1.05 - THE HOSTILE BROTHERS - ARCHETYPES OF RESPONSE TO THE UNKNOWN

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object:1.05 - THE HOSTILE BROTHERS - ARCHETYPES OF RESPONSE TO THE UNKNOWN
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author class:Jordan Peterson
subject class:Psychology
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CHAPTER 5: THE HOSTILE BROTHERS: ARCHETYPES OF RESPONSE TO THE UNKNOWN
The contamination of anomaly with the threat of death, attendant on the development of selfconsciousness, amplifies the valence of the unknown to a virtually unbearable point. This unbearable
amplification has motivated the development of two transpersonal patterns of behavior and schemas of
representation, comprising the individual as such, embodied in mythology as the hostile brothers. One of
these hostile brothers, or eternal sons of God, is the mythological hero. He faces the unknown with
the presumption of its benevolence with the (unprovable) attitude that confrontation with the unknown
will bring renewal and redemption. He enter, voluntarily, into creative union with the Great Mother,
builds or regenerates society, and brings peace to a warring world.
The other son of God is the eternal adversary. This spirit of unbridled rationality, horrified by his
limited apprehension of the conditions of existence, shrinks from contact with everything he does not
understand. This shrinking weakens his personality, no longer nourished by the water of life, and makes
him rigid and authoritarian, as he clings desperately to the familiar, rational, and stable. Every deceitful
retreat increases his fear; every new protective law increases his frustration, boredom and contempt for
life. His weakness, in combination with his neurotic suffering, engenders resentment and hatred for
existence itself.
The personality of the adversary comes in two forms, so to speak although these two forms are
inseparably linked. The fascist sacrifices his soul, which would enable him to confront change on his own,
to the group, which promises to protect him from everything unknown. The decadent, by contrast, refuses to
join the social world, and clings rigidly to his own ideas merely because he is too undisciplined to serve
as an apprentice. The fascist wants to crush everything different, and then everything; the decadent
immolates himself, and builds the fascist from his ashes. The bloody excesses of the twentieth century,
manifest most evidently in the culture of the concentration camp, stand as testimony to the desires of the
adversary, and as monument to his power.
The pitfalls of fascism and decadence may be avoided through identification with the hero, the true
individual. The hero organizes the demands of social being and the responsibilities of his own soul into a
coherent, hierarchically arranged unit. He stands on the border between order and chaos, and serves the
group as creator and agent of renewal. The heros voluntary contact with the unknown transforms it into
something benevolent into the eternal source, in fact, of strength and ability. Development of such
strength attendant upon faith in the conditions of experience enables him to stand outside the group,
when necessary, and to use it as a tool, rather than as armor. The hero rejects identification with the group
as the ideal of life, preferring to follow the dictates of his conscience and his heart. His identification with
meaning and his refusal to sacrifice meaning for security renders existence acceptable, despite its
tragedy.

5.1. Introduction: The Hero and the Adversary
The culture bequea thed to us by our forebears degenerates of its own accord, as the flux of the present
invalidates the static presuppositions of the past. We may speed this process of degeneration by our sins
by voluntary refusal to attend to our errors, when they manifest themselves, and by failure to adjust
behaviors and attitudes, in consequence. Through such refusal and failure, we transform the irritations of
the present into the catastrophes of the future, and invite a wrathful God to drown us beneath the waves.
As has been well known since the compilations made by R. Andree, H. Usener, and J.G. Frazer, the
deluge myth is almost universally disseminated; it is documented in all the continents (although very rarely
in Africa) and on various cultural levels. A certain number of variants seem to be the result of
dissemination, first from Mesopotamia and then from India. It is equally possible that one or several
diluvial catastrophers gave rise to fabulous narratives. But it would be risky to explain so widespread a

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myth by phenomena of which no geological traces have been found. The majority of the flood myths seem in
some sense to form part of the cosmic rhythm: the old world, peopled by a fallen humanity, is submerged
under the waters, and some time later a new world emerges from the aquatic chaos.

In a large number of variants, the flood is the result of the sins (or ritual faults) of human beings:
sometimes it results simply from the wish of a divine being to put an end to mankind.... the chief causes lie
at once in the sins of men and the decrepitude of the world. By the mere fact that it exists that is, that it
lives and produces the cosmos gradually deteriorates and ends by falling into decay. This is the reason
why it has to be recreated. In other words, the flood realizes, on the macrocosmic scale, what is
symbolically effected during the New Year festival: the end of the world and the end of a sinful humanity
in order to make a new creation possible.462
No discussion of the architecture of belief can possibly be considered complete in the absence of
reference to evil. Evil is no longer a popular word, so to speak the term is generally considered oldfashioned, not applicable in a society that has theoretically dispensed with its religious preoccupations.
Acts once defined as evil are now merely considered the consequence of unjust familial, social or economic
structures (although this view is not as widespread as it once was). Alternatively, the commission of
incomprehensible acts of cruelty and destruction are viewed as symptomatic of some physiological
weakness or disease. Seldom are acts of evil considered voluntary or purposeful committed by someone
possessed by an aesthetic that makes art of terror and pain.
In the Egyptian cosmology, Osiris, the king, mythic image of the known, the Great Father, has an eternal
evil twin and opposite, Seth, who eventually leads Osiris to his death. Four thousand years later, the moral
of this great story has not yet been grasped: failure to understand the nature of evil leads to its eventual
victory. At the end of this, the most cruel and bloodthirsty of centuries, we are in danger not only of failing
to understand evil, but of denying its very existence. Invisibility, however, is what the devil craves most.
I have spent a substantial amount of time, up to this point, describing the nature of culture, and the
manner in which it is generated. Culture, the Great Father, protects us from the terrors of the unknown;
defines around us a sacred space into which nothing unbearably foreign is allowed. Culture is generated by
the process whose essential features have been captured in the pervasive and recurrent myths of the hero.
This hero is the individual who voluntarily faces the dragon of the unknown, cuts it up, and creates the
world from its pieces; the individual who overcomes the too-long senescent tyrant, and frees the virgin
mother from his grasp. Such myths present a world starkly ambivalent in its nature: the natural world is
endlessly creative, and equally destructive; the inextricably associated social environment is
simultaneously tyrannical and protective. So far in our discussion, however, the hero has stood alone. This
means that our story is far from over. The essential ambivalence characterizing the constituent elements of
experience extends to the individual, as well to the individual, who is capable of thoughts and actions as
dark and destructive as anything in society or nature.
Mythology envelops the transpersonal capacity for evil characterizing the individual, as such, in the
guise of a personality duplicating its encapsulation of chaos and order. The dark side of the individual is
the absolute adversary of the hero is the personality who shrinks from contact with the unknown, or who
denies that it exists, instead of actively approaching and exploring; is the personality whose advice
speeds the decline of society, rather than renewing it. The image of this personality like the phenomenon
itself has developed and become elaborated in complexity and sophistication over the course of centuries:
proper understanding of its nature is terrifying, in a salutary sort of way. This informative terror is the
purpose of encapsulation in narrative, in transpersonal memory: the image of the Christian devil, for
example, is the best bad example available. His (implicit or explicit) imitation leads to disaster; the
stories which portray his central features exist as object lessons in the consequences of resentment, hatred,
totalitarian arrogance, and jealousy.
Evil, like good, is not something static: it does not merely mean breaking the rules, for example,
and is not simply aggression, anger, force, pain, disappointment, anxiety, or horror. Life is of course
endlessly complicated by the fact that what is bad in one circumstance is positively necessary in the next. I

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noted previously463 that the answer to the question what is the good? must in fact be sought in the metadomain, so to speak: the more fundamental mystery given the context-dependent nature of the good is
how are answers to the question what is the good? endlessly and appropriately generated? The good,
then, becomes the set of circumstances that allow the process of moral construction to flourish or
becomes the process of moral construction itself. The problem what then is evil? must be addressed
similarly.
Evil is rejection of and sworn opposition to the process of creative exploration. Evil is proud repudiation
of the unknown, and willful failure to understand, transcend, and transform the social world. Evil is, in
addition and in consequence hatred of the virtuous and courageous, precisely on account of their virtue
and courage. Evil is the desire to disseminate darkness, for the love of darkness, where there could be light.
The spirit of evil underlies all actions that speed along the decrepitude of the world; underlies all actions
that foster Gods desire to inundate and destroy everything that exists.
Great evils are easily identifiable, at least in retrospect, and are usually the result (at least in
interpretation) of the act of another. We build endless memorials to the Holocaust, for example, and swear
never to forget. But what is it that we are remembering? What is the lesson we are supposed to have
learned? We dont know how the Holocaust came about dont know what it is that the people involved
did, or failed to do, step by step, that made them behave in such an appalling manner; dont know what or
who made German society take such a terrible turn. Even Hitler how could Hitler fail to believe that he
was correct, when everyone around him bowed to his orders? Would it not take character of exceptional
magnitude to resist the temptation of absolute power, freely offered, democratically granted even insisted
upon? How would it be possible for anyone to remain properly humble, under such conditions? Most of us
have personal frailties that remain constrained by our social environments. Our neurotic tendencies are
checked by the people around us, who care for us, who complain and protest when we lose our self-control
and take things, in our weakness, one step too far. If everyone around thinks you are the savior, who is left
to point out your defects, and keep you conscious of them? This is not an apology for Hitler: merely
recognition that he was all-too-human. And what does that statement mean? Hitler was human; Stalin too
Idi Amin, too. What does that mean about being human?
Our tyrannical tendencies and moral decadences generally find their expression limited by our narrow
domains of personal power. We cannot doom millions to death, at a whim, because we do not have the
resources to do so. We satisfy ourselves, in the absence of such power, with riding roughshod over those
near to us and congratulate ourselves on our moral virtue. We use aggression and strength to bend
dependent others to our will or, in the absence of strength, use sickness and weakness to harness the force
of empathy, and deceive our way to dominance, underground. Granted the opportunity, how many of us
would not be Hitlers? Assuming we had the ambition, dedication and power of organization which is
highly unlikely. Paucity of skill, however, does not constitute moral virtue.
Many kings are tyrants, or moral decadents, because they are people and many people are tyrants, or
moral decadents. We cannot say never again as a consequence of the memory of the Holocaust, because
we do not understand the Holocaust and it is impossible to remember what has not been understood. We
do not understand the Holocaust, because we do not comprehend ourselves. Human beings, very much like
ourselves, produced the moral catastrophes of the Second World War (and of Stalins Soviet Union, and of
Pol Pots Cambodia ). Never forget means know thyself means recognize and understand that evil
twin, that mortal enemy, who is part and parcel of every individual.
The heroic tendency the archetypal savior is an eternal spirit, which is to say, a central and
permanent aspect of human being. The same is true, precisely, of the adversarial tendency: the capacity
for endless denial, and the desire to make everything suffer for the outrage of its existence, is an
ineradicable intrapsychic element of the individual. The great dramatists and religious thinkers of the world
have been able to grasp this fact, at least implicitly, and to transmit it in story and image; modern analytic
thinkers and existential theorists have attempted to abstract these ideas upward into higher consciousness,
and to present them in logical and purely semantic form. Sufficient data have been gathered to present a
compelling portrait of evil.

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5.2. The Adversary: Emergence, Development and Representation
The figure of Satan is arguably the most well-developed representation of evil extant in religious and
mythological thought. Although it is tempting to identify this personage with particular personality
attri butes, such as aggression or with the differences of the stranger it is more realistic to view him as
the embodiment of a personal and social process. The Devil is the spirit who underlies development of
totalitarianism; the spirit who is characterized by rigid ideological belief (by the predominance of the
rational mind), by reliance on the lie as a mode of adaptation (by refusal to admit to the existence of
error, or to appreciate the necessity of deviance), and by the inevitable development of hatred for the self
and world. Each of these characteristics are intrinsically and causally related; they are linked inextricably
together, and can be aptly conceptualized as a transpersonal and eternal personality.
The Devil is willful rejection of the process that makes life bearable, out of spite for the tragic
conditions of existence. This rejection is intellectually arrogant, because the conditions are interpreted
which is to say: development of self-consciousness tainted everything with death, but self-consciousness is
contained within a global understanding that is still exceptionally limited in its scope. The present, as
currently interpreted, is indeed the unbearable present: but that interpretation may change, if the
possibility for change is not disallowed, as a consequence of absolutist belief, conceit and resentment.
The Devil works to eliminate the world, as something whose weakness and vulnerability makes it
contemptible. He has produced dreadful suffering in the twentieth century not least among cultures who
dispensed with his image. We are fortunate to have survived, without an irreversible tragedy. Our luck to
date should not blind us to the dangers of continued ignorance, or to the necessity of bringing our poorlycomprehended selves under control. Every technological advance we make increases our power; every
increase in power makes our internal integration and expanded self-consciousness that much more
necessary.
The noble soul has reverence for itself.464
As I looked deeper into the problem of evil, over the course of the last fourteen years, I found myself
increasingly and involuntarily fascinated with the myth of Satan, and curious about the position of this
story in relationship to Western thought. The idea of the Devil has exerted a powerful influence on the
development of Christianity and Christian culture and, therefore, on Western and world society
although there is little direct reference to Satan, in the Old and New Testaments (surprisingly little: no
description of hell, to speak of, limited and oblique reference to the rebellion of the angels and the war in
heaven, preceding the establishment of hell; nothing of any consequence regarding the terrible afterlife that
theoretically awaits all sinners).
It is my understanding that traditional and literary representations of Satan, the ruling angel of hell,
constitute true mythology. These ideas surround the established central writings and ideas of Christianity,
like a cloud surrounds a mountain. They have been transmitted to us, in part, as religious doctrine; in part,
as oral tradition; in part, because of the efforts of Dante and Milton. I had a very limited religious
education, in my youth, and all I ever knew about the Devil was hearsay bits and pieces I picked up
while reading other material (such as Joyces Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, which contains a
terrifying Jesuit sermon on the wages of sin). All I knew was the outline of the story codified by Milton:
Satan, the highest angel in Gods heavenly hierarchy, desired to become like the Most High, and fostered a
rebellion in heaven. He was defeated, and cast, unrepentant, into Hell, where he rules eternally over the
spirits of the sinful dead. I had no real idea what this story meant, although it was obvious to me that these
characters and events could have never really existed.
I learned later that the association made between the Serpent in Eden and the Devil was essentially
speculative. Indeed, certain Gnostics had even posited that the deity who brought Adam and Eve to the
light of self-consciousness was a higher spirit than the unconscious demi-urge who had created everything,
in the beginning. This idea was predicated upon Gnostic recognition that a fall from paradise, so to speak
that is, from a previous plane of stability often comprised the necessary precondition for movement to

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a higher place. Traditional medieval Christians developed a similar idea. For them, Original Sin was a
fortunate error that made necessary the incarnation of Christ. This meant that the Christian fall, although
tragic in and of itself, could be regarded as positively beneficial, since it brought about the redemptive
incarnation of God (which was the most stupendous event in history, from the Christian perspective).
Adoption of this broader viewpoint allowed even the Edenic serpent, who propelled mankind into chaos, to
be interpreted as a tool of God as a tool of the beneficial God who is endlessly working to bring about
the perfection of the world, despite the troublesome existence of free choice and demonic temptation. (The
name, Lucifer, means bringer of light, after all as I have noted previously.) I also knew, more or less
unconsciously, that the Devil has been long associated with the power and arrogance of rational thought
(in Goethes Faust, for example). This association has enabled the dogmatic forces of the Church to adopt
an anti-scientific stance, frequently science rationality devil and to justify unfortunate Church
opposition to emergent truth. However, a mythological idea is not invalidated as an idea in consequence of
its misapplication. The capacity for rational thought is a dangerous force, without doubt because a
powerful force and the conditions under which thinking plays a purely destructive role are still not wellcomprehended.
This plethora of vaguely related ideas and stories kept entering and re-entering my mind: sometimes in
combination with remembrance of a telling symbolic historic act the transformation of the Notre Dame
Cathedral into the Temple of Reason in the midst of the terrors of the French Revolution. It is no easy
matter to come to a clear understanding of such notions, to grasp their nature logically or emotionally, or
even to determine how they could possibly be related. After all, we tend to regard the development of
clear understanding as equivalent to the construction of a proper set, and assume that the reality of a
thing can be clearly defined. Ideas about evil, however, do not form a proper set. They form a natural
category, containing diverse material just like ideas about the known or the unknown form such a
category. To complicate things further, evil like good is not something static (although it may align
itself with all that is stubbornly static). It is rather a dynamic process, a spirit, that partakes of the
motivational or affective states of pride, resentment, jealousy, and hatred but which cannot be identified
unerringly with the presence of any or all. The morality of an aggressive act, for example, depends on the
nature of the context in which it is manifested, just as the meaning of a given word is defined by the
sentence, the paragraph even the book or culture in which it appears. Evil is a living complex. Its nature
can be most clearly comprehended through examination of the personality it has adopted in mythology,
literature, and fantasy, elaborated in the lengthy course of historical development. This personality consists
of those meta-attri butes of evil that have remained stable, over time despite dramatic shifts in the
particulars of human existence and human morality.
The image of the Devil is the form that the idea of evil has taken, for better or worse, at least in the
West. We have not yet developed an explicit model of evil, that would allow us to forget, transcend, or
otherwise dispense with this mythological representation. We rationalize our lack of such understanding by
presuming that the very notion of evil is archaic a presumption truly ridiculous, in this century of
indescribable horror. In our ignorance and complaceny, we deride ancient stories about the nature of evil
equate them half-consciously with childish things best put away. This is an exceedingly arrogant position.
There is no evidence whatsoever that we understand the nature of evil any better than our forebears, despite
our psychology, even though our expanded technological power has made us much more dangerous when
we are possessed. Our ancestors were at least constantly concerned with the problem of evil. Acceptance of
the harsh Christian dogma of Original Sin, for example (despite its pessimism and apparent inequity) at
least meant recognition of evil; meant some comprehension of the tendency towards evil as an intrinsic,
heritable aspect of human nature. From the perspective informed by belief in Original Sin, individual
actions and motivations must always be carefully scrutinized and considered even when apparently
benevolent lest the ever-present adversarial tendencies accidentally gain the upper hand. The dogma of
Original Sin forces every individual to regard himself as the (potential) immediate source of evil to locate
the terrible underworld of mythology and its denizens in intrapsychic space. It is no wonder that this idea
has become unpopular: nonetheless, evil exists somewhere. It remains difficult not to see hypocrisy in the
souls of those who wish to localize it somewhere else.
Once I understood these things in a provisional sort of way the ancient ideas began to sort
themselves out. I learned from Eliade how to make sense out of the notion of a heavenly hierarchy. The

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monotheism of Judaism and Christianity has its roots in older, more polytheistic thinking. The many gods
of archaic conceptualization became the single Ruler of more modern religious thinking as a consequence
of spiritual competition, so to speak. This competition is the battle of ideas with implication for action
fought in abstraction, image and in the course of genuine earthly combat portrayed in mythology as
spiritual war, played out in heaven (which is the place where transpersonal ideas exist). The Deity who
came to prevail over all is One God, with a complex set of attri butes, surrounded by a panoply of angels
and divine echoes of previous gods (who represent those transpersonal and eternal psychological
processes rendered subordinate in the course of the spiritual phylogenesis of man).

Figure 57: The Devil as Aerial Spirit and Ungodly Intellect

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Christian mythology portrays Satan as the highest angel in Gods heavenly kingdom. This fact
renders his association with reason more comprehensible. Reason may well be considered the highest
angel which is to say, the most developed and remarkable psychological or spiritual faculty,
characteristic of all men (and therefore, something transpersonal and eternal). Figure 57: The Devil as
Aerial Spirit and Ungodly Intellect portrays Eugene Delacroixs imagistic interpretation an illustration
for part one of Faust. 465 Reason, the most exceptional of spirits, suffers from the greatest of temptations:
reasons own capacity for self-recognition and self-admiration means endless capacity for pride, which
is the act of presuming omniscience. It is reasons remarkable ability, and its own recognition of that
ability, which leads it to believe that it is in possession of absolute knowledge, and can therefore replace, or
do without, God:
He trusted to have equalled the Most High,
If he opposed, and with ambitious aim
Against the throne and monarchy of God,
Raised impious war in Heaven .466
It is reasons belief in its own omniscience manifest in procedure and image, if not in word that
unconsciously underlies totalitarianism, in its many destructive guises. Frye notes:
A demonic fall, as Milton presents it, involves defiance of and rivalry with God rather than simple
disobedience, and hence the demonic society is a sustained and systematic parody of the divine one,
associated with devils or fallen angels because it seems far beyond normal human capacities in its
powers. We read of ascending and descending angels on Jacobs and Platos ladders, and similarly there
seem to be demonic reinforcements in hea then life that account for the almost superhuman grandeur of
the hea then empires, especially just before they fall.
Two particularly notable passages in the Old Testament prophets linked to this theme are the
denunciation of Babylon in Isaiah 14 and of Tyre in Ezekiel 28. Babylon is associated with Lucifer the
morning star, who said to himself: I will be like the Most High; Tyre is identified with a Covering
Cherub, a splendid creature living in the garden of Eden till the day that iniquity was found in thee. In
the New Testament (Luke 10:18) Jesus speaks of Satan as falling from heaven, hence Satans traditional
identification with Isaiahs Lucifer and his growth in legend into the great adversary of God, once the
prince of the angels, and, before being displaced, the firstborn son of God. The superhuman demonic
force behind the hea then kingdoms is called in Christianity the Antichrist, the earthly ruler demanding
divine honors.467
It is not that easy to understand why the act of presuming omniscience is reasonably construed as precisely
opposite to the act of creative exploration (as the adversary is opposite to the hero). What knowing
everything means, however at least in practice is that the unknown no longer exists, and that further
exploration has therefore been rendered superfluous has been rendered unnecessary, by definition (even
treacherous). This means that absolute identification with the known necessarily comes to replace all
opportunity for identification with the process that comes to know. The presumption of absolute
knowledge, which is the cardinal sin of the rational spirit, is therefore prima facie equivalent to rejection of
the hero to rejection of Christ, of the Word of God, of the (divine) process that mediates between order
and chaos. The arrogance of the totalitarian stance is ineradicably opposed to the humility of creative
exploration. [Humility it is only constant admission of error and capacity for error (admssion of sinful
and ignorant nature) that allows for recognition of the unknown, and then for update of knowledge and
adaptation in behavior. Such humility is, somewhat paradoxically, courageous as admission of error and
possibility for error constitutes the necessary precondition for confrontation with the unknown. This makes
genuine cowardice the underground motivation for the totalitarian presumption: the true authoritarian
wants everything unpredictable to vanish. The authoritarian protects himself from knowledge of this
cowardice by a show of patriotic advocacy often at apparent cost to himself.]
In the fifth book of Paradise Lost which Milton constructed from Biblical and mythological allusions
Lucifer is passed over by God, in honor of the second son, Christ. 468 This shift in the dominance

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hierarchy of heaven seems to me to indicate that reason (which, in consequence of its self-recognition as
the highest angel of God, believes itself capable of single-handedly engendering redemption) must
remain subordinate to the processes of the exploratory hero. Reason can only serve health can only serve
life when it plays a secondary role. The option of ruling in hell, rather than serving in heaven, nonetheless
appears as an attractive alternative to the rational mind, under a wide variety of circumstances.
The Devil is the spirit who eternally states, all that I know is all that there is to be known; the spirit
who falls in love with his own beautiful productions and, in consequence, can no longer see beyond them.
The Devil is the desire to be right, above all, to be right once and for all and finally, rather than to
constantly admit to insufficiency and ignorance, and to therefore partake in the process of creation itself.
The Devil is the spirit which endlessly denies, because it is afraid, in the final analysis, afraid and weak.
It is lack of discrimination between the existence of the adversary as process with the existence of
anomaly as constituent element of experience that has lead to some of the worst excesses of Christianity
(and not just Christianity). It has constantly been the case that proper-thinking people confuse the
existence of threats to their security and moral integrity with evil. This means that the proper-thinking
confuse the being of the genius and the stranger, who offer up experience that exists in contrast with
established belief, with the process of rejection of that experience. This lack of discrimination is both
comprehensible, and motivated: comprehensible, because the strange/stranger/strange idea/revolutionary
hero upsets the apple-cart, and produces affective dysregulation (which is the state most devoutly desired
by the devil); motivated, because categorizing anomaly with evil allows for its justified repression. The
heroic act of updating current morality, however through the promotion of uncomfortable contact with
the unknown creates chaos only in the service of higher order. To repress that process and cling
patriotically to tradition is to ensure that tradition will collapse precipitously and far more dangerously
at some point in the not-too-distant future.
The fact of my lascivious or aggressive fantasy to take a specific example of things generally regarded
in a dim light is not evil, if I am a devout Christian: evil is the act of denying that such fantasy exists (or,
perhaps, the act of realizing that fantasy, without consideration of its proper place). The fantasy itself
merely constitutes information (unacceptable information, to be sure, from the current, merely provisional
standpoint: but information with the capacity to transform, if admitted). The existence of the Muslim, and
the Muslim viewpoint, likewise is not evil, if I am a devout Christian. Evil is instead my presumption of
personal omniscience my certainty that I understand my Christian belief well enough to presume its
necessary opposition to the stranger and his ideas; my certainty that identification with a static
comprehended moral structure is sufficient to guarantee my integrity and my consequent ignorant and
self-righteous persecution of the Muslim. The Devil is not the uncomfortable fact, but the act of shrinking
from that fact. The weakness, stupidity, laxity and ignorance that ineradicably constitutes the individual is
not evil in and of itself. These insufficiencies are a necessary consequence of the limitations that make
experience possible. It is the act of denying that stupidity exists, once it has manifested itself, that is evil
because stupidity cannot then be overcome. Such denial brings spiritual progress to a halt. Consciousness of
ignorance and cupidity manifests itself in shame, anxiety, and pain in the guise of the visitor whose
arrival is most feared and such consciousness may come, in consequence, to be considered the
embodiment of evil itself. But it is the bearer of bad news who brings us closer to the light, if the
significance of the news is allowed to manifest itself.
Elaine Pagels has recently written a book The Origin of Satan 469 in which she describes how the
idea of the Devil as the eternal enemy of Christ enabled those who profess Christianity to persecute those
who do not. The presuppositions of the persecutor are, for example: the Devil is the enemy, the Jew is not
a Christian the Jew is an enemy, the Jew is the Devil. Pagels presents the not-unreasonable and
justifiably popular hypothesis that the invention of Satan was motivated by desire to transform the act of
persecuting others into a moral virtue. It appears, however, that the historical developmental path of the
idea of the adversary is somewhat more complex. Transpersonal notions of the breadth of the image of
the Devil cannot emerge as a consequence of conscious motivation, because their development requires
many centuries of trans-generational work (which cannot be easily organized). The image of the Devil,
although endlessly applied to rationalize the subjugation of others (as all great ideas can be subverted)
emerged as a consequence of endless geniune attempts to encapsulate the personality of evil. The logic
that associates the other with the Devil only works for those who think that religion means belief that is,

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identification with a set of static and often unreasonable facts and not action, meta-imitation, or the
incarnation of the creative process in behavior. The existence of the anomalous fact, properly considered
the uncomfortable fact, embodied in the stranger or rendered abstract in the form of differing philosophy
is a call to religious action, and not an evil.
It has taken mankind thousands of years of work to develop dawning awareness of the nature of evil to
produce a detailed dramatic representation of the process that makes up the core of human maladaptation
and voluntarily produced misery. It seems premature to throw away the fruit of that labor or to presume
that it is something other than what it appears before we understand what it signifies. Consciousness of
evil emerged first as ritual enactment then dynamic image, expressed in myth. This representation covers
a broad spatial and temporal territory, whose examination helps flesh out understanding of the personality
of the adversary. The most thoroughly developed archaic personification of evil outside the JudeoChristian tradition can perhaps be found in the ideas of Zoroastrianism, which flourished in relatively
explicit form from 1000-600 B.C. (and which undoubtedly depended for its form on much more ancient
less explicit ideas). The Zoroastrians developed a number of ideas which were later incorporated into
Christianity, including the myth of the savior; the elaboration of an optimistic eschatology, proclaiming
the final triumph of Good and universal salvation; [and] the doctrine of the resurrection of bodies....470
Zarathustra, the mythic founder of Zorastrianism, was a follower of Ahura Mazda (the central deity in
this essentially monotheistic religion). Ahura (sky) Mazda was surrounded by a pantheon of divine
entities the Amesha Spentas, analogous to angels who were very much evidently psychological in their
nature (at least from the modern perspective).471 These spirits include Asha (justice), Vohu Manah (good
thought), Armaiti (devotion), Xshathra (power), Harvatat (integrity) and Ameretat (immortality). Ahura
Mazda was also the father of twin brothers, spirits Spenta Mainyu (the beneficient spirit) and Angra
Mainyu (the destroying spirit). Eliade states:
In the beginning, it is stated in a famous gatha (Yasna 30, authored by Zarathustra), these two spirits
chose, one of them good and life, the other evil and death. Spenta Mainyu declares, at the beginning of
existence, to the Destroying Spirit: Neither our thoughts nor our doctrines, nor our mental powers;
neither our choices, nor our words, nor our acts; neither our consciences nor our souls are in agreement.
This shows that the two spirits the one holy, the other wicked differ rather by choice than by nature.
Zarathustras theology is not dualistic in the strict sense of the term, since Ahura Mazda is not
confronted by an anti-God; in the beginning, the opposition breaks out between the two Spirits. On the
other hand, the unity between Ahura Mazda and the Holy [Good] Spirit is several times implied (see
Yasna 43.3, etc.). In short, Good and Evil, the holy one and the destroying demon, proceed from Ahura
Mazda; but since Angra Mainyu freely chose his mode of being and his malificient vocation, the Wise
Lord cannot be considered responsible for the appearance of Evil. On the other hand, Ahura Mazda, in
his omniscience, knew from the beginning what choice the Destroying Spirit would make and
nevertheless did not prevent it; this may mean either that God transcends all kinds of contradictions or
that the existence of evil constitutes the preliminary condition for human freedom.472
The mythic hostile brothers Spenta Mainyu and Angra Mainyu, Osiris and Seth, Gilgamesh and
Enkidu, Cain and Abel, Christ and Satan are representative of two eternal individual tendencies, twin
sons of god, heroic and adversarial. The former tendency, the archetypal savior, is the everlasting spirit
of creation and transformation: characterized eternally by the capacity to admit to the unknown and,
therefore, to progress towards the kingdom of heaven. The eternal adversary, by contrast, is incarnation
in practice, imagination, and philosophy of the spirit of denial is eternal rejection of the redeeming
unknown, and the adoption of rigid self-identification. Myths of the hostile brothers like those of the
Zoroastrians tend to emphasize the role of free choice in determination of essential mode of being. Christ,
for example (and Gautama Buddha) are tempted constantly and potently towards evil, but choose to reject
it. Angra Mainyu and Satan accept evil, by contrast, and revel in it (despite evidence that it produces their
own suffering). The choice of these spirits cannot be reduced to some more essential aspect, such as the
particular conditions of existence (which are identical, anyway, for both beings) or the vagaries of
intrinsic nature. It is voluntary willingness to do what is known to be wrong, despite the capacity to

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understand and avoid such action, that most particularly characterizes evil the evil of spirit and man. So
Miltons God can comment, on the degeneration of Satan and mankind:
So will fall
Hee and his faithless progeny: whose fault?
Whose but his own? ingrate, he had of mee
All he could have; I made him just and right,
sufficient to have stood, though free to fall.473
Refusal of the good is, I think, most effectively and frequently justified by reference to the terrible
affective consequences of (self)consciousness. This means that comprehension of the vulnerabilty and
mortality of man, and the suffering associated with that vulnerability apprehension of the ultimate cruelty
and pointlessness of life may be utilized as rationale for evil. Life is terrible, and appears, at some
moments, ultimately terrible: unfair, irrational, painful and meaningless. Interpreted in such a light,
existence itself may well appear as something reasonably eradicated. Goethes Mephistopheles, prince of
lies, defines his philosophy, in consequence, in the following terms (in Part One of Faust):
The spirit I, that endlessly denies.
And rightly, too; for all that comes to birth
Is fit for overthrow, as nothing worth;
Wherefore the world were better sterilized;
Thus all thats here as Evil recognized
Is gain to me, and downfall, ruin, sin
The very element I prosper in.474
He repeats this credo, in slightly elaborated form, in Part Two:
Gone, to sheer Nothing, past with null made one!
What matters our creative endless toil,
When, at a snatch, oblivion ends the coil?
It is by-gone How shall this riddle run?
As good as if things never had begun,
Yet circle back, existence to possess:
Id rather have Eternal Emptiness.475
Spiritual reality plays itself out endlessly in profane reality (as man remains eternally subject to the
dictates of the gods). Individual persons therefore unconsciously embody mythological themes. Such
embodiment becomes particularly evident in the case of great individuals, where the play of divine forces
becomes virtually tangible. We analyzed sections of Leo Tolstoys autobiography, previously476 using his
self-reported personal experience as universal exemplar for the catastrophic affective consequences of
revolutionary anomaly. Tolstoys ideological response to such anomaly is equally archetypal. The news
from Western Europe the revelation of the death of God cascaded through the great authors implicit
and explicit culturally-determined beliefs and action schemas, propelling him headlong, over a very lengthy
period of time, into emotional turmoil and existential chaos. Identification with the spirit of denial lurked as
a profound temptation, in the midst of that chaos.
Tolstoy begins the relevant section of his confession with an allegory, derived from a tale of the East.
A traveller, chased by a wild beast, jumps down an old well. He grabs the branch of a vine that happens to
be growing there, and clings to it. At the bottom of the well lurks an ancient dragon, mouth gaping. Above
the well is the terrible beast so there is no turning back. The travellers arms grow weak, clinging to the
vine, but he still holds on. Then he sees two mice one black, one white gnawing at either side of the
very branch that supports him. Soon they will chew their way through, and send him plummeting into the
dragons gullet. The traveller sees some drops of honey, on the leaves of the vine. He stretches out his
tongue, tastes the honey, and is comforted. For Tolstoy, however, the pleasures of life had lost their
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I could not be deceived. All is vanity. Happy is he who has never been born; death is better than life;
we must rid ourselves of life.
Having failed to find an explanation in knowledge, I began to look for it in life, hoping to find it in
the people around me. And so I began to observe people like myself to see how they lived and to
determine what sort of relation they had with the question that had led me to despair.
And this is what I found among people whose circumstances were precisely the same as mine with
respect to education and way of life.
I found that for the people of my class there were four means of escaping the terrible situation in
which we all find ourselves.
The first means of escape is that of ignorance. It consists of failing to realize and to understand that
life is evil and meaningless. For the most part, people in this category are women, or they are very
young or very stupid men; they still have not understood the problem of life that presented itself to
Schopenhauer, Solomon, and the Buddha. They see neither the dragon that awaits them nor the mice
gnawing away at the branch they cling to; they simply lick the drops of honey. But they lick these drops
of honey only for the time being; something will turn their attention toward the dragon and the mice, and
there will be an end to their licking. There was nothing for me to learn from them, since we cannot cease
to know what we know.
The second escape is that of epicureanism. Fully aware of the hopelessness of life, it consists of
enjoying for the present the blessings that we do have without looking at the dragon or the mice; it lies
in licking the honey as best we can, especially in those places where there is the most honey on the bush.
Solomon describes this escape in the following manner:
And I commended mirth, for there is nothing better for man under the sun than to eat, drink, and be
merry; this will be his mainstay in his toil through the days of his life that God has given him under the
sun.
So go and eat your bread with joy and drink your wine in the gladness of your heart. . . . Enjoy life
with a woman you love through all the days of your life of vanity, through all your vain days; for this is
your fate in life and in the labors by which you toil under the sun. . . . Do whatever you can do by the
strength of your hand, for there is no work in the grave where you are going, no reflection, no
knowledge, no wisdom.
Most people of our class pursue this second means of escape. The situation in which they find
themselves is such that it affords them more of the good things in life than the bad; their moral stupidity
enables them to forget that all the advantages of their position are accidental, that not everyone can have
a thousand women and palaces, as Solomon did; they forget that for every man with a thousand wives
there are a thousand men without wives, that for every palace there are a thousand men who built it by
the sweat of their brows, and that the same chance that has made them a Solomon today might well
make them Solomons slave tomorrow. The dullness of the imagination of these people enables them to
forget what left the Buddha with no peace: the inevitability of sickness, old age, and death, which if not
today then tomorrow will destroy all these pleasures. The fact that some of these people maintain that
their dullness of thought and imagination is positive philosophy does not, in my opinion, distinguish
them from those who lick the honey without seeing the problem. I could not imitate these people, since I
did not lack imagination and could not pretend that I did. Like every man who truly lives, I could not
turn my eyes away from the mice and the dragon once I had seen them.
The third means of escape is through strength and energy. It consists of destroying life once one has
realized that life is evil and meaningless. Only unusually strong and logically consistent people act in
this manner. Having realized all the stupidity of the joke that is being played on us and seeing that the
blessings of the dead are greater than those of the living and that it is better not to exist, they act and put
an end to this stupid joke; and they use any means of doing it: a rope around the neck, water, a knife in
the heart, a train. There are more and more people of our class who are acting in this way. For the most
part, the people who perform these acts are in the very prime of life, when the strength of the soul is at
its peak and when the habits that undermine human reason have not yet taken over. I saw that this was
the most worthy means of escape, and I wanted to take it.
The fourth means of escape is that of weakness. It consists of continuing to drag out a life that is evil
and meaningless, knowing beforeh and that nothing can come of it. The people in this category know

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that death is better than life, but they do not have the strength to act rationally and quickly put an end to
the delusion by killing themselves; instead they seem to be waiting for something to happen. This is the
escape of weakness, for if I know what is better and have it within my reach, then why not surrender
myself to it? I myself belonged in this category.
Thus the people of my class save themselves from a terrible contradiction in these four ways. No
matter how much I strained my intellectual faculties, I could see no escape other than these four.477
Tolstoys intellectual faculties his rationality could see no way out of the dilemma posed by his
incorporation of an indigestible idea. Furthermore, logic clearly dictated that existence characterized only
by inevitable and pointless suffering should be brought to an abrupt end, as an evil joke. It was Tolstoys
clear apprehension of the endless conflict between the individual and the conditions of existence that
destroyed his ability to work that undermined his desire to live. He was unable to see (at least at that point
in his journey along the way) that man was fashioned to confront chaos, constantly to eternally work
towards transforming it into real being rather than to master it finally, once and for all (and to therefore
render everything intolerably static!).
The fact of mortal vulnerability that defining characteristic of the individual, and the reason for his
emergent disgust with life may be rendered even more unjust and intolerable by the specific
manifestations of such vulnerability. Some are poorer than others, some weaker, some uglier all less able,
in some regard (and some apparently less able in all regards). Recognition of the apparently arbitrary
distribution of skill and advantage adds additional rationally justifiable grounds for the development of a
philosophy based on resentment and antipathy sometimes, on behalf of an entire class, other times,
sheerly for the purposes of a specific individual. Under such circumstances, the desire for revenge on life
itself may become paramount above all else particularly for the unfairly oppressed. Shakespeares
crippled Richard the Third speaks for all revolutionaries, all rebels, so motivated:
Then, since the heavens have shaped my body so,
Let hell make crooked my mind to answer it.
I have no brother, I am like no brother:
And this word love which greybeards call divine,
Be resident in men like one another
And not in me: I am myself alone.478
Evil is voluntary rejection of the process that makes life tolerable, justified by observation of lifes
terrible difficulty. This rejection is presumptious, premature, because it is based on acceptance of a
provisional judgment, as final: everything is insufficient, and is therefore without worth, and nothing
whatsoever can be done to rectify the situation. Judgment of this sort precludes all hope of cure. Lack of
belief in hope and meaning (which appear more than willing to vanish, in the face of rationale critique)
seldom means commensurate lack of belief in anxiety and despair (even though recognition of the
pointlessness of everything should also undermine ones faith in suffering). Suffering cannot be disbelieved
away, however: rejection of the process that constantly renews the positive aspect of the constituent
elements of experience merely ensures that their negative counterparts gain the upper hand. Such
additional torture added to that already considered sufficient to bring about hatred for life is sure to
produce a character motivated to perform worse acts than mere suicide. The development of the adversary
therefore follows a predictable path, from pride (Pride and worse Ambition threw me me down479),
through envy, to revenge480 to the ultimate construction of a character possessed by infinite hatred and
envy:
To do aught good never will be our task,
But ever to do ill our sole delight,
As being contrary to his high will
Whom we resist. If then his Providence
Out of our evil seeks to bring forth good,
Our labor must be to pervert that end,
And out of good still to find means of evil.481

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Tolstoys nihilism disgust with the individual and human society, combined with the desire for the
eradication of existence is one logical evil consequence of heightened self-consciousness. It is not,
however, the only consequence, and may not even be the most subtle. Far more efficient far more hidden
from the perpetrator himself, and from his closest observers is heightened identification with tradition and
custom. This is envelopment in the guise of patriotism, to facilitate the turning of state power towards
destruction. Nietzsche described such loyalty in the following manner:
Definition of morality: Morality the idiosyncrasy of decadents, with the ulterior motive of revenging
oneself against life successfully. I attach value to this definition.482
This description of initial motivated decision and consequent dissolution seems to me to characterize the
processes and bifurcated final state of moral (and, therefore, psychological) degeneration more accurately
and potently than any purely scientific theory of psychopathology generated to date. Of course, we are at
present unable to take our rationally-reduced selves seriously enough to presume a relationship between
evil as a cosmic force and our petty transgressions and self-betrayals. We believe that in reducing the
scope and importance of our errors, we are properly humble; in truth, we are merely unwilling to bear the
weight of our true responsibility.
5.2.1. The Adversary in Action: Voluntary Degradation of the Map of Meaning
Who alone has reason to lie himself out of actuality?
He who suffers from it.483
Tragic encounter with the forces of the unknown is inevitable, in the course of normal development, given
continued expansion of conscious awareness. Even socialized identification with the cultural canon cannot
provide final protection. Unshielded personal contact with tragedy is inextricably linked with emergence
of self-consciousness, which has as its mythic consequence (has as its virtual equivalent) heightened
awareness of human limitation. This awareness is manifested in shame, and has been expressed
mythologically as shame of nakedness, which is knowledge of essential vulnerability and weakness before
the world.
The intrinsic nature of human experience ensures that potent motivation for deceitful adaptation is
always present. It is the encounter with what is truly horrible and terrifying, after all, that inspires fear and
engenders avoidance. The human tendency to flee into false havens of security can therefore be viewed
with sympathy and understanding. Maturation is a frightening process. Transformation from the paradisal
matriarchal world of childhood to the fallen masculine, social world is fraught with peril to say nothing of
the dangers of post-apprenticeship individuality. It is not easy to become an adolescent, after being a child.
It might be said that this transition is in itself a heroic act. It therefore happens, upon occasion, that those
who have abandoned heroism as a style of adaptation do not take even this first step. The relative
advantages that accompany increased freedom may seem frightening and of dubious value, given the
comparative responsibility and lack of security that are part and parcel of maturity.
As maturation takes place, the environment transforms. As the developing individual masters his
powers, his behavioral capacity expands. He can do more things and, in consequence, experience more
things. The ability to bring heretofore unknown and, therefore, frightening phenomena into being
constantly increases, and the boundaries of the experiential domain of the individual eventually extend
beyond the area shielded by the parents. The capability to endlessly further apprehension is central to the
adaptive capacity of the individual; this capability, however, comes at an immense price, which is
knowledge of finitude and death. Potent motivation therefore exists to resist such development, when it
duly emerges and to fight desperately for maintenance of childhood ignorance, that previous plateau of
stability, or to hide in the commands of others. Individuality which is the ability to establish a realm of
experience that is unique to the self, the capacity for the creation of purely subjective experience also
means acceptance of vulnerability, and mortality. The creative capacity is divine Logos, which in the

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course of its development necessitates recognition of the inevitability of failure and death. That is in part
the meaning of the symbol of the Christian crucifixion, which paradoxically melds mortality with divinity
which is representative of the mortal god, infinitely creative, responsible, and vulnerable.
Individual existence means bounded existence bounded in space, and in time. The existence of the
bounds makes experience possible; the fact of the bounds makes experience unbearable. We have been
granted the capacity for constant transcendence, as an antidote, but frequently reject that capacity, because
using it means voluntarily exposing ourselves to the unknown. We run away because we are afraid of the
unknown, at bottom; such fear also makes us cling to our protective social identities, which shield us from
what we do not understand. So, while running away, we necessarily become slave to convention and habit,
and deny the troublesome best within our selves. Why run away? It is fear fear of the unknown, and its
twin, fear of rejection by the protective social world, which leads to pathological subjugation of unique
individual personality; which leads to rejection of the totality of personal being (which, when manifested,
has truly redemptive capability). The Great Father hates innovation and will kill to prevent it; the Great
Mother, source of all new knowledge, has a face that paralyzes when encountered. How can we not run
away, when confronted by such powers? but running away means that everything worthwhile ages, then
dies.
When a child is born, he is protected from the vagaries of existence by the benevolence of circumstance,
through maternal presence; the infant is prepared, a priori, instinctively, to respond to such protection, and
to form a relationship a bond with the mother. The helpless baby is at the mothers mercy; but is
sheltered, as well, from the terrible world. Culture intercedes, in the form of proscriptions for behavior,
when mortality nonetheless threatens, but adherence to such requirements means increased responsibility,
separation from the good mother, and sacrifice of the primary dependent relationship. Culture moulds the
maturing personality, offering knowledge but limitation at the same time, as the social world mangles
individuality, interest, and meaning.
Spirit is offered up to the group to maintain the groups benevolent nature to ensure its continued
protection; to ensure its grant of knowledge, derived from history. It is necessary to identify with the group,
in the course of normal development that identification fosters maturity, and separation from blind
maternal solicitude but ultimately the group is tyrannical, and demands obedience at the cost of unique
being. This is not to say, naively, that the group is intrinsically evil, that the root of human suffering is
buried in the ground of the social world. Society is more purely expansion of power, which may be directed
according to individual choice. The past contains within it the behavioral wisdom of generations,
established in pain and fear, and offers the possibility of immense expansion of individual power and
ability; culture and civilization offers each individual the opportunity to stand on the shoulders of giants.
Adoption of group identity should constitute apprenticeship, not capitulation; should constitute a
developmental stage in disciplined maturation, requiring temporary subjugation and immolation of
immature individuality, prior to its later re-emergence, in controllable form, under voluntary direction.
Group membership, social being, represents a necessary advance over childish dependence, but the spirit
of the group requires its pound of flesh. Absolute identification with a group means rejection of individual
difference: means rejection of deviation, even weakness, from the group viewpoint; means repression
of individuality, sacrifice of the mythic fool abandonment of the simple and insufficient younger
brother. The group, of course, merely feels that it is doing its duty by insisting upon such sacrifice;
believes, with sufficient justification, that it is merely protecting its structure. However, the group is not
capable of making final judgments, regarding what is necessary regarding what is good and what is evil
because it is incomplete by its very nature; because it is a static structure, composed of the past. Individual
difference, even weakness anathema to the absolutist is strength, from a more inclusive viewpoint; is
that force capable of transcending inevitable group limitation, and then of extending the reach of all.
Absolutists, rejecting the necessity of all change, necessarily deny to themselves and others even their
own strength, because true heroism, regardless of its source, has the capacity to upset the status quo.
Through such denial the absolutist hopes to find protection from his individual vulnerability. In truth,
however, he has suppressed and pathologized the sole element within himself that could actually provide
such protection; undermined his ability to utilize the sole process capable of actually providing security and
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A traveler who had seen many countries and peoples and several continents was asked what human
traits he had found everywhere; and he answered: men are inclined to laziness. Some will feel that he
might have said with greater justice: they are all timorous. They hide behind customs and opinions. At
bottom, every human being knows very well that he is in this world just once, as something unique, and
that no accident, however strange, will throw together a second time into a unity such a curious and
diffuse plurality: he knows it, but hides it like a bad conscience why? From fear of his neighbor who
insists on convention and veils himself with it.
But what is it that compels the individual human being to fear his neighbor, to think and act herdfashion, and not to be glad of himself? A sense of shame, perhaps, in a few rare cases. In the vast
majority it is the desire for comfort, inertia in short, that inclination to laziness of which the traveler
spoke. He is right: men are even lazier than they are timorous, and what they fear most is the troubles
with which any unconditional honesty and nudity would burden them.
Only artists hate this slovenly life in borrowed manners and loosely fitting opinions and unveil the
secret, everybodys bad conscience, the principle that every human being is a unique wonder; they dare
to show us the human being as he is, down to the last muscle, himself and himself alone even more,
that in this rigorous consistency of his uniqueness he is beautiful and worth contemplating, as novel and
incredible as every work of nature, and by no means dull.
When a great thinker despises men, it is their laziness that he despises: for it is on account of this that
they have the appearance of factory products and seem indifferent and unworthy of companionship or
instruction. The human being who does not wish to belong to the mass must merely cease being
comfortable with himself; let him follow his conscience, which shouts at him: Be yourself! What you
are at present doing, opining, and desiring, that is not really you.484
Denial of unique individuality turns the wise traditions of the past into the blind ruts of the present.
Application of the letter of the law when the spirit of the law is necessary makes a mockery of culture.
Following in the footsteps of others seems safe, and requires no thought but it is useless to follow a welltrodden trail when the terrain itself has changed. The individual who fails to modify his habits and
presumptions as a consequence of change is deluding himself is denying the world is trying to replace
reality itself with his own feeble wish. By pretending things are other than they are, he undermines his own
stability, destabilizes his future transforms the past from shelter to prison.
The individual embodiment of collective past wisdom is turned into the personification of inflexible
stupidity by means of the lie. The lie is straightforward, voluntary rejection of what is currently known to
be true. Nobody knows what is finally true, by definition, but honest people make the best possible use of
their experience. The moral theories of honest people however incomplete from some hypothetical
transcendent perspective account for what they have seen and for who they are, insofar as that has been
determined, in the course of diligent effort. It is not necessary, to define truth, to have seen and heard
everything that would make truth itself something impossible. It is only necessary to have represented
and adapted to what has been seen and heard to have represented and adapted to those phenomena
characterizing the natural and social worlds, as encountered, and the self, as manifested. This is to say,
merely, that the truth of children and adults differs, because their experience their reality differs. The
truthful child does not think like an adult: he thinks like a child, with his eyes open. The adult, however,
who still uses the morality of the child despite his adult capacities he is lying, and he knows it.
The lie is willful adherence to a previously functional schema of action and interpretation a moral
paradigm in spite of new experience, which cannot be comprehended in terms of that schema; in spite of
new desire, which cannot find fulfillment within that previous framework. The lie is willful rejection of
information apprehended as anomalous on terms defined and valued by the individual doing the rejection.
That is to say: the liar chooses his own game, sets his own rules, and then cheats. This cheating is failure to
grow, to mature; is rejection of the process of consciousness itself.
The lie is therefore not so much a sin of commission, in most cases, as a sin of omission (although it
may take the former condition as well). The lie is a matter of voluntary failure to explore, and to update.
The appearance of an anomalous occurrence in the ongoing stream of experience only indicates that the

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present goal-directed schema within which behavior is being undertaken and evaluated is characterized by
the presence of a flaw. The place of the flaw, the reasons for its existence, the meaning of the flaw (its
potential for altering interpretation and behavior) that is all something hypothetical, at the first stage of
anomaly emergence and analysis. The unknown has to be mined for precise significance, before it can be
said to have been experienced, let alone comprehended; has to be transformed, laboriously, from pure
affect into revision of presumption and action (into psyche or personality). Not doing is therefore the
simplest and most common lie: the individual can just not act, not investigate, and the pitfalls of error
will remain unmanifest at least temporarily. This rejection of the process of creative exploration means
lack of effortful update of procedural and declarative memory; means adaptation to the present, as if it still
were the past; means refusal to think. The rectification of error is, after all, not inevitable; it is neither
effortless nor automatic. Mediation of order and chaos requires courage and work.
Adoption of identity with the heroes of the past necessary, but with implicit pathological potential is
transformed into certain corruption, when the identified individual is a liar, who has voluntarily rendered
himself incapable of personal heroism. Adoption of group identity and position means access to the power
embodied in the past means access to the collective strength and technical ability of the culture. This
power is terribly dangerous, in cowardly and deceitful hands. The liar cannot see any value in weakness or
deviance, in himself or others only the potential for chaos and he cannot see any value in chaos or
uncertainty. He has no sympathy or patience for or appreciation of his own weaknesses or his own
strengths and can therefore have none for the weakness or strength of others. The liar can only pretend to
embody what is best of the past, in consequence, because he cannot support or tolerate the presence of
necessary deviance in the present. This means that the liar is a tyrant, because he cannot stand being a fool.
The liar cannot tolerate anomaly, because it provokes anxiety and the liar does not believe that he can
or should withstand anxiety. This means that he is motivated to first avoid and then to actively suppress any
behavioral pattern or experience of world that does not fit comfortably into his culturally-determined
system of affect-regulating moral presuppositions. Avoidance means that anomalous experience is kept
unconscious, so to speak which means incompletely realized. The implications of the dangerous
thought remain unconsidered; the presence of the threatening fantasy remains unadmitted; the existence of
the unacceptable personal action remains unrecognized. Active suppression does not mean intrapsychic
repression, in the classic sense, but aggressive action undertaken in the world, to forcibly eliminate
evidence of error. This may mean treachery, spiritual cruelty, or the outright application of power: may
mean application of whatever maneuver is presumed necessary, to destroy all indication of insufficiency.
The bearer of bad news therefore inevitably suffers at the hand of the deceitful individual, who would
rather kill the source of potential wisdom than benefit from its message.
The lie is easy, and rewarding, as it allows for the avoidance of anxiety at least in the short term. In the
long run, however, the lie has terrible consequences. The avoidance or suppression of novel or
unexpected experience, which is the abstract equivalent of running away, transforms it perforce into
determinate threat (is the categorical equivalent of labelling as threat). The domain of unprocessed novelty,
defined prima facie by inaction and avoidance as threat too intolerable to face, expands inevitably with
time, when the past is held as absolute. More and more experience is therefore rendered intolerable,
inexplicable, and chaotic, as the cumulative effects of using the lie as a mode of adaptation inexorably
manifest themselves. The lie transforms culture into tyranny, change into danger, while sickening and
restricting the development and flexibility of adaptive ability itself. Reliance on the lie ensures as fears
grows heightened, pathologized identification with the past (manifested as fascism, as personal and
political intolerance), or decadent degeneration (manifested as nihilism, as personal and social
deterioration).
Identification with the spirit of denial eventually makes life unbearable, as everything new and,
therefore, everything defining hope comes to be axiomatically regarded as punishment and threat; makes
life unbearable, as the realm of acceptable action shrinks inexorably. The attendant and unavoidable
suffering experienced in consequence generates the desire for and motivates actions predicated on the
attainment of the end of all experience, as compensation and revenge for sterility, absence of meaning,
anxiety, hatred and pain:

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The Marabout draws a large circle in the dirt, which represents the world. He places a scorpion,
symbolic of man, inside the circle. The scorpion, believing it has achieved freedom, starts to run around
the circle but never attempts to go outside. After the scorpion has raced several times around the inside
edge of the circle, the Marabout lowers his stick and divides the circle in half. The scorpion stops for a
few seconds, then begins to run faster and faster, apparently looking for a way out, but never finding it.
Strangely enough, the scorpion does not dare to cross over the line. After a few minutes, the Marabout
divides the half circle. The scorpion becomes frantic. Soon the Marabout makes a space no bigger than
the scorpions body. This is the moment of truth. The scorpion, dazed and bewildered, finds itself
unable to move one way or another. Raising its venomous tail, the scorpion turns rapidly round and
round in a veritable frenzy. Whirling, whirling, whirling until all of its spirit and energy are spent. In
utter hopelessness the scorpion stops, lowers the poisonous point of its tail, and stings itself to death. Its
torment is ended.485

A bs o

lute Identificatio

n

t h C u r r e nt

in g

Para

lyz

CHAOS

ef

Fe

ar

o

wi

he

k

n

Be
li

ft

Un

w
no

Re

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jec

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of C

reativ

e Exploration

Figure 58: The Vicious Circle of the Adversary.
The individual who lives by the lie continually shrinks his domain of competence his explored and
familiar territory. Eventually, in consequence, he has nowhere left to turn except to himself. But his own
personality has, in the meantime, become shrunken and inept, as a consequence of underdevelopment as a
consequence of repeated failure to participate in the process that turns precosmogonic matter into spirit
and world. Nothing remains but weakness, resentment, hatred and fear. Thus the chaos that is rejected, in
consequence of the desire for too much security, attains its inevitable victory. The vicious circle created
by the liar spirals down inevitably to the underworld. This process is schematically represented in Figure
58: The Vicious Circle of the Adversary.

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The patriarchal system, the known, is the concrete consequence of past adaptation, the hierarchically
integrated and represented residue of the heroic past. Such adaptation is necessarily incomplete, in that the
full scope of natural phenomena always exceeds the capacity for interpretation. Absolutist application of
the past, motivated by fear of the unknown, transforms the past perforce into tyranny, which does not
tolerate inevitable individual or deviant experience. This process of absolute ancestral deification is the
consequence of security-seeking, made necessary by the abandonment of individual heroism as a potential
mode of adaptation. Such abandonment occurs as a consequence of premature and arrogant self-definition
definition that makes of evident human vulnerability final and sufficient evidence both for the unbearable
cruelty of God and the uselessness of man.
The constant search for security, rather than the embodiment of freedom, is wish for rule by laws letter,
rather than laws spirit. The resultant forcible suppression of deviance is based upon desire to support the
pretence that the unknown does not exist. This suppression has as its consequence the elimination of
creative transformation from the individual and social spheres. The individual who denies his individual
identification with the heroic will come to identify with and serve the tyrannical force of the past will also
come to suffer the consequence of that identification and service. This consequence is aptly illustrated by
the mythic story of Judas. Judas sacrifices Christ, the hero, to the authorities of tradition for all the best
reasons and then destroys himself, in despair:
Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself, and
brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders,
Saying, I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood. And they said, What is that to us? see
thou to that. And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged
himself. (Matthew 27:3-5).
Sacrifice of the hero to the great and terrible father means abandonment of identification with the process
that makes cosmos out of chaos. Rejection of the process whereby the endlessly negative and terrifying is
transformed into the acceptable and beneficial means, by definition, the end of all hope:
Wherefore I say unto you, All manner of sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven unto men: but the
blasphemy against the Holy Ghost shall not be forgiven unto men.
And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosover
speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither in the world
to come. (Matthew 12:31-32).
The individual lies to convince himself, and others, that he embodies the greatness of the past. He
pretends to be upright and courageous, instead of acting morally and bravely. Truly courageous actions
might turn the group against him, and it is only identity with that group that keeps his head above water.
The lie means denial of self, means the abandonment of mythic identity with God, means certain
involuntary revolutionary collapse, in time. The lie means conscious refusal to modify and reconfigure
historically-predicated behavior and belief to incorporate novelty and alleviate threat.
Endless failure to voluntarily update means the generation of a morass, around the individual, where the
water of life once existed: means transformation of what could be life-giving water into a deadly swamp,
composed of past errors, unresolved traumas, and current difficulties. This is the domain characterized by
Freud as the unconscious, into which repressed memories are cast. But unprocessed information is not
precisely memory. That which has not yet been explored is not yet memorable not yet even real. The
consequence of untaken action is more accurately potential from which spirit and world could be
constructed much of it implicit in the world as it currently exists (instead of stored in memory).
(Implicit, that is, in the form of as-of-yet unencountered but latent trouble in the form of the
unanswered letter, the unpaid debt, and the unresolved dispute).
This self-generated swamp grows increasingly impenetrable, as time passes inexorably onward;
becomes increasingly uninhabitable, as the consequences of long-term avoidance propagate (as the
monsters of the bog sprout new and hungry heads). This accumulation of precosmogonic potential is
tantamount to reanimation of the dragon of chaos (is precisely equivalent to the re-awakening of Tiamat,
who eternally sleeps, under the secure and familiar world). The more restricted, fear-bound, faithless and

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repressive the particular mode of adaptation that is, the more extreme the lie the more horrendous,
dangerous, intolerable, and powerful the associated dragon. It is in this manner that attitude comes to define
the world. Every attempt to wish any aspect of experience out of existence transforms it into an enemy.
Every facet of being hidden from the light leads a corrupt and sun-starved existence, underground.
Experience absolute reality itself, in the final analysis cannot be denied without consequence; cannot be
merely fantasized out of existence. The enforcement of a wish merely ensures that the information
contained in the denied experience can neither be removed from the domain of threat, nor utilized for
adaptive purposes.
It is possible that we are in fact adapted to the world that we are adapted to the world as it actually
exists, rather than to the world as we wish it might be. It is possible that our experience contains
information precisely sufficient to insure our happy survival. This means that every task left undone
every emergent territory left unexplored comprises latent information from which competent
personality could yet be extracted. If experience is valid as source of world and spirit then those
elements of experience that have been avoided or suppressed or devalued may yet contain within them
what is absolutely essential to continued successful existence. Voluntary transformation voluntary
movement towards the good would therefore mean re-integration of cast-off material; would mean
voluntary incorporation of that which appears, at present, indigestible. The alternative to this voluntary
pursuit of the inedible is eventual psychological catastrophe, at the social or individual level, engendered
through involuntary contact with the hostile forces of rejected being. From the mythological perspective,
this psychological catastrophe is accidental reunion with the terrible mother, on territory of her choosing.
This Oedipal incest culminates in certain suffering, on the part of the unwilling hero: culminates in
suicide, dismemberment, castration ends in the final sacrifice of masculine consciousness, and in the
victory of the underworld.
The identity of the individual with his culture protects him from the terrible unknown, and allows him to
function as an acceptable member of society. This slavish function streng thens the group. But the group
states that certain ways of thinking and acting are all that are acceptable, and these particular ways do not
exhaust the unknown and necessary capabilities of the human being. The rigid grinning social mask is the
individuals pretence that he is the same person as everyone else (that is, the same dead person) that he
is not a natural disaster, not a stranger, not strange that he is not deviant, weak, cowardly, inferior and
vengeful. The true individual, however the honest fool stands outside the protective enclave of
acceptance, unredeemed the personification of weakness, inferiority, vengefulness, cowardice, difference.
He cannot make the cut, and because he cannot make the cut, he is the target of the tyranny of the group
(and of his own judgment, insofar as he is that group). But man as a fool, weak, ignorant and vulnerable, is
what the group is not: a true individual, truly existing, truly experiencing, truly suffering (if it could only be
admitted). Consciousness of intrinsic personal limitation, and apprehension of its consequences, brings with
it clear definition of the nature of subjective experience, when allowed to surface, and fosters attempts to
adapt to that experience. It is for this reason that only the unredeemed the outcast, the sick, the blind, and
the lame can be saved. Apprehension of the true nature of subjective experience of individual reality,
outside the delusionary constraints of the group is of sufficient power to demoralize, absolutely. The
eternal consequence of self-consciousness is therefore the expulsion from paradise in its maternal and
patriarchal forms. But such a fall is a step on the way to the true paradise is a step towards adoption of
identity with the hero, who is not protected from the vagaries of existence, but who can actively transform
the terrible unknown into the sustenant and productive world. Acceptance (at least recognition) of the
mortal limitation characterizing human experience therefore constitutes the precondition for proper
adaptation. The lie, which denies individual experience, is denial of the fool but the fool is the truth.
Acceptance of mortal weakness is the paradoxical humility that serves as a precondition for true
heroism. The heroic attitude is predicated on the belief that something new and valuable still exists, to be
encountered and assimilated, regardless of the power and stability of the current position. This belief is
further based upon faith in human potential upon faith that the individual spirit will respond to challenge,
and flourish. Such belief must be posited voluntarily, freely prior to participation in any heroic
endeavor. This is the necessary leap that makes courageous and creative action possible; that makes
religion something real. Humility means, therefore: I am not yet what I could be an adage both cautious
and hopeful.

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The adversarial position, deceit, is predicated on the belief that the knowledge of the present is all
necessary knowledge is predicated on the belief that the unknown has finally been conquered. This belief
is equivalent to denial of vulnerability, equivalent to the adoption of omniscience what I do is all there is
to do, what I know is all there is to know. Inextricably associated with the adoption of such a stance is
denial, implicit or explicit, of the existence, the possibility, and the necessity of the heroic as everything
worthwhile has already been done, as all problems have been solved by the ancestral heroes, who
predeceased us, as paradise has already been spread before us. This is a terrible position, as the axiom of
faith we are redeemed makes human suffering itself (which can never be eradicated, as a consequence of
ideological identification) something heretical something that can exist only as an insult to the guardians
of traditional order. The authoritarian is thereby necessarily stripped of his empathy, even for himself: in
the perfect world presently extant nothing imperfect may be allowed to exist. So the adversary backs
himself into a position where he cannot admit even to his own misery (let alone the misery of others). A
more hopeless position can not possibly be imagined.
Acceptance of insufficiency paradoxically catalyzes identification with the hero, and opens up the
possibility of participation in the process of creation and renewal. Rejection of insufficiency produces, by
contrast, identification with the adversary, whose eternal dwelling place is hell. This hell is something
whose nature can be rendered explicitly comprehensible, despite its mythological character is something
that has familiar and defined features; is something that can be understood, first and foremost, as a
consequence of the imbalance of the constituent elements of reality. Adoption with the deceitful or
adversarial mode of adaptation produces (1) an accelerated search for security, and increased likelihood of
aggression, in those cases where identification with the cultural canon is deemed possible, or (2)
degeneration of personality, and decadent breakdown where the costs of cultural identity are regarded as
too high, where no such identity is waiting to offer protection, or where even fascistic behavior appears
as something too positive to manifest in the all-too-unbearable world.
Denial of the heroic promotes fascism, absolute identification with the cultural canon. Everything that is
known, is known within a particular historically-determined framework, predicated upon mythologicallyexpressed assumptions. Denial or avoidance of the unknown therefore concomitantly necessitates
deification of a particular, previously established viewpoint. The way that things are, under such
circumstance, must be the way they forever remain. Questioning the wisdom of the past necessarily
exposes the anxiety-provoking unknown once again to view. This exposure of the unknown can be
regarded as beneficial, under those circumstances where positive adaptation to the unknown is viewed as
possible, but only as destructive, where lack of faith in the heroic rules. All that lives, however, grows.
When conservatism destroys the capacity for individual creativity when it becomes tyranny then it
works against life, not for it. The spirit within has withdrawn from the group afraid to develop. An
absolutely conservative society cannot survive, because the future transcends the limitations of the past,
and the absolute conservative wants to limit what could be to what has already been. If history was
complete, and perfect, if the individual had fully exploited his highest potential, then the human race would
be run, for all would be explored, all known, all accomplished. But this pinnacle of attainment has not yet
been reached and perhaps never will be. Those who pretend the contrary rapidly come to actively oppose
the very process that delivers what they claim to have already obtained.
Denial of the heroic promotes decadence, equally absolute rejection of the order of tradition; absolute
rejection of order itself. This pattern of apprehension and behavior seems far removed from that of the
fascist but the decadent is just as arrogant as his evidently more rigid peer. He has merely identified
himself absolutely with no thing, rather than with one thing. He is rigidly convinced of the belief that
nothing matters convinced that nothing is of value, despite the opinions of (clearly-deluded, weak and
despicable) others; convinced that nothing is worth the effort. The decadent functions in this manner like an
anti-Midas everything he touches turns to ashes.
Under normal circumstances, the individual who reaches adolescence identifies with the tribe with the
collective historically-determined structure designed to deal with threat. The normal individual solves his
problem of adaptation to the unknown by joining a group. A group, by definition, is composed of those
who have adopted a central structure of value, and who therefore behave, in the presence of other group
members, identically and if not identically, at least predictably.

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The fascist adapts to the group, with a vengeance. He builds stronger and stronger walls around himself,
and those who are like him, in an ever-more futile attempt to keep the ever-more-threatening unknown at
bay. He does this because his world-view is incomplete. He does not believe in the heroic aspect of the
individual, he does not see the negative aspect of the social world, and he cannot visualize the beneficial
aspect of chaos. He is frightened enough to develop the discipline of a slave, so that he can maintain his
protected position in the group, but he is not frightened enough to transcend his slavish condition. He
therefore remains twisted and bent. The decadent, by contrast, sees nothing but the tyranny of the state.
Since the adversarial aspect of the individual remains conveniently hidden from his view, he cannot
perceive that his rebellion is nothing but avoidance of discipline. He views chaos as a beneficial home,
seeing the source of human evil in social regulation, because he cannot imagine the Terrible Mother, as
soul-devouring force. So he abandons his father in the belly of the beast, unredeemed and has no tools to
rely on when he is finally challenged.
The decadent looks to subvert the process of maturation looks for a way out of group affiliation.
Group membership requires adoption of at-least-adolescent responsibility at least of the responsibilities
associated with respectable behavior and this burden may seem too much to bear, as a consequence of
prolonged immaturity of outlook. The decadent therefore acts as if the paradigmatic structure of the
group has been rendered insufficient as a consequence of environmental, cultural or intellectual change
and refuses to be the fool who risks belief. The proper response to the illness of the father, is, of
course, the journey to the land of living water. The decadent makes his intellectual superiority to the
superstitious of the past an article of faith, instead, and shirks his responsibility. [That is to say it is the
desire to shirk that responsibility (and the heroic sacrifice it entails), that constitutes motivation for belief
in intellectual superiority.] The suffering rebel stance that such adoption allows, as a secondary
consequence, also serves admirably as mask for cowardice.
The fascist and the decadent regard each other as opposites, as mortal enemies. They are in actuality two
sides of a bent coin:
Today is Christmas day, and I have just come home from Julys. While I was there it struck me, as I sat
on their couch between the two girls, just how foolish and idiotic I have been in this my only life. I hope
you will have patience while I unburden myself on you, because I need desperately to confess my sins to
someone, and I know that if I were sitting in a little cubicle talking to an unseen clergyman I wouldnt
do a proper job of it. You fit the definition of a religious man as someone who gives careful
consideration to the demonic and irrational in humanity, so I think you will find my confession
interesting.
Imagine if you can a grown man who harbors in his heart the most vicious resentment for his fellow
man, his neighbor, who is guilty of nothing more than embodying a superior consciousness of what it
means to be a man. When I think of all the black, scathing thoughts I have directed at those who I could
not look in the eye, it is almost unbearable. All of my lofty disdain for the common man, who, so I
thought, was guilty of the sin of unconsciousness, was, I now realize, founded on nothing more than
jealousy and spite. I hated, I absolutely loathed anyone who had wrestled with their fear of leaving the
maternal confines of a childish mentality and won their battle, only because I had not done so. I equated
independence and success with egotism and selfishness, and it was my fondest hope, my highest
ambition, to witness and participate in the destruction of everything that successful, independent people
had built for themselves. This I considered a duty. In fact there was a decidedly fanatical element in my
urge to cleanse the world of what I perceived to be selfishness.
Think what would have happened if I had been in a position to realize my fine feelings! The memory
makes me fear that any moment the earth will crack open and swallow me up, because if there is any
justice it would. I, who had not the faintest inkling of a capacity for moral judgment, traipsing around
passing judgment on anyone who dared cross my path. It makes me wonder that I have even one friend
in this world. But of course I had friends before. Anyone with enough self-contempt that they could
forgive me mine.
It is fortunate for humanity that there are few saviors of the caliber of myself. Did you know that I
used to identify with Christ? I considered myself entirely, immaculately free of aggression and every
other form of anti-social feeling. But what about the hatred I have just now confessed, you ask? That

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didnt count. Those feelings were based on sound common sense, you see. After all, there are sons of
bitches in the world, and one needs to be ready for them. (Do I smell ozone? They say you get a tingling
sensation just before the lightning bolt strikes.)
That is a very apt phrase, son of a bitch. There is a passage in Jungs Phenomenology of the Self
which runs: Often a mother appears beside him who apparently shows not the slightest concern that her
little son should become a man, but who, with tireless and self-immolating effort, neglects nothing that
might hinder him from growing up and marrying. You now behold the secret conspiracy between
mother and son, and how each helps the other to betray life. This insight would be useful for me as an
excuse, being a perfectly accurate description of my situation, were it not for the fact that I am almost
daily presented with a residual bit of undiluted evil in myself. For example, when I am faced with a
frustrating situation I do not ask myself what I am going to do about it. I ask myself who is responsible
for it and I am always ready to conclude that if the other person were to act properly then the problem
would not exist. What is evil about that, you ask? Obviously if I am determined to overlook my own part
in the failure to resolve my own frustrations, if I am determined to find a scapegoat for my problems,
then I am just a stones throw away from the mentality that was responsible for Hitlers final solution, or
for the Spanish inquisition, or for Lenins cultural cleansing.
What was it you told me when I complained about the flaws in capitalism, about the fact that so
many people take advantage of the capitalist system? Something like the fact that people go on
consolidating their financial position ad nauseum is another problem, but it is no reason to conclude that
there is anything virtuous in refusing to even try to consolidate ones position in the first place. But it is
so much easier to crown ones cowardice and laziness with the accolade of virtue. Just ask Lenins
henchmen, who swaggered around the countryside robbing every farmer who had managed any success
whatever, and called themselves friends of the common people and patted each other on the back for
their moral uprightness! I wonder if I have changed so much that I would not join them when put to the
test. The idea that morality stems from a lack of personal interests is thoroughly ingrained in my mind.
Good people are those who dont want anything for themselves is the way I think. But I never ask
myself why such a person should put any effort into disciplining himself, or take any pains to keep his
motives clear in his own mind, because there is nothing of value to him in this world.
In his essay Relations Between the Ego and the Unconscious Jung says that in an unconscious state
the individual is torn by the conflict of opposites, and that achieving consciousness involves resolving
that conflict on a higher level. (I understand that this particular state of adult unconsciousness is
different from the original state of child-like unconsciousness, in which there is no long-term conflict.)
Just last week I was stuck in that dead-end again. I was sitting and thinking about what course my life
should be taking, and at every imagined scenario of a fulfilling or meaningful activity I was met by a
counterpoint coming from somewhere in my head, showing me how this or that aspect of my scenario
was wrong because it would result in this or that problem, to the point where it was unacceptable to
consider any career at all because just by being alive I would contri bute to the destruction of the planet.
And as badly as I wanted to refute this echo of wrong to my every imagined right as an irrational
chimera, the fact is, so I told myself, that we see daily in the newspapers how the activities of humanity,
which are also the activities of individual men and women, are causing incalculable harm.
It is of course due to my being influenced by yourself that I do not remain stuck in that particular bog
too long these days. If our industrialism is causing problems, I now answer myself, then I should hope
that there are people out there working to solve those problems, or perhaps I should try to do something
about them myself, but by sitting idly by I do not solve a thing. Of course what is most daunting, and
also most snivelly, about being stuck in that bog is the fact that the rational mind wants to be absolutely
sure about the successful outcome of its life plan, and obviously there is another part of the mind that
knows that such certainty is impossible, so one is then faced with the need to accept on faith that things
will turn out for the better with some luck and perseverance. And being a fine upstanding modern mouse
with an enlightened rational mind, I have no use for faith and other such religious sounding claptrap and
nonsense. Faith is obviously irrational, and Ill not have any irrationality influencing my behavior.
Previously my solution to this problem was to allow chance to make my career choices for me,
letting my own interests influence my decisions as little as possible, and I then believed that I had
somehow avoided personal responsibility for the state of the modern world, because I was not really

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responsible for the state of my life, and that I had escaped from the possibility that my plans wouldnt
work out because I had no plans. It was on this rock-solid foundation that I looked out at the world, and
saw around me people who were stupid enough to add their own selves into the equation.
To put this kind of faith in oneself, to believe that there exists inside of oneself a motive force, call it
an interest, which will respond to life and carry one through uncertainty and adversity is an irrational
attitude without equal, and it is with this irrational approach to life that the conflict of the opposites is
resolved, it seems to me. But the problem now is this: in order to have this faith in ones irrational nature
one needs proof that personal interests and passions are capable of sustaining one through the
uncertainties and adversities of life that the rational mind foresees so clearly, and the only way to get
that proof is to risk oneself and see the result. It is a very exceptional person who can take such an
undertaking on their own. Most of us need guidance and support from others, from believers, so to
speak. Strange, isnt it, that religious terms should become useful for this discussion?
As I wrote that last paragraph I was suddenly reminded of your idea that the devil as he is represented
in Miltons Paradise Lost is a metaphor for the rational intellect, placed in the position of the highest
psychic authority. Better to rule in hell than to serve in heaven. Hell, then, is a condition in which the
rational mind, with its acute consciousness of the many perils of life, holds sway over the individual and
effectively prevents him from engaging in life, which results in the morally degenerate state of weakness
that I described in the first pages of this letter. And heaven, I presume, would be a condition in which
the rational mind subordinates itself to faith in...in God. But what is God?
You have a chapter in the manuscript of your book titled The Divinity Of Interest. Your ideas are
starting to make sense to me now at least I think they are. Faith in God means faith in that which
kindles ones interest, and leads one away from the parental sphere out into the world. To deny those
interests is to deny God, to fall from heaven and land squarely in hell, where ones passions burn
eternally in frustration. What was it God said when he cast Adam out of Eden? Something about
working in the dust to the end of his days, with the spectre of death always looming in the future. I can
certainly relate to that. One of the most vivid impressions I get from recalling all those years I spent
moving from one job to the next is the pointlessness of my daily life back then, and the glaring
knowledge that the end was drawing near. But when Im doing something that has meaning for me,
something that interests me, as I am right now, death seems far away, and work seems quite agreeable,
even joyous.486
This theory of the genesis of social psychopathology this theory of a direct relationship obtaining
between personal choice and fascistic or decadent personality and social movement finds its precise echo
in Taoist philosophy, and can be more thoroughly comprehended through application of that perspective.
The traditional Taoist believes that profane human experience consists of the differentiated parts of an
essentially uncategorizable background the Tao (as we have seen before) which may also be interpreted
as meaning or as the way.487 Tao manifests itself as the eternal flux of being. The natural categories
of Yin and Yang, represented in Figure 59: The Constituent Elements of Existence, Reprise, constitute
the most fundamental divisions of Tao comprise the basic maternal and patriarchal constituent elements
of experience. Much of ancient Chinese philosophy (cosmology, medicine, political theory, religious
thinking) is predicated on the idea that pathology is caused by a relative excess of one primordial
substance or the other. The goal of the Chinese sage physician, spiritual leader or social administrator
is to establish or re-establish the harmony between the fundamental feminine and masculine principles,
and to diagnosis and cure the faulty action or irresponsible inactions that led to their original discord. The
schematic representation of Yin and Yang, portrayed in Figure 59, utilizes the image of a circle to represent
totality; the paisleys that make up that circle are opposed but balanced. The image is rendered additionally
sophisticated by the presence of the white circle in the black paisley, and vice versa. Too much chaos
breeds desire for order; so, Yin may serve as mother to Yang. Conversely too much order breeds the
desire for novelty, as antidote to stultifying predictability. In this manner, Yang serves as father to Yin.
The fascist who will not face the reality and necessity of the unknown hides his vulnerable face in a
pathological excess of order. The decadent who refuses to see that existence is not possible without
order hides his immaturity from himself and others in a pathological excess of chaos. The fascist is
willing to sacrifice painful freedom for order, and to pretend that his unredeemed misery is meaningless, so

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that he does not have to do anything for himself. The decadent believes that freedom can be attained
without discipline and responsibility, because he is ignorant of the terrible nature of the undifferentiated
ground of reality, and is unwilling to bear the burden of order. When he starts to suffer as he certainly
will he will not allow the reality of his suffering to prove to him that some things are real, because
acceptance of that proof would force him to believe and to act (would force him as well towards painful
realization of the counterproductive and wasteful stupidity of his previous position).

