedia - Music of Australia -- Overview of music traditions in Australia

Wikipedia - Music of Bangladesh -- overview of music traditions in Bangladesh

Wikipedia - Music of Bolivia -- Music and musical traditions of Bolivia

Wikipedia - Music of Brazil -- Music and musical traditions of Brazil

Wikipedia - Music of California -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of California

Wikipedia - Music of Canada -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Canada

Wikipedia - Music of Chicago -- Overview of music traditions in Chicago, Illinois, United States

Wikipedia - Music of Chile -- Music and musical traditions of Chile

Wikipedia - Music of Colombia -- Music and musical traditions of Colombia

Wikipedia - Music of Colorado -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Colorado

Wikipedia - Music of Connecticut -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Connecticut

Wikipedia - Music of Costa Rica -- Music and musical traditions of Costa Rica

Wikipedia - Music of Cuba -- Music and musical traditions of Cuba

Wikipedia - Music of Delaware -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Delaware

Wikipedia - Music of Denver -- Overview of music traditions in Denver, Colorado, United States

Wikipedia - Music of Detroit -- Overview of music traditions in Detroit, Michigan, United States

Wikipedia - Music of Ecuador -- Music and musical traditions of Ecuador

Wikipedia - Music of El Salvador -- Music and musical traditions of El Salvador

Wikipedia - Music of Florida -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Florida

Wikipedia - Music of France -- Overview of music traditions in France

Wikipedia - Music of Germany -- Overview of music traditions in Germany

Wikipedia - Music of Greece -- Overview of music traditions in Greece

Wikipedia - Music of Guatemala -- Music and musical traditions of Guatemala

Wikipedia - Music of Honduras -- Music and musical traditions of Honduras

Wikipedia - Music of Illinois -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Illinois

Wikipedia - Music of Indiana -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Indiana

Wikipedia - Music of India -- Overview of musical traditions in India

Wikipedia - Music of Iraq -- Music and musical traditions of Iraq

Wikipedia - Music of Italy -- Overview of music traditions in Italy

Wikipedia - Music of Japan -- Overview of music traditions in Japan

Wikipedia - Music of Kentucky -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Kentucky

Wikipedia - Music of Korea -- Traditional music of the Korean peninsula

Wikipedia - Music of Los Angeles -- Overview of music traditions in Los Angeles, California, United States

Wikipedia - Music of Louisiana -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Louisiana

Wikipedia - Music of Malawi -- Music and musical traditions of Malawi

Wikipedia - Music of Mexico -- Music and musical traditions of Mexico

Wikipedia - Music of Monaco -- Overview of music traditions in Monaco

Wikipedia - Music of Nevada -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Nevada

Wikipedia - Music of New Hampshire -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of New Hampshire

Wikipedia - Music of New Jersey -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of New Jersey

Wikipedia - Music of New Mexico -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of New Mexico

Wikipedia - Music of New Orleans -- Overview of music traditions in New Orleans

Wikipedia - Music of New York (state) -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of New York

Wikipedia - Music of New Zealand -- Overview of music traditions in New Zealand

Wikipedia - Music of Nicaragua -- Music and musical traditions of Nicaragua

Wikipedia - Music of North Korea -- Music and musical traditions of North Korea

Wikipedia - Music of Pakistan -- Music and musical traditions of Pakistan

Wikipedia - Music of Panama -- Music and musical traditions of Panama

Wikipedia - Music of Paraguay -- Music and musical traditions of Paraguay

Wikipedia - Music of Pennsylvania -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania

Wikipedia - Music of Peru -- Music and musical traditions of Peru

Wikipedia - Music of Puerto Rico -- Music and musical traditions of Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Music of Singapore -- Music and musical traditions of Singapore

Wikipedia - Music of South Africa -- Overview of music traditions in South Africa

Wikipedia - Music of Spain -- Music and musical traditions of Spain

Wikipedia - Music of Tajikistan -- Music and musical traditions of Tajikistan

Wikipedia - Music of Tennessee -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Tennessee

Wikipedia - Music of Texas -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Texas

Wikipedia - Music of the Dominican Republic -- Music and musical traditions of the Dominican Republic

Wikipedia - Music of the Philippines -- Overview of music traditions in the Philippines

Wikipedia - Music of the United States -- Overview of music traditions in the USA

Wikipedia - Music of Turkey -- Overview of music traditions in Turkey

Wikipedia - Music of Uruguay -- Music and musical traditions of Uruguay

Wikipedia - Music of Venezuela -- Music and musical traditions of Venezuela

Wikipedia - Music of Virginia -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Virginia

Wikipedia - Music of Wisconsin -- Overview of music traditions in the U.S. state of Wisconsin

Wikipedia - Music of Yugoslavia -- Overview of musical traditions in Yugoslavia

Wikipedia - Muti -- Traditional medicine

Wikipedia - Myanmar Traditional Lethwei Federation -- Martial arts organization

Wikipedia - My Bonny Boy -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Myth -- Type of traditional narrative

Wikipedia - Nahdlatul Ulama -- Traditionalist Sunni Islam movement in Indonesia

Wikipedia - Nambawi -- Traditional Korean winter hat worn during the Joseon dynasty

Wikipedia - Name day -- Tradition in Christianity

Wikipedia - Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi -- Indian singer of traditional music

Wikipedia - Nanai language -- Language spoken by the Nanai people, who have traditionally lived along Heilongjiang (Amur), Songhuajiang (Sunggari) and Ussuri rivers on the Middle Amur Basin.

Wikipedia - Nanay tatay -- A traditional Filipino children's game

Wikipedia - Nan Tom Teaimin de Burca -- Irish traditional Sean-nos singer

Wikipedia - Nasalo -- Tradition in Gilgit-Baltistan

Wikipedia - Nasi bakar -- Indonesian traditional steamed rice

Wikipedia - National Council for the Traditional Arts -- American not-for-profit arts organization

Wikipedia - National poet -- Poet traditionally held to represent a certain national culture

Wikipedia - NattM-EM-^M -- Traditional Japanese food made from fermented soybeans

Wikipedia - Navajo medicine -- Traditional healing practices

Wikipedia - Navajo weaving -- Production of traditional rugs and blankets of the Navajo people of the Four Corners region, United States

Wikipedia - Neapolitan cuisine -- traditional food of Naples, Italy

Wikipedia - Neotraditional country -- Style of country music emphasizing instrumental compositions and "traditional" vocal styles

Wikipedia - New England Folk Festival -- Annual traditional dance and music festival

Wikipedia - New Historians -- Israeli historians who have challenged traditional versions of Israeli history

Wikipedia - New Kadampa Tradition

Wikipedia - Ngangkari -- traditional healers of Anangu and Arrernte peoples of Australia

Wikipedia - Niamh de Burca -- Irish traditional and folk singer

Wikipedia - Nicene Christianity -- Set of Christian doctrinal traditions reflecting the Nicene Creed

Wikipedia - Nigerian cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Nigeria

Wikipedia - Nigerian traditional rulers -- Subnational monarchs in Nigeria

Wikipedia - Nihongami -- Traditional Japanese hairstyles

Wikipedia - Nine Lessons and Carols -- Traditional Christmas service of Christian worship

Wikipedia - Nishijin-ori -- Traditional textile produced in the Nishijin district of Kyoto

Wikipedia - Niyoga -- Hindu's tradition of conception by proxy fathers

Wikipedia - Naga -- Snake deities or mythological creatures in Asian traditions

Wikipedia - Nontraditional student -- Category of students at colleges and universities

Wikipedia - Northern Cape Department of Co-operative Governance, Human Settlements and Traditional Affairs -- Northern Cape Department of Co-operative Governance, Human Settlements and Traditional Affairs

Wikipedia - Northumberland Betrayed By Douglas -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Northwest Russia -- One of traditional regions of Russia

Wikipedia - Norton tradition -- Archaeological culture in Alaska, US

Wikipedia - Norwegian cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Norway

Wikipedia - Nottamun Town -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Oats Peas Beans and Barley Grow -- traditional British and American folk song

Wikipedia - Oba C. D. Akran -- Nigerian politician and traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Obi of Onitsha -- Traditional leader of Onitsha city, Nigeria

Wikipedia - Obi (sash) -- Belt worn with traditional Japanese clothing and Japanese martial arts uniforms

Wikipedia - Observance of Christmas by country -- Overview of Christmas traditions

Wikipedia - Octavia (play) -- Roman tragedy traditionally attributed to Seneca

Wikipedia - Oil in My Lamp -- Traditional Christian hymn

Wikipedia - Oina -- Romanian traditional sport

Wikipedia - Oishi Shinkage-ryM-EM-+ Kenjutsu -- Traditional school of Japanese swordsmanship

Wikipedia - Okobo -- Traditional Japanese platform clogs worn by girls, young women and some apprentice geisha

Wikipedia - Old Dan Tucker -- Traditional song performed by Virginia Minstrels

Wikipedia - Old Mother Hubbard -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Old Norse religion -- Historical religious tradition

Wikipedia - Old Robin of Portingale -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Ole Bull and Old Dan Tucker -- Traditional American minstrel song

Wikipedia - Olu Abejoye -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Akengboye -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Akengbuwa -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Akenjoye -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Atogbuwa -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Atorongboye -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Atuwatse II -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Atuwatse I -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Erejuwa I -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Esigie -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Ginuwa II -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Ginuwa -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Ijijen -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Irame -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Ojoluwa -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Omagboye (Miguel) -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Omoluyiri -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Olu Oyenakpagha (Olu Obanighenren) -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Om Ali -- Traditional Egyptian dessert

Wikipedia - Omophorion -- Bishop's scarflike vestment in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic liturgical traditions

Wikipedia - One for Sorrow (nursery rhyme) -- Traditional English divination nursery rhyme about magpies

Wikipedia - One Night as I Lay on My Bed -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - One, Two, Three, Four, Five -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Onjo of Baekje -- traditionally recognised founder of the Baekje kingdom in Korea (r. 18 BC-AD 28)

Wikipedia - OnmyM-EM-^MdM-EM-^M -- Traditional Japanese esoteric cosmology

Wikipedia - On Top of Old Smoky -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Opus sectile -- Traditional mosaic technique

Wikipedia - Opus tessellatum -- Traditional mosaic technique

Wikipedia - Oral Tradition (journal) -- Journal

Wikipedia - Oral tradition -- Culture preserved and transmitted through speech or song

Wikipedia - Oren Lyons -- Iroquois traditionalist, orator, artist, and athlete

Wikipedia - Organic compound -- Chemical compound that contains carbon (except for several compounds traditionally classified as inorganic compounds)

Wikipedia - Oriental folk dances -- Traditional folk and traditional dances of the Arab World

Wikipedia - Origami -- Traditional Japanese art of paper folding

Wikipedia - Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance) -- Traditionalist Greek Orthodox jurisdiction following the (Julian or Old) church calendar

Wikipedia - Orthodox Judaism -- Traditionalist branches of Judaism

Wikipedia - Oselvar -- Wooden rowing boat traditionally used in Norway

Wikipedia - Otak-otak -- Southeast Asian traditional fish cake

Wikipedia - Ottoman music -- Traditional music of the Ottoman Empire

Wikipedia - Ounhmangu -- Burmese traditional food

Wikipedia - Oversampled binary image sensor -- Image sensor with non-linear response capabilities reminiscent of traditional photographic film

Wikipedia - Over the Hills and Far Away (traditional song) -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Overthrow of the Roman monarchy -- Political revolution (traditionally 509 BC) which expelled the last king of Rome and established the Roman Republic

Wikipedia - Pa amb tomaquet -- Traditional food of Catalan, Valencian, Aragonese, Balearic and Murcian cuisines made of bread, tomato, olive oil, salt, and garlic

Wikipedia - Pacific Northwest cuisine -- Traditional cuisine of the Pacific Northwest

Wikipedia - Pacu jawi -- Traditional bull race in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Wikipedia - Padaek -- A traditional Lao condiment made from pickled or fermented fish that has been cured

Wikipedia - Paifang -- Traditional style of Chinese architectural arched gateway

Wikipedia - Pain briM-CM-) -- A traditional Normandy bread

Wikipedia - Palestinian costumes -- Traditional clothing of the Palestinians

Wikipedia - Palmerstown, Fingal -- Civil parish in Fingal (and the traditional County Dublin), Ireland

Wikipedia - Pamonha -- Traditional Brazilian food

Wikipedia - Panamanian cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Panama

Wikipedia - Pandoro -- Traditional Italian sweet bread

Wikipedia - Pannuru Sripathy -- Traditional painting artist from Andhra Pradesh, India

Wikipedia - Pantxineta -- Traditional Basque Country dessert

Wikipedia - Paomo -- Chinese traditional dish from Xi'an

Wikipedia - Papa rellena -- Traditional dish in South American cuisine

Wikipedia - Parabola (magazine) -- Quarterly magazine on the subjects of mythology and the world's religious and cultural traditions

Wikipedia - Pasambahan dance -- Indonesian traditional dance

Wikipedia - Pasta e fagioli -- Traditional Italian soup of pasta and beans

Wikipedia - Patadyong -- Traditional wrap skirt worn by indigenous women of the Philippines

Wikipedia - Pateh -- An Iranian traditional needlework folk art.

Wikipedia - Pathani suit -- A traditional costume

Wikipedia - Patikulamanasikara -- Type of traditional Buddhist meditation

Wikipedia - Patriarch of Antioch -- Traditional title held by the bishop of Antioch and all the East

Wikipedia - Paubha -- Traditional religious painting made by the Newar people of Nepal

Wikipedia - Paul Binnie -- Paul Binnie is a Scottish artist working in the Japanese tradition of woodblock printing.

Wikipedia - Pavlovo Posad shawl -- Traditional Russian shawl

Wikipedia - Payada -- South American tradition of improvised music and poetry

Wikipedia - Pena (musical instrument) -- Traditional musical instrument of Kangleipak

Wikipedia - Pepes -- Indonesian traditional banana leaf dish

Wikipedia - Peranakan beaded slippers -- Peranakan traditional beadwork

Wikipedia - Perennial philosophy -- 15th-century philosophical idea that views all religious traditions as sharing a single truth or origin

Wikipedia - Persecution of traditional African religion

Wikipedia - Persian mythology -- Traditional legends and stories etc. from the Persian culture

Wikipedia - Persian traditional music

Wikipedia - Phelonion -- Liturgical vestment worn by priests of the Eastern Christian tradition

Wikipedia - Pheran -- Kashmiri traditional dress

Wikipedia - Philosophical analysis -- Various techniques typically used by philosophers in the analytic tradition

Wikipedia - Pickled herring -- A traditional way of preserving herring

Wikipedia - Pinewoods Camp -- Traditional dance and music camp in Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States

Wikipedia - Pinnekjott -- Norse lamb dish traditional during Christmas

Wikipedia - Pinon hadi -- Chakma traditional dress for women

Wikipedia - Piring dance -- Indonesian traditional dance

Wikipedia - Plain meaning rule -- Traditional rule of statutory interpretation in English law

Wikipedia - Plain old telephone service -- Traditional analog voice land line telephone service

Wikipedia - Plum Village Tradition

Wikipedia - PM-CM-)-de-moleque -- Traditional candy made of peanuts and jaggery or molasses

Wikipedia - PM-EM-^Mha -- Traditional Maori bags made of kelp

Wikipedia - Poetic tradition -- Poet or author is evaluated in the context of the historical period in which they live and write

Wikipedia - Poffertjes -- A traditional Dutch batter treat

Wikipedia - Poitin -- Traditional Irish distilled beverage

Wikipedia - Polbo a feira -- Traditional Galician dish

Wikipedia - Polish cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Poland

Wikipedia - Polly Put the Kettle On -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Porkkanalaatikko -- Traditional Finnish dish

Wikipedia - Portal:Traditional African religions

Wikipedia - Portuguese cuisine -- Culinary tradition of Portugal

Wikipedia - Posting the Colours -- Traditional American ceremony

Wikipedia - Potiphar's wife -- Figure from Jewish and Muslim tradition; Potiphar's wife

Wikipedia - Powder Day -- Tradition in the Spanish village Tolox

Wikipedia - Power metal -- Subgenre of heavy metal combining characteristics of traditional metal with speed metal

Wikipedia - Powhatan -- Indigenous Algonquian people that are traditionally from eastern Virginia

Wikipedia - Practical Kabbalah -- Branch of the Jewish mystical tradition that concerns the use of magic

Wikipedia - Prayer beads -- String of beads used in various religious traditions

Wikipedia - Pre-Christian Alpine traditions

Wikipedia - Presentation of Colours -- Traditional British ceremony

Wikipedia - Pretty Polly (ballad) -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Prince Heathen -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Prince Robert -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Princess cake -- Traditional Swedish layer cake

Wikipedia - Principles of Islamic jurisprudence -- Traditional methodological principles used in Islamic jurisprudence for deriving rulings of Islamic law

Wikipedia - Progressive dispensationalism -- A variation of traditional dispensationalism.

Wikipedia - Protest songs in the United States -- Musical tradition

Wikipedia - Proud Lady Margaret -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Proverb -- Short traditional saying that expresses a perceived truth

Wikipedia - Provinces of Libya -- Traditional administrative divisions of Libya

Wikipedia - Pseudolaw -- Statements, beliefs or practices allegedly based on accepted law or jurisprudence, but which differ significantly from most traditional legal views

Wikipedia - Puletasi -- Traditional item of clothing worn by Samoan, Tongan, and Fijian women

Wikipedia - Pumpernickel -- A typically heavy, slightly sweet rye bread traditionally made with sourdough starter and coarsely ground rye

Wikipedia - Punch and Judy -- Traditional British puppet show

Wikipedia - Pungmul -- Korean folk music tradition

Wikipedia - Punjabi Tamba and Kurta -- A type of sarong and shirt, traditional costume in Punjab.