YANG
Order
Masculinity
Day
The Known
Authoritarianism
Fascism

YIN
Chaos
Femininity
Night
The Unknown
Decadence
Nihilism

Figure 59: The Constituent Elements of Existence, Reprise
The fascistic mode of adaptation is, above all, a method for the direct control of the unknown and
unpredictable. Modern human beings, like the ancients, identify the stranger implicitly with the dragon of
chaos. The stranger acts unpredictably, and thinks unpredictable things things which might have dramatic
and unsettling effect, if they were allowed full expression. Extreme conservatism allows for restriction of
uncertainty for evasion of the unknown. It performs this function by insuring that each member of the
group acts, imagines and thinks precisely like every other member (generally, precisely like the leader a
dark parody of the hero). In times of heightened uncertainty, during periods of increased unemployment or
unsettled political structure, the call for return to the glorious past therefore always arises. The fascist
dominated by his fear believes that the world should only be order, because disorder is too frightening to
consider. This makes the cosmos he creates when granted the opportunity a place of endless sterility
and machine-like organization. This increased conformity allows at least for the temporary alleviation and
restriction of anxiety, but damages the capacity of the group (his group, that is) to respond flexibly to
inevitable change. It is as if to use a biological metaphor the fascist strives to force all the genetic
diversity out of his species. No diversity means no variance in response to new challenges means one
solution (likely the wrong one) to every problem. The suppression of deviance, of the unknown, therefore
merely ensures its irrepressible emergence in negative guise, at some undetermined point in the future (as
problems ignored do not go away, but get worse, as they follow their own peculiar developmental path).
The order the fascist imposes, therefore, bears within it the seeds of its own destruction.
The fascist tends to be cruel, as well as rigid will in fact pursue his cruelty, even at the cost of
undermining his own stability. The Nazi persecution of the Jews, for example, continued at an everincreasing rate (and with ever-more harsh procedures) as it became more and more evidently a burden to
the war effort. Nazi hatred therefore became a force so potent, as the Third Reich developed, that it

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overcame Nazi patriotism, motivated by mortal terror of the unknown. Underneath the fascists professed
patriotism and cowardly love of order is an even more profound phenomenon: hatred for the tragic
conditions of existence, and for the vulnerable life that makes those conditions evident:
For they reasoned unsoundly, saying to themselves, Short and sorrowful is our life, and there is no
remedy when a man comes to his end, and no one has been known to return from Hades.
Because we were born by mere chance, and hereafter we shall be as though we had never been; because
the breath in our nostrils is smoke, and reason is a spark kindled by the beating of our hearts.
When it is extinguished, the body will turn to ashes, and the spirit will dissolve like empty air. Our name
will be forgotten in time and no one will remember our works; our life will pass away like the traces of a
cloud, and be scattered like mist that is chased by the rays of the sun and overcome by its heat.
For our allotted time is the passing of a shadow, and there is no return from our death, because it is
sealed up and no one turns back.
Come, therefore, let us enjoy the good things that exist, and make use of the creation to the full as in
youth.
Let us take our fill of costly wine and perfumes, and let no flower of spring pass by us.
Let us crown ourselves with rosebuds before they wither.
Let none of us fail to share in our revelry, everywhere let us leave signs of enjoyment, because this is
our portion, and this our lot.
Let us oppress the righteous poor man; let us not spare the widow nor regard the gray hairs of the aged.
But let our might be our law of right, for what is weak proves itself to be useless. (Wisdom 2:1-11,
RSV).
Fascist cruelty is motivated by the affective consequences of pathologically increased order. When the
water of life dries up, nothing is left of existence but its inevitable pains and frustrations, compounded by
terrible boredom. Furthermore, anomaly inevitably accumulates, as order is imposed in an increasingly
strict manner. This adds increased apprehension of chaos to pain, frustration and stultification. Individuals
subjected to a surfeit of such emotions have every reason to be vengeful, aggressive and cruel have
placed themselves in a state where the emergence of such motivation is virtually certain.
The unknown appears only when there has been error. The fascist says, I know everything there is to
know and cannot, therefore, make an error. But error is the mother of all things. The inability to admit to
imperfection, therefore, means withdrawal from every informative situation. This means death of continued
adaptation and certain future re-emergence of the unknown, in negative guise. If you do not change, in
the face of constant slow transformation, then the discrepancies and unresolved errors pile up, and
accumulate. The more stubborn (read: arrogant) you are, the longer the period of time during which this
accretion occurs. Sooner or later so much unknown surrounds you that it is no longer avoidable. At that
point the dragon of the underworld emerges, and swallows you whole. Then you live in the belly of the
beast, in darkness, in the night, in the kingdom of the dead. Hatred comes easily, in such an environment.
The decadent says, there is no such thing as to know and never attempts to accomplish anything.
Like his authoritarian counterpart, he makes himself immune from error, since mistakes are always made
with regards to some valued, fixed and desired end. The decadent says look, here is something new,
something inexplicable; that is evidence, is it not, that everything that I have been told is wrong. History is
unreliable; rules are arbitrary; accomplishment is illusory. Why do anything, under such circumstances?
But he is living on borrowed time feeding, like a parasite, on the uncomprehended body of the past. If he
works sufficiently hard, and saws off the branch on which he is sitting, then he will fall, too, into the jaws
of the thing he ignored.
The habitual act of avoidance of rejection weakens the personality, in a direct causal manner. The
strength of a personality might be defined, in part, as its breadth of explored territory, its capacity to act
appropriately in the greatest number of circumstances. Such strength is evidently dependent upon prior
learning at least upon learning how to act and knowledge of how to act is generated and renewed as a
consequence of constant, voluntary, exploratory behavior. If everything new and different is rejected, out of
hand, the personality cannot adjust itself to changing circumstances. Circumstances change inevitably,
however, as a consequence of simple maturation; as a consequence of entropy itself. It is of little use to be

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entirely prepared for the past; furthermore, it is only possible to remain prepared for the future, by facing
the present. Anomaly is, therefore, spiritual food in the most literal sense: the unknown is the raw
material out of which the personality is manufactured, in the course of exploratory activity. The act of
rejecting anomaly transforms the personality into something starved, something senile, and something
increasingly terrified of change, as each failure to face the truth undermines capacity to face truth in the
future. The man who comes to adopt an inappropriate attitude towards the unknown severs his connection
with the source of all knowledge, undermining his personality, perhaps irreparably. This dissolution of
strength is self-perpetuating: every weakness increases the likelihood of further weakness:
For he that hath, to him shall be given: and he that hath not, from him shall be taken even that which he
hath. (Mark 4:25).
The individual who turns away from indications of his own insufficiency increases the probability that he
will seek to repress and destroy all information that indicates threat to current belief. Avoided, suppressed
or otherwise undeveloped elements of personality are not accessible for use in conscious adaptation will
in fact offer resistance to such adaptation, as a consequence of their resentment at being twisted and
ignored. Failure to utilize full human potential severely undermines strength of individual character.
Dissociation of action, imagination and ideation weakens personality. Weakness of personality means
inability to bear the weight of the conscious world. The result of the hypocritical suppression of individual
differences, in the service of the social unit and its intrapsychic representative, is frailty in the face of the
unknown, possibility and chaos:
And if a house be divided against itself, that house cannot stand. (Mark 3:25).
5.2.2. The Adversary In Action: A Twentieth Century Allegory
Jung stated at some point that any internal state of contradiction, unrecognized, will be played out in the
world as fate. This statement carries with it the apparent stamp of mysticism. How could the world play
out a psychological condition (or the refusal to recognize a psychological condition)? Well, the purpose of
abstraction is to represent experience, and to manipulate the representations, to further successful
adaptation. If we both want the same toy, we can argue about our respective rights to it; if the argument
fails or if we refuse to engage in it we can fight. If we are suffering from moral uncertainty, at the
philosophical level and cannot settle the internal war then our behavior reflects our inner disquiet, and
we act out our contradictions in behavior, much to our general discredit. Thus the means of settling a
dispute cascade, with each failure, down the chain of abstraction: from the word, to the image, to the deed
and those who will not let their outdated identities and beliefs die, when they must, kill themselves instead.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn describes how order and predictability were thereby established in the Soviet
Union, during Stalins extensive reign of terror:
A. Bv has told how executions were carried out at Adak a camp on the Pechora River. They
would take the opposition members with their things out of the camp compound on a prisoner
transport at night. And outside the compound stood the small house of the Third Section. The
condemned men were taken into a room one at a time, and there the camp guards sprang on them. Their
mouths were stuffed with something soft and their arms were bound with cords behind their backs. Then
they were led out into the courtyard, where harnessed carts were waiting. The bound prisoners were
piled on the carts, from five to seven at a time, and driven off to the Gorka the camp cemetery. On
arrival they were tipped into big pits that had already been prepared and buried alive. Not out of
brutality, no. It had been ascertained that when dragging and lifting them, it was much easier to cope
with living people than with corpses.
The work went on for many nights at Adak.
And that is how the moral-political unity of our Party was achieved.488
The invention, establishment and perfection of the concentration camp, the efficient genocidal machine,
might be regarded as the crowning achievement of human technological and cultural endeavor, motivated

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by resentment and loathing for life. Invented by the English, rendered efficient by the Germans, applied on
a massive scale by the Soviets and the Chinese, revivified by the Balkan conflict perfection of the factory
whose sole product is death has required truly multinational enterprise. Such enterprise constitutes,
perhaps, the prime accomplishment of the cooperative bureaucratization of hatred, cowardice and deceit.
Tens of millions of innocent people have been dehumanized, enslaved and sacrificed in these efficient
disassembly lines, in the course of the last century, to help their oppressors maintain pathological stability
and consistency of moral presumption, enforced through terror, motivated by adherence to the lie.
The very name has an uncanny aspect: horrifying, ironical, allegorical. Camp that is summer sun and
holiday, satirical comedy and masquerade, military rule, obedience and efficiency: death camp the very
devils idea of a joke, of camp; black humor and vacation paradise; the dystopian state induced in reality by
diligent pursuit of fantastic ideal, ideological purity, statist heaven on earth. Concentration camp that is
concentration of people in arbitrary association, restriction of movement and thought to a particular area;
concentration of the processes of human life, distillation, reduction to essence, forcing attention to
concentration on the central values underlying human endeavor.
The concentration camp has spawned its own literature; remembrance of survival under conditions as
harsh as imagination can construct human imagination, capable of positing the existence and describing
the nature of an eternally torturous Hell, with walls seven miles thick, lit by a fire which consumes and
renews flesh, simultaneously, so it can once again be burned away.489 This camp literature has a strange
affective and descriptive consistency a consequence of the constant re-emergence of patterned, innate
modes of adaptive action and thought, arising naturally in response to experience of overwhelming
anomaly and extreme threat.
Camp life is still human existence, analogous to normal life in all its facets, but made starker, less
ambiguous, clarified, laid bare:
Pardon me, you... love life? You, you! You who exclaim and sing over and over and dance it too: I
love you, life! Oh, I love you, life! Do you? Well, go on, love it! Camp life love that too! It too, is
life!
There where there is no struggle with fate,
there you will resurrect your soul...
You havent understood a thing. When you get there, youll collapse.490
The extreme nature of camp conditions appears merely to augment tendencies for behavior always present,
under normal conditions to exaggerate the expression of possibilities innately characteristic of the human
soul.
Camp incarceration, in the typical case, begins with the fall, with arrest: unexpected, unjust, arbitrary,
implacable, and terrifying. The prisoner-to-be starts his involuntary descent into the underworld with his
historically-determined defenses intact, firmly embedded in his cultural context, entrenched in his persona
identified with his job, his social status, his view of the present, his hopes for the future. The initial
intrusion of fate into this self-deceptive security occurs at night. Arrest takes place without warning, in the
early hours of the morning, when people are easily frightened, dazed and less likely to offer resistance,
more willing to cooperate, in their fear and naive hope afraid for the security of their nervously gathered
family, standing helpless in their household, at the mercy of state authority, in its most contemptible and
repressive incarnation:
Thats all there is to it! You are arrested!
And youll find nothing better to respond with than a lamblike bleat: Me? What for?
Thats what arrest is: its a blinding flash and a blow which shifts the present instantly into the past
and the impossible into omnipotent actuality.
Thats all. And neither for the first hour nor for the first day will you be able to grasp anything else.
Except that in your desperation the fake circus moon will blink at you: Its a mistake! Theyll set
things right!
And everything which is by now comprised in the traditional, even literary, image of an arrest will
pile up and take shape, not in your own disordered memory, but in what your family and your
neighbours in your apartment remember: The sharp nighttime ring or the rude knock at the door. The

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insolent entrance of the unwiped jackboots of the unsleeping State Security operatives. The frightened
and cowed civilian witness at their backs....
The traditional image of arrest is also trembling hands packing for the victim a change of
underwear, a piece of soap, something to eat; and no one knows what is needed, what is permitted, what
clothes are best to wear; and the Security agents keep interrupting and hurrying you:
You dont need anything. Theyll feed you there. Its warm there. (Its all lies. They keep hurrying
you to frighten you.)...
The kind of night arrest described is, in fact, a favourite, because it has important advantages.
Everyone living in the apartment is thrown into a state of terror by the first knock at the door. The
arrested person is torn from the warmth of his bed. He is in a daze, half-asleep, helpless, and his
judgment is befogged. In a night arrest the State Security men have a superiority in numbers; there are
many of them, armed, against one person who hasnt even finished buttoning his trousers.491
Arrest means instantaneous depersonalization, isolation from family, friends and social position. This
forcibly-induced shift of context removes, by design, all concrete reminders of group identity, all hallmarks
of social hierarchy, destroys all previous ideals, undermines all goal-directed activity exposes essential
human vulnerability, and subjects it to ruthless exploitation. The arrested individual is brutally stripped of
every reminder of previous identity, his predictable environment, his conditional hope left bereft even of
his clothes and hair. He is treated with utmost contempt and derision, regardless of in spite of his
previous social status. This complete destruction of social context, of social identity, heightens the newly
arrested individuals sense of self-consciousness, of nakedness and vulnerability. This leaves him
unbearably anxious, tremendously uncertain, miserably subject to a new and uncertain world to a new
and unpredictable underworld:
We waited in a shed which seemed to be the anteroom to the disinfecting chamber. SS men appeared
and spread out blankets into which we had to throw all our possessions, all our watches and jewellry.
There were still naive prisoners among us who asked, to the amusement of the more seasoned ones who
were there as helpers, if they could not keep a wedding ring, a medal, or a good-luck piece. No one
could yet grasp the fact that everything would be taken away.
I tried to take one of the old prisoners into my confidence. Approaching him furtively, I pointed to
the roll of paper in the inner pocket of my coat and said, Look, this is the manuscript of a scientific
book. I know what you will say; that I should be glad to escape with my life, that that should be all I can
expect of fate. But I cannot help myself. I must keep this manuscript at all costs; it contains my lifes
work. Do you understand that?
Yes, he was beginning to understand. A grin spread slowly over his face, first piteous, then more
amused, mocking, insulting, until he bellowed one word at me in answer to my question, a word that
was ever present in the vocabulary of the camp inmates: Shit! At that moment I saw the plain truth and
did what marked the culminating point of the first phase of my psychological reaction: I struck out the
whole of my former life.492
The arrested individual has no specific sociohistorically-determined intrapsychic structure to protect
himself from the terrible world of incarceration and slavery; no model of desire and expectation to inhibit
his mortal terror, to guide his activity and to channel his hope. He has been forcibly ejected from paradise,
made intolerably aware of his own essential limitations, his own nakedness, has been sentenced to endless
labor and subjugation. In consequence, he has been rendered vulnerable to his worst fears, his most chaotic
psychological states, and his most severe depressions:
Here is how it was with many others, not just with me. Our initial, first prison sky consisted of black
swirling storm clouds and black pillars of volcanic eruptions this was the heaven of Pompeii, the
heaven of the Day of Judgment, because it was not just anyone who had been arrested, but I the center
of this world.
Our last prison sky was infinitely high, infinitely clear, even paler than sky-blue.
We all (except religious believers) began from one point: we tried to tear our hair from our head, but
our hair had been clipped close!... How could we? How could we not have seen those who informed
against us?! How could we not have seen our enemies? (And how we hated them! How could we avenge

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ourselves on them?) And what recklessness! What blindness! How many errors! How can they be
corrected? They must be corrected all the more swiftly! We must write... We must speak out... We must
communicate....
But there is nothing we can do. And nothing is going to save us! At the appropriate time we will
sign Form 206. At the appropriate time the tribunal will read us our sentence, in our presence, or we will
learn it in absentia from the OSO.
Then there begins the period of transit prisons. Interspersed with our thoughts about our future camp,
we now love to recall our past: How well we used to live! (Even if we lived badly.) But how many
unused opportunities there were! How many flowers we left uncrumpled!... When will we now make up
for it? If I only manage to survive oh, how differently, how wisely, I am going to live! The day of our
future release? It shines like a rising sun!
And the conclusion is: Survive to reach it! Survive! At any price!
This is simply a turn of phrase, a sort of habit of speech: at any price.
But then the words swell up with their full meaning, and an awesome vow takes shape: to survive at
any price.
And whoever takes that vow, whoever does not blink before its crimson burst allows his own
misfortune to overshadow both the entire common misfortune and the whole world.
This is the great fork of camp life. From this point the roads go to the right and to the left. One of
them will rise, and the other will descend. If you go to the right you lose your life, and if you go to the
left you lose your conscience.493
Work at a killing pace characterizes concentration camp life work under conditions made deathly
harsh, for the sake of the sheer aesthetic quality of the misery; senseless labor mere parody of productive
work494 accompanied by constant, consciously arranged privation:
The most ghastly moment of the twenty-four hours of camp life was the awakening, when, at a still
nocturnal hour, the three shrill blows of a whistle tore us pitilessly from our exhausted sleep and from
the longings in our dreams. We then began the tussle with our wet shoes, into which we could scarcely
force our feet, which were sore and swollen with edema. And there were the usual moans and groans
about petty troubles, such as the snapping of wires which replaced shoelaces. One morning I heard
someone, whom I knew to be brave and dignified, cry like a child because he finally had to go to the
snowy marching grounds in his bare feet, as his shoes were too shrunken for him to wear. In those
ghastly moments, I found a little bit of comfort: a small piece of bread which I drew out of my pocket
and munched with absorbed delight.495
In cold lower than 60 degrees below zero [!], workdays were written off: in other words, on such days
the records showed that the workers had not gone out to work; but they chased them out anyway, and
whatever they squeezed out of them on those days was added to the other days, thereby raising the
percentages. (And the servile Medical Section wrote off those who froze to death on such cold days on
some other basis. And the ones who were left who could no longer walk and were straining every sinew
to crawl along on all fours on the way back to camp, the convoy simply shot, so that they wouldnt
escape before they could come back to get them).496
No one can immerse himself in description of the consciously-perpetrated horrors of the twentieth
century without recognizing, first, that such evil was perpetrated in large part by the well-socialized and
obedient. No one can come to such recognition which is self-comprehension, as well and remain
unimpressed by the power and profundity of literary and mythic representations of the power of evil of
that living force, that eternally active, transcendent personality, intrapsychically incarnate; of that
permanent aspect of man every man dedicated solely, vengefully to destruction, dissolution, suffering
and death:
O Rose, thou art sick!
The invisible worm
That flies in the night
In the howling storm,

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Hath found out thy bed
Of crimson joy
And his dark secret love
Does thy life destroy.497
The Rwandan massacres, the killing fields in Cambodia, the tens of millions dead (by Solzhenitsyns
estimate) as a consequence of internal repression in the Soviet Union, the untold legions butchered during
Chinas Cultural Revolution the Great Leap Forward (!), another black joke, accompanied upon
occasion, in the particular, by devouring of the victim the planned humiliation and rape of thousands of
Muslim women in Yugoslavia, the holocaust of the Nazis, the carnage perpetrated by the Japanese in
mainl and China such events are not attri butable to human kinship with the animal, the innocent animal, or
even by the desire to protect territory, interpersonal and intrapsychic, but by a deep-rooted spiritual
sickness, endemic to mankind the consequence of unbearable self-consciousness, apprehension of destiny
in suffering and limitation, and pathological refusal to face the consequences thereof.
Man is not merely innately aggressive, a poorly socialized, and therefore uncontrolled predator; at best,
such theory can account for his criminal aggression; it is in fact slavish adherence to the forces of
socialization to the very principle of domestication itself that enables him to participate in production of
the most truly efficient and organized of human evils. It was the discipline of the Germans, not their
criminality, that made the Nazis fearsome. It was the loyalty, patriotism and commitment of the Soviet and
Chinese communists that enabled the mass persecution and destructive-labor camp elimination of their
countrymen. Neither is man a victim of society, innocent lamb perverted by social forces beyond individual
control. Man created society in his own image; it enables him as much as it corrupts him. Man chooses evil,
for the sake of the evil. Man exults in agony, delights in pain, worships destruction and pathology. Man can
torture his brother, in an ecstasy of pleasure, and dance on his grave. Man despises life, his own weak life,
and the vulnerability of others, and constantly works to lay waste, to undermine, to destroy, to torment, to
abuse and devour.
From the side we looked like two reddish stones in the field.
Somewhere young men of our age were studying at the Sorbonne or at Oxford, playing tennis during
their ample hours of relaxation, arguing about the problems of the world in student cafes. They were
already being published and were exhibiting their paintings. They were twisting and turning to find
ways of distorting the insufficiently original world around them in some new way. They railed against
the classics for exhausting all the subjects and themes. They railed at their own governments and their
own reactionaries who did not want to comprehend and adopt the advanced experience of the Soviet
Union. They recorded interviews through the microphones of radio reporters, listening all the time to
their own voices and coquettishly elucidating what they wished to say in their last or their first book.
They judged everything in the world with self-assurance, but particularly the prosperity and justice of
our country. Only at some point in their old age, in the course of compiling encyclopedias, would they
notice with astonishment that they could not find any worthy Russian names for our letters for all the
letters of our alphabet.
The rain drummed on the back of our heads, and the chill crept up our wet backs.
We looked about us. The half-loaded cars had been overturned. Everyone had left. There was no one
in the entire clay pit, nor in the entire field beyond the compound. Out in the gray curtain of rain lay the
hidden village, and even the roosters had hidden in a dry place.
We, too, picked up our spades, so that no one would steal them they were registered in our names.
And dragging them behind us like heavy wheelbarrows, we went around Matroninas plant beneath the
shed where the empty galleries wound all around the Hoffman kilns that fired the bricks. There were
drafts here and it was cold, but it was also dry. We pushed ourselves down into the dust beneath the
brick archway and sat there.
Not far away from us a big heap of coal was piled. Two zeks498 were digging into it, eagerly seeking
something there. When they found it, they tried it in their teeth, then put it in their sack. Then they sat
themselves down and each ate a similar black-grey lump.
What are you eating there, fellows?

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Its sea clay. The doctor doesnt forbid it. It doesnt do any good, but it doesnt do any harm either.
And if you add a kilo of it a day to your rations, its as if you had really eaten. Go on, look for some;
theres a lot of it among the coal.
And so it was that right up to nightfall the clay pit did not fulfill its work norms. Matronina gave
orders that we should be left out all night. But... the electricity went out everywhere, and the work
compound had no lights, so they called everyone in to the gatehouse. They ordered us to link arms, and
with a beefed-up convoy, to the barking of dogs and curses, they took us to the camp compound.
Everything was black. We moved along without seeing where it was wet and where the earth was firm,
kneading it all up in succession, losing our footing and jerking one another.
And in the camp compound it was dark. Only a hellish glow came from beneath the burners for
individual cooking. And in the mess hall two kerosene lamps burned next to the serving window. And
you could not read the slogan, nor see the double portion of nettle gruel in the bowl, and you sucked it
down with your lips by feel.
And tomorrow would be the same and every day: six cars of red clay three scoops of black gruel. In
prison, too, we seemed to have grown weak, but here it went much faster. There was already a ringing in
the head. That pleasant weakness, in which it is easier to give in than to fight back, kept coming closer.
And in the barracks total darkness. We lay there dressed in everything wet on everything bare, and
it seemed it was warmer not to take anything off like a poultice.
Open eyes looked at the black ceiling, at the black heavens.
Good Lord! Good Lord! Beneath the shells and the bombs I begged you to preserve my life. And
now I beg you, please send me death!499
It is pleasant to presume that the individuals who constructed, organized and ran the concentration
camps of Germany and the Soviet Union were in some profound manner different from the people that we
know, and love, and are. But there is no reason to make this presumption, except for that convenience and
nave peace of mind.500 The image of the concentration camp guard, much as the inmate, defines the
modern individual. Hell is a bottomless pit, and why? Because nothing is ever so bad that we cannot make
it worse:
Fire, fire! The branches crackle and the night wind of late autumn blows the flame of the bonfire back
and forth. The compound is dark; I am alone at the bonfire, and I can bring it still some more carpenters
shavings. The compound here is a privileged one, so privileged that is almost as if I were out in freedom
this is an Island of Paradise; this is the Marfino sharashka a scientific institute staffed with
prisoners in its most privileged period. No one is overseeing me, calling me to a cell, chasing me away
from the bonfire. I am wrapped in a padded jacket and even then it is chilly in the penetrating wind.
But she who has already been standing in the wind for hours, her arms straight down, her head
drooping, weeping, then growing numb and still. And then again she begs piteously: Citizen Chief!
Forgive me! Please forgive me! I wont do it again.
The wind carries her moan to me, just as if she were moaning next to my ear. The citizen chief at the
gatehouse fires up his stove and does not answer.
This was the gatehouse of the camp next door to us, from which workers came into our compound to
lay water pipes and to repair the old ramshackle seminary building. Across from me, beyond the artfully
intertwined, many-stranded barbed-wire barricade and two steps away from the gatehouse, beneath a
bright lantern, stood the punished girl, head hanging, the wind tugging at her gray work skirt, her feet
growing numb from the cold, a thin scarf over her head. It had been warm during the day, when they had
been digging a ditch on our territory. And another girl, slipping down into a ravine, had crawled her way
to the Vladykino Highway and escaped. The guard had bungled. And Moscow city buses ran right along
the highway. When they caught on, it was too late to catch her. They raised the alarm. A mean, dark
major arrived and shouted that if they failed to catch the girl, the entire camp would be deprived of visits
and parcels for a whole month, because of her escape. And the women brigadiers went into a rage, and
they were all shouting, one of them in particular, who kept viciously rolling her eyes: Oh, I hope they
catch her, the bitch! I hope they take scissors and clip, clip, clip take off all her hair in front of the
line-up! (This wasnt something she had thought up herself. This was the way they punished women in
the Gulag.) But the girl who was now standing outside the gatehouse in the cold had sighed and said

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instead: At least she can have a good time out in freedom for all of us! The jailer overheard what she
said, and now she was being punished; everyone else had been taken off to the camp, but she had been
set outside there to stand at attention in front of the gatehouse. This had been at 6 PM, and it was now
11 PM. She tried to shift from one foot to another, but the guard stuck out his head and shouted: Stand
at attention, whore, or else it will be worse for you! And now she was not moving, only weeping:
Forgive me, Citizen Chief! Let me into the camp, I wont do it any more!
But even in the camp no one was about to say to her: All right, idiot! Come on in!
The reason they were keeping her out there so long was that the next day was Sunday, and she would
not be needed for work.
Such a straw-blond, naive, uneducated slip of a girl! She had been imprisoned for some spool of
thread. What a dangerous thought you expressed there, little sister! They want to teach you a lesson for
the rest of your life!
Fire, fire! We fought the war and we looked into the bonfires to see what kind of Victory it would
be. The wind wafted a glowing husk from the bonfire.
To that flame and you, girl, I promise: the whole wide world will read about you.501
Who would admit even to himself: given the choice, I would be the citizen chief, in preference to the
punished girl? And without this admission there is no reason to change, and no reason to combat the
evil within:
- for whence
But from the author of all ill could spring
So deep a malice, to confound the race
Of mankind in one root, and Earth with Hell
To mingle and involve, done all to spite
The great Creator?502
Faced with the horror of camp life It too, is life many become corrupted:
Let us admit the truth: At that great fork in the camp road, at that great divider of souls, it was not the
majority of the prisoners that turned to the right.503
This corruption was not caused by camp conditions, appalling as they were:
Bread is not issued in equal pieces, but thrown onto a pile go grab! Knock down your neighbours,
and tear it out of their hands! The quantity of bread issued is such that one or two people have to die for
each that survives. The bread is hung up on a pine tree go fell it. The bread is deposited in a coal mine
go down and mine it. Can you think about your own grief, about the past and the future, about
humanity and God? Your mind is absorbed in vain calculations which for the present moment cut you
off from the heavens and tomorrow are worth nothing. You hate labor it is your principal enemy.
You hate your companions rivals in life and death. You are reduced to a frazzle by intense envy and
alarm lest somewhere behind your back others are right now dividing up that bread which could be
yours, that somewhere on the other side of the wall a tiny potato is being ladled out of the pot which
could have ended up in your own bowl.504
Such conditions merely provided the precondition for the emergence of the consequences of decisions
already taken, prior to incarceration, in the large part decisions to choose security, instead of maintenance
of conscience; to embrace safety, instead of soul:
In looking at the people, we might see
that in the space twixt birth and death,
one third follow life, and one third death,
and those who merely pass from birth to death,
are also one third of those we see.505

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Greed and fear in the everyday world culminates in the same blind inability Solzhenitsyn recognized in the
camps the same incapacity to think about grief, about the past and future, about man and God but with
far less evident justification. Fear of mortality, in normal life, is most generally dealt with in the same
manner as in the camp situation: through absolute identification with the system, and consequent rejection
of the self; through acceptance of ideological promise, offer of material security and guarantee of
(unearned) intrapsychic stability:
My friend Panin and I are lying on the middle shelf of a Stolypin compartment and have set ourselves
up comfortably, tucked our salt herring in our pockets so we dont need water and can go to sleep. But at
some station or other they shove into our compartment... a Marxist scholar! We can even tell this from
his goatee and spectacles. He doesnt hide the fact: he is a former Professor of the Communist Academy.
We hang head down in the square cutout and from his very first words we see that he is: impenetrable.
But we have been serving time for a long while, and have a long time left to serve, and we value a merry
joke. We must climb down to have a bit of fun! There is ample space left in the compartment, and so we
exchange places with someone and crowd in:
Hello.
Hello.
Youre not too crowded?
No, its all right.
Have you been in the jug a long time?
Long enough.
Are you past the halfway mark?
Just.
Look over there: how poverty-stricken our villages are straw thatch, crooked huts.
An inheritance from the Tsarist regime.
Well, but weve already had thirty Soviet years.
Thats an insignificant period historically.
Its terrible that the collective farmers are starving.
But have you looked in all their ovens?
Just ask any collective farmer in our compartment.
Everyone in jail is embittered and prejudiced.
But Ive seen collective farms myself.
That means they were uncharacteristic.
(The goatee had never been in any of them that way it was simpler.)
Just ask the old folks: under the Tsar they were well fed, well clothed, and they used to have so
many holidays.
Im not even going to ask. Its a subjective trait of human memory to praise everything in the past.
The cow that died is the one that gave twice the milk. [Sometimes he even cited proverbs!] And our
people dont like holidays. They like to work.
But why is there a shortage of bread in many cities?
When?
Right before the war, for example.
Not true! Before the war, in fact, everything had been worked out.
Listen, at that time in the all the cities on the Volga there were queues of thousands of people...
Some local failure in supply. But more likely your memory is failing you.
But theres a shortage now!
Old wives tales. We have from seven to eight billion poods of grain.
And the grain itself is rotten.
Not at all. We have been successful in developing new varieties of grain.[...]
And so forth. He is imperturbable. He speaks in a language which requires no effort of the mind. And
arguing with him is like walking through a desert.
Its about people like that that they say: He made the rounds of all the smithies and came home
unshod.

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And when they write in their obituaries: perished tragically during the period of the cult, this should
be corrected to read: perished comically.
But if his fate had worked out differently, we would never have learned what a dry, insignificant little
man he was. We would have respectfully read his name in the newspaper. He would have become a
peoples commissar or even ventured to represent all Russia abroad.
To argue with him was useless. It was much more interesting to play with him... no, not at chess, but
at the game of comrades. There really is such a game. It is a very simple game. Just play up to him a
couple of times or so, use some of his own pet words and phrases. He will like it. For he has grown
accustomed to find that all around him... are enemies. He has become weary of snarling and doesnt like
to tell his stories because all those stories will be twisted around and thrown right back in his face. But if
he takes you for one of his own, he will quite humanly disclose to you what he has seen at the station:
People are passing by, talking, laughing, life goes on. The Party is providing leadership, people are
being moved from job to job. Yet you and I are languishing here in prison, there are a handful of us, and
we must write and write petitions, begging a review of our cases, begging for a pardon....
Or else he will tell you something interesting: In the Communist Academy they decided to devour
one comrade; they decided he wasnt quite genuine, not one of our own; but somehow they couldnt
manage it: there were no errors in his essays, and his biography was clean. Then all of a sudden, going
through the archives, what a find! They ran across an old brochure written by this comrade which
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin himself had held in his hands and in the margin of which he had written in his
own handwriting the notation: As an economist he is shit. Well now, you understand, our companion
smiled confidentially, that after that it was no trouble at all to make short work of that muddlehead and
impostor. He was expelled from the Academy and deprived of his scholarly rank.
The railroad cars go clicking along. Everyone is already asleep, some lying down, some sitting up.
Sometimes a convoy guard passes along the corridor, yawning.
And one more unrecorded episode from Lenins biography is lost from view ....506
Human life is life bounded on all fronts by vulnerability is life eternally subject to fear for lack of
resources and security of person. Moral knowledge, knowledge of good and evil, is the capability to choose
pattern of adaptation authoritarian, decadent or creative in the face of mortal limitation, explicit and
implicit, in camp, and outside:
Those people became corrupted in camp who had already been corrupted out in freedom or who were
ready for it. Because people are corrupted in freedom too, sometimes even more effectively than in
camp.
The convoy officer who ordered that Moiseyevaite be tied to a post in order to be mocked had he
not been corrupted more profoundly than the camp inmates who spat on her?
And for that matter did every one of the brigade members spit on her? Perhaps only two from each
brigade did. In fact, that is probably what happened.
Tatyana Falike writes: Observation of people convinced me that no man could become a scoundrel
in camp if he had not been one before.
If a person went swiftly bad in camp, what it might mean was that he had not just gone bad, but that
that inner foulness which had not previously been needed had disclosed itself.
Voichenko has his opinion: In camp, existence did not determine consciousness, but just the
opposite: consciousness and steadfast faith in the human essence decided whether you became an animal
or remained a human being.
A drastic, sweeping declaration!... But he was not the only one who thought so. The artist IvashevMusatov passionately argued exactly the same thing.507
This corruption this turning to the left led some to dissolve, to decay; to fall into the sickness unto
death, despair; to embrace death, with final hope necessary faith irrevocably, understandably, crushed
and shattered:
The prisoner who had lost faith in the future his future was doomed. With his loss of belief in the
future, he also lost his spiritual hold; he let himself decline and became subject to mental and physical

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decay. Usually, this happened quite suddenly, in the form of a crisis, the symptoms of which were
familiar to the experienced camp inmate. We all feared this moment not for ourselves, which would
have been pointless, but for our friends. Usually it began with the prisoner refusing one morning to get
dressed and wash to to go out on the parade grounds. No entreaties, no blows, no threats had any effect.
He just lay there, hardly moving. If this crisis was brought about by an illness, he refused to be taken to
the sick-bay or to do anything to help himself. He simply gave up. There he remained, lying in his own
excreta, and nothing bothered him any more.
I once had a dramatic demonstration of the close link between the loss of faith in the future and this
dangerous giving up. F, my senior block warden, a fairly well-known composer and librettist,
confided in me one day: I would like to tell you something, Doctor. I have had a strange dream. A voice
told me that I could wish for something, that I should only say what I wanted to know, and all my
questions would be answered. What do you think I asked? That I would like to know when the war
would be over for me. You know what I mean, Doctor for me! I wanted to know, when we, when our
camp, would be liberated and our sufferings come to an end.
And when did you have this dream? I asked.
In February, 1945, he answered. It was then the beginning of March.
What did your dream voice answer?
Furtively he whispered to me, March thirtieth.
When F- told me about this dream, he was still full of hope and convinced that the voice of his
dream would be right. But as the promised day drew nearer, the war news which reached our camp
made it appear very unlikely that we would be free on the promised date. On March twenty-ninth, Fsuddenly became ill and ran a high temperature. On March thirtieth, the day his prophecy had told him
that the war would be over for him, he became delirious and lost consciousness. On March thirty-first,
he was dead. To all appearances, he had died of typhus.508
Other camp victims, by contrast but equally comprehensibly chose to identify with the camp
authorities, when allowed such honor, and therefore arrayed themselves against those who shared their fate
against those who were also starved and deprived, frightened and worked to exhaustion. The persecution
and enslavement of others presents no difficulty is, in fact, inevitable in the wake of bondage and
persecution of the self. Frankl states:
... the process of selecting Capos [trustees] was a negative one; only the most brutal of the prisoners
were chosen for this job (although there were some happy exceptions). But apart from the selection of
Capos which was undertaken by the SS, there was a sort of self-selecting process going on the whole
time among all of the prisoners.
On the average, only those prisoners could keep alive who, after years of trekking from camp to
camp, had lost all scruples in their fight for existence; they were prepared to use every means, honest
and otherwise, even brutal force, theft, and betrayal of their friends, in order to save themselves.509
... many of the Capos fared better in the camp than they had in their entire lives. Often they were harder
on the prisoners than were the guards, and beat them more cruelly than the SS men did.510
Likewise, Solzhenitsyn:
You had fallen. You were punished. You had been uprooted from life but you want to avoid the
very bottom of the pile? You want to hover over someone else, rifle in hand? Over your brother? Here!
Take it! And if he runs shoot him! We will even call you comrade. And we will give you a Red Army
mans ration.
And... he grows proud. And... he tightens his grip on his gun stock. And... he shoots. And... he is
even more severe than the free guards. (How is one to understand this: Was it really a purblind faith in
social initiative? Or was it just an icy, contemptuous calculation based on the lowest human
feelings?)511
Most camp inmates were normal, well-adapted members of society, prior to their imprisonment which
meant that they had identified with the structure and successes of that society, with its definitions of present

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and ideal future, with its means to its ends. Unjust incarceration meant loss of status, heightened fear of
morality; demonstrated as nothing else could the evidently pathological operations of the state, constructed
in theory precisely to protect against such deprivation and anxiety; presented anomaly sufficient in its
fundamental import to undermine faith in previous identification, to demonstrate the incomplete, or even
corrupt, nature of previous status, to foster anxiety, depression, and desire, often realized, for dissolution
and death. How could such a threat be countered?
Conscious, rationalized denial of evident injustice made social identification possible once again but at
the cost of substantial intrapsychic damage, dissociation. The lie involved meant sacrifice of more personal
experience, more individual possibility, more divine meaning to the group. The inevitable result of such
sacrifice the sin against the Holy Spirit is fanatical adherence to the letter of the law:
Farewell happy Fields
Where Joy for ever dwells: Hail horrors, hail
Infernal world, and thou profoundest Hell
Receive thy new possessor one who brings
A mind not to be changed by place or time.512
fidelity to the lie:
Farewell remorse! All good to me is lost
Evil, be thou my Good: by thee at least
Divided empire with Heavens King I hold,
By thee, and more than half perhaps will reign;
As Man erelong, and this new World, shall know.
Thus while he spake, each passion dimmed his face,
Thrice changed with pale ire, envy and despair,
Which marred his borrowed visage, and betrayed
Him counterfeit, if any eye beheld,
For Heavenly minds from such distempers foul
Are ever clear. Whereof he soon aware
Each perturbation smoothed with outward calm,
Artificer of fraud, and was the first
That practised falsehood under saintly show,
Deep malice to conceal, couched with revenge....513
allegiance to cruelty and deceit:
Oh why should wrath be mute and fury dumb?
I am no baby, I, that with base prayers
I should repent the evils I have done.
Ten thousand worse that ever yet I did
Would I perform if I might have my will.
If one good deed in all my life I did,
I do repent it from my very soul.514
and hatred of the good:
... the more I see
Pleasures about me, so much more I feel
Torment within me, as from the hateful siege
Of contraries; all good to me becomes
Bane, and in Heaven much worse would be my state,
But neither here seek I, no, nor in Heaven,
To dwell, unless by mastering Heavens Supreme,
Nor hope to be myself less miserable

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By what I seek, but others to make such
As I, though thereby worse to me redound:
For only in destroying I find ease
To my relentless thoughts....515
Human beings are emotionally attached to those whom with they identify; sympathy for the victim of
injustice means inability to perpetrate such injustice. Identification with tyranny, on the other hand, means
temporary effortless surcease from painful (intra and extrapsychic) moral conflict. Such identification
merely requires denial of the injustice committed to ones own person, and the subsequent falsification of
individual experience. This falsification cuts the empathic bonds, connecting prisoner to prisoner
connecting man to man connecting man to himself:
I shall despair. There is no creature loves me;
And if I die, no soul will pity me:
Nay, wherefore should they, since that I myself
Find in myself no pity to myself.516
The victim who finds personal security in identity with his persecutor has become that persecutor; has
eliminated the possibility of further adaptation, integration and growth; has voluntarily forfeited possibility
of redemption. Solzhenitsyn describes the reactions and actions of staunch Communist Party members,
imprisoned and devoured by the system they supported and produced:
To say that things were painful for them is to say almost nothing. They were incapable of assimilating
such a blow, such a downfall, and from their own people, too, from their own dear Party, and, from all
appearances, for nothing at all. After all, they had been guilty of nothing as far as the Pary was
concerned nothing at all. It was painful for them to such a degree that it was considered taboo among
them, uncomradely, to ask: What were you imprisoned for? The only squeamish generation of
prisoners! The rest of us, in 1945, with tongues hanging out, used to recount our arrests, couldnt wait to
tell the story to every chance newcomer we met and to the whole cell as if it were an anecdote.
Heres the sort of people they were. Olga Sliozbergs husb and had already been arrested, and they
had come to carry out a search and arrest her too. The search lasted four hours and she spent those four
hours sorting out the minutes of the congress of Stakhanovites of the bristle and brush industry, of which
she had been the secretary until the previous day. The incomplete state of the minutes troubled her more
than her children, who she was now leaving forever! Even the interrogator conducting the search could
not resist telling her: Come on now, say farewell to your children!
Heres the sort of people they were. A letter from her fifteen-year old daughter came to Yelizaveta
Tsetkova in the Kazan Prison for long-term prisoners: Mama! Tell me, write to me are you guilty or
not? I hope you werent guilty, because then I wont join the Komsomol [a Soviet youth organization],
and I wont forgive them because of you. But if you are guilty I wont write you any more and will
hate you. And the mother was stricken by remorse in her damp gravelike cell with its dim little lamp:
How could her daughter live without the Komsomol? How could she be permitted to hate Soviet power?
Better that she should hate me. And she wrote: I am guilty.... Enter the Komsomol!
How could it be anything but hard! It was more than the human heart could bear: to fall beneath the
beloved axe then to have to justify its wisdom. But that is the price a man pays for entrusting his Godgiven soul to human dogma. Even today any orthodox Communist will affirm that Tsetkova acted
correctly. Even today they cannot be convinced that this is precisely the perversion of small forces,
that the mother perverted her daughter and harmed her soul.
Heres the sort of people they were: Y.T. gave sincere testimony against her husb and anything to
aid the Party!
Oh, how one could pity them if at least now they had come to comprehend their former
wretchedness! This whole chapter could have been written quite differently if today at least they had
forsaken their earlier views!
But it happened the way Mariya Danielyan had dreamed it would: If I leave here someday, I am
going to live as if nothing had taken place.

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Loyalty? And in our view it is just plain pigheadedness. These devotees to the theory of development
construed loyalty to that development to mean renunciation of any personal development whatsoever!
As Nikolai Adamovich Vilenchuk said, after serving seventeen years: We believed in the Party and
we were not mistaken! Is this loyalty or pigheadedness?
No, it was not for show and not out of hypocrisy that they argued in the cells in defense of all the
governments actions. They needed ideological arguments in order to hold on to a sense of their own
rightness otherwise, insanity was not far off.517
The evidence is intolerable so much the worse for the evidence! The hero, the savior, is
metaphorical or narrative description of the pattern by which the existence of anomalous information is
accepted, mined for significance, and incorporated into the body of cultural adaptation. The devil,
incarnation of evil, is embodiment, in procedure, episode and word, of the tendency that denies, rather than
accepting; embodiment of the process that consciously inhibits life and its development the process that
brings to a halt the spirits revolutionary process of adaptation:
Just tell us one thing: Who laid the bricks, who laid the bricks in the wall? Was it you, you hardheads?518
Ideology is fixed world-picture; not empirical description, although constantly confused with such; is
portrait of significance, of meaning mythically-grounded determinant of interpretation of present actuality
and future ideal, in affect. Ideology is limited, static portrayal of an infinitely complex and constantly
transforming actuality; is restriction of the chaos that brings hope to life to the order that stultifies and
deadens; is denial of possibility, in behavior, imagination and thought.
Behavioral proclivity denied or suppressed is action potential no longer accessible for expansion of
competence; is procedural possibility denied life; is adaptive avenue permanently barricaded. Suppression
or avoidance of (heretical) imagination and thought is rejection of possibility for transformation, which
provides the precondition for successful adaptation to the tragic conditions of human existence. Rejection
of behavioral possibility, unique imagination and thought is denial of the heroic, the better part of the self,
the only part capable of voluntarily withstanding the tragedy of existence. Such denial leads inexorably to
demonic possession, metaphorically speaking to neurotic misery, interpersonal cruelty, and desire for the
vengeful dissolution of existence.
Ideology confines human potential to a narrow and defined realm. Adaptation undertaken within that
realm necessarily remains insufficient, is destined to produce misery, as it is only relationship with the
transcendent that allows life to retain its savour. Ideology says it must be thus, but human behavior
constantly exceeds its realm of representation; such capacity for exception must therefore be denied, lest
faith in ideology vanish, and chaos, intolerable chaos, reappear. The ideologue says: anomaly means
dissolution, dissolution means terror that which frightens is evil: anomaly is evil. It is not the existence of
anomalous information that constitutes evil, however such information refreshes, when properly
consumed. Evil is the process by which the significance of the anomaly is denied; the process by which the
meaning of the anomaly by which meaning itself, truth itself is rejected. This rejection means,
necessarily, life rendered unbearable, hellish:
... for now the thought
Both of lost happiness and lasting pain
Torments him: round he throws his baleful eyes,
That witnessed huge affliction and dismay,
Mixed with obdurate pride and steadfast hate;
At once, as far as angels ken, he views
The dismal situation waste and wild;
A dungeon horrible, on all sides round,
As one great furnace flamed, yet from these flames
No light, but rather darkness visible
Served only to discover sights of woe,
Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace
And rest can never dwell, hope never comes

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That comes to all, but torture without end
Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed
With ever-burning sulphur unconsumed.
Such place Eternal Justice had prepared
For those rebellious, here their prison ordained
In utter darkness, and their portion set,
As far removed from God and light of Heaven
As from the center thrice to the utmost pole.519
The fact, as fact regardless of content is not evil; it is mere (terrible) actuality. It is the attitude to the
fact that has a moral or immoral nature. There are no evil facts although there are facts about evil; it is
denial of the unacceptable fact that constitutes evil at least insofar as human control extends. The
suppression of unbearable fact transforms the conservative tendency to preserve into the authoritarian
tendency to crush; transforms the liberal wish to transform into the decadent desire to subvert. Confusion of
evil with the unbearable fact, rather than with the tendency to deny the fact, is equivalent to equation of the
good with the (static) product of heroism, rather than with the (dynamic) act of heroism itself. Confusion of
evil with the fact, the act of blaming the messenger, merely provides rationale for the act of denial,
justification for savage repression, and mask of morality for decadence and authoritarianism.
Every act of repression every lie creates an intrapsychic reservoir, so to speak, of disregarded
experience of truth, unsettling and disturbing. In this reservoir lives the re-animated dragon of chaos,
ready to devour, in an unguarded moment, the quaking and deceitful soul. Every act of suppression limits
potential for action and representation; weakens the total personality; constantly increases likelihood for
continued and expanded suppression of experience:
For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundantly: but whosoever hath not,
from him shall be taken away even that he hath. (Matthew 13: 12).
Denial of (anomalous) experience eliminates possibility of growth; culminates in establishment of a
personality whose weakness in the face of inevitable tragic circumstance and consequent suffering
produces desire for annihilation of life. Repression of fact of truth ensures deterioration of personality;
assures transformation of subjective experience into endless meaningless sterility and misery. Acceptance,
by contrast in the spirit of ignorant humility, courage disguised provides necessary precondition for
change.
Myth offers an imitative schema for the generation of such acceptance for development of the ability
to constantly adapt through encouragement of identification with the hero, whose form is constantly
represented in ethical behavior, portrayed in ritual, and described in narrative. The story of the hero is
symbolic depiction of the man who chooses the third way, when confronted by facts whose significance
undermines personal or social stability who risks intrapsychic dissolution as voluntarily-chosen
alternative to adoption of tyranny or acceptance of decadence. Failure to adopt such identification
rejection of the heroic ensures constant restriction of action and imagination; generates hatred, cruelty,
disgust for the weak assures adoption of the lie as prime, and perhaps most common, adaptive strategy.
Such adoption inevitably transforms human experience into hell on earth into endless unbearable
intrapsychic and interpersonal misery:
Him the Almighty Power
Hurled headlong flaming from the ethereal Sky
With hideous ruin and combustion down
To bottomless perdition, there to dwell
In adamantine chains and penal fire.520
The definition of moral and immoral accepted by the members of a given society remains dependent
upon the conceptualization of the way accepted by that society remains dependent upon the current rankordering and hierarchical organization of meanings, within that society. From within the confines of a
particular conceptualization, certain behaviors, productions of the imagination, and ideas are attri buted
status of good and status of evil, in accordance with their perceived utility, with regards to a particular goal.

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Any act or idea that interferes with current individual desire becomes the fool, or worse the enemy. This
means that if the individual or the group desires anything more than to live in the light, so to speak, then
truth and wisdom necessarily become foreign, abhorrent. What may be regarded as useful and necessary,
from a higher order of morality, may look positively useless and counterproductive, from a lower and will
come to be treated in that manner. So the individual (or the attri bute) that is serving such a higher function
may well appear contaminated by the dragon of chaos by those who have not yet seen or who will not
admit to the necessity and desirability of that function. Such devaluation of the revolutionary best dooms
the individual and those he can affect to endless misery and weakness. Restricted and narrow goals
produce warped and stunted personalities, who have cast the best within them into the domain of anomaly
defining their true talents and deviances as (threatening and frustrating) impediments to their ambition.
The stunted personality will experience life as a burden as a responsibility too heavy to bear and turn to
resentment and hatred, as a justifiable alternative.
Reconceptualization of the way, by contrast, means revaluation of behavior, episode, and semantic
proposition, so that a new order might exist; means uncomfortable return to chaos, however, prior to the
reconstruction of that more inclusive order. Re-evaluation of the goal, of the ideal undertaken,
voluntarily, as a consequence of exposure to anomalous information may bring suppressed material,
action potential, imagination and thought, back to light; shift towards conceptualization of process of
heroism as goal to valuation of truth, courage and love allows for re-incorporation and subsequent
development of hitherto repressed, stunted, and pathologized possibilities:
The great epochs of our lives come when we gain the courage to rechristen our evil as what is best in
us.521
This is not to say, stupidly, that all motivational states or all facts, or all behavioral possibilities are
equally beneficial, in all situations. It is rather that our acts of self-definition (many of which have an
arbitrary cultural grounding) determine what we are willing to accept, at any given place and moment, as
good and as evil. The self-sacrificing domestic martyr, for example, who accepts her husbands every
authoritarian demand she has defined her capacity for violence as ethically unsuitable, and will regard it
as something forbidden and evil. This makes aggression something contaminated by the dragon of chaos,
from her perspective makes it something immoral and taboo. The domestic martyr will therefore remain a
miserable doormat, unless she learns to bite which means, until she drops her present all-too restrictive
easy-going and affectionate stance (which is not doing her husb and any good, either, by reinforcing his
weak fascistic tendencies; nor improving the society of which her marriage is a part. Her inability to be
angry which is, in reality, her inability to regard herself as possessed of intrinsic worth removes
necessary limitations to her husbands inappropriate and socially-dangerous expansion of power.) It is thus
the unsuitable desire that is often precisely what is necessary to lift us beyond our present uncomfortable
stasis. This does not mean simple-minded application of a poorly designed strategy of previouslyrepressed motivated behavior. It means, instead, true integration of what has not yet been expressed or
even admitted into the structure of harmonious intrapsychic and social relations:
Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy.
But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and
pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you;
That ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil
and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust.
For if ye love them which love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the same?
And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more [than others]? do not even the publicans so?
Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect. (Matthew 5:43-48)
The adoption of a particular (socially-determined) conceptualization of the tripartite structure of the way
allows for provisional establishment of the meaning of experiences objects, situations and processes. The
nature of the goal towards which action and ideation is devoted, in the ideal, determines what behaviors and
products of imagination and abstract thought come to be regarded as acceptable, and are therefore
developed, and which are forbidden, and are therefore left repressed and stunted. If the individual or social

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ideal remains undeveloped, immature in conceptualization, or twisted in the course of development, then
aspects of behavior and cognition necessary for redemption for deliverance from the unbearable weight of
tragic self-consciousness will be suppressed, with intrapsychic and social pathology as the inevitable
result. If the individual strives primarily for material security, or social acceptance, rather than for the
mythic love of God and fellow man, then respect for truth will suffer, and complete adaptation will become
impossible.
And when he was gone forth into the way, there came one running, and kneeled to him, and asked him,
Good Master, what shall I do that I may inherit eternal life?
And Jesus said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God.
Thow knowest the commmandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not bear
false witness, Defraud not, Honour thy father and mother.
And he answered and said unto him, Master, all these have I observed from my youth.
Then Jesus beholding him loved him, and said unto him, One thing thou lackest: go thy way, sell
whatsoever thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, take up
the cross, and follow me.
And he was sad at that saying, and went away grieved: for he had great possessions.
And Jesus looked round about, and saith unto his disciples, How hardly shall they that have riches enter
into the kingdom of God!
And the disciples were astonished at his words. But Jesus answereth again, and saith unto them,
Children, how hard is it for them that trust in riches to enter into the kingdom of God!
It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of
God.
And they were astonished out of measure, saying among themselves, Who then can be saved? (Mark
10:17-26).
The highest value towards which effort is devoted determines what will become elevated, and what
subjugated, in the course of individual and social existence. If security or power is valued above all else,
then all will become subject to the philosophy of expedience. In the long term, adoption of such a policy
leads to development of rigid, weak personality (or social environment) or intrapsychic dissociation and
social chaos:
Jesus said, A man had received visitors. And when he had prepared the dinner, he sent his servant to
invite the guest. He went to the first one and said to him, My master invites you. He said, I have some
claims against some merchants. They are coming to me this evening. I must go and give them my
orders. I ask to be excused from the dinner. He went to another and said to him, My master has invited
you. He said to him, I have just bought a house and am required for the day. I shall not have any spare
time. He sent to another and said to him, My master invites you. He said to him, My friend is going
to get married, and I am to prepare the banquet. I shall not be able to come. I ask to be excused from the
dinner. He went to another and said to him, I have just bought a farm, and I am on my way to collect
the rent. I shall not be able to come. I ask to be excused. The servant returned and said to his master,
Those whom you invited to the dinner have asked to be excused. The master said to his servants, Go
outside to the streets and bring back those whom you happen to meet, so that they may dine.
Businessmen and merchants [will] not enter the places of my father.522
A man who has put his faith in what he owns, rather than what he stands for, will be unable to sacrifice
what he owns, for what he is; will necessarily choose when the re-emergence of uncertainty forces choice
what he has gathered around him instead of what he could be. This decision will weaken his nature, and
make him unable to cope with the tragic weight of his consciousness; will turn him towards the lie, and
make him an active agent in production of his own and his societys pathology.
If the goal towards which behavior is devoted remains pathologically restricted if the highest ideal
remains, for example, sensual pleasure, social acceptance, power, or material security then aspects of
behavior and ideation which exist in conflict to these goals will become pathologically twisted in
orientation, because forced to serve a contemptible master; will be defined as evil, left undeveloped in

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consequence, and remain unavailable for use in more potentially inclusive redemptive activity; will become
subjugated, suppressed, and stagnant. This lack of development and associated sickening will decrease
adaptive flexibility, in the face of the true challenges of life; will ensure that lifes challenges appear
devastating; will assure endless hopeless suffering, pointless, miserable and frustrating. The myth of the
way, which describes human experience itself, encompasses loss of paradise, emergence of tragedy and
then, redemption and it is the fool, the true individual, who is in desperate need of redemption. To
identify with the group is to deny the fool
Then shall they also answer him, saying, Lord, when saw I Thee an hungred, or athirst, or a stranger, or
naked, or sick, or in prison, and did not minister unto thee?
Then shall He answer them, saying, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye did it not to one of the least
of these, ye did it not to Me. (Matthew 25: 44-45).
and to therefore lose all hope.
We have a model of ourselves, in imagination and semantic representation, which is in ill accord with
the actuality of ourselves, in procedure, imaginative capacity, and potential for thought. This lack of
isomorphism, this willful lack of attention to truth, means that behavior and potential thereof exists, which
is anomalous with regards to the ideal of behavior in representation I couldnt do that; that episodic
capacity and content exists, which is anomalous to the ideal of such capability and content in representation
I couldnt imagine that; and that semantic ability and content exists, which is anomalous with regards
to the ideal of semantic ability and content, in representation I couldnt think that. Pathological use of
this model (the replacement of actuality, with an insufficient idea, conceptualized in fantasy) restricts
adaptation to the unexpected, restricts adaptation to change itself. This means existence in boundless and
ever-expanding misery:
Which way I fly is Hell; myself am Hell;
And in the lowest deep a lower deep
Still threatening to devour me opens wide,
To which the Hell I suffer seems a Heaven.523
The devil, traditional representation of evil, refuses recognition of imperfection, refuses to admit I was
in error, in my action, in my representation; accepts, as a consequence of unbending pride, eternal misery
refuses metanoia, confession and reconciliation; remains forever the spirit that refuses and rejects:
O, then at last relent; is there no place
Left for repentance, none for pardon left?
None left but by submission; and that word
Disdain forbids me, and my dread of shame
Among the Spirits beneath, whom I seduced
With other promises and other vaunts
Than to submit, boasting I could subdue
The Omnipotent. Ay me! they little know
How dearly I abide that boast so vain,
Under what torments inwardly I groan;
While they adore me on the throne of Hell,
With diadem and sceptre high advanced,
The lower still I fall, only supreme
In misery such joy ambition finds!
But say I could repent, and could obtain,
By act of grace, my former state; how soon
Should height recall high thoughts, how soon unsay
What feigned submission swore; ease would recant
Vows made in pain, as violent and void
For never can true reconcilement grow
Where wounds of deadly hate have pierced so deep:

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Which would but lead me to a worse relapse,
And heavier fall: so should I purchase dear
Short intermission bought with double smart.
This knows my Punisher; therefore as far
From granting he, as I from begging, peace:
All hope excluded thus.524
Such refusal the inability to say, I was wrong, I am sorry, I should change, means the death of hope,
existence in the hellish abyss. Rejection of fact means alienation from God, from meaning, from truth and
life without meaning is suffering without recourse, worthy of nothing but destruction, in accordance with
self-definition. Frye states:
The way of life is described as beginning in metanoia, a word translated repentance by the
[Authorized Version], which suggests a moralized inhibition of the stop doing everything you want to
do variety. What the word primarily means, however, is change of outlook or spiritual metamorphosis,
an enlarged vision of the dimensions of human life. Such a vision, among other things, detaches one
from ones primary community and attaches him to another. When John the Baptist says Bring forth
fruits worthy of metanoia (Matthew 3:8) he is addressing Jews, and goes on to say that their primary
social identity (descent from Abraham) is of no spiritual importance....
The dialectic of metanoia and sin splits the world into the kingdom of genuine identity, presented as
Jesus home, and a hell, a conception found in the Old Testament only in the form of death or the
grave. Hell is that, but it is also the world of anguish and torment that man goes on making for himself
all through history.525
The act of metanoia is adaptation itself: admission of error, founded on faith in ability to tolerate such
admission and its consequences; consequential dissolution, subjugation to the hateful siege of contraries,
and Deo concedente restoration of intrapsychic and interpersonal integrity:
... as soon as you have renounced that aim of surviving at any price, and gone where the calm and
simple people go then imprisonment begins to transform your former character in an astonishing way.
To transform it in a direction most unexpected to you.
And it would seem that in this situation feelings of malice, the disturbance of being oppressed,
aimless hate, irritability, and nervousness ought to multiply. But you yourself do not notice how, with
the impalpable flow of time, slavery nurtures in you the shoots of contradictory feelings.
Once upon a time you were sharply intolerant. You were constantly in a rush. And you were
constantly short of time. And now you have time with interest. You are surfeited with it, with its months
and years, behind you and ahead of you and a beneficial calming fluid pours through your blood
vessels patience.
You are ascending....
Formerly you never forgave anyone. You judged people without mercy. And you praised people with
equal lack of moderation. And now an understanding mildness has become the basis of your
uncategorical judgments. You have come to realize your own weakness and you can therefore
understand the weakness of others. And be astonished at anothers strength. And wish to possess it
yourself.
The stones rustle beneath our feet. We are ascending....
With the years, armor-plated restraint covers your heart and all your skin. You do not hasten to
question and you do not hasten to answer. Your tongue has lost its flexible capacity for easy oscillation.
Your eyes do not flash with gladness over good tidings, nor do they darken with grief.
For you still have to verify whether thats how it is going to be. And you also have to work out
what is gladness, and what is grief.
And now the rule of your life is this: do not rejoice when you have found, do not weep when you
have lost.
Your soul, which formerly was dry, now ripens from suffering. And even if you havent come to love
your neighbours in the Christian sense, you are at least learning to love those close to you.

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Those close to you in spirit who surround you in slavery. And how many of us come to realize: It is
particularly in slavery that for the first time we have learned to recognize genuine friendship!
And also those close to you in blood, who surrounded you in your former life, who loved you while
you played the tyrant over them...
Here is a rewarding and inexhaustible direction for your thoughts: Reconsider all your previous life.
Remember everything you did that was bad and shameful and take thought cant you possibly correct
it now?
Yes, you have been imprisoned for nothing. You have nothing to repent of before the state and its
laws.
But... before your own conscience? But... in relation to other individuals?526
Refusal of metanoia means inevitable intermixture of Earth with Hell; conscientious acceptance, by
contrast, produces a characteristic transformation of personality, of action, imagination and thought. Frankl
states:
We who lived in concentration camps can remember the men who walked through the huts comforting
others, giving away their last piece of bread. They may have been few in number, they they offer
sufficient proof that everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms
to choose ones attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose ones own way.
And there were always choices to make. Every day, every hour, offered the opportunity to make a
decision, a decision which determined whether you would or would not submit to those powers which
threatened to rob you of your very self, your inner freedom; which determined whether or not you would
become the plaything of circumstance, renouncing freedom and dignity to become moulded into the
form of the typical inmate.527
Solzhenitsyn echoes these sentiments, almost precisely:
And how can one explain that certain unstable people found faith right there in the camp, that they
were streng thened by it, and that they survived uncorrupted?
And many more, scattered about and unnoticed, came to their alloted turning point and made no
mistake in their choice. Those who managed to see that things were not only bad for them, but even
worse, even harder, for their neighbours.
And all those who, under the threat of a penalty zone and a new term of imprisonment, refused to
become stoolies?
How, in general, can one explain Grigory Ivanovich Grigoryev, a soil scientist? A scientist who
volunteered for the Peoples Volunteer Corps in 1941 and the rest of the story is a familiar one. Taken
prisoner near Vyazma, he spent his whole captivity in a German camp. And the subsequent story is also
familiar. When he returned, he was arrested by us and given a tenner. I came to know him in winter,
engaged in general work in Ekibastuz. His forthrightness gleamed from his big quiet eyes, some sort of
unwavering forthrightness. This man was never able to bow in spirit. And he didnt bow in camp, either,
even though he worked only two of his ten years in his own field of specialization, and didnt receive
food parcels from home for nearly the whole term. He was subjected on all sides to the camp
philosophy, to the camp corruption of soul, but he was incapable of adopting it. In the Kemerovo camps
(Antibess) the security chief kept trying to recruit him as a stoolie. Grigoryev replied to him quite
honestly and candidly: I find it quite repulsive to talk to you. You will find many willing without me.
You bastard, youll crawl on all fours. I would be better hanging myself from the first branch. And so
he was sent off to a penalty situation. He stood it for about half a year. And he made mistakes which
were even more unforgivable: When he was sent on an agricultural work party, he refused (as a soil
scientist) to accept the post of brigadier offered him. He hoed and scythed with enthusiasm. And even
more stupidly: in Ekibastuz at the stone quarry he refused to be a work checker only because he would
have had to pad the work sheets for the sloggers, for which, later on, when they caught up with it, the
eternally drunk free foreman would have to pay the penalty (but would he?) And so he went to break
rocks! His honesty was so monstrously unnatural that when he went out to process potatoes with the
vegetable storeroom brigade, he did not steal any, though everyone else did. When he was in a good

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post, in the privileged repair-shop brigade at the pumping-station equipment, he left simply because he
refused to wash the socks of the free bachelor construction supervisor, Treivish. (His fellow brigade
members tried to persuade him: Come on now, isnt it all the same, the kind of work you do? But no, it
turned out it was not at all the same to him!) How many times did he select the worst and hardest lot,
just so as not to have to offend against his conscience and he didnt, not in the least, and I am a
witness. And even more: because of the astounding influence on his body of his bright and spotless
human spirit (though no one today believes in any such influence, no one understands it) the organism
of Grigory Ivanovich, who was no longer young (close to fifty), grew stronger in camp; his earlier
rheumatism of the joints disappeared completely, and he became particularly healthy after the typhus
from which he recovered: in winter, he went out in cotton sacks, making holes in them for his head and
his arms and he did not catch cold!528
The process of voluntary engagement in the revaluation of good and evil, consequent to recognition of
personal insufficiency and suffering, is equivalent to adoption of identification with Horus (who, as the
process that renews, exists as something superordinate to the morality of the past). This means that the
capacity to re-assess morality means identification with the figure that generates and renews the world
with the figure that mediates between order and chaos. It is within the domain of that figure that room for
all aspects of the personality actually exist as the demands placed on the individual who wishes to
identify with the savior are so high, so to speak, that every aspect of personality must become manifested,
redeemed, and integrated into a functioning hierarchy. The revaluation of good and evil therefore allows
for the creative re-integration of those apsects of personality and their secondary representations in
imagination and idea previously suppressed and stunted by immature moral ideation, including that
represented by group affiliation (posited as the highest level of ethical attainment).
The act of turning away from something anomalous is the process of labeling that anomalous thing as
too terrifying to be encountered or considered, in its most fundamental form. To avoid something is also
to define it and, in a more general sense, to define oneself. To avoid is to say that is too terrible, and
that means too terrible for me. The impossibility of a task is necessarily determined in relationship to
the abilities of the one faced with it. The act of turning away therefore means willful opposition to the
process of adaptation, since nothing new can happen when everything new is avoided or suppressed. The
act of facing an anomaly, by contrast, is the process of labeling that event as tolerable and,
simultaneously, the definition of oneself as the agent able to tolerate. Adoption of such a stance means the
possibility of further growth, since it is in contact with anomaly that new information is generated. This
faith in oneself and the benevolence of the world manifests itself as the courage to risk everything in the
pursuit of meaning. If the nature of the goal is shifted from desire for predictability to development of
personality capable of facing chaos voluntarily, then the unknown which can never be permanently
banished will no longer be associated with fear, and safety, paradoxically, will be permanently
extablished:
It was granted me to carry away from my prison years on my bent back, which nearly broke beneath
its load, this essential experience: how a human being becomes evil and how good. In the intoxication of
youthful successes I had felt myself to be infallible, and I was therefore cruel. In the surfeit of power I
was a murderer, and an oppressor. In my most evil moments, I was convinced that I was doing good,
and I was well supplied with systematic arguments. And it was only when I lay there on rotting prison
straw that I sensed within myself the first stirrings of good. Gradually it was disclosed to me that the line
separating good and evil passes not through states, nor between classes, nor between political parties
either but right through every human heart and through all human hearts. This line shifts. Inside us,
it oscillates with the years. And even within hearts overwhelmed by evil, one small bridgehead of good
is retained. And even in the best of all hearts, there remains... an uprooted small corner of evil.
Since then I have come to understand the truth of all the religions of the world: They struggle with
the evil inside a human being (inside every human being). It is impossible to expel evil from the world
in its entirety, but it is possible to constrict it within each person.
And since that time I have come to understand the falsehood of all the revolutions in history: They
destroy only those carriers of evil contemporary with them (and also fail, out of haste, to discriminate

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the carriers of good as well). And they then take to themselves as their heritage the actual evil itself,
magnified still more.
The Nuremburg Trials have to be regarded as one of the special achievements of the twentieth
century: they killed the very idea of evil, though they killed very few of the people who had been
infected by it. (Of course, Stalin deserves no credit here. He would have preferred to explain less and
shoot more.) And if by the twenty-first century humanity has not yet blown itself up and has not
suffocated itself perhaps it is this direction that will triumph?
Yes, and if it does not triumph then all humanitys history will have turned out to be an empty
exercise in marking time, without the tiniest mite of meaning! Whither and to what end will we
otherwise be moving? To beat the enemy over the head with a club even cavemen knew that.
Know thyself! There is nothing that so aids and assists the awakening of omniscience within us as
insistent thoughts about ones own trangressions, errors, mistakes. After the difficult cycles of such
ponderings over many years, whenever I mentioned the heartlessness of our highest-ranking
bureaucrats, the cruelty of our executioners, I remember myself in my captains shoulder boards and the
forward march of my battery through East Prussia, enshrouded in fire, and I say: So, were we any
better?529

5.3. Heroic Adaptation: Voluntary Reconstruction of the Map of Meaning
The group provides the protective structure conditional meaning and behavioral pattern that enables
the individual to cast off the dependence of childhood, to make the transition from the maternal to the
social, paternal world. The group is not the individual, however. Psychological development that ceases
with group identification held up as the highest attainable good by every ideologue severely constricts
individual and social potential, and dooms the group, inevitably, to sudden and catastrophic dissolution.
Failure to transcend group identification is, in the final analysis, as pathological as failure to leave
childhood.
Movement from the group to the individual like that from childhood to group follows the archetypal
transformative pattern of the heroic (paradise, breach, fall, redemption; stability, dissolution,
incorporation, reconstruction). Such transformation must be undertaken voluntarily, through conscious
exposure to the unknown although it may be catalyzed by sufficiently unique or traumatic experience.
Failure to initiate and/or successfully complete the process of secondary maturation heightens risk for
intrapsychic and social decadence, and consequent experiential chaos, depression and anxiety (including
suicidal ideation), or enhances tendency towards fanaticism, and consequent intrapsychic and group
aggression.
The Bible, considered as a single story, presents this process of maturation in mythological terms.
The Old Testament offers group identity, codified by Moses, as antidote for the fallen state of man. This
antidote, while useful, is incomplete even Moses himself, a true ancestral hero, fails to reach the
promised land. The New Testament, by contrast, offers identification with the hero as the means by which
the fallen state and the problems of group identity might both be permanently transcended. The New
Testament has been traditionally read as a description of a historical event, which redeemed mankind, once
and for all: it might more reasonably be considered the description of a process that, if enacted, could
bring about the establishment of peace on earth.
The problem is, however, that this process cannot yet really be said to be consciously that is,
explicitly understood. Furthermore, if actually undertaken, it is extremely frightening, particularly in the
initial stages. In consequence, the imitation of Christ or the central culture-hero of other religious
systems tends to take the form of ritualistic worship, separated from other non-religious aspects of
life. Voluntary participation in the heroic process, by contrast which means courageous confrontation
with the unknown makes worship a matter of true identification. This means that the true believer
rises above dogmatic adherence to realize the soul of the hero to incarnate that soul in every aspect
of their day-to-day life.

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This is easy to say, but very difficult to understand and to do. It is no easy matter to translate the
transpersonal myth of the hero into a template for action and representation, in the unique conditions that
make up an individual life. It appears equally troublesome even hubristic to presume that the individual
might a force worthy of identification with the hero. Nonetheless, we are more than we seem and are
more trouble than we imagine, when undisciplined and unrealized. The banality of evil Hannah
Arendts famous phrase,530 applied to the oft-unprepossessing Nazi personality is more accurately the
evil of banality. Our petty weaknesses accumulate, and multiply, and become the great evils of state. As
our technological power expands, the danger we pose increases and the consequences of our voluntary
stupidity multiply. It is increasingly necessary that we set ourselves not others right, and that we learn
explicitly what that means.
The nature of the process of identification with the hero can be understood in most detail as a
consequence of the analysis of alchemy, which Jung made his lifes work. Alchemy considered most
generally as the precursor of modern chemistry was in fact a twenty-centuries-long endeavour to
understand the transformations of matter. The alchemical matter, however, was not the matter of
modern science logically enough, as the ancient alchemists practiced in the absence of the presumptions
and tools of modern science. It was a substance more like Tao to that which produced or constituted the
flux of being; something more like information in the modern sense (if information may be considered
latent in unexplored places); something more like the unknown as such (something like the matrix
of being). Investigation of this instrinsically compelling matter this unknown produced a series of
internal transformations in the alchemical psyche, making it ever-more akin to the Philosophers stone:
making it something that could turn base matter into spiritual gold making it something that had, in
addition, the eternal, durable, and indestructible nature of stone. As the alchemical endeavour progressed,
through the Christian era, the stone became increasingly assimilated to Christ the cornerstone
rejected by the builders, the agent of voluntary transformation whose actions eternally transform the
fallen world into paradise.
The late-stage alchemists posited that a personality that had completely assimilated the spirit of the
unknown was equivalent to Christ. Jung translated their image-laden mythological language into
something more comprehensible but not yet understood. The terrible central message of this mode of
thought is this: do not lie, particularly to yourself, or you will undermine the process that gives you the
strength to bear the tragic world. In your weakness the consequence of your lie you will become cruel,
arrogant and vengeful. You will then serve as an unconscious emissary of the agent of destruction, and
work to bring about the end of time.
5.3.1. The Creative Illness and the Hero
I.N.R.I. Igni Natura Renovatur Integra531
The third mode of adaptation alternative to decadence and fascism is heroic. Heroism is
comparatively rare, because it requires voluntary sacrifice of group-fostered certainty, and indefinite
acceptance of consequent psychological chaos, attendant upon (re)exposure to the unknown. This is
nonetheless the creative path, leading to new discovery or reconfiguration, comprising the living element of
culture. The creative actor adopts the role of hero, and places himself beyond (even in opposition to) the
protective enclave of history. In consequence, he suffers re-exposure to the terrible unknown. Such reexposure engenders mortal terror, but allows for union with possibility allows for inspiration,
reconstruction, and advancement. It is the disintegration and disinhibition of meaning (preceding its
reintegration) occurrences necessarily attendant upon the heroic process that produces the phenomena
endlessly linking genius, in the popular imagination, with insanity. The genius and the lunatic are
separated, however, by their relative position with regards to the unknown: the genius is the fortunate hero
who faces the unexpected consequences of his insufficiently adaptive behavior voluntarily, on ground that
he has chosen. The unfortunate madman, by constrast, has run away from something carnivorous,
something that thrives on neglect and grows larger has run away from something that will finally devour

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him. The genius dissolves, is flooded with indeterminate meaning, and is then reconstituted then
dissolves, floods and reconfigures the social world. The psychotic dissolves, and drowns in the flood.
It is capacity to voluntarily face the unknown, and to reconfigure accordingly the propositions that
guided past adaptation, that constitutes the eternal spirit of man, the world-creating Word. The existence
and nature of that spirit has been granted due recognition in in Western (and Eastern) philosophy and
religion since time immemorial. The eminent theologist Reinhold Niebuhr states:
In both Plato and Aristotle mind is sharply distinguished from the body. It is the unifying and
ordering principle, the organ of logos, which brings harmony into the life of the soul, as logos is the
creative and forming principle of the world. Greek metaphysical presuppositions are naturally
determinative for the doctrine of man; and since Parmenides Greek philosophy had assumed an identity
between being and reason on the one hand and on the other presupposed that reason works upon some
formless or unformed stuff which is never completely tractable. In the thought of Aristotle matter is a
remnant, the non-existent in itself unknowable and alien to reason, that remains after the process of
clarifying the thing into form and conception. This non-existent neither is nor is not; it is not yet, that
is to say it attains reality only insofar as it becomes the vehicle of some conceptual determination. 532
533

The notion of the spirits intrinsic kinship with the creator was abstractly elaborated, in much more
detail, in the eventual course of development of Judeo-Christian thought. From this viewpoint, man is
understood most profoundly in terms of his relationship to God as made in the image of God rather
than in light of his cognitive abilities, or his place in nature. The essence of this spirit identified with God
is the eternal capacity to create and to transform. Niebuhr observes that
... the human spirit has the special capacity of standing continually outside itself in terms of indefinite
regression.... The self knows the world, insofar as it knows the world, because it stands outside both
itself and the world, which means that it cannot understand itself except as it is understood from beyond
itself and the world.534
This capacity for infinite transcendence, which is the ability to abstract, and then represent the
abstraction, and then abstract from the representation, and so on, without end, does not come without a
cost, as we have previously observed. We can tumble down the deck of cards, as easily as erect it;
furthermore, our capacity for evil is integrally linked with our ability to overcome boundaries.
Abstract thinking in general, and abstract moral thinking in particular, is play: the game, what if?
Games are played by first establishing, then identifying, then altering, basic presuppositions. Before any
game can be played, the rules have to be established; before the game can be altered, the rules have to be
made manifest. A game (at least in its final stages) is played by constructing an image of the world in
imagination, in accordance with certain presuppositions which are the rules (the environment) of the
game and then by acting in that imaginary world. This game construction, playing and modifying is a
form of practice, for real-world activity. As games increase in complexity, in fact, it becomes increasingly
difficult to distinguish them from real-world activity.
The game itself, at its first stages, is played at the procedural level; the rules remain implicit. Once a
representation of the game has been established, then the game can be shared; later, the rules themselves
can be altered. Piaget discusses the formulation of the rules of childrens games:
From the point of view of the practice or application of rules four successive stages can be
distinguished.
A first stage of a purely motor and individual character, during which the child handles the marbles at
the dictation of his desires and motor habits. This leads to the formation of more or less ritualized
schemas, but since play is still purely individual, one can only talk of motor rules and not of truly
collective rules.
The second may be called egocentric for the following reasons. This stage begins at the moment
when the child receives from outside the example of codified rules, that is to say, some time between the
ages of two and five. But though the child imitates this example, he continues to play either by himself

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without bothering to find play-fellows, or with others, but without trying to win, and therefore without
attempting to unify the different ways of playing. In other words, children of this stage, even when they
are playing together, play each one on his own (everyone can win at once) and without regard for any
codification of rules. This dual character, combining imitation of others with a purely individual use of
the examples received, we have designated by the term Egocentrism.
A third stage appears between 7 and 8, which we shall call the stage of incipient cooperation. Each
player now tries to win, and all, therefore, begin to concern themselves with the question of mutual
control and of unification of the rules. But while a certain agreement may be reached in the course of
one game, ideas about the rules in general are still rather vague. In other words, children of 7-8, who
belong to the same class at school and are therefore constantly playing with each other, give, when they
are questioned separately, disparate and often entirely contradictory accounts of the rules observed in
playing marbles.
Finally, between the years of 11 and 12, appears a fourth stage, which is that of the codification of
rules. Not only is every detail of procedure in the game fixed, but the actual code of rules to be observed
is known to the whole society. There is remarkable concordance in the information given by children of
10-12 belonging to the same class at school, when they are questioned on the rules of the game and their
possible variations....
If, now, we turn to the consciousness of rules we shall find a progression that is even more elusive in
detail, but no less clearly marked if taken on a big scale. We may express this by saying that the
progression runs through three stages, of which the second begins during the egocentric stage and ends
towards the middle of the stage of cooperation (9-10), and of which the third covers the remainder of
this co-operating stage and the whole of the stage marked by the codification of rules.
During the first stage rules are not yet coercive in character, either because they are purely motor, or
else (at the beginning of the egocentric stage) because they are received, as it were, unconsciously, and
as interesting examples rather than as obligatory realities.
During the second stage (apogee of egocentric and first half of cooperating stage) rules are regarded
as sacred and untouchable, emanating from adults and lasting forever. Every suggested alteration strikes
the child as a transgression.
Finally, during the third stage, a rule is looked upon as a law due to mutual consent, which you must
respect if you want to be loyal but which it is permissible to alter on the condition of enlisting general
opinion on your side.
The correlation between the three stages in the development of the consciousness of rules and the
four stages relating to their practical observance is of course only a statistical correlation and therefore
very crude. But broadly speaking the relation seems to us indisputable. The collective rule is at first
something external to the individual and consequently sacred to him; then, as he gradually makes it his
own, it comes to that extent to be felt as the free product of mutual agreement and an autonomous
conscience. And with regard to practical use, it is only natural that a mystical respect for laws should be
accompanied by a rudimentary knowledge and application of their contents, while a rational and wellfounded respect is accompanied by an effective application of each rule in detail.535
The second-stage child, who accepts the presuppositions of his cultural sub-tradition as sacred and
untouchable, thinks in the same manner as the classic, partially hypothetical, pre-experimental or
primitive man, who worships the past, in representation, as absolute truth. The child and the primitive are
both concerned primarily with how to behave with how to organize behavior, contra nature, in the social
community, to simultaneously and continuously meet ends deemed desirable. It is only much later, after
these most fundamental of issues have been resolved, that the means of resolution themselves can be
questioned. This act of higher-order conceptualization means emergence of ability to play games, with the
rules of games and belief in the justifiability of such activity (this rebuff to traditional order). This more
abstract ability allows for answer to the meta-problem of morality, posed (much) earlier: not how to
behave? but how can (or is or was) how to behave be determined?536 Paradoxically, perhaps, the

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answer to this meta-problem also provides the final answer to the (apparently) less abstract question how
to behave? or what is the good?
Some examples from western religious tradition may aid in comprehending (1) the nature of the
distinction between moralitys central problem (what is the good ?) and meta-problem (how are answers
to the question what is the good? determined?); (2) the structure of their attendant resolutions; and (3)
the manner in which the meta-problem and its solution follow in the course of historical development from
the problem and its solution attended by (cyclical) development of increasingly sophisticated and
powerful (self)consciousness. Let us begin with the problem of (self)consciousness, which appears in part
as enhanced ability of the declarative memory system to accurately encode the nature of human behavior,
self and other. This encoding first takes the form of the narrative, or myth, which, as stated previously, is
semantic use of episodic representation of procedural wisdom. Semantic analysis of narrative criticism537
allows for derivation of abstracted moral principles. First-order pure semantic codification of the morality
implicit in behavior, and then in episodic/semantic (narrative or mythic) representation, appears to take the
form of the list. A list of laws of moral rules straightforwardly and simply defines what constitutes
acceptable behavior and what does not. An explicit list serves as an admirable guide for the adolescent,
emerging from the maternal world. Such a list might be regarded as the most basic form of explicit moral
philosophy.
The list emerges into the narrative of Judeo-Christian consciousness as a consequence of the actions of
the figure of Moses, who serves as law-giver for the Jewish people. Moses has many of the attri butes of the
(typical) mythical hero analogous to that of the supernatural ancestor of the primitive. He is characterized
by endangered birth, for example, and by dual parentage (one set humble, one exalted or divine):
And the king of Egypt spake to the Hebrew midwives, of which the name of the one was Shiprah, and
the name of the other Puah:
And he said, When ye do the office of a midwife to the Hebrew women, and see them upon the stools; if
it be a son, then ye shall kill him538: but if it be a daughter, then she shall live.
But the midwives feared God, and did not as the king of Egypt comanded them, but saved the men
children alive.
And the king of Egypt called for the midwives, and said unto them, Why have ye done this thing, and
saved the men children alive?
And the midwives said unto Pharaoh, Because the Hebrew women are not as the Egyptian women: for
they are lively, and are delivered ere the midwives come in unto them.
Therefore God dealt well with the midwives: and the people mutiplied, and waxed very mighty.
And it came to pass, because the midwives feared God, that he made them houses.
And Pharaoh charged all his people, saying, Every son that is born ye shall cast into the river, and every
daughter ye shall save alive.
And there went a man of the house of Levi, and took to wife a daughter of Levi.
And the woman conceived, and bare a son: and when she saw him that he was a goodly child, she hid
him three months.
And when she could not longer hide him, she took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime
and with pitch, and put the child therein; and she laid it in the flags by the rivers brink.
And his sister stood afar off, to wit what would be done to him.
And the daughter of Pharaoh came down to wash herself at the river; and her maidens walked along by
the rivers side; and when she saw the ark among the flags, she sent her maid to fetch it.
And when she had opened it, she saw the child: and, behold, the babe wept. And she had compassion on
him, and said, This is one of the Hebrews children.
Then said his sister to Pharaohs daughter, Shall I go and call to thee a nurse of the Hebrew women, that
she may nurse the child for thee?
And Pharaohs daughter said to her, Go. And the maid went and called the childs mother. And
Pharaohs daughter said unto her, Take this child away, and nurse it for me, and I will give thee wages.
And the woman took the child, and nursed it.
And the child grew, and she brought him unto Pharaohs daughter, and he became her son. And she
called his name Moses: and she said, Because I drew him out of the water. (Exodus 1:15-22; 2:1-10).

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After Moses reaches adulthood, he rejects his secondary Egyptian heritage, and rejoins the Hebrews in
time, becoming their leader, and leading them away from Egypt and Egyptian servitude (from slavery
under tyranny). He takes them on a heroic journey, from the unbearable and fallen present condition,
through the (purgatorial) desert where they act in accordance with procedures he establishes to (earthly)
paradise itself, the Promised Land of milk and honey. Frye comments:
The Biblical pattern for the purgatorial vision is the Exodus narrative, which is in three major parts.
First is the sojourn in Egypt, the furnace of iron, a world visited by plagues, where the Egyptian desire
to exterminate the Hebrews goes into reverse with the slaughter of the Egyptian firstborn sons. This
episode concludes with the crossing of the Red Sea, the separation of Israel from Egypt, and the
drowning of the Egyptian host. The second episode is the wandering in the wilderness, a labyrinthine
period of lost direction, where one generation has to die off before a new one can enter the Promised
Land (Psalm 95:11). This is one of several features indicating that we are in a world transcending
history, and that it is in the more poetic language of the prophets that the true or symbolic meaning of
Egypt, wilderness and Promised Land emerges more clearly.
The third stage is the entry into the Promised Land, where Moses, personifying the older generation,
dies just outside it. In Christian typology... this means that the law, which Moses symbolizes, cannot
redeem mankind: only his successor Joshua, who bears the same name as Jesus, can invade and conquer
Canaan.539540
Moses is a revolutionary; he teaches his people a new mode of being. This means he revalues their
goals, as well as their means. This process of revolutionary re-adaptation is necessarily preceded by a
period of intense suffering, as the affects released by the new situation fight among themselves, so to speak,
until subdued. The Biblical story portrays this process, dramatically, presenting it in terms of the lengthy
and trying desert sojourn. The provision of heavenly food541 during this time is a hint to the meaning, so
to speak, of the story the interregnum of pain and confusion that precedes the re-establishment or
improvement of stability can only tolerated by those fed on spiritual bread; can only be tolerated by those
who have incorporated sufficient meaning, and have therefore developed wisdom, patience, and faith.
In the course of the exodus, Moses begins to serve as judge for his people he is spontaneously chosen
by them, perhaps on the basis of perceived strength or integration of character, as mediator between
conflicting claims of value; he is forced to determine what was right, or what should be and what was
wrong, or comparatively wrong:
And it came to pass on the morrow, that Moses sat to judge the people: and the people stood by Moses
from the morning unto the evening.
And when Moses father in law saw all that he did to the people, he said, What is this thing that thou
doest to the people? why sittest thou thyself alone, and all the people stand by thee from morning unto
even?
And Moses said unto his father in law, Because the people come unto me to inquire of God:
When they have a matter, they come unto me; and I judge between one and another, and I do make them
know the statutes of God, and his laws. (Exodus 18: 13-16).
Adoption of such a role entails (voluntary) acceptance of tremendous intrapsychic strain strain
associated with necessity of constant, demanding moral judgment (establishment of hierarchical order,
resultant of intrapsychic Darwinian struggle of abstracted values) and, when the ability is there,
consequent generation of compensatory adaptive activity. In the (mythic) case of Moses, such activity took
the form of translation translation of moral principles from procedure, and narrative representation
thereof, into an abstract semantic code. This act of translation comprised a tremendous leap forward, a
qualitative shift in human cognition regardless of whether it was actually undertaken by Moses, or by any
number of individuals, over hundreds of years (a flash in time, nonetheless, from the evolutionary
perspective), and conflated into a single event, by the socially-mediated process of mythological
memory. The emergence of moral knowledge in explicit semantic form (as opposed to its implicit
representation in narrative) appears represented in mythology as brought about by revelation. This

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revelation is reception of knowledge from a higher source in this case, from the episodic to the
semantic memory systems from the mysterious domain of imagination to the concrete word.
Generation (disinhibition, more accurately) of overwhelming affect will necessarily characterize
transitions in cognitive ability of this magnitude; generation akin to that accompanying the insight
phenomena typical of creative (or psycho therapeutic) endeavor. This might be considered a consequence of
initial (temporary) establishment of intrapsychic integration establishment of isormorphism or
concordance between the procedural, episodic and semantic memory systems and recognition of the
manifold possibilities (the hitherto unforeseeen redemptive opportunities) thereby released. This means
the first discovery of a new categorization system means immediate apprehension of the broad potential
utility of those things newly comprehended (means understanding of their refreshed promise). This first
discovery Eureka! is the positive aspect of the voluntary renovelization of experience. Thus after
Moses returns to the Israelites, after meeting God on Mount Sinai for the last time, he is so affected his
appearance is rendered intolerable to his compatriots:
And he was there with the Lord forty days and forty nights; he did neither eat bread, nor drink water.
And he wrote upon the tables the words of the covenant, the ten commandments. And it came to pass,
when Moses came down from mount Sinai with the two tables of testimony in Moses hand, when he
came down from the mount, that Moses wist not that the skin of his face shone while he talked with him.
And when Aaron and all the children of Israel saw Moses, behold, the skin of his face shown, and they
were afraid to come nigh him.
And Moses called unto them; and Aaron and all the rules of the congregation returned unto him: and
Moses talked with them.
And afterward all the children of Israel came nigh: and he gave them in commandment all that the Lord
had spoken with him in Mount Sinai. (Exodus 34:29-32).
This shining face is mythic (semantic/episodic) equation of the individual with solar power; symbolic of
illumination, enlightenment, momentary transfiguration into eternal representative of the gods. Moses
transforms what had previously been custom, embedded in behavior, represented in myth, into an explicit
semantic code. This great leap forward, undertaken by Moses, places him temporarily into the company
of God. The Decalogue is the single most fundamental subset of the new code:
Thou shalt have no other gods before me.
Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or
that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth:
Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them nor serve them: for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God,
visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that
hate me.
And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments.
Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain; for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that
taketh his name in vain.
Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy.
Six days shalt thou labor, and do all thy work:
But the seventh day is the sabbath of the Lord thy God: In it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy
son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy castle, nor thy stranger that is within
thy gates:
For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh
day: wherefore the Lord blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it542.
Honour thy father and thy mother.
Thou shalt not kill.
Thou shalt not commit adultery.
Thou shalt not steal.
Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.

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Thou shalt not covet thy neighbours house, thou shalt not covet they neighbours wife, nor his
manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbours. (Exodus
20:3-20:17).
Codification of tradition is necessarily dependent upon existence of tradition established adaptive
behavior, and secondary representation thereof. The knowledge embodied in such tradition exists as a
consequence of evolutionary pressure, so to speak, operating primarily (in the literal sense) at the level of
interpersonal action, and is only secondarily, lately, translated up the hierarchy of consciousness to
representation. This means that evolution proceeds at least as often (and, generally, more profoundly) from
behavior to representation (episodic and semantic) from adaptive action and mythic portrayal thereof (all
true art included) to abstract verbal knowledge as from representation to behavior.543 544 545
Translation of tradition into law makes verbally abstract what had previously been, at best, encoded in
image makes the morality of the culture and the moral individual conscious for the first time. This act
of transformation constitutes the culminating act of centuries of abstract adaptive endeavor and increasing
consciousnesses, emerging in a qualitative shift of cognitive sophistication, in the intrapsychic activity of a
mythologized cultural hero, whose actions are identified by the story with heavenly attri butes, to signify
the import (and intrapsychic locale and source546) of the revolutionary occurrence. Nietzsche states:
Great men, like great epochs, are explosive material in whom tremendous energy has been
accumulated; their prerequisite has always been, historically and physiologically, that a protracted
assembling, accumulating, economizing and preserving has preceded them that there has been no
explosion for a long time. If the tension in the mass has grown too great the merest accidental stimulus
suffices to call the genius, the deed, the great destiny, into the world.547
The moral presumptions of a society emerge first in procedural form, as a consequence of individual
exploratory activity, which is the process that generates novel behavioral patterns. These behavioral
patterns are then hierarchically structured as a consequence of quasi-Darwinian competition, in accordance
with the constraints noted previously (appeal to imagination, self-sustenance, etc.). The episodic memory
systems map procedure, and outcome thereof, and thereby come to contain similar paradigmatic structure
imagistically, and then more purely semantically. Over time, the unknown, nature, thereby comes to be
represented mythically as the affectively bivalent Great Mother, simultaneously creative and destructive.
The known, culture, becomes the Great Father, tyrant and wise king, authoritarian and protective
personality, adapted to the unknown. The knower, man, becomes the hostile mythic brothers, sons of
convention, hero and antihero, Christ and Satan eternal generator and destroyer of history and tradition.
Semantic cognition, feeding on narrative the bridge between the episode and the pure verbal abstraction
derives rules from behavior. Application of the rules alters the environment, including procedural and
episodic representations thereof. Thus the cycle continues.
Culture serves to protect the individual against the consequences of his or her vulnerability (at least in its
positive aspect); but the price paid for absolute security is freedom and individuality, and therefore,
creativity. Sacrifice of individual creativity, by choice, eventually deprives life of pleasure, of meaning
but not of anxiety or pain and therefore renders life unbearable. Civilized or historical homo sapiens
grows up within a structured canon of principles implicitly and explicitly posited and held as absolute by
the majority of individuals within his or her civilization. In return for this legacy, which is in fact the sum
total of the efforts of mankind over thousands of years, the individual is moulded and shaped, and can
therefore survive independently; but all this shaping is not purely beneficial. It is an unhappy fact that the
intrinsically rewarding, implicitly interesting activities associated with individual heroism often come to
pose a threat to the established structure of the group.
The Great Father, positive aspect of history, protects man from the Terrible Mother. He is civilized
order, education and wisdom embodied, and represented; is the abstracted and integrated personification of
all those heroes who have come before and left their mark on the (cultural) behavior of the species. He is
ritual model for emulation Good King, Wise Judge, man of Courage, of Action, of Art, of Thought.
Insofar as he represents particular, specific patterns of action, however, he is the enemy of possibility, of
life in the present itself, of the hero and is therefore, necessarily, captor of the spirit, embodiment of the
Tyrant, the Bureaucrat. This is history as the Terrible Father, dead weight of the past, crushing mass of

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narrow, bigoted, ill-informed opinion and popular prejudice. This is the force that oppresses the Good
Mother, the creative aspect of life itself. The Terrible Father opposes anything new, anything that threatens
his integral structure and absolute dominance. Identification of the well-adapted man with his culture
means that as history becomes established, in counterposition to the force that nature represents, the
creative hero has to battle public opinion [composed, when ideological, of contemporary slogans (sluaghghairms: battle cries of the dead)] as well as the forces of the natural unknown. The hero is an enemy of
the historically-determined structure of values and assumptions, because he may have to re-order that
structure, to deal with what still remains unknown, and not merely add to or maintain it. In that process of
re-ordering, unfortunately, he risks exposing himself and all those well-adapted men who identify with and
maintain that culture to the terrible forces of the unknown to mortal anxiety and dread, to fear of the void,
to terror of insanity, physical destruction, and annihilation.
These ideas are dramatically presented in Dostoevskis The Grand Inquisitor. Ivan, tormented atheist,
tells a story he has invented to his religiously-minded younger brother, Alyosha, a novice at the local
monastery. Christ returns to earth, to Seville, during the time of the Spanish inquisition:
He came unobserved and moved about silently but, strangely enough, those who saw Him recognized
Him at once. This might, perhaps, be the best part of my poem if I could explain what made them
recognize Him... People are drawn to Him by an irresistible force, they gather around Him, follow Him,
and soon there is a crowd. He walks among them in silence, a gentle smile of infinite compassion on His
lips. The sun of love burns in His heart; light, understanding, and spiritual power flow from His eyes and
set peoples hearts vibrating with love for Him. He holds His hands out to them, blesses them, and just
from touching Him, or even His clothes, comes a healing power. An old man who has been blind from
childhood suddenly cries out to Him: Cure me, oh Lord, so that I may see You too! And it is as if
scales had fallen from his eyes, and the blind man sees Him. People weep and kiss the ground on which
He walks. Children scatter flowers in His path and cry out to Him, Hosannah! It is He, He Himself!
people keep saying. Who else could it be! He stops on the steps of the cathedral of Seville at a moment
when a small white coffin is carried into the church by weeping bearers. In it lies a girl of seven, the
only daughter of a prominent man. She lies there amidst flowers. He will raise your child from the
dead! people shout to the weeping mother. The priest, who has come out of the cathedral to meet the
procession, looks perplexed and frowns. But now the mother of the dead child throws herself at His feet,
wailing, If it is truly You, give me back my child! and she stretches out her hands to Him. The procession stops. They put the coffin down at His feet. He looks down with compassion, His lips form the
words Talitha cumi arise, maiden and the maiden arises. The little girl sits up in her coffin, opens
her little eyes, looks around in surprise, and smiles. She holds the white roses that had been placed in her
hand when they had laid her in the coffin. There is confusion among the people, shouting and weeping.
Just at that moment, the Cardinal, the Grand Inquisitor himself, crosses the cathedral square. He is a
man of almost ninety, tall and erect. His face is drawn, his eyes are sunken, but they still glow as though
a spark smoldered in them. Oh, now he is not wearing his magnificent cardinals robes in which he
paraded before the crowds the day before, when they were burning the enemies of the Roman Church;
no, today he is wearing just the coarse cassock of an ordinary monk. He is followed by his grisly
assistants, his slaves, his holy guard. He sees the crowd gathered, stops, and watches from a distance.
He sees everything: the placing of the coffin at His feet and the girl rising from it. His face darkens. He
knits his thick white brows; his eyes flash with an ominous fire. He points his finger and orders his
guards to seize Him.
The Grand Inquisitors power is so great and the people are so submissive and tremblingly obedient
to him that they immediately open up a passage for the guards. A death-like silence descends upon the
square and in that silence the guards lay hands on Him and lead Him away.
Then everyone in the crowd, to a man, prostrates himself before the Grand Inquisitor. The old man
blesses them in silence and passes on.
The guards take their prisoner to an old building of the Holy Inquisition and lock Him up there in a
dark, narrow, vaulted prison cell. The day declines and is replaced by the stifling, black Southern night
of Seville. The air is fragrant with laurel and lemon.

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Suddenly, in the complete darkness, the iron gate of the cell opens and there stands the Grand
Inquisitor himself, holding a light in his hand. The old man enters the cell alone and, when he is inside,
the door closes behind him. He stops and for a long time one or even two m Inutes he looks at Him.
At last he sets the light down on the table and says: You? Is it really You? Receiving no answer, he
continues in great haste:
You need not answer me. Say nothing. I know only too we II what You could tell me now. Besides,
You have no right to add anything to what You said before. Why did You come here, to interfere and
make things difficult for us? For You came to interfere You know it. But shall I tell You what will
happen tomorrow? Well, I do not know who You really are, nor do I want to know whether You are
really He or just a likeness of Him, but no later than tomorrow I shall pronounce You the wickedest of
all heretics and sentence You to be burned at the stake, and the very people who today were kissing
Your feet will tomorrow, at a sign of my hand, hasten to Your stake to rake the coals. Dont You know
it? Oh yes, I suppose You do, he added, deeply immersed in thought, his eyes fixed for a moment on
his prisoner.548
Despite his tyrannical actions, the Inquisitor feels compelled to justify his actions before Christ:
Your great prophet had a vision and told us in an allegory that he had seen all those who were in the
first resurrection and that there were twelve thousand of them from each tribe. But if there were so
many, they must have been gods rather than men. They bore Your cross, they endured years and years of
hunger in a barren wilderness, living on roots and locusts and of course, You can point proudly at
these children of freedom, at their freely given love, and at their magnificent suffering for Your sake.
Remember, though, there were only a few thousand of them, and even these were gods rather than men.
But what about the rest? Why should the rest of mankind, the weak ones, suffer because they are unable
to stand what the strong ones can? Why is it the fault of a weak soul if it he cannot live up to such
terrifying gifts? Can it really be true that You came only for the chosen few? If that is so, it is a mystery
that we cannot understand; and if it is a mystery, we have the right to preach to man that what matters is
not freedom of choice or love, but a mystery that he must worship blindly, even at the expense of his
conscience. And that is exactly what we have done. We have corrected your Work and have now
founded it on miracle, mystery and authority. And men rejoice at being led like cattle again, with the
terrible gift of freedom that brought them so much suffering removed from them. Tell me, were we right
in preaching and acting as we did? Was it not our love for men that made us resign ourselves to the idea
of their impotence and lovingly try to lighten the burden of their responsibility, even allowing their weak
nature to sin, but with our permission? Why have You come to interfere with our work?549
The old priest explains what historical role the institution of the church has played, and why and to
provide rationale for the necessity of the impending recrucifixion:
And we, who have taken their sins upon us to give them happiness, will stand up and say to You:
Judge us if You can and if You dare! Know that I am not afraid of You; know that I, too, lived in the
wilderness, fed upon roots and locusts, that I, too, blessed the freedom which You bestowed upon men,
and that I, too, was prepared to take my place among the strong chosen ones, aspiring to be counted
among them. But I came to my senses and refused to serve a mad cause. I turned away and joined those
who were endeavoring to correct Your work. I left the proud and turned to the meek, for the happiness
of the meek. What I have told You will happen and our kingdom will come. I repeat, tomorrow You will
see obedient herds, at the first sign from me, hurry to heap coals on the fire beneath the stake at which I
shall have You burned, because, by coming here, You have made our task more difficult. For if anyone
has ever deserved our fire, it is You, and I shall have You burned tomorrow. Dixi!550
The story takes an unexpected twist just prior to its conclusion a twist which illustrates Dostoevskys
genius, and his capacity to leap beyond the ideologically and easily obvious. Ivan says:
The Grand Inquisitor falls silent and waits for some time for the prisoner to answer. The prisoners
silence has weighed on him. He has watched Him; He listened to him intently, looking gently into his
eyes, and apparently unwilling to speak. The old man longs for Him to say something, however painful
and terrifying. But instead, He suddenly goes over to the old man and kisses him gently on his old,

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bloodless lips. And that is his only answer. The old man is startled and shudders. The corners of his lips
seem to quiver slightly. He walks to the door, opens it, and says to Him, Go now, and do not come
back... ever. You must never, never, come again! And he lets the prisoner out into the dark streets of the
city. The prisoner leaves.551
As William James said: The community stagnates without the impulse of the individual. The impulse dies
away without the sympathy of the community.552
The myths of a culture are its central stories. These stories provide a dramatic record of the historicallypredicated transformation of human intent, and appear to exist as the episodic/semantic embodiment of
historys cumulative effect on action. The mythical narratives that accompany retention of historicallydetermined behavior constitute non-empirical episodic representation of that behavior and its method of
establishment. Myth is purpose, coded in episodic memory. Mythic truth is information, derived from past
experience derived from past observation of behavior relevant from the perspective of fundamental
motivation and affect. Myth simultaneously provides a record of historical essential, in terms of behavior,
and programs those historical essentials. Narrative provides semantic description of action in image, backtranslatable into imaginary episodic events, capable of eliciting imitative behavior. Mythic narrative offers
dramatic presentation of morality, which is the study of what should be. Such narrative concerns itself with
the meaning of the past, with the implications of past existence for current and future activity. This
meaning constitutes the ground for the organization of behavior.
Mythic drama, which plays out the exploits of exceptional individuals, appears devoted towards
explication of a generally applicable pattern of adaptation. This archetypal model serves to aid in the
generation of all situation-specific individual behaviors. Myth evolves towards declarable description of a
procedural schema capable of underlying construction of all complex culturally-determined hierarchies of
specific behavior. This schematic pattern matches the innate, instinctual, neuropsychologically-predicated
individual potential for creative exploratory behavior indeed, has been constructed in the course of
historical observation of that potential in action. The expression of this potential throughout history
provides for the creation of specific environmentally-appropriate social contexts, procedural and episodic,
which promote development of the innate capacities of the individual, protect from danger, offer hope, and
inhibit existential fear.
A ring of ancestral spirits, invisible and unknown, surrounds the modern individual, and protects him or
her magically from darkness and chaos. When this ring is broken when the principles these spirits
represent become subject to critical evaluation, to the onslaught of other forms of heroism, to other
ideologies, or to the weight of individual experience knowledge itself loses context, and the known
reverts to the unknown. This does not mean that the Terrible Mother herself sleeps under human
consciousness; it means rather that the reasons for her existence thousands of years ago are still
sufficient reasons today. It is not a question of racial memory, transmitted by Lamarckian means, but of the
proclivity to experience similarly under similar conditions. These conditions arise eternally when the
protective veil of culture is pierced.
History protects man against overwhelming material and spiritual onslaught. It performs this function by
providing a framework of meaning for those enmeshed within it. History, conceived of in this manner,
comprises those a priori assumptions all cultures base themselves on, which guide the action of individuals,
enraptured by the spirit of the times. This framework of meaning is by necessity predicated upon various
articles of faith and can be described in its totality as a myth (although it also precedes myth). The highest
levels of myth provide man with the capacity to attri bute meaning to or to discover meaning within the
tragedy of each individual human life, forever blessed and cursed by society, forever threatened and
redeemed by the unknown. To live, at this mythic level rather than to hide means the possibility of
reaching and perhaps exceeding the highest stage of consciousness yet attained or conceptualized, by a
particular culture. This mythic life is symbolically represented by the savior the individual who embodies
the essential aspects of the mythological drama. In the Western tradition, for better or worse, like it or not
that individual is Christ. Frye states:
The significance of the life of Jesus is often thought of as a legal significance, consisting in a life of
perfect morality, or total conformity to a code of right action. But if we think of his significance as

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prophetic rather than legal, his real significance is that of being the one figure in history whom no
organized human society could possibly put up with. The society that rejected him represented all
societies: those responsible for his death were not the Romans or the Jews or whoever happened to be
around at the time, but the whole of mankind down to ourselves and doubtless far beyond. It is
expedient that one man die for the people, said Caiphas (John 18:14), and there has never been a human
society that has not agreed with him.
What primarily distinguishes Christianity (and Judaism) from most Oriental religions, it seems to me,
is this revolutionary and prophetic element of confrontation with society. This element gives meaning
and shape to history by presenting it with a dialectical meaning. From this point of view, the root of evil
in human life cannot be adequately described as ignorance, or the cure for it correctly described as
enlightenment. The record of human cruelty and folly is too hideous for anything but the sense of a
corrupted will to come near a diagnosis. Hence Jesus was not simply the compassionate Jesus as Buddha
was the compassionate Buddha. His work, though it includes teaching the ways of enlightenment, does
not stop there, but goes through a martyrdom and a descent into death. Two implications here are of
especial importance for our present purpose. One, a specifically historical situation is latent in any
enlightenment: man has to fight his way out of history and not simply awaken from it. Two, the ability
to absorb a complete individual is, so far, beyond the capacity of any society, including those that call
themselves Christian.553
Myth has come to encapsulate and express the essential nature of the exploratory, creative,
communicative psyche, as manifested in behavior, as a consequence of observation and re-representation of
that behavior, in the temporally summed historically-determined manner beginning with imitation and
ending with verbal abstraction. To what end are all behaviors (and representations of those behaviors)
archetypally subjugated? Towards establishment of a state a spiritual kingdom that allows the
behavioral processes that transform and establish morality to flourish. Historical cultures, after all at least
those expressly open to change organize behavior such that the self and the other are treated, in the ideal
(implicit or explicit) with respect due the mediator of order and chaos. Moral action towards other and self
therefore constitutes an as if statement, from the perspective of the semantic system: the moral individual
treats himself and others as if recognizing, respecting and paying homage to the ultimate source of
creative adaptation (the ultimate source of the world). Such behavior unconsciously assumes identity
between the individual and the savior the archetypal redeemer, the culture-bearer, the divine hero. This is
organization of incorporated behavior in accordance with recognition of the source of incorporated
behavior. Establishment of such organization, however, poses threat to morality predicated strictly upon
adherence to tradition.
Heroic behavior compels imitation a hero, by definition, serves as a model for emulation. The
behavior of the culture-bearer, the archetypal hero, constitutes embodiment of an elaborate procedural
(moral) code. This code is the end result of an evolutionary process, consisting of the establishment of
creative behaviors, in the course of heroic endeavor, their subsequent communication in imitation and its
abstract forms, and their integration, over time, into a consistent pattern of behavior, whose nature and
expression constitutes the cultural character. This cultural character is the central personality of the
healthy individual, embodied in procedure; secondarily represented in episodic and semantic memory.
Ideally, this character tends towards harmonious balance between tradition and adaptation, and the needs of
self and other. It is the constant attempt to accurately represent such character that constitutes the goal of
the myth of man.
As history progresses, becomes more conscious and differentiated or, more accurately, as the
presuppositions underlying adaptive social behavior become more and more accurately abstractly
formulated (more declarative) society moves from conceptualization of the consequences or productions
of heroism as the ideal towards which behavior is to be devoted towards conceptualization of the act of
heroism itself as such an ideal. This is movement from product to process. This transformation in
conceptualization is presented in dramatic form in the Western tradition in the New Testaments
description of the passion of Christ, which dramatically presents the process and consequences of
revolutionary restructuring of the axioms of Western morality.
Christ has long been considered implicitly contained in the Old Testament. Frye comments:

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For Paul, Christ was mainly the concealed hero of the Old Testament story and the post-Easter Christ
of the resurrection. The Gospels present Christ in a form that fits this pre-Gospel conception of him: not
in a biographical form but as a discontinuous sequence of appearances in which Jesus comments on the
Old Testament as a series of past events, laws and images coming permanently alive in the Messianic
context, and body, which he supplies.554
What this means, at the most fundamental level of analysis, is that the pattern of action, imagination and
thought that Christ represents is necessarily there in any narrative or mythology, sufficiently compelling
to embed itself in memory. The reasons for this implicit existence are clear, in a sense: Christ embodies the
hero, grounded in tradition, who is narrative depiction of the basis for successful individual and social
adaptation itself. As the Word, made flesh (John 1:14) there in the beginning (John 1:1), he represents,
simultaneously, the power that divides order from chaos, and tradition rendered spiritual, abstract,
declarative, semantic. His manner of being is that which moves morality itself from rule of law to rule of
spirit, which means process. Spirit is process, simultaneously opposed to and responsible for generating
static being. Frye states:
... we are told in the New Testament itself that the mysteries of faith have to be spiritually discerned
(I Corinthians 2:14). This is in a passage where Paul is contrasting the letter, which he says killeth,
with the spirit that giveth life.555

What SHOULD BE:
The Ideal Future

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What SHOULD BE:
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THE VOID:
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Figure 60: The Emergence of Christ from Group Identity and Chaos
This idea is represented schematically in Figure 60: The Emergence of Christ from Group Identity and
Chaos, which also portrays the Christian story of man.

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For Christ, God is not the God of the dead, but of the living. (Matthew 22:32). He pushes morality
beyond strict reliance on codified tradition the explicit Law of Moses not because such tradition was
unnecessary, but because it was (and is) necessarily and eternally insufficient. Christ states:
For I say unto you, That except your righteousness exceed the righteousness of the scribes and the
Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven. (Matthew 5:20).
but also
Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.
(Matthew 5: 17).
This means that identification with tradition is insufficient; that tradition cannot thereby be regarded as
useless, but more in the light of a developmental precursor; and, finally that the process that regenerates
tradition is somehow implicitly contained and promoted in tradition itself.
The role of Christ, who redeems culture from enslavement to the law, is prefigured at the end of Exodus,
in the sequence including and continuing after the death of Moses (as discussed previously). Christ, in fact,
appears as a second Moses, who offers a spiritual (intrapsychic) kingdom as the final version of the land
promised to the Israelites by God. 556 He is apparently granted the authority to make such an offer with the
explicit collaboration of Moses, even granted such power, like Moses, on high ( as befits a solar deity):
And after six days Jesus taketh Peter, James, and John his brother, and bringeth them up into an high
mountain apart,
And was transfigured before them: and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the
light.
And, behold, there appeared unto them Moses and Elias talking with him.
Then answered Peter, and said unto Jesus, Lord, it is good for us to be here: if thou wilt, let us make
here three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias.
While he yet spake, behold, a bright cloud overshadowed them: and behold a voice out of the cloud,
which said, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased; hear ye him.
And when the disciples heard it, they fell on their face, and were sore afraid. (Matthew 17:1-9).
Like Moses, as well, Christ delivers his most famous address (which Frye interprets as a long
commentary on the Decalogue) on a mountaintop. Frye notes that the Law of Moses is based upon
prohibition, description of what is forbidden: Thou shalt not. By contrast, Christs message is more in the
manner of exhortation, description of active good: Thou shalt....557 This transformation is predicated upon
development of heightened moral consciousness. In the beginning, for a soul steeped in sin, so to speak, it
is an easier matter to identify what is evidently dangerous, what should obviously be brought under control.
Once a certain clarity of spirit is attained, as a consequence of conscientious, disciplined adherence to
tradition, it becomes possible to determine what the good is, what should be done rather than merely what
should not. This contrast also serves as analogue to the relationship between adolescent and adult morality:
strict group identity appropriately socializes the no- longer-properly-dependent child, and allows him or her
to make the leap from infancy to adulthood. The capacity to act in a disciplined manner which means, to
follow the rules is a necessary precondition to adult flexibility, but should not be confused with truly
adult morality, which is the capacity to produce new sets of rules, with (updated) adaptive utility. This is
also not to say, idiotically, that Jewish morality is adolescent, and Christian adult. Examples of
prophetic antagonism to tyrannical order abound in the Old Testament, as we have seen.558 The contrast
is rather between the dogmatic and rigid and the creative and responsible within creeds, and not between
the adherents of different creeds.
Development of the list of law the moral wisdom of the past, cast in stone makes the extant
procedural and episodic cultural structure explicitly conscious for the first time. The simplicity of the list
makes it easily memorable, and accessible as a shared point of reference. The benefits of its abstraction
communicability and potential for rapid generalization makes it a potent force for the establishment and
continuation of order. The list is nonetheless characterized by the presence of profound intrinsic structural
limitations. It is of insufficient complexity to truly represent the nature of procedural morality (which is

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hierarchically organized, in a mutable and context-dependent fashion). It is unable to address suffering
produced by conflict of duty to define acceptable behavior when the situation compels conflicting
behavioral response (when one listed moral prerequisite conflicts with another). The establishment of fixed
law also limits capacity for judgment and choice, restricting adaptive flexibility, often dangerously, when
environmental alteration makes such flexibility necessary:
Beware that no one lead you astray, saying, Lo here! or Lo there! For the Son of Man is within you.
Follow after him.
Those who seek him will find him.
Go then and preach the gospel of the kingdom.
Do not lay down any rules beyond what I appointed for you, and do not give a law like the lawgiver lest
you be constrained by it. 559 560
As a consequence of its intrinsic limitations, the list, which states what must not be, must give way, once
fulfilled, to establishment of a more abstract form of moral order, predicated upon more flexible principle
which suggests what should be.
Descriptions of Christs attempts to transcend the (dangerous yet necessary) limitations upon behavior
imposed by adherence to the letter of the law take the form of narrative about paradox. It might be said
that Christ presents (or is presented with) a series of Gordian knots moral dilemmas which emerge as an
inevitable consequence of the structure of the list of laws. He plays a deadly serious game with the
temporal representatives of then-traditional order, represented in the New Testament in the form of
Pharisees and scribes, teasing them into koan-like conundrums, which emerge as a consequence of their
own beliefs:
And it came to pass on the second sabbath after the first, that he went through the corn fields; and his
disciples did eat, rubbing them in their hands.
And certain of the Pharisees said unto them, Why do ye that which is not lawful to do on the sabbath
days?561
And Jesus answering them said, Have ye not read so much as this, what David did, when himself was an
hungred, and they which were with him;
How he went into the house of God, and did take and eat the shewbread, and gave also to them that were
with him; which it is not lawful to eat but for the priests alone?562
And he said unto them, That the Son of man is Lord also of the sabbath.
And it came to pass also on another sabbath, that he entered into the synagogue and taught: and there
was a man whose right hand was withered.
And the scribes and Pharisees watched him, whether he would heal on the sabbath day; that they might
find an accusation against him.
But he knew their thoughts, and said to the man which had the withered hand, Rise up, and stand forth in
the midst. And he arose and stood forth.
Then said Jesus unto them, I will ask you one thing: Is it lawful on the sabbath days to do good, or to do
evil? to save life, or to destroy it?
And looking round upon them all, he said unto the man, Stretch forth thy hand. And he did so: and his
hand was restored whole as the other.
And they were filled with madness; and communed one with another what they might do to Jesus. (Luke
6:1-11).
Similarly:
And it came to pass, as he went into the house of one of the chief Pharisees to eat bread on the sabbath
day, that they watched him.
And, behold, there was a certain man before him which had the dropsy.
And Jesus answering spake unto the lawyers and Pharisees, saying, Is it lawful to heal on the sabbath
day?
And they held their peace. And he took him, and healed him, and let him go;

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And answered them, saying, Which of you shall have an ass or an ox fallen into a pit, and will not
straightway pull him out on the sabbath day?
And they could not answer him these things. (Luke 14: 1-6).
Also:
And as Jesus passed by, he saw a man which was blind from his birth.
And his disciples asked him, saying, Master, who did sin, this man, or his parents, that he was born
blind?
Jesus answered, Neither hath this man sinned, nor his parents: but that the works of God should be made
manifest in him.
I must work the works of him that sent me, while it is day: the night cometh, when no man can work.
As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world.
When he had thus spoken, he spat on the ground, and made clay of the spittle, and he annointed the eyes
of the blind man with the clay.
And said unto him, Go, wash in the pool of Siloam (which is by interpretation Sent.) He went his way
therefore, and washed, and came seeing.
The neighbours therefore, and they which had seen him that he was blind, said, Is not this he that sat and
begged?
Some said, This is he: others said, He is like him: but he said, I am he.
Therefore they said unto him, How were thine eyes opened? He answered and said, A man that is called
Jesus made clay, and annointed mine eyes, and said unto me, Go to the pool of Siloam, and wash: and I
went and washed, and I received sight.
Then said they unto him, Where is he? He said, I know not.
They brought to the Pharisees him that aforetime was blind.
And it was the sabbath day when Jesus made the clay, and opened his eyes.
Then again the Pharisees also asked him how he had received his sight. He said unto them, He put clay
upon mine eyes, and I washed, and do see.
Therefore said some of the Pharisees, This man is not of God, because he keepeth not the Sabbath day.
Others said, How can a man that is a sinner do such miracles? And there was a division among them.
They say unto the blind man again, What sayest thou of him, that he hath opened thine eyes? He said,
He is a prophet.
But the Jews did not believe concerning him, that he had been blind, and received his sight, until they
called the parents of him that had received his sight.
And they asked them, saying, Is this your son, who ye say was born blind? how then doth he now see?
His parents answered them and said, We know that this is our son, and that he was born blind.
But by what means he now seeth, we know not; or who hath opened his eyes, we know not: he is of age;
ask him: he shall speak for himself.
These words spake his parents, because they feared the Jews: for the Jews had agreed already, that if any
man did confess that he was Christ, he should be put out of the synagogue.
Therefore said his parents, He is of age; ask him.
Then again called they the man that was blind, and said unto him, Give God the praise: we know that
this man is a sinner.
He answered and said, Whether he is a sinner or no, I know not: one thing I know, that, whereas I was
blind, now I see.
Then said they to him again, What did he to thee? how opened he thine eyes?
He answered them, I have told you already, and ye did not hear: wherefore would ye hear it again? will
ye also be his disciples?
Then they reviled him, and said, Thou art his disciple; but we are Moses disciples.
We know that God spake unto Moses: as for this fellow, we know not from whence he is. (John 9:1-29).
Also:
Then came together unto him the Pharisees, and certain of the scribes, which came from Jerusalem,

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And when they saw some of his disciples eat bread with defiled, that is to say, with unwashen, hands,
they found fault.
For the Pharisees, and all the Jews, except they wash their hands oft, eat not, holding the tradition of the
elders.
And when they come from the market, except they wash, they eat not. And many other things there abe,
which they have received to hold, as the washing of cups, and pots, brasen vessels, and of tables.
Then the Pharisees and scribes asked him, Why walk not thy disciples according to the tradition of the
elders, but eat bread with unwashen hands?
He answered and said unto them, Well hath Esias prophecied of you hypocrites, as it is written, This
people honoureth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me.
Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. (Mark 7: 5-7).
Piaget in what might be regarded as a veritable commentary on these stories differentiates morality
of constraint from morality of cooperation,563 describing the former as a system of rules564 that
affective life makes use of to control behavior:565
... since he takes rules literally and things of good only in terms of obedience, the child will at first
evaluate acts not in accordance with the motive that has prompted them but in terms of their exact
conformity with established rules.566
Piaget associates morality of constraint with an earlier level of cognitive development a level that
nonetheless serves as a necessary precondition for further development. Piaget states: For very young
children, a rule is a sacred reality because it is traditional; for the older ones it depends upon mutual
agreement.567 Joseph Rychlak comments:
Younger children also are much harsher in assigning punishment to those who break the rules. They
seem to want to emphasize the punishment for its own sake, whereas older children use punishment
more to show the transgressor that a bond has been broken between people when a wrongdoing takes
place. Piagets value system considers rule by cooperation a more satisfactory equilibration in human
relations than rule by authority. In order for a rule to work without authority pressures, there must be
feelings of mutual respect among the persons who subscribe to the rule. 568 This necessarily brings
affectivity into considerations of morality. Authoritarian constraint rules through feelings of anxiety and
fear, but when mutual respect exists among people, a morality of cooperation can occur.569
Morality of tradition is not predicated upon the same presumptions as morality of cooperation. Rigid
traditionalists assume that the answer to the question what is the good? can be has been answered
permanently, and concretely, with the list of laws. Such a list is always insufficient, however, for the
purposes of complete adaptation. Lao-Tzu can therefore say, with sufficient justification:
The man who is truly wise and kind
leaves nothing to be done,
but he who only acts
according to his nations law
leaves many things undone.570
Adherents of tradition rely on the attri bution of superhuman value to ancestral figures, and, equally to their
current temporal and spiritual representatives. Those who embrace the morality of cooperation, by contrast,
value the notion of mutual respect which means simultaneous appreciation of equality and mutual
value, among individuals within (and, much more radically, between) social groups.
The behavior of any given social group and, therefore, the value attri buted to phenomena that
constitute the shared territory of the group emerges as a consequence of the necessity of maintaining
balance between opportunity for expression of individual desire and restriction of inter-individual conflict.
Such balance, vital to maintenance of group stability, is established long before the rules governing such
establishment can be modelled in episodic or semantic memory, from the phylo- and onto-genetic
perspectives. Even the simplest social animals erect a dominance hierarchy, and behave as if according to

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principle. It is idiotic to presuppose, however, that simpler animals can abstractly represent either their
behaviors which is to say, form an imagistic model of them in imagination or understand the
principles that govern them. Likewise, socialized children, in complex human societies, embody the
morality of their culture in their behavior long before they are able to abstractly represent or semantically
describe rationale for that morality, and before they can consciously (episodically or semantically)
remember learning how to behave. The same can be said for adults: the existence of morality, that intrinsic
aspect of social behavior, long precedes representation of morality, and rational description of grounds for
its existence. Morality, at its most fundamental level, is an emergent property of social interaction,
embodied in individual behavior, implicit in the value attri buted to objects and situations, grounded
(unconsciously) in procedural knowledge.
Two questions arise naturally from such a discussion: is it possible to abstract out from observation of
social interaction the rules or patterns that characterize such interactions? and, if so what might those
rules be? Primeval group culture determines the nature of social interaction among the members of the
group, and brings general expectation, predictability, to encounters between differentially desirable,
powerful and dangerous individuals in that group. The mere fact of a stable hierarchy implies the existence
of a complex procedural morality (and an implicit system of values). The behavior of social animals, within
a hierarchy, constitutes de facto recognition of complex moral principles, which might be regarded as the
inevitable emergent properties of constant social interaction. It is very dangerous for the entire group if any
of its members engage, routinely, in strenuous physical competition. Exhaustion or outright elimination
of the power of the constituent members of the group means increased risk of attack from outside, and
decreased biological reproductive and abstract creative potential, for the (kin) group as a whole. Physical
competition among social animals, necessary for dominance establishment, generally has a ritualistic
nature, and ends well before serious injury or death. Social animals have developed signals of submission,
for example, which indicate their willingness to end the struggle for power. These signals are generally
respected by the victor. The most powerful member of a given social group may come to dominate that
group at least in some circumstances but the domination takes limited form. Even the most dominant of
animals must act as if as if their expression of power is constrained by recognition of the necessity for
maintenance of the group and the individuals who constitute and sustain it even if those individuals are
all weaker. This constraint, partially manifested in social affection, provides the precondition for the
emergence of complex abstract morality, which originates in innate and socialized procedural knowledge,
which is unconscious in essence that is, nonrepresentational, or undeclarable. It is not too difficult to
recognize in this constraint the moral imperative treat the weak as if they they too are valuable as the
Old Testament prophets insisted or even love thy neighbour even thy enemy as thyself. Consider
Christs first sermon:
And he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up: and, as his custom was, he went into the
synagogue on the sabbath day, and stood up for to read.
And there was delivered unto him the book of the prophet Esasias. And when he had opened the book,
he found the place where it was written,
The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath annointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he
hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to
the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised,
To preach the acceptable year of the Lord.
And he closed the book, and he gave it again to the minister, and sat down. And the eyes of all them that
were in the synagogue were fastened on him.
And he said unto them, This day is the scripture fulfilled in your ears.
And all bare him witness, and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth, And
they said, Is not this Josephs son?
And he said unto them, Ye will surely say unto me this proverb, Physician, heal thyself: whatsoever we
have heard done in Capernaum, do also here in thy country.
And he said, Verily I say unto you, No prophet is accepted in his own country.
But I tell you of a truth, many widows were in Israel in the days of Elias, when the heaven was shut up
three years and six months, when great famine was throughout all the land;

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But unto none of them was Elias sent, save unto Sarepta, a city of Sidon, unto a woman that was a
widow.
And many lepers were in Israel in the time of Eliseus the prophet; and none of them was cleansed,
saving Namaan the Syrian.
And all they in the synagogue, when they heard these things, were filled with wrath,
And rose up, and thrust him out of the city, and led him unto the brow of the hill whereon their city was
built, that they might cast him down headlong.
But he passing through the midst of them went his way,
And came down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee, and taught them on the sabbath days.
And they were astonished at his doctrine: for his word was with power. (Luke 4: 14-32).
also
Then Jesus went hence, and departed into the coasts of Tyre and Sidon.
And, behold, a woman of Canaan came out of the same coasts, and cried unto him, saying, Have mercy
on me, O Lord, thou Son of David; my daughter is grievously vexed with a devil.
But he answered her not a word. And his disciples came and besought him, saying, Send her away; for
she crieth after us.
But he answered and said, I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel.
Then came she and worshipped him, saying, Lord, help me.
But he answered and said, It is not meet to take the childrens bread, and to cast it to dogs.
And she said, Truth, Lord: yet the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their masters table.
Then Jesus answered and said unto here, O woman, great is thy faith: be it unto thee even as thou wilt.
And her daughter was made whole from that hour. (Matthew 15: 21:28).
The kingdom of heaven, as conceived of by Christ, was not only populated by the foreigner an
inclusion sufficiently unacceptable but by all who were deemed superfluous or sinful according to the
terms of prevailing morality: by the prostitute, the tax-collector, the diseased, the insane and, most
radically, by the enemy. This of course did not mean the end of morality did not mean establishment of
an anarchic community where everything was equal, and therefore equally valueless (where the
practising and unrepentant torturer and the au thentic saint share would be worthy of equal distinction) but
the portrayal of a state where the life of the past or the conditions of birth, no matter how wretched, did not
finally determine the value of the present, or the possibilities of the future.
The extremely radical nature of this viewpoint profoundly disturbed the traditionalists in Christs
community. His example served as reproach to their actions; his philosophy, as threat to the integrity of
their most dearly held positions. In consequence, they constantly attempted to trap him into making an
irrevocably criminal or heretic statement. This strategy tended to backfire badly:
Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might entangle him in his talk.
And they sent out unto him their disciples with the Herodians, saying, Master, we know that thou are
true, and teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man: for thou regardest not the
person of men.
Tell us therefore, What thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tri bute unto Caesar, or not?
But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, Why tempt me, ye hypocrites?
Shew me the tri bute money. And they brought unto him a penny.
And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and superscription?
They say unto him, Caesars. Then saith he unto them, Render therefore unto Caesar the things which
are Caesars; and unto God the things that are Gods.
When they heard these words, they marvelled, and left him, and went their way. (Matthew 22:15-22).
also
And as he spake, a certain Pharisee besought him to dine with him: and he went in, and sat down to
meat.
And when the Pharisee saw it, he marvelled that he had not first washed before dinner.

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And the Lord said unto him, Now do ye Pharisees make clean the outside of the cup and the platter; but
your inward part is full of ravening and wickedness.
Ye fools, did not he that made that which is without make that which is within also?
But rather give alms of such things as ye have: and, behold, all things are clean unto you.
But woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye ti the mint and rue and all manner of herbs, and pass over judgment
and the love of God: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.
Woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye love the uppermost seats in the synagogues, and greetings in the
markets.
Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are as graves which appear not, and the men that
walk over them are not aware of them.
Then answered one of the lawyers, and said unto him, Master, thus saying thou reproachest us also.
And he said, Woe unto you also, ye lawyers! for ye lade men with burdens grievous to be borne, and ye
yourselves touch not the burdens with one of your fingers.
Woe unto you! for ye build the sepulchres of the prophets, and your fathers killed them.
Truly ye bear witness that ye allow the deeds of your fathers: for they indeed killed them, and ye build
their sepulchres.
Therefore also said the wisdom of God, I will send them prophets and apostles, and some of them they
shall slay and persecute:
That the blood of all the prophets, which was shed from the foundation of the world, may be required of
this generation;
From the blood of Abel unto the blood of Zacharias, which perished between the alter and the temple:
verily, I say unto you, it shall be required of this generation.
Woe unto you lawyers! for ye have taken away the key of knowledge: ye entered not in yourselves, and
them that were entering in ye hindered.
And as he said these things unto them, the scribes and the Pharisees began to urge him vehemently, and
to provoke him to speak of many things:
Laying wait for him, and seeking to catch something out of his mouth, that they might accuse him.
(Luke 11:33-54)
Christs ability to weave his way through verbal traps inflamed the Pharisees, who attempted, with ever
more sophistry, to corner him once and for all:
Then one of them, which was a lawyer, asked him a question, tempting him, and saying,
Master, which is the great commandment in the law?
Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with
all thy mind.
This is the first and great commandment.
And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.
On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. (Matthew 22:35-40).
The power of this entirely unexpected answer in conjunction with Christs evident mastery of traditional
knowledge (Matthew 22: 42-45) temporarily silenced his critics:
And no man was able to answer him a word, neither durst any man from that day forth ask him any
more questions. (Matthew 22:46).
Christs reply signified transition of morality from reliance on tradition to reliance on individual
conscience from rule of law to rule of spirit from prohibition to exhortation. To love God this means
to listen to the voice of truth,571 and to act in accordance with its messages; to love thy neighbour, as thy
self. This means, not merely to be pleasant, polite and friendly, but to attri bute to the other a value
equivalent to the value of the self which, despite outward appearances, is a representative of God and to
act in consequence of this valuation. This transition means establishment of an active dynamic balance of
competing subjectively-based motivational demands, while maintaining and creatively modifying the social
and natural environment; means fulfillment of personal and interpersonal needs in accordance with meta-

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moral principles, rather than in accordance with the demands of power or dogmatic tradition. Thus, the
process by which tradition is generated in brought into inevitable contrast with tradition itself:
Suppose ye that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you, Nay; but rather division:
For from henceforth there shall be five in one house divided, three against two, and two against three.
The father shall be divided against the son, and the son against the father: the mother against the
daughter, and the daughter against the mother; the mother in law against her daughter in law, and the
daughter in law against her mother in law. (Luke 12: 51-53).
This is most truly death of unthinking adherence to authority, as in the archaic society, the past rules:
In normal times, when culture is stable and the paternal canon remains in force for generations, the
father-son relationship consists in handing down these values to the son and impressing them upon him,
after he has passed the tests of initiation in puberty. Such times, and the psychology that goes with them,
are distinguished by the fact that there is no father-son problem, or only the barest suggestion of one.
We must not be deceived by the different experience of our own extraordinary age. The monotonous
sameness of fathers and sons is the rule in a stable culture. This sameness only means that the paternal
canon of rites and institutions which make the youth an adult and the father an elder holds indisputed
sway, so that the young man undergoes his prescribed transition to adulthood just as naturally as the
father undergoes his to old age.
There is, however, one exception to this, and the exception is the creative individual the hero. As
Barlach says, the hero has to awaken the sleeping images of the future which can come forth from the
night, in order to give the world a new and better face. This necessarily makes him a breaker of the old
law. He is the enemy of the old ruling system, of the old cultural values, and the existing court of
conscience, and so he necessarily comes into conflict with the fathers. In this conflict the inner voice,
the comm and of the transpersonal father or father archetype who wants the world to change, collides
with the personal father who speaks for the old law. We know this conflict best from the Bible story of
Jehovahs comm and to Abraham: Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy
fathers house, unto a land that I will show thee (Genesis 12:1), which the midrash (Bin Gorion, Sagen
der Juden, Vol. II, Die Erzvater, XI) interprets as meaning that Abraham is to destory the gods of his
father. The message of Jesus is only an extension of the same conflict, and it repeats itself in every
revolution. Whether the new picture of God and the world conflicts with an old picture, or with the
personal father, is unimportant, for the father always represents the old order and hence also the old
picture current in his cultural canon.572
What principle is rule of spirit, rather than law, predicated upon? Respect for the innately heroic nature
of man. The unconscious archaic man mimics particular adaptive behaviors integrated, however, into a
procedural structure containing all other adaptive behaviors, capable of compelling imitation, and
accompanied by episodic/semantic representation, in myth. Pre-experimental cultures regard the act of
initial establishment of adaptive behavior as divine first because it follows an archetypal and therefore
transpersonal pattern that governing creative exploration and second because it compels imitation, and
therefore appears possessed of power. All behaviors that change history, and compel imitation, follow the
same pattern that of the divine hero, the embodiment of creative human potential. For the primitive
individual, it is the consequences of such heroism and the particular acts themselves that constitutes the
essence of the past. The process of imitation and abstracted variants thereof, however, allow for the nature
of this essence to be continually clarified until, finally, representation of abstracted but specific heroic
actions give way to representation of the process of heroism, per se. At this point, it becomes possible for
the creative individual to mimic, consciously incarnate, the process of world-redemption itself.
Law is a necessary precondition to salvation, so to speak; necessary, but insufficient. Law provides the
borders that limit chaos, and allows for the protected maturation of the individual. Law disciplines
possibility, and allows the disciplined individual to bring his or her potentialities those intrapsychic spirits
under voluntary control; allows for the application of such potentiality to the task of creative and
courageous existence; allows spiritual water controlled flow into the valley of the shadow of death. Law
held as absolute, by contrast, puts man in the position of the eternal adolescent, dependent upon the father

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for every vital decision; removes the responsibility for action from the individual, and therefore prevents
him or her from discovering the potential grandeur of the soul. Life without law remains chaotic,
affectively intolerable. Life that is pure law becomes sterile, equally unbearable. The domination of chaos
or sterility equally breeds murderous resentment and hatred.
Christ presented the kingdom of heaven (the archetypal goal) as a spiritual kingdom, which is to say, a
psychological, then interpersonal, state. This state differed from the hypothetical promised land described
in the Old Testament in a number of vitally important manners. First, its construction was a matter of
voluntarily chosen alteration in personal attitude and outlook, rather than a culmination of material labour
and natural resource. Second, it was predicated upon revolutionary and paradoxical reconceptualization of
the nature of the goal of paradise itself. Christs life and words as archetypal exemplars of the heroic
manner of being place explicit stress on the process of life, rather than upon its products. The point of a
symphony is not its final note, although it proceeds inexorably to that end. Likewise, the purpose of human
existence is not the establishment of some static, perfect manner of being man would find such perfection
intolerable, as Dostoevsky was at pains to illustrate. Rather, human purpose is generation of the ability to
concentrate on the innately interesting and affectively significant events of the present, with sufficient
consciousness and clarity, to render concern about the past and future unnecessary. Consider the lilies of
the valley says Christ,
how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin:
And yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.
Wherefore, if God so clo the the grass of the field, which to day is, and to morrow is cast into the oven,
shall he not much more clo the you, O ye of little faith?
Therefore take not thought, saying What shall we eat? or, What shall we drink? or, Wherewithal shall
we be clothed?
for your Heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these things.
But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto
you.
Take therefore no thought for the morrow: for the morrow shall take thought for the things of itself.
Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof. (Matthew 6: 28:34).
Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof does not mean live the life of the grasshopper instead of the
ant, sing in the summer and starve in the winter, but concentrate on the task at hand, and respond to
error, when committed. Pay attention, and when your behavior produces a consequence you find
intolerable, modify it no matter what it takes to produce such a modification. Allow consciousness of
your present insufficiency to maintain a constant presence, so that you do not commit the error of pride,
and become unbending, rigid, and dead in spirit. Live in full recognition of your capacity for error and
your capacity to rectify such error. Advance in confidence and faith; do not shrink back, avoiding
inevitable contact with the terrible unknown, to live in a hole that grows smaller and darker.
The significance of the Christian passion is the transformation of the process by which the goal is to be
attained, into the goal itself: the making of the imitation of Christ the duty of every Christian citizen, so
to speak into the embodiment of courageous, truthful individually unique existence:
Then said Jesus unto his disciples, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his
cross, and follow me.
For whosoever will save his life shall lose it; and whosoever will lose his life for my sake shall find it.
For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? or what shall a man
give in exchange for his soul? (Matthew 16:24-26).
Christ said, put truth and regard for the divine in humanity above all else, and everything you need will
follow not everything you think you need, as such thought is fallible, and cannot serve as an accurate
guide; but everything actually necessary, to render acutely (self)conscious life bearable, without protection
of delusion and necessary recourse to deceit, avoidance or suppression, and violence. This idea is presented
in imagistic form in Figure 61: World-Tree of Death and Redemption,573 which portrays the host as the
second fruit of the world-tree. Ingestion of the first fruit produced the fall; ingestion of the second redeems

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those who have fallen. The negative feminine, in the form of Eve, hands out the apple, in the form of a
skull; the positive feminine, in the form of the Church, distributes the wheaten wafers that characterize the
redeemer. The incorporation of Christs mystic body, during the ritual of the mass, is dramatic
representation of the idea that the hero must be incorporated into each individual that everyone must
partake of the essence of the savior.