Wikipedia - Putchipu'u -- Traditional mediator in the Wayuu culture

Wikipedia - Pysanka -- Egg decorating tradition in Slavic countries

Wikipedia - Qisas -- "eye for an eye", or retributive justice, in traditional Islamic law

Wikipedia - Qi -- Vital force forming part of any living entity in traditional Chinese philosophy

Wikipedia - Quaker wedding -- Traditional ceremony of marriage within the Religious Society of Friends

Wikipedia - Queen Elanor's Confession -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Quentin Matsys -- Flemish painter in the Early Netherlandish tradition (1466-1530)

Wikipedia - Quilts of Gee's Bend -- Quilting tradition of Gee's Bend, Alabama

Wikipedia - Rababi -- Sikh music tradition

Wikipedia - Rakugo -- Traditional form of Japanese verbal entertainment

Wikipedia - Raku ware -- Type of Japanese pottery traditionally used in tea ceremonies

Wikipedia - Rangoli -- Traditional art form of India, in which coloured patterns are created on the ground

Wikipedia - Rast (mode) -- Musical modal system in traditional mugham music

Wikipedia - Rationalization (sociology) -- Replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behaviour with rational, calculated ones

Wikipedia - Ravitoto -- Traditional Malagasy cuisine

Wikipedia - Real ale -- Traditionally made beer

Wikipedia - Redesdale and Wise William -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Red Horn -- Culture hero in Siouan oral traditions

Wikipedia - Red Sticks -- Traditionalist faction of Muscogee Creek people in the American Southeast in the early 19th century

Wikipedia - Reformed Church in America -- Reformed Protestant denomination in the Dutch tradition

Wikipedia - Reformed tradition

Wikipedia - Religious law -- Ethical and moral codes taught by religious traditions

Wikipedia - Religious text -- Texts which religious traditions consider to be central to their practice or beliefs

Wikipedia - Remonce -- Traditional Danish pastry filling

Wikipedia - Renju -- Traditional board game

Wikipedia - Resist dyeing -- Traditional method of dyeing textiles with patterns

Wikipedia - Reynardine -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Ribeirinhos -- Traditional river dwelling people

Wikipedia - Richie Story -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Riddles (Hebrew) -- Traditional form of word-play in Hebrew

Wikipedia - Riddles Wisely Expounded -- 1445 traditional song

Wikipedia - Riga Black Balsam -- Traditional Latvian herbal liqueur

Wikipedia - Rigatoni con la pajata -- Traditional Italian pasta dish

Wikipedia - Right-wing politics -- Political alignment favoring traditional politics

Wikipedia - Riji -- Pubic coverings made of pearl shells traditionally worn by Aboriginal men in the north-west part of Australia

Wikipedia - Ringerike (traditional district)

Wikipedia - Rioni of Rome -- Traditional administrative division of the city of Rome

Wikipedia - Robert Earl (singer) -- English traditional pop music singer, crooner

Wikipedia - Robin Hood and Queen Katherine -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood and the Bishop -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood and the Butcher -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood and the Monk -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood and the Pedlars -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood and the Shepherd -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood and the Tanner -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood and the Tinker -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood Newly Revived -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood's Chase -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood's Death -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood's Golden Prize -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Robyn and Gandeleyn -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Rocket Festival -- Traditional festival of Laos and Thailand

Wikipedia - Rock Island Line -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Rocky Mountain cuisine -- Traditional Rocky Mountain cuisine

Wikipedia - Roisin Elsafty -- Folk and traditional Irish singer

Wikipedia - Roll, Alabama, Roll -- Traditional sea shanty

Wikipedia - Roman mythology -- Traditional stories pertaining to ancient Rome's legendary origins and religious system

Wikipedia - Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism -- Contemporary reconstructionist movement reviving traditional Roman religion

Wikipedia - Roman Traditional Movement -- Italian neopagan organisation

Wikipedia - Rongoa -- Traditional Maori medicinal practices

Wikipedia - Roof stomp -- US Air Force tradition for welcoming new high-ranking officer

Wikipedia - Rose the Red and White Lily -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Roti buaya -- Betawi traditional bread

Wikipedia - Roti gambang -- Javanese traditional bread

Wikipedia - Round and Round the Garden -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Rub-a-dub-dub -- Nursery rhyme and traditional song

Wikipedia - Rudat dance -- Traditional Indonesian dance

Wikipedia - Rudra Sampradaya -- Tradition of disciplic succession in Hinduism

Wikipedia - Rullepolse -- Traditional Danish spiced cold cut meat roll

Wikipedia - Rumah Gadang -- Traditional homes of the Minangkabau in Sumatra, Indonesia

Wikipedia - Rupa Goswami -- Indian guru, poet and philosopher of the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition (1489-1564)

Wikipedia - Russefeiring -- Traditional celebration for Norwegian high school students

Wikipedia - Russian cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Russia

Wikipedia - Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements -- 2001 book

Wikipedia - RyM-EM-^Mtei -- Traditional Japanese restaurant

Wikipedia - Ryokan (inn) -- Traditional Japanese inn

Wikipedia - Sack (unit) -- Traditional unit of mass or volume

Wikipedia - Sacred Harp -- Tradition of sacred choral music, originating in New England in the 18th century and carried on in the Southern U.S., using tunebooks printed in shape notes

Wikipedia - Sacred Tradition

Wikipedia - Sacred tradition -- The foundation of the doctrinal and spiritual authority of the Christian Church and of the Bible in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, and Anglican traditions

Wikipedia - Sacrifice in the Post-Kantian Tradition -- 2014 book by Diego Bubbio

Wikipedia - Saint George in devotions, traditions and prayers

Wikipedia - Saint Stephen and Herod -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Sai (weapon) -- traditional Okinawan melee weapon used for stabbing

Wikipedia - Salakot -- Traditional wide-brimmed hat from the Philippines

Wikipedia - Salmon and peas -- Traditional July 4th dish in New England, USA

Wikipedia - Salvadoran cuisine -- Culinary traditions of El Salvador

Wikipedia - Salwar -- Traditional loose trousers of the Punjab region

Wikipedia - Sam Hall (song) -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Sami shamanism -- Traditional religion of the Sami people in the Nordic countries

Wikipedia - Samping -- Malay traditional clothing

Wikipedia - Sampradaya -- Tradition, spiritual lineage or a religious system

Wikipedia - Sanamahism -- Religious or philosophical tradition of Meetei origin

Wikipedia - Sancocho -- Traditional soup in several Latin American cuisines

Wikipedia - Sand drawing -- Artistic and ritual tradition and practice of Vanuatu

Wikipedia - Sand mandala -- Tibetan Buddhist tradition involving the creation and destruction of mandalas made from coloured sand

Wikipedia - Sapmi -- Cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sami people

Wikipedia - Sarah Ann O'Neill -- Irish traditional singer

Wikipedia - Sariel -- Archangel of Judaic tradition

Wikipedia - Sari Gelin -- Traditional song native to Transcaucasus and its surrounding

Wikipedia - Sarong -- Traditional garment of the Malay Archipelago and the Pacific Islands

Wikipedia - Sarpa Kavu -- Traditional natural sacred spaces in South India

Wikipedia - Sashiko -- Traditional Japanese embroidery technique

Wikipedia - Sbiten -- Russian traditional winter drink served hot

Wikipedia - Scarborough Fair (ballad) -- Traditional English song

Wikipedia - Scarlet Sails (tradition) -- Celebration in St. Petersburg, Russia

Wikipedia - Schrodinger (crater) -- A large lunar impact crater of the form traditionally called a walled plain

Wikipedia - Scots Trad Music Awards -- Awards for traditional Scottish music

Wikipedia - Scottish folk music -- Genre of traditional music from Scotland

Wikipedia - Scottish Lullaby -- Traditional Scottish melody

Wikipedia - Sean-nos dance -- Traditional solo Irish percussive dance

Wikipedia - Second line (parades) -- New Orleans brass band tradition

Wikipedia - Secret Santa -- Western Christmas tradition

Wikipedia - See Saw Margery Daw -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - See See Rider -- Traditional blues song

Wikipedia - Sekaten -- Javanese traditional ceremony, festival, fair and night market

Wikipedia - Semitic neopaganism -- Religions based on or attempting to reconstruct the old religious traditions of the Semitic peoples

Wikipedia - Serbian Christmas traditions

Wikipedia - Serb traditions

Wikipedia - Servants of the Holy Family -- an all-male traditional Catholic religious community located in Colorado Springs

Wikipedia - Sewamono -- Genre of contemporary setting plays in Japanese traditional theatre

Wikipedia - Shabana (Hejazi tradition) -- Celebration in western Saudi Arabia

Wikipedia - Shafoot -- Traditional Yemeni appetizer

Wikipedia - Shaivism -- One of the major traditions within Hinduism, and reveres Shiva as the Supreme Being

Wikipedia - Shalom aleichem -- Traditional Jewish Hebrew-language greeting

Wikipedia - Shandong cuisine -- Branch of Chinese traditional cuisine native to Shandong province

Wikipedia - Shankaracharya -- Title of heads of Hinduism in the Vedanta tradition

Wikipedia - Sheath and Knife -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Shetland pony -- Scottish breed of traditional pony

Wikipedia - Shinkage-ryM-EM-+ -- Traditional school of Japanese martial arts

Wikipedia - ShintM-EM-^M MusM-EM-^M-ryM-EM-+ -- Traditional school of jM-EM-^Mjutsu

Wikipedia - Shire -- A traditional term for a division of land, found in some English-speaking countries

Wikipedia - Shita-kiri Suzume -- Traditional Japanese fable

Wikipedia - ShM-EM-^Mdai ware -- Type of Japanese pottery traditionally from Arao, Kumamoto

Wikipedia - Shorgoghal -- Traditional Azerbaijani pastry

Wikipedia - Shota (dance) -- Albanian traditional dance

Wikipedia - Shrine of the Three Kings -- reliquary traditionally believed to contain the bones of the Biblical Magi

Wikipedia - Sian (band) -- Scottish traditional band

Wikipedia - Siddha medicine -- System of traditional medicine originating in South India

Wikipedia - Sidecar (cocktail) -- Cocktail traditionally made with cognac, orange liqueur and lemon

Wikipedia - Silver Dagger (song) -- Traditional song performed by Joan Baez

Wikipedia - Simsimiyya -- Traditional Egyptian string instrument

Wikipedia - Sindoor -- Traditional vermilion red or orange-red colored cosmetic powder from the Indian subcontinent

Wikipedia - Singaporean cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Singapore

Wikipedia - Singing the Traditional Songs of Her Kentucky Mountain Family -- 1952 studio album by Jean Ritchie

Wikipedia - Sinner Man -- African American traditional spiritual song

Wikipedia - Sir Aldingar -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Sir Cawline -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Sir Hugh -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Sir James the Rose -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Sir Orfeo -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Sir Patrick Spens -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Sisters of Charity Federation in the Vincentian-Setonian Tradition

Wikipedia - Six Dukes Went a-Fishing -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Sixteen Arhats -- A list of the Buddha's disciples in South and East Asian tradition

Wikipedia - S. K. B. Asante -- Ghanaian lawyer and traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Slavery in Nigeria -- Traditional slave trade in southeastern Nigeria

Wikipedia - Smarta Tradition

Wikipedia - Smarta tradition -- Tradition in Hinduism linked to Advaita Vedanta

Wikipedia - Smock-frock -- Traditional rural man's loose overgarment of coarse fabric

Wikipedia - S'more -- Traditional campfire treat

Wikipedia - Social conservatism in the United States -- Political ideology focused on the preservation of traditional values and beliefs in the US

Wikipedia - Socialist traditions

Wikipedia - Songkran (Thailand) -- Traditional Thai New Year's holiday

Wikipedia - Sonnet -- Poetic form, traditionally fourteen specifically-rhymed lines

Wikipedia - Sooraj Dooba Hain -- Song performed by Arijit Singh, Aditi Singh Sharma

Wikipedia - Sope -- Traditional Mexican dish

Wikipedia - Sori Choi -- Korean traditional percussionist

Wikipedia - Sosatie -- A traditional South African dish of meat cooked on skewers

Wikipedia - Soto (food) -- Traditional Indonesian soup

Wikipedia - Soto padang -- Traditional Indonesian soup

Wikipedia - South African National Congress of Traditional Authorities -- Political party in South Africa

Wikipedia - South Dublin -- County in Ireland, part of the traditional County Dublin

Wikipedia - Sovay -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Spanish heraldry -- Tradition and art of heraldry of Spain

Wikipedia - Spanish naming customs -- Historical traditions practiced in Spain for naming children

Wikipedia - Spanish omelette -- Traditional Spanish dish of egg and potato

Wikipedia - Sport in Greenland -- Sports traditions in Greenland

Wikipedia - Sport in India -- Overview of sports traditions in India

Wikipedia - Sport in Japan -- Overview of sports traditions in Japan

Wikipedia - Sport in Korea -- Korea has traditional sports

Wikipedia - Sport in New Zealand -- Sports traditions in New Zealand

Wikipedia - Sports in Baltimore -- Sports teams, events, and traditions in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.

Wikipedia - Sri Lankan Forest Tradition

Wikipedia - Sri Lankan traditional medicine -- Alternative medicine

Wikipedia - Srimpi -- Traditional dance of Javanese people

Wikipedia - Stafford knot -- Three-looped overhand knot that is the traditional symbol of Staffordshire

Wikipedia - Stagger Lee -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Star Light, Star Bright -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Stephen Fritz -- South African indigenous and traditional leader

Wikipedia - Stockli -- Traditional agricultural building in Switzerland and Germany

Wikipedia - Stola -- Traditional garment of Ancient Roman women

Wikipedia - Strammer Max -- Traditional name applied to various sandwich dishes in German cuisine

Wikipedia - Succotash -- Traditional American food

Wikipedia - Suffix (name) -- Naming tradition, follows a person's full name and provides additional information about the person

Wikipedia - Sundubu-jjigae -- Korean traditional soft tofu stew

Wikipedia - Sunnah -- Literature discussing/prescribing traditional social/legal customs/practices of the Islamic community, often based on the record of teachings, deeds and sayings of Muhammad

Wikipedia - Supermarket -- Large form of the traditional grocery store

Wikipedia - Suranga -- Traditional water management system in Kerala and Karnataka, south India

Wikipedia - Surya Das -- American lama in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition

Wikipedia - Sweet Polly Oliver -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Sweet William's Ghost -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Swiss cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Switzerland

Wikipedia - Sylheti cuisine -- Sylheti cuisine is the food culture and traditions practices by the Sylhetis

Wikipedia - Syncretism -- Assimilation of two or more originally discrete religious traditions

Wikipedia - Taegeuk -- Traditional Korean symbol

Wikipedia - Taekkyeon -- Traditional Korean martial art

Wikipedia - Tai folk religion -- Animist religious beliefs traditionally and historically practiced by groups of ethnic Tai peoples

Wikipedia - Tajik cuisine -- Traditional cuisine of Tajikistan

Wikipedia - Takadai -- Loom used for weaving traditional Japanese braids

Wikipedia - Taktouka -- Traditional Moroccan salad dish

Wikipedia - Tall ship -- Large, traditionally-rigged sailing vessel

Wikipedia - Tamale -- Traditional Mesoamerican dish

Wikipedia - Tambouras -- Greek traditional string instrument

Wikipedia - Tamil units of measurement -- system of measurements traditionally used in ancient Tamil-speaking South India

Wikipedia - TanbM-EM-+ra (lyre) -- Traditional string instrument

Wikipedia - Tantra -- Esoteric traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism

Wikipedia - Tant sari -- Traditional Bengali sari

Wikipedia - Tapai -- Indonesian and Southeast Asian traditional fermented of rice

Wikipedia - Tapalapa bread -- Traditional African bread

Wikipedia - Tapestry -- Form of textile art, traditionally woven on a vertical loom

Wikipedia - Tapu (Polynesian culture) -- Polynesian traditional concept denoting something holy or sacred

Wikipedia - Tara Music -- Traditional Irish music recording companies

Wikipedia - Tatanua mask -- Traditional mask made by the natives in the province of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea

Wikipedia - Tauge goreng -- Indonesian traditional dish

Wikipedia - Tautua -- Word in Samoan that expresses the cultural tradition of service to the family

Wikipedia - Tea cosy -- Cover for a teapot, traditionally made of cloth

Wikipedia - Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa

Wikipedia - Teddy bear toss -- Christmas tradition

Wikipedia - Teiken Boxing Gym -- Japan's traditional boxing club

Wikipedia - Telemark -- Traditional region and former county (fylke) of Norway

Wikipedia - Telemea -- A Romanian cheese traditionally made of sheepM-bM-^@M-^Ys milk

Wikipedia - Telling the bees -- Traditional European custom

Wikipedia - Terma (religion) -- Hidden teachings in various Buddhist traditions

Wikipedia - Texas Tech University traditions -- Aspect of Texas Tech University culture

Wikipedia - Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods -- Traditional methods of textile production

Wikipedia - Thady Quill -- A popular traditional Irish song

Wikipedia - Thai Forest Tradition

Wikipedia - Thai units of measurement -- System of units traditionally used in Thailand

Wikipedia - Thanos Leivaditis -- Greek actor and screenwriter

Wikipedia - The Arkansas Traveler (song) -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Baffled Knight -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Bailiff's Daughter of Islington -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Ballad of Chevy Chase -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Beggar-Laddie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Bent Sae Brown -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Bitter Withy -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Bonnie Banks o' Loch Lomond -- Traditional Scottish folk song

Wikipedia - The Bonnie House of Airlie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Bonny Hind -- 1771 traditional song

Wikipedia - The Bonny Lass of Anglesey -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Boy and the Mantle -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Braes o' Killiecrankie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Bramble Briar -- Traditional English folk murder ballad

Wikipedia - The Broomfield Hill -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Brown Girl -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Butcher and the Tailor's Wife -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The captain goes down with the ship -- Maritime tradition

Wikipedia - The Clerk's Twa Sons o Owsenford -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Crabfish -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Crafty Farmer -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Cruel Brother -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Cruel Mother -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Cuckoo (song) -- Traditional English folk song

Wikipedia - The Daemon Lover -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Death of Parcy Reed -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Death of Queen Jane -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Derby Ram -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Devil (Tarot card) -- Fifteenth Major Arcana card in most traditional Tarot decks

Wikipedia - The Ditchling Carol -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Duke of Athole's Nurse -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Duke of Gordon's Daughter -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Earl of Errol -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Earl of Mar's Daughter -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Elfin Knight -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The False Lover Won Back -- Traditional ballot in English

Wikipedia - The Famous Flower of Serving-Men -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Farmer in the Dell -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Farmer's Curst Wife -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Fause Knight Upon the Road -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Flag: A Story Inspired by the Tradition of Betsy Ross -- 1927 film

Wikipedia - The Friar in the Well -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Gay Goshawk -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The George Aloe and the Sweepstake -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Great Silkie of Sule Skerry -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Grey Cock -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Heir of Linne -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The History of the Gold Coast and Asante -- Preserved work of oral tradition

Wikipedia - The Holly and the Ivy -- Traditional British folk Christmas carol

Wikipedia - The Holy Ground -- Traditional Irish folk song

Wikipedia - The Jolly Beggar -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Jolly Waggoner -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Just War tradition

Wikipedia - The Keach i the Creel -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The King's Dochter Lady Jean -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Kitchie-Boy -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Knight and the Shepherd's Daughter -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Knight's Ghost -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Lads of Wamphray -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Laily Worm and the Machrel of the Sea -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Laird o Drum -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Laird o Logie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Lass of Roch Royal -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Leaving of Liverpool -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Lincolnshire Poacher -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Living Tradition -- Music magazine

Wikipedia - The Lochmaben Harper -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Lord of Lorn and the False Steward -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Maid and the Palmer -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Marriage of Sir Gawain -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Mermaid (ballad) -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Miao Flower Mountain Festival -- traditional occasion of the Miao, a Chinese ethnic group

Wikipedia - The Moorlough Shore -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Mother's Malison -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The New-Slain Knight -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The New Tradition -- American barbershop quartet from California

Wikipedia - The Noble Fisherman -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Primordial Tradition -- A school of religious philosophy which holds its origins in perennialism

Wikipedia - The Queen of Elfan's Nourice -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Queen of Scotland -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Raggle Taggle Gypsy -- Traditional folk song

Wikipedia - The Rambling Gambler -- Traditional folk song of the American West

Wikipedia - The Rantin Laddie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - There Was a Crooked Man -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Riddle Song -- Traditional song; English folk song; Roud Folk Song Index #330

Wikipedia - The Rose of England -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Saucy Arethusa -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Spinning-Woman by the Spring -- Traditional folk tale in Europe and Asia

Wikipedia - The Spotted Cow -- Traditional English folk song

Wikipedia - The Sprig of Thyme -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Suffolk Miracle -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Sweet Trinity -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Three Butchers -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Three Jovial Huntsmen -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Three Ravens -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Tradition (poetry collection) -- Poetry collection by Jericho Brown

Wikipedia - The Twa Brothers -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Twa Magicians -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Twa Sisters -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Unquiet Grave -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Wee Wee Man -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The West Country Damosel's Complaint -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The White Fisher -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Whummil Bore -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Wife of Usher's Well -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Wylie Wife of the Hie Toun Hie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - The Young Earl of Essex's Victory over the Emperor of Germany -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Thirteen desserts -- Traditional Christmas of Provence.