Figure 61: World-Tree of Death and Redemption
Existence characterized by such essence takes place, from the Oriental viewpoint, on the path of
meaning, in Tao, balanced on the razors edge between mythic masculine and mythic feminine balanced
between the potentially stultifying safety of order, and the inherently destructive possibility of chaos. Such

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existence allows for introduction of sufficiently bearable meaning into blessed security; makes every
individual a stalwart guardian of tradition and an intrepid explorer of the unknown; insures simultaneous
advancement and maintenance of stable, dynamic social existence; and places the individual firmly on the
path to intrapsychic integrity and spiritual peace:
Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him to a wise man,
which built his house upon a rock;
And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell
not: for it was founded upon a rock. (Matthew 7:24-25).
5.3.2. The Alchemical Procedure and the Philosophers Stone
5.3.2.1. Introductory Note
5.3.2.1.1. Part One
The western alchemists followed the scenario, known already in the Hellenistic period, of the four
phases of the process of transmutation: that is, of the procurement of the Philosophers Stone. The first
phase (the nigredo) the regression to the fluid state of matter corresponds to the death of the
alchemist. According to Paracelsus, he who woud enter the Kingdom of God must first enter with his
body into his mother and there die. The mother is the prima materia, the massa confusa, the
abyssus.574 Certain texts emphasize the synchronism between the opus alchymicum and the intimate
experience of the adept. Things are rendered perfect by their similars and that is why the operator must
take part in the operation.575 Transform yourself from dead stones into living philosophers stones,
writes Dorn. According to Gichtel, we not only receive a new soul with this regeneration but also a new
Body. The Body is extracted from the divine word or from the heavenly Sophia. That it is not solely a
question of laboratory operations is proven by the insistence on the virtues and qualities of the
alchemist: the latter must be healthy, humble, patient, chaste; he must be of free spirit and in harmony
with his work; he must both work and meditate.
For our purposes, it will be unnecessary to summarize the other phases of the opus. Let us note,
however, the paradoxical character of the materia prima and of the Philosophers Stone. According to
the alchemists, they both are to be found everywhere, and under all forms; and they are designated by
hundreds of terms. To cite only a text of 1526, the Stone is familiar to all men, both young and old; it is
found in the country, in the village, and in the town, in all things created by God; yet it is despised by
all. Rich and poor handle it every day. It is thrown into the street by servant maids. Children play with it.
Yet no one prizes it, though, next to the human soul, it is the most beautiful and most precious thing
upon earth [and has power to pull down kings and princes. Nevertheless, it is esteemed the vilest and
meanest of earthly things....]576 It is truly a question of a secret language that is at once both the
expression of experiences otherwise intransmissible by the medium of ordinary language, and the
cryptic communication of the hidden meaning of symbols.
The Stone makes possible the identification of opposites.577 It purifies and perfects the metals. It is
the Arabic alchemists who imparted therapeutic virtues to the Stone, and it is through the intermediary
of Arabic alchemy that the concept of the Elixir vitae arrived in the West.578 Roger Bacon speaks of a
medicine which makes the impurities and all the corruptions of the most base metal disappear, and
which can prolong human life for several centuries. According to Arnold of Villanova, the Stone cures
all ills and makes the old young.
As regards the process for the transmutation of metals into gold, attested already in Chinese alchemy,
it accelerates the temporal rhythm and thus contri butes to the work of nature. As is written in the Summa
Perfectionis, an alchemical work of the sixteenth century, what Nature cannot perfect in a vast space of
time we can achieve in a short space of time by our art. The same idea is expounded by Ben Jonson in
his play The Alchemist (Act 2, Scene 2). The alchemist affirms that lead and other metals . . . would be

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gold if they had time; and another character adds: And that our art doth further.579 In other words, the
alchemist substitutes himself for Time.580
The principles of traditional alchemy that is, the growth of minerals, the transmutation of metals,
the Elixir, and the obligation to secrecy were not contested in the period of the Renaissance and the
Reformation.581 However, the horizon of medieval alchemy was modified under the impact of
Neoplatonism and Hermeticism. The certitude that alchemy can second the work of Nature received a
christological significance. The alchemists now affirmed that just as Christ had redeemed humanity by
his death and resurrection, so the opus alchymicum could assure the redemption of Nature. Heinrich
Khunrath, a celebrated Hermeticist of the sixteenth century, identified the Philosophers Stone with
Jesus Christ, the Son of the Macrocosm; he thought besides that the discovery of the Stone would
unveil the true nature of the macrocosm, in the same way that Christ had brought spiritual plenitude to
man that is, to the microcosm. The conviction that the opus alchymicum could save both man and
Nature prolonged the nostalgia for a radical renovatio, a nostalgia which had haunted western
Christianity since Joachim of Floris.582
Carl Jung devoted a tremendous amount of attention to the writings of the alchemists, in the latter part of
his life. These efforts merely added fuel to the fire of those who had branded him eccentric, because of his
interest in the psychology of religion (which is, after all, a fundamental aspect of human psychology and
culture). Even the Pulitzer-Prize winning sociologist Ernest Becker, who was favourably (and critically)
predisposed to the claims of psychoanalytic thought, stated, I cant see that all [Jungs] tomes on alchemy
added one bit to the weight of his psychoanalytic insight.583
Many people some with an outstanding academic reputation have cautioned me against discussing
Jung, warned me about even mentioning his name in the academic context. Most presented this warning
with my best interests, professionally speaking, in mind. I once read a story about Paul Ricoeur, the French
philosopher and literary critic, which may be apocryphal. Someone mentioned the specific relevance of
Jungs work to Ricouers field of inquiry. Ricoeur replied, I havent read Jung. Hes on the Index in
France. This ironical response was, of course, made in reference to the Catholic Index of books a listing
of readings forbidden to devout followers of that creed.
I have never met someone, however, who actually understood what Jung was talking about, and who
was simultaneously able to provide valid criticism of his ideas. Often, Jungs notions are confused with
Freuds insofar as Freuds are understood. Freud himself certainly did not make this error. It was in fact
Freuds apprehension of Jungs profound and irreconcilable differences in thought that led to their
professional and private alienation.584 Jungs ideas are not primarily Freudian. He places little emphasis on
sexuality, or on the role of past trauma in determining present mental state. He rejected the idea of the
Oedipus complex (actually reintrepeted that complex in a much more compelling and complete manner).
He viewed religion, not as mere neurotic defense against anxiety, but as a profoundly important means of
adaptation. It is much more accurate to view him as an intellectual descendent of Goe the and Nietzsche
influenced in his development, to be sure, by the idea of the unconscious than as a Freudian disciple.585
Jung in fact spent much of his life answering and attempting to answer Nietzsches questions about
morality.
Furthermore, Jung was not a mystic. He merely delved into areas that were forbidden, because of their
religious association, to devout scientists and was possessed of sufficient intellect and education to do so.
It is incorrect, and evidence of one-sided thinking, to label him pejoratively. It is incorrect because Jung
was, in fact, an experimental scientist of no small ability, particularly at the beginning of his career. Many
of the word-association tests he helped pioneer are still used extensively, with some technical modifications
(and little recognition of original source), in the fields of cognitive neuroscience and social psychology.
The boxing and filing away of Jung is one-sided because experimental procedure constitutes, at best, one
pole of the bipolar scientific process. A well-designed experiment allows for the testing of ideas, when it is
undertaken properly. However, ideas to test must be generated a truism often overlooked in the course of
modern academic education. It was at this endeavor that Jung excelled. Some might object: his ideas cannot
be tested. But they have been: the card-classification experiment by Jerome Bruner, described
previously,384 provides a classic and striking example (although the results of that experiment have not

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generally been interpreted from the perspective of Jungs thought). Furthermore, one axis of the personality
dichotomy he proposed that of introversion-extraversion has stood up well, appears robust, in the face
of repeated experimental inquiry.586 In addition, the unconscious is clearly full of complexes
although now they go by different names.587 Perhaps we will become sophisticated enough in the future, in
our ability to experiment, and in our understanding of Jungs ideas, to test more of them.
Jung was primarily a physician, which meant that he was concerned with the promotion of mental
health. He believed that such promotion was impossible perhaps even counterproductive in the absence
of comprehension of value, and of the processes by which value is generated. His investigation into the
nature of value led him to consideration of fantasy and myth. The world of value is a world in imagination,
comprised of the internalized result of the historically-determined social contract that provides fixed
determination of affective and motivational significance. Apprehension of this fact led Jung to analysis of
the fantasies generated by his seriously disturbed psychiatric patients, and comparison of these fantasies
which he was unwilling to define, a priori, as meaningless with ideas generated by religious mystics from
a variety of primitive and sophisticated cultures, with a vast body of literary productions in the Eastern
and Western traditions, with imagery generated in dreams (more than 25,000 dreams, by his own estimate),
and by diligent investigation into alchemical symbolism. This cross-cultural and multidisciplinary approach
to the problem of value seems at least empirical, if not experimental and remains eminently reasonable,
in the absence of more appropriate methodology. (In fact, the prominent sociobiologist E.O. Wilson has
recently recommended adoption of such a cross-level analytical procedure, in the guise of consilience
to unite the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities.588)
Jungs ideas particularly his alchemical ideas have been inappropriately, unfairly and dangerously
ignored. They have been ignored because his students were outside the academic mainstream (and
perhaps because they were frequently women). They have been ignored because they present a serious
challenge an absolutely fatal challenge, in my estimation to Freudian psychoanalytic preconceptions.
They have been overlooked because Jung took the frightening and mysterious statements of religion
seriously; presumed that such statements, which guided human adaptation, successfully, for thousands of
years, had some significance, some meaning; have remained unexamined because psychology, the
youngest, most rational, and most deterministic of sciences, is most afraid of religion. They have been
ignored because they are exceptionally difficult to understand, from the conceptual and affective points of
view. What the ideas are is difficult to determine; what they signify, once understood, is emotionally
unacceptable. Jung essentially described the nature of the language of imagination, that ancient process
of narrative, of the episodic memory system which he thought of, fundamentally, as the collective
unconscious. Comprehension of this language is perhaps more difficult than development of fluency in an
foreign language, because such comprehension necessarily and inevitably alters modern moral
presumption. It is this latter point that constitutes the core rationale for dismissal of Jungs ideas. Jung was
no less revolutionary, from the moral perspective, than Martin Luther may reasonably be considered a
figure in the tradition of Luther; furthermore, moral revolution is the most dreadfully uncomfortable of all
intrapsychic and social processes. It is the frightening content of Jungs thought, therefore, that leads most
fundamentally to its rejection.
Jung essentially discovered, in the course of his analysis of alchemy, the nature of the general human
pattern of adaptation, and the characteristic expression of that pattern, in fantasy, and affect. Specific
representation of this pattern, in the narrower domain of scientific endeavor, was outlined much later to
much wider comprehension and academic acclaim by Thomas Kuhn. Jungs student Marie-Louise von
Franz who provided a cogent summary of Jungs complex alchemical ideas states:
If you read the history of the development of chemistry and particularly of physics, you will see that
even... exact natural sciences [such as chemistry and physics] could not, and still cannot, avoid basing
their thought systems on certain hypotheses. In classical physics, up to the end of the 18th century, one
of the working hypotheses, arrived at either unconsciously, or half-consciously, was that space had three
dimensions, an idea which was never questioned. The fact was always accepted, and perspective
drawings of physical events, diagrams, or experiments, were always in accordance with that theory.
Only when this theory is abandoned does one wonder how such a thing could have ever been believed.
How did one come by such an idea? Why were we so caught that nobody ever doubted or even

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discussed the matter? It was accepted as a self-evident fact, but what was at the root of it? Johannes
Kepler, one of the fathers of modern or classical physics, said that naturally space must have three
dimensions because of the Trinity! So our readiness to believe that space has three dimensions is a more
recent offspring of the Christian trinitarian idea.
Further, until now the European scientific mind has been possessed by the idea of causality, an idea
hitherto accepted without question: everything was causal, and the scientific attitude was that
investigations should be made with that premise in mind, for there must be a rational cause for
everything. If something appeared to be irrational, it was believed that its cause was not yet known.
Why were we so dominated by that idea? One of the chief fathers of natural sciences and a great
protagonist of the absoluteness of the idea of causality was the French philosopher Descartes, and he
based his belief on the immutability of God. The doctrine of this immutability of God is on of the
Christian tenets: the Divinity is unchanging, there must be no internal contradictions in God, or new
ideas or conceptions. That is the basis of the idea of causality! From the time of Descartes onwards this
seemed so self-evident to all physicists that there was no question about it. Science had merely to
investigate the causes, and we still believe this. If something falls down then one must find out why
the wind must have blown it, or something like that, and if no reason is discovered I am sure that half of
you will say that we do not yet know the cause, but that there must be one! Our archetypal prejudices are
so strong that one cannot defend oneself against them, they just catch us.
The late physicist, Professor Wolfgang Pauli, frequently demonstrated the extent to which modern
physical sciences are in a way rooted in archetypal ideas. For instance, the idea of causality as
formulated by Descartes is responsible for enormous progress in the investigation of light, of biological
phenomena, and so on, but that thing which promotes knowledge becomes its prison. Great discoveries
in natural sciences are generally due to the appearance of a new archetypal model by which reality can
be described; that usually precedes big developments, for there is now a model which enables a much
fuller explanation than was hitherto possible.
So science has progressed, but still, any model becomes a cage, for if one comes across phenomena
difficult to explain, then instead of being adaptable and saying that the phenomena do not conform to the
model and that a new hypothesis must be found, one clings to ones hypotheses with a kind of emotional
conviction, and cannot be objective. Why shouldnt there be more than three dimensions, why not
investigate and see where we get? But that people could not do.
I remember a very good illustration given by one of Paulis pupils. You know that the theory of ether
played a great role in the 17th and 18th centuries namely, that there was a kind of great air-like
pneuma in the cosmos in which light existed, etc. One day when a physicist at a Congress proved that
the theory of ether was quite unnecessary, an old man with a white beard got up and in a quavering
voice said: If ether does not exist, then everything is gone! This old man had unconsciously projected
his idea of God into ether. Ether was his god, and if he did not have that then there was nothing left. The
man was naive enough to speak of his ideas, but all natural scientists have ultimate models of reality in
which they believer, just like the Holy Ghost.
It is a question of belief, not of science, and therefore something which cannot be discussed, and
people get excited and fanatical if you present them with a fact which does not fit the frame....589
Also:
So the archetype is the promoter of ideas and is also responsible for the emotional restrictions which
prevent the renunciation of earlier theories. It is really only a detail or specific aspect of what happens
everywhere in life, for we could not recognize anything without projection; but it is also the main
obstacle to the truth. If one meets an unknown woman, it is not possible to make contact without
projecting something; you must make a hypothesis, which of course is done quite unconsciously: the
woman is elderly and is probably a kind of mother figure, and a normal human being, etc. You make
assumptions and then you have a bridge. When you know the person better, then many earlier

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assumptions must be discarded and you must admit that your conclusions were incorrect. Unless this is
done, then you are hampered in your contact.
At first, one has to project, or there is no contact; but then one should be able to correct the
projection, and it is the same not only as regards human beings, but everything else also. The projection
apparatus must of necessity work in us. Nothing can even be seen without the unconscious projection
factor. That is why, according to Indian philosophy, the whole of reality is a projection which it is, in a
subjective matter of speaking.590
The idea of projection that is, the idea that scientific systems of thought have unconsciousaxioms is
clearly related to the notion of paradigmatic thinking, as outlined by Kuhn, to wide general acclaim. Jung
described the psychological consequences of axiomatic thinking in great detail, as well. He first posed the
question What happens to the (paradigmatic) representational structure in someones mind (in the
human psyche, in human society) when anomalous information, of revolutionary import, is finally
accepted as valid? and then answered it (my summary): What happens has a pattern; the pattern has a
biological, even genetic, basis, which finds its expression in fantasy; such fantasy provides subject material
for myth and religion. The propositions of myth and religion, in turn, help guide and stabilize revolutionary
human adaptation. These answers have been rejected prematurely and without sufficient consideration.
5.3.2.1.2. Part Two

Where is what you most want to be found?
Where you are least likely to look.
In sterquiliniis invenitur591
King Arthurs knights sit at a round table, because they are all equal. They set off to look for the holy grail
which is a symbol of salvation, container of the nourishing blood of Christ, keeper of redemption. Each
knight leaves on his quest, individually. Each knight enters the forest, to begin his search, at the point that
looks darkest to him.
When I was about half way through writing this manuscript, I went to visit my sister-in-law and her
family. She had a son my nephew who was about five years old, very verbal and intelligent. He was
deeply immersed in a pretend world, and liked to dress up as a knight, with a plastic helmet and sword.
He was happy during the day, to all appearances but did not sleep well, and had been having
nightmares for some time. He would regularly scream for his mom in the middle of the night, and appeared
quite agitated by whatever was going on in his imagination.
I asked him one morning after he had woken up what he had dreamed about. He told me, in the presence
of his family, that dwarf-like beaked creatures who came up to his knees had been jumping up at him and
biting him. Each creature was covered with hair and grease, and had a cross shaved in the hair on the top of
its head. The dream also featured a dragon, who breathed fire. After the dragon exhaled, the fire turned into
the dwarves, who multiplied endlessly, with each breath. He told the dream in a very serious voice to his
parents and to my wife and I, and we were shocked by its graphic imagery and horror.
The dream occurred at a transition point in my nephews life. He was leaving his mother, to go to
kindergarten, and was joining the social world. The dragon, of course, served as symbol for the source of
fear itself the unknown, the uroboros while the dwarves were individual things to be afraid of
particular manifestations of the general unknown.
I asked him, what could you do about this dragon?

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He said, without hesitation, and with considerable excitement I would take my dad, and we would go
after the dragon. I would jump on its head, and poke out its eyes with my sword. Then I would go down its
throat, to where the fire came out. I would cut out the box the fire came from, and make a shield from it.
I thought this was a remarkable answer. He had reproduced an archaic hero myth, in perfect form. The
idea of making a shield from the firebox was nothing short of brilliant. This gave him the power of the
dragon, to use against the dragon.
His nightmares ended at that point, and did not return even though he had been suffering from them
almost every night for a number of months. I asked his mother about his dreams, more than a year later, and
she reported no further disturbance.
The little boy, guided by his imagination, adopted identification with the hero, and faced his worst
nightmare. If we are to thrive, individually and socially, each of us must do the same. Our great
technological power makes the consequences of our individual errors and weaknesses increasingly serious;
if we wish to continually expand our power, we must also continually expand our wisdom. This is,
unfortunately, a terrible thing to ask.
In sterquiliniis invenitur in filth it will be found. This is perhaps the prime alchemical dictum.
What you need most is always to be found where you least wish to look. This is really a matter of
definition. The more profound the error, the more difficult the revolution the more fear and uncertaintly
released as a consequence of restructuring. The things that are most informative are also frequently most
painful. Under such circumstances, it is easy to run away. The act of running away, however, transforms
the ambivalent unknown into that which is too terrifying to face. Acceptance of anomalous information
brings terror and possibility, revolution and transformation. Rejection of unbearable fact stifles adaptation,
and strangles life. We choose one path or another at every decision point in our lives, and emerge as the
sum total of our choices. In rejecting our errors, we gain short-term security but throw away our identity
with the process that allows us to transcend our weaknesses, and tolerate our painfully limited lives:
There was a good man who owned a vineyard. He leased it to tenant farmers so that they might work it
and he might collect the produce from them. He sent his servant so that the tenants might give him the
produce of the vineyard. They seized his servant and beat him, all but killing him. The servant went
back and told his master. The master said, perhaps they did not recognize him. He sent another servant.
The tenants beat this one as well. Then the owner sent his son and said, Perhaps they will show respect
to my son. Because the tenants knew that it was he who was heir to the vineyard, they seized him and
killed him. Let him who has ears hear.
Jesus said, Show me the stone which the builders have rejected. That one is the cornerstone.592
Face what you reject, accept what you refuse to acknowledge, and you will find the treasure that the dragon
guards.
5.3.2.2. The Material World as Archaic Locus of the Unknown
...all these myth pictures represent a drama of the human psyche on the further side of consciousness,
showing man as both the one to be redeemed and the redeemer. The first formulation is Christian, the
second alchemical. In the first case man attri butes the need of redemption to himself and leaves the work of
redemption... to the autonomous divine figure; in the latter case man takes upon himself the redeeming
opus, and attri butes the state of suffering and consequent need of redemption to the anima mundi (world
spirit) imprisoned in matter.593
Alchemy can be most simply understood as the attempt to produce the philosophers stone the lapis
philosophorum. The lapis philosophorum had the ability to turn base metals into gold; furthermore, it
conferred upon its bearer immortal life, spiritual peace and good health. The alchemical procedure
stretched some twenty centuries, in the west, coming to an end with Newton; it had an equally lengthy and
elaborate history in the Orient.

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It is impossible to understand the essence of alchemical thought or its relevance for modern
psychology without entering into the categorical system of the alchemist. The stuff with which the
alchemist worked, although bearing the same name, was only vaguely akin to our modern matter. There are
many ways to cut the world up, and they are not necessarily commensurate. Much of what the alchemist
considered thing we would not think of as characteristic of the objective world; furthermore, what he
considered unitary we would think of as evidently diverse. There are two major reasons for this difference
in opinion.
First: the categorical system used to parse up the world derives its nature in large part from the nature of
the end towards which activity is currently devoted. The ends pursued by the alchemist were by no means
identical to those considered worthwhile today. In large part, they were much more comprehensive (the
perfection of nature); in addition, they were contaminated with psychological formulations (the
redemption of corrupt matter). Insofar as the alchemical procedure was psychological that is, driven
by apprehension of an ideal state the categories it produced were evaluative. Phenomena that emerge in
the course of goal-directed behavior are classified most fundamentally with regards to their relevance, or
irrelevance, to that end. Those that are relevant are further discriminated into those that are useful, and
good, and those that exist as impediments, and are bad. Since our behavior is motivated since it
serves to regulate our emotions it is very difficult to construct a classification system whose elements are
devoid of evaluative significance. It is only since the emergence of strict empirical methodology that such
construction has been made possible. This means that pre-experimental systems of classification such as
those employed in the alchemical procedure include evaluative appraisal, even when they consist of terms
such as matter or gold, that appear familiar to us.
Second: it seems that the more poorly something has been explored, the broader the category used to
encapsulate or describe it. As exploration proceeds, finer discrimination becomes possible. Apparently
unitary things fall apart, in this manner, into their previously implicit constituent elements (as nature is
carved at her joints). We no longer consider the traditional four elements of the world, for example
fire, water, earth and air either as irreducible elements or even as categories extant at the same level of
analysis. Further investigation has reconfigured our systems of classification; we have transformed the
comparative simple material world of our ancestors into something much more complex, useful and
diverse. We believe, in consequence, that the primordial elements of the world were not really elements
at all (failing to realize that an element is a tool, and that an incompletely fashioned tool is still much
better than no tool at all).
The overwhelmingly evaluative dimension of pre-experimental classification, in combination with
relatively poor capacity for discrimination, produced archaic categories of great generality from the
modern perspective. We can identify many discriminable phenomena within each of these categories, as
a consequence of the centuries of increasingly-efficient exploration that separate us from our medieval and
pre-medieval forebears. Our viewpoint has in fact changed to such a degree that our use of the same word
is in many cases only a historical accident. We might therefore make this discussion more concrete by first
examining the matter of the alchemist, and by comparing it to what we think of as matter.
Alchemical matter was the stuff of which experience was made and more: the stuff of which the
experiencing creature was made. This primal element was something much more akin to information,
in the modern sense (or to Tao, from the Oriental perspective); something like matter in the phrases that
matters 594 (that makes a difference, that we care about, that cannot be ignored, that is informative) or
what is the matter? We derive information as a consequence of our exploratory behavior, undertaken
in the unknown, attending to things that matter; from that information, we build ourselves (our behaviors
and schemas of representation) and the world, as experienced. As Piaget states:
Knowledge does not begin in the I, and it does not begin in the object; it begins in the interactions....
then there is a reciprocal and simultaneous construction of the subject on the one hand and the object on
the other.595
The primal element of alchemy was something embedded or implicit in the world: something often
hidden, that could emerge unexpectedly. This unexpected emergence can be regarded as the capacity of
the object to transcend its categorical representation (to become something new) as a consequence of
its position in a new situation, or its reaction to a new exploratory procedure. This new thing

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announces itself first in terms of the affect it generates: failure of the previously understood (previously
categorized) thing to behave as predicted elicits emotion from the observer. This is the spirit of
transformation making itself manifest. The emotion so generated fear/hope may produce exploratory
behavior, designed to specify the new properties of the transforming object. These new properties then
become incorporated into the previous categorization system become attri butes now seen as in the
same class; alternatively, the newly transformed substance may have to shift categories because it is
now seen as so much different from what it was. (The former case constitutes a normal shift, of course;
the latter is revolutionary.)
When a novel thing has been explored, and placed within a certain sociohistorically-determined context,
it has been classified in accordance with its currently evident motivational status: promise, threat,
satisfaction, punishment (or none of the above), as determined, situationally. This is evidently true with
regards to the classification system of the individual animal, who cannot derive an empirical model of
reality, because it cannot communicate but equally true with regards to man, whose capacity for
abstraction has blurred the essential nature and purpose of classification. What a thing is is most
fundamentally its motivational significance its relevance for the attainment of some affectively significant
goal. Classification of the phenomenon (which means, determination of how to act in its presence) restricts
its motivational significance to a particular domain (most frequently, to nothing, to irrelevance).
Nonetheless, it is a fact that the phenomenon itself (which is of infinite complexity) is always capable of
transcending its representation. This capacity for transcendence is a property of the object (a property of
experience, from the phenomenological viewpoint), but can be exploited by the activity of man.
The alchemists regarded the transcendent capacity of the object that is, the capacity of the familiar
and explored in one context to become the unfamiliar and unexplored in another as a spirit, embedded
in matter. Jung cites Basilius Valentinus, an ancient alchemical authority:
the earth as material is not a dead body, but is inhabited by a spirit that is its life and soul. All
created things, minerals included, draw their strength from the earth-spirit. This spirit is life, it is
nourished by the stars, and it gives nourishment to all the living things it shelters in its womb. Through
the spirit received from on high, the earth hatches the minerals in her womb as the mother her unborn
child. This invisible spirit is like the reflection in a mirror, intangible, yet it is at the same time the root
of all the substances necessary to the alchemical process or arising therefrom.596
The spirit that inhabits the earth was Mercurius, the shape-shifter (the reflected image of God in
matter,597 from the alchemical viewpoint) who both guided the alchemical process and was released by
the activities of the alchemist. Mercurius was the spirit that made the matter investigated by the adept
interesting, compelling and interest is a spirit that moves from place to place, as knowledge changes
and grows. Mercurius is the incarnation of transformation, the uroboros, who existed (and did not exist) as
the most primal deity, before the creation of things (before the division of the world into subject and object,
spirit and matter, known and unknown). The uroboros is, of course, the tail-eater, the dragon of chaos: an
image of the embeddedness of the totality of things across time in the particular manifest phenomenon. The
image of the spirit Mercurius was an intimation of the infinite potential trapped in every particular aspect
of experience.598 Identification of this potential that is, its classification posed a constant problem to
the medieval imagination:
All through the Middle Ages [Mercurius] was the object of much puzzled speculation on the part of the
natural philosophers: sometimes he was a ministering and helpful spirit, an [assistant, comrade or
familiar]; and sometimes the servus or cervus fugitivus (the fugitive slave or stag), an elusive, deceptive,
teasing goblin who drove the alchemists to despair and had many of his attri butes in common with the
devil. For instance he is dragon, lion, eagle, raven to mention only the most important of them. In the
alchemical hierarchy of gods Mercurius comes lowest as prima materia and highest as lapis
philosophorum. The spiritus mercurialis is the alchemists guide (Hermes Psychopompos), and their
tempter: he is their good luck and their ruin.599
The alchemists conflated what we would think of as matter with what we might regard as the
unknown. This is hardly surprising, since matter was the unknown to the pre-scientific mind (and is

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still something that retains much of its mystery today). As the unknown, matter possessed an attraction,
which was the affective valence of what had not yet been explored. This property of the unknown to
attract comprised ground for its personification as spirit as that which motivates or directs. Matter
even in its modern form can easily revert to the unknown, even under modern conditions; can then
exercise a similar force (that of a stimulus) on the modern psyche. It does so when it manifests
something anomalous some unforeseen property, as a consequence of its placement in a new context, or
its subjection to more creative exploration. The anomalous manifestation the recurrence of the unknown
comes inevitably to attract increasing interest (or, conversely, attempts to avoid, suppress, or otherwise
conjure it out of existence). All objects even explored objects retain their connection with that from
which all things are made, even after they have been boxed and filed away (been categorized), in theory,
once and for all.
Take a rat, for example, who has habituated to a cage (who has explored the cage, and become
comfortable there). If a small object say, an iron block is dropped in front of it, it will first freeze, and
then cautiously begin to investigate. The rat will use its capacity for motoric action to interact with the
block smelling it, looking at it, scratching it, perhaps gnawing it to assess the motivational significance
of the novel object. For the rat limited by its lack of communicative ability to its own experience; limited
by its restricted animal nature to fundamental processes of exploration the block soon becomes irrelevant.
It signifies no danger, in the course of interaction; it cannot be eaten; it is useless as nesting material.... The
block therefore becomes its lack of relevant properties, for the no-longer exploratory rat, and will
henceforth be ignored. The process of exploration-predicated classification has eliminated the motivational
significance of the novel as is its function. From the mythic perspective, this is replacement of the Great
Mother by the Great Father; replacement of ambivalent threat and promise by determinate valence
(including irrelevance).
The sensory properties of the block which are the relevant features of the object, as far as the spirit of
scientific inquiry extends have no intrinsic importance for the rat, except as they signify something of
affective import. This more fundamental mode of thought, concerned with behavioral adaptation to
circumstance, is how man thought, prior to the formalization of scientific methodology and how man
thinks still, insofar as he values and acts. The general case is, however, more complex. Homo sapiens is
capable of observing a practically infinite series of novel properties emerge from the particular object,
because he is capable of apprehending an object from a virtually unlimited number of points of perspective,
spatial and temporal or, it might be considered, equivalently, that the object is something so complex
that it can manifest entirely different properties, merely in consequence of being viewed from alternative
perspectives. The iron block was once, of its own accord, something qualitatively different from what it
is now, and will be something different, once again, in the future. In the earliest stages of its existence,
considered as an independent object, the exemplary block was part of an undifferentiated totality, prior to
the beginning of all things; then, the interplay of four fundamental forces; then simple hydrogen, coalescing
into a star; then, matter transformed by gravity and nuclear processes; then a rock on Earth; finally,
something transformed by man with a still uncompleted and equally extensive developmental history
before it. This transformation of the object is temporality itself the manifestation of Tao, the flux of
being. The capacity of human beings to apprehend variable spatial-temporal spans turns the object into
something more complex than its mere present appearance; this increase in complexity is compounded
by the extended active capacity for exploration also typical of our species.
What is an iron block for man? Shaped, a spear, and therefore food and death and security; suspended, a
pendulum, key to measurement of the earths rotation; dropped, significant of gravity, and the large-scale
structure of the universe; reduced to its constituent particles, with sufficient patience and ingenuity,
representative of molecular and atomic structure a part like the whole. The question might be more
accurately presented what is an iron block not, for man? The pre-experimental mind of the alchemist,
pondering the nature of the prima materia the fundamental constituent element of experience easily
became possessed by intimations of the infinite possibility of matter: of the boundless significance of the
finite object; of the endless utility of the object, and its inexhaustible capacity to reveal (become) the
unknown.
When an object is explored, its motivational significance is constrained [generally, as a consequence of
the specific goal-directed nature of the exploratory process, inevitably predicated upon a specific

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hypothesis is this thing good for (a particular function? but not any number of other potential
functions)]. The question in mind, implicit or explicitly formulated, determines in part the answer given
by the object. The object is always capable of superseding the constraint, in some unpredictable fashion.
This infinite potential finds its symbolic expression in the self-devouring serpent, the mercurial spirit of
transformation the spirit that draws interest inexorably to itself.
While considering these ideas, I dreamed that a small object was travelling above the surface of the
Atlantic Ocean. It moved along in the center of a procession of four immense hurricanes, configured as
a square divided into quadrants, one quadrant per hurricane, tracked by satellites, monitored carefully
and apprehensively by scientists manning the latest in meteorological equipment, in stations all over the
world.
The dream scene shifted. The object, a sphere of about eight inches in diameter, was now contained
and exhibited in a small glass display case, like that found in a museum. The case itself was in a small
room, with no visible exit or entry points. The American President symbol of social order and the
crippled physicist Steven Hawkins representative of scientific knowledge (and of disembodied
rationality) were in the room with the object. One of them described the features of the room. Its walls
were seven feet thick, and made of some impervious substance [titanium dioxide (?)] which sounded
impressive, in the context of the dream. These walls were designed to permanently contain the object. I
wasnt in the room, although I was there as an observer, like the audience in a movie. The object in the
display case appeared alive. It was moving, and distorting its shape, like a chrysalis or a cocoon in its
later stages of development. At one point, it transformed itself into something resembling a meerschaum
pipe. Then it reformed itself into a sphere, and shot out through one wall of the case, and the room,
leaving two perfectly round, smooth, holes one in the case, and the other in the wall. It left with no
effort whatsoever, as if the barriers designed to restrain its movement were of no consequence, once the
decision had been made.
The object was an image of God, the uroboric serpent, embodied in matter (powerful enough to
require the accompaniment of four hurricanes, as attendants).600 The room was a classification system,
something designed (by the most powerful representatives of the social and scientific worlds), to
constrain the mysterious phenomenon. The object transformed itself into a pipe in reference to the
famous painting (by Magritte) of a pipe, entitled (in translation) This is not a pipe the map is not
the territory, the representation not the phenomenon. The capacity of the object to escape, at will
referred to the eternal transcendence of the phenomenal world, of its infinite capacity to unexpectedly
supersede its representation, scientific and mythic.
I dreamed, much later (perhaps after a year) of a man suspended, equidistant from the floor, ceiling
and walls, in a cubic room about arms length from each. The surfaces of the cube curved inwards,
towards the man (as if the room was constructed of the intersection of six spheres). All surfaces of the
cube remained at the same distance from the man, regardless of his pattern of movement. If he walked
forward, the cube moved forward with him. If he walked backward, the cube moved backwards, at
precisely the same rate, with no discontinuity whatsoever. The surfaces themselves were covered with
circular patterns, about four inches in diameter, inscribed within squares of about the same size. Out of
the center of each circle dangled the tip of a reptiles tail. The man could reach in any direction, grasp a
tail, and pull it out of the surface, into the room.
This dream referred to the capacity of man to (voluntarily) pull the future into the present, so to
speak. The serpent evident only in the form of his tail was the uroboros, embedded implicitly in the
phenomenal world.601 The potential for the emergence of something new was present in every direction
the man could look, inside the cube. He could determine what aspect of being would reveal itself, as a
consequence of his voluntary action.
The act of exploration produces/elicits discriminable phenomena. These phenomena are mapped by the
episodic and semantic memory systems. The exploratory process, however, is guided by the maps
produced by the episodic system particularly by its maps of the future. A desired end is posited, in
fantasy. The motoric/abstract exploration system endeavors to bring about a match between emergent

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phenomena (produced in the course of activity) and that map of the desired future. Mismatches between
production and goal elicit (re)appearance of the base matter of the world the unknown, manifest in
negative affect, and curiosity.
The individual attempts to transform his wishes (rooted, in the final analysis, in emotion) into reality,
suffering and learning when that process is disrupted. Exploration is deemed sufficient and may justly
come to an end when the current affective state is deemed optimal: when knowledge, translated into
action, has adjusted the world such that it is (once again) paradisal. In the absence of such a paradisal
state (in the absence of current security, happiness), exploration is or has been, by definition, incomplete.
The residual mysteries that still accompany current being, which manifest themselves in the intrinsic
attractiveness of the thing or situation (which manifest themselves in interest), must therefore become the
focus of active attention, so that the information embedded in them can be pulled out, and transformed
into subjective being and the world. The alchemical base matter of the world was, therefore, the stuff of
which determinate experience (subject and object) was made; was something, in addition, capable of
endless transformation; was something, finally, corrupt as the material world was corrupt incomplete,
unrealized, fallen and suffering.
Analysis of the pre-experimental category of gold helps shed light on the relevance, importance and
meaning of this archaic complex of undiscriminated ideas. Gold as ultimate contrast to mere base
matter was the ideal, as it could be perceived in the concrete world. For the pre-experimental man, as
well as for the modern, gold served as a medium of economic exchange. But the value of the metal did not,
and still does not, consist solely in its economic utility. Gold has always been associated, in episodic
representation, with divinity. Prior to development of the scientific world-view, this association made
perfect sense. Gold, in contrast to lesser metals or substances, does not tarnish, dull or rust. It therefore
appears imperishable, immortal, and incorruptible. Gold is rare, rather than common. It shines like the
sun, the evident source of life. The category of gold therefore tended to subsume everything Appolinian,
sun-like, divine (in the patriarchal/heroic sense we have become familiar with). Jung describes the
characteristic presumptions of the alchemist Michael Maier:
The sun, by its many millions of revolutions, spins the gold into the earth. Little by little the sun has
imprinted its image on the earth, and that image is the gold. The sun is the image of God, the heart is the
suns image in man, just as gold is the suns image in the earth, and God is known in the gold.602
The light of the sun is a symbol for power and the transcendence of clarity and consciousness, of heroism
and permanence, of victory over the forces of darkness, disintegration, and decay. The earliest patriarchal
gods and leaders of men combined the life-giving attri butes of the sun with the heroic ideals of man, and
the coins that bore their likeness were round and golden, in imitation of the solar disk.
Gold was, furthermore, the ideal end towards which all ores progressed was the target of
progression. As it ripened in the womb of the earth, lead for example, base and promiscuous [willing
to mate (combine) with many other substances] aimed at the state characterized by gold, perfect and
inviolable. This made the gold state the goal of the Mercurial spirit of the unknown, embedded in
matter. Eliade states:
If nothing impedes the process of gestation, all ores will, in time, become gold. If there were no
exterior obstacles to the execution of her designs, wrote a Western alchemist, Nature would always
complete what she wished to produce.... That is why we have to look upon the births of imperfect metals
as we would on abortions and freaks which come about only because Nature has been, as it were,
misdirected, or because she has encountered some fettering resistance....
Belief in the natural metamorphosis of metals is of very ancient origin in China and it is also found in
Annam, in India and in the Indian archipelago. The peasants of Tonkin have a saying: Black bronze is
the mother of gold. Gold is engendered naturally by bronze. But this transmutation can materialize only
if the bronze has lain a sufficiently long period in the bosom of the earth...603
The alchemist viewed himself as midwife to Nature as bringing to fruition what Nature endeavoured
slowly to produce and therefore as aid to a transformation aimed at producing something ideal. Gold is
that ideal. Eliade continues:

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The nobility of gold is thus the fruit at its most mature; the other metals are common because they
are crude; not ripe. In other words, Natures final goal is the completion of the mineral kingdom, its
ultimate maturation. The natural transmutation of metals into gold is inscribed in their destiny. The
tendency of Nature is to perfection. But since gold is the bearer of a highly spiritual symbolism (Gold is
immortality, say the Indian texts repeatedly), it is obvious that a new idea is coming into being: the idea
of the part assumed by the alchemist as the brotherly savior of Nature. He assists Nature to fulfil her
final goal, to attain her ideal, which is the perfection of its progeny be it mineral, animal or human
to its supreme ripening, which is absolute immortality and liberty....604
The alchemists lived in a world that had theoretically been redeemed, by the sacrifice of Christ at
least from the Christian perspective. But they did not feel redeemed were not satisfied with the present
still-too mortal condition. So they turned their attention to those aspects of the world that had been defined,
in accordance with prevailing morality, as unworthy of examination, as corrupt and contemptible.
Presuming or hoping that things might yet be better, they explored (as we explore now, hoping to
extract from the unknown new and useful tools). The alchemists assumed, implicitly, that further
exploration might bring redemptive knowledge. This search was driven by their admission of the
unbearable present by their identification with a still-fallen world. The alchemists believed that the
desirable transmutation of matter could be brought about by the release of Mercurius from matter. This
meant that they implicitly recognized that (interest-guided) exploration was key to the (redemptive)
expansion of being.
In participating in this process, the alchemists identified with the exploratory hero, and turned
themselves unconsciously (that is, in procedure, if not always in representation) into that which
redeems. This identification was complicated by the fact that the alchemist also considered himself as
partaking of the state of matter as belonging in the state necessitating redemption. This basically meant
that the alchemist viewed himself, at least in part, as in the same category as matter (as well as being that
which could become gold, and which could aid in that transformation). For the pre-experimental mind,
after all with its more general and conflated categories there is no necessary distinction between the
thing begin acted on and the thing doing the acting. Eliade describes, for example, the sympathetic
magic necessary to make a grafting operation between two different species of plants take (to induce
unlike to mate with unlike, from a broader perspective):
Ibn Washya and he is not the only oriental writer to allow himself to be carried away by such images
speaks of fantastic graftings (contrary to Nature) between differing vegetable species. He says, for
instance, that the grafting of a branch of a lemon tree on to a laurel or olive tree would produce very
small lemons, the size of olives. But he makes it clear that the graft could succeed only if it was
performed in the ritual manner and at a certain conjunction of the sun and moon. He explains the rite
thus: the branch to be grafted must be held in the hands of a very beautiful maiden, while a man is
having shameful and unnatural sexual intercourse with her; during coitus the girl grafts the branch onto
the tree. The significance is clear: in order to ensure an unnatural union in the vegetable world an
unnatural sexual union between human beings was necessary.605
Such ideas are far from rare. Virtually every process undertaken by pre-experimental individuals from
agriculture to metallurgy was accompanied by rituals designed to bring about the state of mind or
illustrate the procedure necessary to the successful outcome desired. This is because the action precedes
the idea. So ritual sexual unions accompanied sowing of the earth, and sacrificial rituals and their like
abounded among miners, smiths and potters. Nature had to be shown what to do; man led, not least, by
example. The correct procedure could only be brought about by those who had placed themselves in the
correct state of mind. This idea was taken to its logical conclusion during the alchemical procedure which
had as its fantastical end-state or desired future the most profound and far-reaching notion of
transformation ever conceptualized: the final perfection or redemption of matter.
To induce disparate elements to combine harmoniously in the production of the lapis philosophorum
that which will transmute base metals into gold it was necessary to become unified oneself. To
engender perfection from nature, therefore, man had to become perfect. The necessity for the perfection of
the alchemist and the relation of the alchemical procedure to his own being was further streng thened by

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his identity with the material world (that is, by his occupation of the same categorical space as
matter). Man a fallen, corrupt, material being, yet capable of endless transformation partook of the
essence of the fallen, corrupt, yet transformable material world. Those things relevant to the transformation
of the being of objects were therefore also, by logical necessity, relevant to the transformation of his own
being. The transformation of base matter into gold, writ large, was the redemption of the world its
transformation into the state of gold. The lapis philosophorum was means to that end. Man leads nature
not least by example. This extension of the theories of sympathetic magic to the domain of chemistry
meant that alchemy became increasingly rife with (primarily imagistic) speculation regarding the nature of
perfection, as it developed over the centuries.
It is difficult for moderns to realize why any of this might be relevant. Our psychology and psychiatry
our sciences of the mind are devoted, at least in theory, to empirical evaluation and treatment of
mental disorders. But this is mostly screen and smoke. We are aiming, always, at an ideal. We currently
prefer to leave the nature of that ideal implicit, because that helps us sidestep any number of issues that
would immediately become of overwhelming difficulty, if they were clearly apprehended. So we define
health as that state consisting of an absence of diseases or disorders and leave it at that as if the
notion of disease or disorder is not by necessity a medieval concatenation of moral philosophy and
empirical description. It is our implicit theory that a state of non-anxiety (or optimal anxiety) is possible,
however and desirable that leads us to define dominance by that state as disordered. The same might
be said for depression, for schizophrenia, for personality-disorders, etc., etc. Lurking in the background is
an implicit (that is, unconscious) ideal, against which all insufficient present states are necessarily
and detrimentally compared. We do not know how to make that ideal explicit, either methodologically or
practically (that is, without causing immense dissent in the ranks); we know, however, that we must have
a concept of not ideal in order to begin and to justify necessary treatment. Sooner or later, however,
we will have to come to terms with the fact that we are in fact attempting to produce the ideal man and
will have to define explicitly what that means. It would be surprising, indeed, if the ideal we come to posit
bore no relationship to that constructed painstakingly, over the course of centuries of effort, in the past.
Something very similar happened in the case of alchemy, at least in the West: as the procedure continued,
through the Christian era, the lapis was increasingly identified with Christ. There is no reason to presume
that this came as anything but a surprise to the alchemists themselves. We are in for a shock at least as
great.
To perfect nature, it was necessary to harbour the correct attitude to undertake the appropriate rituals
and processes of spiritual purification; to become pure as the thing desired. The worker stood as example to
nature, in small things and great. In the great case of alchemy which ambitiously desired to redeem the
fallen material world the alchemist himself had to become great. Thus the alchemical literature might be
regarded, in part, as one long meditation, on the nature of the ideal man.
5.3.2.3. Episodic Representation in Medieval Christendom
Science is predicated upon the axiomatic presupposition that it is worthwhile to devote effort towards
analysis of the material or collectively apprehensible sensory world and its transformations. This belief,
which first manifested itself in (alchemical) fantasy, is so much a part of the modern world, so much its
primary assumption, that it is difficult to realize what a remarkable achievement its formalization
represented. It took thousands of years of cultural development to formulate the twin notions that empirical
reality existed (independently of the motivational significance of things) and that it should be
systematically studied (and these ideas only emerged, initially, in the complex societies of the Orient and
Europe). The alchemists were the first to risk this attri bution, or something similar to it; but they still
studied matter in the absence of explicit empirical methodology. Jung states:
... the concept of the psychic, as we understand it today, did not exist in the Middle Ages, and even
the educated modern man finds it difficult to understand what is meant by reality of the psyche. So it
is not surprising that it was incomparably more difficult for medieval man to imagine something
between esse in re and esse in intellectu solo. The way out lay in metaphysics. The alchemist was
therefore compelled to formulate his quasichemical facts metaphysically too.606

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The lack of scientific methodology the inability to conduct formalized comparison of behaviorpredicated experience, to determine its generalizability meant the inextricable admixture of the purely
sensory and the subjective, affective, mythological aspects of experience. The purpose of scientific
methodology, in large part, is to separate the empirical facts from the motivational presumption. In the
absence of such methodology, the intermingling of the two domains is inevitable:
[The alchemists]... believed that they were studying the unknown phenomenon of matter... and they
just observed what came up and interpreted that, somehow, but without any specific plan. There would
be a lump of some strange matter, but as they did not know what it was they conjectured something or
other, which of course would be unconscious projection, but there was no definite intention or tradition.
Therefore one could say that in alchemy, projections were made [hypotheses were generated] most
naively and unprogrammatically, and completely uncorrected.
Imagine an old alchemists situation. A man in a certain village would build an isolated hut and cook
things which caused explosions. Quite naturally, everyone calls him a witch doctor! One day someone
comes and says he has found a queer piece of metal and would the alchemist be interested in buying it?
The alchemist does not know the value of the metal, but gives the man some money at a guess. He then
puts what has been brought him in his stove and mixes it with sulphur, or something similar, to see what
happens, and if the metal was lead, he would be badly poisoned by the vapours. He concludes, therefore,
that this particular matter makes one feel sick if approached, and nearly kills you, and therefore he says
that there is a demon in lead! Afterwards, when he writes his recipes, he adds a footnote saying:
Beware of lead, for in it is a demon which will kill people and make them mad, which would be quite
an obvious and reasonable explanation for someone of that time and level. Therefore lead was a
wonderful subject for the projection of destructive factors, since in certain connections its effects are
poisonous. Acid substances were also dangerous, but, on the other hand, being corrosive and a means of
dissolving things, were highly important for chemical operations. Thus if you wished to melt something
or have it in liquid form it could be melted or dissolved in acid solutions, and for this reason the
projection was that acid was the dangerous substance which dissolves, but which also makes it possible
to handle certain substances. Or else it is a medium of transformation you open up, so to speak, a
metal with which you can do nothing and make it accessible to transformation by the use of certain
liquids. The alchemists therefore wrote about it in the naive form which I am now describing and did not
notice that that was not natural science but contained a lot of projection, if looked at from a modern
chemical standpoint.
Thus there exists in alchemy an astonishing amount of material from the unconscious, produced in a
situation where the conscious mind did not follow a definite program, but only searched.607
Alchemy flourished for almost two thousand years, and only faded from view in the late eighteenth
century. It developed (at least in the Middle Ages) as a movement compensating that embodied in
absolutist Christianity, which emphasized the ultimate reality and value of the spirit, dogmatically
concretized; which presumed that everything worth knowing had already been discovered; and which cast
the material world into disrepute.
For the medieval mind, the body, the sensory, physical world matter, in general was valued as
immoral and as corrupt, as ruled by demonic, unknown forces. The story of Genesis serpent and Eve
conspiring to bring about the descent of mankind into the profane and fallen (material) world in part
provided the mythological basis for this union of category. The attractions of the material world also
posed a threat to identification with the Church, as the pull of sensuality, for example, or the desire for
material instead of spiritual wealth. Furthermore, the fact of the fallen material state undermined faith in
Church dogma: apprehension of the unresolved suffering of man made it difficult to attri bute to Christs
actions the final state of redemption they theoretically guaranteed. In consequence, contact with the
matriarchal underworld of matter (that is, with the unknown) seemed very threatening to the Church
authorities and for very good reason (at least from the perspectives of conservation and tradition).
Alchemical fascination with matter developed antithetically to the early Christian valuation of the
spiritual and the established (developed as an antithesis to the domain of the known). The suppression
of the sensory material world by the Church, and the simultaneous establishment of an absolute body of

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knowledge, meant rejection or denial of anomalous sensory/emotional experience, and therefore of the
value contained in those experiences. Alchemical preoccupation with matter arose as a consequence of this
lost value asserting itself, so to speak, in the attraction of the accumulated rejected and unknown in the
inevitable attraction of the forbidden fruit.
Observing what he did not understand, the alchemist had recourse only to speculation, which he used to
interpret that unknown. These speculations look like fantasies to the modern mind like the fantasies of the
medieval Christian (and pre-Christian, in some cases):
So, in a sense, they are, and for this reason thy lend themselves to decipherment by the method of
complex psychology. [The alchemical approach]... is so patently a spiritual and moral attitude that one
cannot doubt its psychological nature. To our way of thinking, this immediately sets up a dividing wall
between the psychic and the chemical process. For us the two things are incommensurable, but they
were not so for the medieval mind. It knew nothing of the nature of chemical substances and their
combination. It saw only enigmatic substances which, united with one another, inexplicably brought
forth equally mysterious new substances. In this profound darkness the alchemists fantasy had free play
and could playfully combine the most inconceivable things. It could act without restraint and, in so
doing, portray itself without being aware of what was happening.608
The alchemist thought in a medieval fashion or pre-medieval using archaic preconceptions and
ideas. Analysis of that thought, projected upon matter (just as we interpret matter in the light of our
own, current and therefore invisible theories) therefore means interpretation of fantasy means analysis of
the spontaneous productions of the exploring mind (and, therefore, means increased capacity to understand
the workings of mind). The entire corpus of alchemy contains seventeen hundred years of fantasy,
regarding the nature of (moral) transformation, assumed to take place in matter, (a category that included
man) striving as it did naturally towards perfection. Central to this movement towards perfection
was the dissolution, transformation and reconstitution of unredeemed primal matter the prima materia:
As is indicated by the very name which he chose for it the spagyric art or by the oft-repeated
saying solve et coagula [dissolve and reconstitute], the alchemist saw the essence of his art in
separation and analysis on the one hand and synthesis and consolidation on the other. For him there was
first of all an initial state in which opposite tendencies or forces were in conflict; secondly there was the
great question of a procedure which would be capable of bringing the hostile elements and qualities,
once they were separated, back to unity again. The initial state, named the chaos, was not given from the
start, but had to be sought for as the prima materia. And just as the beginning of the work was not selfevident, so to an even greater degree was its end. There are countless speculations on the nature of the
endstate, all of them reflected in its designations. The commonest are the ideas of its permanence
(prolongation of life, immortality, uncorruptibility), its androgyny, its spirituality and corporeality, its
human qualities and resemblance to man (homunculus), and its divinity. 609
The alchemists began their work, their opus, by determining to face the unknown, locked away in the
material world, in the pursuit of an ideal. Their ideal was symbolized by the lapis philosophorum, which
was a unitary substance characterized by its ability to transform base metals into gold, and more which
could confer upon its bearer complete knowledge, immortal life, and impeccable mental and physical
health. The medieval individual had no idea that the creation of such a substance was not possible, and
was aware of many substances that had transformative properties.
Identification of what motivated such a pursuit appears straightforward. There were undoubtedly many
who tried their hand at alchemy, purely for its potential economic benefit, just as their are many today, who
pursue their occupation solely for material gain. (Even this is a form of desire for redemption, however
through material means and may be unexpectedly transformed into a more purely spiritual pursuit in the
course of maturation, or through the unpredictable actions of fantasy and circumstance.) There were also
alchemists who more clearly embodied the spirit of devout curiosity, and who worked with the same
serious discipline as the later natural scientist. It is dangerous to underestimate the power and the mystery
of the fantasy of the philosophers stone. This idea provided the motive power underlying disciplined
investigation into the secrets of matter a difficult, painstaking, expensive procedure. The idea that matter

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contained locked within it the secret to wisdom, health and wealth underlies the entire opus of modern
science. The fact that such an idea could arise, and be seriously entertained in spite of grandiosity and
conflict with Church dogma, is difficult enough to believe. It becomes truly incomprehensible, when
consideration is given to the additional fact that the procedure extended over seventeen centuries, in spite of
the fact that no alchemist every reached his goal. Jung states:
In view of the fact that... a miracle never did occur in the retort, despite repeated assertions that
someone had actually succeeded in making gold, and that neither a panacea nor an elixir has
demonstrably prolonged a human life beyond its due, and that no homunculus has ever flown out of the
furnace in view of this totally negative result we must ask on what the enthusiasm and infatuation of
the adepts could possibly have been based.
In order to answer this difficult question one must bear in mind that the alchemists, guided by their
keenness for research, were in fact on a hopeful path since the fruit that alchemy bore after centuries of
endeavor was chemistry and its staggering discoveries. The emotional dynamism of alchemy is largely
explained by a premonition of these then unheard-of-possibilities. However barren of useful or even
enlightening results its labours were, these efforts, notwithstanding their chronic failure, seem to have
had a psychic effect of a positive nature, something akin to satisfaction or even a perceptible increase in
wisdom. Otherwise it would be impossible to explain why the alchemists did not turn away in disgust
from their almost invariably futile projects.610
The alchemical fantasy provided (and still provides) the motive power for the empirical endeavor, just
as the dream of Judeo-Christianity laid the groundwork for the civilization of the west. In this manner,
myth, mysterious, absurd, and incomprehensible, stands at the vanguard of the adaptive process. Eliade
states (with specific regard to the origin of science):
Until recently, few were aware of Isaac Newtons role in this general [alchemical] movement, whose
goal was the renovatio of European religion and culture by means of an audacious synthesis of the
occult traditions and the natural sciences. It is true that Newton never published the results of his
alchemical experiments, although he declared that some of them were crowned with success. His
innumerable alchemical manuscripts, ignored until 1940, have recently been meticulously analyzed by
Betty Jo Teeter Dobbs in her book The Foundations of Newtons Alchemy (1975). Dobbs affirms that
Newton experimented in his laboratory with the operations described in the immense alchemical
literature, probing the latter as it has never been probed before or since (p. 88). With the aid of
alchemy, Newton hoped to discover the structure of the microuniverse in order to homologize it with his
cosmological system. The discovery of gravity, the force which keeps the planets in their orbits, did not
completely satisfy him. But although he pursued the experiments indefatigably from 1669 to 1696, he
did not succeed in identifying the forces which govern the corpuscles. Nevertheless, when he began to
study the dynamics of orbital movement in 1679-80, he applied his chemical conceptions of attraction
to the universe.
As McGuire and Rattansi have shown, Newton was convinced that in the beginning, God had
imparted the secrets of natural philosophy and of true religion to a select few. The knowledge was
subsequently lost but partially recovered later, at which time it was incorporated in fables and mythic
formulations where it would remain hidden from the vulgar. In modern days it could be more fully
recovered from experience.611 For this reason, Newton examined the most esoteric sections of the
alchemical literature, hoping that they would contain the true secrets. It is significant that the founder of
modern mechanics did not reject the tradition of a primordial and secret revelation, just as he did not
reject the principle of transmutation. As he wrote in his Optics (1704), the change of Bodies into Light
and of Light into Bodies is entirely in conformity with the Laws of Nature, for Nature seems ravished by
Transmutation. According to Dobbs, Newtons alchemical thoughts were so securely established that
he never came to deny their general validity, and in a sense the whole of his career after 1675 may be
seen as one long attempt to integrate alchemy and the mechanical philosophy (Foundations, p. 230).
After the publication of the Principia, opponents declared that Newtons forces were in reality
occult qualities. As Dobbs recognizes, in a certain sense these critics were right: Newtons forces

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were very much like the hidden sympathies and antipathies found in much of the occult literature of the
Renaissance period. But Newton had given forces an ontological status equivalent to that of matter and
motion. By so doing, and by quantifying the forces, he enabled the mechanical philosophies to rise
above the level of imaginary impact mechanisms (p. 211). In analyzing the Newtonian conception of
force, Richard Westfall arrives at the conclusion that modern science is the result of the wedding of the
Hermetic tradition with the mechanical philosophy. 612
In its spectacular flight, modern science has ignored, or rejected, the heritage of Hermeticism. Or to
put it differently, the triumph of Newtonian mechanics has ended up by annihilating its own scientific
ideal. In effect, Newton and his contemporaries expected a different type of scientific revolution. In
prolonging and developing the hopes and objectives (the first among these being the redemption of
Nature) of the neo-alchemist of the Renaissance, minds as different as those of Paracelsus, John Dee,
Comenius, J. V. Andreae, Fludd, and Newton saw in alchemy the model for a no less ambitious
enterprise: the perfection of man by a new method of knowledge. In their perspective, such a method
had to integrate into a nonconfessional Christianity the Hermetic tradition and the natural sciences of
medicine, astronomy, and mechanics. In fact, this synthesis constituted a new Christian creation,
comparable to the brilliant results obtained by the earlier integrations of Platonism, Aristotelianism, and
Neoplatonism. This type of knowledge, dreamed of and partially elaborated in the eighteenth century,
represents the last enterprise of Christian Europe that was undertaken with the aim of obtaining a total
knowledge. 613
Not precisely the last.
Formulation of the idea that God might be known in material form meant positing the possibility that the
highest value conceivable might be embodied concretely in matter rather than in the established,
patriarchal, spiritual, world. This meant that the nature of God was something that could be made
subject to material (and thoughtful) investigation. Attri bution of the highest value to the physical world
provided the motive force for the development of science, during the Renaissance, and provides the basis
for its continuance today. However, matter remained comparatively unknown, to the medieval mind and
was therefore contaminated with everything else unknown, repressed and rejected. The assignment of
value to matter was therefore attri bution of value to unknown experience. This assignment was heretical,
because it implied the fallibility or incomplete nature of Church dogma (the formalized medieval European
general model of expectation and desire), and was therefore dangerous, from the intrapsychic and the social
viewpoints. Such heresy was compounded in severity, because the Church explicitly regarded matter
representative of the inadmissible unknown as degraded, and defined it as corrupt, imperfect, and
demonic.
The alchemist was an unredeemed, suffering man, in search of an inexpressible ideal. He formulated
that ideal, and its process of generation, using terms that referred to the physical world, at least from the
modern perspective. However, the alchemist made no clear distinction between psychological and
objective. His search for the ideal was therefore as much psychological as chemical (more, actually, since
he worked in the absence even of the basic tools of modern science). The alchemist posited that the answer
lay outside the Church, in the unknown. Exploration of the unknown and forbidden meant generation of
redemptive knowledge (then, as it does now). Incorporation of such knowledge meant movement towards
perfection. So broadly speaking the alchemist wanted to transform every subordinate element in the
category matter (the unknown, fallen, corrupt world, including man as material being) into the category
gold (the Apollinian, spiritual, sunlike, incorruptible state). He was searching for a transformative agent
to bring about that change (the lapis philosophorum); but also viewed himself as that agent (since he was
integrally involved in the transformative opus of alchemy). This relatively straightforward
conceptualization of movement towards the ideal is schematically presented in Figure 62: The
Alchemical Opus as Normal Story.
The alchemist courageously posited that the work of redemption held up as absolute by the Church was
not yet complete or at least acted as if there was still work to be done. So he hoped to turn what was
still unredeemed into gold. The problem is, of course, that turning base matter into gold is not possible,
as a normal act of movement from point a the unbearable present to point b the desirable

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future. The attempt to produce the most ideal state possible, however something akin to paradise on
earth is particularly unlikely, without a revolution. So the alchemical story rapidly turned into
something more complex something that essentially recapitulated the union of the gods (something
very like an initiation process; something very like Solzhenitsyns spiritual transformation in the Gulag).
The alchemists soon came to realize that movement towards the ideal did not mean an unbroken journey
uphill; soon came to realized that a large leap forward was necessarily preceded by a radical descent.

Gold
s
us cter
i
p
p
La cal O hara
e
f th hemi t's C
o
lc emis
ns
A
o
i
t
e
lch
Ac
Th
A
e
Th

Base
Matter

Figure 62: The Alchemical Opus as Normal Story
Once the alchemist had decided to look into the unknown for salvation, rather than to the Chuch (or at
least in addition to the Church), he placed himself outside the protective confines of his previous system of
classification. Outside that dogmatic system, things took on new meaning (or at least new potential
meaning). Once you have decided that you dont know absolutely everything about something, it is
possible to learn something new. However, when an object has been placed in a system of classification
(within the constraints of a particular paradigm), its a priori motivational significance is constrained
(entirely, in the case of something deemed irrelevant; partially, when the phenomenon is assigned a
particular use). When the classification system fails (as a consequence of the transformation of the
environment, natural or social, or, more prosaically, because of the emergence of incongruent experience
(paradigm-threatening information) the phenomena previously constrained in their motivational
significance regain their original status. That means that objects of experience are renovelized that the
affect they were capable of producing, prior to classification, re-emerges. From the alchemical perspective,
this is death of the king the previously reigning system of order and re-appearance of the queen,
the Great Mother source of threat and promise, vital for renewal. The immersion of the king in the queen
[their sexual union (the incest motif)] means reduction of the world to the precosmogonic chaos

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preceding creation to the state of prima materia, primal matter. This also leads to the state of the warring
opposites to the re-emergence of conflicting substances held in harmony by the preceding orderly
condition. The reunion (symbolized as a creative, or sexual union) of king and queen produces a state
characterized by the possibility of something new. This something new might be conceptualized as the
divine son, emerging from that union soon to be king again. This divine son was regarded, variously, as
the new king or even as the philosophers stone itself, in one of its many potential forms. This much more
complex process of conceptualization which accounts for the vast symbolic production of alchemy is
presented schematically in Figure 63: The Alchemical Opus as Revolutionary Story.

The Prima Materia

The State
of Gold

De

ce Th
nt e C
an on
d ju
(R nc
e) ti
In on
te :
gr
at
io

n

The King
of Order
en The
t a Ni
nd gre
Dis do
int :
eg
ra

T
An he Q
om ue
alo en
us of
Inf Ch
orm aos
ati :
on

tio

As

sc

n

The Dragon
of Chaos

Figure 63: The Alchemical Opus as Revolutionary Story.

3.3.2.4. The Prima Materia
It offers itself in lowly form. From it there springs our eternal water.614
The prima materia (alternatively: the round chaos or the alchemical uroboros) is the unknown as matter
and, simultaneously, as effect upon imagination and behavior (inseparable pre-experimentally): is God as
substance and effect of substance. The prima materia is the precosmogonic egg, the dragon of chaos
the eternal source from which spirit and knowledge and matter and world arise. It is the unknown that

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simultaneously generates new phenomena, when explored; the unknown that serves as the source of the
information that comes to constitute the determinate experiencing subject. The alchemists therefore
granted the prima materia a half chemical, half mythological definition: For one alchemist, it was
quicksilver, for others it was ore, iron, gold, lead, salt, sulphur, vinegar, water, air, fire, earth, blood, water
of life, lapis, poison, spirit, cloud, dew, sky, shadow, sea, mother, moon, serpent.... Jung states:
The autonomy and everlastingness of the prima materia in Paracelsus [for example] suggest a principle
equal to the Deity, corresponding to a dea mater.... The following texts, for example, are applied to the
prima materia: and his going forth is from the beginning, from the days of eternity (Micah 5:2) and
before Abraham was made, I am (John 8:58). This is supposed to show that the stone is without
beginning and has its [primary existence] from all eternity, and that it too is without end and will exist in
all eternity....
And in the same way, continues the author, that the stone together with its material has a thousand
names and is therefore called miraculous, all these names can in eminent degree be predicated of God,
and the author thereupon proceeds to this application. A Christian can hardly believe his ears. That
from which things arise is the invisible and immovable God. 615
The alchemists understood the prima materia to be as of yet unredeemed, however, and base. The
notion of corrupted matter was a moral notion, and the imperfection of matter therefore a moral
imperfection. The alchemists reflections on the nature of this imperfect matter inevitably took the form of
reflections upon the moral problem of imperfection and material corruption, as such. Since the alchemist
thought analogically and symbolically, in the absence of the empirical method, he fantasized or imagined
that the corrupt prima materia shared the characteristics of other corrupt and imperfect creations, including
physical man, contaminated by Original Sin and his own transgressions.
It is virtually impossible for us, as moderns, to realize the degree to which the universe of our forebears
was a moral universe. Every aspect of that archaic world was engaged in moral endeavour, participating in
corruption, striving towards perfection. Every ore wanted to be pure metal, every pure metal, gold. All
smiths, miners and alchemists were serving therefore serving the role of midwife, striving to help the
Earth bring forth the perfect substances it evidently desired to produce. Eliade states, with regards to the
attitude characterizing the primitive metal-worker:
Mineral substances shared in the sacredness attaching to the Earth-Mother. Very early on we are
confronted with the notion that ores grow in the belly of the earth, after the manner of embryos.
Metallurgy thus takes on the character of obstetrics. Miner and metal-worker intervene in the unfolding
of subterranean embryology: they accelerate the rhythm of the growth of ores, they collaborate in the
work of Nature and assist it to give birth more rapidly. In a word, man, with his various techniques,
gradually takes the place of Time: his labours replace the work of Time.
To collaborate in the work of Nature, to help her to produce at an ever-increasing tempo, to change
the modalities of matter here, in our view, lies one of the key sources of alchemical ideology. We do
not, of couse, claim that there is an unbroken continuity between the mental world of the alchemist and
that of the miner, metal-worker and smith (although, indeed, the initiation rites and mysteries of the
Chinese smiths form an integral part of the traditions later inherited by Chinese Taoism and alchemy).
But what the smelter, smith and alchemist have in common is that all three lay claim to a particular
magico-religious experience in their relations with matter; this experience is their monopoly, and its
secret is transmitted through the initiatory rites of their trades. All three work on a Matter which they
hold to be at once alive and sacred, and in their labours they pursue the transformation of matter, its
perfection and its transmutation.616
In the unredeemed prima materia the alchemist understood matter to be trapped in an imperfect state;
just as man himself was trapped, in a corrupt and perishable state, by his sinful, demonic physical material
nature. The transformation of this prima materia into gold or into the philosophers stone therefore
signified a moral transformation, which could be brought about through moral means. The alchemists were
searching for a method to redeem corruption. They applied their fantastical reasoning to redemption of
corrupt matter, which seems absurd from the modern viewpoint. However, experience of the physical world

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had been formally damned by the Church for reasons which had their own logic and the lost value this
experience represented stood therefore in dire need of redemption. The search for lost value led the
alchemists deep into consideration of the nature of corruption, or limitation, and past that, into its
transformation, and redemption. Their devoted concentration upon the nature of this problem set in motion
fantasies associated with the archetype of the way, which always emerges of its own accord, when
individuals face their limitations and come into contact with the unknown. And it must be understood:
although the alchemists conflated the psyche and objective reality, their conflation was meaningful.
The alchemist did redeem himself, by studying the redemptive transformations of matter most
simply, because exploration releases information that can be used to construct personality; more
complexly, because the act of voluntary exploration, outside the domain allowed by tradition, constitutes
identification with the creative hero.
The first alchemical transformation took the form of disintegration: chemical solution or putrefaction of
the prima materia, in its solid form in its patriarchal incarnation, in its manifestation as ordered or
stable or rigid substance. The archetypal first stage in any moral transformation (which the alchemist
was striving to produce) constitutes tragic disruption of the previous state of being. The disintegration of
the prima materia was analogically equivalent to the degeneration of the alchemists previous sociallydetermined intrapsychic state, consequential to his decision to pursue the unknown:
The chemical putrefaction is compared to the study of the philosophers, because as the philosophers are
disposed to knowledge by study, so natural things are disposed by putrefaction to solution. To this is
compared philosophical knowledge....617
The nature of the previous state of the alchemist, its symbolic equivalent in the prima materia, and the
consequences of its disintegration, can be placed in context by examination of the medieval world-view.
The investigation of matter was absolutely heretical, for medieval homo sapiens. Mere suggestion that
the unknown still existed, and therefore required investigation, threatened the absolute authority of the
Christian dogma, as historically formulated by the fathers of the Church. Questioning this authority meant
that the alchemist placed himself outside the protection of his cultural canon, in the psychological sense,
and at the mercy of the ecclesiastical authorities in the practical world. Investigation of matter and its
transformations was therefore an exceptionally dangerous undertaking, both from the intrapsychic and
social viewpoints. The standard punishment for heretical undertakings was exceedingly horrible
involving extreme torture and absolute excommunication and the potential psychic consequences scarcely
less dangerous.
The alchemist, in beginning his pursuit, placed himself outside the protective enclave of conformity, and
risked the investigation of an aspect of experience which, according to the world-view of his time, was
characterized by absolute demonism. The apprehension such an undertaking must have engendered in the
minds of those who adopted it is scarcely imaginable (although such apprehension re-emerges in the mind
of the modern, threatened by revolutionary ideas). The alchemical search of the unknown, for the ideal, had
as its prerequisite or its immediate consequence abandonment or disorganization of the reigning individual
and social world-view. To investigate matter, for the ideal, meant the investigation of evil, and corruption
itself, in the pursuit of value. The alchemist who pursued this investigation already believed he was in need
of redemption, that he was incomplete, or he would have never dared step outside the boundaries drawn by
the church. His need of redemption, of completion, paralleled that of the corrupt prima materia and further
streng thened the unconscious analogous identity between the adept and his material.
5.3.2.5. The King of Order
In the absence of formal empirical methodology, the alchemical adept could only investigate the
transformations of matter with the preconceptions of his imagination. The products of alchemy were
therefore necessarily structured according to the myth of the way, the primary archetypal manifestation of
imaginative fantasy. The alchemist worked alone, concentrating on his procedure for months and years at a
time, and in this solitary pursuit, his fantasy had free reign. Once he had the courage to admit to his own
ignorance, his own insufficiency, his investigations into matter took the form of contact with the

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unknown. Admission of personal ignorance presents a challenge to the cultural canon (to the degree that the
ignorant one is identified with that canon) and sets the stage for moral transformation, which manifests
itself in symbolic form. The alchemist was searching for comprehension of the nature of material
corruption, and for a method whereby it could be perfected. Christian dogma stated that the world had been
finally redeemed by the Passion of Christ; but it appeared evident to the alchemist that material substances,
including himself, remained morally corrupt and incomplete. Admission of imperfection was therefore
tantamount to admission that Christian dogma, as presented by the authoritarian Church and, in
consequence, as represented intrapsychically was incomplete. This incompleteness, manifested as
absolute authority, served a tyrannical function, which had to be eliminated, prior to the creation of new
knowledge. The aspect of the prima materia, which was first in need of redemption, was therefore its
patriarchal/tyrannical aspect (its son), which appeared in imagination as the Great Father as the King,
or his symbolic equivalent. Jung states:
The conscious mind often knows little or nothing about its own transformation, and does not want to
know anything. The more autocratic it is, and the more convinced of the eternal validity of its truths, the
more it identifies with them. Thus the kingship of Sol, which is a natural phenomenon, passes to the
human king who personifies the prevailing dominant idea and must therefore share its fate. In the
phenomenal world the Heraclitean law of everlasting change, panta ret, prevails; and it seems that all
the true things must change and that only that which changes remains true...
In this alchemical procedure we can easily recognize the projection of the transformation process: the
aging of a psychic dominant is apparent from the fact that it expresses the psychic totality in an everdiminishing degree. One can also say that the psyche no longer feels wholly contained in the dominant,
whereupon the dominant loses its fascination and no longer grips the psyche so completely as before. On
the other hand its content and meaning are no longer properly understood, or what is understood fails to
touch the heart. A sentiment dincompletude of this kind produces a compensatory reaction which
attracts other regions of the psyche and their contents, so as to fill up the gap. As a rule this is an
unconscious process that always sets in when the attitude and orientation of the conscious mind have
proved inadequate. I stress this point because the conscious mind is a bad judge of its own situation and
often persists in the illusion that its attitude is just the right one and is only prevented from working
because of some external annoyance. If the dreams were observed it would soon become clear why the
conscious assumptions have become unworkable. And if, finally, neurotic symptoms appear, then the
attitude of consciousness, its ruling idea, is contradicted, and in the unconscious there is a stirring up of
those archetypes that were the most suppressed by the conscious attitude. The therapist then has no other
course than to confront the ego with its adversary and thus initiate the melting and recasting process.
The confrontation is expressed, in the alchemical myth of the king, as the collision of the masculine,
spiritual father ruled over by king Sol with the feminine, chthonic mother-world symbolized by the aqua
permanens or by the chaos.618
The process represented symbolically as disintegration of the Kindg found its analogical material
equivalent in the chemical process of dissolution in the immersion of a solid substance or compound (the
prima materia) in a solvent, or in its decay, its return to earth (hence the still extant metaphor for the
wastrel: the dissolute personality). The solid substance, the King, represented the mythic core of the
historically-determined hierarchy of behavioral pattern and representation with which the adept had been
previously identified and which had to be abandoned or challenged, before the investigation of
matter/unknown could begin in earnest. Destruction of the culturally-determined patriarchal system is
typically represented in fantasy, symbolically, as the death of the old (sterile, sick) king, which becomes
necessary when the land is no longer fruitful. Such a sacrifice which was once a ritual means rejection
of reliance on a particular pattern of behavioral adaptation and representational presumption; means
potential for re-introduction of new ideas (or even a new pattern of ideas), when adaptation is threatened by
anomaly.619 The idea of the King the central representative of culture was expressed in a multitude of
symbolic images during the centuries alchemy flourished. The eagle, the sun, the lion, heaven, fire, height,
and spirit all symbolized different aspects of the patriarchal system, which served to represent the initial
condition of the prima materia, prior to its dissolution. Such symbolic representations emerge as a matter

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of course, if the conditions which originally elicited them re-emerge. Encounter with the unknown
constitutes one such condition.
5.3.2.6. The Queen of Chaos
The solvent in which the prima materia as King dissolves, or the earth to which it returns, is imaginatively
represented in the alchemical process by symbols characteristic of the matriarchal system. The prima
materia dissolves in water, salt water, tears, or blood, as the old King dissolves in the matriarchal system
dissolves in (previously confined) sensuality, affect and imagination, which threaten and transcend
knowledge in its concrete form, and serve simultaneously as the matrix from which it is borne. The
matriarchal system is the intrapsychic representative of the Queen, the Great and Terrible Mother, who is
sea, toad, fish or dragon, lioness, earth, depth, the cross, death and matter:
... it is the moon, the mother of all things, the vessel, it consists of opposites, has a thousand names, is
an old woman and a whore, as Mater Alchimia it is wisdom and teaches wisdom, it contains the elixir of
life in potentia and is the mother of the Savior and of the filius Macrocosma, it is the earth and the
serpent hidden in the earth, the blackness and the dew and the miraculous water which brings together
all that is divided.620
The prima materia as King dissolves in the prima materia as salt water, or as sea, which represent the
matrix and emotion, as bitter salt water constitutes tears and tragic affect (the consequence of desires
failure). The heat which promotes chemical solution is the symbolic equivalent of passion, emotion or
sensuality aspects of the intrapsychic world, outside the domain of rational thought. The dissolution of
the King in the matriarchal system thematically recreates the heroic/sacrificial motif of incest, creative
(sexual) re-union with the mother. This creative reunion manifests itself first of all as psychological chaos,
depression and anxiety, and only then as re-creation. The king is the son of God, in previously incarnated
form, who loses his effectiveness in the course of time. Ritualistic primitive regicide is predicated upon the
belief that the magic power of the king, his ability to renew his subjects and the land, decreases with age.
Subjection to (intrapsychic and/or social) tyranny inevitably promotes stagnation and depression,
dissolution. Nonetheless, challenge presented to the prevailing spirit of the times means the removal of
knowledge from the context within which it has relevance, and the subsequent return of what is
conditionally known to the domain of the terrible and promising unknown:
In order to enter into Gods Kingdom the king must transform himself into the prima materia in the
body of his mother, and return to the dark initial state which the alchemists called the chaos. In this
massa confusa the elements are in conflict and repel one another; all connections are dissolved.
Dissolution is the prerequisite for redemption. The celebrant of the mysteries had to suffer a figurative
death in order to attain transformation.621
The matriarchal realm, which Jung personified in imagistic representation as the anima, is the source
of new knowledge, as the unknown. This makes the matriarchal realm mother/wisdom, matrix of the
revelation that renews. Such revelation necessarily threatens the stability of previous knowledge, however,
and releases previously inhibited affect (in consequence of the dissolution of predictability and
certainty). Jung states:
The anima becomes creative when the king renews himself in her. Psychologically the king stands first
of all for Sol, whom we have interpreted as consciousness. But over and above that he represents a
dominant of consciousness, such as a generally accepted principle or a collective conviction or a
tradition. These systems and ruling ideas age and thereby forcibly bring about a metamorphosis of the
gods.... [This] seldom occurs as a definite collective phenomenon. Mostly it is a change in the
individual which may, under certain conditions, affect society when the time is fulfilled. In the
individual it only means that the ruling idea is in need of renewal and alteration if it is to deal adequately
with the changed outer or inner conditions.622

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The kings original state of sickness is the certain eventual fate of concrete knowledge, posited as
absolute. Since the unknown always transcends the limits of the known, no final statement about the nature
of existence is possible. Attempts to limit knowledge to what is presently known must therefore necessarily
result in eventual social and psychological stagnation. It is an unfortunate fact that attempts to overcome
such stagnation must first result in the production of affective, motivational and ideational chaos.
Dissolution of the patriarchal in the matriarchal system, even in the voluntary pursuit of an ideal,
culminates in the creation of a psychically chaotic state, symbolized in alchemy as the sick-bed of the King,
as the pregnancy of the Queen, or as some analogical equivalent thereof. The chaotic state engendered
consequent to decision to pursue the unknown is accompanied by emergence of various constitutive
psychological factors in fantasy, embodied, personified, as opposing forces, lacking mediating principle.
This is precisely equivalent to an internal return to a state of polytheism, where the gods who rule
humanity war without subjection to a higher-order power. The alchemists described this stage of their
opus as the nigredo, or blackness a condition we would associate with depression, psychological chaos,
uncertainty, impulsivity, and anxiety.
Blackness descends when the motivational significance of events and processes, previously held in
check through adherence to a central, paradigmatically structured set of beliefs, implicit and explicit,
becomes once again indeterminate and novel. The dissolution of their previously held beliefs allowed the
fundamental constituent structures of the alchemists psyche to become actively personified in fantasy.
Elements of individual, patriarchal, and matriarchal systems vie in competition, lacking uniting principle,
abandoned in the pursuit of the unknown. Jung states:
This [initial] battle is the separatio, divisio, putrefactio, mortificatio, and solutio, which all represent
the original chaotic state of conflict.623 Dorn describes this vicious, warlike [state] allegorically as the
four-horned serpent, which the devil, after his fall from heaven, sought to infix in the mind of man.
Dorn puts the motif of war on a moral plane and thereby approximates it to the modern concept of
psychic dissociation, which, as we know, lies at the root of the psychogenic psychoses and neuroses. In
the furnace of the cross and in the fire, says the Aquarium sapientum, man, like the earthly gold,
attains to the true black Ravens head; that is, he is utterly disfigured and is held in derision by the
world, and this not only for forty days and nights, or years, but often for the whole duration of his life;
so much so that he experiences more heartache in his life than comfort and joy, and more sadness than
pleasure.... Through this spiritual death his soul is entirely freed. Evidently the nigredo brought about a
deformation and a psychic suffering which the author compared to the plight of the unfortunate Job.
Jobs unmerited misfortune, visited upon him by God, is the suffering of Gods servant and a
prefiguration of Christs passion.624
Identification with the pre-existent cultural canon or pretence of such identification provides protection
against the unknown, and context for knowledge, but promotes tyranny. The final cost of this identification
is the lie denial of deviance and the unknown. When such identification is abandoned voluntarily or
rendered impossible by circumstantial change, the affects held in check by the integrity of the previous
classification system are free once again to manifest themselves. The dissolution of the king means that
much of what was previously understood reverts to the unknown. This might be regarded as the reversal of
the historical process that made of all gods one supreme god or, speaking more psychologically, as the war
of conflicting drives, desires and subpersonalities that ensues when an overarching hierarchy of values
has collapsed. Such a reversion places the individual in a state characterized by great uncertainty,
frustration, depression and turmoil.