Wikipedia - Thomas o Yonderdale -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Three Blind Mice -- 1805 traditional song

Wikipedia - Three Jolly Rogues -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine)

Wikipedia - Tibetan mythology -- traditional and religious stories of Tibet

Wikipedia - Tiger-head shoes -- Traditional Chinese folk handicraft used as footwear for children

Wikipedia - Tinikling -- Traditional Filipino folk dance from Visayas

Wikipedia - Tinker, Tailor -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Tippit -- Traditional Welsh game

Wikipedia - TM-EM-^MrM-EM-^M -- Traditional Japanese lantern

Wikipedia - Toad in the hole -- Traditional English dish

Wikipedia - Tola (unit) -- Traditional Asian unit of mass

Wikipedia - Toledano tradition

Wikipedia - Tom Potts -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son -- Nursery rhyme and traditional song

Wikipedia - Tongyangxi -- Pre-modern Chinese tradition of arranged marriage

Wikipedia - Topeng dance -- Indonesian traditional dance

Wikipedia - Topor (headgear) -- Conical headgear traditionally worn by grooms as part of the Bengali Hindu wedding ceremony

Wikipedia - Top (sailing ship) -- Platform at the upper end of a mast on a traditional square rigged ship

Wikipedia - Torah reading -- A Jewish religious tradition that involves the public reading of a set of passages from a Torah scroll

Wikipedia - Torah scroll (Yemenite) -- The Yemenite Jewish tradition of orthography in a Torah scroll

Wikipedia - Torr -- Traditional unit of pressure

Wikipedia - Traditional African masks -- Ritual and ceremonial mask of Sub-Saharan Africa

Wikipedia - Traditional African medicine -- traditional medical practices in Africa

Wikipedia - Traditional African religions -- Diverse traditional beliefs and practices of African people

Wikipedia - Traditional African religion

Wikipedia - Traditional Anglican Communion

Wikipedia - Traditional animation

Wikipedia - Traditional authority -- Form of leadership in which the authority of an organization or a ruling regime is largely tied to tradition or custom

Wikipedia - Traditional Berber religion

Wikipedia - Traditional birth attendant -- Person who provides maternity care informally

Wikipedia - Traditional black gospel

Wikipedia - Traditional Catholics

Wikipedia - Traditional Chinese characters

Wikipedia - Traditional Chinese law

Wikipedia - Traditional Chinese medicine -- Traditional medicine in China

Wikipedia - Traditional Chinese religion

Wikipedia - Traditional Chinese star names

Wikipedia - Traditional Chinese timekeeping -- Timekeeping before Shixian calander

Wikipedia - Traditional Chinese

Wikipedia - Traditional climbing -- Style of rock climbing

Wikipedia - Traditional colors of Japan

Wikipedia - Traditional conservatism

Wikipedia - Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands -- Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands

Wikipedia - Traditional ecological knowledge

Wikipedia - Traditional economy

Wikipedia - Traditional education

Wikipedia - Traditional engineering

Wikipedia - Traditional English pronunciation of Latin -- Basic pronunciation rules

Wikipedia - Traditional family

Wikipedia - Traditional games in the Philippines

Wikipedia - Traditional grammar

Wikipedia - Traditional healers of Southern Africa -- Practitioners of traditional African medicine in Southern Africa

Wikipedia - Traditionalism (Spain)

Wikipedia - Traditionalist Catholicism -- Movement of Catholics in favour of restoring many or all of the liturgy, practice, and beliefs of Catholics from before the Second Vatican Council

Wikipedia - Traditionalist Catholics

Wikipedia - Traditionalist Catholic

Wikipedia - Traditionalist conservatism in the United States

Wikipedia - Traditionalist conservatism -- Political ideology

Wikipedia - Traditionalist school

Wikipedia - Traditionalist School -- Perennial philosophy

Wikipedia - Traditionalist Theology (Islam)

Wikipedia - Traditionalist theology (Islam) -- Islamic sunni theologic branch

Wikipedia - Traditional knowledge -- Knowledge systems in the cultural traditions of communities

Wikipedia - Traditionally

Wikipedia - Traditional Malaysian musical instruments -- Malaysian musical instruments

Wikipedia - Traditional mathematics

Wikipedia - Traditional media

Wikipedia - Traditional medicine -- Medicine based on traditional beliefs

Wikipedia - Traditional Persian -- Breed of cat

Wikipedia - Traditional singer -- someone who has learned folk songs in their original context

Wikipedia - Traditional Sohbet meetings -- Turkish social practice of community conversations

Wikipedia - Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony -- Music theory of harmony

Wikipedia - Traditional Tibetan medicine

Wikipedia - Traditional Unionist Voice -- Political party

Wikipedia - Traditional Values Coalition -- Defunct American conservative Christian organization

Wikipedia - Traditional values

Wikipedia - Traditional Vietnamese dance

Wikipedia - Traditional Vietnamese medicine

Wikipedia - Traditional Vietnamese musical instruments

Wikipedia - Traditional

Wikipedia - Tradition criticism

Wikipedia - Tradition of removing shoes in the home and houses of worship

Wikipedia - Traditions and student activities at MIT -- Aspect of Massachusetts Institute of Technology culture

Wikipedia - Traditions of Italy

Wikipedia - Traditions of Pomona College -- Aspect of Pomona College culture

Wikipedia - Traditions of Romania

Wikipedia - Traditions of Texas A&M University -- Aspect of Texas A&M University culture

Wikipedia - Traditions of the Georgia Institute of Technology -- Aspect of Georgia Tech culture

Wikipedia - Traditions

Wikipedia - Tradition und Leben -- Monarchist organisation in Germany

Wikipedia - Tradition -- A long-existing custom or belief

Wikipedia - Tradwife -- Submissive, "traditional" wife

Wikipedia - Transvestism -- Dressing and acting in a style or manner traditionally associated with the opposite sex

Wikipedia - Tree of life (Kabbalah) -- Diagram used in various mystical traditions

Wikipedia - Trews -- Traditional Celtic tightly-fit footed trousers, often of tartan; also trousers from Scottish Highland dress.

Wikipedia - Tro (instrument) -- Traditional bowed string instruments from Cambodia

Wikipedia - True Awakening Tradition

Wikipedia - Tsarouchi -- Shoe worn as part of the traditional uniform of the Greek guards known as Evzones

Wikipedia - Tsuitate -- Traditional Japanese single-panel portable partition

Wikipedia - Tsukubai -- Traditional Japanese ritual washbasin

Wikipedia - Tuba Skinny -- A traditional jazz band based in New Orleans

Wikipedia - Tubeteika -- Russian word for many varieties of traditional Central Asian caps

Wikipedia - Tujeon -- Traditional Korean playing cards

Wikipedia - Tulum cheese -- A traditional Turkish goat's milk cheese ripened in a goatskin casing

Wikipedia - Turco-Persian tradition -- Distinctive culture in Central Asia

Wikipedia - Turkish folk literature -- Oral tradition of Turkish people

Wikipedia - Turkish makam -- System of melodic modes used in traditional Turkic music

Wikipedia - Turkish salvar -- Traditional baggy trousers of Turkey

Wikipedia - Turkmen cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Turkmenistan

Wikipedia - Turlutte (music) -- Form of traditional popular song from Quebec, Canada

Wikipedia - Turul -- Mythological bird of prey in Hungarian tradition and a national symbol of Hungarians

Wikipedia - Tutedhara -- Traditional water taps in Nepal

Wikipedia - Ukrainian cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Ukraine

Wikipedia - Ulam (salad) -- Traditional Malay salad

Wikipedia - Ulster -- Traditional province in the north of Ireland

Wikipedia - Ultramarathon -- Any footrace longer than the traditional marathon length of 42.195 kilometres

Wikipedia - Ululudhvani -- Tradition in Bengal, Assam and Odisha, where women produce a sound called 'Ululu'

Wikipedia - Umaru bin Ali -- Nigerian traditional ruler

Wikipedia - Umaru Nagwamatse -- Sokoto caliphs prince and traditional state founder

Wikipedia - Upe -- Traditional Bougainvillean headdress

Wikipedia - Upstart (software) -- An event-based replacement for the traditional init daemon

Wikipedia - Uralic mythologies -- Traditional myths of Uralic-speaking cultures

Wikipedia - Vaisakhi -- Major spring time Sikh festival, harvest and traditional new year festival for many Hindus

Wikipedia - Vajrayana -- Various Buddhist traditions of Tantra and "Secret Mantra", which developed in medieval India and spread by Padmasambhava to Tibet, Bhutan, and East Asia

Wikipedia - Vardo (Romani wagon) -- Traditional horse-drawn wagon of British Romani people

Wikipedia - Venetian glass -- Glassmaking tradition from Venice, Italy

Wikipedia - Vernacular architecture -- Category of architecture based on local needs, construction materials and reflecting local traditions

Wikipedia - Vetkoek -- A traditional coloured fried dough bread

Wikipedia - Vinger -- Traditional district near Kongsvinger, Norway

Wikipedia - Virgin boy egg -- Traditional dish of Dongyang, Zhejiang, China

Wikipedia - Visoba Khechara -- Indian Marathi saint in the Varkari tradition

Wikipedia - Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa -- South African traditional healer

Wikipedia - Waldjinah -- Indonesian traditional singer

Wikipedia - Wallin Family -- American family of traditional ballad singers

Wikipedia - Wampum -- A traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands tribes of American Indians

Wikipedia - Wappo traditional narratives -- Native Californian narratives

Wikipedia - Water puppetry -- Vietnamese puppetry tradition

Wikipedia - Waterzooi -- Traditional Belgian stew

Wikipedia - Way of the Gods according to the Confucian Tradition -- A Confucian congregational religious movement

Wikipedia - Welcome to Country -- Ritual performed to welcome non-Indigenous people to the traditional owners of the local area in Australia

Wikipedia - Welsh mythology -- Folk traditions developed in Wales and by the Celtic Britons elsewhere

Wikipedia - WerkM-CM-)n -- Traditional tribal leader in the Mapuche Culture of Southern South America

Wikipedia - Wesleyan theology -- Protestant Christian theological tradition

Wikipedia - Western canon -- Books, music and art traditionally accepted by Western scholars as the most important in shaping Western culture

Wikipedia - Western esoteric tradition

Wikipedia - Western Mystery Tradition

Wikipedia - Western mystery tradition

Wikipedia - Western Sufism -- A new religious movement with its origins in traditional Sufism

Wikipedia - What Are Little Boys Made Of? -- Nursery rhyme and traditional song

Wikipedia - White wedding -- Traditional formal or semi-formal wedding originating in Great Britain

Wikipedia - Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Willie and Lady Maisry -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Willie o Douglas Dale -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Willie o Winsbury -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Willie's Lady -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Willie's Lyke-Wake -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Will Stewart and John -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Wiltshire Traditional Orchards Project -- Organisation that records, conserves and restores orchards

Wikipedia - Wind Horse -- Symbol of the human soul in East Asian and Central Asian traditions

Wikipedia - Wisdom tradition -- Idea that there is a mystic inner core to all religious or spiritual traditions

Wikipedia - Witches reel -- Traditional Scottish Ceilidh dance

Wikipedia - Wli Falls Festival -- Festival of Wli Traditional Area in Volta region

Wikipedia - Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa -- Album of post-classical rearrangements of traditional First Nations music by Jeremy Dutcher

Wikipedia - Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje -- Traditional wooden toys made in the region of Hrvatsko Zagorje in Croatia

Wikipedia - World music -- Umbrella term for traditional or indigenous music not originating in Europe or North America

Wikipedia - Worried Man Blues -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co. -- American manufacturer of traditional pocket knives, fixed blades/sporting knives, kitchen knives, limited edition commemoratives and collectibles

Wikipedia - Wufang Shangdi -- Traditional Chinese deity

Wikipedia - Xia dynasty -- First dynasty in traditional Chinese history

Wikipedia - Xiang embroidery -- Traditional embroidery style of Changsha, Hunan, China

Wikipedia - Yakuza -- Members of traditional transnational organized crime syndicates in Japan

Wikipedia - Yangdong Folk Village -- Traditional village

Wikipedia - Yaogu -- Traditional Chinese drum

Wikipedia - Yared -- Ethiopian composer, pioneer for traditional and religious musical notations

Wikipedia - Yemenite Hebrew -- Pronunciation system for Hebrew traditionally used by Yemenite Jews

Wikipedia - Yeshiva of Cape Town -- Jewish educational institution for the study of traditional religious texts and Jewish law

Wikipedia - YM-EM-^Mga -- Style of paintings by Japanese artists, made in accordance with Western (European) traditional conventions, techniques and materials

Wikipedia - Yobai -- Discreet unmarried sex in Japanese tradition.

Wikipedia - Yongfeng chili sauce -- Traditional fermented hot sauce from China

Wikipedia - Yorkshire pudding -- Traditional English side dish

Wikipedia - Yosegi -- Traditional Japanese decorative woodworking technique

Wikipedia - Young Andrew -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Young Beichan -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Young Benjie -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Young Hunting -- Traditional folk song

Wikipedia - Young Johnstone -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Young Peggy -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Young Ronald -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Young Waters -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Youxuan -- Traditional food in Jinan, China

Wikipedia - Yule log (cake) -- Traditional Christmas dessert

Wikipedia - Yum cha -- Cantonese tradition of brunch involving Chinese tea and dim sum

Wikipedia - Yup'ik clothing -- Traditional clothing worn by the Yup'ik people of Alaska

Wikipedia - Yurok traditional narratives -- Myths, legends, tales, and oral histories from northwestern California

Wikipedia - Zambian cuisine -- Culinary traditions of Nigeria

Wikipedia - Zangbeto -- spirits in African tradition

Wikipedia - Zhiyi -- Founder of the Tiantai tradition of Buddhism in China

Wikipedia - Zimbabwe Sculpture: a Tradition in Stone -- Sculpture exhibition at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport

Wikipedia - Zuleikha (tradition)

Wikipedia - Zulu traditional religion

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https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Buddhism#Schools_and_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Buddhist_chant#Traditional_chanting

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Canonization#Other_Christian_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:African_traditional_religions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Catholic_traditionalism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_traditional_religion

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_theology_by_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Christmas_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Easter_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Hindu_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Non-traditional_Buddhism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophers_by_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophical_schools_and_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophical_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_faiths,_traditions,_and_movements

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category_talk:African_traditional_religions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category_talk:Traditionalism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Traditionalism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Traditional_meat_processing

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Category:Traditional_narratives

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church#Diverse_traditions_of_worship

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Cherub#Islamic_Tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Christ#Esoteric_Christian_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Christian_liturgy#Methodist_or_Wesleyan_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Christian_mythology#In_non-canonical_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Christian_worship#Other_Liturgical_Traditions:_Non-Sacraments

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Christian_worship#Reformation_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Christian_worship#Sacramental_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Christ#The_esoteric_Christian_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age#Non-religious_coming_of_age_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Comparative_religion#Comparing_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Creator_deity#Chinese_traditional_cosmology

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Roman_Catholicism#Scripture_and_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Roman_Catholicism#Traditionalist_and_sedevacantist_Roman_Catholics

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church#Scripture_and_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church#Traditionalist_and_sedevacantist_Catholics

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Deacon#Other_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Dogs_in_religion#Chinese_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity#Oral_tradition_and_first_written_works

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity#Tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Easter#Religious_and_secular_Easter_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#Traditional_medicine

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Elijah#Islamic_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Western_secular_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record#Contemporary_indigenous_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Eshu#Best_Known_Exus_in_the_Brazilian_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Excommunication#Anabaptist_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Man#Other_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/File:Painted_19th_century_Tibetan_mandala_of_the_Naropa_tradition,_Vajrayogini_stands_in_the_center_of_two_crossed_red_triangles,_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/File:Traditional_lebanese_house_at_Byblos.jpg

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Funeral_(Buddhism)#Mahayana_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Funeral_(Buddhism)#Theravada_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Funeral_(Buddhism)#Tibetan_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Good_Friday#Churches_of_Byzantine_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Good_Friday#Other_Protestant_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Guru-shishya_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Haoma#In_tradition_and_folklore

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Harmal#Traditional_uses

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)#Other_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)#Western_Christian_Tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Hermit#The_eremitic_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#The_Eastern_Monastic_or_Ascetic_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Holy_Tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Hosanna#Liturgical_use_in_different_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Inedia#Religious_traditions_of_inedia

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity#Medieval_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Julius_Evola#Tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Justification_(theology)#Comparison_of_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Kalachakra#Kalachakra_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Kava#Toxicity_of_traditional_kava_beverage_preparations

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Kava#Traditional_preparation

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Lamia#Modern_folk_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Liturgical_Movement#Churches_of_the_Lutheran_Tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mahamudra#Dagpo_Kagyu_.27Four_Syllables.27_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mahamudra#Drigung_Kagyu_.27Possessing_Five.27_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mahamudra#Drukpa_Kagyu_.27Six_Spheres_of_Equal_Taste.27_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mahamudra#Karma_Kagyu_.27Simultaneously_Arising_as_Merged.27_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mahamudra#Shangpa_Kagyu_Amulet_Box_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mahamudra#The_Gelug_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mahamudra#The_Kagyu_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mantra#Mantra_in_other_traditions_or_contexts

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist#Biblical_and_traditional_information

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mishnah#Oral_Traditions_.28chanting_and_pronunciation_of_the_Mishnah.29

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mishnah#Oral_traditions_and_pronunciation

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mother_Nature#Western_tradition_history

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mudra#Other_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mysticism#Mystical_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Mysticism#Mysticism_and_traditional_religions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Negative_theology#In_the_Jewish_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Traditio

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Critical_views_of_the_NKT-IKBU

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Dorje_Shugden_controversy

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#External_links

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Favorable_views_of_the_NKT-IKBU

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Geshe_Kelsang_Gyatso

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Growth

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Internal_Rules

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#International_Buddhist_Festivals

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#International_Retreat_Centers

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Kadampa_Buddhism_and_Tibetan_Buddhism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Kadampa_Meditation_Centers

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Lineage_of_teachers

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Meaning_of_the_word_Kadampa

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Mission_statement

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#New_Kadampa_Tradition_and_Gelugpa_Tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Official_websites

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Ordination

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Organisation_and_development

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Other_teachers

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#References

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Religious_observances

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Religious_practices

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Reviews_of_the_NKT-IKBU

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Separation_from_contemporary_Tibetan_Buddhism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Spiritual_activities

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Study_programs

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Successor_to_Geshe_Kelsang_Gyatso

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Teachers

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Teachings_and_books

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition#Temples_for_World_Peace.2C_World_Peace_Caf.C3.A9s.2C_and_Hotel_Kadampas

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Patikulamanasikara#Traditional_sources

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Patriarchal_Exarchate_for_Orthodox_Parishes_of_Russian_Tradition_in_Western_Europe

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Plane_(esotericism)#Conceptions_in_ancient_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Praxis_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)#Corresponding_terminology_in_western_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Pre-Christian_Alpine_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Reincarnation#Eastern_religions_and_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Reincarnation#Traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Reincarnation#Western_religions_and_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Relations_between_Catholicism_and_Judaism#Traditionalist_Catholics

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Africa#African_traditional_religion

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religious_order#Anglican_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religious_order#Buddhist_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religious_order#Catholic_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religious_order#Christian_Tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religious_order#Christian_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religious_order#Christian_tradition_2

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religious_order#Islamic_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religious_order#Orthodox_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religious_order#Other_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Religious_order#Protestant_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Sabbath_breaking#Christian_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Sabbath_breaking#Jewish_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Sacred_Tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Saint_George:_Devotions,_traditions_and_prayers

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Satanism#Pagan_.26_Traditional_Satanism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Second_Coming#Esoteric_Christian_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)#Serpents_in_other_religious_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Seven_rays#In_early_mystery_traditions_of_the_west_and_near_east

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Religious_faiths,_traditions,_and_movements

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Sufism#Traditional_and_non-traditional_Sufi_groups

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Sufism#Traditional_Islamic_thought_and_Sufism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Tabernanthe_iboga#Traditional_use

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Talk:Buddhism/Revised#Main_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Talk:New_Kadampa_Tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Talk:Traditionalist_School

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Tantra#Relation_with_Vedic_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Template:Buddhist_traditions_timeline

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Therapeutae#Hebrew_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Torah#Traditional_attribution

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditional_Anglicanism.

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholic

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School#Academic_reception

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School#Books_and_resources

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School#Criticism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School#Perennialism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School#Philosophia_Perennis

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School#References

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School#See_also

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School#Traditionalism_and_religion

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School#View_of_modernity

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Traditions(orthodox_church)

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_(religion)#Instances_in_other_religions_and_spiritual_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_(religion)#Instances_in_the_Judeo-Christian_scriptures_and_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine#Therav.C4.81da_commentarial_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Union_for_Traditional_Judaism

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Vachellia_farnesiana#Traditional_medicine

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Vajrayana#Vajrayana_textual_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus#Christianity_and_similar_traditions

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Virola#Traditional_medicine

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Wedding_ring#Traditional_customs

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Wisdom_tradition

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Yam_(god)#Speculative_similarities_in_other_traditions

https://wicca.wikia.org/wiki/Alexandrian_Tradition

https://wicca.wikia.org/wiki/Correllian-Nativist_Tradition

https://wicca.wikia.org/wiki/Initiatory_Mystery_Tradition

Kheper - Primordial_Tradition -- 47

Kheper - Traditionalism -- 51

http://malankazlev.com/kheper/topics/perennial_philosophy/traditionalism.html -- 0

Kheper - Traditionalism -- 42

Kheper - Tradition_1 -- 36

Kheper - Tradition_2 -- 34

Kheper - Tradition_3 -- 34

http://malankazlev.com/kheper/topics/Theon/Tradition_Cosmique_1.pdf -- 0

http://malankazlev.com/kheper/topics/Theon/Tradition_Cosmique_2.pdf -- 0

http://malankazlev.com/kheper/topics/Theon/Tradition_Cosmique_3.pdf -- 0

http://malankazlev.com/kheper/topics/Theon/Tradition_Cosmique_5.pdf -- 0

Kheper - Tradition -- 60

http://malankazlev.com/kheper/topics/Traditionalism/index.html -- 0

auromere - on-some-customs-and-traditions-of-hinduism

auromere - descent-experience

auromere - religious-traditions

Integral World - The Humanities As The Integral Tradition, Matthew Dallman

Integral World - Shamanic and Taoist Origins Of Chinese Traditions, Joseph Dillard

Integral World - Neopaganism and the Mystical Tradition

Integral World - The Nature and Tradition of Integral Spirituality, Zakariyya Ishaq

Integral World - The Great Wisdom Tradition's Divine Library, Brad Reynolds

The Beauty (and Baggage) of Traditionalism

selforum - immense potential of indian traditions

selforum - history of traditionalist movement

selforum - indian tradition is truly postmodern

selforum - original integral tradition

selforum - rekindle fire within vedic tradition

selforum - many scientists practice traditional

selforum - ucc is against all tradition will

https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2012/10/western-mystery-tradition.html

https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2012/12/psychic-tibetan-traditions.html

https://thoughtsandvisions-searle88.blogspot.com/2015/05/the-cosmic-tradition.html

dedroidify.blogspot - william-g-gray-inner-traditions-of

https://circumsolatious.blogspot.com/2015/03/escapist-spiritual-traditions-buddha.html

https://circumsolatious.blogspot.com/2016/03/a-centre-that-holds-commentary-on-aditi.html

https://circumsolatious.blogspot.com/2018/07/aditis-12-sons-thailand-cave-rescue.html

https://esotericotherworlds.blogspot.com/2012/11/huston-smith-and-primordial-tradition.html

https://esotericotherworlds.blogspot.com/2013/02/traditionalism.html

Dharmapedia - Traditional_Chinese_medicine

Dharmapedia - Traditionalist_School

Psychology Wiki - Category:Philosophical_schools_and_traditions

Psychology Wiki - Category:Religious_faiths,_traditions,_and_movements

Psychology Wiki - Guru-shishya_tradition

Psychology Wiki - Guru#The_.22guru-shishya.22_tradition

Psychology Wiki - Integral_thought#Integral_thought_-_the_Wilberian_tradition

Psychology Wiki - Traditional_Chinese_medicine

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - algebra-logic-tradition

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - emotion-Christian-tradition

https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AncientTradition

https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AppealToTradition

https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ArtisticLicenseTraditionalChristianity

https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/KimonoIsTraditional

https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/OralTradition

https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TraditionalHeavyMetal

https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TropesOfTradition

https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/YourTraditionIsNotMine

https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/TropeNamers/TraditionalGames

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Category:Traditionally_animated_films

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Category:Traditionally_animated_TV_shows

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/File:Sinhalese_Girl_Wearing_A_Traditional_Kandyan_Saree_(Osaria)-1.jpg

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tradition

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Traditional

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Traditionalism

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Traditions

https://www.poetry-chaikhana.com/Poets/../Traditions/index.html

Max Headroom (1985 - 1987) - It was characterized by intelligent scripts, a quirky sense of humor, some serious speculation about the power and ethics of television, and a slightly satirical but intricately realized vision of the future with a gritty, "Brazil"-like, "retro-tech" style. It had frequent references to traditional...

WWE Raw (1993 - Current) - Beginning as WWF Monday Night Raw, the program first aired on January 11, 1993. It aired on the USA Network for one hour. The original Raw broke new ground in televised professional wrestling. Traditionally, wrestling shows were taped on sound stages with small audiences or at large arena shows. The...

Spectreman (1971 - 1972) - Bad, bad, bad 70s Japanese regular-guy-turns-into-giant-robot-esq show. The highlight (other than the great cheesy monsters) is the main villains. These are two guys in ape masks keeping traditional Japanese theatre alive through the over-use of hand gestures. Wonderfully campy, Spectreman makes...

Days of our Lives (1965 - Current) - A dramatic serial on NBC created by Ted Corday, Irna Phillips & Allan Chase, and written by William J. Bell. The Cordays and Bell combined the "hospital soap" idea with the tradition of centering a series on a family, by making the show about a family of doctors, including one who worked in a mental...

Cartoon Sushi (1997 - 1998) - Following the tradition of MTV's previous animation show Liquid Television, this was the show that followed a few years later was basically a collection of various animated shorts made a variety of different cartoonists.

Silver Surfer (1997 - 1998) - Based on the Marvel Comics character, this series adapted several of the original comics' most notable story arcs into animation. The series used a blend of traditional animation and quite effective cel shaded 3D CG animation. It was well received by fans, and had decent ratings, but was unable to...

Rock & Roll Jeopardy! (1998 - 2001) - It's exctly like traditional Jeopardy!, but all about rock & roll. Hosted by Jeff Probst and shown on VH1.

The Sooty Show (1955 - 2012) - The little yellow bear with the sooty ears and nose attached to the end of Harry Corbett's arm has been a British TV tradition since its TV debut on BBC TV Talent Night in 1952. Sooty was every child's hero - able to misbehave with impunity and torment the life of poor old Harry Corbett.

Faerie Tale Theatre (1982 - 1987) - Hosted by Shelley Duval, this program featured some of the best-known stars in Hollywood performing adaptations of traditional fairy tales.

Christmas in Rockefeller Center (1951 - Current) - Every year since 1931 the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree has been an American tradition for New Yorkers and Tourists alike. The first tree erected in 1931 stood just 20 feet tall and was decorated with "strings of cranberries, garlands of paper, and even a few tin cans". In 1933 the tree was lit...

The Kentucky Derby (1952 - Current) - The great American tradition, held at Churchill Downs in Louisville Kentucky every year on the first Saturday in May since 1875. NBC showed it on TV for the first time in 1949 but the event was nationally televised for the first time in 1952.

Senran Kagura: Ninja Flash (2013 - 2013) - The Hanzo Academy is a prestigious prep school with a secret known only to a select few. Behind its walls is a training course for shinobi; trained spies and assassins that centuries ago had served the shoguns for their political and military needs. Today the tradition continues with five young fema...

Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (1948 - Current) - An American Thanksgiving Day tradition just as big and just as important as the turkey, the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has been held in Midtown Manhattan every year since 1924 and is America's oldest Thanksgiving Parade. Originally a one-time event to celebrate the heritage of American workers a...

Grotbags (1983 - 2012) - a children's television programme which ran for three series between 1991 and 1993 about a fictional witch named Grotbags, a spin-off of multiple earlier Rod Hull and Emu shows. Very much in the mould of the traditional pantomime villain, Grotbags was played by actress, singer and comedian Carol Lee...

Majokko Tickle (1978 - 1979) - Majokko Chikkuru), also known as Magical Girl Tickle or Magical Girl Chickle, is a 1970s magical girl manga and anime by Go Nagai. Unlike Nagai's earlier (and more popular) Cutie Honey, Majokko Tickle is closer to the more traditional mold of magical girl anime such as Mahoutsukai Sally, and unlike...

Galaxy Boy Troop (1963 - 1965) - was a children's TV series created by Osamu Tezuka that combined marionettes with traditional animation. It ran for two seasons from April 7, 1963 to April 1, 1965, for a total of 92 episodes. The series also aired in France as "Le Commando De La Voie Lactee".[1]In the first season, the eponymous Ga...

Archie's Weird Mysteries (1999 - 2012) - Archie's Weird Mysteries is a traditionally animated children's television program, based on the continuously successful Archie comics. The series premise revolves around a Riverdale High physics lab gone awry, making the town of Riverdale a "magnet" for B-movie style monsters. The series is meant t...

The Woodwright's Shop (1979 - Current) - The Woodwright's Shop is a traditional woodworking show hosted by Roy Underhill on PBS. It is one of the longest running "how to" shows on PBS, with 28 13-episode seasons filmed. Since its debut in 1979 the show has aired over 360 episodes. Initially only broadcast on public TV in North Carolina, th...

Soldier Soldier (1991 - 1997) - Soldier Soldier was a British television drama series. The title comes from a traditional song of the same name.

Friday Night Fights (1998 - 2015) - In 1998, ESPN premiered Friday Night Fights, a part of its coverage of boxing. The series traditionally featured bouts involving up-and-coming and semi-professional boxers, along with studio segments covering headlines and developments across the sport. As implied by its title, the program was prima...

The Iron Giant(1999) - The Iron Giant is a 1999 American animated science fiction film using both traditional animation and computer animation, produced by Warner Bros. Animation, and based on the 1968 novel The Iron Man by Ted Hughes. The film was directed by Brad Bird, scripted by Tim McCanlies, and stars Jennifer Anist...

Fiddler on the Roof(1971) - Hollywood proudly presents the film version of the Broadway stage musical, based on the stories of Sholom Aleichem. Tevye the Milkman is a Jewish peasant in pre-Revolutionary Russia, coping with the day-to-day problems of his life, his Jewish traditions, his wife, and his five daughters.

Flashback(1990) - A yuppie and a hippie are the offbeat pairing of this character comedy in the tradition of earlier mismatched buddy films such as Midnight Run (1988). Kiefer Sutherland is uptight, 26-year-old FBI agent John Buckner, who's been assigned to escort an aging counterculture radical named Huey Walker (De...

Howling IV: The Original Nightmare(1988) - Shot in South Africa, this direct-to-video installment of the werewolf series continues that franchise's tradition of generating sequels light-years distant from the quality of Joe Dante's witty and frightening original. The fourth chapter even attempts to rewrite the original film's premise, which...

Battle Arena Toshinden(1997) - While many American films inspire video games and other merchandise, this animated feature, like many from Japan, is based on the popular series of video games called Battle Arena Toshinden. Because the Toshinden video game is essentially a martial-arts fighting game in the tradition of Street Fight...

Killer Tomatoes Strike Back(1991) - This third entry in the dumbfoundingly silly "Killer Tomatoes" series continues the low-budget franchise's tradition of bombarding audiences with endless inane sight gags, horror movie in-jokes, and "nudge-nudge, wink-wink" comic asides. This installment finds flamboyant mad scientist Professor Gang...

Prom Night IV: Deliver Us from Evil(1992) - Carrying on the Prom Night tradition, this film begins back at Hamilton High School on Prom Night in 1957. As a young couple are enjoying a romantic moment together in the back seat of a car, they are interrupted by Father Jonas, a priest who slashes and immolates the lovers. Thirty years later, Jon...

The Fly 2(1989) - Seth Brundle has died, but his son Martin (Eric Stoltz) is carrying on in his dad's tradition...In more ways than one.

That's Dancing(1985) - In the tradition of the "That's Entertainment" movies, this documentary features footage of all sorts of dancing, from Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers to Gene Kelly and Cyd Charisse to Michael Jackson and Marine Jahan.

Soul Food(1997) - Traditional Sunday dinners at Mama Joe's (Irma P. Hall) turn sour when sisters Teri (Vanessa L. Williams), Bird (Nia Long) and Maxine (Vivica A. Fox) start bringing their problems to the dinner table in this ensemble comedy. When tragedy strikes, it's up to grandson Ahmad (Brandon Hammond) to pull t...

El Mariachi(1992) - El Mariachi just wants to play his guitar and carry on the family tradition. Unfortunately, the town he tries to find work in has another visitor...a killer who carries his guns in a guitar case. The drug lord and his henchmen mistake El Mariachi for the killer, Azul, and chase him around town tryin...

The Jazz Singer(1980) - A New York cantor(Neil Diamond) rebels against his traditional father(Laurence Oliver) by moving to Los Angeles and becoming a rock and roll singer.

kung fu rascals(1992) - In the tradition of Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan and the Three Stooges comes this wildly funny action comedy from director Steve Wang. When chased by mutated monsters, crafty ninjas and a 300 foot tall stone god, the bumbling heroes battle against the powers o

Chocolat(2000) - A mysterious woman(Juliette Binoche)and her daughter set up a chocolaterie in a small French village.The once traditional villagers soon becomes more passionate and free spirited much to the chagrin of the conservative town mayor(Alfred Molina).The film co stars Johnny Depp and Dame Judi Dench.

Zootopia(2016) - In a city inhabited by anthropomorphic animals who have abandoned traditional predator/prey roles in favor of civilized coexistence, uptight rabbit police officer Judy Hopps is forced to work with charismatic fox con artist Nick Wilde to crack a major case involving the mysterious disappearance of s...

Caillou's Holiday Movie(2003) - Caillou learns about winter holiday traditions from around the world. He and his entire family celebrate Christmas, sharing, giving and caring.

Screwballs II: Loose Screws(1985) - In the original tradition of "Screwballs," four horny teens try to get a shot at the sexy new French teacher.

The Iron Giant(1999) - The Iron Giant is a 1999 American animated science fiction film using both traditional animation and computer animation, produced by Warner Bros. Feature Animation and directed by Brad Bird in his directorial debut. It is based on the 1968 novel The Iron Man by Ted Hughes (which was published in the...

Mad, Mad, Mad Monsters(1972) - Mad, Mad, Mad Monsters is a 1972 traditional animated comedy film produced by Rankin/Bass Productions in the United States and Mushi Production in Japan. The special aired on September 23, 1972 as part of The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie. It is a "prequel of sorts" to the 1967 stop motion animated f...

John Denver And The Muppets: A Christmas Together(1979) - In this beloved holiday classic, Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy and all the Muppets join the singer for a heart-warming Christmas celebration, with traditional carols as well as lesser-known holiday songs.

Cold Fever(1995) - A Japanese businessman travels to Iceland and has a series of misadventures while venturing to a remote area to perform a traditional burial ritual where his parents died several years back.

Brannigan(1975) - Jim Brannigan is sent to London to bring back an American mobster who is being held for extradition but when he arrives he has been kidnapped which was set up by his lawyer. Brannigan in his American Irish way brings American law to the people of Scotland Yard in order to recapture this mobster with...

Deck the Halls(2006) - Eye doctor Steve Finch is known as the "Mr. Christmas" in town and just wants his family to celebrate a traditional Christmas. All of that changes, however when the Hall Family moves in across the street and Buddy Hall, a used car salesman has just one goal: decorate his house with enough lights to...

The Wild Bunch(1969) - An aging group of outlaws look for one last big score as the "traditional" American West is disappearing around them.

Steam: The Turkish Bath(1997) - Francesco and Marta are husband and wife running a small design company in Rome. When Francesco's long forgotten Aunt Anita dies in Istanbul, he travels there to look after the sale of the hamam (one of a few traditional Turkish baths left) he inherited. There he meets the family running the hamam,...

Melody Time(1948) - In the grand tradition of Disney's greatest musical classics, such as FANTASIA, MELODY TIME features seven classic stories, each enhanced with high-spirited music and unforgettale characters...A feast for the eyes and ears [full of] wit and charm...a delightful Disney classic with something for ever...

Mona Lisa Smile(2003) - A free-thinking art professor teaches conservative 50's Wellesley girls to question their traditional societal roles.

Caillou's Holiday Movie(2003) - A boy (Annie Bovaird) learns about winter activities and holiday traditions from around the world while celebrating Christmas.

The Tattooist(2007) - A young artist unknowingly plays a role in releasing a deadly spirit as he attempts to learn tatau, the Samoan tradition of tattooing.

How to Train Your Dragon(2010) - In a mythical Viking world a young Viking teenager named Hiccup aspires to follow his tribe's tradition of becoming a dragon slayer. After finally capturing his first dragon, a Night Fury, and with his chance at last of gaining the tribe's acceptance, he finds that he no longer wants to kill the dra...

Ready or Not(2019) - Grace has just gotten married to Alex LeDomas and joined his familys gaming "dominion". On the night of their wedding, Alexs family has Grace join their tradition of playing a game. She draws a card for Hide and Seek, and she is told she must stay hidden until dawn. Grace soon learns that the fami...

Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade(2016) - When Sid takes a job as an egg nanny, he's unaware an old enemy has plans of his own. The shenanigans lead to the first egg hunt and creation of popular Easter traditions. This special is set between the 4th and 5th films and aired on Fox in 2016.

Almost Christmas(2016) - Walter Meyers is a retired automotive engineer who lost his wife Grace 10 months earlier. Now that the holiday season is here, he invites his four grown children and the rest of the family to his house for a traditional celebration. The family soon learns that they may not have everything in common...

Don't Open Till Christmas(1984) - Somebody with very little Christmas spirit is killing anyone in a Santa suit one London holiday season, and Scotland Yard has to stop him before he makes his exploits an annual tradition.

Leap Year(2010) - A real estate worker heads to Ireland to ask her boyfriend to accept her wedding proposal on leap day, when tradition supposedly holds that men cannot refuse a woman's proposal for marriage. Her plans are interrupted by a series of events and are further complicated when she hires an Irish innkeeper...

Pet Pals: Marco Polo's Code(2010) - A jump-up from traditional to CGI for Grupo Alcuni's TV series as Moby, Holly, Diva, Tophat, Pio and Nameless investigate and find Marco Polo's Code, while the villains (headlined by a CrowWitch), at least, attempt to drain the canals of Venice.