5.3.2.7. The Peregrination
The alchemists believed that perfection was characterized by a state of unity, in which all competing
opposites were united. The final stage of the alchemical procedure the conjunction was therefore

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proceded first by recognition and identification of all the diverse aspects of the psyche warring in
opposition in the belly of the uroboric dragon:
What, then, do the statements of the alchemists concerning their arcanum mean, looked at
psychologically? In order to answer this question we must remember the working hypothesis we have
used for the interpretation of dreams: the images in dreams and spontaneous fantasies are symbols, that
is, the best possible formulation for still unknown or unconscious facts, which generally compensate the
content of consciousness or the conscious attitude. If we apply this basic rule to the alchemical arcanum,
we come to the conclusion that its most conspicuous quality, namely, its unity and uniqueness one is
the stone, one the medicine, one the vessel, one the procedure, and one the disposition presupposes a
dissociated consciousness. For no one who is one himself needs oneness as a medicine nor, we might
add, does anyone who is unconscious of his dissociation, for a conscious situation of distress is needed
in order to activate the archetype of unity. From this we may conclude that the more philosophically
minded alchemists were people who did not feel satisfied with the then prevailing view of the world,
that is, with the Christian faith, although they were convinced of its truth. In this latter respect we find in
the classical Latin and Greek literature of alchemy no evidences to the contrary, but rather, so far as
Christian treatises are concerned, abundant testimony to the firmness of their Christian convictions.
Since Christianity is expressly a system of salvation, founded moreover on Gods plan of
redemption, and God is unity par excellence, one must ask oneself why the alchemists still felt a
disunity in themselves, or not at one with themselves, when their faith, so it would appear, gave them
every opportunity for unity and unison. (This question has lost nothing of its topicality today, on the
contrary!).625
This global recognition was conceptualized, variously, as a journey to the four corners of the earth
the peregrination or as familiarization with every aspect of being, as a vast expansion of self-knowledge.
The incorporation of all competing states of motivation into a single hierarchy of value presupposes
recognition of all diverse (painful, uncomfortable, difficult to manage) desires, and the forging of an
agreement between them. This can be most accurately viewed as a potentially redemptive expansion of
self-consciousness. It might be said: emergence of the limited self-consciousness symbolically represented
in myths of the Fall constituted grounds for the descent of man. The alchemical philosophers meditating
endlessly on the nature of perfection, or the transformative processes necessary for the production of
perfection came to realize that increased self-consciousness might constitute recompense for expulsion
from Paradise. But identification of all competing desires meant clear-headed recognition of the truly tragic
situation of man, and of all the sinful and mortal weaknesses, sins and insufficiencies associated with
individual being and then the attempt to come to real terms with that situation, and those limitations.
If you are a miserable and disorganized fool, producing chaos wherever you go, it is tremendously
painful to recognize yourself and to see the enormity of the job ahead of you. It is very difficult to replace
delusional identification with the persona with clear-headed apprehension of the real (and insufficient)
individual personality. This clearer vision or conception is something attained at no small cost (and this
says nothing about the cost of transforming that conception into action). The savage, wild animal the
hungry robber, the wolf, lion, and other ravening beasts626 served as apt representative of the
unredeemed individual, from the alchemical perspective. Emergence and recognition of this animal is
necessary precondition to his transformation. This idea is represented imagistically in Figure 64: The Wolf
as prima materia, Devouring the Dead King.627 This devouring of the Dead King by the now-recognized
beast of the underworld is very much akin to Solzhenitsyns discovery of his personal responsibility for
the Gulag that imprisoned him. For a typical modern, an equal shock might be produced by his discovery of
identity with the Nazi. The barbarians of Hitlers state were normal men normal men, like you (and me).
This cannot be emphasized strongly enough. But the normal man does not conceptualize himself as Nazi.
This means, merely, that his self-concept provides him with illusory security (as a prison protects its
inmates from the outside). But the Nazi actions that is, the willful torture of innocents, and enjoyment of
such is well within the normal mans range of capacities (and does not likely exhaust them). The
individual is a terrible force for evil. Recognition of that force real recognition, the kind that comes as a
staggering blow is a precondition for any profound improvement in character. By such improvement, I

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mean the capacity to bear the tragedy of existence, to transcend that tragedy and not to degenerate
instead into something unconsciously desirous of disseminating pain and misery. Jung states:

Figure 64: The Wolf as prima materia, Devouring the Dead King
It is worth noting that the animal is the symbolic carrier of the self [the psychic totality]. This hint in
Maier is borne out by modern individuals who have no notion of alchemy. It expresses the fact that the
structure of wholeness was always present but was buried in profound unconsciousness, where it can
always be found again if one is willing to risk ones skin to attain the greatest possible range of
consciousness through the greatest possible self-knowledge a harsh and bitter drink usually reserved
for hell. The throne of God seems to be no unworthy reward for such trials. For self-knowledge in the
total meaning of the word is not a one-sided intellectual pastime but a journey through the four
continents, where one is exposed to all the dangers of land, sea, air and fire. Any total act of recognition
worthy of the name embraces the four or 360! aspects of existence. Nothing may be disregarded.
When Ignatius Loyalus recommended imagination through the five senses to the meditant, and told
him to imitate Christ by use of his senses, what he had in mind was the fullest possible realization of
the object of contemplation. Quite apart from the moral or other effects of this kind of meditation, its
chief effect is the training of consciousness, of the capacity for concentration, and of attention and
clarity of thought. The corresponding forms of Yoga have similar effects. But in contrast to these

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traditional modes of realization, where the meditant projects himself into some prescribed form, the selfknowledge alluded to by Maier is a projection into the empirical self as it actually is. It is not the self
we like to imagine ourselves to be after carefully removing all the blemishes, but the empirical ego just
as it is, with everything that it does and everything that happens to it. Everybody would like to be quit of
this odious adjunct, which is precisely why in the East the ego is explained as illusion and why in the
West it is offered up in sacrifice to the Christ figure.
By contrast, the aim of the mystical peregrination is to understand all parts of the world, to achieve
the greatest possible extension of consciousness, as though its guiding principle were the Carpocratic
idea that one is delivered from no sin which one has not committed. Not a turning away from its
empirical so-ness, but the fullest possible experience of the ego as reflected in the ten thousand
things that is the goal of the peregrination.628
The mask each person wears in society is based upon the pretence that the individual is identical with
his culture (usually, with the best elements of that culture). The fool, hiding behind the mask, is
composed of individual deviance, which is deceitfully avoided, lied about, out of fear. This deviant, unlived
life contains the worst and the best tendencies of the individual, suppressed by cultural opinion because
they threaten the norm; forced underground by the individual himself, because they threaten personal shortterm psychological stability (which means group identification and ongoing inhibition of fear. In the
absence of an integrated hierarchical moral (patriarchal) system, competing values and viewpoints tend
towards disintegration, as each pursues its own end as greed might make the pursuit of lust difficult, as
hunger might render love impossible. When a moral system undergoes dissolution, and loses its absolute
validity its higher moral structure the values which it held in union revert to incompatability, at least
from the conscious viewpoint. This war of conflicting values of which each is in itself a necessary divine
force engenders confusion, disorientation, and despair. Such despair which can be truly unbearable
might be considered the first pitfall of moral transformation. Mere contemplation of the possibility of such
a state usually engenders sufficient discomfort to bring further moral development to a halt. The alchemist,
however, implicitly adopted a heroic role, when he voluntarily determined to pursue the unknown, in
search of the ideal. His unconscious identification with this eternal image, his active incarnation of the
mythological role, enabled him to persevere in his quest, in the face of grave difficulty. Jung states:
Only the living presence of the eternal images can lend the human psyche a dignity which makes it
morally possible for a man to stand by his own soul, and be convinced that it is worth his while to
persevere with it. Only then will he realize that the conflict is in him, that the discord and tribulation are
his riches, which should not be squandered by attacking others; and that, if fate should exact a debt from
him in the form of guilt, it is a debt to himself. Then he will recognize the worth of his psyche, for
nobody can owe a debt to a mere nothing. But when he loses his own values he becomes a hungry
robber, the wolf, lion, and other ravening beasts which for the alchemists symbolized the appetites that
break loose when the black waters of chaos i.e., the unconsciousness of projection have swallowed
up the king.629
The unknown is contaminated with the psychoanalytic unconscious, so to speak, because everything
we do not know about ourselves, and everything we have experienced, but not processed (which means
have assimilated, but not accomodated to), has the same affective status as everything that exists merely as
potential. Every thought and impulse we avoid or suppress, because it threatens our self-conception or
notion of the world; every fantasy we experience, but do not admit to (which means, do not adjust our
behaviors in consequence of or representations to account for) exists in the same domain as chaos, the
mother of all things, and serves to undermine our faith in our most vital presumptions. The encounter with
the unknown, therefore, is simultaneously encounter with those aspects of our selves our behavior, our
episodic experience, and our verbal we heretofore defined as impossible (despite their indisputable
existence). This integration means making behavioral potentialities previously disregarded available for
conscious use; means (re)construction of a self-model that accurately represents such potential.
Experiences which are currently deemed taboo which are forbidden, from the perspective of the
currently extant moral schema may therefore contain within them seeds of creative solution to problems
which currently remain unsolved, or which may arise in the future; may yet constitute unmined and

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redemptive possibility. Tales of the travelling sage, wandering magician or courageous adventurer
constitute recognition of the utility of such potential. From the perspective of such narratives, a totality of
experience and action comprises the necessary precondition for the attainment of wisdom. This total
immersion in life is the mystical peregrination of the medieval alchemist, in search of the philosophers
stone is the journey of Buddha through the complete sensory, erotic, and philosophical realms, prior to
his attainment of enlightenment. The ritual of pilgrimage the journey to the holy city constitutes halfritual, half-dramatic enactment of this idea. The pilgrim voluntarily places him or herself outside the
protective walls of original culture and, through the difficult and demanding (actual) journey to
unknown but holy lands, catalyzes a psychological process of broadening, integration and maturation. It
is in this manner, that a true quest inevitably fulfills itself, even though its final, impossible goal (the
holy grail, for example) may remain concretely unattained.
The necessity for experience as the precondition for wisdom may appear self-evident, once due
consideration has been applied to the problem (since wisdom is obviously derived from experience) but
the crux of the matter is that those elements of experience that foster denial or avoidance (and therefore
remain unencountered or unprocessed) always border on the maddening. This is particularly true from the
psychological, rather than ritual, perspective. The holy pilgrimage in its abstract or spiritual version is
the journey through elements of experience and personal character that constitute the subjective world
of experience (rather than the shared social and natural world). The inner world is divided into familiar
and unknown territory, much as the outer. The psychological purpose of the rite-of-passage adventure
(and the reason for the popularity of such journeys, in actuality and in drama) is the development of
character, in consequence of confrontation with the unknown. A journey to the place that is most feared,
however, can be undertaken psychologically much as concretely. What such a journey means, however, is a
peregrination through the rejected, hated and violently suppressed aspects of personal experience. This is
most literally a voyage to the land of the enemy to the heart of darkness.
When experience calls the absolute validity of a given belief system into question, the validity of the
definitions of immorality and of enmity contained with that system also become questionable:
For one may doubt, first, whether there are any opposites at all, and secondly whether these popular
valuations and opposite values on which the metaphysicians put their seal, are not perhaps merely
foreground estimates, only provisional perspectives, perhaps even from some nook, perhaps from below,
frog perspectives, as it were, to borrow an expression painters use. For all the value that the true, the
truthful, the selfless may deserve, it would still be possible that a higher and more fundamental value for
life might have to be ascribed to deception, selfishness and lust. It might even be possible that what
constitutes the value of these good and revered things is precisely that they are insidiously related, tied
to, and involved with these wicked, seemingly opposite things maybe even one with them in
essence.630
Recognition of potential in the transformation of the prima materia meant re-encounter with personal
experience formerly suppressed by cultural pressure and personal decision. Such experience might have
included hatred, cruelty, physical passion, greed, cowardice, confusion, doubt, flight of imagination,
freedom of thought, and personal talent. Things we avoid or deny are precisely those things that transcend
our individual competence, as presently construed the things or situations that define our limitations, and
that represent inferiority, failure, decomposition, weakness and death. This means that everything despised
and feared, every object of hatred and contempt, everything signifying cowardice, ruthlessness, ignorance
every experience that cries out for denial may yet constitute information, necessary for life. Jung states:
In general, the alchemists strove for a total union of opposites in symbolic form, and this they regarded
as the indispensable condition for the healing of all ills. Hence they sought to find ways and means to
produce that substance in which all opposites were united.631
Alchemy speaks of the union of soul-sparks, to produce the gold. These sparks scintillae are the
light in the darkness, the consciousness associated with poorly integrated or even hostile elements of
individual personality. 632 The germ or seed of unity may manifest itself symbolically at any time in the
procedure, and comes to dominate later if procedure is successful. This centre Jungs self633 unites the

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disparate elements (the compulsion of the stars) into one, in the course of a circular, cyclical journey (in
the course of the revolutionary spiral path of the way). This emergent centre was regarded by the
alchemists as the spirit Mercurius (the trickster, who was embedded in matter), or as the mythical
pelican, who fed her offspring with her own body and blood, and was therefore an allegory both of Christ
and the (self-nourishing) uroboros. The centre was also regarded as the philosophical stone (the solitaire)
rejected by the builders, directly identified with Christ (and as the rock upon which security itself might
be founded). This stone, this immovable and indestructible center, incorporated the patriarchal and
matriarchal principles (the King and the Queen), and was also regarded as the offspring of chaos,
fertilized by order. The emergence of the lapis/Christ/pelican from the domain of the dragon of chaos is
represented in Figure 65: Dragon of Chaos as Birthplace of Christ and the Lapis.634

Figure 65: Dragon of Chaos as Birthplace of Christ and the Lapis

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The mythological hero faces the unknown, voluntarily, cuts it up, and makes the world out of its pieces;
identifies and overcomes evil, and rescues the ancestral father, languishing in the underworld; unites,
consciously, with the virgin mother, and produces the divine child; and mediates between opposing and
warlike kings. He is, therefore, explorer, creator, lover and peacemaker. The hero is also he who has
travelled everywhere he who has mastered strange territory (even that inhabited by his enemy). This
travelling everywhere and mastering of strange territory has a psychological significance, and a social
meaning: the divine hero knows and understands the ways of the enemy and can use those ways to
advantage.
5.3.2.8. The Conjunction

The process of complete recognition, symbolized or dramatized as the peregrination, sets the stage for
activation of the final alchemical sequence, which consisted of the (hypothetical) union of all now-manifest
things. Jung outlines the Arisleus vision, in his text Psychology and Alchemy. This vision contains all
the elements of the alchemical theory, portrayed in episodic/narrative form. Its sequential analysis helps
shed dramatic light on the nature of the conjunction:
Arisleus (a Byzantine alchemist of the 8th or 9th century) tells of his adventures with the Rex Marinus,
in whose kingdom nothing prospers and nothing is begotten. Moreover, there are no philosophers there.
Only like mates with like, consequently there is no procreation. The king must seek the counsel of the
philosophers and mate Thabritius with Beya, his two children whom he has hatched in his brain.635
Jung comments:
Thabritius is the masculine, spiritual principle of light and Logos which, like the Gnostic Nous, sinks
into the embrace of physical nature.636
elaborating on an idea he had presented earlier:
Nous seems to be identical with the God Anthropos: he appears alongside the demiurge and is the
adversary of the planetary spheres. He rends the circle of the spheres and leans down to earth and water
(i.e., is about to project himself into the elements). His shadow falls upon the earth, but his image is
reflected in the water. This kindles the love of the elements, and he himself is so charmed with the
reflected image of divine beauty that he would fain take up his abode within it. But scarcely has he set
foot upon the earth when Physis locks him in a passionate embrace.637
It is important to understand this commentary, as well, to completely appreciate the nature of the prima
materia. The prima materia Physis contains spirit, the masculine principle, as well as matter, the
feminine (Beya, in this narrative). The prima materia dragon of chaos serves simultaneously as the
source of things, the subject to whom things appear, and the representations of the things characteristic of
that subject. This is not a mere material source; it is the absolute unknown itself, in whose embrace spirit
sleeps, until it is released (in the course of the exploration that transforms the self, as well as producing
something real that is new). Jung continues, with an idea that we are now familiar with:
When we are told that the King is... inanimate, or that his land is unfruitful, it is equivalent to saying
that the hidden state is one of latency and potentiality. The darkness and depths of the sea [which stands
for the unknown] symbolize the unconscious state of an invisible content that is projected. Inasmuch as
such a content belongs to the total personality, and is only apparently severed from its context by
projection, there is always an attraction between conscious mind and projected content. Generally it
takes the form of a fascination. This, in the alchemical allegory, is expressed by the Kings cry for help
from the depths of his unconscious, dissociated state. The conscious mind should respond to this call:
one should... render service to the King, for this would be not only wisdom, but salvation as well.

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Yet this brings with it the necessity of a descent into the dark world of the unconscious [the
unknown]... the perilous adventure of the night sea journey, whose end and aim is the restoration of
life, resurrection, and the triumph over death.638
Despite the risk, Arisleus and his imaginary companions brave the quest into the kingdom of the
submerged king. This quest ends terribly, with the death of Thabritius. This death echoes that of Osiris, and
symbolizes the completion of the spirits descent into matter or the unconscious or the unknown (where it
then lies implicit or unrevealed, and calls for rescue, offering riches to its redeemer). Jung continues
with the story:
... the death of the Kings son is naturally a delicate and dangerous matter. By descending into the
unconscious, the conscious mind puts itself in a perilous position, for it is apparently extinguishing
itself. It is in the situation of the primitive hero who is devoured by the dragon.
... the deliberate and indeed wanton provocation of this state is a sacrilege or breach of taboo attended
by the severest punishments. Accordingly, the King imprisons Arisleus and his companions in a triple
glass house together with the corpse of the Kings son. The heroes are held captive in the underworld at
the bottom of the sea, where, exposed to every kind of terror, they languish for eighty days in an intense
heat. At the request of Arisleus, Beya is imprisoned with them. [The Rosarium version of the Visio
interprets the prison as Beyas womb].
Clearly, they have been overpowered by the unconscious [the unknown] and are helplessly
abandoned, which means that they have volunteered to die in order to beget a new and fruitful life in
that region of the psyche which has hitherto lain fallow in darkest unconsciousness, and under the
shadow of death.639
The purpose of the story, in describing this descent, is demonstration that only in the region of danger
(watery abyss, cavern, forest, island, castle, etc.) can one find the treasure hard to attain (jewel, virgin,
life-potion, victory over death).640 Jung ends his commentary:
The dread and resistance which every natural human being experiences when it comes to delving too
deeply into himself is, at bottom, the fear of the journey to Hades. If it were only resistance that he felt,
it would not be so bad. In actual fact, however, the psychic substratum, that dark realm of the unknown,
exercises a fascinating attraction that threatens to become the more overpowering the further he
penetrates into it. The psychological danger that arises here is the disintegration of personality into its
functional components, i.e., the separate functions of consciousness, the complexes, hereditary units,
etc. Disintegration which may be functional or occasionally a real schizophrenia is the fate which
overtakes Gabricus (in the Rosarium version): he is dissolved into atoms in the body of Beya. So long
as consciousness refrains from acting, the opposites will remain dormant in the unconscious. Once they
have been activated, the regius filius spirit, Logos, Nous is swallowed up by Physis.... In the hero
myth this state is known as being swallowed up in the belly of the whale or dragon.
The heat there is usually so intense [a consequence of the war of affects; anxiety, anger] that the hero
loses his hair, and is reborn as bald as a babe.... The philosopher makes the journey to hell as a
redeemer.641
The story continues:
Earlier on, we left Arisleus and his companions, together with Beya and the dead Thabritius, in the
triple glass house where they had been imprisoned by the Rex Marinus. They suffer from the intense
heat, like the three whom Nebuchadnezzar cast into the fiery furnace. King Nebuchadnezzar had a
vision of a fourth, like the son of God, as we are told in Daniel 3:25.
This vision is not without bearing on alchemy, since there are numerous passages in the literature
stating that the stone is trinus et unus. It consists of the four elements, with fire representing the spirit
concealed in matter. This is the fourth, absent and yet present, who always appears in the fiery agony of
the furnace and symbolizes the divine presence succour and the completion of the work.

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And, in their hour of need, Arisleus and his companions see their master Pythagoras in a dream and
beg him for help. He sends them his disciple Harforetus, the author of nourishment. So the work is
completed and Thabritius comes to life again. We may suppose that Harforetus brought them the
miraculous food [akin to the host], though this only becomes clear through a discovery of Ruskas, who
gave us access to the text of the Codex Berolinensis. There, in an introduction that is missing from the
printed versions of the Visio, we read: Pythagoras says, Ye write and have written down for
posterity how this most precious tree is planted, and how he that eats of its fruits shall hunger no
more.642
The alchemical opus meant, at one level of analysis, the complete integration of unknown and
known, insofar as that could be attained but more profoundly, participation in the process that made
one thing of unknown and known. This construct and act of construction typically had twin final aims,
insofar as it constituted the pursuit of perfection: First: union of the feminine, maternal background of the
unknown material world, seething with danger, passion and sensuality, into harmony with the ordering
principle of the spirit. [This was represented symbolically as dissolution of the dead king and his
subsequent regeneration, after eating the miraculous food (which is the beneficial aspect of the
unknown, and the hero, simultaneously)]. Subsequently: re-introduction of that integrated psychic
structure to the physical body the conscious incarnation of the now-more-complete spirit, so to speak.
So this meant that the union attained by the (re)incorporation of the material unknown was not complete,
if it was still a matter of philosophy or abstract conceptualization: the well-integrated spirit also had to be
realized in behavior. And this was not necessarily yet even the final stage. The alchemist Dorn states:
We conclude that meditative philosophy consists in the overcoming of the body by mental union (unio
mentalis). This first union does not as yet make the wise man, but only the mental disciple of wisdom.
The second union of the mind with the body shows forth the wise man, hoping for and expecting that
blessed third union with the first unity [Jungs note: the unus mundus, the latent unity of the world].
May Almighty God grant that all men be made such, and may He be one in All.643
Dorns ideas refer to a conjunction conceptualized as a three-stage process. The first stage was union of
the mind (the overcoming the body by mental union). This stage refers to the integration of states of
motivation (drives, emotions) into a single hierarchy, dominated by the figure of the exploratory hero. The
second stage was (re)union of the united mind with the body. This was equivalent to the second stage of the
heros journey. After the treasure is released, consequential to the battle with the dragon, the purely
personal aspect of the heros journey is completed. After all, he has found the treasure hard to attain. But
the second stage of the heros journey is return to the community. This is equivalent to Buddhas
determination to retire from the state of Nirvana, until all who were living could make their home there; is
tantamount to the Buddhas belief that the redemption of the one was impossible, in the presence of the
unredeemed many. The reunion of the united mind with the body is inculcation of proper attitude in action
(and is, therefore, the effect of the hero on the world).
The third stage is particularly difficult to comprehend. Re-consideration of the theme of the tailor who
mends644 and who can therefore sew up the hole in the sky, made by the dying king might help with
initial comprehension. Things that are wrong must be set right. This is a psychological process, even if it
undertaken purely as a consequence of actions conducted in the outside world. The union of the united
spirit/body with the world means recognition of the essential equivalence of all experience, or consideration
of all aspects of experience as literally equivalent to the self. We presume the existence of an final barrier
between subject and object, but a standpoint exists that gives to all aspects of individual experience
whether subjective or objective equal status, as aspects of experience. Redeeming any aspect of that
experience, then whether material or psychological; whether self or other is then regarded as the
same act as the act whose purpose is establishment of the kingdom of god (which is simultaneously
psychological and social state). Spiritual work may therefore be regarded as indistinguishable from
work on the external circumstances of existence: fix yourself, fix the world. Or, alternatively: the attempt
to bring about the perfection of the external world may be regarded as equivalent to attempt to perfect
oneself. After all, dedication to an ideal necessitates development of self-discipline. This is voluntary

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apprenticeship. The world and the self are not different places, from this perspective: all is experience.
The attempt to redeem one necessarily brings about redemption in the other.
All three of these conjunctions may be represented symbolically by the syzygy which is the divine
union of opposites, most generally considered as male and female:
1. first, known (previous knowledge subsumed under patriarchal/spiritual category) + unknown
(anomaly subsumed under matriarchal/affective/material/physical category) = united spirit;
2. then united spirit (in this context, subsumed into the patriarchal/spiritual category) + body
(subsumed under matriarchal/material category) = united spirit/body;
3. then united spirit/body (in this context, subsumed under the patriarchal/spiritual category) +
world (matriarchal/material/category) = united spirit/body/world.
All three of these unions can be considered variants of the incest motif, (brother/sister, son/mother,
King/Queen pairings). Stage one, the mental union, was construed as necessary, valuable, but
incomplete: the attainment of an ordered subjective state (stage two) was another important step along the
way:
Learn therefore, O Mind, to practise sympathetic love in regard to thine own body, by restraining its
vain appetites, that it may be apt with thee in all things. To this end I shall labour, that it may drink with
thee from the fountain of strength and, when the two are made one, that ye find peace in their union.
Draw nigh, O Body, to this fountain, that with thy Mind thou mayest drink to satiety and hereafter thirst
no more after vanities. O wondrous efficacy of this fount, which maketh one of two, and peace between
enemies! The fount of love can make mind out of spirit and soul, but this maketh one man out of mind
and body.645
The third step, however, was critical: philosophical knowledge and ordered intrapsychic structure even
when embodied was regarded as insufficient. That embodied union must be extended to all the world
regarded as an aspect of experience and, therefore, as equivalent (even identical) to the self.
The alchemical procedure was based on the attempt to redeem matter, to transform it into an ideal.
This procedure operated on the assumption that matter was originally corrupted like man, in the story of
Genesis. The study of the transformations of corruption and limitation activated a mythological sequence in
the mind of the alchemist. This sequence followed the pattern of the way, upon which all religions have
developed. Formal Christianity adopted the position that the sacrifice of Christ brought history to a close,
and that belief in that sacrifice guaranteed redemption. Alchemy rejected that position, in its pursuit of
what remained unknown. In that (heroic) pursuit the alchemist found himself transformed:
Whereas the Christian belief is that man is freed from sin by the redemptory act of Christ, the alchemist
was evidently of the opinion that the restitution to the likeness of original and incorrupt nature had
still to be accomplished by the art, and this can only mean that Christs work of redemption was
regarded as incomplete. In view of the wickedness which the Prince of this world, undeterred, goes on
perpetrating as liberally as before, one cannot withhold all sympathy from such an opinion. For an
alchemist who professed allegiance to the Ecclesia spiritualis it was naturally of supreme importance to
make himself an unspotted vessel of the Paraclete and thus to realize the idea Christ on a plane far
transcending a mere imitation of him.646
This realization of Christ on a plane transcending imitation is an overwhelming idea. It makes of
religious belief something far more than belief something far more terrifying, and far more promising.
The sequence of the alchemical transformation paralleled Christs passion, paralleled the myth of the hero
and his redemption. The essential message of alchemy is that individual rejection of tyranny, voluntary
pursuit of the unknown and terrifying predicated upon faith in the ideal may engender a individual
transformation so overwhelming that its equivalent can only be found in the most profound of religious
myths:
The Son of the great World who is Theocosmos, i.e., a divine power and world (but whom even today,
unfortunately, many who teach nature in a pagan spirit and many builders of medical science reject in

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the high university schools), is the exemplar of the stone which is Theanthropos, i.e., God and man
(whom, as Scripture tells us, the builders of the Church have also rejected); and from the same, in and
from the Great World Book of Nature, [there issues] a continuous and everlasting doctrine for the wise
and their children: indeed, it is a splendid living likeness of our Savior Jesus Christ, in and from the
Great World which by nature is very similar to him (as to miraculous conception, birth, inexpressible
powers, virtues, and effects); so God our Lord, besides his Sons Biblical histories, has also created a
specific image and natural representation for us in the Book of Nature.647
It was in pursuit of the unknown that the alchemist experienced this psychological transformation, just
as it was originally in contact with the unknown that the (monotheistic) patriarchal system developed, in the
furthest reaches of history. It is the symbolic expression of the action of instinct, which manifests itself in
some variant of the hero myth, whenever the unknown is pursued, without avoidance, in the attempt to
improve life. The alchemist experienced what the individual always experiences, when he determines to
face every aspect of his existence (individual and collective), without denial or recourse to sterile
preconceptions.
The passion that vibrates in [the alchemical texts] is genuine, but would be totally incomprehensible if
the lapis were nothing but a chemical substance. Nor does it originate in contemplation of Christs
Passion; it is the real experience of a man who has got involved in the compensatory contents of the
unconscious by investigating the unknown, seriously and to the point of self-sacrifice. He could not but
see the likeness of his projected contents to the dogmatic images [which were in fact likely utilized by
the instinctual procedure], and he might have been tempted to assume that his ideas were nothing else
than the familiar religious conceptions, which he was using in order to explain the chemical procedure.
But the texts show clearly that, on the contrary, a real experience of the opus had an increasing tendency
to assimilate the dogma or to amplify itself with it.648
In Christianity, spirit descends to matter, and the result of the union is the birth of Christ (and,
unfortunately, the formal realization of his opponent). In alchemy, which compensated for the one-sided
view of Christianity, matter rises to spirit, with analogous result: creation of the lapis or philosophical
stone, which bears an unmistakable resemblance to Christ, embodied in abstractly material form. This
form, the philosophers stone, the lapis, was composed of the most paradoxical elements: it was base,
cheap, immature and volatile; perfect, precious, ancient and solid; visible to all yet mysterious; costly, dark,
hidden and evident, having one name and many names. The lapis was also the renewed King, the wise old
man, and the child. The wise old man posesses the charisma of wisdom, which is the knowledge that
transcends the limits of history. The child represents the creative spirit, the possibility in man, the Holy
Ghost. He is not the child of ignorance, but the innocence of maturity. He precedes and antedates history in
the subjective and collective sense:
The child is all that is abandoned and exposed and at the same time divinely powerful; the
insignificant, dubious beginning, and the triumphal end. The eternal child in man is an indescribable
experience, an incongruity, a handicap, and a divine prerogative; an imponderable that determines the
ultimate worth or worthlessness of a personality.649
This final value, the goal of the pursuit of the alchemists, is discovery and embodiment of the meaning of
life itself: integrated subjective being actively expressing its nature through manipulation of the
possibilities inherent in the material/unknown world. This final goal is the production of an integrated
intrapsychic condition identical to that of the mythological hero acted out in a world regarded as
equivalent to the self. Production of this condition the lapis philosophorum constitutes the antidote
for the corruption of the world, attendant upon the Fall [attendant upon the emergence of (partial) selfconsciousness]. The lapis is agent of transformation, equivalent to the mythological redemptive hero
able to to turn base metals into gold. It is, as such, something more valuable than gold just as the hero
is more valuable than any of his concrete productions. The complete alchemical opus with production
of the lapis as goal is presented schematically in Figure 66: The Alchemical Opus as Myth of
Redemption.

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The Prima Materia

What SHOULD BE:
The Ideal Future

The
Lapis
What SHOULD BE:
The Ideal Future

Tradition

What IS:
The Unbearable
Present

What IS:
The Unbearable
Present

De

ce Th
nt e C
an on
d ju
(R nc
e) ti
In on
te :
gr
at
io
n

The King
of Order
en The
t a Ni
nd gre
Dis do
int :
eg
ra

T
An he Q
om ue
alo en
us of
Inf Ch
orm aos
ati :
on

tio

As

sc

The State of Gold

n

The Dragon
of Chaos

Figure 66: The Alchemical Opus as Myth of Redemption.

Alchemy was a living myth: the myth of the individual man, as redeemer. Organized Christianity had
sterilized itself, so to speak, by insisting on the worship of something external as the means to salvation.
The alchemists (re)discovered the error of this presumption, and came to realize that identification with the
redeemer was in fact necessary, not his worship came to realize that that myths of redemption had true
power when they were incorporated, and acted out, rather than believed, in some abstract sense. This
meant: to say that Christ was the greatest man in history a combination of the divine and mortal was
not sufficient expression of faith. Sufficient expression meant, alternatively, the attempt to live out the
myth of the hero within the confines of individual personality to voluntarily shoulder the cross of
existence, to unite the opposites within a single breast, and to serve as active conscious mediator between
the eternal generative forces of known and unknown.
5.4. Conclusion: The Divinity of Interest
Anomalies manifest themselves on the border between chaos and order, so to speak, and have a threatening
and promising aspect. The promising aspect dominates, when the contact is voluntary, when the exploring
agent is up-to-date when the individual has explored all previous anomalies, released the information
they contained, and built a strong personality and steady world from that information. The threatening
aspect dominates, when the contact is involuntary, when the exploring agent is not up-to-date when the
individual has run away from evidence of his previous errors, failed to extract the information lurking
behind his mistakes, weakened his personality, and destabilized his world.
The phenomenon of interest that precursor to exploratory behavior signals the presence of a
potentially beneficial anomaly. Interest manifests itself where an assimilable but novel phenomenon

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exists: where something new hides, in a partially comprehensible form. Devout adherence to the dictates
of interest assuming a suitably disciplined character therefore insures stabilization and renewal of
personality and world.
Interest is a spirit beckoning from the unknown a spirit calling from outside the walls of society.
Pursuit of individual interest means hearkening to this spirits call means journeying outside the
protective walls of childhood dependence and adolescent group identification; means also return to tp and
rejuvenation of society. This means that pursuit of individual interest development of true individuality
is equivalent to identification with the hero. Such identification renders the world bearable, despite its
tragedies and reduces unnecessary suffering, which most effectively destroys, to an absolute minimum.
This is the message that everyone wants to hear. Risk your security. Face the unknown. Quit lying to
yourself, and do what your heart truly tells you to do. You will be better for it, and so will the world.
5.4.1. Introduction

Where does one not encounter that veiled glance which burdens one with a profound sadness, that
inward-turned glance of the born failure which betrays how such a man speaks to himself that glance
which is a sigh! If only I were someone else, sighs this glance: but there is no hope of that. I am who I
am: how could I ever get free of myself? And yet I am sick of myself!
It is on such soil, on swampy ground, that every weed, every poisonous plant grows, always so small, so
hidden, so false, so saccharine. Here the worms of vengefulness and rancor swarm; here the air stinks of
secrets and concealment; here the web of the most malicious of all conspiracies is being spun constantly
the conspiracy of the suffering against the well-constituted and victorious, here the aspect of the victorious
is hated. And what mendaciousness is employed to disguise that this hatred is hatred! What a display of
grand words and postures, what an art of honest calumny! These failures: what noble eloquence flows
from their lips! How much sugary, slimy, humble submissiveness swims in their eyes! What do they really
want? At least to represent justice, love, wisdom, superiority that is the ambition of the lowest, the sick.
And how skillful such an ambition makes them! Admire above all the forgers skill with which the stamp of
virtue, even the ring, the golden-sounding ring of virtue, is here counterfeited. They monopolize virtue,
these weak, hopelessly sick people, there is no doubt of it: we alone are the good and just, they say, we
alone are homines bonae voluntatis. They walk among us as embodied reproaches, as warnings to us as
if health, well-constitutedness, strength, pride and sense of power were in themselves necessarily vicious
things for which one must pay some day, and pay bitterly: how ready they themselves are at bottom to
make one pay; how they crave to be hangmen.650
I was reading Jeffrey Burton Russells Mephistopheles: The Devil in the Modern World,651 when I came
across his discussion of Dostoevskys The Brothers Karamazov. Russell discusses Ivans argument for
atheism which is one of the most powerful ever mounted:
Ivans examples of evil, all taken from the daily newspapers of 1876, are unforgettable: the nobleman
who orders his hounds to tear the peasant boy to pieces in front of his mother; the man who whips his
struggling horse on its gentle eyes; the parents who lock their tiny daughter all night in the freezing
privy while she knocks on the walls pleading for mercy; the Turk who entertains a baby with a shiny
pistol before blowing its brains out. Ivan knows that such horrors occur daily and can be multiplied
without end. I took the case of children, Ivan explains, to make my case clearer. Of the other tears
with which the earth is soaked, I will say nothing.652
Russell states:
The relation of evil to God has in the century of Auschwitz and Hiroshima once again become a center
of philosophical and theological discussion. The problem of evil can be stated simply: God is
omnipotent; God is perfectly good; such a God would not permit evil to exist; but we observe that evil

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exists; therefore God does not exist. Variations on this theme are nearly infinite. The problem is not only
abstract and philosophical, of course; it is also personal and immediate. Believers tend to forget that
their God takes away everything that one cares about: possessions, comforts, success, profession or
craft, knowledge, friends, family and life. What kind of God is this? Any decent religion must face this
question squarely, and no answer is credible that cannot be given in the face of dying children.653
It seems to me that we use the horrors of the world to justify our own inadequacies. We make the
presumption that human vulnerability is a sufficient cause of human cruelty. We blame God, and Gods
creation, for twisting and perverting our souls, and claim, all the time, to be innocent victims of
circumstance. What do you say to a dying child? You say, you can do it; there is something in you that is
strong enough to do it. And you dont use the terrible vulnerability of children as an excuse for the
rejection of existence, and the perpetration of conscious evil.
I do not have much experience as a clinical psychologist. Two of my patients, however, stay in my
mind. The first was a woman, about thirty-five years old. She looked fifty. She reminded me of a medieval
peasant of my conception of a medieval peasant. She was dirty, clothes, hair, teeth; dirty with the kind of
filth that takes months to develop. She was unbearably shy; she approached anyone who she thought was
superior in status to her which was virtually everyone hunched over, with her eyes shaded by her hands,
both hands as if she could not tolerate the light emanating from her target.
She had been in behavioral treatment in Montreal, as an outpatient, before, and was in fact a sight
known to the permanent staff at the clinic. Others had tried to help her overcome her unfortunate manner of
self-presentation, which made people on the street shy away from her; made them regard her as crazy and
unpredictable. She could learn to stand or sit up, temporarily, with eyes unguarded but she reverted to her
old habits as soon as she left the clinic.
She may have been intellectually impaired, in consequence of some biological fault it was difficult to
tell, because her environment was so appalling it may have caused her ignorance. She was illiterate, as
well. She lived with her mother whose character I knew nothing about and with an elderly, desperately
ill, bed-ridden aunt. Her boyfriend was a violent alcoholic schizophrenic who mistreated her
psychologically and physically; who was always muddling her simple mind with tirades about the Devil
and the worship of Satan. She had nothing going for her no beauty, no intelligence, no loving family, no
skills, no employment nothing.
She didnt come to therapy to resolve her problems, however nor to unburden her soul, nor to describe
her mistreatment and victimization at the hands of others. She came because she wanted to do something
for someone who was worse off than her. The clinic where I was interning was associated with a large
psychiatric hospital. All of the patients that still remained after the shift to community care in the aftermath
of the sixties were so incapacitated that they could not survive on the streets. She had done some volunteer
work, of some limited type, in that hospital, and decided that she could maybe befriend a patient take him
or her outside for a walk. I think she got this idea because she had a dog, which she walked regularly, and
which she liked to take care of. All she wanted from me was help arranging this help finding someone
who she could take outside; help finding someone, in the hospital bureaucracy, who would allow this to
happen. I was not very successful in aiding her but she didnt seem to hold that against me.
It is said that one piece of evidence that runs contrary to a theory is sufficient to disprove that theory. Of
course, people do not think this way, and perhaps should not. In general, a theory is too useful to give up,
easily too difficult to regenerate and the evidence against should be consistent and believable before it
is accepted. But the existence of this woman made me think. She was destined for a psychopathological
end, from the viewpoint of biological and environmental determinism fated as surely as anyone I had
even met. And maybe she beat her dog sometimes, and was rude to her sick aunt. Maybe. I never saw her
vindictive, or unpleasant even when her simple wishes were thwarted. I dont want to say that she was a
saint, because I didnt know her well enough to tell. But the fact was that in her misery and simplicity she
remained without self-pity, and able to see outside of herself. Why wasnt she a criminal cruel,
unbalanced and miserable? She had every reason to be. And yet she wasnt.
In her simple way, she had made the proper choices. She remained bloody, but unbowed. And she
seemed to me, rightly or wrongly, to be a symbol of suffering humanity, sorely afflicted, yet capable of
courage and love:

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Such I created all the Ethereal Powers
And Spirits, both them who stood and them who failed;
Not free, what proof could they have given sincere
Of true allegiance, constant faith, or love,
Where only what they needs must do appeared,
Not what they would? What praise could they receive
What pleasure I, from such obedience paid,
When Will and Reason (Reason also is Choice),
Useless and vain, of freedom both despoiled,
Made passive both, had served Necessity,
Not me? They, therefore, as to right belonged,
So were created, nor can justly accuse
Their Maker, or their making, or their fate,
As if Predestination overruled
Their will, disposed by absolute decree
Or high foreknowledge; they themselves decreed
Their own revolt, not I: if I foreknew,
Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault,
Which had no less proved certain unforeknown.
So without least impulse or shadow of fate,
Or aught by me immutably foreseen,
They trespass, authors to themselves in all,
Both what they judge and what they choose; for so
I formed them free, and free they must remain
Till they enthrall themselves: I else must change
Their nature, and revoke the high decree
Unchangeable, eternal, which ordained
Their freedom; they themselves ordained their fall.654
The other patient I wish to describe was a schizophrenic, in a small inpatient ward, at a different
hospital. He was about twenty-nine when I met him a few years older than I was at the time and had
been in and out of confinement for seven years. He was, of course, on anti-psychotic medication, and
participated in occupational-therapy activities on the ward making coasters, and pencil holders, and so on,
but he could not maintain attention for any amount of time, and was not even much good at craft. My
supervisor asked me to administer an intelligence test to him the standard WAIS-R655 (more for the sake
of my experience than for any possible diagnostic good). I gave my patient some of the red-and-white
blocks that made up the Block Design Subtest. He was supposed to arrange the blocks so they matched a
pattern printed on some cards. He picked them up, and started to re-arrange them on the desk in front of
him, while I timed him, stupidly, with a stop-watch. The task was impossible for him, even at the simplest
of stages. He looked constantly distracted, and frustrated. I asked, whats wrong? He said, the battle
between good and evil in heaven is going on in my head.
I stopped the testing at that point. I didnt know exactly what to make of his comment. He was obviously
suffering, and the testing seemed to make it worse. What was he experiencing? He wasnt lying, thats for
sure. In the face of such a statement it seemed ridiculous to continue.
I spent some time with him that summer. I had never met someone who was so blatantly mentally ill.
We talked on the ward and, occasionally, I would take him for a walk through the hospital grounds outside.
He was the third son of first-generation immigrants. His first-born brother was a lawyer; the other, a
physician. His parents were obviously ambitious for their children, hard-working and disciplined. He had
been a graduate student, working towards a degree in immunology (?) I dont precisely remember. His
brothers had set him a daunting example, and he felt pressure to succeed. His experimental work had not
turned out as he had expected, however, and he apparently came to believe that he might not graduate
not, at least, when he had hoped to. So he faked his experimental results, and wrote up his thesis anyway.

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He told me that the night he finished writing, he woke up, and saw the Devil standing over him, at the
foot of his bed. This event triggered the onset of his mental illness, from which he had never recovered. It
might be said that the Satanic apparition merely accompanied the expression of some pathological stressinduced neural development, whose appearance was biologically predetermined, or that the Devil was
merely personification of his cultures conception of moral evil, manifesting itself in imagination, as a
consequence of his guilt. Both of these levels of description have their merits. But the fact remains that he
saw the Devil, and that the vision accompanied or even was the event that destroyed him.
He was afraid to tell me much of his fantasy, and it was only after I had paid careful attention to him that
he opened up. He was not bragging, or trying to impress me. He was terrified about what he believed;
terrified as a consequence of the fantasies that impressed themselves upon him. He told me that he could
not leave the hospital, because someone was waiting to shoot him a typical paranoid delusion. Why did
someone want to kill him?
Well, he was hospitalized during the cold war not at its height, perhaps, but still during a time when
the threat of purposeful nuclear annihilation seemed more plausible, more likely, than it does now. Many of
the people I knew used the existence of this threat to justify, to themselves, their failure to participate fully
in life a life which they thought of, romantically, as doomed, and therefore as pointless. But there was
some real terror in the pose, and the thought of the countless missiles pointed here and there around the
world sapped the energy and faith of everyone, hypocritical or not.
My schizophrenic patient believed that he was, in fact, the incarnation of the world-annihilating force;
that he was destined, upon his release from the hospital, to make his way south to a nuclear missile silo, on
American territory; that he was fated to make the decision that would launch the final war. The people
outside the hospital knew this, and that is why they were waiting to shoot him. He did not want to tell me
this story, in consequence although he did because he thought I might then want to kill him too.
My friends in graduate school thought it ironic that I had contact with a patient of this type. My peculiar
interest in Jung, and Jungs ideas regarding the collective unconscious, were well known to them, and it
seemed absurdly fitting that I would end up talking to someone with delusions of this type. But I didnt
know what to do with his ideas. Of course, they were crazy, and they had done in my patient. But it still
seemed to me that they were true, from the metaphorical viewpoint.
His story, in totality, linked his individual choice, between good and evil, with the cumulative horror
then facing the world. His story implied that because he had given in to temptation, at a critical juncture, he
was in fact responsible for the horror of the potential of nuclear war. But how could this be? It seemed
insane to me to even consider that the act of one powerless individual could be linked in some manner to
the outcome of history as a whole.
But I am no longer so sure. I have read much about evil, and its manner of perpetration and growth, and
I am no longer convinced that each of us are so innocent, so harmless. It is of course illogical to presume
that one person one speck of dust, among six billion motes is in any sense responsible for the horrible
course of human events. But that course in itself is not logical, far from it and it seems likely that it
depends on processes that we do not understand.
The most powerful arguments for the non-existence of God (at least a good God) are predicated on the
idea that such a Being would not allow for the existence of evil in its classical natural (diseases, disasters)
or moral (war, pogroms) forms. Such arguments can be taken further, even, than atheism can be used to
disupte the justice of the existent world itself. Dostoevsky states: Perhaps the entire cosmos is not worth a
single innocent childs suffering. How can the universe be constructed such that pain is permitted? How
can a good God allow for the existence of a suffering world?
These difficult questions can be addressed, in part, as a consequence of careful analysis of evil. First, it
seems reasonable to insist upon the value of the natural/moral distinction. The tragic circumstances of
life should not be placed in the same category as willfully undertaken harm. Tragedy subjugation to
the mortal conditions of existencde has an ennobling aspect, at least in potential, and has been constantly
exploited to that end in great literature and mythology. True evil, by contrast, is anything but noble.
Participation in acts whose sole purpose is expansion of innocent pain and suffering destroys character;
forthright encounter with tragedy, by contrast, may increase it. This is the meaning of the Christian myth of
the crucifixion. It is Christs full participation in and freely-chosen acceptance of his fate (which he shares
with all mankind) that enables him to manifest his full identity with God and it is that identity which

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enables him to bear that fate, and which strips it of its evil. Conversely it is the voluntary demeaning of
our own characters which makes the necessary tragic conditions of existence appear evil.
But why is life tragic? Why are we subject to unbearable limitation to pain, disease, and death; to
cruelty at the hands of nature and society? Why do terrible things happen to everyone? These are, of
course, unanswerable questions. But they must be answered, somehow, if we are to be able to face our own
lives.
The best I can make of it is this (and this has helped me): Nothing can exist without preconditions. Even
a game cannot be played without rules and the rules say what cannot be done, as much as what can.
Perhaps the world is not possible, as a world, without its borders without its rules. Maybe existence
wouldnt be possible, in the absence of our painful limitations.
Think of it this way: If we could have everything we wanted, merely for wishing it if every tool
performed every job, if all men were omniscient and immortal then everything would be the same, the
same all-powerful thing, God, and creation would never exist. It is the differences between things which
is a function of their specific limitations that allows them to exist at all.
But the fact that things do exist does not mean that they should exist even if we are willing to grant
them their necessary limitations.
Should the world exist? Are the preconditions of experience so terrible that the whole game should be
called off? (and there is never any shortage of people working diligently towards this end).
It seems to me that we answer this question, implicitly but profoundly, when we lose someone we loved,
and then grieve. This is a very common experience. I dont think we cry because they existed, either but
because they are lost. This presupposes a judgment rendered, at a very fundamental level of analysis. Grief
presupposes having loved, presupposes the judgment that this persons specific, bounded existence was
valuable, was something that should have been (even in its inevitably imperfect and vulnerable form). But
still the question lingers why should things, even loved things, exist at all, if their necessary limitations
cause such suffering?
Perhaps we could reserve answer to the question of Gods nature, his responsibility for the presence of
the evil in creation, until we have solved the problem of our own. Perhaps we could tolerate the horrors of
the world if we left our own characters intact, and developed them to the fullest; if we took full advantage
of every gift we have been granted. Perhaps the world would not look horrible then.
I dreamed I was walking up out of a deep valley, along a paved two-lane highway. The highway was
located in northern Alberta, where I grew up, and came out of the only valley for miles around, in the
endlessly flat prairie. I passed a man, hitchhiking, and could see another in the distance. As I
approached him I could see that he was in the first stages of old age; but he still looked terribly strong.
Someone passed him in a car, driving the opposite direction, and a female voice yelled, look out he
has a knife!
He was carrying what looked like a wooden-handled kitchen knife, well-worn and discolored, but it
had a blade at least two and a half feet long. Across his shoulder he had strapped a large leather sheaf.
He was walking along the edge of the highway, muttering to himself, and swinging the blade in a jerky
and chaotic fashion.
He looked like the landlord who lived next door to me when I was a graduate student, living in a poor
district, in Montreal. My landlord was a powerful, aging ex-biker former president of the local Hells
Angels chapter, by his own account who had spent some time in prison, as a younger man. He had
settled down somewhat, typically, as he became more mature, and had brought his drinking under
control for a long time. His wife committed suicide when I lived there, however, and he went back to his
wilder ways. He often went on binge drinking sprees, and spent all the money he earned in the
electronics shop he ran out of his small apartment. He would drink 40 or even 50 beer in a single day,
and would return home in the evening, blind drunk, howling at his little dog, laughing, hissing between
his teeth, incoherent, good-natured still, but able to become violent at the slightest provocation. He took
me once to his favourite haunts, in slightly better condition, on his 1200 cc Honda, which had the
acceleration of a jet plane, for short distances, me perched precariously on the back of his bike, clinging
to him, wearing his wifes helmet, which sat on my head ridiculously, uselessly as it was at least five

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sizes too small. Drunk, he was almost innocently destructive, and ended up in fights constantly,
unavoidably as he would take slights from people whose path he crossed, who were insufficiently
cautious in their conversation with him.
I hurried by this figure. He seemed upset that no one would stop and pick him up, as if he were
unaware of the danger he posed. As I went by, his gaze fell on me, and he started after me not from
anger; more for desire for companionship, I think but he was too unpredictable for me. He was not
fast, however, and I easily stayed ahead of him on the road.
The scene shifted. The knife-wielding figure and I were now on opposite sides of an immense tree
perhaps a hundred yards in diameter on a spiral staircase emerging from the dark below and
ascending equally far above. The staircase was made of old, worn dark wood, and reminded me of the
church pews in the church I attended with my mother as a child, and where I was married. The figure
was looking for me, but he was a long way back, and I had hid myself from his view, as I ascended the
staircase. I remember wanting to continue on my original journey, out of the valley, onto the flat
surrounding plain, where the walking would be easy but the only way to stay away from the knife was
to continue up the staircase up the axis mundi. Thus awareness of death, the grim reaper the terrible
face of God compels us inexorably upwards, towards a consciousness sufficiently heightened to bear
the thought of death.
The point of our limitations is not suffering; it is existence itself. We have been granted the capacity to
voluntarily bear the terrible weight of our mortality. We turn from that capacity and degrade ourselves
because we are afraid of responsibility. Thus the necessarily tragic preconditions of existence are made
intolerable.
It seems to me that it is not the earthquake, the flood or the cancer that makes life intolerable, horrible as
those events appear. We seem capable of withstanding natural disaster, even of responding to that disaster
in an honourable and decent manner. It is rather the pointless suffering that we inflict upon each other our
evil that makes life appear corrupt beyond acceptability; that undermines our ability to manifest faith in
our central natures. So why should the capacity for evil exist?
I have been teaching my six-year old daughter to play the piano. I am trying to teach her hard lessons
that is, trying to show her that there is really a right way to play the piano, and a wrong way. The right
way involves paying attention to each phrase, each written note, every sound she makes, every finger
motion. I taught her what rhythm meant, a few weeks ago, in one difficult lesson. And what does difficult
mean? Well, she will sit at the piano and work so hard that she cries but she wont stop. And she is
really interested in learning to play. She spends time in the car listening to music, working out the
rhythms. She uses the metronome by herself, playing songs she likes faster and slower. Yesterday I
taught her the difference between playing loudly and playing softly. She found this challenging,
experimenting carefully with each key on our old piano (which has many idiosyncracies), trying to
determine exactly how hard it had to be pressed to emit a whispery tone.
I woke up the morning after one of her lessons, and caught a fragment of the end of a dream-revery.
This is the idea revealed by that revery: it is the fact that there are differences between paths of action
that makes actions worthwhile. I know that what is believed determines the value of things. But I had
never taken this argument to its logical conclusion. If belief determines value, then the distance between
good and evil gives life its meaning. The more worthwhile a path of action (which is to say, the better
it is the more it is good, rather than evil) the more positive emotional valence that path contains.
This means that things have no meaning, because no differential value, for those who do not believe in
good and evil.
I have certainly known people in that position (although I did not know explicitly that they were in
that position because they did not know the difference between good and evil). They were unable to do
anything, because they could not tell the difference between one path and another. And it was the case
that in the absence of differences between one thing and another, life began to appear a cruel and

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meaningless joke, to use Tolstoys phrase. I guess that was because the burdens of life did not appear
worth sustaining in the absence of evidence that striving and work had any real value.
This all means: value is a continuum, a line stretching from necessary point a to necessary point b.
A and b are defined in relation to one another, as two points define a line. The polarity between
the two determines the valence of the goal. The more polarity (that is, the more tension) between the two
points, the more worthwhile the enterprise. Good cannot be defined cannot exist in the absence of
evil. Value cannot exist in the absence of polarity. So, for the world to be worthwhile (that is, for the
choice between two things to constitute a real choice) both good and evil have to exist.
But then it would be possible to only choose good, at least in the ideal and then evil would not exist,
except in potential. So it appears that the world could be valuable (could justify the burden it requires to
maintain) if evil were only to exist in potential if everyone chose to act properly, that is. This seems to
me to be the most optimistic thought that I have ever encountered.
But how can we stop being foolish? What path can we follow, to eliminate our blindness and stupidity; to
bring us closer to the light? Christ said, Be ye therefore perfect, as your Father in heaven is perfect.656 But
how? We seem stymied, as always, by Pontius Pilates ironic query: What is truth? (John 18:38.)
Well, even if we dont know precisely what the truth is, we can certainly tell, each of us, what it isnt. It
isnt greed, and the desire, above all else, for constant material gain; it isnt denial of experience we know
full well to be real, and the infliction of suffering, for the purpose of suffering. Perhaps it is possible to stop
doing those things which we know, beyond doubt, to be wrong to become self-disciplined, and honest
and to therefore become ever more able to perceive the nature of the positive good.
The truth seems painfully simple so simple that it is a miracle, of sorts, that it can every be forgotten.
Love God, with all thy mind, and all thy acts, and all thy heart. This means, serve truth above all else, and
treat your fellow man as if he were yourself not with the pity that undermines his self-respect, and not
with the justice that elevates yourself above him but as a divinity, heavily burdened, who could yet see
the light.
It is said, it is more difficult to rule oneself, than a city and this is no metaphor. This is truth, as literal
as it can be made. It is precisely for this reason that we are always trying to rule the city. It is a perversion
of pride to cease praying in public, and to clean up the dust under our feet, instead; seems too mundane to
treat those we actually face with respect and dignity, when we could be active, against, in the street. Maybe
it is more important to streng then our characters, than to repair the world. So much of that reparation seems
selfish, anyway; is selfishness and intellectual pride masquerading as love, creating a world polluted with
good works, that dont work.
Who can believe that it is the little choices we make, every day, between good and evil, that turn the
world to waste and hope to despair? But it is the case. We see our immense capacity for evil, constantly
realized before us, in great things and in small but can never seem to realize our infinite capacity for
good. Who can argue with a Solzhenitsyn when he states: One man who stops lying can bring down a
tyranny?
Christ said, the kingdom of Heaven is spread out upon the earth, but men do not see it.657 What if it was
nothing but our self-deceit, our cowardice, hatred and fear, that pollutes our experience and turns the world
into Hell? This is a hypothesis, at least as good as any other, admirable and capable of generating hope
why cant we make the experiment, and find out if it is true?
5.4.2. The Divinity of Interest
The central ideas of Christianity are rooted in Gnostic philosophy, which, in accordance with
psychological laws, simply had to grow up at a time when the classical religions had become obsolete. It
was founded on the perception of symbols thrown up by the unconscious individuation process which
always sets in when the collective dominants of human life fall into decay. At such a time there is bound
to be a considerable number of individuals who are possesed by archetypes of a numinous nature that
force their way to the surface in order to form new dominants.

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This state of possession shows itself almost without exception in the fact that the possessed identify
themselves with the archetypal contents of their unconscious, and, because they do not realize that the
role which is being thrust upon them is the effect of new contents still to be understood, they exemplify
these concretely in their own lives, thus becoming prophets and reformers.
In so far as the archetypal content of the Christian drama was able to give satisfying expression to the
uneasy and clamorous unconscious of the many, the consensus omnium raised this drama to a
universally binding truth not of course by an act of judgment, but by the irrational fact of possession,
which is far more effective.
Thus Jesus became the tutelary image or amulet against the archetypal powers that threatened to
possess everyone. The glad tidings announced: It has happened, but it will not happen to you inasmuch
as you believe in Jesus Christ, the Son of God!
Yet it could and it can and it will happen to everyone in whom the Christian dominant has decayed.
For this reason there have always been people who, not satisfied with the dominants of conscious life,
set forth under cover and by devious paths, to their destruction or salvation to seek direct experience
of the eternal roots and, following the lure of the restless unconscious psyche, find themselves in the
wilderness where, like Jesus, they come up against the son of darkness....
Thus an old alchemist and he a cleric! prays... Purge the horrible darknesses of our minds, light a
light for our senses! The author of this sentence must have been undergoing the experience of the
nigredo, the first stage of the work, which was felt as melancholia in alchemy and corresponds to the
encounter with the shadow in psychology.
When, therefore, modern psycho therapy once more meets with the activated archetypes of the
collective unconscious, it is merely the repetition of a phenomenon that has often been observed in
moments of great religious crisis, although it can also occur in individuals for whom the ruling ideas
have lost their meaning. An example of this it the descensus ad inferos in Faust which, consciously or
unconsciously, is an opus alchymicum.
The problem of opposites called up by the shadow plays a great indeed, the decisive role in
alchemy, since it leads in the ultimate phase of the work to the union of opposites in the archetypal form
of the hierosgamos or chymical wedding. Here the supreme opposites, male and female (as in the
Chinese ying and yang), are melted into a unity purified of all opposition and therefore incorruptible.658
November, 1986
Dear Dad
I promised you that one day I would tell you what the book I am trying to write is supposed to be about.
I havent been working on it much in the last month, although in some regards it is always on my mind and
everything I learn, in my other work, has some bearing upon it. Because I have abandoned it, temporarily, I
thought perhaps I could tell you about it, and that would help me organize my thoughts.
I dont completely understand the driving force behind what I have been working on, although I
understand it better now than I used to, three or four years ago, when it was literally driving me crazy. I
had been obsessed with the idea of war for three or four years prior to that, often dreaming extremely
violent dreams, centered around the theme of destruction. I believe now that my concern with death on a
mass scale was intimately tied into my personal life, and that concerns with the meaning of life on a
personal level (which arise with the contemplation of death) took a general form for me, which had to do
with the value of humanity, and the purpose of life in general.
Carl Jung has suggested that all personal problems are relevant to society, because we are all so much
alike, and that any sufficiently profound solution to a personal problem may, if communicated, reduce the
likelihood of that problem existing in anyones experience in the future.659 This is in fact how society and
the individual support one another. It was in this way that my concern with war, which is the application of
death on the general level, led me into concepts and ideas concerning the meaning of life on the personal

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level, which I could never have imagined as relevant, or believable, prior to learning about them and
which I still believe border on what might normally be considered insanity.
The reasons for war, many believe, are rooted in politics. Since it is groups of men that fight, and since
groups indulge in politics, this belief seems well-founded and in fact contains some truth. It is just as true,
however, that it is a good thing to look for something you dont want to find in a place where you know it
wont be and the modern concern with global politics, and the necessity to be involved in a good
cause, rather than to live responsibly, seems to me to be evidence that the desire not to find often
overpowers the real search for truth. You see, it is true that people dont want the truth, because the truth
destroys what lack of faith erects, and the false comfort it contains. It is not possible to live in the world
that you wish could be, and in the real world at the same time, and it often seems a bad bargain to destroy
fantasy for reality. It is desire for lack of responsibility that underlies this evasion, in part but it is also
fear of possibility. At least this is how it seems to me.
Because everyone is a product of their times, and because that applies to me as well, I looked for what I
wanted to find where it was obvious to everyone it would be in politics, in political science, in the study of
group behavior. This took up the years I spent involved with the NDP, and in studying political science,
until I learned that the application of a system of thought, like socialism (or any other ism, for that matter)
to a problem, and solving that problem, were not the same thing. In the former case, you have someone
(who is not you) to blame the rich, the Americans, the white people, the government, the system
whatever, as long as it is someone else.
I came to realize, slowly, that a problem of global proportions existed as a problem because everyone
on the globe thought and acted to maintain that problem. Now what that means is that if the problem has a
solution, then what everyone thinks is wrong and that meant, too, that what I thought had to be
fundamentally wrong. Now the problem with this line of reasoning is simple. It leads inexorably to the
following conclusion: the more fundamental the problem, the more fundamental the error in my own
viewpoint.
I came to believe that survival itself, and more, depended upon a solution to the problem of war. This
made me consider that perhaps everything I believed was wrong. This consideration was not particularly
pleasant, and was severely complicated by the fact that I had also come to realize that, although I definitely
believed a variety of things, I did not always know what I believed and when I knew what, I did not know
why.
You see, history itself conditioned everything I believed, even when I did not know it, and it was sheer
unconscious arrogance that made me posit to begin with that I had half a notion of who or what I was, or
what the processes of history had created, and how I was affected by that creation.
It is one thing to be unconscious of the answers, and quite another to be unable to even consider the
question.
I had a notion that confronting what terrified me what turned my dreams against me could help me
withstand that terrible thing. This idea granted me by the grace of God allowed me to believe that I
could find what I most wanted (if I could tolerate the truth; if I was willing to follow wherever it led me; if I
was willing to devote my life to acting upon what I had discovered, whatever that might be, without
reservation knowing somehow that once started, an aborted attempt would destroy at least my selfrespect, at most my sanity and desire to live).
I believe now that everyone has this choice in front of them, even when they do not know or refuse to
admit it; that everyone makes this choice, with every decision and action they take.
I mentioned earlier that history conditioned what I think and acted. Pursuit of this realization which is
rather self-evident, once realized has lead me to the study of history, as a psychological phenomenon.
You see, if what I think and am is a product of history, that means that history must take form inside me, so
to speak, and from inside me determine who I am. This is easier to understand if you consider that I carry
around inside me an image of you composed of memories of how you act, and what you expected, and
depictions of your behavior. This image has had profound impact on how I behaved, as a child when,
even in your absence, I was compelled to follow the rules which you followed (and which I learned through
imitation, and which you instilled into me, through praise and punishment). Sometimes that image of you,
in me, even takes the form of a personality, when I dream about you.

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So it is a straightforward matter to believe, from the psychological point of view, that each individual
carries around an image of his parents, and that this image governs his behavior, at least in part.
But you see it is the case that the rules that you followed and which I learned from you were not
rules that you yourself created, but rather those that you handed to me just as you had been handed them
while still a child.
And it is more than likely true that the majority of what I learned from you was never verbalized that
the rules which governed the way you acted (and that I learned while watching you) were implicit in your
behavior, and are now implicit in mine. It was exactly in this manner that I learned language mostly from
watching and listening, partly from explicit instruction. And just as it is certainly possible (and most
commonly so) to speak correctly and yet to be unable to describe the rules of grammar that underly the
production of language, it is possible to act upon the world and make assumptions about its nature without
knowing much about the values and beliefs that necessarily underly those actions and assumptions.
The structure of our language has been created in a historical process, and is in a sense an embodiment
of that process. The structure of that which governs our actions and perceptions has also been created
during the course of history, and is the embodiment of history.
The implications of this idea overwhelmed me. I have been attempting to consider history itself as a
unitary phenomenon as a single thing, in a sense in order to understand what it is, and how it affects
what I think and do. If you realize that history is in some sense in your head, and you also realize that you
know nothing of the significance of history, of its meaning which is almost certainly true then you must
realize that you know nothing of the significance of yourself, and of your own meaning.
I am writing my book in an attempt to explain the psychological significance of history to explain the
meaning of history. In doing so, I have discovered a number of interesting things:
1. All cultures, excepting the Western, do not possess a history based on objective events. The history
of alternative cultures even those as highly developed as the Indian, Chinese, and ancient Greco-Roman
is mythological, which means that it describes what an event meant, in psychological terms, instead of
how it happened, in empirical terms.
2. All cultures, even those most disparate in nature, develop among broadly predictable lines, and have,
within their mythological history, certain constant features (just as all languages share grammatical
structure, given a sufficiently abstract analysis). The lines among which culture develops are determined
biologically, and the rules which govern that development are the consequence of the pyschological
expression of neurophysiological structures. (This thesis will be the most difficult for me to prove, but I
have some solid evidence in its favour, and as I study more neuroanatomy and neuropsychology, the
evidence becomes more clear).
3. Mythological renditions of history, like those in the Bible, are just as true as the standard Western
empirical renditions, just as literally true, but how they are true is different. Western historians describe
(or think they describe) what happened. The traditions of mythology and religion describe the
significance of what happened (and it must be noted that if what happens is without significance, it is
irrelevant).
Anyway I cant explain in one letter the full scope of what I am planning to do. In this book, I hope to
describe a number of historical tendencies, and how they affect individual behavior in the manner I have
attempted in this letter. More importantly, perhaps, I hope to describe not only what the problem is (in
historical terms), but where a possible solution might lie, and what that solution conceivably could be
and I hope to describe it in a manner that makes its application possible.
If youre interested in me telling you more (I cant always tell if someone is interested) then I will, later.
I dont know, Dad, but I think I have discovered something that no one else has any idea about, and Im not
sure I can do it justice. Its scope is so broad that I can only see parts of it clearly at one time, and it is
exceedingly difficult to set down comprehensibly in writing. You see, most of the kind of knowledge that I
am trying to transmit verbally and logically has always been passed down from one person to another by
means of art and music and religion and tradition, and not by rational explanation, and it is like
translating from one language to another. Its not just a different language, though it is an entirely
different mode of experience.
Anyways
Im glad that you and Mom are doing well. Thank you for doing my income tax returns.