Chico & Rita (2010) ::: 7.2/10 -- Not Rated | 1h 34min | Animation, Crime, Drama | 19 November 2010 (UK) -- Chico is a young piano player with big dreams. Rita is a beautiful singer with an extraordinary voice. Music and romantic desire unites them, but their journey - in the tradition of the Latin ballad, the bolero - brings heartache and torment. Directors: Tono Errando, Javier Mariscal | 1 more credit Writers:

Christmas in Connecticut (1945) ::: 7.4/10 -- Not Rated | 1h 41min | Comedy, Romance | 11 August 1945 (USA) -- A food writer who has lied about being the perfect housewife must try to cover her deception when her boss and a returning war hero invite themselves to her home for a traditional family Christmas. Director: Peter Godfrey Writers:

Como agua para chocolate (1992) ::: 7.1/10 -- R | 1h 45min | Drama, Romance | 28 May 1993 (USA) -- When tradition prevents her from marrying the man she loves, a young woman discovers she has a unique talent for cooking. Director: Alfonso Arau Writers: Laura Esquivel (novel), Laura Esquivel

Hobson's Choice (1954) ::: 7.7/10 -- Not Rated | 1h 48min | Comedy, Drama, Romance | 19 April 1954 (Denmark) -- Henry Hobson (Charles Laughton) is a successful bootmaker, a widower and a tyrannical father of three daughters. The girls each want to leave their father by getting married, but Henry refuses because marriage traditions require him to pay out settlements. Director: David Lean Writers: Harold Brighouse (by), David Lean (screenplay) | 2 more credits

I Heart Huckabees (2004) ::: 6.6/10 -- R | 1h 47min | Comedy | 22 October 2004 (USA) -- A husband-and-wife team play detective, but not in the traditional sense. Instead, the happy duo helps others solve their existential issues, the kind that keep you up at night, wondering what it all means. Director: David O. Russell Writers:

Klaus (2019) ::: 8.2/10 -- PG | 1h 36min | Animation, Adventure, Comedy | 15 November 2019 (USA) -- A simple act of kindness always sparks another, even in a frozen, faraway place. When Smeerensburg's new postman, Jesper, befriends toymaker Klaus, their gifts melt an age-old feud and deliver a sleigh full of holiday traditions. Directors: Sergio Pablos, Carlos Martnez Lpez (co-director) Writers:

Leap Year (2010) ::: 6.5/10 -- PG | 1h 40min | Comedy, Romance | 8 January 2010 (USA) -- Anna Brady plans to travel to Dublin, Ireland to propose to her boyfriend Jeremy on February 29, leap day, because, according to Irish tradition, a man who receives a marriage proposal on a leap day must accept it. Director: Anand Tucker Writers:

Looking for Alibrandi (2000) ::: 7.0/10 -- PG | 1h 43min | Comedy, Drama, Romance | 4 May 2000 (Australia) -- Alibrandi ultimately concerns a senior high school girl embracing her Italian heritage, but moving toward the less traditional Australian way of life. A wonderful cast who play their roles ... S Director:

Looking for Alibrandi (2000) ::: 7.0/10 -- PG | 1h 43min | Comedy, Drama, Romance | 4 May 2000 (Australia) -- Alibrandi ultimately concerns a senior high school girl embracing her Italian heritage, but moving toward the less traditional Australian way of life. A wonderful cast who play their roles ... S Director: Kate Woods Writers: Melina Marchetta (screenplay), Melina Marchetta (novel) Stars:

Made in Heaven -- Not Rated | 50min | Drama, Romance | TV Series (2019 ) ::: It is the story of two wedding planners in Delhi, where tradition jostles with modern aspirations against the backdrop of big fat Indian weddings revealing many secrets and lies. Creators:

Mona Lisa Smile (2003) ::: 6.5/10 -- PG-13 | 1h 57min | Drama | 19 December 2003 (USA) -- A free-thinking art professor teaches conservative 1950s Wellesley girls to question their traditional social roles. Director: Mike Newell Writers: Lawrence Konner, Mark Rosenthal

My Wife and Kids ::: TV-PG | 30min | Comedy, Family | TV Series (20012005) -- Michael Kyle longs for a traditional life, but his day-trader wife Janet, gangsta rap-worshipping son Michael Jr., and brooding daughters Claire and Kady make his dream just that ... a dream. Creators:

Queen (2013) ::: 8.2/10 -- Not Rated | 2h 26min | Adventure, Comedy, Drama | 7 March 2014 (India) -- A Delhi girl from a traditional family sets out on a solo honeymoon after her marriage gets cancelled. Director: Vikas Bahl Writers: Vikas Bahl (story and screenplay), Chaitally Parmar (story and

Saving Face (2004) ::: 7.4/10 -- R | 1h 37min | Comedy, Drama, Romance | 24 June 2005 (USA) -- A Chinese-American lesbian and her traditionalist mother are reluctant to go public with secret loves that clash against cultural expectations. Director: Alice Wu Writer:

Somebody Feed Phil ::: TV-14 | 1h | Documentary | TV Series (2018 ) -- Phil travels around the world sampling food and tradition with friends and a sense of humor. Stars: Phil Rosenthal, Monica Horan, Judy Gold

The Chosen ::: TV-PG | 54min | Drama, History | TV Series (2017 ) -- A charismatic fisherman drowning in debt. A troubled woman wrestling with real demons. A young tax collector ostracized by society. A religious leader questioning his faith tradition. Creator:

The Jazz Singer (1927) ::: 6.5/10 -- Unrated | 1h 28min | Drama, Music, Musical | 4 February 1928 (USA) -- The son of a Jewish Cantor must defy the traditions of his religious father in order to pursue his dream of becoming a jazz singer. Director: Alan Crosland Writers: Samson Raphaelson (play), Alfred A. Cohn (adaptation) | 1 more credit

The Kids Are All Right (2010) ::: 7.0/10 -- R | 1h 46min | Comedy, Drama, Romance | 30 July 2010 (USA) -- Two children conceived by artificial insemination bring their biological father into their non-traditional family life. Director: Lisa Cholodenko Writers: Lisa Cholodenko, Stuart Blumberg

The Namesake (2006) ::: 7.5/10 -- PG-13 | 2h 2min | Drama | 6 April 2007 (USA) -- American-born Gogol, the son of Indian immigrants, wants to fit in among his fellow New Yorkers, despite his family's unwillingness to let go of their traditional ways. Director: Mira Nair Writers:

The Righteous Gemstones ::: TV-MA | 36min | Comedy, Drama | TV Series (2019 ) -- Follows a world-famous televangelist family with a long tradition of deviance, greed, and charitable work. Creator: Danny McBride

The Sleeping Dictionary (2003) ::: 6.6/10 -- R | 1h 49min | Drama, Romance | 31 January 2003 (Mexico) -- A young Englishman is sent to Malaysian Borneo in the 1930s to stay with a tribe as UK's colonial representative. A local woman (J.Alba) helps him understand local tradition and language. He falls in love with her etc. despite the taboo. Director: Guy Jenkin Writer:

The Sleeping Dictionary (2003) ::: 6.6/10 -- R | 1h 49min | Drama, Romance | 31 January 2003 (Mexico) -- A young Englishman is sent to Malaysian Borneo in the 1930s to stay with a tribe as UK's colonial representative. A local woman (J.Alba) helps him understand local tradition and language. He falls in love with her etc. despite the taboo. Director:

The Three Caballeros (1944) ::: 6.4/10 -- Approved | 1h 11min | Animation, Comedy, Family | 22 February 1945 -- The Three Caballeros Poster -- Donald receives his birthday gifts, which include traditional gifts and information about Brazil (hosted by Z Carioca) and Mexico (by Panchito, a Mexican Charro Rooster). Directors: Norman Ferguson, Clyde Geronimi | 3 more credits Writers:

The Wild Bunch (1969) ::: 7.9/10 -- R | 2h 15min | Action, Adventure, Western | 19 June 1969 (USA) -- An aging group of outlaws look for one last big score as the "traditional" American West is disappearing around them. Director: Sam Peckinpah Writers: Walon Green (screenplay), Sam Peckinpah (screenplay) | 2 more credits

The World (2004) ::: 7.1/10 -- Shijie (original title) -- The World Poster An exploration on the impact of urbanization and globalization on a traditional culture. Director: Zhangke Jia Writer: Zhangke Jia Stars:

Would I Lie to You? (1997) ::: 6.4/10 -- La vrit si je mens! (original title) -- Would I Lie to You? Poster -- The sentimental and comedic adventures of Eddie, a non-Jew trying to pass as Jewish though totally ignorant of Jewish traditions, as he works in a Jewish community. Director: Thomas Gilou Writers:

Z-O-M-B-I-E-S (2018) ::: 6.3/10 -- TV-G | 1h 34min | Family, Musical, Romance | TV Movie 16 February 2018 -- Featurette 2:08 | Featurette -- Students from Zombietown are transferred to a high school in a suburban town preoccupied with uniformity, traditions and pep rallies. Director: Paul Hoen Writers: David Light, Joseph Raso | 2 more credits

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3-gatsu no Lion -- -- Shaft -- 22 eps -- Manga -- Drama Game Seinen Slice of Life -- 3-gatsu no Lion 3-gatsu no Lion -- Having reached professional status in middle school, Rei Kiriyama is one of the few elite in the world of shogi. Due to this, he faces an enormous amount of pressure, both from the shogi community and his adoptive family. Seeking independence from his tense home life, he moves into an apartment in Tokyo. As a 17-year-old living on his own, Rei tends to take poor care of himself, and his reclusive personality ostracizes him from his peers in school and at the shogi hall. -- -- However, not long after his arrival in Tokyo, Rei meets Akari, Hinata, and Momo Kawamoto, a trio of sisters living with their grandfather who owns a traditional wagashi shop. Akari, the oldest of the three girls, is determined to combat Rei's loneliness and poorly sustained lifestyle with motherly hospitality. The Kawamoto sisters, coping with past tragedies, also share with Rei a unique familial bond that he has lacked for most of his life. As he struggles to maintain himself physically and mentally through his shogi career, Rei must learn how to interact with others and understand his own complex emotions. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Aniplex of America -- 492,391 8.42

Aachi wa Ssipak -- -- - -- 1 ep -- Original -- Action Comedy -- Aachi wa Ssipak Aachi wa Ssipak -- After the world ran out of all traditional energy sources, only one remained—human excrement. To encourage citizens to produce as much waste as possible, the government implants a chip in the anus at birth, which provides citizens with "juicybars" every time it detects defecation. Juicybars are highly addictive narcotics that sometimes transform their users into mutant blue dwarfs with extreme constipation. These mutant addicts make up the "Diaper Gang," those who live underground and are focused on trying to obtain juicybars. -- -- Aachi and Ssipak are two small-time crooks who steal and sell juicybars to make it on the streets. When they meet a beautiful woman who has the anal chips of every Diaper Gang member implanted in her, producing dozens of juicybars with every dump, Aachi and Ssipak strike it rich. However, with both the government and the Diaper Gang on their tails, the two struggle to protect their newfound riches. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Flatiron Film Company -- Movie - Jun 28, 2006 -- 8,637 6.66

Agitated Screams of Maggots -- -- - -- 1 ep -- Original -- Dementia Music Horror -- Agitated Screams of Maggots Agitated Screams of Maggots -- "Agitated Screams of Maggots" was directed by Keita Kurosaka and released in 2006 with the single, "Agitated Screams of Maggots", made by Japanese rock band, DIR EN GREY. ASOM has a traditional drawing design with erotic and grotesque aspects. The video had also received some attention from it's art style and was shown at the International Film Festival Rotterdam in 2007. -- Music - Nov ??, 2006 -- 5,659 4.19

Asu no Yoichi! -- -- AIC -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Harem Comedy Romance Ecchi Martial Arts Shounen -- Asu no Yoichi! Asu no Yoichi! -- Yoichi Karasuma has spent all of his life in the mountains, training in the Soaring Wind, Divine Wind swordsmanship style. Under his father’s guidance, he is able to master the technique at the age of 17. With nothing left to learn, Yoichi is sent to a new dojo located in the city so he can continue to train and gain an understanding of modern society. -- -- Unfortunately, Yoichi has no idea how to act or speak to anyone in the present day and acts like a samurai, complete with odd speech and traditional clothing. As he goes to live with the Ikaruga sisters at the dojo, Yoichi, clueless on how to interact with others, is constantly hurtled in hilarious misunderstandings. Asu no Yoichi! follows Yoichi as he stumbles through his new life and tries to learn how to live in the modern world with his new family. -- -- 178,864 6.77

Binzume Yousei -- -- Xebec -- 13 eps -- Original -- Comedy Fantasy Magic Slice of Life -- Binzume Yousei Binzume Yousei -- Set in the year 2004, Binzume Yousei is a slice-of-life fairy tale that revolves around four fairies, each represented by four unique colors as seen with their magical bottle jars. These fairies are the extremely peppy Kururu, the reserved and feminine Chiriri, the samurai-loving tomboy Sarara, and the quiet yet quirky Hororo. -- -- Fascinated by the human world, these fairies arrived from the fairy world in hopes of participating in the annual traditions and overall way of human life. However, they have a very limited understanding of the human world. Luckily, they are befriended and guided by two humans—"Sensei-san," a university student who they live with, and a first-grade girl they call "Tama-chan," who is sometimes as naive as the fairies themselves. -- -- Though these bottle fairies have strange ideas and sometimes have difficulty understanding this new world, they try to make the most of the human experience in their own cute little ways. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Geneon Entertainment USA -- TV - Oct 3, 2003 -- 16,654 6.44

Dagashi Kashi -- -- feel. -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Comedy Shounen Slice of Life -- Dagashi Kashi Dagashi Kashi -- Out in the countryside stands a sweet shop run by the Shikada family for nine generations: Shikada Dagashi, a small business selling traditional Japanese candy. However, despite his father's pleas, Kokonotsu Shikada, an aspiring manga artist, adamantly refuses to inherit the family business. -- -- However, this may start to change with the arrival of the eccentric Hotaru Shidare. Hotaru is in search of Kokonotsu's father, with the goal of bringing him back to work for her family's company, Shidare Corporation, a world famous sweets manufacturer. Although the senior Shikada initially refuses, he states that he will change his mind on one condition: if Hotaru can convince Kokonotsu to take over the family shop. And so begins Hotaru's mission to enlighten the boy on the true joy of delicious and nostalgic dagashi! -- -- 351,768 6.62

Dagashi Kashi -- -- feel. -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Comedy Shounen Slice of Life -- Dagashi Kashi Dagashi Kashi -- Out in the countryside stands a sweet shop run by the Shikada family for nine generations: Shikada Dagashi, a small business selling traditional Japanese candy. However, despite his father's pleas, Kokonotsu Shikada, an aspiring manga artist, adamantly refuses to inherit the family business. -- -- However, this may start to change with the arrival of the eccentric Hotaru Shidare. Hotaru is in search of Kokonotsu's father, with the goal of bringing him back to work for her family's company, Shidare Corporation, a world famous sweets manufacturer. Although the senior Shikada initially refuses, he states that he will change his mind on one condition: if Hotaru can convince Kokonotsu to take over the family shop. And so begins Hotaru's mission to enlighten the boy on the true joy of delicious and nostalgic dagashi! -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- 351,768 6.62

Dorohedoro: Ma no Omake -- -- MAPPA -- 6 eps -- Manga -- Action Comedy Horror Fantasy Seinen -- Dorohedoro: Ma no Omake Dorohedoro: Ma no Omake -- Dorohedoro: Ma no Omake further explores the world of sorcerers and the Hole, honing in on what the characters do in their spare time when they are not seeking out their enemies. -- -- Kamen Kakusa -- Fujita attends a mask conjuring ritual in hopes of a Devil bestowing him with an appropriate mask, like the ones his colleagues Noi and Shin possess. Hopefully his offering entices the mask-maker! -- -- Tenpo For You -- Nikaidou, lacking money and forced to sell gyoza on the streets of the Hole, stumbles upon a quaint shop selling tea and sweets. Its owner is the gentle and hospitable Syueron, but it seems the denizens of the Hole bear a grudge against him. -- -- Shitappa Seishun Graffiti -- Intrigued by the photographs hanging around the mansion, Ebisu approaches En hoping for a portrait of her own. However, she is disappointed to find that only members of the En Family can have their pictures taken. -- -- Anata no Shiranai Gyoza no Kai -- The Gyoza Fairy keeps the Hungry Bug in pristine condition, but his primary responsibility is ensuring the gyoza tastes good. So he becomes rather agitated when Nikaidou's customers do not properly enjoy their meals. -- -- Odoru Ma no Utage -- En is enthusiastic about his masquerade ball and is adamant on his family's participation. Per tradition, attendees must choose a partner and dance to appease the Devils. To their horror, they discover that failing to do so may incur nasty consequences! -- -- Yokaze ni Fukarete Ooba Kinenbi -- Nikaidou gives detailed instructions on preparing oba gyoza and Kaiman is eager to help! -- -- Special - Jun 17, 2020 -- 29,004 7.11

Eikoku Koi Monogatari Emma -- -- Studio Pierrot -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Slice of Life Historical Drama Romance Seinen -- Eikoku Koi Monogatari Emma Eikoku Koi Monogatari Emma -- Emma has been a maid for most of her life. Working for a retired governess—the strict but compassionate Kelly Stownar—Emma has grown to love her work and has long since accepted her place in society. Beautiful, hardworking, and exceptionally kind, Emma has captured the hearts of many of London's working men—but their feelings always remain unrequited. Emma is waiting for love, and she finds it in the most unlikely of places. -- -- William is the eldest son of the wealthy Jones household—a family that has only recently been accepted into the gentry, securing their position in high society. He is also the former ward of Mrs. Stownar, and on his first visit in years, he falls madly in love with her maid. His earnest attempts to win her affection, coupled with his good nature and warm personality, have captured Emma's heart. -- -- But the polite society of 19th century England does not take kindly to the rejection of tradition. As a result, Emma and William's relationship could not face more opposition. In a world where the class lines are as strongly defended as the borders of nations, does their love have the strength to survive? -- -- -- Licensor: -- Nozomi Entertainment -- 44,536 7.66

Flying Witch -- -- J.C.Staff -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Slice of Life Comedy Supernatural Magic Shounen -- Flying Witch Flying Witch -- In the witches' tradition, when a practitioner turns 15, they must become independent and leave their home to study witchcraft. Makoto Kowata is one such apprentice witch who leaves her parents' home in Yokohama in pursuit of knowledge and training. Along with her companion Chito, a black cat familiar, they embark on a journey to Aomori, a region favored by witches due to its abundance of nature and affinity with magic. They begin their new life by living with Makoto's second cousins, Kei Kuramoto and his little sister Chinatsu. -- -- While Makoto may seem to be attending high school like any other teenager, her whimsical and eccentric involvement with witchcraft sets her apart from others her age. From her encounter with an anthropomorphic dog fortune teller to the peculiar magic training she receives from her older sister Akane, Makoto's peaceful everyday life is filled with the idiosyncrasies of witchcraft that she shares with her friends and family. -- -- 217,847 7.53

Flying Witch -- -- J.C.Staff -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Slice of Life Comedy Supernatural Magic Shounen -- Flying Witch Flying Witch -- In the witches' tradition, when a practitioner turns 15, they must become independent and leave their home to study witchcraft. Makoto Kowata is one such apprentice witch who leaves her parents' home in Yokohama in pursuit of knowledge and training. Along with her companion Chito, a black cat familiar, they embark on a journey to Aomori, a region favored by witches due to its abundance of nature and affinity with magic. They begin their new life by living with Makoto's second cousins, Kei Kuramoto and his little sister Chinatsu. -- -- While Makoto may seem to be attending high school like any other teenager, her whimsical and eccentric involvement with witchcraft sets her apart from others her age. From her encounter with an anthropomorphic dog fortune teller to the peculiar magic training she receives from her older sister Akane, Makoto's peaceful everyday life is filled with the idiosyncrasies of witchcraft that she shares with her friends and family. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- 217,847 7.53

Furusato Saisei: Nippon no Mukashibanashi -- -- Tomason -- 258 eps -- Other -- Historical Kids Supernatural -- Furusato Saisei: Nippon no Mukashibanashi Furusato Saisei: Nippon no Mukashibanashi -- Like in any culture, Japanese kids grow up listening to the stories repeatedly told by their parents and grandparents. The boy born from a peach; the princess from the moon who is discovered inside a bamboo; the old man who can make a dead cherry tree blossom, etc. These short stories that teach kids to see both the dark and bright sides of life have passed traditional moral values from generation to generation. -- -- Each half-hour episode of Folktales from Japan consists of three self-contained stories, well-known and unknown, with a special focus on heartwarming stories that originate from Tohoku, the northern region heavily touched by the earthquake of 2011. May this program help cheer up earthquake victims and cast a light of hope for them? -- -- (Source: Crunchyroll) -- 9,749 6.98

Futon -- -- - -- 1 ep -- Original -- Music Dementia -- Futon Futon -- A futon, a traditional Japanese mattress, as seen by Yoriko Mizushiri, becomes the vehicle of dream fantasies combining the most pleasant sensations such as the morning coffee, the warmth of bedding and a soft rice carpet under one’s feet. Lazy stretching serves as a start of sensuous, sleepy gymnastics. With a fluid movement, the passive body will turn once again from the left to the right of the mattress to dive into the fantasies of even deeper unconsciousness a little while later. -- -- (Source: Krakow Film Festival) -- Movie - ??? ??, 2012 -- 708 5.18

Ginga Tetsudou Monogatari -- -- Planet -- 26 eps -- Original -- Action Adventure Drama Sci-Fi Space -- Ginga Tetsudou Monogatari Ginga Tetsudou Monogatari -- In the distant future, trains are no longer bound by their physical tracks. Instead, they take to the skies and travel across the universe on the Galaxy Railways, transporting mankind from planet to planet. However, the Galaxy Railways are no safer than traditional trains: criminals, terrorists, and vile aliens always find a way to stir up trouble. -- -- Manabu Yuuki, a rash and hot-headed man, is the latest addition to the Galaxy Railways' elite Space Defence Force (SDF). These brave men and women are responsible for protecting the railways and responding to any unprecedented danger, risking their lives to protect the innocent from evil. But as this drama unfolds and the SDF's greatest crisis draws nearer, Manabu must truly learn what it means to be a member of the SDF before it is too late. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- TV - Oct 4, 2003 -- 9,901 7.15

Girls & Panzer -- -- Actas -- 12 eps -- Original -- Action Sports Military School -- Girls & Panzer Girls & Panzer -- "Senshadou" is a traditional sport using World War II era tanks in elimination-based matches. Widely practiced by women and girls alike, it's advertised as a form of art geared towards making ladies more prominent in culture and appealing to men. Becoming a worldwide phenomenon over time, the influence of senshadou leads to the creation of a world championship which will soon be held in Japan. -- -- Miho Nishizumi, who comes from a lineage of well-respected senshadou specialists, is at odds with the sport after a traumatic event led to her retirement and eventually a rift to form between her and her family. To steer clear of the practice as much as possible, she transfers to Ooarai Girls High School where the senshadou program has been abolished. However, with the news of the upcoming championships, the school revives their tankery program, and Miho is pushed into joining. -- -- Now, with the aid of some new friends, she must overcome her past and once again take command of a squadron of tanks in an effort to save her school from closure, all while proving to her family that the Nishizumi-style of senshadou is not solely about victory. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- 233,999 7.54

Go! Go! 575 -- -- C2C, Lay-duce -- 4 eps -- Game -- Slice of Life -- Go! Go! 575 Go! Go! 575 -- Go! Go! 575 adapts the Project 575 games for PlayStation Vita and iOS, which allow anyone to create songs using the traditional Japanese 5-7-5-syllable meter found in haiku and tanka poems. -- -- (Source: ANN) -- TV - Jan 10, 2014 -- 10,389 5.65

Gundam Evolve -- -- Sunrise -- 15 eps -- Original -- Action Military Space Mecha -- Gundam Evolve Gundam Evolve -- A series of short films packaged with certain model kits and aired at conventions, the Gundam Evolve series chronicles a number of side-stories, alternative scenes, and even bonus omake from all around the Gundam canon. Featuring a mix of animation media—from traditional cels to 3-D CG rendering to even cel-shaded 2-D animation—these often 3-5 minute shorts cover such events as Domon Kasshu's training (and a bit of a romantic tift with Rain Mikamura) from G Gundam, Amuro Ray battling Quess Paraya from Char's Counterattack, Kamille Bidan training in the Gundam Mk.II from Zeta Gundam, and Canard Pars dueling Prayer Reverie from the Gundam SEED X Astray manga. -- -- (Source: ANN) -- -- Licensor: -- Nozomi Entertainment -- OVA - ??? ??, 2001 -- 9,319 6.61

Heart no Kuni no Alice: Wonderful Wonder World -- -- Asahi Production -- 1 ep -- Visual novel -- Fantasy Harem Romance Shoujo -- Heart no Kuni no Alice: Wonderful Wonder World Heart no Kuni no Alice: Wonderful Wonder World -- The girly but bloody otome game re-imagining of Lewis Carroll's classic fantasy novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland with bishounen characters and added romance. -- -- A parody of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland where Alice is smart and non-doormatlike. -- -- In this story, Alice is not all what she seems. She is practical, strong, yet darkly cynical. Instead of the tradition story, Alice is kidnapped unwillingly by a mysterious (yet somewhat bishie-looking) man with bunny ears into a place call Heartland. Stuck in Heartland due to a trick by the mysterious bunny eared man, she meets the residents of this world. Along the way, Alice meets Blood, handsome mafia leader; Ace, the psycho yet charming knight and more... What should Alice do in such a world!? -- -- (Source: MU) -- Movie - Jul 30, 2011 -- 28,342 6.07

Heavy Object -- -- J.C.Staff, SANZIGEN -- 24 eps -- Light novel -- Action Military Sci-Fi Mecha -- Heavy Object Heavy Object -- In the distant future, the nature of war has changed. "Objects"—massive, spherical tanks impermeable to standard weaponry and armed with destructive firepower—rule the battlefield; their very deployment ensures victory, rendering traditional armies useless. However, this new method of warfare is about to be turned on its head. -- -- Qwenthur Barbotage, a student studying Object Design, and Havia Winchell, a radar analyst of noble birth, serve in the Legitimate Kingdom's 37th Mobile Maintenance Battalion, tasked with supporting the Baby Magnum, one of the nation's Objects. Unfortunately, a battle gone awry places the duo in a precarious situation: mere infantry stand face-to-face against the unfathomable might of an enemy Object. As they scramble to save themselves and their fellow soldiers, a glimmer of hope shines through, and the world's perception of Objects is changed forever. -- -- Heavy Object follows these two soldiers alongside Milinda Brantini, the Baby Magnum's pilot, and their commanding officer Frolaytia Capistrano as the unit treks all over the globe to fight battle after battle. Facing one impossible situation after another, they must summon all their wit and courage to overcome the insurmountable foes that are Objects. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- 131,484 7.28

Hengen Taima Yakou Karura Mau! Nara Onryou Emaki -- -- - -- 1 ep -- Manga -- Action Adventure Demons Fantasy Horror Shoujo Supernatural -- Hengen Taima Yakou Karura Mau! Nara Onryou Emaki Hengen Taima Yakou Karura Mau! Nara Onryou Emaki -- Shoko and Maiko Ougi are apparently two ordinary schoolgirls in pursuit of graduating and having fun. Shii-chan is the more serious while Mai-chan is more fun-loving. In reality, the two sisters are powerful exorcists from the Karura temple. Each wields half the power...Shii-chan can "see" the spirits, and Mai-chan can banish them. This is the movie adaptation of a spooky series with heavy emphasis on traditionally Japanese occult themes. -- -- (Source: AnimeNfo's Karura Mau OVA description; modified) -- Movie - Apr 8, 1989 -- 1,245 5.79

Hengen Taima Yakou Karura Mau! Sendai Kokeshi Enka -- -- - -- 6 eps -- Manga -- Horror Shoujo -- Hengen Taima Yakou Karura Mau! Sendai Kokeshi Enka Hengen Taima Yakou Karura Mau! Sendai Kokeshi Enka -- Shoko and Maiko Ougi are apparently two ordinary schoolgirls in pursuit of graduating and having fun. Shii-chan is the more serious while Mai-chan is more fun-loving. In reality, the two sisters are powerful exorcists from the Karura temple. Each wields half the power... Shii-chan can "see" the spirits, and Mai-chan can banish them. This is a spooky series with heavy emphasis on traditionally Japanese occult themes. -- -- (Source: AnimeNfo) -- OVA - Sep 14, 1990 -- 721 6.19

Hustle!! Tokitama-kun -- -- - -- 1 ep -- Original -- Dementia -- Hustle!! Tokitama-kun Hustle!! Tokitama-kun -- Director's description: "I want to show you a world that you have never seen." I think this is something that all computer graphics producers strive for. What to create?! How do you create it with computer graphics? The skill of drawing does not change that much when performed on a computer instead of paper. This work is a mixture of traditional cel-based animation, 3-D animation and 2-D computer graphics techniques, each with its own history and production standards. My theme for this production was "The Transformation of Time and Space." I used ToonShader and hand drawn animation to achieve the desired effect. I think that I have succeeded in creating a world that you have never seen. -- -- (Source: plaza.bunka.go.jp) -- Special - ??? ??, 1998 -- 644 4.33

Isekai Shokudou -- -- SILVER LINK. -- 12 eps -- Light novel -- Comedy Fantasy Mystery -- Isekai Shokudou Isekai Shokudou -- Western Restaurant Nekoya is a popular eatery located on a street corner in a Tokyo shopping district. Serving both traditional Japanese fare as well as Western dishes, this eating establishment is popular among Tokyo's residents. But this seemingly ordinary restaurant is also popular with another type of clientele... -- -- While the restaurant is thought to be closed on Saturdays, the truth is that on this special day each week, its doors are instead opened to the inhabitants of other worlds. From dragons and elves to fairies and mages, this restaurant has no shortage of strange customers. Nevertheless, the enigmatic chef known only as "Master" will be waiting to serve up their favorite dishes with a kind smile and keep them coming back for many more Saturdays to come. -- -- 156,380 7.34

Isekai Shokudou -- -- SILVER LINK. -- 12 eps -- Light novel -- Comedy Fantasy Mystery -- Isekai Shokudou Isekai Shokudou -- Western Restaurant Nekoya is a popular eatery located on a street corner in a Tokyo shopping district. Serving both traditional Japanese fare as well as Western dishes, this eating establishment is popular among Tokyo's residents. But this seemingly ordinary restaurant is also popular with another type of clientele... -- -- While the restaurant is thought to be closed on Saturdays, the truth is that on this special day each week, its doors are instead opened to the inhabitants of other worlds. From dragons and elves to fairies and mages, this restaurant has no shortage of strange customers. Nevertheless, the enigmatic chef known only as "Master" will be waiting to serve up their favorite dishes with a kind smile and keep them coming back for many more Saturdays to come. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- 156,380 7.34

Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi Picture Drama -- -- Zexcs -- 6 eps -- Light novel -- Comedy Ecchi Romance Shounen Supernatural Vampire -- Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi Picture Drama Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi Picture Drama -- Picture Dramas from the Blu-ray disks. -- -- Episodes: -- 1 - Let's Just Do It Radio! -- 2 - Each One's Breakfast -- 3 - Himea's Guitar Lesson -- 4 - Each One's Bath Time -- 5 - Traditional Feeling -- 6 - Izumi-chan's What If Series -- Special - Sep 30, 2011 -- 6,115 6.15

Kemonozume -- -- Madhouse -- 13 eps -- Original -- Action Demons Horror Romance Supernatural -- Kemonozume Kemonozume -- Creatures known as Shokujinki have been secretly living alongside humans for hundreds of years. Though they may look like humans, Shokujinki are able to transform into uncontrollable beasts with gigantic claws and consume humans to survive. The equally secretive Kifuuken dojo specializes in killing Shokujinki by cutting off their arms, and is the only force preventing unchecked Shokujinki domination. -- -- Toshihiko Momota, the son of the leader of the Kifuuken, is instantly charmed by a mysterious woman named Yuka Kamitsuki. Their relationship is complicated, however, because unbeknownst to them both, Yuka is a Shokujinki and Toshihiko is sworn to kill her. Meanwhile, the Kifuuken is having a crisis of confidence as Toshihiko's brother Kazuma pushes against tradition and tries to modernize the Kifuuken. As emotions are strained and the secrets of both the past and present are revealed, who will live, and who will be eaten? -- -- 61,064 7.39

Konohana Kitan -- -- Lerche -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Slice of Life Fantasy Seinen Shoujo Ai -- Konohana Kitan Konohana Kitan -- In a bustling village of spirits, Yuzu, a cheerful fox girl, starts her first job as an attendant at the traditional hot springs inn Konohanatei. Though Yuzu has no experience working at such a high-class establishment, Kiri, the affable and reliable head attendant, immediately puts her to work learning the basics. -- -- While Yuzu's eagerness initially proves to be more of a hindrance than a blessing, her playful nature brings a unique charm to the inn, as both customers and her fellow workers quickly warm up to her clumsy yet well-meaning mistakes. Under the guidance of the other foxes—the rigid Satsuki, the carefree Natsume, the critical Ren, and the quiet Sakura—Yuzu steadily learns the trade of an inn attendant while learning to love the magical world surrounding her. -- -- Konohana Kitan presents the heartwarming tale of a simple fox girl forging bonds with others and finding a home amidst the mysterious, beautiful world of spirits. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- 112,579 7.54

Kono Oto Tomare! 2nd Season -- -- Platinum Vision -- 13 eps -- Manga -- Drama Music Romance School Shounen -- Kono Oto Tomare! 2nd Season Kono Oto Tomare! 2nd Season -- The Tokise High School Koto Club has courageously pushed through their fractured and unsynchronized performance at the Kanto Region Traditional Japanese Music Festival. Clubmembers Chika Kudou, Satowa Houzuki, Takezou Kurata, Hiro Kurusu, Kouta Mizuhara, Saneyasu Adachi, and Michitaka Sakai are devastated to learn the negative results of their performance, leaving them crushed. Nonetheless, the group recognizes their potential and enthusiastically agree to collectively sharpen their skills, improve their flaws, and develop higher caliber playing to succeed in the upcoming national qualifiers in winter. -- -- With the help of their now willing club advisor Suzuka Takinami, the group's goal gradually becomes achievable as they begin to grasp the foundations of good music and refine their koto-playing abilities, with the suggestion of performing more often to gain what they lack most—experience. -- -- However, as their journey to nationals is underway, the koto club members face challenges that obstruct their focus and progress. Not only does the threat of other powerhouse schools and musicians remain, but the high school issues of budding romance and soon-to-be-graduating seniors also begin to push the limits of the determined group of teenagers and the future of the koto club. -- -- 90,539 8.42

Kono Oto Tomare! -- -- Platinum Vision -- 13 eps -- Manga -- Drama Music Romance School Shounen -- Kono Oto Tomare! Kono Oto Tomare! -- Gen Kudou, a koto maker, believes that his delinquent grandson Chika would never understand the profoundness of the traditional musical instrument. In an attempt to make up for his naivety and understand the words of his late grandfather, Chika tries to join the Tokise High School Koto Club. -- -- Even though the club is in dire need of members, new club president Takezou Kurata is unwilling to easily accept Chika's application due to his bad reputation. Nonetheless, after seeing Chika's seriousness and enthusiasm, Takezou allows the problem child to join, along with koto prodigy Satowa Houzuki and three of Chika's energetic friends. Kono Oto Tomare! follows the merry band of musicians as they aspire to play at the national competition. -- -- 157,320 7.87

Kono Oto Tomare! -- -- Platinum Vision -- 13 eps -- Manga -- Drama Music Romance School Shounen -- Kono Oto Tomare! Kono Oto Tomare! -- Gen Kudou, a koto maker, believes that his delinquent grandson Chika would never understand the profoundness of the traditional musical instrument. In an attempt to make up for his naivety and understand the words of his late grandfather, Chika tries to join the Tokise High School Koto Club. -- -- Even though the club is in dire need of members, new club president Takezou Kurata is unwilling to easily accept Chika's application due to his bad reputation. Nonetheless, after seeing Chika's seriousness and enthusiasm, Takezou allows the problem child to join, along with koto prodigy Satowa Houzuki and three of Chika's energetic friends. Kono Oto Tomare! follows the merry band of musicians as they aspire to play at the national competition. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- 157,320 7.87

Lucky☆Star -- -- Kyoto Animation -- 24 eps -- 4-koma manga -- Slice of Life Comedy Parody School -- Lucky☆Star Lucky☆Star -- Lucky☆Star follows the daily lives of four cute high school girls—Konata Izumi, the lazy otaku; the Hiiragi twins, Tsukasa and Kagami (sugar and spice, respectively); and the smart and well-mannered Miyuki Takara. -- -- As they go about their lives at school and beyond, they develop their eccentric and lively friendship and making humorous observations about the world around them. Be it Japanese tradition, the intricacies of otaku culture, academics, or the correct way of preparing and eating various foods—no subject is safe from their musings. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Bandai Entertainment, Funimation, Kadokawa Pictures USA -- 545,239 7.76

Maburaho -- -- J.C.Staff -- 24 eps -- Light novel -- Comedy Drama Ecchi Harem Magic Romance School -- Maburaho Maburaho -- In the world of Maburaho, everyone is born with the ability to use magic and are thus labeled magicians. However, the magical ability of each person is not equal. The number of times you can use magic determines the amount of respect you receive, and since one’s magical power is determined at birth by traits and genetics, those who have a bloodline stemming from famous magicians are highly sought after. -- -- Having the lowest magic count in Aoi Academy, Kazuki Shikimori is looked down upon by his classmates and seen as a nearly worthless magician. However, his bloodline consists of many great magicians throughout the ages, meaning that while he may not be a great magician, his offspring could be. This leads to him being sought after by three different young women: Yuna Miyama, a transfer student who declares herself his wife upon arrival, Rin Kamishiro, a prideful swordswoman of a traditional family who wants to kill him so she will be free to pursue her own desires, and Kuriko Kazetsubaki, a member of an influential family who bluntly tries to seduce him for his genes. -- -- Now he has to deal with not only the jealousy of all the guys in his school, but also various women chasing after him! -- 86,894 6.79

Made in Abyss 2 -- -- - -- ? eps -- Web manga -- Sci-Fi Adventure Mystery Drama Fantasy -- Made in Abyss 2 Made in Abyss 2 -- Directly after the events of Made in Abyss Movie 3: Dawn of the Deep Soul, the third installment of Made in Abyss covers the adventure of Reg, Riko, and Nanachi in the Sixth Layer, The Capital of the Unreturned. -- - - ??? ??, ???? -- 87,566 N/AMaburaho -- -- J.C.Staff -- 24 eps -- Light novel -- Comedy Drama Ecchi Harem Magic Romance School -- Maburaho Maburaho -- In the world of Maburaho, everyone is born with the ability to use magic and are thus labeled magicians. However, the magical ability of each person is not equal. The number of times you can use magic determines the amount of respect you receive, and since one’s magical power is determined at birth by traits and genetics, those who have a bloodline stemming from famous magicians are highly sought after. -- -- Having the lowest magic count in Aoi Academy, Kazuki Shikimori is looked down upon by his classmates and seen as a nearly worthless magician. However, his bloodline consists of many great magicians throughout the ages, meaning that while he may not be a great magician, his offspring could be. This leads to him being sought after by three different young women: Yuna Miyama, a transfer student who declares herself his wife upon arrival, Rin Kamishiro, a prideful swordswoman of a traditional family who wants to kill him so she will be free to pursue her own desires, and Kuriko Kazetsubaki, a member of an influential family who bluntly tries to seduce him for his genes. -- -- Now he has to deal with not only the jealousy of all the guys in his school, but also various women chasing after him! -- 86,894 6.79

Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! -- -- Lerche -- 12 eps -- Visual novel -- Harem Comedy Super Power Romance Ecchi Martial Arts School -- Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! -- The samurai are a very important part of Japan's history, and to be related to them in any way is probably one of the most inspiring things that a young high school student could hope for. -- -- Kawakami City is well-known for having many samurai ancestors among its citizens, and is generally surrounded by an atmosphere of fighting spirit, loyalty, and dedication to work. In Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai!, the students of Kawakami Academy use this knowledge on a daily basis, whether they are studying for exams, competing in sports competitions, or making sure that they take very good care of their traditions. Yamato Naoe is one such student, and his six closest friends (three boys and three girls) make up the perfect team for friendship, rivalry, and motivation. However, even samurai have weaknesses. -- -- Although the balance and long friendship of their group has been undisturbed for a long time, when two new girls enter the group, things start to get a lot more interesting. Not only must they maintain what they think is the samurai tradition, but they must now also do it with a lot of "distractions." -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- 238,653 6.75

Majo no Takkyuubin -- -- Studio Ghibli -- 1 ep -- Novel -- Adventure Comedy Drama Magic Romance Fantasy -- Majo no Takkyuubin Majo no Takkyuubin -- Kiki, a 13-year-old witch-in-training, must spend a year living on her own in a distant town in order to become a full-fledged witch. Leaving her family and friends, Kiki undertakes this tradition when she flies out into the open world atop her broomstick with her black cat Jiji. -- -- As she settles down in the coastal town of Koriko, Kiki struggles to adapt and ends up wandering the streets with no place to stay—until she encounters Osono, who offers Kiki boarding in exchange for making deliveries for her small bakery. Before long, Kiki decides to open her own courier service by broomstick, beginning her journey to independence. In attempting to find her place among the townsfolk, Kiki brings with her exciting new experiences and comes to understand the true meaning of responsibility. -- -- -- Licensor: -- GKIDS, Walt Disney Studios -- Movie - Jul 29, 1989 -- 400,205 8.23

Majo no Takkyuubin -- -- Studio Ghibli -- 1 ep -- Novel -- Adventure Comedy Drama Magic Romance Fantasy -- Majo no Takkyuubin Majo no Takkyuubin -- Kiki, a 13-year-old witch-in-training, must spend a year living on her own in a distant town in order to become a full-fledged witch. Leaving her family and friends, Kiki undertakes this tradition when she flies out into the open world atop her broomstick with her black cat Jiji. -- -- As she settles down in the coastal town of Koriko, Kiki struggles to adapt and ends up wandering the streets with no place to stay—until she encounters Osono, who offers Kiki boarding in exchange for making deliveries for her small bakery. Before long, Kiki decides to open her own courier service by broomstick, beginning her journey to independence. In attempting to find her place among the townsfolk, Kiki brings with her exciting new experiences and comes to understand the true meaning of responsibility. -- -- Movie - Jul 29, 1989 -- 400,205 8.23

Mashiro no Oto -- -- Shin-Ei Animation -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Music Slice of Life Drama School Shounen -- Mashiro no Oto Mashiro no Oto -- Shamisen is a traditional Japanese musical instrument that looks similar to a guitar. Teenager Sawamura Setsu's grandfather who raised him and his older brother Wakana, recently passed away. His grandfather was one of the greatest Shamisen players and the two siblings grew up listening to him play and learning to play the instrument. -- -- Since their grandfather's death, Setsu dropped out of high school, moved to Tokyo and has been drifting, not knowing what to do besides play his Shamisen. That's when his successful and rich mother, Umeko, storms into his life and tries to shape Setsu up. She enrolls him back into high school, but little does Setsu know that he is about to rediscover his passion for Shamisen. -- -- (Source: MU, edited) -- 50,579 7.72

Mouse -- -- Production Reed, Studio Deen, Studio Hibari -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Action Harem Comedy Ecchi Shounen -- Mouse Mouse -- Teacher Sorata Muon carries on his family's centuries-old old tradition of being the master thief Mouse who can steal anything after properly alerting authorities of his intentions so they can be there yet fail to stop him. He is assisted by 3 nubile female assistants who also use the teaching cover and who, in typical Satoru Akahori, favor tight/skimpy/bondage outfits over their ample curves as they constantly pursue Sorata much more than he pursues them, although the girls do get some attention from their master. Not only is Mouse pursued by the girls & the local law enforcement authorities, there is also a secret art protection society employing the services of a former ally of Sorata's after his pretty little hide, all in 15 minute episodes. -- -- Licensor: -- Media Blasters -- TV - Jan 6, 2003 -- 17,111 6.02

Mouse -- -- Production Reed, Studio Deen, Studio Hibari -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Action Harem Comedy Ecchi Shounen -- Mouse Mouse -- Teacher Sorata Muon carries on his family's centuries-old old tradition of being the master thief Mouse who can steal anything after properly alerting authorities of his intentions so they can be there yet fail to stop him. He is assisted by 3 nubile female assistants who also use the teaching cover and who, in typical Satoru Akahori, favor tight/skimpy/bondage outfits over their ample curves as they constantly pursue Sorata much more than he pursues them, although the girls do get some attention from their master. Not only is Mouse pursued by the girls & the local law enforcement authorities, there is also a secret art protection society employing the services of a former ally of Sorata's after his pretty little hide, all in 15 minute episodes. -- TV - Jan 6, 2003 -- 17,111 6.02

Ookamikakushi -- -- AIC -- 12 eps -- Visual novel -- Action Mystery Horror Supernatural -- Ookamikakushi Ookamikakushi -- The story follows Hiroshi Kuzumi, a 16-year-old student who has just moved to the seemingly serene village of Jogamachi. Nestled in the mountains far away from the city, the village is divided by a river that separates old Jogamachi from new Jogamachi. Young Hiroshi soon discovers that the village is ancient as well as mysterious traditions and customs have been kept alive over the ages. Although a bit bewildered by the new environment, Hiroshi begins to settle into his new life. While he has never been the type to win any popularity contests, he quickly earns the affection of his classmates. That is with the exception of aloof class president, Nemuru Kushinada, whose only words to Hiroshi are a warning to stay away from old part of town. It is there that terror and mystery await him. -- 66,933 6.34

Ookamikakushi -- -- AIC -- 12 eps -- Visual novel -- Action Mystery Horror Supernatural -- Ookamikakushi Ookamikakushi -- The story follows Hiroshi Kuzumi, a 16-year-old student who has just moved to the seemingly serene village of Jogamachi. Nestled in the mountains far away from the city, the village is divided by a river that separates old Jogamachi from new Jogamachi. Young Hiroshi soon discovers that the village is ancient as well as mysterious traditions and customs have been kept alive over the ages. Although a bit bewildered by the new environment, Hiroshi begins to settle into his new life. While he has never been the type to win any popularity contests, he quickly earns the affection of his classmates. That is with the exception of aloof class president, Nemuru Kushinada, whose only words to Hiroshi are a warning to stay away from old part of town. It is there that terror and mystery await him. -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- 66,933 6.34

Princess Princess -- -- Studio Deen -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Comedy Drama School Shoujo -- Princess Princess Princess Princess -- Tooru Kouno's attractive appearance draws unexpected attention on his first day at an all-boys school. Having to transfer to a school without girls has been bad enough, but adding to his list of frustrations are boys staring at him all day long. However, he hopes that there may be girls around, since he ran into a lovely pink-haired girl on campus earlier that day. -- -- After being escorted to his dorm by his classmate, Yuujirou Shihoudani, he meets a student named Mikoto Yutaka, who looks eerily similar to the girl he saw previously. To his shock, he realizes Mikoto is the girl and confronts him about this revelation. Yuujirou divulges that he and Mikoto crossdress as part of their job: a school tradition in which attractive first years are chosen as idols called "Princesses" in order to boost the morale of the students—and because of his looks, Tooru has been chosen by the student council as their third Princess! -- -- -- Licensor: -- Media Blasters -- 56,246 7.01

Rakuen Tsuihou -- -- Graphinica -- 1 ep -- Original -- Action Sci-Fi Mecha -- Rakuen Tsuihou Rakuen Tsuihou -- In a future where a massive disaster has devastated Earth, most of humanity has abandoned their physical bodies and relocated in digital form to DEVA, an advanced space station orbiting the ravaged planet. Free from the limitations of traditional existence, such as death and hunger, the inhabitants of this virtual reality reside in relative peace until Frontier Setter, a skilled hacker, infiltrates the system and spreads subversive messages to the populace. -- -- Labeled a threat to security by authorities, Frontier Setter is pursued by Angela Balzac, a dedicated member of DEVA's law enforcement. When the hacker's signal is traced to Earth, Angela takes on physical form, transferring her consciousness to a clone body and traveling to the world below in order to deal with the menace. On Earth, she is assisted by Dingo, a charismatic agent, and during her journey to uncover the mystery behind Frontier Setter, she gradually discovers startling realities about the wasteland some of humanity still refers to as home, as well as the paradise above. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Aniplex of America -- Movie - Nov 15, 2014 -- 83,758 7.37

Rakuen Tsuihou -- -- Graphinica -- 1 ep -- Original -- Action Sci-Fi Mecha -- Rakuen Tsuihou Rakuen Tsuihou -- In a future where a massive disaster has devastated Earth, most of humanity has abandoned their physical bodies and relocated in digital form to DEVA, an advanced space station orbiting the ravaged planet. Free from the limitations of traditional existence, such as death and hunger, the inhabitants of this virtual reality reside in relative peace until Frontier Setter, a skilled hacker, infiltrates the system and spreads subversive messages to the populace. -- -- Labeled a threat to security by authorities, Frontier Setter is pursued by Angela Balzac, a dedicated member of DEVA's law enforcement. When the hacker's signal is traced to Earth, Angela takes on physical form, transferring her consciousness to a clone body and traveling to the world below in order to deal with the menace. On Earth, she is assisted by Dingo, a charismatic agent, and during her journey to uncover the mystery behind Frontier Setter, she gradually discovers startling realities about the wasteland some of humanity still refers to as home, as well as the paradise above. -- -- Movie - Nov 15, 2014 -- 83,758 7.37

Re:Stage! Dream Days♪ -- -- Graphinica, Yumeta Company -- 12 eps -- Other -- Music School Slice of Life -- Re:Stage! Dream Days♪ Re:Stage! Dream Days♪ -- Mana Shikimiya has just transferred into Marehoshi Academy, a school which requires each of its students to join one of the many sports or cultural clubs. After a quick tour of most of the clubs by the Student Council Vice President Minori Hasegawa, Mana stumbles upon the Lyrical Tradition Dance Club. There she meets its sole members: Mizuha Ichikishima and Sayu Tsukisaka. Drawn to their singing and dancing, Mana joins the club and together they work towards their dream of winning the Prism Stage—a national competition to determine the top idols of the country. -- -- However, before Mana and her new friends can worry about the Prism Stage, there is a more immediate problem at hand: the club is about to be disbanded by the student council! Without enough members or any notable achievements, the club will be shut down and the members' dreams will be over before they've begun to pursue them. It's up to the three of them to find the additional club members they need and become an idol group strong enough to qualify for the Prism Stage and to win it as well. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- 8,391 6.69

Rokuhoudou Yotsuiro Biyori -- -- Zexcs -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Slice of Life Seinen -- Rokuhoudou Yotsuiro Biyori Rokuhoudou Yotsuiro Biyori -- Kyousui "Sui" Tougoku inherits a traditional Japanese-style cafe called Rokuhoudou from his grandfather, which he manages alongside Gregorio "Gure" Valentino, Tokitaka Nagae, and Tsubaki Nakao. Their hospitality par excellence undoubtedly turns any one-time visitor into a regular. Having gone through their own share of trials and tribulations, the staff at this modest cafe do their best to serve their customers—whether it be through tea, sweets, or even helping with the various troubles one may have. -- -- Although most days pass pleasantly, the small world of Sui and his friends takes an unexpected path when their reputation as a cafe flourishes overnight. -- -- 23,653 7.60

Sakura Quest -- -- P.A. Works -- 25 eps -- Original -- Slice of Life Comedy -- Sakura Quest Sakura Quest -- Tired of her rural home, recent college graduate Yoshino Koharu is desperate to lead a more exciting life in Tokyo. After a fruitless job hunt, she finally receives a part-time offer as queen of the bizarre "Kingdom of Chupakabura," a rundown mini-attraction in the small agricultural town of Manoyama. However, Yoshino discovers upon her arrival in Manoyama that she was mistaken for a celebrity and the job offer was a mistake. Left with no other options, Yoshino reluctantly agrees to take on the role and aid the Board of Tourism in their efforts to revitalize Manoyama. Determined to bring excitement to the dying town with the help of local residents, the queen enacts a series of projects to highlight the beauty and charm of Manoyama's culture. -- -- Sakura Quest delves into the story of a tight-knit community that is struggling to balance change while also maintaining the rich traditions and bonds which define their identity. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation -- 124,144 7.40

Samurai Champloo -- -- Manglobe -- 26 eps -- Original -- Action Adventure Comedy Historical Samurai Shounen -- Samurai Champloo Samurai Champloo -- Fuu Kasumi is a young and clumsy waitress who spends her days peacefully working in a small teahouse. That is, until she accidentally spills a drink all over one of her customers! With a group of samurai now incessantly harassing her, Fuu desperately calls upon another samurai in the shop, Mugen, who quickly defeats them with his wild fighting technique, utilizing movements reminiscent to that of breakdancing. Unfortunately, Mugen decides to pick a fight with the unwilling ronin Jin, who wields a more precise and traditional style of swordfighting, and the latter proves to be a formidable opponent. The only problem is, they end up destroying the entire shop as well as accidentally killing the local magistrate's son. -- -- For their crime, the two samurai are captured and set to be executed. However, they are rescued by Fuu, who hires the duo as her bodyguards. Though she no longer has a place to return to, the former waitress wishes to find a certain samurai who smells of sunflowers and enlists the help of the now exonerated pair to do so. Despite initially disapproving of this idea, the two eventually agree to assist the girl in her quest; thus, the trio embark upon an adventure to find this mysterious warrior—that is, if Fuu can keep Mugen and Jin from killing each other. -- -- Set in an alternate Edo Period of Japan, Samurai Champloo follows the journey of these three eccentric individuals in an epic quest full of action, comedy, and dynamic sword fighting, all set to the beat of a unique hip-hop infused soundtrack. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Funimation, Geneon Entertainment USA -- 935,197 8.50

Shouwa Genroku Rakugo Shinjuu -- -- Studio Deen -- 13 eps -- Manga -- Drama Historical Josei -- Shouwa Genroku Rakugo Shinjuu Shouwa Genroku Rakugo Shinjuu -- Yotarou is a former yakuza member fresh out of prison and fixated on just one thing: rather than return to a life of crime, the young man aspires to take to the stage of Rakugo, a traditional Japanese form of comedic storytelling. Inspired during his incarceration by the performance of distinguished practitioner Yakumo Yuurakutei, he sets his mind on meeting the man who changed his life. After hearing Yotarou's desperate appeal for his mentorship, Yakumo is left with no choice but to accept his very first apprentice. -- -- As he eagerly begins his training, Yotarou meets Konatsu, an abrasive young woman who has been under Yakumo's care ever since her beloved father Sukeroku Yuurakutei, another prolific Rakugo performer, passed away. Through her hidden passion, Yotarou is drawn to Sukeroku's unique style of Rakugo despite learning under contrasting techniques. Upon seeing this, old memories and feelings return to Yakumo who reminisces about a much earlier time when he made a promise with his greatest rival. -- -- Shouwa Genroku Rakugo Shinjuu is a story set in both the past and present, depicting the art of Rakugo, the relationships it creates, and the lives and hearts of those dedicated to keeping the unique form of storytelling alive. -- -- 231,915 8.60

Souten Kouro -- -- Madhouse -- 26 eps -- Manga -- Action Adventure Historical -- Souten Kouro Souten Kouro -- Souten Kouro's story is based loosely on the events taking place in Three Kingdoms period of China during the life of the last Chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao (155 – March 15, 220), who also serves as the main character. -- -- The Three Kingdoms period has been a popular theme in Japanese manga for decades, but Souten Kouro differs greatly from most of the others on several points. One significant difference is its highly positive portrayal of its main character, Cao Cao, who is traditionally the antagonist in not only Japanese manga, but also most novel versions of the Three Kingdoms period, including the original 14th century version, Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong. Another significant difference from others is that the storyline primarily uses the original historical account of the era, Records of Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou, as a reference rather than the aforementioned Romance of the Three Kingdoms novel. By this, the traditional hero of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei, takes on relatively less importance within the story and is portrayed in a less positive light. Yet, several aspects of the story are in fact based on the novel version, including the employment of its original characters such as Diao Chan, as well as anachronistic weapons such as Guan Yu's Green Dragon Crescent Blade and Zhang Fei's Viper Blade. -- -- A consistent theme throughout the story is Cao Cao's perpetual desire to break China and its people away from its old systems and ways of thinking and initiate a focus on pragmatism over empty ideals. This often puts him at odds with the prevalent customs and notions of Confucianism and those that support them. -- -- (Source: Wikipedia) -- TV - Apr 8, 2009 -- 15,970 7.29

Tales of the Rays -- -- Wit Studio -- 2 eps -- Game -- Game Fantasy -- Tales of the Rays Tales of the Rays -- Includes an animated promotional/opening video for the iOS/Android game Tales of the Rays and the main promotional video. Bandai Namco announced it was a sequel to Tales of the Rays and streamed the video on their official YouTube channel. -- -- The game and videos star new characters Ickx Neve and Mileena Weiss along with a cast of returning characters from other Tales of games. -- -- In a nontraditional manner, no new game app will be created, rather the current game app will receive a massive update and discontinue the main story line and start anew (several years later in-story) resetting the game play for all users. The story is said to take a darker tone. -- -- The game's production was announced in 2015 and the official launch is expected some time later this year. -- -- (Source: ANN, edited) -- -- Licensor: -- Bandai Namco Games -- ONA - Feb 17, 2017 -- 4,171 5.98

Tasogare Otome x Amnesia -- -- SILVER LINK. -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Horror Mystery Romance School Shounen Supernatural -- Tasogare Otome x Amnesia Tasogare Otome x Amnesia -- Seikyou Private Academy, built on the intrigue of traditional occult myths, bears a dark past—for 60 years, it has been haunted by a ghost known as Yuuko, a young woman who mysteriously died in the basement of the old school building. With no memory of her life or death, Yuuko discreetly finds and heads the Paranormal Investigations Club in search of answers. -- -- A chance meeting leads Yuuko to cling to diligent freshman Teiichi Niiya, who can see the quirky ghost, they quickly grow close, and he decides to help her. Along with Kirie Kanoe, Yuuko's relative, and the oblivious second year Momoe Okonogi, they delve deep into the infamous Seven Mysteries of the storied school. -- -- Tasogare Otome x Amnesia tells a unique tale of students who work together to shed light on their school's paranormal happenings, all the while inching closer to the truth behind Yuuko's death. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- TV - Apr 9, 2012 -- 324,107 7.85