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Jordan
It has been almost fifteen years since I first grasped the essence of the paradox that lies at the bottom of
human motivation for evil: People need their group identification, because that identification protects them,
literally, from the terrible forces of the unknown. It is for this reason that every individual who is not
decadent will strive to protect his territory, actual and psychological. But the tendency to protect means
hatred of the other, and the inevitability of war and we are now too technologically powerful to engage in
war. To allow the other victory, however or even continued existence, on his terms means subjugation,
dissolution of protective structure, and exposure to that which is most feared. For me, this meant
damned if you do, damned if you dont: belief systems regulate affect, but conflict between belief
systems is inevitable.
Formulation and understanding of this terrible paradox devastated me. I had always been convinced that
sufficient understanding of a problem any problem would lead to its resolution. Here I was, however
possessed of understanding that seemed not only sufficient but complete caught nonetheless between the
devil and the deep blue sea. I could not see how there could be any alternative to either having a belief
system or to not having a belief system and could see little but the disadvantage of both positions. This
truly shook my faith.
I turned, in consequence, to my dreams acting on a tip from Jung, who had proposed that the dream
might contain information, when no other source could suffice. I had already learned a lot of things I would
have never dreamed of ha ha by doing that. But my dreams dried up, just when I needed them most, and
no information was forthcoming. I was in a kind of stasis, at a standstill.
This was very painful for me. I had spent several years intensely working and thinking trying to
understand individual human motivation for the worst possible human actions. I was doing what I truly
believed was best, to the best of my ability and doing it in spite of its substantial interference with my
personal and professional lives. I had decided to devote my life to the problem of evil to the development
of a true understanding of evil, in the hopes of finding some means of combatting it yet my search had
come to a stop, a dead end. This did not seem reasonable. I truly believed I deserved better.
Then, one night, my dreams came back, with a vengeance. I had the following nightmare, as terrible and
potent as the dreams of destruction that had started my quest, several years before:
I dreamed I was living in a two-storey house. After a bout of heavy drinking, I went to the attic and fell
asleep. After I fell asleep, I had the following dream nested within a dream:
I was trapped in a huge chandelier, which was hanging directly beneath the dome of an immense
darkened cathedral. The chandelier hung hundreds of feet below its point of connection on the dome,
and was still so high off the ground that the people below, on the floor, looked like ants. These people
were in charge of the cathedral, and I could tell that they were angry at me for being where I was. I did
not feel guilty, because I was not there by choice I just happened to have arrived there, and I wanted
to leave.
I realized I was dreaming, and shook myself awake, as a means of removing myself from my
uncomfortable position. But when I awoke, I still found myself suspended in the same place. I tried to
deny this, by falling back asleep reasoning that it was better to be dreaming about this circumstance
than to actually be trapped in it. However, I could not return to my previous unconscious state, and
stayed painfully awake.
Then I found myself on the ground, as a consequence of some process, whose nature I cannot recall.
The people of the cathedral protested my presence but didnt really bother me. All I wanted to do was
get home, where it was familiar, and go back to sleep.
When I returned home, I went into a small, windowless room I think it was the furnace room in
the middle of the ground floor of my house. This room was surrounded by other rooms; it had no contact
point with the outside. There was a small single bed there, that was actually much like my real bed. I
crawled into it, and tried to fall asleep, but a strange wind descended on me. Under its influence, I
started to dissolve. I knew beyond a shadow of a doubt that it was going to transport me back to the
chandelier, in the center of the cathedral. I attempted to fight the wind, but found that I was virtually

357

paralyzed, and in some sort of convulsion. I tried desperately to yell for help, and actually awakened
at least partially.
The windows behind my bed in my real room were wide open, and a wind was blowing through them.
I frantically closed them, and then turned around. In front of me, while awake, was a huge double door,
like that on a gothic cathedral, between my bedroom and the adjacent room, which were only partially
separated. I shook myself, and the apparition disappeared. The terror I was experiencing vanished much
more slowly.
I had read much of the Gospels in the New Testament earlier that day which might account for the initial
reference to the drinking bout (the imbibing of spirit, so to speak). I formulated an interpretation of the
dream an essentially unacceptable formulation immediately upon awakening. I knew that the word
spirit had been derived from the Greek pneuma which meant wind: the wind, for example, that moved
upon the water, in Genesis; the wind or breath that God blew into the adamah, the matter, to make man.
I found myself at the central point of a cathedral, in my dream and I could not escape. A cathedral is
sacred space, designed to keep the forces of chaos at bay; it has the same layout as the cross. The central
point of a cathedral is, symbolically, the place where Christ was crucified, and the center of the universe
simultaneously. All the forces embodied in my dream were conspiring to put me there, awake, despite my
best efforts to the contrary. I could not, at that time, accept the implications of that dream (could not believe
the implications), and it has taken me a long time to assimilate its meaning:
He that believeth on Me, the works that I do he shall do also, and greater works than these shall he do
(John 14:12).
The quotation from John is taken from the fourteenth chapter, where Christ teaches that whoever sees
him sees the Father. He is in the Father and the Father is in him. The disciples are in him and he in them,
moreover they will be sent the Holy Ghost as Paraclete and will do works that are greater than his own.
This fourteenth chapter broaches a question that was to have great repercussions for the future: the
problem of the Holy Ghost who will remain when Christ has gone, and who intensifies the
interpenetration of the divine and the human to such a degree that we can properly speak of a
Christification of the disciples....
It is easy to see what happens when the logical conclusion is drawn from the fourteenth chapter of
John: the opus Christi is transferred to the individual. He then becomes the bearer of the mystery, and
this development was unconsciously prefigured and anticipated in alchemy, which showed clear signs of
becoming a religion of the Holy Ghost and of the Sapientia Dei.660
Myths of the origin commonly portray the condition of paradise as the source of all things. The paradisal
initial condition, disrupted by the events of the fall, also serves as the goal towards which history proceeds.
Stories of the fall describe the introduction of uncontrollable anxiety into human experience, as the
consequence of traumatically heightened consciousness as the result of irrevocably attained knowledge of
human vulnerability and mortality. Re-establishment of paradise, in the aftermath of such attainment,
becomes dependent upon manifestation of an exemplary way of behaving, directed towards a meaningful
end becomes dependent upon establishment of a particular mode of redemption:
An old English legend reports what Seth saw in the Garden of Eden. In the midst of paradise there rose
a shining fountain, from which four streams flowed, watering the whole world. Over the fountain stood
a great tree with many branches and twigs, but it looked like an old tree, for it had no bark and no
leaves. Seth knew that this was the tree of whose fruit his parents had eaten, for which reason it now
stood bare. Looking more closely, Seth saw that a naked snake without a skin had coiled itself round the
tree. It was the serpent by whom Eve had been persuaded to eat of the forbidden fruit. When Seth took a
second look at paradise he saw that the tree had undergone a great change. It was now covered with bark
and leaves, and in its crown lay a little new-born babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, that wailed
because of Adams sin. This was Christ, the second Adam. He is found in the top of the tree that grows
out of Adams body in representations of Christs genealogy.661

358

Figure 67: The Restitution of [Christ] the Mystic Apple to the Tree of Knowledge.

359

Figure 68: The Eternal Return of the Boddhisatva

360

The tree, the axis mundi, is without bark and leaves because has been mortally affected, as a consequence
of the fall. Production of its first fruit self-reference placed it in shock, exhausted its resources. Its
second fruit, associated with re-emergence into lush life and health, is the savior, the hero who redeems
mankind from the consequences of the fall,662 the divine individual whose path of being leads back to
paradise.663 This notion is represented imagistically (it has never really proceeded much past the image) in
Figure 67: The Restitution of [Christ] the Mystic Apple to the Tree of Knowledge. 664 A similar pattern of
redemptive ideation informs the East. For Gautama, suffering and disenchantment are the (necessary)
preconditions of adult enlightenment (the name of the Buddha Siddhartha literally means goal
attained 665). The enlightened one, whose mode of being in the world transcends the suffering in that
world, is an eternal spirit (that is, an eternally recurrent spirit), despite historical incarnation in the figure
of the Buddha. Figure 68: The Eternal Return of the Boddhisatva 666 portrays this spirit, forever dominant
over the mass of mankind and the great and terrible mother. The bodhisattva, the central character in this
figure, is an Oriental Christ-equivalent (or, perhaps, an image of the paraclete or Holy Ghost). The creator
of this work has superimposed the bodhisattva on a tunnel in the sky, ringed by transformative fire. This
tunnel adds a temporal dimension to the spatial dimensions represented in the image, and allows for the
portrayal of the constant recurrence, throughout time, of the heroic spirit. This is a reflection of the same
idea that drove Christian thinkers to attri bute prehistorical (and eternal) reality to Christ, despite his
historical nature; as well, that drove speculation about the spirit of truth Christ left behind, after his
death.
Myths of the fall and redemption portray the emergence of human dissatisfaction with present
conditions no matter how comfortable and the tendency or desire for movement towards a better
future. Such myths describe, in narrative format, how human beings think and will always think
regardless of time or place. The most profound of such cyclical myths portray heightening of consciousness
as cause for emergent unrest simultaneously portray qualitatively transformed consciousness as cure for
that unrest ( more profoundly portray participation in the act of qualitative transformation of
consciousness as cure for that unrest).
Proclivity to posit an ideal, implicitly or explicitly, to work towards its attainment, to become
dissatisfied with its establishment, as new matter makes itself manifest, and to thereby re-enter the cycle
this constitutes the centrally defining pattern of human abstraction and behavior. The simplest and most
basic day-to-day human activities, invariably goal-directed, are necessarily predicated upon conscious or
tradition-bound acceptance of a value hierarchy, defining the desired future in positive contrast to the
insufficient present. To live, from the human perspective, is to act in light of what is valued, what is
desired, what should be and to maintain sufficient ignorance, in a sense, to allow belief in such value to
flourish. Collapse of faith in the value hierarchy or, more dangerously collapse of faith in the idea of
such hierarchies brings about severe depression, intrapsychic chaos, and re-emergence of existential
anxiety.
The myth of the fall from paradise describes the development of human self-consciousness as a great
tragedy as the greatest conceivable anomaly as an event that permanently altered the structure of the
universe; as an event that doomed humanity to suffering and death. But it was this same fall that enabled
the individual to adopt the redemptive role of the hero, the creator of culture; the same fall that lifted the
curtain on the drama of human history. Whether or not it would have been better for humanity to have
remained unconscious is no longer a point that can be usefully considered although that path does not
seem particularly productive for those who take it now. Adams original sin has tainted everyone; there is
no way back.
For much of human history after the fall, so to speak the individual remained firmly ensconced
within the confines of a religious dream, which gave meaning to the tragedy of existence. Many modern
thinkers, including Freud, viewed that dream in retrospect as defensive, as a barrier of fantasy erected
against the existential anxiety generated by knowledge of mortality. However, the dividing line between
fantasy and reality is not so easily drawn. It is certainly possible to disappear voluntarily into the mists of
delusion; to withdraw into the comforts of denial from a world terrible beyond what can be borne.
Imagination is not always insanity, however; its use does not always imply regression. Imagination and
fantasy allow each of us to deal with the unknown, which must be met before it is comprehended. Fantasy
applied to consideration of the unknown is therefore not delusory. It is, instead, the first stage in the process

361

of understanding which eventually results in the evolution of detailed, empirical, communicable
knowledge. Fantasy can be used to create the real world, as well as the world of illusion. It all depends on
who is doing the imagining, and to what end.
When pre-experimental man conceived of the unknown as an ambivalent mother, he was not indulging
in childish fantasy. He was applying what he knew to what was unfamiliar, but could not be ignored. Mans
first attempts to describe the unknown cannot be faulted because they lacked empirical validity. Man was
not originally an empirical thinker. This does not mean he was self-deluded, a liar. Likewise, when the
individual worships the hero, he is not necessarily hiding from reality. It may also be that he is ready and
willing to face the unknown, as an individual; that he is prepared to adopt the pattern of heroic endeavour
in his own life, and to further creation in that manner.
The great myths of Christianity the great myths of the past, in general no longer speak to the
majority of westerners, who regard themselves as educated. The mythic view of history cannot be credited
with reality, from the material, empirical point of view. It is nonetheless the case that all of western ethics,
including those explicitly formalized in western law, are predicated upon a mythological world-view,
which specifically attri butes divine status to the individual. The modern individual is therefore in a unique
position: he no longer believes that the principles upon which all his behaviors are predicated are valid.
This might be considered a second fall, in that the destruction of the western mythological barrier has reexposed the essential tragedy of individual existence to view.
It is not the pursuit of empirical truth, however, that has wreaked havoc upon the Christian worldview: it
is confusion of empirical fact with moral truth, to the great detriment of the latter. This confusion has
produced what might be described as a secondary gain, which has played an important role in maintaining
the confusion. That gain is abdication of the absolute personal responsibility imposed in consequence of
recognition of the divine in man. This responsibility means acceptance of the trials and tribulations
associated with expression of unique individuality, as well as respect for such expression in others. Such
acceptance, expression and respect requires courage in the absence of certainty, and discipline in the
smallest matters.
Rejection of moral truth allows for rationalization of cowardly, destructive, degenerate self-indulgence.
This is one of the most potent attractions of such rejection, and constitutes primary motivation for the lie.
The lie, above all else, threatens the individual and the interpersonal. The lie is predicated upon the
presupposition that the tragedy of individuality is unbearable that human experience itself is evil. The
individual lies because he is afraid and it is not the lies he tells another that present the clearest danger,
but the lies he tells himself. The root of social and individual psychopathology, the denial, the
repression is the lie. The most dangerous lie of all is devoted towards denial of individual responsibility
towards denial of individual divinity.
The idea of the divine individual took thousands of years to fully develop, and is still constantly
threatened by direct attack and insidious counter-movement. It is based upon realization that the individual
is the locus of experience. All that we can know about reality we know through experience. It is therefore
simplest to assume that all there is of reality is experience, in being and progressive unfolding.
Furthermore, it is the subjective aspect of individuality of experience that is divine, not the objective.
Man is an animal, from the objective viewpoint, worthy of no more consideration than the opinion and
opportunities of the moment dictate. From the mythic viewpoint, however, every individual is unique is a
new set of experiences, a new universe; has been granted the ability to bring something new into being; is
capable of participating in the act of creation itself. It is the expression of this capacity for creative action
that makes the tragic conditions of life tolerable, bearable remarkable, miraculous.
The paradise of childhood is absolute meaningful immersion. That immersion is a genuine manifestation
of subjective interest. Interest accompanies the honest pursuit of the unknown, in a direction and at a rate
subjectively determined. The unknown, in its beneficial guise, is the ground of interest, the source of what
matters. Culture, in its supportive role, extends the power with which the unknown can be met, by
disciplining the individual and expanding his range of ability. In childhood, the parent serves as cultural
surrogate, and the child explores under the umbrella of protection provided by his parents. The parental
mechanism has its limits, however, and must be superseded by the internalization of culture by the
intrapsychic incorporation of belief, security, and goal. Adoption of this secondary protective structure
dramatically extends and shapes individual capability.

362

The dragon limits the pursuit of individual interest. The struggle with the dragon against the forces
that devour will and hope constitutes the heroic battle, in the mythological world. Faithful adherence to
the reality of personal experience ensures contact with the dragon and it is during such contact that the
great force of the individual spirit makes itself manifest, if it is allowed to. The hero voluntarily places
himself in opposition to the dragon. The liar pretends that the great danger does not exist, to his peril and to
that of others, or abdicates his relationship with his essential interest, and abandons all chance at further
development.
Interest is meaning. Meaning is manifestation of the divine individual adaptive path. The lie is
abandonment of individual interest hence meaning, hence divinity for safety and security; is sacrifice of
the individual to appease the Great Mother and Great Father.
The lie is fears statement: That could not really be the case; that did not really happen. The lie
weakens the individual who no longer extends the range of his competence by testing his subjectivity
against the world and drains his life of meaning. Life without meaning is mortal limitation; is subjection
to pain and suffering, without recourse. Life without meaning is tragedy, without hope of redemption.
The abandonment of meaning insures the adoption of a demonic mode of adaptation, because the
individual hates pointless pain and frustration and will work towards its destruction. This work constitutes
revenge against existence, rendered unbearable by pride.
Rebirth is re-establishment of interest, after adoption of culturally-determined competence. The rebirth
of interest moves the individual to the border between the known and the unknown and thereby expands
adaptive competence. In this manner, God acts through the individual, in the modern world, and extends
the domain of history.
Self-consciousness means knowledge of individual vulnerability. The process by which this knowledge
comes to be can destroy faith in individual worth. This means in concrete terms that an individual may
come to sacrifice his own experience, in the course of development, because its pursuit creates social
conflict, or exposes individual inadequacy. However, it is only through such conflict that change takes
place, and weakness must be recognized, before it can be transformed into strength. This means that the
sacrifice of individuality eliminates any possibility that individual strength can be discovered or developed,
and that the world itself might progress.
Individuals whose life is without meaning hate themselves, for their weakness, and hate life, for making
them weak. This hatred manifests itself in absolute identification with destructive power, in its
mythological, historical and biological manifestations; manifests itself in the desire for the absolute
extinction of existence. Such identification leads man to poison whatever he touches, to generate
unnecessary misery in the face of inevitable suffering, to turn his fellows against themselves, to intermingle
earth with hell merely to attain vengeance upon God and his creation.
The human purpose, if such a thing can be considered, is to pursue meaning to extend the domain of
light, of consciousness in spite of limitation. A meaningful event exists on the boundary between order
and chaos. The pursuit of meaning exposes the individual to the unknown in gradual fashion, allowing him
to develop strength and adaptive ability in proportion to the seriousness of his pursuit. It is during contact
with the unknown that human power grows, individually and then historically. Meaning is the subjective
experience associated with that contact, in sufficient proportion. The great religious myths state that
continued pursuit of meaning, adopted voluntarily and without self-deception, will lead the individual to
discover his identity with God. This revealed identity will make him capable of withstanding the tragedy
of life. Abandonment of meaning, by contrast, reduces man to his mortal weaknesses. This makes him hate
life, and work towards its elimination.
Meaning is the most profound manifestation of instinct. Man is a creature attracted by the unknown; a
creature adapted for its conquest. The subjective sense of meaning is the instinct governing rate of contact
with the unknown. Too much exposure turns change to chaos; too little promotes stagnation and
degeneration. The appropriate balance produces a powerful individual, confident in the ability to withstand
life, ever more able to deal with nature and society, ever closer to the heroic ideal. Each individual,
constitutionally unique, finds meaning in different pursuits, if he has the courage to maintain his difference.
Manifestation of individual diversity, transformed into knowledge that can be transferred socially, changes
the face of history itself, and moves each generation of man farther into the unknown.

363

Social and biological conditions define the boundaries of individual existence. The unfailing pursuit of
interest provides the subjective means by which these conditions can be met, and their boundaries
transcended. Meaning is the instinct that makes life possible. When it is abandoned, individuality loses its
redeeming power. The great lie is that meaning does not exist, or that it is not important. When meaning is
denied, hatred for life and the wish for its destruction inevitably rules.
If you bring forth what is within you, what you bring forth will save you.
If you do not bring forth what is within you, what you do not bring forth will destroy you.667
The wisdom of the group can serve as the force that mediates between the dependency of childhood and the
responsibility of the adult. Under such circumstances, the past serves the present. A society predicated upon
belief in the paramount divinity of the individual allows personal interest to flourish and to serve as the
power that opposes the tyranny of culture and the terror of nature. The denial of meaning, by contrast,
ensures absolute identification with the group or intrapsychic degeneration and decadence. The denial of
meaning makes the degenerate or absolutist individual desperate and weak, when the great maternal sea of
chaos threatens. This desperation and weakness makes him hate life, and to work for its devastation in
him, as well as in those around him. The lie is the central act in this drama of corruption:
These are the secret sayings which the living Jesus spoke and which Didymos Judas Thomas wrote
down.
And he said, Whoever finds the interpretation of these sayings will not experience death.
Jesus said, Let him who seeks continue seeking until he finds. When he becomes troubled, he will be
astonished, and he will rule over the all.
Jesus said, If those who lead you say to you, See, the kingdom is in the sky, then the birds of the sky
will precede you. If they say to you, It is in the sea, then the fish will precede you. Rather, the kingdom
is inside of you, and it is outside of you. When you come to know yourselves, then you will become
known, and you will realize that it is you who are the sons of the living father. But if you will not know
yourselves, you dwell in poverty and it is you who are that poverty.
Jesus said, The man old in days will not hesitate to ask a small child seven days old about the place of
life, and he will live. For many who are first will become last, and they will become one and the same.
Jesus said, Recognize what is in your sight, and that which is hidden from you will become plain to
you. For there is nothing hidden which will not become manifest.
His disciples questioned him and said to him, Do you want us to fast? How shall we pray? Shall we
give alms? What diet shall we observe?
Jesus said, Do not tell lies, and do not do what you hate, for all things are plain in the sight of heaven.
For nothing hidden will not become manifest, and nothing covered will remain without being
uncovered.668

364

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377

1

Jung, C.G. (1978a). p. 78; also:
Although seemingly paradoxical,
the person who takes upon himself,
the peoples humiliation,
is fit to rule;
and he is fit to lead,
who takes the countrys disasters upon himself. (Lao-Tzu, 1984c).

2

Sometimes I look at a Socialist the intellectual, tract-writing type of Socialist, with his pullover, his fuzzy hair, and
his Marxian quotation and wonder what the devil his motive really is. It is often difficult to believe that it is a love of
anybody, especially of the working class, from whom he is of all people the furthest removed. Orwell, G. (1981). pp.
156-157.
3
Jung, C.G. (1970a). p. 157.
4
Jung, C.G. (1970a). p. 158.
5
Ten years later, when I was finishing this manuscript, a student of mine, Ms. Heidi Treml, wrote:
During the journey from Egypt to Canaan the impatient Israelites accused God and Moses of leading them into the
desert to die. As a consequence of this complaining, Yahweh sent venomous serpents among the Israelites. Those
Israelites who were not bitten by the serpents repented and asked Moses to intervene with God. Yahweh instructed
Moses to make a bronze [or fiery] serpent and to place it on top of a pole so that those who were bitten could behold
it and live. Moses did as he was commanded and, whenever a snake bit someone, that person would look at the
bronze statue and live (Numbers 21:5-10).... John the Evangelist has Jesus explaining to Nicodemus, And as Moses
lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up; That whosoever believeth in him
should not perish, but have eternal life. (John 3:13-15).
Ms. Treml pointed out that the serpent has been widely regarded both as an agent of death (because of its venom) and
as an agent of transformation and rebirth (because it could shed its skin). This intense ambivalence of feature makes it
an apt representative of the numinous (following Rudolf Otto, whose ideas are described later in this manuscript).
The numinous is able to invoke trembling and fear (mysterium tremendum) and powerful attraction and fascination
(mysterium fascinans). Ms. Treml commented, further: if a person could sustain the gaze of the serpent which
symbolized his greatest fear he would be healed.
Why was Christ assimilated to the serpent, in my painting and in the New Testament? (It must be understood that I
knew nothing whatsoever of this relationship when I originally constructed the sketch.) It has something to do with his
representation as judge in Revelations:
I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot.
So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth.
Because thou sayest, I am rich, and increased with goods, and have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art
wretched, and miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked:
I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the fire, that thou mayest be rich; and white raiment, that thou mayest be
clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness do not appear; and anoint thine eyes with eye-salve, that thou mayest
see. (Revelations 3:15-19).
The idea of the Savior necessarily implies the Judge and a judge of the most implacable sort because the Savior is a
mythological representation of that which is ideal, and the ideal always stands in judgment over the actual. The
archetypal image of the Savior, who represents perfection or completion, is therefore terrifying in precise proportion to
personal distance from the ideal.
6
Joyce, J. (1986). p.28.
7
Jung, C.G. (1968b). p. 32.
8
Jung, C.G. (1968b). pp. 32-33.
9
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis tape measure sold for $45,000 in 1996 [Gould, L., Andrews, D., & Yevin, J. (1996,
December). p. 46].
10
Jung, C.G. (1976b). pp. 92-93.
11
Jung, C.G. (1976b). pp. 10-11.
12
Eliade, M. (1978b).
13
Jung, C.G. (1933). p. 204.

378

14

Nietzsche, F. (1981). pp. 69-70. Nietzsche referred to the English in the original; the viewpoint he was criticizing is
so widely held now that my substitution of modern Westerners seems perfectly apropos.
15
Fukuyama, F. (1993).
16
Nietzsche, F. In Kaufmann, W. (1975). p. 126.
17
There are at least four independent Sumerian narratives (including the Enuma Elish, detailed later) that describe the
origin of the cosmos. Eliade assumes a plurality of traditions, most likely deriving from the peoples whose union
produced Sumerian civilization. Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 59.
18
Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 57-58.
19
Nietzsche, F. (1966). pp. 97-98.
20
Nietzsche, F. (1968a). pp. 77-78.
21
Dostoevsky, F. In Kaufmann, W. (1975). pp. 75-76.
22
Frye, N. (1990). pp. 90-92.
23
Richard Wilhelm translated the Chinese Tao, the ground of being, the way, as sinn, the German equivalent of
meaning [Wilhelm, R. (1971). p. lv]. The way is a path of life, guided by processes manifested outside the area
circumscribed by defined, logic, internally-consistent cognitive structures. From such a perspective, meaningful
experiences might be considered guideposts marking the path to a new mode of being. Any form of art that produces
an aesthetic seizure, or intimation of meaning, might therefore serve as such a guidepost at least in principle [see
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1990). pp. 623-630].
24
see, for example, Eliade, M. (1975).
25
Gray, J.A. (1982; 1987); Gray, J.A. & McNaughton, N. (1996); Gray, J.A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J.N.P., Hemsley,
D.R., & Smith, A.D. (1996).
26
Sokolov, E.N. (1969). p. 672.
27
Sokolov, E.N. (1969). p. 673.
28
These maps are so important to us, so vital, that their mere abstract description (acted, orally transmitted, or
written) is intrinsically interesting, capable of engaging us in a simulated world [see Oatley, K. (1994)].
29
Vinogradova, O. (1961; 1975); Luria, A.R. (1980).
30
Lao Tzu. (1984b).
31
Ohman, A. (1979); Vinogradova, O. (1961).
32
Ohman, A. (1979); Vinogradova, O. (1961).
33
Obrist, P.A., Light, K.C., Langer, A.W., Grignolo, A., & McCubbin, J.A. (1978).
34
Gray, J.A. (1982).
35
Nietzsche, F. (1968a). p. 88.
36
Gray, J.A. (1982).
37
I use the term promise here partly because it makes a good (that is, symmetric) counterpart to threat. The term
promise used here means incentive reward or cue for satisfaction or cue for consummatory reward.
Furthermore, neither the former term, nor the latter, appear particularly appropriate for the positive state induced by
contact with novelty. Novelty does not seem reasonably categorized as a reward; also, positive affect can be
generated through contact with novelty, in the absence of any conditioning whatsover [Gray, J.A. (1982)], so the term
cue seems inappropriate.
38
Eliade, M. (1978b); Jung, C.G. (1969).
39
Gray, J.A. (1982; 1987); Gray, J.A. & McNaughton, N. (1996).
40
Kuhn, T. (1970).
41
Kuhn, T. (1970).
42
Obrist, P.A., Light, K.C., Langer, A.W., Grignolo, A., & McCubbin, J.A. (1978).
43
Kuhn, T. (1970).
44
Jung, C.G. (1976b). pp. 540-541.
45
Jung, C.G. (1967a; 1968; 1967b); Ellenberger, H. (1970); Campbell, J. (1968); Eliade, M. (1964; 1978b; 1982;
1985); Piaget, J. (1977).
46
Bruner, J. (1986).
47
Eliade, M. (1965).
48
Jung, C.J. (1967a; 1968b; 1969; 1967b); Eliade, M. (1978b; 1982; 1985).
49
Nietzsche, F. (1968a). pp. 203-204.
50
Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 59.
51
Frankl, V. (1971). pp. 70-72.
52
Skinner, B.F. (1966; 1969).
53
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). pp. 605-606.

379

54

Gray, J.A. (1982); Gray, J.A. & McNaughton, N. (1996); Pihl, R.O. & Peterson, J.B. (1993; 1995); Tomarken, A.J.,
Davidson, R.J., Wheeler, R.E., & Doss, R.C. (1992); Wheeler, R.E., Davidson, R.J., & Tomarken, A.J. (1993);
Tomarken, A.J., Davidson, R.J., & Henriques, J.B. (1990); Davidson, R.J. & Fox, N.A. (1982).
55
Gray, J.A. (1982); Ikemoto, S. & Panksepp, J. (1996).
56
Wise, R.A. (1988); Wise, R.A. & Bozarth, M.A. (1987).
57
Gray, J.A. (1982).
58
Mowrer, O.H. (1960).
59
Wise, R.A. (1988); Wise, R.A. & Bozarth, M.A. (1987).
60
Gray, J.A. (1982).
61
reviewed in Gray, J.A. (1982).
62
Skinner, B.F. (1966; 1969).
63
Panksepp, J., Siviy, S. & Normansell, L.A. (1985).
64
Gray, J.A. (1982).
65
Gray, J.A. (1982); Dollard, J. & Miller, N. (1950).
66
Gray, J.A. (1982).
67
Gray, J.A. (1982).
68
Gray, J.A. (1982).
69
Gray, J.A. (1982).
70
Gray, J.A. (1982).
71
Gray, J.A. (1982).
72
reviewed in Gray, J.A. (1982).
73
reviewed in Gray, J.A. (1982); Wise, R.A. & Bozarth, M.A. (1987).
73
Dollard, J. & Miller, N. (1950).
73
Dollard, J. & Miller, N. (1950).
74
Wise, R.A. (1988); Wise, R.A. & Bozarth, M.A. (1987).
75
Dollard, J. & Miller, N. (1950).
76
Dollard, J. & Miller, N. (1950).
77
Luria, A.R. (1980).
78
Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1987); Shallice, T. (1982); Milner, B., Petrides, M., & Smith, M.L. (1985).
79
Oatley, K. (1994).
80
Patton, M.F. (1988). p. 29.
81
Gray, J.A. (1982).
82
Dollard, J. & Miller, N. (1950).
83
Gray, J.A. (1982); Gray, J.A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J.N.P., Hemsley, D.R., & Smith, A.D. (1991).
84
Dollard, J. & Miller, N. (1950).
85
Gray, J.A. (1982); Fowles, D.C. (1980; 1983; 1988; 1994).
86
Wise, R.A. (1988); Wise, R.A. & Bozarth, M.A. (1987); Gray, J.A. (1982).
87
Gray, J.A. (1982).
88
Wise, R.A. (1988); Wise, R.A. & Bozarth, M.A. (1987).
89
Gray, J.A. (1982).
90
Damasio, A.R. (1994; 1996); Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H. & Damasio, A.R. (1996); Bechara, A., Damasio,
H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A.R. (1997).
91
Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A.R. (1997); Damasio, A.R. (1994); Bechara, A., Tranel, D.,
Damasio, H. & Damasio, A.R. (1996).
92
Luria, A.R. (1980); Nauta, W.J.H. (1971).
93
Luria, A.R. (1980); Granit, R. (1977).
94
Luria, A.R. (1980).
95
Luria, A.R. (1980).
96
Sokolov, E.N. (1963); Vinogradova, O. (1975); Gray, J.A. (1982; 1987); Gray, J.A. & McNaughton, N. (1996).
97
Gray, J.A. (1982; 1987); Gray, J.A. & McNaughton, N. (1996); Sokolov, E.N. (1969); Vinogradova, O. (1975);
Halgren, E., Squires, N.K., Wilson, C.L., Rohrbaugh, J.W., Babb, T.L., & Crandell, P.H. (1980); Watanabe, T. & Niki,
H. (1985).
98
see Aggleton, J.P. (1993).
99
Halgren, E. (1992). p. 205.
100
Halgren, E. (1992). p. 205.
101
Halgren, E. (1992). p. 206.
102
Halgren, E. (1992).
103
Ohman, A. (1979; 1987).

380

104

Halgren, E. (1992). p. 206.
for reviews of supporting evidence, see Tucker, D.M. & Williamson, P.A. (1984); Davidson, R.J. (1984a; 1984b;
1992; Goldberg, E., Podell, K., & Lovell, H. (1994); Goldberg, E. (1995); Goldberg, E. & Costa, L.D. (1981); for some
indication of why two different systems may in fact be necessary, see Grossberg, S. (1987).
106
Dollard, J. & Miller, N. (1950).
107
Ohman, A. (1979; 1987).
108
Brown, R. (1986); Rosch, E., Mervis, C.B., Gray, W., Johnson, D., & Boyes-Braem. (1976); Lakoff, G. (1987);
Wittgenstein, L. (1968).
109
Eliade, M. (1978b).
110
Sokolov, E.N. (1969); Vinogradova, O. (1975); Gray, J.A. (1982); Gray, J.A. (1987); Gray, J.A. & McNaughton, N.
(1996).
111
Aggleton, J.P. (1993).
112
for a discussion of the simplicity and general utility of default-on systems (as opposed to default-off) see
Brooks, A. & Stein, L.A. (1993); Brooks, A. (1991).
113
LeDoux, J.E. (1992).
114
LeDoux, J.E. (1992).
115
Luria, A.R. (1980).
116
and appears to me to be related to the stability-plasticity dilemma outlined by Grossberg, S. (1987).
117
Blanchard, D.C. & Blanchard, R.J. (1972); Bouton, M.E. & Bolles, R.C. (1980); LeDoux, J.E., Sakaguchi, A., &
Reis, D.J. (1984).
118
Blanchard, D.C. & Blanchard, R.J. (1972).
119
Kapp, B.S., Pascoe, J.P., & Bixler, M.A. (1984); Iwata, J., Chida, K., & LeDoux, J.E. (1987).
120
LeDoux, J.E. (1992).
121
Recent work conducted on three related phenomena latent inhibition, prepulse inhibition of startle, and negative
priming illustrates the essential validity of this viewpoint. Latent inhibition (LI) is the difficulty in learning that a
signifies b, when a previously signified c (where c is, most frequently, nothing) [see Lubow, R.E. (1989), for a
review of the literature; Gray, J.A. & McNaughton, N. (1996) and Gray, J.A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J.N.P., Hemsley,
D.R., & Smith, A.D. (1991) for a discussion of putative neuropsychology]. If you take a caged rat, and expose him
repeatedly to a intermittent light, paired with a shock he becomes afraid of the light. In classical terms, the light has
become a conditioned stimulus for shock, and therefore elicits fear. However, if you have pre-exposed the rat to the
same light, repeatedly, in the absence of any consequence, then it takes him substantially longer to learn the new
light/shock connection. Latent inhibition (LI) provides an example of the difficulty in learning (new valence),
consequential to previous learning (an alternative is provided by the related Kamin blocking effect [Jones, S.H., Gray,
J.A., & Hemsley, D.R. (1992).]). The capacity for LI characterizes a variety of animal species, as well as man; the
phenomena itself can be elicited using a number of different experimental paradigms (using differently valenced
unconditioned stimuli). Acute first-onset schizophrenics and their close cousins (schizotypes) overwhelmed by
their everyday experience manifest decreased LI, as do individuals on amphetamines or other dopaminergic agonists
(which produce heightened exploratory behavior [Wise, R.A. & Bozarth, M.A. (1987)]. Antipsychotic medications,
which damp down the a priori significance of things, normalize this decrease.
Pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of startle occurs when the magnitude of a startle response to an intense, unexpected
stimuli (such as a loud noise) is attenuated as a consequence of a hint (such as a similar, but less intense noise)
given 30-500 msec earlier. The fact of the hint apparently decreases the relative novelty (the unpredictability) of the
more intense subsequent stimuli at least among normal individuals; alternatively, it might be regarded as an analog of
graduated exposure (the procedure by which behavioral therapists desensitize the fear responses of their clients).
Persons suffering from schizophrenia, once again, or characterized by related cognitive abnormalities [Swerdlow, N.R,
Filion, D., Geyer, M.A., & Braff, D.L. (1995).] manifest decreased PPI indicating, perhaps, that they cannot
effectively use the capacity to predict, on the basis of past experience to modulate their affective/psychophysiological
responses to stimuli that intrinsically demand response (to unconditioned stimuli, in the old terminology).
Individuals participating in the negative priming paradigm must learn to respond to a stimulus that appears in
the same place recently (< 350 msec) occupied by an irrelevant or distractor stimulus. Normals are better at
defining a place as irrelevant than schizophrenic or schizotypic individuals hence, their reaction times, when
negatively primed, are longer [Swerdlow, N.R., Filion, D., Geyer, M.A., & Braff, D.L. (1995)]. The negative priming
paradigm, like the others, demonstrates that irrelevancy [the cardinal characteristic of the unassociated conditioned
stimulus)] must be learned and that it may be unlearned (sometimes with devastating consequences). At issue,
therefore, is the a priori status of the conditioned stimulus, with regards to valence and how that status might be
altered or explored away.
The experiments utilizing LI (and related procedures) are fascinating and critically important because they
demonstrate that the irrelevance of most context-dependent irrelevant things is not given. Irrelevance must be learned;
105

381

furthermore, such learning is sufficiently powerful to interfere with subsequent learning, when motivational
contingencies shift. The original curiosity-or hope-inducing aspect of now familiar things appears to be driven by
disinhibited amygdalic-driven dopaminergic activation in the nucleus accumbens [Gray, J.A., Feldon, J., Rawlins,
J.N.P., Hemsley, D.R., & Smith, A.D. (1991)] (which is the same center activated by most, if not all, positivelyreinforcing drugs of abuse) [Wise, R.A. & Bozarth, M.A. (1987)]. The fear-inducing aspect which must logically
co-exist has received less attention (although the role of the amygdala in producing novelty-driven fear is wellestablished, as described previously). It is these twin aspects threat and promise, inducing a priori fear and hope
(relevance, in its most fundamental guise) that normally lie beyond [Huxley, A. (1956).] William Blakes doors of
perception, and that lend to existence itself its intrinsic (and sometimes overwhelming) meaning:
If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite.
For man has closed himself up, till he sees all things thro narrow chinks of his cavern. Blake, W. (1946). p. 258.
Physiological or environmental events that open these doors, so to speak, allow us insight into the original nature
of things; such insight, when involuntary (as it appears to be in the case of schizophrenia, for example) is of sufficient
power to terrify and, perhaps, to destroy. The a priori valence of the object is potent, and potentially terrifying (as
terrifying, literally, as anything imaginable). Our normal circumstances, our prior learning, protects us from this
valence; shields us, restricts our access to meaning, as such. Events that interfere with the stability of that learning, or
with its conditional validity, have the capacity to allow meaning to re-emerge, with its awful force unshielded.
122
Luria, A.R. (1980). pp. 30-32.
123
Hebb, D.O. & Thompson, W.R. (1985). p. 766.
124
Blanchard, R.J. & Blanchard, D.C. (1989).
125
Blanchard, D.C., Blanchard, R.J., & Rodgers, R.J. (1991).
126
Pinel, J.P.J. & Mana, M.J. (1989).
127
Blanchard, R.J., Blanchard, D.C., & Hori, K. (1989).
128
Blanchard, R.J. & Blanchard, D.C. (1989).
129
Blanchard, D.C., Veniegas, R., Elloran, I., & Blanchard, R.J. (1993).
130
Lorenz, K. (1974).
131
Goodall, J. (1990).
132
Exploration is not merely specification of the inherent properties of the unexpected thing or situation. The
actual nature of things or situations (from the perspective of valence and objective classification) is dependent upon
the behavioral strategies employed in its presence, and on the ends that are currently being pursued. This means that
determinate experience must be considered an emergent property of behavior to a degree that is presently
unspecifiable. This appears as true for the purely objective aspects of experience (which constitute the subject matter
for science) (see Kuhn, T. (1970); Feyeraband, P.K. (1981).) as for the subjective.
The word itself as case in point can no longer reasonably be regarded as a label for a thing [Wittgenstein,
L. (1968). pp. 46e-47e). The notion that a concept is a label for an object is nothing but a slightly higher-order
version of the same error. Wittgenstein pointed out, essentially, that our sense of unified thing is not simply given
[Wittgenstein, L. (1968)]. We tend to think of the objects we perceive as being there, in some essential sense; but we
see the tree, before the branches. Despite this conceptual phenomenon, the tree has no objective precedence over the
branches (or the leaves, or the cells that make up the leaves, or the forest, for that matter). Roger Brown, following
Wittgensteins lead, demonstrated that objects have their basic levels their levels of resolution, essentially, that
appear most easily and rapidly learned by children, and constant across cultures [Brown, R. (1986)].
Wittgenstein solved the words are not labels for objects problem by positing that a word was a tool; by stating
that it played a role in a game by observing that it had more of the nature of a chessman in chess [Wittgenstein, L.
(1968). pp. 46e-47e]. The meaning of a piece is its role in the game [Wittgenstein, L. (1968). p. 150e] he noted,
furthermore, that the game has not only rules, but a point. [Wittgenstein, L. (1968). p. 150e].
Wittgenstein was driving at a general principle: an object is defined even perceived (categorized as a unity,
rather than a multiplicity) with regards to its utility as a means to a given end. In a basic sense, an object is a tool a
facilitator or an obstacle. What we perceive as objects are phenomena that may be easily utilized (to grant our
desires) at least in principle (or things that may well interfere with our attainment of desired ends). [Facilitators are
valenced, positively (as incentive rewards); obstacles, negatively (as punishments or threats). Normal facilitators and
obstacles have minor valence, relatively speaking; their revolutionary counterparts may produce overwhelming
emotion (think of Archimedes Eureka!)]. What can reasonably be parsed out of the environmental flux as an
object is therefore determined in large part by the goal we have in mind while interacting with that flux. This
complex situation is further complicated by the fact that the valence of objects, once given as objects, may still
change with alteration in the ends we are pursuing (because facilitators in one situation may easily become obstacles

382

or something irrelevant in another). Finally, many things that could manifest themselves as objects, at a given
time or place, will not (because they are apparently irrelevant to the task at hand, and remain invisible).
133
Luria, A.R. (1980).
134
Granit, R. (1977).
135
Agnew, N.M. & Brown, J.L. (1990).
136
Holloway, R.L. & Post, D.G. (1982).
137
Jerison, H.J. (1979).
138
Ridgeway, S.H. (1986).
139
Lilly, J.C. (1967).
140
Penfield, W. & Rasmussen, T. (1950).
141
Brown, R. (1986).
142
Garey, L.J. & Revishchin, A.V. (1990).
143
Granit, R. (1977).
144
Granit, R. (1977).
145
Wise, R.A. & Bozarth, M.A. (1987).
146
Granit, R. (1977).
147
Oatley, K. (1994).
148
for reviews of supporting evidence, see Tucker, D.M. & Williamson, P.A. (1984); Davidson, R.J. (1984a);
Davidson, R.J. (1984b); Davidson, R.J. (1992); Goldberg, E., Podell, K., & Lovell, H. (1994); Goldberg, E. (1995);
Goldberg, E. & Costa, L.D. (1981); for some indication of why two different systems may in fact be necessary, see
Grossberg, S. (1987).
149
Fox, N.A. & Davidson, R.J. (1986); Fox, N.A. & Davidson, R.J. (1988).
150
Maier, N.R.F. & Schnierla, T.C. (1935).
151
Schnierla, T.C. (1959).
152
see review by Springer, S.P. & Deutsch, G. (1989).
153
Goldberg, E. (1995); Goldberg, E. & Costa, L.D. (1981); Goldberg, E., Podell, K., & Lovell, H. (1994).
154
Springer, S.P. & Deutsch, G. (1989).
155
Fox, N.A. & Davidson, R.J. (1986); Fox, N.A. & Davidson, R.J. (1988).
156
Goldberg, E. & Costa, L.D. (1981).
157
Goldberg, E. (1995).
158
Donald, M. (1993).
159
... we believe that the internal and external states which constitute the response to the stimulus are identical with
the evaluation of the stimulus [Kling, A.S. & Brothers, L.A. (1992). p. 372]; affect is no more and no less than the
confluence and integration of sensory information in several modalities, combined with immediate coactivation of
somatic effector systems (motor, autonomic and endocrine) (p. 371); ... reciprocal connections between amygaloid
nuclei and the hippocampal formation may serve to link affective response patterns with the encoding of perceptions in
memory, thus providing rapid access to appropriate motivational states when complex social situations or particular
individuals are re-encountered (p. 356).
160
Vitz, P.C. (1990).
161
Vitz, P.C. (1990).
162
Vitz, P.C. (1990).
163
Ryle, G. (1949).
164
Milner, B. (1972); Zola-Morgan, S., Squire, L.R., & Amaral, D.G. (1986); Teylor, T.J. & Discenna, P. (1985);
Teylor, T.J. & Discenna, P. (1986).
165
Squire, L.R. & Zola-Morgan, S. (1990).
166
Squire, L.R. & Zola-Morgan, S. (1990).
167
Squire and Zola-Morgan state:
the term declarative, which we have used, captures the notion that one kind of memory can be declared; it can be
brought to mind explicitly, as a proposition or image. The capacity for declarative memory may be a relatively
recent feat of evolution, appearing early in the vertebrates with the development of the hippocampus, and the
capacity for declarative memory may be ontogenetically delayed. Procedural knowledge, by contrast, can be
expressed only through performance, and the contents of this knowledge are not accessible to awareness. Procedural
knowledge is considered to be phylogenetically primitive and ontogenetically early.... We agree with Tulving and
his colleagues that the episodic-semantic distinction, which has something interesting to say about the structure of
normal memory, is a subset of declarative (propositional) memory. Squire, L.R. & Zola-Morgan, S. (1990). p. 138.

383

My presupposition is that a story is a semantic representation of an episodic representation of the outputs of the
procedural system: a verbal description of an image of behavior (and the consequences of that behavior).
168
Schachter, D.L. (1994).
169
Kagan, J. (1984).
170
Piaget, J. (1962). p.3.
171
Piaget, J. (1962). p.5.
172
Piaget, J. (1962). p.5.
173
Piaget, J. (1962). p.6.
174
Adler, A. (1958); Vaihinger, H. (1924).
175
Oatley, K. (1994).
176
Donald, M. (1993).
177
An idea is (in part) an abstracted action, whose consequences can be analyzed in abstracted fantasy. The distance
between the idea and the action has widened within the course of recent evolutionary history. Medieval people, unused
to rhetorical speech, were easily seized emotionally or inspired to action by passionate words [see Huizinga, J. (1967)].
In the modern world, flooded by meaningless speech, words have lost much of their immediate procedural power,
under normal conditions. However, music still unconsciously compels movement, dance or at least, the compulsion to
keep the beat. Even chimpanzees seem capable of becoming possessed by simple rhythms [see Campbell, J. (1987). pp.
358-359]. In addition, modern individuals are still easily seized and motivated by drama, like that portrayed in motion
pictures much like the primitive, seized by ritual and can easily lose themselves, in enjoyment, in the act of acting
as if the drama is actually happening. In the absence of this seizure, which is meaningful, drama loses its interest.
Rhetoric the call to action also still dominates advertising, with evident effect.
178
Meaningful drama or meaningful information, per se, has that characteristic because it produces affect,
indicative of occurrence outside of predictability, and because it implies something for alteration of behavior. The
phenomena of meaning occurs when information can be translated from one level of memory to another, or to all
others.
179
Piaget, J. (1932).
180
Piaget, J. (1962).
181
Nietzsche, F. (1966). p. 98.
182
Nietzsche, F. (1968a). p. 217.
183
Nietzsche, F. (1968a). p. 203..
184
Wittgenstein, L. (1968).
185
Eliade, M. (1978b).
186
Wittgenstein, L. (1968). p. 16e.
187
An analogous notion of goal-hierarchy was presented by Carver, C.S. & Scheier, M.F. (1982).
188
Eysenck, H.J. (1995).
189
Shallice, T. (1982).
190
Milner, B., Petrides, M., & Smith, M.L. (1985).
191
Petrides, M. & Milner, B. (1982).
192
Milner, B. (1963).
193
And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven: and behold the angels
of God ascending and descending on it. And, behold, the LORD stood above it, and said, I am the LORD God of
Abraham thy father, and the God of Isaac. (Genesis 28:12-13).
194
Frye, N. (1982). p. 220.
195
Eliade, M. (1957). pp. 107-108.
196
Brown, R. (1965). p. 476.
197
Brown, R. (1965). p. 478.
198
Goethe, J.W. (1976).
199
Frazier, J.G. (1994).
200
Brown, R. (1986). p. 470.
201
Lakoff, G. (1987). pp. 12-13.
202
Brown, R. (1965). p. 321.
203
Wittgenstein, L. (1968). pp. 66-71.
204
see Armstrong, S.L., Gleitman, L.R., & Gleitman, H. (1983).
205
Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 57-58.
206
Heidel, A. (1965).
207
Eliade, M. (1978b).
208
Logos lo(hook).go(hook)s. Theol. and Philos. [Gr. logoj word, speech, discourse, reason, f. log-, ablaut-variant of
leg- in leg-ein to say. ] A term used by Greek (esp. Hellenistic and Neo-Platonist) philosophers in certain metaphysical

384

and theological applications developed from one or both of its ordinary senses reason and word; also adopted in
three passages of the Johannine writings of the N.T. (where the English versions render it by Word) as a designation
of Jesus Christ; hence employed by Christian theologians, esp. those who were versed in Greek philosophy, as a title of
the Second Person of the Trinity. By mod. writers the Gr. word is used untranslated in historical expositions of ancient
philosophical speculation, and in discussions of the doctrine of the Trinity in its philosophical aspects. Oxford English
Dictionary: CD-ROM for Windows. (1994).
209
Eliade, M. (1978b); Jung, C.G. (1967b).
210
Shakespeare (1952a). As You Like It. 2:7:139-142, p. 608.
211
Neumann, E. (1955); Neumann, E. (1954); Jung, C.G. (1976b); Jung, C.G. (1967b); Jung, C.G. (1968b); Jung, C.G.
(1967a); Eliade, M. (1978b).
212
Neumann, E. (1955); Neumann, E. (1954); Jung, C.G. (1976b); Jung, C.G. (1967b); Jung, C.G. (1968b); Jung, C.G.
(1967a); Eliade, M. (1978b).
213
Neumann, E. (1955); Neumann, E. (1954); Jung, C.G. (1976b); Jung, C.G. (1967b); Jung, C.G. (1968b); Jung, C.G.
(1967a); Eliade, M. (1978b).
214
Brown, R. (1986).
215
Brown, R. (1986); Rosch, E., Mervis, C.B., Gray, W., Johnson, D., & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976); Lakoff, G. (1987).
216
Lao Tzu. (1984a).
217
Vierge Ouvrante, reproduced as plate 177 in Neumann, E. (1955).
218

Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 88-89.
see Frye, N. (1990).
220
Heidel, A. (1965).
221
Frye, N. (1982). p. 146.
222
Frye, N. (1990).
223
Tablet 1:4; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 18.
224
Tablet 1:5; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 18.
225
Tablet 1:6-8; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 18.
226
Tablet 1:9; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 18.
227
Ea is also known as Nudimmud, in the original text. I have used the single appellation here, for the sake of
simplicity.
228
Tablet 1:17; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 18.
229
Tablet 1:18-19; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 18.
230
Tablet 1: 20; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 18.
231
Tablet 1:23; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 19.
232
Tablet 1:80; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 21.
233
Tablet 1:86; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 21.
234
Tablet 1:90-102; Heidel, A. (1965). pp. 21-22.
235
Tablet 1:133-138; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 23.
236
Tablet 1:156; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 24.
237
Tablet 2:1-10; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 25.
238
Tablet 2:96-117; Heidel, A. (1965). pp. 28-29.
239
Tablet 2:118-129; Heidel, A. (1965). pp. 29-30.
240
Jacobsen, T. (1943).
241
Heidel, A. (1965). pp. 30-31.
242
Tablet 3:1-66; Heidel, A. (1965). pp. 30-33.
243
Tablet 3:131-138, 4:1-10; Heidel, A. (1965). pp. 35-36.
244
according to Campbell, J. (1964). p. 82.
245
according to Campbell, J. (1964). p. 82.
246
Tablet 4:27-34; Heidel, A. (1965). pp. 37-38.
247
Tablet 4:87-94; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 40.
248
Tablet 4:129-144; Heidel, A. (1965). pp. 42-43.
249
Yahwehs role in creation is considered similarly, in relationship to Rahab, or Leviathan the serpent from whom
the world is constructed. Isaiah 51:9 states, for example Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the Lord; awake, as
in the ancient days, in the generations of old. Art thou not it that hath cut Rahab, and wounded the dragon? Psalm 74
contains several comparable passages (14-17):
219

Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces, and gavest him to be meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness.
Thou didst cleave the fountain and the flood: thou driedst up mighty rivers. The day is thine, the night also is thine:

385

thou hast prepared the light and the sun. Thou hast set all the borders of the earth: thou hast made summer and
winter.
250

Tablet 6:8; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 46.
Tablet 6:49-51; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 48.
252
Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 73-74.
253
Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 74-76.
254
Tablet 6:151; Heidel, A. (1965). p 52.
255
Tablet 6:152-153; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 53.
256
Tablet 6:155-156; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 53.
257
Tablet 7:1-2; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 53.
258
Tablet 7:21; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 54.
259
Tablet 7:30; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 55.
260
Tablet 7:39; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 55.
261
Tablet 7:81; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 57.
262
Tablet 7:112, 7:115; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 58.
263
Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 89.
264
In Pritchard, J.B. (1955). p. 4.
265
Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 89-90.
266
Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 91.
267
Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 91-92. It is of additional interest to note that the Egyptians prohibited foreigners from
entering their sanctuaries, which were microcosmic images of the country; native Egyptians were the only rightful
inhabitants of Egypt, the first country formed, and the center of the world. Foreigners brought disorder [Eliade,
M. (1978b). p. 90].
268
Eliade comments: When Horus descended into the otherworld and resuscitated Osiris, he bestowed on him the
power of knowing. Osiris was an easy victim because he did not know, he had no knowledge of Seths true
nature.... [Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 100, footnote 41]. The story of Osiris is in part a parable about the dangers of the
incapacity to recognize evil.
269
Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 100.
270
Anaximander of Miletus (-611 to -546).
271
William James, in the throes of nitrous oxide intoxication. Quoted by Tymoczko, D. (1996, May). p. 100.
272
These myths express the fact that the unknown tends to manifest itself first in terrifying form.
273
Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 205-207.
274
derived from The Self-Consuming Dragon, an allegorical figure in the works of Lamspringk, reproduced as plate
LIXa in Jung (1967a).
251

275

Neumann, E. (1954). pp. 10-11.
Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 145.
277
Evans, P.I. (1973). See also footnote 595.
278
Cornford, F.M. (1956).
279
Wilhelm, R. (1971). pp. liv lvii.
280
Wilhelm, R. (1971). pp. liv lvii.
281
Eliade, M. (1957). p 29.
282
Indras combat served as model for the battles that the Aryans had to sustain against the Dasyus (also termed
vrtani): he who triumphs in a battle, he truly kills Vrtra. (Maitrayana-Samhita 2.1.3.) Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 207.
283
Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 104, footnote 48.
284
Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 320. Eliade also points out that the name Faridun is derived from Thraetona (Thraetona
Freton Faridun), and states: in Iran as elsewhere, the process of historicization of mythical themes and personages
is counterbalanced by a contrary process: the real adversaries of the nation or the empire are imagined as monsters, and
especially as dragons.
285
Eliade, M. (1957). pp. 29-32.
286
Stevenson, M.S. (1920). p. 354.
287
Eliade, M. (1991b). p. 19.
288
Neumann, E. (1955). faceplate, Part II.
289
Whitehead, A.N. (1958). p. xx.
290
Otto, R. (1958).
291
Otto, R. (1958). pp. 12-13.
292
Jung, C.G. (1971). p. 477.
276

386

293

There is good evidence for actual independence of sub-personalities in the human imagination [in the episodic and
procedural memory systems (?)], and incontrovertible evidence for the use of metaphoric personality, in ritual, art and
literature. There are many forms of normal experience that involve the explicit participation of foreign personalities,
or partial personalities. These include dreams, in which characters appear within experience in known and unknown
guise, and follow what are apparently their own intrinsic and often incomprehensible laws of behaviour [see Jung, C.G.
(1968b). for an analysis of an extensive series of dreams (the physicist Wolfgang Paulis, as it happens)].
Moods, arriving upon the stage of consciousness, influence perception, memory, cognition and behaviour,
producing perplexing outbursts of sadness and rage on the part of the person who is so influenced (Jung identified the
anima, the archetype of the feminine, with mood [see Jung. C.G. (1968a). p. 70]). Active imagination [see Jung.
C.G. (1968a). p. 190], a process which might be compared to purposive daydreaming with mood as the focus can
generate images and fantasies associated with that mood. Participation in this process helps illuminate the structure of
the personalities associated with given states of emotional seizure.
In states of abnormal tension and in psychopathological or neurological breakdown the effects of foreign
personalities are easily observable. Individuals afflicted with Tourettes syndrome appear possessed by a complex
spirit, for want of a better description, whose personality uncannily matches that of the Trickster of the North American
Indian [see Sacks, O. (1987); Jung. C.G. (1968a). pp. 255 274].
Schizophrenic breakdown involves the apparent participation of many fragmented personalities, who make their
appearance in voices and urges foreign to the assaulted mind of the psychotic [see Jung, C.G. (1967a); Romme, M.A.
& Escher, A.D. (1989).]. The physiologist and schizophrenia researcher Doty states:
Among the more widely recognized diagnostic criteria are the first rank symptoms identified by Kurt Schneider.
As summarized by Crow and Johnstone, these are: (1) hearing ones thoughts spoken aloud within ones head, (2)
hearing voices arguing, (3) hearing voices that comment upon what one is doing, (4) experiences of bodily influence
(that bodily functions are affected by an outside agency), (5) experiences that ones thoughts are being withdrawn
from or inserted into ones head, (6) thought diffusion or the experience that ones thoughts are broadcast to others,
(7) delusional perception (the attri bution of special significance to a particular perception), and (8) feelings or
volitions experienced as imposed on the patients by others. This list of first rank schizophrenic symptoms is
uniquely fascinating in the present context, for, as Nasrallah astutely phrases it, they can all be summarized by the
basic idea that in the schizophrenic brain the unintegrated right-hemisphere consciousness may become an alien
intruder on the verbally expressive left hemisphere. In other words, they are prototypical of what one might expect
were interhemispheric communication so distorted that the left hemisphere could no longer identify the origin of
activities in the right hemisphere as belonging to the unified consciousness of self. [Doty, R.W. (1989). p. 3].
Cleghorn has reported that schizophrenics experiencing auditory hallucinations were characterized by increased
glucose uptake (assessed with positron-emission tomography (PET) scan) in regions of the right hemisphere,
corresponding to the language areas of the left hemisphere [Cleghorn, J.M. (1988)]. Doty suggests that these righthemisphere structures may have been released from tonic inhibition by the dominant left-hemisphere language center,
in the course of the schizophrenic breakdown [Doty, R..W. (1989)].
Multiple personality disorder, a historically cycling condition [see Ellenberger, H.F. (1970)], emerges when
personalities and representations thereof, external to the central ego, appear without union of memory, often in those
with dissociative tendencies, punished severely and arbitrarily early in life.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder reduces its victims to total domination by an object of experience or a thought,
producing behavioural and cognitive patterns foreign to those afflicted (and to those concerned with the afflicted)
[Rapoport, J. (1989)].
Shamanic and religious rituals, primitive initiation rites, and psychoactive chemicals produce complex physiological
changes within the individual brain, activating affectively-based complexes that could not otherwise reach
consciousness, producing insights and affects not otherwise attainable, with oft-dramatic consequences. (It is of interest
to note, in this regard, that LSD and other psychotomimetic or hallucinogenic drugs are characterized by their effect on
the phylogenetically ancient serotonergic brainstem projections [see Doty, R. W. (1989)]).
Epileptic seizures, often accompanied by strange perceptual, emotional and cognitive changes, run the gamut from
awe-inspiring and holy to demonic and terrifying [see Ervin, F. & Smith, M. (1986)]. The discussion presented in this
chapter is particularly interesting, insofar as it describes pathological alterations, not of systematic cognition, but of
meaning. Ervin describes cases where epileptic patients refuse pharmacological treatment, risking their physiological
and psychological well-being, because they are unwilling to forgo the pre-epileptic aura a condition of altered
experience, preceding the epileptic seizure per se. This aura may partake of the quality of revelation may produce
apparently profound subjective insight into the deepest meaning of the universe, for example (although it is more
commonly associated with extreme terror). Before such states are packaged as pathological, necessarily delusional, it
should be remembered that Dostoevski was epileptic, altered, and perhaps deepened in psychological insight by the

387

processes of his illness). Such seizures can also induce violent outbursts, completely dissociated from the individuals
normal behavioural state [see Mark, V.H. & Ervin, F.R. (1970)].
294
see Jung, C.G. (1967b).
295
With regards to the potentially four-dimensional structure of the human memory system, see Teylor, T.J. &
Discenna, P. (1986).
296
see Russell, J.B. (1986).
297
Jung states: ... all numinous contents... have a tendency to self-amplification, that is to say they form the nuclei for
an aggregation of synonyms [Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 458]. Contents in memory with the same affective valence tend to
group. This phenomena has long been recognized in the case of depression. Depressed people are characterized by a
bias towards the perception, remembrance and conception of punishments: disappointment, frustration (absences of
expected rewards), loneliness and pain [see Beck, A. (1979)].
298
see Gall, J. (1988).
299
This figure is derived from the tray painting The Triumph of Venus, reproduced as plate 62 in Neumann, E. (1955).
300
The vesica pisces is a very complex symbol, associated with the fish that is (water-dwelling) serpent, phallus and
womb simultaneously. See Johnson, B. (1988), particularly Part Nine: The Fish.
301
Eliade, M. (1982). pp. 20-21.
302
Eliade, M. (1982). p. 21.
303
Neumann, E. (1955). pp. 31-32.
304
This classic Freudian state of affairs is intelligently and accurately portrayed in the movie Crumb [Zwigoff, T.
(1995)].
305
Shelton, G. (1980). p. 45.
306
Neumann, E. (1955). pp. 12-13.
307
It is my understanding that this progression has not been demonstrated, and that the patriarchal deities stand in a
secondary psychological, rather than historical, relationship to the matriarchal deities (as things derived from the
matrix). Furthermore, as we have discussed, the unknown can also be regarded as derived from the known (as
things defined in opposition to the known). For the purposes of the present manuscript, however, the precise
temporal/historical relationship of the various deities to one another is of secondary importance, compared to the fact
and meaning of their existence as eternal categories of imagination.
308
Neumann, E. (1955). pp. 153-157.
309
see Bowlby, J. (1969). Bowlby investigated the curious fact that a substantial proportion of orphaned or otherwise
isolated babies, provided with adequate food, basic physical care, and shelter, still failed to thrive, and died. More
recent research has been devoted towards investigation of the processes underlying social attachment in general, and
maternal attachment in particular, and has focussed in part on the role of the opiate system, which is also involved in
governing reaction to pain, frustration and disappointment broadly, to punishment (reviewed in Pihl, R. O. &
Peterson, J.B. (1992)).
310
Neumann, E. (1955). pp. 149-150.
311
see Neumann, E. (1955).
312
Kali, the Devourer, reproduced as plate 66 in Neumann, E. (1955).
313
from MacRae, G.W. (Trans.). (1988). p. 297.
314
A similar and illuminating conflation of source with attitude also characterizes Christs terminology, with
regards to himself. He is to be regarded both as model for subjective stance [I am the way, the truth, and the life (John
14:6)], but also as source of the water of life [If any man thirst, let him come unto me, and drink. He that believeth on
me, as the scripture hath said, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water (John 7:37-38)].
315
I am endebted to Mr. Mike McGarry for bringing these passages to my attention.
316
Diana of Ephesus. [plate 35 in Neumann, E. (1955)].
317
see Neumann, E. (1955).
318
see, for example, the Venuses of Willendorf, Menton and Lespugne [portrayed in plate 1 in Neumann, E. (1955)].
319
Neumann, E. (1955). p. 39.
320
see McGlynn, F.D. & Cornell, C.C. (1985); Chambless, D.L. (1985).
321
Foa, E.B, Molnar, C., & Cashman, L. (1995). See also Pennebaker, J.W. (1997); Pennebaker, J., Mayne, T.J., &
Francis, M.E. (1997).
322
Koestler, A. (1976).
323
Durga is in fact Kalis benevolent counterpart.
324
Zimmer, H. (1982). pp. 74-75.
325
Rychlak, J. F. (1981). p. 767.
326
see Neumann, E. (1955); Neumann, E. (1954).
327
derived from unknown location.

388

328

castle derived from a temenos, in Maiers Viatorium (1651) [plate 31 in Jung, C.G. (1968b)]; St. George derived
from Ripa, C. (1630) Virtue [Didi-Huberman, G., Garbetta, R. & Morgaine, M. (1994). p. 50].
329
This brief description is a summary of (isomorphic) information contained in the writings of Carl Jung (particularly
in Jung, C.G. (1967a); Joseph Campbell (particularly in Campbell, J. (1987); and Campbell, J. (1968); Northrop Frye
(particularly in Frye, N. (1982); and Frye, N. (1990)) and Erich Neumann (particularly in Neumann, E. (1954); and
Neumann, E. (1955)).
330
Bellini, J. (15th century). St. George battling the dragon. In Didi-Huberman, G., Garbetta, R., & Morgaine, M.
(1994). p. 102. Dozens of representative examples are provided in this volume.
331
Didi-Huberman, G., Garbetta, R., & Morgaine, M. (1994). pp. 53, 59, 64, 65, 67, 69, 74, 77, 81.
332
Neumann, E. (1954). pp. 160-161.
333
Neumann, E. (1954; 1955); Jung, C.G. (1976b; 1967b; 1968b; 1967a); Eliade, M. (1978b).
334
see Jung, C.G. (1970a).
335
see Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 147.
336
Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 145-146.
337
see chapter 2.3.2. The Enuma elish: a Comprehensive Exemplar of Narrative Categorization.
338
Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 147-149.
339
Binswanger, L. (1963). pp. 152-153.
340
see Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 114-125.
341
Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 123.
342
Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 124.
343
Eliade, M. (1965). p. xi.
344
Borski, L.M. & Miller, K.B. (1956).
345
Eliade, M. (1991a).
346
LEngle, M. (1997). p. 136.
347
LEngle, M. (1997). p. 142.
348
Lucas, B.V., Crane, L & Edwards, M. (1945), pp. 171-178.
349
this is imagery of paradise.
350
Frye states, in keeping with this theme:
...there is one theme that recurs frequently in the early books of the Bible: the passing over of the firstborn son,
who normally has the legal right of primogeniture, in favor of a young one. The firstborn son of Adam, Cain, is sent
into exile, and the line of descent goes through Seth. Ham, the rejected son of Noah, is not said to be his eldest son,
but the same pattern recurs. Abraham is told to reject his son Ishmael because a younger son (Isaac) is to be born to
him. Isaacs eldest son Esau loses his birthright to Jacob through some rather dubious maneuvers on Jacobs part,
some of them backed by his mother. Jacobs eldest son Reuben loses his inheritance for the reason given in Genesis
49:4. Josephs younger son Ephraim takes precedence over the elder Manasseh. The same theme is extended,
though not essentially changed, in the story of the founding of the monarchy, where the first chosen king, Saul, is
rejected and his line passed over in favor of David, who is practically his adopted son (I Samuel 18:2). In later
literature the theme is carried much farther back: if we look at the fifth book of Paradise Lost, for instance, we see
an archetype of the jealousy of an older son, Lucifer or Satan, at the preference shown to the younger Christ. [Frye,
N. (1982). pp. 180-181].
351

Frye, N. (1982).
figure of God derived from anonymous Italian (15th century). Saint George and the Dragon. In Didi-Huberman, G.,
Garbetta, R., & Morgaine, M. (1994). p. 65.
353
derived from Figurea et emblemata in Lambspringks Musaeum hermeticum (1678) [plate 179 in Jung, C.G.
(1968b)].
354
Smith, H. (1991). pp. 289-290.
355
Smith, H. (1991). p. 292.
356
There is some evidence, in our times, that would-be tyrants themselves are even beginning to realize this. Many of
the transitions to democracy characteristic of the last 30 years have been voluntary transferrals of power on the part
of military strong-men, unable to believe in the justice of their own strength. See Fukuyama, F. (1993).
357
derived from Figurea et emblemata in Lambspringks Musaeum hermeticum (1678) [plate 168 in Jung, C.G.
(1968b)].
358
Pregnant father derived from derived from Tabula smaragdina in Maier, Scrutinium chymicum (1687) [plate 210
in Jung, C.G. (1968b)].
359
Jung, C.G. (1968b). p. 86.
352

389

360

Morley, J. (1923). p. 127.
Nietzsche, F. (1966). pp. 100-102.
362
Field, T.M., Schanberg, S.M., Scafidi, F., Bauer, C.R., Vega-Lahr, N., Garcia, R., Nystrom, J., & Kuhn, C.M.
(1986).
363
Polan, H.J. & Ward, M.J, (1994); Berkowitz, C.D. & Senter, S.A. (1987); also footnote 309.
364
Hyde, J.S. (1984); Saner, H. & Ellickson, P. (1996).
365
see Eliade, M. (1965).
366
This is something akin to Jungs animus. See Jung. C.G. (1968a).
367
Eliade, M. (1965).
368
see Neumann, E. (1955). p. 61.
369
see Neumann, E. (1955). particularly chapter 15.
370
Eliade, M. (1965). pp. xii-xiv.
371
There is evidence, for example, that the dynastic cultures of ancient Egypt existed in virtually unchanged form over
periods of time as long as fifteen hundred years (after the Fifth Dynasty, 2500-2300 B.C.). Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 86.
372
This is the mythic theme of Dostoevskys Crime and punishment (1993). Raskolnikov, Dostoevskis revolutionary
socialist protagonist, places himself above God (somewhat in the manner of Nietzsches superman), and resolves to
commit a crime (murder) justified elaborately and carefully by recourse to demythologized rationality. The crime
succeeds, but Raskolnikov is unable to bear its burden, and confesses, as a consequence of intrapsychic compulsion (in
the absence of objective necessity). In consequence, he is able to regain his (protective) identity with the common
community.
This theme has been revisited, in recent years, by Woody Allen, a great admirer of Russian literature, in his motion
picture Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989). Allens protagonist, a respected physician, murders his mistress to prevent
her from disrupting his familys (false) security. Unlike Raskolnikov, however, the good physician suffers no long-term
psychic trauma, and everything returns to normal within the year. The movie, placid on the surface, is more
horrifying than Dostoevskis tortured book. In the latter, moral order (predicated on respect for the intrinsic value of the
individual) rules, in contrast to presumptious rationality. In the former, rational meaninglessness prevails absolutely
although it remains thinly veiled by urban pleasantry and pretence.
373
Nietzsche, F. (1968a). p. 217.
374
Tablet 6:152-153; Heidel, A. (1965). p. 53. See footnote 255.
375
Wittgenstein, L. (1958). p. 50.
376
Kuhn, T. (1970). p. viii.
377
taken from Hofstadter, D.R. (1979). p. 89.
378
Polyani, M. (1958).
379
Kuhn, T. (1970). p.44.
380
Nietzsche, F. (1968a). p. 213, section 16.
381
Frye, N. (1990). pp. 42-44.
382
Frye, N. (1990). pp. 103-104.
383
see Peake, M. (1995) for a dramatic portrayal of this state of affairs.
384
Bruner, J.S. & Postman, L. (1949).
385
Kuhn, T. (1970). pp. 62-64.
386
for elaborated description, see Jung, C.G. (1967a); Neumann, E. (1954). Jung states: The purpose of the descent as
universally exemplified in the myth of the hero is to show that only in the region of danger (watery abyss, cavern,
forest, island, castle, etc.) can one find the treasure hard to attain (jewel, virgin, life-potion, victory over death. Jung,
C.G. (1968b). p. 335.
387
Nietzsche states: The unhistorical is like the surrounding atmosphere that can alone create life and in whose
annihilation life itself disappears. It is true that man can only become man by first suppressing this unhistorical element
in his thoughts, comparisons, distinctions, and conclusions, letting a clear sudden light break through these misty
clouds by his power of turning the past to the uses of the present. But an excess of history makes him flag again....
Nietzsche, F. (1957).
388
Frye, N. (1990). p. 256.
389
see Neumann, E. (1954); Neumann, E. (1955).
390
Tablet 7:112, 7:115; Heidel, A. (Trans.). (1965). p. 58 (see footnote 262).
391
Nietzsche, F. (1968a). p. 301.
392
Nietzsche, F. (1995).
393
This story was recently cited in Hawking, S. (1988).
394
Hofstadter, D.R. (1979). p. 397-398.
395
Discussion, Bruner, J. (1986). pp. 27-28.
396
Jung, C.G. (1968b). p. 86.
361

390

397

Eliade, M. (1975). p. 155.
Kuhn, T. (1970). p. 84-85.
399
Kuhn, T. (1970). p. 113.
400
quoted in Kuhn, T.S. (1957). p. 138.
401
Einstein, A. (1959). p. 45.
402
Kronig, R. (1960). pp. 22, 25-26.
403
Kuhn, T. (1970). pp. 82-84.
404
This, as Karl Popper pointed out, permits our hypotheses to die in our stead.
405
Tolstoy, L. (1887-1983). p. 13.
406
Tolstoy, L. (1887-1983). p. 54.
407
Tolstoy, L. (1887-1983). pp. 26-29.
408
Another relevant Nietzschean comment:

398

The structure of the scenes and the visual images reveal a deeper wisdom than the... [ancient Greek poets
themselves could] put into words and concepts: the same is also observable in Shakespeare, whose Hamlet, for
instance, similarly, talks more superficially than he acts, so that the previously mentioned lesson of Hamlet is to be
deduced, not from his words, but from a profound contemplation and survey of the whole. [Nietzsche, F. (1967a).
p. 105].
409

Nietzsche, F. (1967a). p. 60.
Dostoevski, F. (1961). p. 21.
411
Nietzsches epigrams: A criminal is frequently not equal to his deed: he makes it smaller and slanders it.
[Nietzsche, F. (1968a). p. 275]; The lawyers defending a criminal are rarely artists enough to turn the beautiful
terribleness of his deed to his advantage. [Nietzsche, F. (1968a). p. 275].
412
cited in Kaufmann, W. (1975). pp. 130-131.
413
see Eliade, M. (1965; 1975).
414
see Ambady, N., & Rosenthal, R. (1992).
415
as when Oedipus unwittingly sleeps with his mother, and blinds himself, in consequence.
416
Nietzsche, F. (1968a). p. 320.
417
Nietzsche, F. (1967a). p. 75.
418
Binswanger, L. (1963). p. 157.
419
Tolstoy, L. (1983). pp. 57-58.
420
Frye, N. (1990). p. xvi.
421
Nietzsche, F. (1968a). pp. 260-261.
422
see footnote 26.
423
Eliade, M. (1972). p. 4.
424
Ellenberger, H.F. (1970). pp. 447-448.
425
Jung, C.G. (1971). p. 477.
426
Eliade, M. (1964).
427
Eliade, M. (1965). p. 89.
428
The symbol of the tree and the meanings of that symbol are discussed in detail in Chapter 4.3.
429
Eliade, M. (1965). pp. 88-89.
430
The Brazen Serpent of Moses on the Cross. From serpens mercurialis in Eleazar, Uraltes chymisches Werk
(1760) [plate 238 in Jung, C.G. (1968b)].
431
When I first began the process that led me to understand these ideas, I painted a frightening picture of the crucified
Christ, glaring, judgmental, demonic, with a cobra wrapped around his naked waist, like a belt (as described in the
Preface). I was struggling with problems of identity, in an world that had apparently gone insane. The image of the
exploratory hero manifested itself to me in imagistic representation, contaminated with the figure of the Dragon of
Chaos and as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up (John 3:14).
This contamination might be regarded as indicative of the danger the development of full understanding of that hero,
and the world he inhabited, posed to my then-extant personality structure (which in fact dissolved and regenerated,
over a lengthy period, thereafter). The identity of the revolutionary hero with the serpent of chaos, however, accounts
for the hatred and fear his necessary actions produce among the population he is striving to help.
432
Origen, in Hodson, G. (1963). p. xii.
433
Eliade, M. (1975). p. 60.
434
Campbell, J. (1973). p. 25.
435
Neumann, E. (1968). p. 395.
436
Tao Te Ching 25 in Waley, A. (1934). p. 34.
410

391

437

see Part I. A. III: The separation of the world parents. In Neumann, E. (1954).
Tiuitchev, F.I. Sviataia noch na nebosklon vzoshla, translated by Vladimir Nabakov, cited in Joravsky, D. (1989). p.
173. I am indebted to Ms. Carolyn Butler for bringing this poem to my attention.
439
Frye states:
438

A descent into a world below consciousness involves some break in the continuity of conscious memory, or some
annihilation of the previous conditions of existence, corresponding to falling asleep. The lower world is often a
world of greatly enlarged time, where a few moments may correspond to many years in the upper world. Frye, N.
(1990). p. 266.
This is reminiscent of Jungs notion that time is relativized in the collective unconscious.
Frye, N. (1982). p. 108.
441
cited in Neumann, E. (1968). p. 395.
442
Wheeler, J. (1980). p. 341.
443
Nietzsche generated a hypothesis which seems relevant:
440

Suppose nothing else were given as real except our world of desires and passions, and we could not get down, or
up, to any other reality besides the reality of our drives for thinking is merely a relation of these drives to each
other: is it not permitted to make the experiment and to ask the question whether this given would not be sufficient
for also understanding on the basis of this kind of thing the so-called mechanistic or (material) world? I mean, not
as a deception, as mere appearance, and idea (in the sense of Berkeley and Schopenhauer) but as holding the
same rank of reality as our affect as a more primitive form of the world of affects in which everything still lies
contained in a powerful unity before it undergoes ramifications and developments in the organic process (and, as is
only fair, also becomes tenderer and weaker) as a kind of instinctive life in which all organic functions are still
synthetically intertwined along with self-regulation, assimilation, nourishment, excretion, and metabolism as a
pre-form of life [Nietzsche, F. (1966). pp. 47-48.].
444

Eliade, M. (1982). p. 75.
For a modern illustration, see Tchelitchew, P. (1992). p. 49.
446
see tree and snake discussion in Jung, C.G. (1988). pp. 1431-1450; Jung, C.G. (1967b). pp. 251-350.
447
Radha, Swami S. (1978). pp. 16-20.
448
Frye, N. (1990). pp. 284-285.
449
Eliade, M. (1975). p. 64.
450
Yggdrasill, the world tree of the Edda. from the Elder Edda by Magnusson, F. (18th century) [figure 55 in
Neumann, E. (1955)].
451
In Bellows, H.A. (1969), p. 60.
452
Neumann, E. (1954). pp. 30-31.
453
Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 117.
454
see Jung, C.G. (1967b). pp. 240 and 315; Jung, C.G. (1968b). p. 317.
455
The role of the reticular activating system in regulating consciousness was established by Morruzzi, G. & Magoun,
H.W. (1949). The precise mechanisms by which such regulation take place are still under debate.
456
Goethe, J.W. (1979a). p. 99.
457
Voltaire. (1933). p. 450.
458
Frye elaborates on the myth of Narcissus:
445

the beautiful youth paralyzed by the mirror-reflection of himself and hence unable to love. Mythologists very early
made Narcissus a type of the fall of Adam, as Adam, like Narcissus, identified himself with his own parodyreflection in a lower world. Pauls conception of Christ as the second Adam makes Christ the double of the
Narcissus-Adam who delivers the original one from what Lacan calls the stade de miroir and Eliot a wilderness of
mirrors. ]Frye, N. (1990). p. 271].
459

Consider Nietzsches statement:
On his way to becoming an angel (to employ no uglier word) man has evolved that queasy stomach and coated
tongue through which not only the joy and innocence of the animal but life itself has become repugnant to him so
that he sometimes holds his nose in his own presence, and, with Pope Innocent the Third, disapprovingly catalogues
his own repellent aspects (impure begetting, disgusting means of nutrition in his mothers womb, baseness of the
matter out of which man evolves, hideous stink, secretion of saliva, urine, and filth). [Nietzsche, F. (1967b). p. 67].

392

460

The human neocortex developed at an unprecedented rate, from the evolutionary standpoint. This expansion and the
extension of consciousness to the self were synchronous phenomena. One factor limiting this expansion, which
increases head size dramatically, is the diameter of the female pelvic girdle, which must allow the infant passage during
birth. The frequently traumatic nature of human birth is a consequence, at least in part, of the conflict between neonate
cranial circumference and maternal pelvic structure.
461
Eve taken from the Tree of Knowledge: Church and Synagogue from a Swiss manuscript (15th century) [Figure
56, Neumann, E. (1955)].
462
Eliade, M. (1978b). pp. 62-63.
463
see chapter 3: Apprenticeship and enculturation: Adoption of a shared map.
464
Nietzsche, F. (1966). p. 228.
465
[plate 36 in Jung, C.G. (1968b)].
466
Milton, J. (1961).1:40-43, p. 38.
467
Frye, N. (1990). pp. 272-273.
468
see footnote 350.
469
Pagels, E. (1995).
470
Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 302.
471
These can be reasonably considered akin to the elder gods in the Enuma Elish (see chapter 2.3.2).
472
Eliade, M. (1978b). p. 310.
473
Milton, J. (1961). 3:96-99, p. 95.
474
Goethe, J.W. (1979a). p. 75.
475
Goethe, J.W. (1979b). p. 270.
476
see chapter 4.2.4. The revolutionary hero.
477
Tolstoy, L. (1983). pp. 49-52.
478
Shakespeare (1952c). King Henry VI. 3:5: 78-83, p. 104.
479
Milton, J. (1961). 4:40, p. 116.
480
Detailed in Russell, J.B. (1986). p. 103.
481
Milton, J. (1961). 1:159-165, p. 41.
482
Nietzsche, F. (1967b). p. 333.
483
Nietzsche, F. (1981). p. 125.
484
cited in Kaufmann, W. (1975). pp. 122-123.
485
Edwardes, A. & Masters, R.E.L. (1963). p. 124.
486
Durnin, R. (1994).
487
Wilhelm, R. (1971). p. lv.
488
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). p. 390.
489
Joyce, J. (1992).
490
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). pp. 4-7.
491
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1974). pp. 5-7.
492
Frankl, V. (1971). pp. 20-21.
493
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). pp. 602-603.
494
Solzhenitsyn estimates that 250,000 destructive labor camp inmates lost their lives to build the Volga-Moscow canal
which, when finished, was much too shallow to serve any of its intended uses. Much of the canal was dug by hand,
with the most primitive tools, in the midst of the winter [see Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). pp. 80-102].
495
Frankl, V. (1971). p. 50.
496
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). p. 201.
497
Blake, W. in Keynes, G. (1966). p. 213.
498
Zek is Russian slang for prison-camp inmate.
499
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). pp. 195-197.
500
see, for example, Browning, C.R. (1993).
501
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). pp. 147-149.
502
Milton, J. (1961). 2: 380-385, p. 71.
503
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). p. 603.
504
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). p. 619-620.
505
Lao Tzu (1984d).
506
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). pp. 338, 341-342.
507
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). p. 626.
508
Frankl, V. (1971). pp. 117-120.
509
Frankl, V. (1971). p. 7.
510
Frankl, V. (1971). p. 4.

393

511

Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). p. 622.
Milton, J. (1961). 1:249-253, p. 44.
513
Milton, J. (1961). 4:109-123, p. 118.
514
Shakespeare (1952d). Titus Andronicus. 5:3:184-190, p. 198.
515
Milton, J. (1961). 9: 119-130, p.237.
516
Shakespeare (1952c). Richard III. 5:3:200-203, p. 145.
517
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). pp. 326-328.
518
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). p. 347.
519
Milton, J. (1961). 1:54-74, p. 38.
520
Milton, J. (1961). 1:44-48, p. 38.
521
Nietzsche, F. (1966). p. 86.
522
from the Gospel of Thomas, in Robinson, J.R.. (1988), pp. 133-134.
523
Milton, J. (1961). 4:75-78, p. 117.
524
Milton, J. (1961). 4:79-105, p. 117.
525
Frye, N. (1982). p. 130.
526
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). pp. 610-612.
527
Frankl, V. (1971). p. 104.
528
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). pp. 624-626.
529
Solzhenitsyn, A.I. (1975). p. 615.
530
Arendt, H. (1994).
512

531

All nature is through fire renewed. Occult/gnostic interpretation of the meaning of the initials traditionally
depicted at the top of the cross of Christ: I.N.R.I. [Iesus Nasaremus Rex Iudaeorum (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the
Jews)]; see Dee, J. (1993). for amplification.
532
Jaeger, W. (1968). p. 35.
533
Niebuhr, R. (1964). pp. 6-7.
534
Niebuhr, R. (1964). pp. 13-14.
535
Piaget, J. (1932). pp. 16-18.
536
see footnote 463.
537
Frye states, with regards to the role of criticism in illuminating narrative meanings:
The poetic imagination constructs a cosmos of its own, a cosmos to be studied not simply as a map but as a world
of powerful conflicting forces. This imaginative cosmos is neither the objective environment studied by natural
science nor a subjective inner space to be studied by psychology. It is an intermediate world in which the images of
higher and lower, the categories of beauty and ugliness, the feelings of love and hatred, the associations of sense
experience, can be expressed only by metaphor and yet cannot be dismissed or reduced to projections of something
else. Ordinary consciousness is so possessed by the either-or contrast of subject and object that it finds difficulty in
taking in the notion of an order of words that is neither subjective nor objective, though it interpenetrates with both.
But its presence gives a very different appearance to many elements of human life, including religion, which depend
on metaphor but do not become less real or true by doing so.
Of course metaphorical is as treacherous a conception as truth or reality could ever be. Some metaphors
are illuminating; some are merely indispensable; some are misleading or lead only to illusion; some are socially
dangerous. Wallace Stevens speaks of the metaphor that murders metaphor. But for better or worse it occupies a
central area perhaps the central area of both social and individual experience. It is a primitive form of
awareness, established long before the distinction of subject and object became normal, but when we try to outgrow
it we find that all we can really do is rehabilitate it.
At this point another recent critical observation comes to hand, from Italo Calvinos posthumous Norton
lectures, also a paradox, but an exhilarating one: Literature remains alive only if we set ourselves immeasurable
goals, far beyond any hope of achievement. Strictly speaking the writer does not set the goals: these are set by the
shaping spirit of literature itself, the source of a writers ability to write. But in general the same principal should
apply to criticism, when the critic sees in the far distance some such axiom as Criticism can and should make sense
of literature, and refuses to settle for anything less. [Frye, N. (1990). pp. xxii-xxiii].
538

The attempts by the Pharaoh to control the Jewish threat through means of infanticide, provides a (noncoincidental) narrative parallel to the actions of Herod, who killed all the Jewish children under two in Bethlehem and
environs, for similar reasons, many centuries later (see Matthew 2:1-16).
539
Frye continues:

394

And yet Canaan seems a rather shrunken and anticlimactic form of the paradisal land of promise flowing with milk
and honey that was originally promised to Israel. Perhaps Moses was really the only person to see the Promised
Land: perhaps the mountain outside it he climbed in his last hours was the only place from which it could be seen.
[Frye, N. (1990). p. 299].
540

Frye, N. (1990). p. 299.
The Hebrews feed on manna during their desert sojourn. Such spiritual bread made, in its profane condition,
from wheat, the metaphorical body of eternally dying and resurrecting corn god is later offered by and equated with
Christ, to aid, ritually (procedurally), in the incorporation of heroic faith and courage. Frye states:
541

... Christ is constantly associated with the miraculous provision of food. Miracles of feeding large multitudes with
very small amounts of food [fish, as contents drawn up from the (unconscious, maternal) deep, as well as bread] are
recorded in all four Gospels, sometimes more than once, and such miracles are explicitly antitypes of the provision
of manna in the wilderness (John 6:49-51). The imagery of eating Christs flesh and drinking his blood meets us in
the Gospels even before the institution of the Eucharist. That Christs body is an unfailing source of food and drink
is asserted on both physical and spiritual levels (the daily {epiousion} bread of the Lords Prayer might also be
regarded as supersubstantial bread). The body of Christ is not only to be eaten, to be divided, to be drunk, in the
words of Eliots Gerontion, but is the source of the continuity of the life of his people, hidden within their bodies.
It was so in Old Testament times too, according to Paul, who says that the Israelites in the wilderness all ate the
same spiritual food and drank the same spiritual drink, the latter from a rock which was Christ (I Corinthians 10:3).
[Frye, N. (1990). p. 257].
542
543

Reference to mythic narrative as source for explicit rule is explicitly presented here.
Frye states:
I have noted (Great Code 18) the passage in Faust where Faust deliberately alters In the beginning was the Word
to In the beginning was the Act. I should have added that Faust was simply following the established Christian
practice up to his time. In the beginning God did something, and words are descriptive servomechanisms telling us
what he did. This imports into Western religion what post-structural critics call the transcendental signified, the
view that what is true or real is something outside the words that the words are pointing to. [Frye, N. (1990). p.
34].

544

Frye states:
If it is true that creative verbal power is associated with something in the mind supplementary to ordinary
consciousness, we have inched a little closer to the writers social context. Such a mind would often be baffled by
the arbitrary conventions of behavior that consciousness more easily masters: one often finds a naivete in the writer
that may sometimes incapacitate him from almost anything except writing. But he might have in compensation an
insight into social phenomena that would give him, not merely an intense vision of the present, but an unusual
ability to see a conditional future, the consequence of tendencies in the present. This in turn may give the sense of a
distinctive kind of knowledge hidden from most of society. The element of the prophetic in literature is often
spoken of very vaguely, but is tangible enough to be worth looking into. In any case, the word comes closer to
anything we have stumble over so far to indicate the quality of the poets authority, and to indicate also the link
between secular and sacred literature that is one of our main themes.
If we look at the prophetic writers of the Old Testament, beginning with Amos, the affiliation of primitive and
prophetic emerges at once. Amos has the refusal to compromise with polite conventions, a social reputation in
northern Israel for being a fool and a madman, and an ability to derive the substance of what he says from unusual
mental states, often allied to trance. Such prophets also foretell a future which is an inevitable result of certain
foolish policies, like the policy of the king of Judah toward Babylon that led, as Jeremiah told him it would, to the
destruction of Jerusalem. The principle involved here is that honest social criticism, like honest science, extends the
range of predictability in society.
In modern times the writers that we instinctively call prophetic Blake, Dostoevsky, Rimbaud show similar
features. Such writers are as deeply pondered by readers as the Greek and Hebrew oracles were: like them, they
shock and disturb; like them, they may be full of contradictions and ambiguities, yet they retain a curiously haunting
authority. As early as Elizabethan times there were critics who suggested that the distinction between sacred and
secular inspiration might be less rigid than generally assumed. George Puttenham, writing in the 1580s, pointed to
the etymology of poet as maker, which implied for him an analogy between the poets creative power and the
creative power of God in making the world. He quotes Ovids phrase in the Fasti, est deus in nobis, which would

395

mean either God or a god. In the sixteenth century it would certainly have been safer to settle for a Muse or a God
of Love or something sanctioned by convention and not taken seriously as doctrine, but the analogy is still there,
though latent until the time of Coleridge. It has been frequently observed that the arts are prophetic also in the sense
of indicating symbolically the social trends that become obvious several generations later.
The term prophetic in itself might apply to some writers (Luther, Condorcet, Marx) whom we normally would
place outside literature. This troublesome apparatus of inside and outside will not go away even when so many
aspects of it vanish under examination. It appears to be the connection with the psychologically primitive that
characterizes the prophetic writer who is generally thought of as inside literature or at least (as with Rousseau,
Kierkegaard, or Nietzsche) impossible to ignore as a literary figure. [Frye, N. (1990). pp. 52-54].
545

see Jung, C.G. (1978a) for a complete work on the topic of prophecy; also Jungs prescient comments (1918) on the
Blond Beast [Jung, C.G. (1978a). pp. 3-28].
546
The pleroma.
547
Nietzsche, F. (1981). p. 97.
548
Dostoevsky, F. (1981). pp. 299-301.
549
Dostoevsky, F. (1981). p. 309.
550
Dostoevsky, F. (1981). p. 313.
551
Dostoevsky, F. (1981). p. 316.
552
James, W. (1880, October). p. 100.
553
Frye, N. (1982). pp. 132-133.
554
Frye, N. (1990). p. 104.
555
Frye, N. (1982). p.56.
556
Frye also states:
We referred earlier to the structure of the Book of Judges, in which a series of stories of traditional tribal heroes is
set within a repeating mythos of the apostasy and restoration of Israel. This gives us a narrative structure that is
roughly U-shaped, the apostasy being followed by a descent into disaster and bondage, which in turn is followed by
repentance, then by a rise through deliverance to a point more or less on the level from which the descent began.
This U-shaped pattern, approximate as it is, recurs in literature as the standard shape of comedy, where a series of
misfortunes and misunderstandings brings the action to a threateningly low point, after which some fortunate twist
in the plot sends the conclusion up to a happy ending. The entire Bible, viewed as a divine comedy, is contained
within a U-shaped story of this sort, one in which man, as explained, loses the tree and water of life at the beginning
of Genesis and gets them back at the end of Revelation. In between, the story of Israel is told as a series of declines
into the power of hea then kingdoms, Egypt, Philistia, Syria, Rome, each followed by a rise into a brief moment of
independence. The same U-narrative is found outside the historical sections also, in the account of the disasters and
restoration of Job and in Jesus parable of the prodigal son. This last, incidentally, is the only version in which the
redemption takes place as the result of a voluntary decision on the part of the protagonist (Luke 15:18).
It would be confusing to summarize all the falls and rises of the Biblical history at once. In honor of the days of
creation, let us select six, with a seventh forming the end of time. The first fall, naturally, is that of Adam from
Eden, where Adam goes into a wilderness that modulates to the hea then cities founded by the family of Cain.
Passing over the story of Noah, which adds the sea to the images of disaster, the first rise is that of Abraham, called
out of the city of Ur in Mesopotamia to a Promised Land in the west. This introduces the pastoral era of the
patriarchs, and ends at the end of Genesis, with Israel in Egypt. This situation again changes to an oppressive and
threatening servitude; Israel again passes through a sea and a wilderness, and under Moses and Joshua reaches its
promised land again, a smaller territory where the main images are agricultural. There succeed the invaders in the
Book of Judges, of whom the most formidable were the Philistines, probably a Greek-speaking people from Crete
(if that is the Caphtor of Amos 9:7) who gave their name to Palestine. They held the mastery of Israel after the
defeat and death of Saul and his son Jonathan. The third rise begins with David and continues with Solomon, where
the imagery is urban, concerned with cities and buildings. After Solomon, however, another disaster begins with the
splitting of the kingdom. The northern kingdom was destroyed by Assyria in 722 B.C; the southern kingdom of
Judah had a reprieve until after Assyria was destroyed in its turn (Nahum 2:3ff.); but with the capture of Jerusalem
by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 the Babylonian captivity began.
The fourth rise in the fortunes of the Israelites, now the Jews, begins with the permission perhaps the
encouragement given the Jewish captives in Babylon by Cyrus of Persia to return and rebuild their temple. Two
returns are prominently featured in the Old Testament, and there were probably more, but symbolically we need
only one. Some flickering hopes of a restored Israel clustered around the chief figure of the first return, Zerubbabel
of the line of David. After several changes of masters, the next dramatic descent was caused by the savage

396

persecution of the non-Hellenized Jews by Antiochus Epiphanes of the Seleucian empire, which provoked the
rebellion of the Maccabees, five brothers of a priestly family who finally gained independence for Judea and
established a royal dynasty. This lasted until the Roman legions under Pompey rolled over the country in 63 B.C.,
and began the Roman domination that lasts throughout the New Testament period. At this point Jewish and
Christian views of the sixth deliverance of Israel diverge. For Christianity, Jesus achieved a definitive deliverance
for all mankind with his revelation that the ideal kingdom of Israel was a spiritual kingdom. For Judaism, the
expulsion from their homel and by the edict of Hadrian in 135 A.D. began a renewed exile which in many respects
still endures.
This is a sequence of mythoi, only indirectly of historical events, and our first step is to realize that all the high
points and all the low points are metaphorically related to one another. That is, the garden of Eden, the Promised
Land, Jerusalem, and Mount Zion are interchangeable synonyms for the home of the soul, and in Christian imagery
they are identical, in their spiritual form (which we remember means metaphorically, whatever else it may mean)
with the kingdom of God spoken of by Jesus. Similarly, Egypt, Babylon and Rome are all spiritually the same place,
and the Pharaoh of the Exodus, Nebuchadnezzar, Antiochus Epiphanes, and Nero are spiritually the same person.
And the deliverers of Israel Abraham, Moses, and Joshua, the judges, David, and Solomon are all prototypes of
the Messiah or final deliverer....As the various declines of Israel through apostasy and the like are not acts so much
as failures to act, it is only the rises and restorations that are real events, and as the Exodus is the definitive
deliverance and the type of all the rest, we may say that mythically the Exodus is the only thing that really happens
in the Old Testament. On the same principle the resurrection of Christ, around which the New Testament revolves,
must be, from the New Testaments point of view, the antitype of the Exodus. The life of Christ as presented in the
Gospels becomes less puzzling when we realize that it is being presented in this form.
Like that of many gods and heroes, the birth of Jesus is a threatened birth: Herod orders a massacre of infants in
Bethlehem from which Jesus alone escapes. Moses similarly escapes from an attempt to destroy Hebrew children,
as they in turn escape later from a slaughter of Egyptian firstborn. The infant Jesus is taken down into Egypt by
Joseph and Mary, and his return from there, Matthew (2:15) says, fulfills the prophecy of Hosea (11:1) I called my
son out of Egypt, where the reference is quite explicitly to Israel. The names Mary and Joseph recall the Miriam
who was the sister of Moses and the Joseph who led the family of Israel into Egypt. The third Sura of the Koran
appears to be identifying Miriam and Mary; Christian commentators on the Koran naturally say this is ridiculous,
but from the purely typological point of view from which the Koran is speaking, the identification makes good
sense.
Moses organizes the twelve tribes of Israel; Jesus gathers twelve disciples. Israel crosses the Red Sea and
achieves its identity as a nation on the other side; Jesus is baptized in the Jordan and is recognized as the Son of
God. The baptism is the point at which Mark and John begin, the infancy stories of Matthew and Luke being
probably later material. Israel wanders forty years in the wilderness; Jesus, forty days. Miraculous food is provided
for Israel and by Jesus for those gathered around him (see John 6:49-50). The law is given from Mount Sinai and
the gospel preached in the Sermon on the Mount. A brazen serpent is placed on a pole by Moses as preservation
against the fatal bites of fiery serpents (Numbers 21:9); this brazen serpent was accepted by Jesus as a type of his
crucifixion (John 3:14) with an underlying association between the lethal serpents and the serpent of Eden. Moses
dies just outside the Promised Land, which in Christian typology signifies the inability of the law alone to redeem
man, and the Promised Land is conquered by Joshua. The hidden link here is that Jesus and Joshua are the same
word, hence when the Virgin Mary is told to call her child Jesus or Joshua, the typological meaning is that the reign
of the law is over, and the assault on the Promised Land has begun (Matthew 1:21). [Frye, N. (1982). pp. 169-172].
557

Frye, N. (1982). p. 131.
see Chapter 2.3.6. The Great Father: Images of the Known, or Explored Territory.
559
the Dialogue of the Savior, in Robinson, J.R. (1988). p. 525.
560
It is not merely the Gnostic Gospels that lay stress on the psychological nature of the Kingdom of God:
558

And when he was demanded of the Pharisees, when the kingdom of God should come, he answered them and said,
The kingdom of God cometh not with observation:
Neither shall they say Lo here! or lo there! for, behold, the kingdom of God is within you. (Luke 17:20-21).
561

Referring to Exodus 31:12-15:
And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,
Speak thou also unto the children of Israel, saying, Verily my sabbaths ye shall keep: for it is a sign between me and
you throughout your generations: that ye may know that I am the Lord that doth sanctify you.

397

Ye shall keep the sabbath therefore: for it is holy unto you: every one that defileth it shall surely be put to death: for
whosoever doeth any work therein, that soul shall be cut off from among his people.
Six days may work be done; but in the seventh is the sabbath of rest, holy to the Lord: whosoever doeth any work in
the sabbath day, he shall surely be put to death.
562

There is an apocryphal insertion at Luke 6:4. The insertion reads Man, if indeed thou knowest what thou doest,
thou art blessed; but if thou knowest not, thou art cursed, and a transgressor of the law [Codex Bezae ad Lucam (to
Luke) 6:4]. More information is available in James M.R. (1924). Jung notes that the moral of this story is analagous to
that in the parable of the unjust steward:
It is the task of the Paraclete, the spirit of truth, to dwell and work in individual human beings, so as to remind
them of Christs teachings and lead them into the light. A good example of this activity is Paul, who knew not the
Lord and received his gospel not from the apostles but through revelation. He is one of those people whose
unconscious was disturbed and produced revelatory ecstasies. The life of the Holy Ghost reveals itself through its
own activity, and through effects which not only confirm the things we all know, but go beyond them. In Christs
sayings there are already indications which go beyond the traditionally Christian morality for instance the
parable of the unjust steward (Luke 16:1-8), the moral of which agrees with the Logion of the Codex Bezae, and
betrays an ethical standard very different from what is expected. Here the moral criterion is consciousness, and not
law or convention. One might also mention the strange fact that it is precisely Peter, who lacks self-control and is
fickle in character, whom Christ wishes to make the rock and foundation of his church. [Jung, C.G. (1969). pp.
433-444].
Jung also makes reference to the Oxyrhynchus papyrus, which is older than the first conception of the gospels [Jung,
C.G. (1969). p. 444]: Christ says Wherever there are two they are not without God, and wherever there is one alone I
say I am with him. Jung notes that this is in contrast to the standard version: For where two or three are gathered
together in my name, there am I in the midst of them (Matthew 18:20). The latter part of the former statement is
strikingly reminiscent of Kierkegaards notion:
For a crowd is the untruth. In a godly sense it is true, eternally, Christianly, as St. Paul says, that only one attains
the goal which is not meant in a comparative sense, for comparison takes others into account. It means that every
man can be that one, God helping him therein but only one attains the goal. And again this means that every man
should be chary about having to do with the others, and essentially should talk only with God and with himself-for
only one attains the goal. And again this means that man, or to be a man, is akin to deity. In a worldly and temporal
sense, it will be said by the man of bustle, sociability, and amicableness, How unreasonable that only one attains
the goal; for it is far more likely that many, by the strength of united effort, should attain the goal; and when we are
many success is more certain and it is easier for each man severally. True enough, it is far more likely; and it is true
also with respect to all earthly and material goods. If it is allowed to have its way, this becomes the only true point
of view, for it does away with God and eternity and with mans kinship with deity. It does away with it or
transforms it into a fable, and puts in its place the modern (or, we might rather say, the old pagan) notion that to be a
man is to belong to a race endowed with reason, to belong to it as a specimen, so that the race or species is higher
than the individual, which is to say that there are no more individuals but only specimens. But eternity which arches
over and high above the temporal, tranquil as the starry vault at night, and God in heaven who in the bliss of that
sublime tranquillity holds in survey, without the least sense of dizziness at such a height, these countless multitudes
of men and knows each single individual by name He, the Great Examiner, says that only one attains the goal.
[cited in Kaufmann, W. (1975). pp. 94-95].
563

Piaget, J. (1965). p. 197.
Piaget, J. (1965). p. 13.
565
Piaget, J. (1965). p. 398.
566
Piaget, J. (1965). p. 111.
567
Piaget, J. (1965). p. 102.
568
Piaget, J. (1965). p. 362.
569
Rychlak, J. (1981). p. 699.
570
Lao Tzu. (1984c).
571
Socrates comments on the internal oracle are of interest here. He states, in The Apology, after (voluntarily)
accepting his sentence of death:
564

And now, O men who have condemned me, I would fain prophesy to you; for I am about to die, and in the hour of
death men are gifted with prophetic power. And I prophesy to you who are my murderers, that immediately after my
departure punishment far heavier than you have inflicted on me will surely await you. Me you have killed because

398

you wanted to escape the accuser, and not to give an account of your lives. But that will not be as you suppose: far
otherwise. For I say that there will be more accusers of you than there are now; accusers whom hitherto I have
restrained: and as they are younger they will be more inconsiderate with you, and you will be more offended at
them. If you think that by killing men you can prevent some one from censuring your evil lives, you are mistaken;
that is not a way of escape which is either possible or honourable; the easiest and the noblest way is not to be
disabling others, but to be improving yourselves. This is the prophecy which I utter before my departure to the
judges who have condemned me. Friends, who would have acquitted me, I would like also to talk with you about
the thing which has come to pass, while the magistrates are busy, and before I go to the place at which I must die.
Stay then a little, for we may as well talk with one another while there is time. You are my friends, and I should like
to show you the meaning of this even which has happened to me. O my judges for you I may truly call judges I
should like to tell you of a wonderful circumstance. Hitherto the divine faculty of which the internal oracle is the
source has constantly been in the habit of opposing me even about trifles, if I was going to make a slip or error in
any matter; and now you may see there has come upon me that which may be thought, and is generally believed to
be, the last and worst evil. But the oracle made no sign of opposition, either when I was leaving my house in the
morning, or when I was my way to the court, or while I was speaking, at anything which I was going to say; and yet
I have often been stopped in the middle of a speech, but now in nothing I either said or did touching the matter in
hand has the oracle opposed me. What do I take to be the explanation of this silence? I will tell you. It is an
intimation that what has happened to me is a good, and that those of us who think that death is an evil are in error.
For the customary sign would surely have opposed me had I been going to evil and not to good. [Plato, in
Hutchins, R.M. (1952), pp. 210-211].
572

Neumann, E. (1954). pp. 173-174.
The Tree of Knowledge: Church and Synagogue from a Swiss manuscript (15th century) [Figure 56, Neumann, E.
(1955)].
574
Eliade comments.: see [Eliade, M. (1978a), pp. 154-155] for other citations on the philosophical incest. The
acrostic constructed by Basil Valentine with the term vitriol underscores the implacable necessity of the decensus ad
inferos: Visita Interiora Terrae Recflficando invenies Occultum Lapidem (Visit the interior of the Earth, and by
purification you will find the secret Stone) [Eliade, M. (1985). p. 256, footnote 89].
575
Eliade comments: Liber Platonis quartorum (of which the Arabic original cannot be later than the tenth century),
cited in [Eliade, M. (1978a). p. 158]. One will find the same doctrine among the Chinese alchemists [see Eliade, M.
(1982). pp. 37-43]. [Eliade, M. (1985). p. 256, footnote 90].
576
Additional quotation in parenthesis from Eliade, M. (1978a). pp. 163-164.
577
Eliade comments: According to Basil Valentine, evil must become the same as good. Starkey describes the stone
as the reconciliation of Contraries, a making of friendship between enemies [Eliade, M. (1978a). p. 166]. [Eliade,
M. (1985). p. 256, footnote 91].
578
Eliade comments: [see Multhauf, R.P. (1967), p. 135 and following]. [Eliade, M. (1985). p. 257, footnote 92].
579
Eliade comments: [see Eliade, M. (1978a). p. 51]. [Eliade, M. (1985). p. 257, footnote 93].
580
Eliade comments: We have discussed the consequences of this Promethean gesture, in [Eliade, M. (1978a). pp.
169-178]. [Eliade, M. (1985). p. 257, footnote 94].
581
Eliade comments. Even in the eighteenth century, the leamed did not question the growth of minerals. They asked
themselves, however, whether alchemy could assist nature in this process, and above all whether those alchemists who
claimed to have done so already were honest men, fools, or impostors [see Dobbs, B.J.T. (1975). p. 44). Herman
Boerhaave (1664-1739), considered the greatest rationalist chemist of his time and famous for his strictly empirical
experiments, still believed in the transmutation of metals. And we will see the importance of alchemy in the scientific
revolution accomplished by Newton. [Eliade, M. (1985). p. 257, footnote 95].
582
Eliade, M. (1985). pp. 255-258.
583
Becker, E. (1973). p. xiv.
584
after the publication of Jung, C.G. (1912).
585
see Ellenberger, H.F. (1970).
586
Costa, P. T., Jr. & McCrae, R.R. (1992a); Goldberg, L. R. (1993b).
587
Representative samples of modern exemplars of complex and unconscious: Banaji, M.R., Hardin, C., &
Rothman, A.J. (1993); Nader, A., McNally, R.J., & Wiegartz, P.S. (1996); Watkins, P.C., Vache, K., Verney, S.P., &
Mathews, A. (1996); Gabrieli, J. D. E., Fleischman, D. A., Keane, M., Reminger, M., Sheryl, L., et al. (1995).
588
Wilson, E.O. (1998).
589
von Franz, M.-L. (1980), pp. 32-34.
590
Ibid., p. 34.
591
Translation: it is found in cesspools. cited in Jung, C. (1976b). p. 35.
592
from Robinson, J.R. (Ed.). (1988). p. 134.
573

399

593

Jung, C. (1968b). p. 306.
I am endebted to Ms. Erin Driver-Linn for bringing this phrase to my attention, in this context.
595
cited in Evans, P.I. (1973). p. 126.
596
Jung, C.J. (1968b). pp. 342-343.
597
see Jung, C.G. (1968b). p. 253 for illustration.
598
see Jung, E. & von Franz, M.L. (1980). pp.369-370. The authors describe the apprentice Taliesens description of
Merlin, spirit of transformation:
594

I am the wind that blows upon the sea;
I am the ocean wave;
I am the murmur of the surges;
I am seven battalions;
I am a strong bull;
I am an eagle on a rock;
I am a ray of the sun;
I am the most beautiful of herbs;
I am a courageous wild boar;
I am a salmon in the water;
I am a lake upon the plain;
I am a cunning artist;
I am a gigantic, sword-wielding champion;
I can shift my shape like a god.
599

Jung, C.J. (1968b). p. 66-67.
At least two years after experiencing this dream (and a year or so after writing it down) I was reading Dantes
Inferno (Dante, A. (1982)). In the ninth Canto, a messenger from God appears in hell to open the Gate of Dis, which is
barring the divinely ordained way of Virgil and Dante. The approach of this messenger is preceded by a great storm,
described in the following manner (p. 90):
600

Suddenly there broke on the dirty swell
of the dark marsh a squall of terrible sound
that sent a tremor through both shores of Hell;
a sound as if two continents of air,
one frigid and one scorching, clashed head on
in a war of winds that stripped the forests bare,
ripped off whole boughs and blew them helter skelter
along the range of dust it raised before it
making the beasts and shepherds run for shelter.
The similarity of imagery and meaning in my dream and this poem struck me as very interesting.
601
This was actually an image I had used in therapeutic discussions, previously. I told my clients that an unresolved
anomaly was like the tip of a monsters tail: it looked harmless enough, viewed only as a tail but that meant
pretending that the part did not imply the whole.
602
Jung, C.J. (1968b). pp. 343.
603
Eliade, M. (1978a). p. 50.
604
Eliade, M. (1978a). pp. 51-52.
605
Eliade, M. (1978a). p. 35.
611
Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 439.
607
von Franz, M.L. (1980). pp. 21-22.
608
Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 482-483.
609
Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. xiv.
610
Jung, C.G. (1976b). pp. 319-320.
611
Eliade comments: [Dobbs, B.J.T. (1975). p. 90], citing the article of E. McGuire & P. M. Rattansi, Newton and the
Pipes of Pan, pp. 108-43. [In Eliade, M. (1985). p. 260, footnote 104].
612
Eliade comments: [Westfall, R.S. (1971), pp. 377-391; Dobbs, R.J.T. (1975), p. 211)]." [In Eliade, M. (1985). p.
260, footnote 104].
613
Eliade, M. (1985). pp. 259-261.
614
Jung, C.G. (1968b). p. 324.
615
Jung, C.G. (1968b). p. 322-323.

400

616

Eliade, M. (1978a). pp. 8-9.
Dorn, in Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 271.
618
Jung, C.G. (1976b). pp. 358-359.
619
Frye states:
617

Prophet, high priest, and king are all figures of authority, but prophets are often martyred and even kings... have
scapegoat and victim imagery attached to them. Joshua was a type of Christ as the conqueror of the Promised Land:
his enemies included five kings who were hung on trees and then buried in a cave with great stones rolled against it
(Joshua 10:16ff.). Solomon, the king who succeeded David, is a type of Christ as a temple builder and wise teacher:
Absalom, equally a son of David, rebelled against his father and was caught in a tree, traditionally by his golden
hair, hanging there between heaven and earth until Davids general Joab came up and thrust darts into his side (II
Samuel 18:14). Absaloms curious helplessness in what seems a relatively easy situation to get out of suggests a
ritual element in the story of his death. The writers of the Gospels found that in telling the story of Jesus they
needed the imagery of the executed kings and Absalom quite as much as that of the figures of glory and triumph.
[Frye, N. (1982). p. 180].
620

Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 21.
Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 283.
622
Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 308.
623
Jung describes this state as a quaternity of opposites; I have eliminated this particular reference in the attempt to
simplify an already-sufficiently-complex discussion.
624
Jung, C.G. (1976b). pp. 353-354.
625
Jung, C.G. (1976b). pp. 540-541.
626
Jung, C.G. (1976b). pp. 363-364.
627
from Maier, Scrutinium chymicum (1687) [plate 175 in Jung, C.G. (1968b)].
628
Jung, C.G. (1976b). pp. 214-215.
629
Jung, C.G. (1976b). pp. 363-364.
630
Nietzsche, F. (1966). p. 10.
631
Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 475.
632
Jung, C.G. (1976a).
633
It seems possible that Piagets hypothetical organ of equilibration is equivalent to Jungs self the highest
regulator of intrapsychic activity:
621

The organism has special organs of equilibrium. The same is true of mental life, whose organs of equilibrium are
special regulatory mechanisms. This is so at all levels of development, from the elementary regulators of motivation
(needs and interests) up to will for affectivity and from perceptual and sensorimotor regulations up to operations for
cognition. (Piaget, J. (1967). p. 102).
Piaget also points out (a) that consciousness arises in personality when the environmental situation in which some
person finds himself or herself blocks some ongoing (goal-directed) activity. Children act in accordance with their
needs and everything takes place without conscious awareness or the equilibrations going on until there is a frustration
[Piagets terminology, likely equivalent to emergence of the unexpected (and punishing (?)] .... Each of these
frustrating circumstances serves to focus the childs attention on the reasons for the disequilibration rather than simply
on the desired goal. [Rychlak, J. (1981). p. 688 see Piaget, J. (1967); Piaget, J. (1962)] and (b) that will arises when
there is a conflict in behavioral tendencies (Jung would say, when there is a conflict in duty). Piaget believed that the
will (the will to power; the heroic principle) could be considered the consequence of integration of affect and
motivation:
... to the extent that the emotions become organized, they emerge as regulations whose final form of equilibrium is
none other than the will. Thus, will is the true affective equivalent of the operation in reason. Will is a lateappearing function. The real exercise of will is linked to the function of the autonomous moral feelings, which is
why we have waited until this [late-childhood] stage to discuss it. (Piaget, J. (1967). p. 58).
This idea, in passing, is very much like Jungs notion of the integration of feeling-toned complexes into the ego. Piaget
elaborates, elsewhere:
The act of will does not consist of following the inferior and stronger tendency; on the contrary, one would then
speak of a failure of will or lack of will power. Will power involves reinforcing the superior but weaker tendency
so as to make it triumph. [Piaget, J. (1965). p. 59].

401

634

Fabulous monster containing the mass confusa, from which rises the pelican (symbol of Christ and the lapis). in
Hermaphroditisches Sonn- und Mondskind (1752) [plate 256 in Jung, C.G. (1968b)].
635
Jung, C.G. (1968b). p. 327-329.
636
Jung, C.G. (1968b). p. 331.
637
Jung, C.G. (1968b). pp. 301-302.
638
Jung, C.G. (1968b). p. 329.
639
Jung, C.G. (1968b). pp. 332-334.
640
Jung, C.G. (1968b). p. 335.
641
Jung, C.G. (1968b). p. 336-339.
642
Jung, C.G. (1968b). pp. 346-348.
643
Dorn, in Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 465.
644
see chapter 2.3.6. The Great Father: Images of the Known, or Explored Territory.
645
Dorn, in Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 41.
646
Jung, C.G. (1976b). pp. 34-35.
647
Khunrath, in Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 329.
648
Jung, C.G. (1976b). p. 349.
649
Jung. C.G. (1968a). p. 179.
650
Nietzsche, F. (1967a). p. 122-123.
651
Russell, J.B. (1986).
652
Russell, J.B. (1986). p. 246.
653
Russell, J.B. (1986). p. 300.
654
Milton, J. (1961). 3:100-128, p. 95.
655
Wechsler, D. (1981).
656
see, for example, The Gospel of Mary, in Robinson, J.R. (Ed.). (1988). p. 527.
657
see, for example, The Gospel of Thomas, in Robinson, J.R. (Ed.). (1988). p. 132 and p. 138.
658
Jung, C.G. (1968b). pp. 35-37.
659
see footnote 1.
660
Jung, C.G. (1976b). pp. 374-375.
661
Jung, C.G. (1967b). p. 304.
662
There are (at least) two (major) alternative dogmatic formulations of Original Sin, in Christian tradition: (1) the
source of eternal guilt; (2) the fortunate error, which leads to the incarnation of Christ. Toni Wolff notes that:
There are early medieval representations of the genealogical tree of Christ. On the branches, as the fruits of the
tree, are the prophets and all Christs ancestors. The roots of the tree grow out of the skull of Adam, and Christ is its
central and more precious fruit.
Jung amplifies this comment:
Well, the tree sometimes grows out of Adams navel, and on the branches, as you say, sit the prophets and kings of
the Old Testament, Christs ancestors, and then on top of the tree is the triumphant Christ. That life begins with
Adam and ends with Christ is the same idea... Jung, C.G. (1988). p. 1440.
663

Neumann states:
Originally, Messianism was bound up with a historical process ending in the emergence of a savior who, after the
transformation crisis of the apocalypse, ushers in the eschatological age of redemption. This conception can easily
be shown to be a projection of an individuation process, the subject of which, however, is the people, the chosen
collectivity, and not the individual. In the collective projection, history appears as the collective representation of
destiny; the crisis is manifested in the projection of the ways which characterize the Last Days; and the
transformation, as the Last Judgment, death and resurrection. Similarly, the transfiguration and conquest of the self
corresponds to transfiguration in the celestial paradise which in the shape of a mandala gathers in mankind, or else it
is projected as life in a re-created and renewed world governed by the king-Adam-anthropos-self at its center
Neumann, E. (1968). p. 408.

664

The restitution of the mystic apple to the tree of knowledge. Giovanni da Modena. (15th century). [plate 116 In
Neumann, E. (1955)].
665
Eliade, M. (1982). p. 73.
666
The Boddhisattva. [plage XII in Campbell, J. (1973)].
667
cited in Pagels, E. (1979). p. xv.
668
The Gospel of Thomas. In Robinson, J.R. (Ed.). (1988). pp. 126-127.

402

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Wikipedia - Abdallah Nasur -- Ugandan military officer and government official

Wikipedia - Abdallah Ougazzaden -- French scientist (born 1960)

Wikipedia - Abd Allah Siraj

Wikipedia - Abdallah Somekh -- Iraqi Jewish rosh yeshiva and posek

Wikipedia - Abdallah Ulega -- Tanzanian politician

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Wikipedia - Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi -- Muslim general of the 8th century

Wikipedia - Abdel Jabbar Dhifallah -- Tunisian Paralympic athlete

Wikipedia - Abdelkader Alloula -- Algerian playwright

Wikipedia - Abdelrahman Mohamed (handballer) -- Egyptian handballer

Wikipedia - Abdelwahab Abdallah -- Tunisian politician and diplomat

Wikipedia - Abdilatif Abdalla -- Kenyan writer and political activist

Wikipedia - Abdol Majid Taleqani -- Persian calligrapher

Wikipedia - Abdoulaye Diallo (judoka) -- Guinean judoka

Wikipedia - Abductor hallucis muscle -- Intrinsic muscle of the foot

Wikipedia - Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Almusallam -- Emirati novelist and writer

Wikipedia - Abdul Hay Mosallam Zarara -- Palestinian artist

Wikipedia - Abdullah Adballah -- Tanzanian weightlifter

Wikipedia - Abdullah al-Sallal -- First president of North Yemen

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Wikipedia - Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi -- Leader of the Zaidi revolution movement Ansar Allah

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Wikipedia - Aberdeen Oilers Floorball Club -- Floorball club

Wikipedia - Aberdeen Pavilion -- Exhibition hall in Ottawa

Wikipedia - Aberlemno -- parish and small village in Angus, Scotland

Wikipedia - A Beuk o' Newcassell Sangs -- Book by Joseph Crawhall II

Wikipedia - Abhishek Pallava -- Indian police officer

Wikipedia - Abhyankar's lemma -- Allows one to kill tame ramification by taking an extension of a base field

Wikipedia - Abingdon County Hall Museum

Wikipedia - Abinger -- Civil parish in Mole Valley, Surrey, England

Wikipedia - Abi Stafford -- American ballet dancer

Wikipedia - A Blind Bargain -- 1922 film by Wallace Worsley

Wikipedia - AbM-CM-.me -- A vertical shaft in karst terrain that may be very deep and usually opens into a network of subterranean passages

Wikipedia - Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991

Wikipedia - Aboriginal title in the Marshall Court

Wikipedia - Above All Else in the World -- 1941 film

Wikipedia - Above All Laws -- 1948 film

Wikipedia - A Boy Called Christmas -- Film directed by Gil Kenan

Wikipedia - Abraham Allard -- Dutch map engraver

Wikipedia - Abraham Chavez Theatre -- Concert hall in El Paso, Texas

Wikipedia - Abram Petrovich Gannibal -- Russian general, military engineer and nobleman originally from Africa

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Wikipedia - Abrincatui -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - A Broken Doll -- 1921 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Absentee ballot

Wikipedia - Abshar Dogholu -- Waterfall in Tehran, Iran

Wikipedia - Absolute geometry -- Geometry without the parallel postulate

Wikipedia - Abstraction (linguistics) -- Use of terms for concepts removed from the objects to which they were originally attached

Wikipedia - Abstract Speed + Sound -- painting by Giacomo Balla

Wikipedia - Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya -- The first Wattasid Sultan of Morocco and King of Fez

Wikipedia - Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i -- Isma'ilis Da'i

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Wikipedia - Abu Abdallah Mohammed al-Murabit al-Dila'i

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Wikipedia - Abu'l-Hasan Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn al-Mudabbir

Wikipedia - Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah

Wikipedia - Abundant number -- Number that is smaller than the sum of its proper divisors

Wikipedia - Abyssal hill -- A small hill that rises from the floor of an abyssal plain

Wikipedia - Acacallis (mythology) -- In Greek mythology, a princess of Crete

Wikipedia - Acacia aneura var. aneura -- Variety of shrub or small tree

Wikipedia - Acacia aneura var. argentea -- Variety of shrub or small tree

Wikipedia - Acacia aneura var. intermedia -- Variety of shrub or small tree

Wikipedia - Acacia aneura var. macrocarpa -- Variety of shrub or small tree

Wikipedia - Acacia aneura var. major -- Variety of shrub or small tree

Wikipedia - Acacia aneura var. tenuis -- Variety of shrub or small tree

Wikipedia - Acacia aneura -- Species of shrub or small tree

Wikipedia - Academic All-America

Wikipedia - Academic halls of the University of Oxford -- Former educational institutions within the University of Oxford

Wikipedia - Academy Award for Best Actor -- Award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

Wikipedia - Academy Award for Best Actress -- Award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

Wikipedia - Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

Wikipedia - Academy Awards -- American awards given annually for excellence in cinematic achievements

Wikipedia - Academy of Allied Health & Science -- Magnet school in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States

Wikipedia - Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences' Hall of Fame

Wikipedia - Acadiana Mall -- Shopping mall in Lafayette, Louisiana

Wikipedia - Acallam na Senrach

Wikipedia - Acalles carinatus -- Species of weevil beetle

Wikipedia - Acalles clavatus -- Species of weevil beetle

Wikipedia - Acalles costifer -- Species of weevil beetle

Wikipedia - Acalles indigens -- Species of weevil beetle

Wikipedia - Acalles porosus -- Species of weevil beetle

Wikipedia - Acalles -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Acallistus -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Acallodes saltoides -- Species of weevil beetle

Wikipedia - Acallodes ventricosus -- Species of weevil beetle

Wikipedia - Acallodes -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - A Call to Spy

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Wikipedia - Accession number (library science) -- Object identifiers used in galleries, libraries, archives, and museums

Wikipedia - Access key -- Keyboard shortcut allowing a user to jump to a specific part of a web page via the keyboard, definable through the HTML accesskey attribute

Wikipedia - Accessory spleen -- Small nodule found apart from the main body of the spleen

Wikipedia - Accidentally in Love Chinese Drama -- Chinese television drama

Wikipedia - Accidentally on Purpose (TV series) -- American sitcom

Wikipedia - Accident (fallacy)

Wikipedia - Accordion (GUI) -- Expandable GUI element containing vertically stacked list of items

Wikipedia - AccorHotels Arena -- Indoor sports arena and concert hall in Paris

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Wikipedia - Accretion (astrophysics) -- The accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter

Wikipedia - Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls -- 1995 American comedy film directed by Steve Oedekerk

Wikipedia - Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley

Wikipedia - Achen Amar Muktar -- 1978 Dhallywood film song

Wikipedia - Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment

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Wikipedia - Achilles' heel -- Critical weakness which can lead to downfall in spite of overall strength

Wikipedia - Achnacarry -- Small hamlet, private estate, and a castle in Lochaber, Highland, Scotland

Wikipedia - Achondroplasia -- Genetic condition; specifically, the most common form of dwarfism

Wikipedia - Achor -- Valley near Jericho

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Wikipedia - Acid rain -- Rain that is unusually acidic

Wikipedia - Acionna -- Gallo-Roman water goddess in the Orleanais region

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Wikipedia - A City Called Copenhagen -- 1960 film

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Wikipedia - ACM - AAAI Allen Newell Award

Wikipedia - ACM-AAAI Allen Newell Award

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Wikipedia - A Course of Modern Analysis -- Landmark textbook in mathematical analysis by E. T. Whittaker, originally published in 1902 with four editions.

Wikipedia - Acoustically Navigated Geological Underwater Survey -- A deep-towed still-camera sled operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in the early 1970s

Wikipedia - Acoustic reflex -- Small muscle contraction in the middle ear in response to loud sound

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Wikipedia - ACP 131 -- Defines Allied Military brevity codes

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Wikipedia - Across the Alley from the Alamo -- 1946 jazz standard

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Wikipedia - Actinopolyspora mortivallis -- Species of bacterium

Wikipedia - Activated carbon -- Form of carbon processed to have small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area

Wikipedia - Active camouflage -- Camouflage changing continually to match background

Wikipedia - Active electronically scanned array -- Type of phased array radar

Wikipedia - Active ingredient -- Biologically active component in a pharmaceutical drug or pesticide

Wikipedia - Active recall

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Wikipedia - Adam de la Halle

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Wikipedia - Adam Marshall (priest) -- Catholic priest and Jesuit

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Wikipedia - ADAMTS13 -- Metalloprotease enzyme

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Wikipedia - Adaptive bias -- Idea that the human brain has evolved to reason adaptively, rather than truthfully or even rationally

Wikipedia - Adare Seamounts -- The seamounts in Balleny Basin

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Wikipedia - Adda (South Asian) -- Concept in South Asia, especially Bengal, conversation among a group of people

Wikipedia - Addepalli Ramamohana Rao

Wikipedia - Adderall -- Drug mixture used mainly to treat ADHD and narcolepsy

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Wikipedia - Adder stone -- A naturally occurring stone with a hole through it

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Wikipedia - Address pool -- A set of addresses in the IP address allocation hierarchy

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Wikipedia - Adductor minimus muscle -- Small and flat skeletal muscle in the thigh

Wikipedia - Adela Cabezas de Allwood -- Salvadorean doctor

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Wikipedia - Adelaide Ravens -- Defunct Australian netball team

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Wikipedia - Adhesive -- Non-metallic material used to bond various materials together

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Wikipedia - Ad hominem -- Argumentative strategies, usually fallacious

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Wikipedia - Adolf Galland -- German World War II flying ace

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Wikipedia - Adrian Hall (artist) -- Conceptual and performance artist (b. 1943)

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Wikipedia - Aedui -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Aegean Sea Plate -- A small tectonic plate in the eastern Mediterranean Sea

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Wikipedia - AEK Women's Volleyball Club -- Greek volleyball club

Wikipedia - Aelius Gallus -- 1st-century BC Roman governor and general

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Wikipedia - Aerobic treatment system -- A small scale sewage treatment system which uses an aerobic process for digestion

Wikipedia - Aerophagia -- Excessive swallowing of air

Wikipedia - A.E. Stallings

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Wikipedia - AFAS Live -- Concert hall

Wikipedia - A. F. Ballenger -- Seventh-day Adventist Minister

Wikipedia - AF+BG theorem -- About algebraic curves passing through all intersection points of two other curves

Wikipedia - Affective fallacy

Wikipedia - Affine group -- Group of all affine transformations of an affine space

Wikipedia - Affine hull -- Smallest affine subspace that contains a subset

Wikipedia - Affine plane (incidence geometry) -- Euclidean space of dimension 2 that is axiomatically defined

Wikipedia - Affirmative defense -- Category of defense strategies that allege mitigating circumstances to achieve acquittal

Wikipedia - Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic

Wikipedia - AFI Catalog of Feature Films -- Project to list all commercially made and theatrically exhibited American motion pictures

Wikipedia - Afon Rhythallt -- River in Gwynedd, Wales

Wikipedia - Africadalli Sheela -- 1986 film by Dwarakish

Wikipedia - Africa Eco Race -- Northern Africa annual rally raid

Wikipedia - African Democratic Rally (Burkina Faso) -- Political party in Burkina Faso

Wikipedia - African golden cat -- Small wild cat

Wikipedia - African Great Lakes -- Series of lakes in the Rift Valley

Wikipedia - African Journal of Marine Science -- A peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all disciplines of marine science

Wikipedia - African Leaders Malaria Alliance -- Government organization in New York

Wikipedia - African reference alphabet -- Set of 60 letters (in the latter edition), used for writing various African languages; initially proposed in 1978 and revised in 1982

Wikipedia - African river martin -- A migratory passerine bird of the swallow family

Wikipedia - African wildcat -- Small wild cat

Wikipedia - Afrikan Alliance of Social Democrats -- Political party from South Africa

Wikipedia - After All (Delerium song) -- Song by Delerium

Wikipedia - After All (film) -- 2006 Canadian short film

Wikipedia - After All It's Only Life -- 1993 film

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Wikipedia - After the Ball (1914 film) -- 1914 film

Wikipedia - After the Ball (1924 film) -- 1924 film

Wikipedia - After the Ball (1932 film) -- 1932 film

Wikipedia - After the Ball (1957 film) -- 1957 film by Compton Bennett

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Wikipedia - Against All Odds (1924 film) -- 1924 film

Wikipedia - Against All Odds (1984 film) -- 1984 film directed by Taylor Hackford

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Wikipedia - Against All Odds (2006) -- 2006 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view event

Wikipedia - Against All Odds (2007) -- 2007 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view event

Wikipedia - Against All Odds (2008) -- 2008 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view event

Wikipedia - Against All Odds (2009) -- 2009 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view event

Wikipedia - Against All Odds (2010) -- 2010 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view event

Wikipedia - Against All Odds (2011) -- 2011 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view event

Wikipedia - Against All Odds (2012) -- 2012 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view event

Wikipedia - Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now) -- 1984 single by Phil Collins

Wikipedia - Against All -- 1956 film

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Wikipedia - A Gallery of Children -- 1925 book by A. A. Milne

Wikipedia - Agallissini -- Tribe of beetles

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Wikipedia - Agate Falls Scenic Site -- Waterfall

Wikipedia - Agate -- A rock consisting of cryptocrystalline silica alternating with microgranular quartz

Wikipedia - Agaya Gangai -- Waterfall in India

Wikipedia - Agecroft Hall -- manor house

Wikipedia - Ageing -- Biologically degenerative process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time and leads to death

Wikipedia - Agenesis of the corpus callosum -- Birth defect of the development of the brain

Wikipedia - Age of consent -- Age at which a person is considered legally able to consent to sex acts

Wikipedia - A Gest of Robyn Hode -- Child ballad, Robin-Hood-tale

Wikipedia - Aggregated diamond nanorod -- Nanocrystalline form of diamond

Wikipedia - Aghnacally -- Townland in County Cavan, Ireland

Wikipedia - Agile Alliance

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Wikipedia - A Girl, a Guy and a Gob -- 1941 film by Richard Wallace

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Wikipedia - Agni (missile) -- Ballistic missile, India

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Wikipedia - Agnotology -- The study of culturally induced ignorance or doubt

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Wikipedia - Agritourism -- Agriculturally based operation or activity that brings visitors to a farm or ranch

Wikipedia - A group where we all pretend to be boomers -- Internet meme

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Wikipedia - Ahmedabad-Allahabad Weekly Superfast Express -- Train in India

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Wikipedia - A Hole in the Wall (1930 film) -- 1930 film

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Wikipedia - Aiken Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame and Museum -- Hall of Fame for Cowboys

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Wikipedia - Airborne forces -- Military units, usually light infantry, set up to be moved by aircraft and "dropped" into battle

Wikipedia - Airborne Launch Control Center -- US Strategic forces charged with maintaining survivable launch control system for ballistic missile force

Wikipedia - Airborne Launch Control System -- US Strategic Command platform for survivable launch control system for ballistic missile force

Wikipedia - Airborne transmission -- Disease caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air by small droplets or aerosols

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Wikipedia - Airbus A318 -- Airliner, smallest series of the A320 family

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Wikipedia - Aircraft lavatory -- A small room on an aircraft with a toilet and sink

Wikipedia - Aircraft marshalling -- Aircraft marshalling

Wikipedia - Air Force One -- Air traffic control call sign of any US Air Force aircraft carrying the president of the US

Wikipedia - Air Force Two -- Air traffic control call sign of any US Air Force aircraft carrying the vice president of the US

Wikipedia - Air India One -- Air traffic control call sign of aeroplane carrying the prime minister or the president of India

Wikipedia - Air-launched ballistic missile -- Experimental weapon

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Wikipedia - Alan Ball (weightlifter) -- American weightlifter

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Wikipedia - Alan Marshall (New Zealand author)

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Wikipedia - Albert Gallatin -- American politician, diplomat, and scholar

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Wikipedia - Allegheny College -- Pennsylvania liberal arts college

Wikipedia - Allegheny County belt system -- Allegheny County belt system

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Wikipedia - Allele frequency spectrum

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Wikipedia - Allen-Babcock

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Wikipedia - Allen Bergin

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Wikipedia - Allen Bestwick -- American sportscaster

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Wikipedia - Allen Case -- television actor

Wikipedia - Allen Chapman -- American soccer referee

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Wikipedia - Allen Clapp -- American musician

Wikipedia - Allen Cohen (poet) -- American poet

Wikipedia - Allen Collins -- American musician and songwriter

Wikipedia - Allen Coombs

Wikipedia - Allen County Courthouse (Ohio) -- local government building in the United States

Wikipedia - Allen County, Ohio -- County in Ohio, US

Wikipedia - Allen Creek (Scotland County, Missouri) -- Watercourse in the United States of America

Wikipedia - Allen Crowder -- American MMA fighter

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Wikipedia - Allendale, Michigan

Wikipedia - Allendale, New Jersey -- Borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States

Wikipedia - Allen Danziger -- American actor

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Wikipedia - Allen Dulles

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Wikipedia - Allen Event Center -- Building in Allen, Texas, United States

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Wikipedia - Allen Garfield -- American actor

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Wikipedia - Allen Ginsberg -- American poet

Wikipedia - All England Jumping Course at Hickstead -- Show jumping venue in England

Wikipedia - Allen Grootboom -- Retired South African politician and psychologist

Wikipedia - Allen G. Siegler -- American cinematographer

Wikipedia - Allen Hachigian -- American bobsledder

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Wikipedia - Allen Hatcher -- American mathematician

Wikipedia - Allen Hawley -- American fundraising administrator

Wikipedia - Allen H. Bagg -- American politician

Wikipedia - Allen H. Greenfield

Wikipedia - Allen High School (Texas) -- American public high school

Wikipedia - Allen Holubar -- American actor

Wikipedia - Allen Holub

Wikipedia - Allen Hoskins -- American child actor

Wikipedia - Allenhouse Institute of Technology -- Engineering college in Uttar Pradesh, India

Wikipedia - Allenhurst, New Jersey -- Borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States

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Wikipedia - Allen Institute for Brain Science -- Research institute based in Seattle, WA, USA

Wikipedia - Allen Institute for Cell Science -- Research institute based in Seattle, WA, USA

Wikipedia - Allenius -- Genus of beetles

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Wikipedia - Allen Johnson -- Olympic hurdler athlete

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Wikipedia - Allen Kent

Wikipedia - Allen Kerr

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Wikipedia - Allen Klein

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Wikipedia - Allen Loughry -- American jurist

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Wikipedia - Allen Matkins -- California law firm

Wikipedia - Allen Mawer -- English philologist

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Wikipedia - Allen Meadors -- American professor and university administrator

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Wikipedia - Allen Miller (golfer) -- American professional golfer

Wikipedia - Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer -- 1943 class of destroyers of the United States Navy

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Wikipedia - Allen Neuringer

Wikipedia - Allen Newell Award for Research Excellence

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Wikipedia - Allen Norton (motorcycle) -- Defunct British motorcycle manufacturer

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Wikipedia - Allen Road -- Road in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Wikipedia - Allen (robot)

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Wikipedia - Allen Saunders -- American cartoonist, 1899-1986

Wikipedia - Allen School -- Private school in Asheville, North Carolina

Wikipedia - Allen's (confectionery) -- Australian confectionery brand

Wikipedia - Allens Cross (ward) -- Electoral ward in Birmingham, England

Wikipedia - Allen's gallinule -- Species of bird

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Wikipedia - Allen Shields -- American mathematician

Wikipedia - Allen's hummingbird -- Species of bird

Wikipedia - Allens of Mayfair -- London's oldest butchers shop

Wikipedia - Allen station (Waterloo) -- Light rail station in Waterloo, Ontario

Wikipedia - Allen Steen -- American martial artist

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Wikipedia - Allen Tate

Wikipedia - Allen Telescope Array -- A radio telescope array

Wikipedia - Allen Thiele -- 5th Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard

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Wikipedia - Allentown, New Jersey -- Borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States

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Wikipedia - Allery -- Commune in Hauts-de-France, France

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Wikipedia - All for a Girl (1916 film) -- 1916 film

Wikipedia - All-for-Ireland League -- Defunct Irish nationalist political party

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Wikipedia - Alliance Township, Clay County, Minnesota -- Township in Minnesota, United States

Wikipedia - Alliance-Union universe -- Fictional universe created by C. J. Cherryh

Wikipedia - Alliance University -- University in Bangalore, India

Wikipedia - Alliance -- Coalition made between two or more parties to secure common interests

Wikipedia - Alliant Computer Systems

Wikipedia - Alliant Energy PowerHouse -- Building in Iowa, United States

Wikipedia - Alliant Energy -- Public utility holding company based in Madison,WI, US

Wikipedia - Alliant International University

Wikipedia - Alliant Techsystems -- American industrial company

Wikipedia - Allianz Global Investors -- Global investment management firm

Wikipedia - Allianz Nigeria Insurance -- Nigerian insurance company

Wikipedia - Allianz vun Humanisten, Atheisten an Agnostiker -- Organization

Wikipedia - Alliaria petiolata -- species of flowering plant in the cabbage family Brassicaceae

Wikipedia - Alliaria -- genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family Brassicaceae

Wikipedia - All I Ask (Adele song) -- Song by Adele

Wikipedia - All I Ask of You -- 1986 single by Sarah Brightman and Cliff Richard

Wikipedia - Alliat -- Commune in Occitanie, France

Wikipedia - Allibaudieres -- Commune in Grand Est, France

Wikipedia - Allicin

Wikipedia - Alli Darbar -- 1978 film

Wikipedia - Allidiostomatinae -- Subfamily of beetles

Wikipedia - Allie Bates -- American short story writer

Wikipedia - Allie Beth Martin -- American librarian

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Wikipedia - Allie B. Latimer

Wikipedia - Allied Air Command

Wikipedia - Allied Air -- Cargo airline based in Lagos, Nigeria

Wikipedia - Allied Artists Association -- English art exhibiting society

Wikipedia - Allied Bank Limited cricket team -- Cricket team

Wikipedia - Allied bombing of Rotterdam -- World War II strategic air raids by American and British forces against the Nazi-occupied city of Rotterdam in South Holland in the Netherlands

Wikipedia - Allied Command Transformation

Wikipedia - Allied Corporation -- American Aerospace Company

Wikipedia - Allied Democratic Forces insurgency

Wikipedia - Allie DeBerry -- American actress and model

Wikipedia - Allied Electronics -- US-based distributor of electronic components and electromechanical products

Wikipedia - Allied (film) -- 2016 film by Robert Zemeckis

Wikipedia - Allied Forces Northern Europe -- Subordinate NATO Command

Wikipedia - Allied Forces North Norway -- NATO command defending Norway

Wikipedia - Allied health professional

Wikipedia - Allied health professions -- Health care professions distinct from dentistry, nursing, medicine, and pharmacy

Wikipedia - Allie DiMeco -- American actress, reality television personality, and multi-instrumentalist

Wikipedia - Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

Wikipedia - Allied invasion of Sicily -- 1943 military campaign of World War II on the island of Sicily, Italy

Wikipedia - Allied Irish Banks -- One of the four main commercial banks in Ireland, operating in multiple market segments

Wikipedia - Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum -- NATO command

Wikipedia - Allied Joint Force Command Naples

Wikipedia - Allied Land Command

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Wikipedia - Allied Maritime Command

Wikipedia - Allied Masonic Degrees

Wikipedia - Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II -- Naval attacks on Japan by the Allies during World War II

Wikipedia - Allied-occupied Austria -- Post-World War II occupation of Austria

Wikipedia - Allied-occupied Germany -- post-World War II military occupation of Germany

Wikipedia - Allied Peoples Movement -- Political party in Nigeria

Wikipedia - Allied plans for German industry after World War II -- Overview of the plans by the Allies for Germany's industry after World War II

Wikipedia - Allied Plaza -- Building in Mong Kok, Hong Kong

Wikipedia - AlliedSignal

Wikipedia - Allied technological cooperation during World War II

Wikipedia - Allied Universal -- Facility services company

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Wikipedia - Allie Goertz

Wikipedia - Allie Gonino -- American actress, singer and songwriter

Wikipedia - Allie Grant -- American film and television actress

Wikipedia - Allie Hann-McCurdy -- Canadian ice dancer

Wikipedia - Alliene Brandon Webb -- American composer, singer, and teacher

Wikipedia - Allieres -- Commune in Occitanie, France

Wikipedia - Allier (river) -- River in central France

Wikipedia - Allier -- Department of France in Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes

Wikipedia - Allie Sherman

Wikipedia - Allies of World War II

Wikipedia - Allies of World War I -- group of countries that fought against the Central Powers in World War I

Wikipedia - All I Ever Wanted (Basshunter song) -- 2008 single by Basshunter

Wikipedia - All I Ever Wanted (The Human League song) -- 2001 single by the Human League

Wikipedia - Allie X -- Canadian singer and songwriter

Wikipedia - Alli (film) -- 1964 film by S. S. Rajendran

Wikipedia - Alligator Blood (horse) -- Australian thoroughbred racehorse

Wikipedia - Alligator drum

Wikipedia - Alligator Effigy Mound -- Effigy mound in Granville, Ohio, United States

Wikipedia - Alligator (film) -- 1980 film by Lewis Teague

Wikipedia - Alligator hailensis -- Extinct species of alligator

Wikipedia - Alligatoridae -- family of crocodilians including alligators and caimans

Wikipedia - Alligator meat -- Meat from alligators that is for consumption

Wikipedia - Alligator mefferdi -- Extinct species of alligator

Wikipedia - Alligator (novel) -- 1962 parody novel

Wikipedia - Alligator River (North Carolina) -- Stream in North Carolina, USA

Wikipedia - Alligator snapping turtle -- Heaviest freshwater turtle in the world

Wikipedia - Alligator -- Genus of large reptiles

Wikipedia - Alligator wrestling -- Attraction and sport which began as form of Native American hunting

Wikipedia - All I Have (song) -- 2002 single by Jennifer Lopez

Wikipedia - All I Have to Do Is Dream -- 1958 jangle pop single performed by the Everly Brothers, written and composed by Boudleaux Bryant

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Wikipedia - All in a Night's Work (film) -- 1961 film

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Wikipedia - All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam -- Political party in India

Wikipedia - All India Bakchod -- Indian creative agency

Wikipedia - All India Catholic Union

Wikipedia - All India Chess Federation -- Administrative body for chess in India

Wikipedia - All India Conference of Indian Christians -- Indian ecumenical organisation

Wikipedia - All India Congress Committee -- Central decision-making assembly of the Indian National Congress party

Wikipedia - All India Forward Bloc -- Political party in India

Wikipedia - All India Institute of Ayurveda, Delhi -- Public medicine institution in New Delhi, India

Wikipedia - All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health -- Health institute

Wikipedia - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda -- Medical College and Hospital in Bathinda, Punjab

Wikipedia - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar -- Public medical college and hospital in Telangana, India

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Wikipedia - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani -- Medical School & Hospital in Kalyani, West Bengal

Wikipedia - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri -- A medical institute in India

Wikipedia - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur -- Medical higher education institute in India

Wikipedia - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi -- Medical School,Hospital and Public Medical Research University based in New Delhi,India

Wikipedia - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli -- Medical College and Hospital based in Raebareli, India

Wikipedia - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh -- Medical institute in Uttarakhand, India

Wikipedia - All India Institutes of Medical Sciences -- university system in India

Wikipedia - All India Kisan Sabha

Wikipedia - All India Latchiya Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam -- Indian political party

Wikipedia - All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen -- Political party in India

Wikipedia - All India Muhammadan Educational Conference -- Organisation promoting modern, liberal education for the Muslim community in India

Wikipedia - All-India Muslim League -- Political party within British-ruled India

Wikipedia - All India Muslim Personal Law Board -- Indian non-government legal organization

Wikipedia - All India N.R. Congress -- Political party in India

Wikipedia - All India Radio (band) -- Australian electronic band

Wikipedia - All India Radio -- National public radio broadcaster of India

Wikipedia - All India Society for Electronics and Computer Technology -- Social enterprise providing education about computers to people in rural and semi-rural areas of India

Wikipedia - All India States Peoples' Conference

Wikipedia - All India Students Association -- Indian students organization

Wikipedia - All India Students Federation -- Student organisation in India

Wikipedia - All India Trinamool Congress -- Political party in India

Wikipedia - All India United Democratic Front -- Political party in India

Wikipedia - All-India Yadav Mahasabha -- caste-based organisation in India

Wikipedia - All India Youth Federation -- Youth forum in Nigeria

Wikipedia - Alline Bullock -- American songwriter

Wikipedia - All I Need (Air song) -- 1998 single by Air

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Wikipedia - All I Need (Jack Wagner song) -- 1984 single by Jack Wagner

Wikipedia - All I Need (Jesse Powell song) -- 1996 single by Jesse Powell

Wikipedia - All I Need (Radiohead song) -- 2009 single by Radiohead

Wikipedia - All I Need (The Temptations song) -- Song of The Temptations

Wikipedia - All I Need to Know About Filmmaking I Learned from The Toxic Avenger -- Semi-fictional autobiography of Lloyd Kaufman

Wikipedia - All In (film) -- 1936 film

Wikipedia - Allinges

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Wikipedia - Allington Quarry -- Site of Special Scientific Interest in Kent, England

Wikipedia - All In (Lil Baby song) -- 2020 song by Lil Baby

Wikipedia - All in Love Is Fair (album) -- 1974 album by Nancy Wilson

Wikipedia - All in My Family -- 2019 documentary film

Wikipedia - All in My Head (Flex) -- 2016 single by Fifth Harmony

Wikipedia - All in My Head (Kosheen song) -- 2003 single by Kosheen

Wikipedia - All in One (film) -- 1938 short film

Wikipedia - All In (professional wrestling event) -- 2018 independent professional wrestling event

Wikipedia - All-in professional wrestling -- First wave of professional wrestling in the United Kingdom

Wikipedia - Allinson Chapman -- English cricketer and civil servant

Wikipedia - All in the Family (film) -- 1975 film

Wikipedia - All in the Family -- American television series

Wikipedia - All in the golden afternoon...