Tasogare Otome x Amnesia -- -- SILVER LINK. -- 12 eps -- Manga -- Horror Mystery Romance School Shounen Supernatural -- Tasogare Otome x Amnesia Tasogare Otome x Amnesia -- Seikyou Private Academy, built on the intrigue of traditional occult myths, bears a dark past—for 60 years, it has been haunted by a ghost known as Yuuko, a young woman who mysteriously died in the basement of the old school building. With no memory of her life or death, Yuuko discreetly finds and heads the Paranormal Investigations Club in search of answers. -- -- A chance meeting leads Yuuko to cling to diligent freshman Teiichi Niiya, who can see the quirky ghost, they quickly grow close, and he decides to help her. Along with Kirie Kanoe, Yuuko's relative, and the oblivious second year Momoe Okonogi, they delve deep into the infamous Seven Mysteries of the storied school. -- -- Tasogare Otome x Amnesia tells a unique tale of students who work together to shed light on their school's paranormal happenings, all the while inching closer to the truth behind Yuuko's death. -- -- TV - Apr 9, 2012 -- 324,107 7.85

Tenshi no Tamago -- -- Studio Deen -- 1 ep -- Original -- Dementia Drama Fantasy -- Tenshi no Tamago Tenshi no Tamago -- The surrealist world of Tenshi no Tamago is desolate and devoid of the bustle of traditional everyday life. Instead, the world is filled with ominous phenomena, including floating orbs populated with statues of goddesses, gargantuan army tanks that seem to move unmanned, armies of fishermen who chase after the shadows of nonexistent fish, and caverns solely decorated with glass vessels of water. -- -- In this run-down world, a young girl takes care of a large egg and scavenges for food and drink. She encounters a mysterious man with a cross over his shoulder, who soon becomes curious about who she is and what her egg contains. They decide to explore the lost and broken landscape together, questioning each other about the nature of faith, the purpose of the world, and the origins of their lives. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Anchor Bay Films -- OVA - Dec 22, 1985 -- 95,684 7.69

Tenshi no Tamago -- -- Studio Deen -- 1 ep -- Original -- Dementia Drama Fantasy -- Tenshi no Tamago Tenshi no Tamago -- The surrealist world of Tenshi no Tamago is desolate and devoid of the bustle of traditional everyday life. Instead, the world is filled with ominous phenomena, including floating orbs populated with statues of goddesses, gargantuan army tanks that seem to move unmanned, armies of fishermen who chase after the shadows of nonexistent fish, and caverns solely decorated with glass vessels of water. -- -- In this run-down world, a young girl takes care of a large egg and scavenges for food and drink. She encounters a mysterious man with a cross over his shoulder, who soon becomes curious about who she is and what her egg contains. They decide to explore the lost and broken landscape together, questioning each other about the nature of faith, the purpose of the world, and the origins of their lives. -- -- OVA - Dec 22, 1985 -- 95,684 7.69

Visions of Frank: Short Films by Japan's Most Audacious Animators -- -- - -- 9 eps -- - -- Dementia -- Visions of Frank: Short Films by Japan's Most Audacious Animators Visions of Frank: Short Films by Japan's Most Audacious Animators -- A series of 9 animated shorts based on the Frank comics by Jim Woodring, featuring computer/CGI, traditional cel, stop-motion, and even sand painting techniques. Contributing animators and musicians include COCOA, Eri Yoshimura, Naomi Nagata, TAMAPRO/DROP, Taruto Fuyama, Masaki Maito, Kanako Kawagushi, Masaya Sakaue, Bill Frisell, Dame Darcy, and Woodring himself. -- OVA - Nov 25, 2005 -- 634 5.80

Wakaokami wa Shougakusei! Movie -- -- DLE, Madhouse -- 1 ep -- Novel -- Comedy Slice of Life Supernatural -- Wakaokami wa Shougakusei! Movie Wakaokami wa Shougakusei! Movie -- After losing her parents in a car accident, Okko goes to live in the countryside with her grandmother, who runs a traditional Japanese inn built on top of an ancient spring said to have healing waters. While she goes about her chores and prepares to become the inn's next caretaker, Okko discovers there are ghosts who live there that only she can see – not scary ghosts, but playful child ghosts who keep her company and help her feel less lonely. A sign outside says the spring welcomes all and will reject none, and this is soon put to the test as a string of new guests challenge Okko's ability to be a gracious host. But ultimately Okko discovers that dedicating herself to the happiness of others becomes the key to taking care of herself. -- -- (Source: Animation is Film Festival) -- -- Licensor: -- GKIDS -- Movie - Sep 21, 2018 -- 11,258 7.53

World Trigger -- -- Toei Animation -- 73 eps -- Manga -- Action Sci-Fi Supernatural School Shounen -- World Trigger World Trigger -- When a gate to another world suddenly opens on Earth, Mikado City is invaded by strange creatures known as "Neighbors," malicious beings impervious to traditional weaponry. In response to their arrival, an organization called the Border Defense Agency has been established to combat the Neighbor menace through special weapons called "Triggers." Even though several years have passed after the gate first opened, Neighbors are still a threat and members of Border remain on guard to ensure the safety of the planet. -- -- Despite this delicate situation, members-in-training, such as Osamu Mikumo, are not permitted to use their Triggers outside of headquarters. But when the mysterious new student in his class is dragged into a forbidden area by bullies, they are attacked by Neighbors, and Osamu has no choice but to do what he believes is right. Much to his surprise, however, the transfer student Yuuma Kuga makes short work of the aliens, revealing that he is a humanoid Neighbor in disguise. -- -- 285,078 7.58

Yami Shibai -- -- ILCA -- 13 eps -- Original -- Dementia Horror Demons Supernatural -- Yami Shibai Yami Shibai -- The mysterious, yellow-masked Storyteller is a man whose true name and origin are both unknown. He appears at dusk where children gather and recites sinister tales based on Japanese urban legends, to which his young audience eerily intakes. However, the Storyteller is no ordinary teller of tales. He incorporates a kamishibai, a traditional paper-scrolling device, to add visuals to his already demented narration. -- -- A series of short horror stories, Yami Shibai begins with a bachelor who, after moving into a new apartment, immediately starts sensing a malevolent glare being pressed into him. A single talisman rests on his ceiling, but he has no way of knowing it is one of the few safeguards that separate him from a bottomless pit of suffering. Each story is more terrifying, more appalling, and more sickening than the last as the Storyteller's audience find themselves being sucked into the vicious world of his words. -- -- -- Licensor: -- Sentai Filmworks -- TV - Jul 15, 2013 -- 80,377 7.05

Yami Shibai -- -- ILCA -- 13 eps -- Original -- Dementia Horror Demons Supernatural -- Yami Shibai Yami Shibai -- The mysterious, yellow-masked Storyteller is a man whose true name and origin are both unknown. He appears at dusk where children gather and recites sinister tales based on Japanese urban legends, to which his young audience eerily intakes. However, the Storyteller is no ordinary teller of tales. He incorporates a kamishibai, a traditional paper-scrolling device, to add visuals to his already demented narration. -- -- A series of short horror stories, Yami Shibai begins with a bachelor who, after moving into a new apartment, immediately starts sensing a malevolent glare being pressed into him. A single talisman rests on his ceiling, but he has no way of knowing it is one of the few safeguards that separate him from a bottomless pit of suffering. Each story is more terrifying, more appalling, and more sickening than the last as the Storyteller's audience find themselves being sucked into the vicious world of his words. -- -- TV - Jul 15, 2013 -- 80,377 7.05

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1734 Tradition

2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

Aaditi Pohankar

Abraham in History and Tradition

Aditi

Aditi Balan

Aditi Chengappa

Aditi Govitrikar

Aditi Kapil

Aditi Phadnis

Aditi Rai

Aditi Rao Hydari

Aditi Sagar

Aditi Sarangdhar

Aditi Sen De

Aditi Sharma

Aditi Singh

African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines

A Great Collection of Fabricated Traditions

Aleutian tradition

American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property

American tradition

American traditional informal freeform solo folk dancing

American Tradition Partnership

American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock

Amoy dialect/Complement constructions/traditional

Amoy dialect/Negative particles/traditional

Anaphora of the Apostolic Tradition

Anarta tradition

Anishinaabe traditional beliefs

Apostolic Tradition

Appeal to tradition

Arctic small tool tradition

Ashanti Traditional Buildings

Auburn University traditions

Azerbaijani traditional clothing

Bates College traditions

BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician

Bengali traditional games

Black sermonic tradition

Bornean traditional tattooing

Brabant Center for Music Traditions

Brazilian traditional medicine

Brisk tradition and Soloveitchik dynasty

British Traditional Wicca

Bundeswehr traditions regulations

Bundling (tradition)

Cahto traditional narratives

Cahuilla traditional narratives

Carnegie Mellon University traditions

Category:Canadian traditions

Catholic peace traditions

Center for Traditional Textiles of Cusco

Centre for the Study of Traditional Pottery

Chilean Traditional Universities

China National Traditional Orchestra

Chinese ritual mastery traditions

Chinese traditional music

Christian tradition

Christmas traditions

Chumash traditional medicine

Ciarn Tobin extradition case

Classical tradition

Coast Miwok traditional narratives

Cochise Tradition

College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University

Columbia University traditions

Contemporary Art in Asia: Traditions/Tensions

Costa Rican jade tradition

Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement

Cupeo traditional narratives

Custom and traditions in Azerbaijan

Customs and traditions of the Royal Navy

Dalton Tradition

Danish traditional music

Dartmouth College traditions

Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters

Defense Activity for Non-Traditional Education Support

Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs

Detraditionalization

Dhammakaya tradition

Dhammakaya Tradition UK

Donegal fiddle tradition

Dradition

Draft:Aditi Bhavaraju

Draft:Gender roles in traditional Chinese society

Easter traditions

Emperor's College of Traditional Oriental Medicine

Engineering traditions in Canada

European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products

Extradition

Extradition Act 2003

Extradition (Amendment) Act 1994

Extradition case of John Anderson

Extradition Clause

Extradition law in Australia

Extradition law in China

Extradition law in Nigeria

Family Tradition

Family Tradition (Hank Williams Jr. song)

Family Tradition (Senses Fail song)

Feri Tradition

Fijian traditions and ceremonies

First Bay Tradition

Folsom tradition

Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions

Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition

Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Gambia Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children

Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures

Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union

Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition

Good Tradition

Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording

Grammy Award for Best Gospel Performance, Traditional

Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Traditional

Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album

Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album

Grammy Award for Best Traditional Gospel Album

Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album

Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Performance

Groups of Traditional Buildings

Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Gurushishya tradition

Heritage Exhibition of a Traditional Pawnshop Business

History and traditions of Harvard commencements

Hong Kong Government Lunar New Year kau chim tradition

Hong Kong traditional store

Hopewell tradition

Huna Tlingit Traditional Gull Egg Use Act

Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty

Indianapolis 500 traditions

Inner Traditions Bear & Company

Institute of Traditional Judaism

Institute of Traditional Medicine Services (Bhutan)

Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children

International Council for Traditional Music

International Research Center for Traditional Polyphony

International Traditional and Heroic Contest

International Traditional Karate Federation

Invented tradition

Iranian traditional medicine

Irish traditional music

Irish traditional music session

Islamic neo-traditionalism

Islamic tradition

Japanese traditional dance

Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Juno Award for Roots & Traditional Album of the Year Group

Juno Award for Roots & Traditional Album of the Year Solo

Khmer Traditional Dress

Khmer traditional wrestling

Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas

Kissing traditions

Korean traditional funeral

Korean traditional handicrafts

Kotosh Religious Tradition

Koto (traditional clothing)

Lake Miwok traditional narratives

Latin Grammy Award for Best Traditional Tropical Album

Leivaditis

Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

List of astrological traditions, types, and systems

List of Austrian intellectual traditions

List of Burmese traditional festivals

List of Caribbean folk music traditions

List of classical and art music traditions

List of ensemble formations in traditional Chinese music

List of folk music traditions

List of founders of religious traditions

List of historical Ghanaian traditional rulers

List of Korean traditional festivals

List of nontraditional bagpipe usage

List of Oceanic and Australian folk music traditions

List of partitions of traditional Japanese architecture

List of purported relics of major figures of religious traditions

List of religions and spiritual traditions

List of traditional armaments

List of traditional card and tile packs

List of traditional children's games

List of traditional Chinese medicines

List of traditional gentlemen's and working men's club buildings

List of traditional Irish singers

List of traditional Japanese games

List of traditional regions of Slovakia

List of traditional territories of the indigenous peoples of North America

List of Wii games with traditional control schemes

Lists of Buddhist sites and traditions in Kerala

Luiseo traditional narratives

Lutte Traditionnelle

Madhva tradition

Mori traditional textiles

Mary Baker Eddy: The Truth and the Tradition

Middle Eastern and North African music traditions

Military tradition

Ministry of Traditional Industries and Small Enterprise Development

Mongolian Traditional United Party

Moravian traditional music

Moving Traditions

Muse national des Arts et Traditions Populaires

Muse national des Arts et Traditions Populaires (France)

Museum of Arts and Traditions of Morocco

Museum of Popular Arts and Traditions

Museum of Traditions and Legends

National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine

National Center for Traditional Arts

National Council for the Traditional Arts

Native Village of Barrow Inupiat Traditional Government

Neotraditional

Neotraditional country

Newar traditional clothing

New Kadampa Tradition

New Tradition (disambiguation)

New wave of traditional heavy metal

Nigerian traditional rulers

Nontraditional student

Northern Paiute traditional narratives

Norton tradition

Norwegian National Association for Traditional Music and Dance

Oral gospel traditions

Oral tradition

Oral Tradition (journal)

Ota traditional chiefs

Over the Hills and Far Away (traditional song)

Paleo-Arctic Tradition

Papal oath (traditionalist Catholic)

Parting tradition

Perry Traditional Academy

Persecution of traditional African religion

Persian traditional music

Peruvian Traditions

Picaroons Traditional Ales

Piers Plowman tradition

Plains and Sierra Miwok traditional narratives

Plum Village Tradition

Portal:Traditional African religions

Portal:Traditional African religions/Festivals

Portal:Traditional African religions/Introduction

Pre-Christian Alpine traditions

Punjabi wedding traditions

Radical Traditionalism

Reference Re Ng Extradition

Renewing the Anarchist Tradition

Roman Traditional Movement

Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements

Russian traditional music

Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller

Russian traditions and superstitions

Russian wedding traditions

Rutgers University traditions and customs

Sacred tradition

Sacrifice in the Post-Kantian Tradition

Saint George in devotions, traditions and prayers

Salle des Traditions de la Garde Rpublicaine

Scandinavian ballad tradition

Serbian Christmas traditions

Serbian traditional clothing

Serb traditions

Shanghai Innovative Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Sisters of Charity Federation in the Vincentian-Setonian Tradition

Siwki (Easter tradition)

Smarta tradition

Sri Lankan traditional medicine

Student activities and traditions at UC Irvine

Sub-Saharan African music traditions

Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers

Taiwan Traditional Theatre Center

Tassos Leivaditis

Texas Tech University traditions

Thai Forest Tradition

Thanos Leivaditis

The American Political Tradition

The Bird in the Bush (Traditional Erotic Songs)

The body in traditional Chinese medicine

The International Journal of the Platonic Tradition

The Living Tradition

The Marrow of Tradition

The Primordial Tradition

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006

The Tradition

The Tradition of Hospitality

The Young Tradition

Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine)

Tonda Traditional Bunraku Puppet Troupe

Topographical tradition

Traditi humilitati

Tradition

Traditional administrative system of Bafut

Traditional African masks

Traditional African medicine

Traditional African religion and other religions

Traditional African religions

Traditional Anglican Communion

Traditional animation

Traditional Asian medicine

Traditional authority

Traditional bachata

Traditional Balsamic Vinegar

Traditional Berber religion

Traditional birth attendant

Traditional black gospel

Traditional blues verses

Traditional boat race at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games

Traditional boat race at the 2011 Southeast Asian Games

Traditional Cambodian medicine

Traditional Cambodian musical instruments

Traditional candies in Hong Kong

Traditional Catalan Songs

Traditional Chinese bookbinding

Traditional Chinese characters

Traditional Chinese house architecture

Traditional Chinese law

Traditional Chinese marriage

Traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese timekeeping

Traditional climbing

Traditional clothing of Kosovo

Traditional colors of Japan

Traditional counties

Traditional courts in Malawi

Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh

Traditional derby

Traditional ecological knowledge

Traditional economy

Traditional education

Traditional engineering

Traditional English pronunciation of Latin

Traditional fishing boat

Traditional fishing tackle of Central India

Traditional food

Traditional Gaelic music

Traditional games in the Philippines

Traditional games of Andhra Pradesh

Traditional Ghanaian stool

Traditional gospel music

Traditional Grimsby smoked fish

Traditional handheld refractometer

Traditional healers of Southern Africa

Traditional Irish singing

Traditionalism

Traditionalism in the Catholic Church

Traditionalist Catholicism

Traditionalist Communion

Traditionalist conservatism

Traditionalist theology (Islam)

Traditionalist Worker Party

Traditional Italian maize varieties

Traditional Japanese music

Traditional Japanese musical instruments

Traditional Khmer Housing

Traditional knowledge

Traditional Knowledge Digital Library

Traditional knowledge GIS

Traditional Korean medicine

Traditional Korean musical instruments

Traditional Korean rhythm

Traditional Korean roof construction

Traditional leaders in Zimbabwe

Traditional lighting equipment of Japan

Traditional markets in Mexico

Traditional marriage

Traditional mathematics

Traditional medicine

Traditional method

Traditional mining

Traditional Neighborhood Development

Traditional Nordic dance music

Traditional Persian

Traditional Persian residential architecture

Traditional point-size names

Traditional pop

Traditional Presbyterian Church in Brazil

Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church

Traditional rhyme

Traditional rice of Sri Lanka

Traditional society

Traditional South African Regiments

Traditional sports in the United Arab Emirates

Traditional story

Traditional student

Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony

Traditional Techniques

Traditional Thai clothing

Traditional Thai house

Traditional Thai medicine

Traditional Thai musical instruments

Traditional Tibetan medicine

Traditional Ties

Traditional transmission

Traditional Values Coalition

Traditional Vietnamese dance

Traditional Vietnamese medicine

Traditional Vietnamese musical instruments

Traditional Vietnamese wedding

Traditional Welsh costume

Traditional Welsh poetic metres

Traditional western medicine

Traditional witchcraft

Traditional Youth Marching Bands Association

Tradition and the Individual Talent

Tradition Book: Celestial Chorus

Tradition (disambiguation)

Tradition, Family and Property

Tradition (film)

Tradition history

Tradition Is a Temple

Tradition (journal)

Tradition of removing shoes in the home and houses of worship

Tradition (Port St. Lucie)

Tradition Records

Traditions and anecdotes associated with the Stanley Cup

Traditions and student activities at MIT

Traditionsbetriebswerk Stassfurt

Traditions of Catalonia

Traditions of Derry City F.C.

Traditions of Intolerance

Traditions of Italy

Traditions of Louisiana Tech University

Traditions of Pomona College

Traditions of Texas A&M University

Traditions of the Georgia Institute of Technology

Traditions of the University of Santo Tomas

Tradition (song)

Tradition und Leben

Travels & Traditions

Turco-Mongol tradition

Turco-Persian tradition

Twelve Traditions

Ukrainian wedding traditions

UKUS extradition treaty of 2003

Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali

University of Alabama traditions

University of Traditional Medicine, Mandalay

Use of sea turtles in West African traditional medicine

Way of the Gods according to the Confucian Tradition

Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition

Western tradition

West Palatine travelling music tradition

Yearbook for Traditional Music

Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Zulu traditional religion

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