Wikipedia - All-in-Wonder -- Family of combination graphics/TV tuner cards from ATI Technologies

Wikipedia - All In (YoungBoy Never Broke Again song) -- 2020 single by YoungBoy Never Broke Again

Wikipedia - Alliott Verdon Roe -- English aviation pioneer and manufacturer

Wikipedia - Allioux Lake -- Lake in Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada

Wikipedia - Alli Petra Pillai -- 1959 film

Wikipedia - Al Lipscomb -- Dallas city council member

Wikipedia - Alli Raani -- LllLegendary Tamil queen of the Sangakkalam

Wikipedia - All I Really Want (Alanis Morissette song) -- 1996 single by Alanis Morissette

Wikipedia - All I Really Want (Kim Lukas song) -- 1999 single by Kim Lukas

Wikipedia - All-Ireland -- Term referring to all of Ireland

Wikipedia - All Is at Stake -- 1932 film

Wikipedia - Allis-Chalmers Energy -- American oil services and equipment company

Wikipedia - Allis-Chalmers -- American industial machinery manufacturer

Wikipedia - All I See -- 2008 single by Kylie Minogue

Wikipedia - All Is Found -- 2019 song by Evan Rachel Wood

Wikipedia - All Is Full of Love -- 1999 single by Bjork

Wikipedia - All Is Lost -- 2013 film by J. C. Chandor

Wikipedia - Allison A. Campbell -- American chemist

Wikipedia - Allison Amend -- American novelist and short story writer

Wikipedia - Allison & Allison -- Architectural firm of James Edward Allison and his brother David Clark Allison

Wikipedia - Allison & Lillia -- 2008 anime television series

Wikipedia - Allison Anders -- American independent film director

Wikipedia - Allison Arieff -- American writer on design

Wikipedia - Allison Aubrey -- American journalist

Wikipedia - Allison Balfour

Wikipedia - Allison Ball -- American politician

Wikipedia - Allison Balson -- American actress, singer, and songwriter

Wikipedia - Allison Baver -- Short-track speed skater

Wikipedia - Allison Beckford

Wikipedia - Allison Brashear -- American neurologist

Wikipedia - Allison Brock -- American equestrian

Wikipedia - Allison Burnett -- Screenwriter, director, producer, novelist

Wikipedia - Allison > Busby

Wikipedia - Allison Cameron -- fictional character on the Fox medical drama House

Wikipedia - Allison Christine Johnson -- American vandal and neo-Nazi

Wikipedia - Allison Copening -- American politician

Wikipedia - Allison Cratchley -- Australian actress

Wikipedia - Allison Curbishley -- British athlete

Wikipedia - Allison Davis (television executive) -- Television executive

Wikipedia - Allison Davis

Wikipedia - Allison Druin -- American computer scientist

Wikipedia - Allison Finney -- American professional golfer

Wikipedia - Allison Fischer -- American singer and actress

Wikipedia - Allison Fisher

Wikipedia - Allison Flaxey -- Canadian curler

Wikipedia - Allison Fonte -- American actress and pianist

Wikipedia - Allison Ghler

Wikipedia - Allison Glazebrook -- Professor at Brock University

Wikipedia - Allison Gohler -- Chilean meteorologist

Wikipedia - Allison Gross -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Allison Guyot -- Seamount in the Pacific Ocean

Wikipedia - Allison Hayes -- Actress, model

Wikipedia - Allison Hedge Coke

Wikipedia - Allison Henrich -- American mathematician

Wikipedia - Allison Holker -- American dancer (born 1988)

Wikipedia - Allison Hossack -- Canadian actress

Wikipedia - Allison Janney -- American actress

Wikipedia - Allison J. Doupe -- Canadian psychiatrist, biologist, and neuroscientist

Wikipedia - Allison Jolly -- American sailor

Wikipedia - Allison Jones (casting director) -- American casting director

Wikipedia - Allison Joy Haywood -- New Zealand planktonologist

Wikipedia - Allison Keith -- American actress

Wikipedia - Allison Kilkenny -- American journalist

Wikipedia - Allison Krause -- Student killed at Kent State University in 1970

Wikipedia - Allison K. Shaw -- American ecologist

Wikipedia - Allison Kurian -- American medical oncologist

Wikipedia - Allison > Lillia

Wikipedia - Allison Mack -- American actress

Wikipedia - Allison Madueke -- Nigerian politician

Wikipedia - Allison McGeer -- Canadian infectious disease specialist

Wikipedia - Allison Miller (drummer) -- American jazz drummer, composer and bandleader

Wikipedia - Allison Milner -- social epidemiologist

Wikipedia - Allison Miner -- American music manager

Wikipedia - Allison Model 250 -- Turboshaft aircraft engine

Wikipedia - Allison Moore -- Allison Moore

Wikipedia - Allison Munn -- Actress

Wikipedia - Allison Nelson -- American politician

Wikipedia - Allison Otto -- American documentary director

Wikipedia - Allison Pang -- American fantasy writer

Wikipedia - Allison Parrish -- Creative coder cited as "Best maker of poetry bots".

Wikipedia - Allison Pottinger -- American curler

Wikipedia - Allison Randal

Wikipedia - Allison Road -- 1994 single by Gin Blossoms

Wikipedia - Allison R. Palmer

Wikipedia - Allison Russo -- American politician from Ohio

Wikipedia - Allison Schulnik -- American painter, sculptor and filmmaker

Wikipedia - Allison Shreeve -- Australian windsurfer

Wikipedia - Allison Stanger -- American political scientist and academic

Wikipedia - Allison Steiner -- American scientist specializing in atmospheric chemistry

Wikipedia - Allison Stokke -- American pole vaulter

Wikipedia - Allison Strong -- American pop singer, songwriter and actress of stage, television and film

Wikipedia - Allison Sudradjat -- Australian public servant

Wikipedia - Allison Tolman -- American actress

Wikipedia - Allison Township, Lyon County, Iowa -- Township in Iowa, USA

Wikipedia - Allison Township, Osceola County, Iowa -- Township in Iowa, USA

Wikipedia - Allison Vest -- Canadian rock climber (born 1995)

Wikipedia - Allison Williams (actress) -- American actress and singer

Wikipedia - Allison Williams (reporter) -- American sportscaster

Wikipedia - Allison Winn Scotch

Wikipedia - All Is Possible in Granada (1954 film) -- 1954 film

Wikipedia - Allissa Richardson -- American journalist and college professor

Wikipedia - Allistatin -- Chemical compounds

Wikipedia - Allister Brimble -- British video game music composer

Wikipedia - Allister de Winter -- Australian cricketer and coach

Wikipedia - Allister Nalder -- New Zealand weightlifter

Wikipedia - Allister Sparks -- South African journalist

Wikipedia - Alliston Hornets -- Canadian junior ice hockey team

Wikipedia - Alliston -- Settlement in Simcoe County, Ontario

Wikipedia - All Is True -- 2018 film by Kenneth Branagh

Wikipedia - All Is Well (2015 film) -- 2015 film directed by Umesh Shukla

Wikipedia - All Is Well (2018 film) -- 2018 film

Wikipedia - Allisyn Ashley Arm -- American actress

Wikipedia - Alliteration

Wikipedia - Alli Thandha Vaanam -- 2001 film by Sreedhar Prasath

Wikipedia - Allium aciphyllum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium altoatlanticum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium amethystinum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium anatolicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium anisopodium -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium anisotepalum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium antalyense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium atropurpureum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium atroviolaceum -- species of plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium baluchistanicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium beesianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium blomfieldianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium boissieri -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium bornmuelleri -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium borszczowii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium botschantzevii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium bourgeaui -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium brachyodon -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium brachyscapum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium brachyspathum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium bracteolatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium brevicaule -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium brevidens -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium brevidentatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium brevidentiforme -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium brevipes -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium breviradium -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium breviscapum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium brussalisii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium bucharicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium bungei -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium caesioides -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium caesium -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium caespitosum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium calabrum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium callidyction -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium calocephalum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium calyptratum -- species of plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium candolleanum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium capitellatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium cappadocicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium caput-medusae -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium cardiostemon -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium carinatum -- Species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium carmeli -- species of plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium caroli-henrici -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium cassium -- species of plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium castellanense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium cathodicarpum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium chalcophengos -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium chalkii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium chamaespathum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium changduense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium chelotum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium chienchuanense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium chinense -- Edible species of plant native to China and Korea

Wikipedia - Allium chitralicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium chloroneurum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium chlorotepalum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium chrysantherum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium chrysanthum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium chrysocephalum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium chychkanense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium circassicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium consanguineum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium cornutum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium costatovaginatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium crameri -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium cristophii -- Species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium croaticum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium crystallinum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium cucullatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium cupuliferum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium curtum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium cyathophorum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium cyprium -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium daghestanicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium darwasicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium dasyphyllum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium decaisnei -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium deciduum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium dentigerum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium denudatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium derderianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium deserti-syriaci -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium desertorum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium dictyoscordum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium dilatatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium dinsmorei -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium diomedeum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium dirphianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium djimilense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium dodecadontum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium dodecanesi -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium dolichomischum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium dolichostylum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium dolichovaginatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium drepanophyllum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium durangoense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium egorovae -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium eivissanum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium elburzense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium eldivanense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium ellisii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium enginii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium erdelii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium eremoprasum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium eriocoleum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium ertugrulii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium erubescens -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium esfandiarii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium euboicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium eugenii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium eulae -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium eurotophilum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium eusperma -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium exile -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium fanjingshanense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium fantasmasense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium farctum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium fasciculatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium favosum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium fedschenkoanum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium fedtschenkoi -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium ferganicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium fethiyense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium filidentiforme -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium fistulosum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium flavellum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium forrestii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium franciniae -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium fraseri -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium frigidum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium fritschii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium funckiifolium -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium gilgiticum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium gillii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium glumaceum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium goekyigitii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium goloskokovii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium gomphrenoides -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium griffithianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium grisellum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium guanxianense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium haemanthoides -- species of plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium henryi -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium herderianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium heteronema -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium hookeri -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium humile -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium insubricum -- species of plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium jacquemontii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium jesdianum -- species of plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium kaschianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium kermesinum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium korolkowii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium kysylkumi -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium lagarophyllum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium lalesaricum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium lamondiae -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium lasiophyllum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium lehmannianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium lenkoranicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium leptomorphum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium leucosphaerum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium libani -- species of plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium lilacinum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium linearifolium -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium lipskyanum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium listera -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium litvinovii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium longanum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium longicollum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium longifolium -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium longipapillatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium longiradiatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium longisepalum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium longistylum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium longivaginatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium lopadusanum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium loratum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium macleanii -- Species of wild onion

Wikipedia - Allium macrostemon -- Species of wild onion widespread across much of East Asia

Wikipedia - Allium macrum -- American species of wild onion native to the eastern and central parts of the US States of Oregon and Washington

Wikipedia - Allium mairei -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium maowenense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium maraschicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium micranthum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium moderense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium mongolicum -- Asian species of wild onion native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Tuva, Kazakhstan, and parts of China

Wikipedia - Allium monophyllum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium montibaicalense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium mozaffarianii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium myrianthum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium najafdaricum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium nanodes -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium neapolitanum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium nemrutdaghense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium nevsehirense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium nevskianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium noeanum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium notabile -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium nuristanicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium ochotense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium oleraceum -- Species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium oliganthum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium olivieri -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium oltense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium olympicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium omeiense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium opacum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium ophiophyllum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium optimae -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium oreodictyum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium oreophiloides -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium oreophilum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium oreoprasoides -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium oreoprasum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium oreoscordum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium oreotadzhikorum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium orestis -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium orientoiranicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium ovalifolium -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium ownbeyi -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium paepalanthoides -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium palentinum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pamiricum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pangasicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium paniculatum subsp. obtusiflorum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium panjaoense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium papillare -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium paradoxum -- Species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium parnassicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium parvulum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pentadactyli -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium peroninianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pervestitum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium petri -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium phanerantherum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium platakisii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium platyspathum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium plurifoliatum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium ponticum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium popovii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium potosiense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium przewalskianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pseudocalyptratum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pseudoflavum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pseudofraseri -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pseudojaponicum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pseudosenescens -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pseudostamineum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pseudostrictum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pseudowinklerianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pueblanum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pumilum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium punctum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium purpureoviride -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium pustulosum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium ramosum -- Species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium rausii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium rechingeri -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium reconditum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium regelianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium roborowskianum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium rothii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium roylei -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium rude -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium rupicola -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium sacculiferum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium sairamense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium scaberrimum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium senescens -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium sikkimense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium sinaiticum -- species of plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium sindjarense -- species of plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium siphonanthum -- Species of plant

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Wikipedia - Allium spirale -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium spurium -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium stamineum -- species of plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

Wikipedia - Allium staticiforme -- Species of onion native to Greece and western Turkey, including the islands of the Aegean Sea

Wikipedia - Allium stocksianum -- Species of plant

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Wikipedia - Allium taishanense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium tekesicola -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium tel-avivense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium tenuicaule -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium thunbergii -- Species of plant

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Wikipedia - Allium tripterum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium tuberosum -- A species of onion native to southwestern parts of the Chinese province of Shanxi

Wikipedia - Allium tubiflorum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium umbilicatum -- species of plant in the family Amaryllidaceae

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Wikipedia - Allium -- Genus of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae

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Wikipedia - Allium xichuanense -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Allium xiphopetalum -- Species of plant

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Wikipedia - Allium yuanum -- Species of plant

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Wikipedia - All I Wanna Do (1998 film) -- 1998 Canadian-American comedy film by Sarah Kernochan

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Wikipedia - All Music Guide

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Wikipedia - Allocasuarina filidens -- Species of plant

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Wikipedia - Allocasuarina pusilla -- Species of plant

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Wikipedia - Allocentrism

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Wikipedia - Allochronic speciation -- Speciation arising from change in breeding time

Wikipedia - Allochrostes biornata -- Species of moth

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Wikipedia - Alloclemensia mesospilella -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Alloclemensia -- Genus of imoths

Wikipedia - Alloclita recisella -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Allocolaspis -- Genus of beetles

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Wikipedia - Allodynia

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Wikipedia - AllOfMP3

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Wikipedia - Allography -- Term with several meanings all related to how words and sounds are written down

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Wikipedia - Allomerus decemarticulatus -- Species of ant

Wikipedia - Allomerus -- Genus of ants

Wikipedia - Allometry -- Study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology, and behavior

Wikipedia - Allomorph

Wikipedia - Allomothering

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Wikipedia - All on Account of the Milk -- 1910 film

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Wikipedia - Allonautilus -- Genus of cephalopods

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Wikipedia - Alloparenting

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Wikipedia - Allopregnanediol

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Wikipedia - Allosteric

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Wikipedia - Allotropic

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Wikipedia - Angular resolution -- Ability of any image-forming device to distinguish small details of an object

Wikipedia - A Night to Remember (1942 film) -- 1942 film by Richard Wallace

Wikipedia - Animal Wall -- Grade I listed structure in Cardiff, Wales

Wikipedia - Anima mundi -- According to several systems of thought, an intrinsic connection between all living things on the planet

Wikipedia - Animism -- Religious belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence

Wikipedia - Animistic fallacy

Wikipedia - Aninhalli Vasavi -- Indian anthropologist

Wikipedia - An Inspector Calls (TV series) -- 1982 television film by Michael Simpson

Wikipedia - An Inspector Calls -- 1945 play written by English dramatist J. B. Priestley

Wikipedia - Ani Nyhus -- Canadian softball player

Wikipedia - Aniridia -- Absence of the iris, usually involving both eyes

Wikipedia - Aniseed ball -- Hard round sweet

Wikipedia - Anisogamy -- Sexual reproduction involving a large, "female" gamete and a small, "male" gamete

Wikipedia - Anisotropy -- In geometry, property of being directionally dependent

Wikipedia - Anita Allen (pentathlete) -- American modern pentathlete

Wikipedia - Anita Bulath -- Hungarian handballer

Wikipedia - Anita Cifra -- Hungarian handballer

Wikipedia - Anita e Garibaldi -- 2013 film directed by Alberto Rondalli

Wikipedia - Anita L. Allen -- American lawyer

Wikipedia - Anita Marshall -- American geologist

Wikipedia - Anita Pallenberg -- German actress

Wikipedia - Anita Schwaller -- Swiss snowboarder

Wikipedia - Anita Thallaug -- Norwegian actress and singer

Wikipedia - Anita Wall -- Swedish actress

Wikipedia - Anjaneya Temple, Nanganallur -- Hindu temple

Wikipedia - Anju Jason -- Marshallese taekwondo practitioners

Wikipedia - Ankle brace -- Support worn around the ankle to protect it or for immobilization while allowing it to heal

Wikipedia - Anna Abdallah -- Tanzanian politician

Wikipedia - Anna Allen Martin -- Spanish actress

Wikipedia - Anna Barriball -- British artist based in South London

Wikipedia - Annabel Lee -- Poem by Edgar Allan Poe

Wikipedia - Annabelle Lopez Ochoa -- Belgian ballet dancer and choreographer

Wikipedia - Anna Christmann -- German politician (Alliance 90/The Greens)

Wikipedia - Anna Hallberg -- Swedish politician

Wikipedia - Anna Kallina -- Austrian actress

Wikipedia - Annalisa Turci -- Italian softball player

Wikipedia - Ann Allen Shockley -- Novelist and short-story writer

Wikipedia - Annals of Inisfallen -- Manuscript chronicling the medieval history of Ireland

Wikipedia - Annalu Waller -- Scottish computer scientist

Wikipedia - Anna Maria de Bruyn -- Dutch actress and ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Anna-Maria Hallgarn -- Swedish musician and actress

Wikipedia - Anna Maria Hall -- Irish novelist

Wikipedia - Annandale and Eskdale -- committee area in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland

Wikipedia - Annan, Dumfries and Galloway

Wikipedia - Anna of Wallachia, Empress of Serbia

Wikipedia - Annapolis Farewell -- 1935 film by Alexander Hall

Wikipedia - Anna Rose O'Sullivan -- English ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Anna Slunga-Tallberg -- Finnish sailor

Wikipedia - Anna Tsygankova -- Russian ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Anna Valle -- Italian actress

Wikipedia - Anna Wallentheim -- Swedish politician

Wikipedia - Anna Wijk -- Swedish floorball player

Wikipedia - Ann Batten Cristall

Wikipedia - Ann Clwyd -- Welsh Labour politician, MP for Cynon Valley

Wikipedia - Anne Allison -- Professor of cultural anthropology

Wikipedia - Anne and Janneton Auretti -- 18th-century French ballerinas

Wikipedia - Anne Dallas Dudley

Wikipedia - Anne Elizabeth Ball -- Irish botanist, algologist, and botanical illustrator

Wikipedia - Anne Gallagher -- Australian lawyer and activist

Wikipedia - Anne Hall -- American diplomat

Wikipedia - Anne Heaton (ballet dancer) -- British ballerina

Wikipedia - Anneli Alhanko -- Swedish ballet dancer and actress

Wikipedia - Anne Mandall Johnson -- Infectious disease epidemiologist

Wikipedia - Anne Marie Palli -- French professional golfer

Wikipedia - Anne McAllister (speech therapist) -- (1892-1983), Scottish speech therapist and teacher

Wikipedia - Anne Pigalle -- French singer and musician

Wikipedia - Annesley Hall, Nottinghamshire -- Grade II listed country house in Nottinghamshire, England

Wikipedia - Annette Allcock -- English artist

Wikipedia - Anne Vallayer-Coster -- French painter

Wikipedia - Anne Vallee -- Canadian biologist

Wikipedia - Anne Valliant Burnett Tandy -- American heiress, rancher, horsebreeder, philanthropist and art collector

Wikipedia - Anne Westfall -- American game programmer and software developer

Wikipedia - Anne Whateley -- Woman alleged to have been the intended wife of Shakespeare

Wikipedia - Ann Hampton Callaway -- American singer

Wikipedia - Annie (1999 film) -- 1999 American musical comedy-drama film by Rob Marshall

Wikipedia - Annie Hall (high sheriff) -- British businesswoman

Wikipedia - Annie Hall -- 1977 film by Woody Allen

Wikipedia - Annie McCall -- English doctor

Wikipedia - Annie Rialland -- French linguist (b. 1948)

Wikipedia - Annie Wallace -- Scottish actress

Wikipedia - Annika Hallin -- Swedish actress

Wikipedia - Anning Smith Prall -- American politician

Wikipedia - Annisteen Allen -- American singer

Wikipedia - Ann Kendall -- British archaeologist

Wikipedia - Ano Liosia Olympic Hall -- Sporting arena

Wikipedia - Anolis allisoni -- Species of reptile

Wikipedia - Anonymous birth -- Legal concept allowing women to anonymously give birth and give the baby up for adoption

Wikipedia - Anonymous recursion -- Recursion without calling a function by name

Wikipedia - Another Suitcase in Another Hall -- 1977 single by Barbara Dickson

Wikipedia - Ansgar the Staller -- English nobleman, c. 1025-1085

Wikipedia - Ansley Mall -- Shopping mall in Atlanta, Georgia, United States

Wikipedia - Anson Allen -- American businessman and politician

Wikipedia - AN/SPY-1 -- Electronically scanned radar system

Wikipedia - AN/SPY-3 -- Electronically scanned radar system

Wikipedia - ANSR Consulting -- Consulting firm based in Dallas, Texas, US and operating in India

Wikipedia - Ante Anin -- German architect originally from Croatia

Wikipedia - Antelope Valley College -- community college in Lancaster, California

Wikipedia - Antelope Valley Conservancy -- Public-benefit corporation in California

Wikipedia - Antelope Valley Line -- Metrolink commuter rail line linking Downtown Los Angeles to Northern Los Angeles County

Wikipedia - Antelope Valley Mall -- Shopping mall in Palmdale, California

Wikipedia - Antelope Valley Solar Ranch -- Photovoltaic power plant in Antelope Valley, California

Wikipedia - Antelope Valley -- Valley in Southern California

Wikipedia - Anterior segment of eyeball -- Front third of the eye

Wikipedia - Antero Alli

Wikipedia - Anthemius of Tralles

Wikipedia - Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall

Wikipedia - Anthony Adrian Allen (entomologist)

Wikipedia - Anthony Adrian Allen

Wikipedia - Anthony Allaire -- police detective

Wikipedia - Anthony Delhalle -- French motorcycle racer

Wikipedia - Anthony Diallo -- Tanzanian politician

Wikipedia - Anthony F. C. Wallace

Wikipedia - Anthony Hallam

Wikipedia - Anthony Mangnall -- British Conservative politician

Wikipedia - Anthony Michael Hall -- American actor, producer and director

Wikipedia - Anthony Nuttall -- 20th/21st-century English literary critic and academic

Wikipedia - Anthony Valletta -- Maltese Natrulist

Wikipedia - Anthony Wall -- English golfer

Wikipedia - Anthopleura ballii -- Species of cnidarian

Wikipedia - Anthracite -- A hard, compact variety of coal that has a submetallic luster

Wikipedia - Anthropic principle -- Philosophical premise that all scientific observations presuppose a universe compatible with the emergence of sentient organisms that make those observations

Wikipedia - Anthurium crystallinum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Anti-ballistic missile -- Surface-to-air missile designed to counter ballistic missiles

Wikipedia - Anti-fog -- Chemicals that prevent the condensation of water as small droplets on a surface

Wikipedia - Anti-IL-6 -- Drugs to suppress IL-6 signalling

Wikipedia - Anti-jock movement -- Cyber-movement whose goal is to challenge the perceived cultural dominance of institutionalized competitive sports

Wikipedia - Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand, and All Oceania

Wikipedia - Antiparticle -- Small localized object; a rare type of matter

Wikipedia - Antipope Callixtus III

Wikipedia - Anti-Qing sentiment -- A sentiment principally held in China against Manchu rule during the Qing dynasty

Wikipedia - Anti-Racist Alliance -- UK-based anti-racist organisation

Wikipedia - Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party -- Allegations of antisemitism

Wikipedia - Anti-siphoning law -- Law to prevent pay-TV monopoly over broadcasting culturally significant events

Wikipedia - Antispila metallella -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Anti-submarine mortar -- Naval weapon type for launching small depth charges against submarines

Wikipedia - Antitheism -- Opposition to theism, and usually to religion

Wikipedia - Anti urination devices in Norwich -- Hostile architecture installed in the 19th century

Wikipedia - Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle -- French cavalry general

Wikipedia - Antoine de Paule -- 56th Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller

Wikipedia - Antoine Galland

Wikipedia - Antoinette Sibley -- British ballerina

Wikipedia - Anton Dohrn Seamount -- A guyot in the Rockall Trough in the northeast Atlantic

Wikipedia - Anton Dolin -- Ballet dancer and choreographer (1904-1983)

Wikipedia - Antonieta Galleguillos -- Chilean judoka

Wikipedia - Antonietta Dell'Era -- Italian ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Antonine Wall -- Defensive fortification in Roman Britain

Wikipedia - Antonio Allocca -- Italian actor

Wikipedia - Antonio Bordon -- Paraguayan handball coach

Wikipedia - Antonio Caballero y Gongora -- Catholic bishop

Wikipedia - Antonio Calloni -- Brazilian actor

Wikipedia - Antonio Cavallucci

Wikipedia - Antonio Cotoner y Vallobar -- Nuncio, or extraordinary Ambassador of the Studium generale of Majorca to Philip's II Royal court in Madrid

Wikipedia - Antonio della Valle -- Italian zoologist

Wikipedia - Antonio Gallina -- Argentine judoka

Wikipedia - Antonio Monticini -- Italian choreographer, ballet dancer, and composer

Wikipedia - Antonio Raffaele Calliano -- Italian painter

Wikipedia - Antonio Valladolid Rodriguez -- Mexican politician

Wikipedia - Antonio Vallisneri

Wikipedia - Anton Pann -- Wallachian composer & musicologist

Wikipedia - Antony Worrall Thompson -- English restaurateur and celebrity chef

Wikipedia - Antti KalliomM-CM-$ki -- Finnish athlete, politician

Wikipedia - Anudi, Gauribidanur -- Village in Chickballpur District

Wikipedia - An Unfinished Life -- 2005 film by Lasse Hallstrom

Wikipedia - Anupallavi (film) -- 1979 film

Wikipedia - Anupallavi -- Usually the second section of any composition in Carnatic music

Wikipedia - Anxiolytic -- Class of medications used to alleviate anxiety

Wikipedia - ANZAC Cove -- Cove on the Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey

Wikipedia - An Zhongxin -- Chinese softball player

Wikipedia - A. Oakey Hall

Wikipedia - Aonghus Callanan -- Irish sportsman

Wikipedia - Aonghus McAnally -- Irish broadcaster, entertainer and billiards player

Wikipedia - Aontu -- All-Ireland political party

Wikipedia - Aorist -- Verb form that usually expresses perfective aspect and refers to past events

Wikipedia - Aortic dissection -- Injury to the innermost layer of the aorta allows blood to flow between the layers of the aortic wall, forcing the layers apart

Wikipedia - Aortic valvuloplasty -- Widening of a stenotic aortic valve using a balloon catheter inside the valve

Wikipedia - Aosta Valley

Wikipedia - Ap and Bp stars -- Chemically peculiar stars of types A and B

Wikipedia - Apatema mediopallidum -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Apatema whalleyi -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - A Perfect Crime -- 1921 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Aperitif and digestif -- Alcoholic drink normally served before or after a meal

Wikipedia - Aperture (botany) -- Areas on the walls of a pollen grain, where the wall is thinner and/or softer

Wikipedia - Apex Town Hall (historic) -- Historic town hall in Apex, North Carolina

Wikipedia - Aphrocallistidae -- A family of hexactinellid sponges

Wikipedia - Apkallu -- Seven demi-gods associated with human wisdom

Wikipedia - A Place to Call Home (1970 film) -- |1970 drama film directed by Wu Jiaxiang

Wikipedia - A Place to Call Home (season 5) -- Season of television series

Wikipedia - A Pleasant Ballad of Tobias -- English ballad

Wikipedia - A Pleasant New Song Betwixt a Sailor and his Love -- English Broadside Ballad

Wikipedia - APL syntax and symbols -- Used specifically to write programs in the APL programming language

Wikipedia - Apollo 18 (film) -- 2011 science fiction horror film by Gonzalo Lopez-Gallego

Wikipedia - Apollo (ballet)

Wikipedia - ApolloCon -- Science fiction convention held annually in Houston, Texas

Wikipedia - Apollo Music Hall -- Popular music venue in London, UK, 1854 - 1871

Wikipedia - Apollon Patras Indoor Hall -- Sports arean in Patras, Greece

Wikipedia - Aposematism -- |Honest signalling of an animal's powerful defences

Wikipedia - Appalachian Spring -- Musical composition and ballet by Aaron Copland

Wikipedia - Appallagoda Ambalama -- Traditional resting place in Sri Lanka

Wikipedia - Appeal to flattery -- Fallacy in which a person uses flattery, excessive compliments, in an attempt to win support for their side

Wikipedia - Appeal to probability -- Type of fallacy

Wikipedia - Appendix (anatomy) -- Blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops embryologically

Wikipedia - Appias indra -- Small butterfly of the Family Pieridae

Wikipedia - Appias lalage -- Small butterfly of the family Pieridae

Wikipedia - App Installer

Wikipedia - Appius Annius Gallus -- 1st century AD Roman senator and general

Wikipedia - Apple Pay -- Mobile payment and digital wallet service

Wikipedia - Apple Valley High School (Minnesota) -- High school in Apple Valley, Minnesota

Wikipedia - Apple Wallet

Wikipedia - Apple Worldwide Developers Conference -- Conference held annually in California, United States by Apple Inc.

Wikipedia - Application firewall -- Layer 7/application layer network security system

Wikipedia - Application-level gateway -- Security component that augments a firewall or NAT employed in a computer network

Wikipedia - Applied Organometallic Chemistry -- Peer-reviewed scientific journal

Wikipedia - Appointment scheduling software -- Software that allows the management of appointments and booking

Wikipedia - Apportionment (politics) -- Process of allocating the political power of a set of constituent voters among their representatives in a deliberative body

Wikipedia - Appropriate technology -- Technological choice and application that is small-scale, decentralized, labor-intensive, energy-efficient, environmentally sound, and locally autonomous

Wikipedia - A Predicament -- Short story by Edgar Allan Poe

Wikipedia - APRS Calling -- Brevity code used via APRS to request communications elsewhere

Wikipedia - Aquacare Halen -- Belgian volleyball club

Wikipedia - Aqua omnium florum -- all-flower water

Wikipedia - Aquatic animal -- Animal which lives in the water for most or all of its lifetime

Wikipedia - Aquatic sill -- A sea floor barrier of relatively shallow depth restricting water movement between oceanic basins

Wikipedia - Arabesque (ballet position)

Wikipedia - Arabesque (ballet)

Wikipedia - Arabic miniature -- Small paintings on paper

Wikipedia - Arab states-Israeli alliance against Iran -- Political alliance in West Asia

Wikipedia - Arachnophobia (film) -- 1990 film directed by Frank Marshall

Wikipedia - Ara Gallant -- American photographer

Wikipedia - Arago telescope -- Telescope at Paris Observatory, installed in 1857

Wikipedia - A Rainy Day in New York -- 2019 film by Woody Allen

Wikipedia - Arakkallan Mukkalkkallan -- 1974 film

Wikipedia - Aralle-Tabulahan language -- Austronesian language spoken in Sulawesi, Indonesia

Wikipedia - Aralumallige Parthasarathy -- Indian writer

Wikipedia - Aramaic original New Testament theory -- Belief that the Christian New Testament was originally written in Aramaic.

Wikipedia - Aram Van Ballaert -- Belgian guitarist and composer

Wikipedia - Aran Bell -- American ballet dancer

Wikipedia - A Random Walk Down Wall Street -- 1973 book by Burton Malkiel

Wikipedia - Aras Valley campaign -- Campaign in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

Wikipedia - Aravalli Range -- Mountain range in western India

Wikipedia - Arborloo -- A simple type of composting toilet in which feces are collected in a shallow pit and a tree is later planted in the full pit

Wikipedia - Arbor press -- Small hand-operated machine tool

Wikipedia - Arcade Independence Square -- Shopping mall in Sri Lanka

Wikipedia - Arcata Ball Park -- Stadium in Arcata, California, USA

Wikipedia - ARC Gallery -- Artists' cooperative in Chicago, IL, US

Wikipedia - Archaeometallurgy

Wikipedia - Archery at the 1920 Summer Olympics - Individual fixed small bird -- Archery at the Olympics

Wikipedia - Archery at the 1920 Summer Olympics - Team fixed small bird -- Archery at the Olympics

Wikipedia - Archibald Corbett, 1st Baron Rowallan -- British politician

Wikipedia - Archibald Cornwall -- Officer of Edinburgh's baillie court executed for treason

Wikipedia - Archibald Macallum

Wikipedia - Archicortex -- Phylogenetically oldest part of the cerebral cortex or pallium

Wikipedia - Archie Marshall (speed skater) -- British speed skater

Wikipedia - Archie Marshall -- British politician

Wikipedia - Architects' Alliance of Ireland

Wikipedia - ArchitectsAlliance -- Toronto-based architectural firm

Wikipedia - Architectural decision -- Software design decisions that address architecturally significant requirements

Wikipedia - Arch of Caracalla (Djemila) -- 3rd-century Roman triumphal arch at Djemila in Algeria (Cuicul)

Wikipedia - ArcLight (biology) -- Genetically-encoded voltage indicator

Wikipedia - Arctic Rally -- Finland rally competition

Wikipedia - Arden Fair -- Mall in Sacramento, California

Wikipedia - Arden: The World of Shakespeare -- 21st-century partially complete educational computer game

Wikipedia - Arden Valley Road -- Highway in New York

Wikipedia - Area code 209 -- Area code of north Central Valley, California

Wikipedia - Area code 307 -- Area code for all of Wyoming, United States

Wikipedia - Area code 480 -- Area code in the East Valley of Phoenix, Arizona

Wikipedia - Area code 605 -- Area code for all of South Dakota, United States

Wikipedia - Area code 626 -- Area code for the San Gabriel Valley of California

Wikipedia - Area code 701 -- Area code for all of North Dakota, United States

Wikipedia - Area code 917 -- Area code that serves all five boroughs of New York City

Wikipedia - Area code 940 -- Area code for Wichita Falls and Denton, Texas, United States

Wikipedia - Area codes 208 and 986 -- Area codes for all of Idaho, United States

Wikipedia - Area codes 214, 469, 972, and 945 -- Area codes for Dallas, Texas, United States

Wikipedia - Are All Men Alike? -- 1920 film

Wikipedia - Are All Men Pedophiles? -- 2012 documentary film by Jan-Willem Breure

Wikipedia - Arecomici -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Arena Football League

Wikipedia - Aren't We All? (film) -- 1932 film

Wikipedia - Arequipa-Antofalla -- A basement unit underlying the central Andes in northwestern Argentina, western Bolivia, northern Chile and southern Peru

Wikipedia - Argentine Love -- 1924 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Argentines -- People of the country of Argentina or who identify as culturally Argentine

Wikipedia - Argentium sterling silver -- Brand of tarnish-resistant silver alloys

Wikipedia - Arghavan Salles -- American surgeon

Wikipedia - Argument from authority -- Logical fallacy of using a high-status figure's belief as evidence in an argument

Wikipedia - Argument from fallacy -- The fallacy that, since an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false

Wikipedia - Argument from ignorance -- Logical fallacy that, since proposition has not yet been proven false, it must be true

Wikipedia - Argument from incredulity -- Informal logical fallacy

Wikipedia - Argument to moderation -- Informal fallacy which asserts that the truth can be found as a compromise between two opposite positions

Wikipedia - Argumentum ad populum -- Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct

Wikipedia - Argus Leader -- Newspaper published in Sioux Falls, South Dakota

Wikipedia - Argyrochosma pallens -- Species of fern in the family Pteridaceae

Wikipedia - Ariana University Women's Volleyball -- Tunisian volleyball club

Wikipedia - Arie Cornelis Brokking -- Dutch volleyball coach

Wikipedia - Ariel Salleh

Wikipedia - Arik Marshall -- Musician

Wikipedia - Arina Sobakina -- Russian ballerina and stage actress

Wikipedia - Aris T. Allen -- American politician

Wikipedia - Aristeidis Metallinos -- Greek sculptor

Wikipedia - Aristide Cavallari

Wikipedia - Aristotelia chilensis -- tree native to Chile bearing small purple-black berries

Wikipedia - Arizona Falls -- Waterfall, park, and powerplant in Phoenix, Arizona

Wikipedia - Arkle Challenge Trophy -- Steeplechase horse race in Britain

Wikipedia - ARkStorm -- Hypothetical but scientifically realistic megastorm scenario

Wikipedia - Arlekino i drugiye -- 1979 studio album by Alla Pugacheva

Wikipedia - Arlekino -- 1975 song with lyrics by Emil Dimitrov, Boris Barkas performed by Alla Pugacheva

Wikipedia - Arlington Hall -- Historic building in Virginia

Wikipedia - Arlon-Marche-en-Famenne-Bastogne-NeufchM-CM-"teau-Virton (Walloon Parliament constituency) -- Political subdivision in Belgium

Wikipedia - ArmaLite -- American small arms engineering company

Wikipedia - A R Mallick -- Bangladeshi historian and educationist

Wikipedia - Armand Jean d'Allonville -- French noble

Wikipedia - Armando Valles -- Mexican gymnast

Wikipedia - Armando Walle -- Texas politician

Wikipedia - Arman-Marshall Silla -- Belarusian taekwondo practitioner

Wikipedia - Armchair warrior -- A pejorative term that alludes to verbally fighting from the comfort of one's living room

Wikipedia - ArM-CM-*te -- A narrow ridge of rock which separates two valleys

Wikipedia - Armed merchantman -- Merchant ship equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes, either by design or after the fact

Wikipedia - Armillaria gallica -- Species of fungus in the family Physalacriaceae

Wikipedia - Armistice of 11 November 1918 -- Armistice during First World War between Allies and Germany

Wikipedia - Armoricani -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Arms of alliance -- heraldic term to denote alliances by marriage

Wikipedia - Army Ballistic Missile Agency

Wikipedia - Army Hall (Sarajevo) -- Building in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Wikipedia - Arnaldo Jimenez Valle -- Puerto Rican politician

Wikipedia - Arnaldo Morales -- Puerto Rican installation artist

Wikipedia - Arnaud des Pallieres -- French film director

Wikipedia - Arnau Roger de Pallars -- bishop of Urgell

Wikipedia - Arndis Halla -- Icelandic operatic soprano

Wikipedia - Arno Allan Penzias

Wikipedia - Arnold Allen (fighter) -- English MMA fighter

Wikipedia - Arnold Allen -- American instructor, public speaker, and writer

Wikipedia - Arnold Field (Tennessee) -- Airport in Halls, Tennessee, United States

Wikipedia - Arnold Wall -- New Zealand university professor, philologist, poet, mountaineer, botanist, writer, radio broadcaster (1869-1966)

Wikipedia - A Rockin' Good Way (to Mess Around and Fall in Love) -- Single

Wikipedia - A Romance of Happy Valley -- 1919 film

Wikipedia - A. Ronald Gallant

Wikipedia - Aroostook Valley Country Club -- Golf course on the Canada-US border near Fort Fairfield, Maine, and Perth-Andover, New Brunswick

Wikipedia - Around a Small Mountain -- 2009 film

Wikipedia - Around the World (1943 film) -- 1943 American comedy film produced and directed by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Arracacha -- Root vegetable originally from the Andes

Wikipedia - Arrack -- Distilled alcoholic drink typically produced in South and Southeast Asia

Wikipedia - Array DBMS -- System that provides database services specifically for arrays

Wikipedia - Arrest of Dominic Hall and Louis Louaillier -- Arrest of Dominic Hall and Louis Louaillier by Andrew Jackson

Wikipedia - Arrest -- The act of apprehending a person and taking them into custody, usually because they have been suspected of committing or planning a crime

Wikipedia - Arrowhead Towne Center -- Shopping mall in Glendale, Arizona, United States

Wikipedia - Arroyo Conejo -- Creek in the Conejo Valley, California

Wikipedia - Arsenio Hall -- American actor, comedian and television host

Wikipedia - Arsen Ninotsmindeli -- Georgian calligrapher

Wikipedia - Artaballabha Mohanty -- Indian writer, literary critique (1887-1969)

Wikipedia - Artaine Castle Shopping Centre -- Small suburban facility, northern Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - Art Alive Art Gallery -- Art gallery in Panchsheel Park, New Delhi

Wikipedia - Art Almanac -- Australian monthly print and internet guide to galleries, art news and awards established 1974

Wikipedia - Art Directors Guild Hall of Fame -- List for Art Directors Guild Hall of Fame

Wikipedia - Artemi Rallo Lombarte -- Spanish politician

Wikipedia - Artemisia Gallery -- Chicagoan alternative exhibition space and women's cooperative

Wikipedia - Arteriolar vasodilator -- Substance or medication that preferentially dilates arterioles

Wikipedia - Arteriotomy -- Medical term for an opening or cut of an artery wall

Wikipedia - Art Gallery of Southwestern Manitoba -- Art museum in Manitoba, Canada

Wikipedia - Art gallery problem

Wikipedia - Art gallery

Wikipedia - Arthrobacter crystallopoietes -- Species of Arthrobacter bacterium

Wikipedia - Arthur Allardt -- American actor

Wikipedia - Arthur Allen Casselman -- Canadian politician

Wikipedia - Arthur Allen (died 1558) -- English politician

Wikipedia - Arthur Allen (general) -- Australian Army general

Wikipedia - Arthur Allers -- Norwegian sailor

Wikipedia - Arthur & Allan Morris Field -- Soccer stadium in Brisbane, Australia

Wikipedia - Arthur Augustus Allen

Wikipedia - Arthur Buxton -- Rector of All Souls Church

Wikipedia - Arthur Calder-Marshall -- English novelist, essayist, critic, memoirist and biographer

Wikipedia - Arthur Callender -- English Egyptologist and engineer

Wikipedia - Arthur Cornwallis Madan -- British linguist and Anglican missionary

Wikipedia - Arthur Dale Trendall

Wikipedia - Arthur David Hall III

Wikipedia - Arthur Edgar Jalland -- British politician

Wikipedia - Arthur Ernest Morgan -- First Chairman, Tennessee Valley Authority

Wikipedia - Arthur Hallam -- English poet

Wikipedia - Arthur Hall (English politician) -- English courtier and translator

Wikipedia - Arthur Halligan -- New Zealand hurdler

Wikipedia - Arthur Henry Dallimore -- New Zealand Pentecostal minister and British-Israelite

Wikipedia - Arthur Hill Hassall

Wikipedia - Arthur Iberall -- American physicist

Wikipedia - Arthur L. Hall -- American choreographer

Wikipedia - Arthur Percy Swallow -- Canadian politician

Wikipedia - Arthur Verrall

Wikipedia - Arthur Wallace Peach -- American pooet and Vermont historian

Wikipedia - Arthur Wallace (politician) -- Australian politician

Wikipedia - Arthur Wallace Skrine -- British colonial governor

Wikipedia - Arthur Wallis (Bible teacher) -- Itinerant Bible teacher and author

Wikipedia - Arthur Weigall

Wikipedia - Arthur Wilson (crystallographer) -- Canadian crystallographer (1914-1995)

Wikipedia - Article 48 (Weimar Constitution) -- Article of the Weimar Constitution allowed Chancellor Adolf Hitler, with decrees issued by President Paul von Hindenburg, to create a totalitarian dictatorship after the Nazi Party's rise to power in the early 1930s.

Wikipedia - Articles of Agreement (cricket) -- First formally agreed rules in cricket

Wikipedia - Articularis genus muscle -- Small skeletal muscle

Wikipedia - Articulated Wall -- Outdoor sculpture in Denver, Colorado

Wikipedia - Artie Shaw: Time Is All You've Got -- 1986 film directed by Brigitte Berman

Wikipedia - Artificial gills (human) -- Hypothetical devices to allow a human to take in oxygen from surrounding water

Wikipedia - Artificiality -- State of being the product of intentional human manufacture, rather than occurring naturally

Wikipedia - Artificial reef -- A human-created underwater structure, typically built to promote marine life, control erosion, block ship passage, block the use of trawling nets, or improve surfing

Wikipedia - Artificial wave -- Human-made waves usually created on a specially designed surface or in a pool

Wikipedia - Artificial whitewater -- Artificially created water sports venue

Wikipedia - Artists and Orphans: A True Drama -- 2001 film by Lianne Klapper McNally

Wikipedia - Artists Space Gallery -- Australian Art Gallery

Wikipedia - Artists' Television Access -- Art gallery and screening venue in San Francisco

Wikipedia - Arts District, Dallas -- A neighborhood in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Artur Alliksaar

Wikipedia - Arturo Acevedo Vallarino -- Colombian film director

Wikipedia - Arturo Casadevall -- Cuban-American scientist

Wikipedia - Arturo Lafalla -- Argentine politician

Wikipedia - Arturo Quintavalle -- Italian art historian

Wikipedia - A Rumor of Angels -- 2000 American film directed by Peter O'Fallon

Wikipedia - Aruna Kumari Galla -- Indian politician

Wikipedia - Arundel Mills -- Shopping mall in Maryland, U.S.

Wikipedia - Arvanitika -- Variety of Albanian traditionally spoken languages by the Arvanites, a population group in Greece

Wikipedia - Arverni -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Arve Valley -- Valley in Haute-Savoie department, France

Wikipedia - Arvid Wallman -- Swedish diver

Wikipedia - Aryballos -- Type of ancient Greek vase

Wikipedia - As a Man Thinketh -- Book by James Allen

Wikipedia - Asaph Hall

Wikipedia - Asbestos Creek Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Asbestos Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Asbury Park Convention Hall -- Indoor exhibition center in New Jersey, United States

Wikipedia - Ascended master -- Spiritually enlightened beings in Ascended Master Teachings

Wikipedia - Ascot, Berkshire -- Affluent small town in east Berkshire, England

Wikipedia - Asha Ahmed Abdalla -- Somali politician

Wikipedia - Ash Atalla -- Egyptian-born British television producer

Wikipedia - Ashby-de-la-Zouch -- A small market town in Leicestershire, England

Wikipedia - Ashes & Diamonds Winery -- Winery in Napa Valley, CA, US

Wikipedia - Ashesh Malla -- Nepalese writer and theatre director

Wikipedia - Asheville Mall -- Regional mall in Asheville, North Carolina

Wikipedia - Ashfall (film) -- South Korean film

Wikipedia - Ashfall Fossil Beds -- Park in Nebraska, USA

Wikipedia - Ashiko -- Tapered drum traditionally found in West Africa and part of the Americas

Wikipedia - Ashleigh Ball -- Canadian voice actress, musician, and singer

Wikipedia - Ashley Alexandra Dupre -- American call-girl, singer and columnist

Wikipedia - Ashley Ballard -- American R&B singer

Wikipedia - Ashley Bouder -- American ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Ashley Bramall -- British politician

Wikipedia - Ashley Callie -- South African actress

Wikipedia - Ashley Charters -- American former softball infielder

Wikipedia - Ashley Chastain -- American softball coach

Wikipedia - Ashley Hall (golfer) -- Australian professional golfer

Wikipedia - Ashley Hansen (softball) -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Ashley Kallos -- Canadian curler

Wikipedia - Ashley Landing -- Shopping mall in South Carolina, USA

Wikipedia - Ashley Obrest -- American softball coach

Wikipedia - Ashlie Andrews -- Canadian goalball player

Wikipedia - Ashorne Hall Railway -- Ridable miniature railway in Warwickshire, England

Wikipedia - A Show Called Fred -- Television series

Wikipedia - Ashraf Sehrai -- Kashmiri separatist leader and chairman of All Parties Hurriyat Conference

Wikipedia - Ashtar (extraterrestrial being) -- Alleged extraterrestrial being

Wikipedia - Ashur-uballit II

Wikipedia - Ashur-uballit I

Wikipedia - Asiamerica -- Large island formed from Laurasia, separated by shallow continental seas from Eurasia to the West and eastern North America to the East

Wikipedia - Asian golden cat -- Small wild cat

Wikipedia - Asian Mile Challenge -- Series of horse races in Asia and the Pacific

Wikipedia - Asian School of Business -- Business school in Technocity West, Pallipuram, Trivandrum, Kerala. India

Wikipedia - Asian small-clawed otter -- Species of mammal

Wikipedia - Asian Universities Alliance -- Asian university alliance

Wikipedia - Asiatic wildcat -- Small wild cat

Wikipedia - As in a Looking Glass -- 1916 film by Frank Hall Crane

Wikipedia - A Small Circle of Friends -- 1980 film by Rob Cohen

Wikipedia - A Small Down Payment on Bliss -- 1929 film

Wikipedia - A Small Town Girl -- 1915 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - A Small Town Idol -- 1921 film

Wikipedia - Asma Mohamed Abdalla -- Sudanese diplomat

Wikipedia - AS Marsa (volleyball) -- Tunisian volleyball club

Wikipedia - AS Marsa Women's Volleyball -- Tunisian volleyball club

Wikipedia - A Society Scandal -- 1924 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - A Space Gallery -- Canadian artist-run centre

Wikipedia - Asparagus Island -- A small tidal island on the eastern side of Mount's Bay, within the parish of Mullion, Cornwall

Wikipedia - Aspen Valley High School -- American high school in Colorado

Wikipedia - Aspersion -- Act of sprinkling with water, especially holy water, in a religious context

Wikipedia - Aspex Gallery -- Art gallery

Wikipedia - A Splendid Hazard -- 1920 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - A. S. Rugge House -- Historic home at Glens Falls, Warren County, New York

Wikipedia - Assabet River National Wildlife Refuge -- protected wildlife area and former military installation in central Massachusetts, United States

Wikipedia - Assabet River Rail Trail -- partially-completed rail trail in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States

Wikipedia - Assabet Valley Regional Technical High School -- high school in Marlborough, Massachusetts

Wikipedia - Assane Dame Fall -- Senegalese canoeist

Wikipedia - Assassin (deejay) -- Jamaican dancehall DJ

Wikipedia - Assassin's Creed Valhalla

Wikipedia - Assault of DeAndre Harris -- Assault that occurred at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia

Wikipedia - Assembly Hall, Warwick -- Heritage-listed community hall

Wikipedia - Asser Wallenius -- Finnish speed skater

Wikipedia - Assessment and Qualifications Alliance

Wikipedia - Asshole -- English insult describing the anus, usually used to refer to people

Wikipedia - Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Installations, Environment > Logistics)

Wikipedia - Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installations, Energy and Environment)

Wikipedia - Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment)

Wikipedia - Assisted suicide -- Suicide committed by someone with assistance from another person or persons, typically in regard to people suffering from a severe physical illness

Wikipedia - Assize of Arms of 1181 -- Proclamation of all freemen in england

Wikipedia - Associacao Desportiva Brusque -- Brazilian volleyball club

Wikipedia - Associacao Volei Bauru -- Brazilian volleyball club

Wikipedia - Association fallacy

Wikipedia - Association football culture

Wikipedia - Association football

Wikipedia - Association of Boxing Alliances in the Philippines -- Boxing association in Philippines

Wikipedia - Associative property -- Property allowing removing parentheses in a sequence of operations

Wikipedia - Assyrian independence movement -- Movement calling for Assyrian independence and self-governance

Wikipedia - Asterix Kieldrecht -- Belgian volleyball club

Wikipedia - Aston Martin Valhalla -- Upcoming mid-engine sports car

Wikipedia - Astoria Fan -- A submarine fan radiating asymmetrically southward from the mouth of the Astoria Canyon

Wikipedia - Astrakhan Jews -- Culturally heterogeneous group

Wikipedia - Astrid Chevallier -- French Visual Artist and Musician

Wikipedia - Astroballe -- Sports venue in Lyon

Wikipedia - Astronomical Observatory of Mallorca

Wikipedia - A Sweeter Song -- 1976 film directed by Allan Eastman

Wikipedia - Asya Miller -- American goalball player

Wikipedia - Asymmetric valley -- A valley that has steeper slopes on one side

Wikipedia - Asymptotically optimal algorithm

Wikipedia - Asymptotically optimal

Wikipedia - Asymptotically

Wikipedia - Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports -- Mountaineering institute in Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India

Wikipedia - Atallah Al-Anazi -- Saudi Arabian sports shooter

Wikipedia - Atallah Mohammed -- Iraqi weightlifter

Wikipedia - Ataman Guneyligil -- Turkish volleyball coach

Wikipedia - Atanasio Ballesteros -- Spanish lawyer and politician

Wikipedia - Ate my balls -- Early internet meme

Wikipedia - Ateneo Art Gallery -- University museum in Quezon City, Philippines

Wikipedia - A Texas Steer -- 1927 film by Richard Wallace

Wikipedia - At Full Gallop -- 1996 film

Wikipedia - Athabasca Valles -- Outflow channel on Mars

Wikipedia - Athanasius Allanson

Wikipedia - Atheist Alliance International

Wikipedia - Athena (spacecraft) -- Proposed Pallas flyby probe

Wikipedia - Athens Concert Hall

Wikipedia - Athens Ohio Halloween Block Party -- Annual event

Wikipedia - Atheroma -- Accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of artery walls

Wikipedia - Athetis pallustris -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Athirappilly Falls -- Waterfall in Athirappilly, India

Wikipedia - Athlete Ally -- American LGBTQ athletic advocacy group

Wikipedia - Athletics at the 2003 All-Africa Games - Women's triple jump -- Athletics event

Wikipedia - Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games - Men's decathlon -- Athletics event

Wikipedia - Athletics at the 2011 All-Africa Games - Women's 20 kilometres walk -- Women Walk competition

Wikipedia - Athula Attygalle -- Sri Lankan scientist

Wikipedia - Atigun Gorge -- Valley in North Slope Borough, United States of America

Wikipedia - Atina Johnston -- Canadian curler and Olympic gold medallist

Wikipedia - ATK (football club)

Wikipedia - Atlanta Airport (Idaho) -- Small airport

Wikipedia - Atlantic Center of Modern Art -- Modern artt gallery in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Wikipedia - Atlantic Hall -- Secondary school in Epe, Nigeria

Wikipedia - Atlantic Rally for Cruisers -- sailing event

Wikipedia - Atlantic Superstore Monctonian Challenge -- World Curling Tour event

Wikipedia - Atlantic Wall (film) -- 1970 film

Wikipedia - Atlantic Wall -- Extensive system of coastal fortifications built by Nazi Germany

Wikipedia - Atlas Falls -- 2020 single by Shinedown

Wikipedia - Atmospheric instability -- Condition where the Earth's atmosphere is generally considered to be unstable

Wikipedia - At Night All Cats Are Crazy -- 1977 film by Gerard Zingg

Wikipedia - Atom -- smallest unit of a chemical element

Wikipedia - Atopy -- Predisposition towards allergy

Wikipedia - A Town Called Mercy -- Episode of Doctor Who

Wikipedia - A Town Called Panic (film) -- 2009 film

Wikipedia - A Tragedy of Fashion -- Frederick Ashton's first ballet

Wikipedia - Atrevete-te-te -- 2006 single by Calle 13

Wikipedia - Atrial septostomy -- Surgical procedure in which a small hole is created between the upper two chambers of the heart, the atria

Wikipedia - A Tribe Called Quest -- American hip-hop group

Wikipedia - A Tribe Called Red

Wikipedia - Atropa pallidiflora -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Attack on Reginald Denny -- Racially motivated attack during the 1992 L.A. riots

Wikipedia - Attack on Titan: Before the Fall -- Japanese light novels series

Wikipedia - Attalla, Alabama -- City in Alabama, United States

Wikipedia - AT>T CallVantage

Wikipedia - Attendance Allowance -- A welfare benefit in the United Kingdom

Wikipedia - Attention (bugle call) -- Bugle call sounded as a warning that troops are about to be called to attention.

Wikipedia - Attention seeking -- To act in a way that is likely to elicit attention, usually to elicit validation from others.

Wikipedia - Attilia Radice -- Italian ballerina

Wikipedia - Attin Bhalla -- Indian actor

Wikipedia - Attorneys in the United States -- Practitioner in a court of law who is legally qualified to prosecute and defend actions in court

Wikipedia - Atuatuci -- Gallic-Germanic tribe

Wikipedia - Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby -- British Indian Army general

Wikipedia - Aubert Pallascio -- Canadian actor

Wikipedia - Aubrey Mallalieu -- English actor

Wikipedia - Audio coding format -- Digitally coded format for audio signals

Wikipedia - Audio signal -- A representation of sound, typically as an electrical voltage

Wikipedia - Auditory hallucination -- Form of hallucination that involves perceiving sounds without auditory stimulus

Wikipedia - Audrey Callaghan -- British Labour councillor, wife of James Callaghan

Wikipedia - Audrey Henshall -- British archaeologist

Wikipedia - Audrey Lindvall -- American model

Wikipedia - Audrey McCall Beach -- beach in Oregon, US

Wikipedia - Audubon Ballroom -- Former theater and ballroom in Manhattan, New York

Wikipedia - Auger electron spectroscopy -- Analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces

Wikipedia - Augrabies Falls National Park -- National park in the Northern Cape, South Africa

Wikipedia - August Alle

Wikipedia - August and Everything After: Live at Town Hall -- Live album by Counting Crows

Wikipedia - Augusta Nielsen -- Danish ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Augusta Viromanduorum -- Ancient Gallo-Roman settlement

Wikipedia - August Bournonville -- Danish ballet master and choreographer

Wikipedia - Augustus Henry Eden Allhusen -- British politician

Wikipedia - Augustus N. Allen -- American architect

Wikipedia - Augustus P. Hascall -- American politician

Wikipedia - Aula Magna (Central University of Venezuela) -- University concert hall in Caracas, Venezuela

Wikipedia - Auld Alliance Trophy -- Annual trophy contested between France and Scotland since 2018

Wikipedia - Auldhame > Scoughall

Wikipedia - Aulis Sallinen -- Finnish composer of contemporary classical music

Wikipedia - Aulus Didius Gallus -- 1st century AD Roman general and politician

Wikipedia - Aunt Sally (film) -- 1933 film by Tim Whelan

Wikipedia - Aura Gallery -- Art gallery in Beijing, China

Wikipedia - Aurelianus (Gallo-Roman) -- Gallo-Roman statesman

Wikipedia - Aurelian Walls

Wikipedia - Aurelie Dupont -- French ballet dancer and director

Wikipedia - Aurelien Lechevallier -- French diplomat

Wikipedia - Aurelio Dalla Vecchia -- Olympic sailor from Italy

Wikipedia - Au revoir les enfants -- 1987 autobiographical film directed by Louis Malle

Wikipedia - Aury Wallington -- American novelist

Wikipedia - AU Small Finance Bank -- Indian small finance commercial bank

Wikipedia - Aussie Peppers -- Professional women's softball team

Wikipedia - Austenite -- Metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron, with an alloying element

Wikipedia - Austin & Ally -- American comedy television series

Wikipedia - Austin Gallagher

Wikipedia - Austin Kanallakan -- American figure skater

Wikipedia - Austin M. Allran -- American politician

Wikipedia - Australia Calls (1913 film) -- 1913 film by Raymond Longford

Wikipedia - Australia Calls (1923 film) -- 1923 film

Wikipedia - Australia Hall -- Former theatre and cinema in Pembroke, Malta

Wikipedia - Australian Aboriginal Flag -- Officially proclaimed flag representing Aboriginal Australians

Wikipedia - Australian Cattle Dog -- Breed of herding dog originally developed in Australia for droving cattle

Wikipedia - Australian Digital Alliance -- Australian trade association

Wikipedia - Australian Plate -- A major tectonic plate, originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwana

Wikipedia - Australian rules football culture

Wikipedia - Australian rules football in Africa

Wikipedia - Australian rules football in Samoa

Wikipedia - Australia's Got Talent: Challengers & Champions -- Australian TV show

Wikipedia - Australlus -- Extinct genus of birds

Wikipedia - Austria victim theory -- Ideological basis for Austria under allied occupation and in the Second Austrian Republic until the 1980s

Wikipedia - Austria women's national under-18 volleyball team -- Wikimedia list article

Wikipedia - Autaritus -- 3rd-century BCE Gallic chieftain and mercenary

Wikipedia - Autarky -- The quality of self-sufficiency, especially regarding economics

Wikipedia - Autism Is a World -- A 2004 documentary which uncritically portrays a discredited communication technique

Wikipedia - Autoconfig -- Amiga system for automatically setting up hardware peripherals

Wikipedia - Autofill -- Software function that prefills fields automatically

Wikipedia - Autofocus -- Optical system to focus on an automatically or manually selected point or area

Wikipedia - Automatic activation device -- Device that automatically opens a parachute

Wikipedia - Automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software

Wikipedia - Automatic gain control -- Electronic circuit to automatically adjust signal strength

Wikipedia - Automatic Lover (Call for Love) -- 1994 single by Real McCoy

Wikipedia - Automatic memory allocation

Wikipedia - Automatic parallelization

Wikipedia - Automatic test equipment -- Apparatus used in hardware testing that carries out a series of tests automatically

Wikipedia - Automatic Train Protection (United Kingdom) -- Railway cab signalling system

Wikipedia - Automatic train protection -- System installed in trains to prevent collisions through driver error

Wikipedia - Automatic transmission -- Type of motor vehicle transmission that automatically changes gear ratio as the vehicle moves

Wikipedia - Automatic vehicle location -- Means for automatically determining and transmitting the geographic location of a vehicle

Wikipedia - Autonomous Municipalities Act of 1991 -- Puerto Rican law that regulates the local government of all the municipalities of Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Autumn MacDougall -- Canadian ice hockey forward

Wikipedia - AV1 -- Open and royalty-free video coding format developed by the Alliance for Open Media

Wikipedia - Avalanche effect -- Property of cryptographic algorithms where a small change in the input causes a large change the output

Wikipedia - A Valley Grows Up -- Book by Edward Osmond

Wikipedia - AvalokiteM-EM-^[vara -- Buddhist bodhisattva embodying the compassion of all buddhas

Wikipedia - Avanti Air -- Small German airline

Wikipedia - Ava's Possessions -- 2015 film by Jordan Galland

Wikipedia - Avatici -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Ave Kallu -- 1967 film by A. C. Tirulokchandar

Wikipedia - Avelino Gonzalez Mallada -- Spanish politician and trade unionist (1894-1938)

Wikipedia - Aventura Mall -- Shopping Mall in Aventura, Florida, United States

Wikipedia - Avenues and Alleyways -- 1973 single by Tony Christie

Wikipedia - Averil Deverell -- First woman called to the bar in Ireland

Wikipedia - Aviation, Communication and Allied Workers Union -- Trade union in Trinidad and Tobago

Wikipedia - Aviraptor -- Small extinct bird of prey

Wikipedia - Avnu Alliance -- For open Audio Video Bridging (AVB) and Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards

Wikipedia - Avocation -- Calling, which may or may not provide employment

Wikipedia - Awakenings -- 1990 film by Penny Marshall, Alain Cuniot

Wikipedia - A Wall Street Tragedy -- 1916 film by Lawrence Marston

Wikipedia - Awards received by Jane Goodall -- List of awards received by English primatologist and anthropologist Jane Goodall

Wikipedia - Away All Boats -- 1956 film by Joseph Pevney

Wikipedia - A Witch Shall be Born -- Conan novella by Robert E. Howard

Wikipedia - Awliya Allah Amuli -- Iranian historian

Wikipedia - A Woman of Pleasure -- 1919 film by Wallace Worsley

Wikipedia - Axel Wallengren -- Swedish writer

Wikipedia - Axiall -- A major manufacturer and marketer of chlorovinyls and aromatics

Wikipedia - Axinidris palligastrion -- Species of ant

Wikipedia - Axiomatic system -- Mathematical term; any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction to logically derive theorems

Wikipedia - Axis > Allies

Wikipedia - Axis & Allies: D-Day -- 2004 board game

Wikipedia - Axis & Allies: Europe 1940 -- 2010 board wargame

Wikipedia - Axis & Allies: Europe -- 2001 board game

Wikipedia - Axis & Allies: Pacific 1940 -- 2010 board game

Wikipedia - Axis & Allies -- World War II strategy board game series

Wikipedia - Axis powers -- Alliance of countries in World War II

Wikipedia - Axis Sally (film) -- Upcoming film

Wikipedia - Axum (programming language) -- Domain specific concurrent programming language originally developed by Microsoft

Wikipedia - Ayad Allawi -- Iraqi politician

Wikipedia - Ayala Center Cebu -- Shopping mall in the Philippines

Wikipedia - Ayala Malls Central Bloc -- Shopping mall in the Philippines

Wikipedia - Ayala Malls Legazpi -- Shopping mall in the Philippines

Wikipedia - Ayala Malls Vertis North -- Shopping mall in Quezon City, Philippines

Wikipedia - Ayala Malls -- Chain of shopping malls owned by Ayala Corporation

Wikipedia - Ayan Allahverdiyeva -- Azerbaijani chess player

Wikipedia - A Yank in Indo-China -- 1952 film by Wallace Grissell

Wikipedia - A Yank in Viet-Nam -- 1964 film by Marshall Thompson

Wikipedia - Ayden Callaghan -- British actor

Wikipedia - Aydin BuyukM-EM-^_ehir Belediyespor -- Turkish women's volleyball team

Wikipedia - Ayers Kaserne -- U.S. Army installation in Germany

Wikipedia - Ayitham -- 1988 film by Venu Nagavally

Wikipedia - Aysgarth Falls -- Aysgarth Falls

Wikipedia - Ayumi Karino -- Japanese softball player

Wikipedia - Ayun Halliday -- American writer

Wikipedia - Azapa Valley -- Landform in Chile

Wikipedia - Azerbaijani ballet -- Features of classical ballet in Azerbaijan.

Wikipedia - Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater -- Opera house in Baku

Wikipedia - Azerbaijan State Art Gallery -- Art museum

Wikipedia - Azeryol Baku -- Azerbaijani women's volleyball club

Wikipedia - Azizah Abd Allah Abu Lahum -- Yemeni novelist and writer

Wikipedia - Azores Current -- A generally eastward to southeastward-flowing current in the North Atlantic, originating near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland where it splits from Gulf Stream

Wikipedia - Aztec Empire -- Imperial alliance of city states located in central Mexico during the 15th and 16th centuries

Wikipedia - Azure gallinule -- Species of bird

Wikipedia - Baars, Overijssel -- Small village in the Netherlands

Wikipedia - Babsko Praskalo -- Waterfall in Bulgaria

Wikipedia - Baby Ballroom -- English dance competition reality television series

Wikipedia - Baby boomers -- Generation born during the post-World War II baby boom, with birth dates generally from 1946 to 1964

Wikipedia - Baby bottle -- Bottle containing liquid (usually milk) to nourish infant

Wikipedia - Baby Lloyd Stallworth -- American soul singer

Wikipedia - Babylon (ballad) -- Child ballad 14,Roud 27

Wikipedia - Babymetal -- Japanese all-female metal group

Wikipedia - Baby Mine (1917 film) -- 1917 film by John S. Robertson, Hugo Ballin

Wikipedia - Babyshoe Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Baby, We're Really in Love -- 1951 Hank Williams song

Wikipedia - Bachelor's Grove Cemetery -- Cemetery in suburban Chicago known for its alleged ghost sightings

Wikipedia - Bachelor -- Unmarried man socially regarded as able to marry.

Wikipedia - Bachman station -- DART light rail station in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Baciato dalla fortuna -- 2011 Italian comedy film directed by Paolo Costella

Wikipedia - Backlash (Star Wars novel) -- 2010 novel by Aaron Allston

Wikipedia - Back-side bus -- Computer bus used on early Intel platforms to connect the CPU to CPU cache memory, usually off-die L2

Wikipedia - Back to Life (1913 film) -- 1913 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Bacon Lake Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Bacoor Government Center -- City hall of the Bacoor, Cavite

Wikipedia - Bacteriolysin -- Class of substances which dissolve bacterial cell walls

Wikipedia - Bactine -- Topically applied first-aid antiseptic and anesthetic

Wikipedia - Badadanampalle -- village in Andhra Pradesh, India

Wikipedia - Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup -- 2018 book by John Carreyrou

Wikipedia - Bad Boys for Life -- 2020 film directed by Adil & Bilall

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Wikipedia - Bad Goisern am HallstM-CM-$ttersee -- Place in Upper Austria, Austria

Wikipedia - Bad Reichenhall

Wikipedia - Badwater Basin -- Salt-filled basin in Death Valley National Park, containing the lowest point in North America

Wikipedia - Baek Jong-won's Alley Restaurant -- South Korean cooking-variety program

Wikipedia - Baffle Ball

Wikipedia - BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language -- Presented annually at the British Academy Film Awards

Wikipedia - Bagha-Chall

Wikipedia - Baghdad Pact -- Military alliance involving Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom (1955-1979)

Wikipedia - Bag It Up -- 2000 single by Geri Halliwell

Wikipedia - Bagnall Beach Observatory -- Astronomical observatory on the east coast of Australia

Wikipedia - Bahia Ballena -- district in Osa canton, Puntarenas province, Costa Rica

Wikipedia - Bahia Drake -- Small bay on the north side of the Osa Peninsula in Costa Rica

Wikipedia - Bailey Pond -- Small lake in New York (state)

Wikipedia - Bait ball

Wikipedia - Bajaj Allianz General Insurance -- Indian private insurance company

Wikipedia - Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance -- Indian life insurance company

Wikipedia - BaKardi Slang -- 2000 single by Kardinal Offishall

Wikipedia - Baker's Pit Nature Reserve -- Nature reserve in Cornwall

Wikipedia - Bakugan: Armored Alliance

Wikipedia - Balancing rock -- Naturally occurring precariously balanced rock

Wikipedia - B. Alan Wallace

Wikipedia - Bal des Ardents -- Masquerade ball held on 28M-BM- January 1393 in Paris

Wikipedia - Bal des debutantes -- French debutante ball

Wikipedia - Bal du Bois -- Annual ball in Richmond, Virginia

Wikipedia - Baldurs draumar -- Ballet by Geirr Tveitt

Wikipedia - Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance II

Wikipedia - Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance

Wikipedia - Baldwin Gallery -- Contemporary Art Gallery in Aspen, Colorado, USA

Wikipedia - Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza -- Shopping mall located in the Baldwin Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, California

Wikipedia - Baldwin Wallace Yellow Jackets -- Athletic teams representing Baldwin Wallace University

Wikipedia - Balkan ballad

Wikipedia - Balla Baby -- 2004 single by Chingy

Wikipedia - Ballabeg -- A village in the Isle of Man

Wikipedia - Ballabhgarh railway station -- Train station in Haryana, India

Wikipedia - Balla Camara -- Guinean economist and politician

Wikipedia - Ballad 30 -- Sailboat class

Wikipedia - Ballade (classical music)

Wikipedia - Ballade (DvoM-EM-^Yak) -- Composition by Antonin DvoM-EM-^Yak

Wikipedia - Ballade (forme fixe)

Wikipedia - Ballade No. 1 (Chopin) -- Composition for piano by Frederic Chopin

Wikipedia - Ballade No. 2 (Chopin) -- Composition for piano by Frederic Chopin

Wikipedia - Ballade No. 3 (Chopin) -- Composition for piano by Frederic Chopin

Wikipedia - Ballade No. 4 (Chopin) -- Composition for piano by Frederic Chopin

Wikipedia - Ballade pM-CM-% Christianshavn -- 1970 film

Wikipedia - Ballades (Chopin)

Wikipedia - Ballad for One Gun -- 1963 Australian television film

Wikipedia - Balla Dieye -- Senegalese taekwondo practitioner

Wikipedia - Ballad in Blue -- 1964 film

Wikipedia - Ballad of a Gunman -- 1967 film

Wikipedia - Ballad of an Old Gun -- 1986 film directed by Gennadiy Voronin

Wikipedia - Ballad of a Soldier -- 1959 film

Wikipedia - Ballad of Carl-Henning -- 1969 film

Wikipedia - Ballad of Seodong -- 2005-2006 South Korean television series

Wikipedia - Ballad of Tara -- 1979 film

Wikipedia - Ballad of the Desert

Wikipedia - Ballad of the Goodly Fere -- Poem

Wikipedia - Ballad of the Masterthief Ole Hoiland -- 1970 film

Wikipedia - Balladoole -- Historic monument site on the Isle of Man

Wikipedia - Ballad opera

Wikipedia - Ballad -- Verse set to music

Wikipedia - Ballagoth -- Village development committee in Janakpur Zone, Nepal

Wikipedia - Ballainvilliers -- Commune in M-CM-^Nle-de-France, France

Wikipedia - Ballaja Barracks -- Military barracks located in San Juan, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Ballaja, Old San Juan -- Subbarrio of San Juan Antiguo in Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Ballakermeen High School -- High school on the Isle of Man

Wikipedia - Ballaleshwar Pali -- Temple in Raigad district, in India

Wikipedia - Balla Linda -- 1968 song by Lucio Battisti

Wikipedia - Ballana -- Archaeological site in Nubia

Wikipedia - Ballancourt-sur-Essonne -- Commune in M-CM-^Nle-de-France, France

Wikipedia - Ball-and-disk integrator -- Component used in mechanical computers

Wikipedia - Ballands Castle -- Former castle in Somerset, England

Wikipedia - Ball-and-socket joint -- Ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone

Wikipedia - Ballantine Adult Fantasy series

Wikipedia - Ballantine Books -- American book publisher

Wikipedia - Ballantine scale -- A biologically defined scale for measuring the degree of exposure level of wave action on a rocky shore

Wikipedia - Ballantyne Pier -- Pier in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Wikipedia - Ballarat Airport -- Airport in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia

Wikipedia - Ballarat Sports and Events Centre -- Sports complex in Victoria, Australia

Wikipedia - Ballarat Tramway Museum -- Tram museum in Ballarat, Victoria

Wikipedia - Ballard Berkeley -- Actor

Wikipedia - Ballard Bridge -- Drawbridge in Seattle, Washington, United States

Wikipedia - Ballard High School (Louisville, Kentucky) -- Public high school in Louisville, Kentucky

Wikipedia - Ballard School (New Milton) -- School in Hampshire, UK

Wikipedia - Ball Arena -- Multi-purpose arena architectural structure

Wikipedia - Ballast -- Material that is used to provide stability to a vehicle or structure

Wikipedia - Ballas -- Shards of non-gem-grade/quality, spherical diamonds with no crystal form

Wikipedia - Ball at Savoy (1936 film) -- 1936 film

Wikipedia - Ball at the Savoy (1955 film) -- 1955 film

Wikipedia - Ballavarry Burial Mound -- Bronze Age burial mound in the parish of Andreas on the Isle of Man

Wikipedia - Ball badminton -- Badminton variation

Wikipedia - Ball bearing -- Type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation between the bearing races.

Wikipedia - Ball Bluff, Minnesota -- Unincorporated community in Minnesota, US

Wikipedia - Ball Bluff Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota -- Township in Minnesota, United States

Wikipedia - Ballbot -- Mobile robot design

Wikipedia - Ball Club, Minnesota -- Census-designated place in Minnesota, US

Wikipedia - Ball (crater) -- Lunar crater

Wikipedia - Ball culture -- Black and Latino LGBT subculture in the United States

Wikipedia - Ball (dance party)

Wikipedia - Ball Don't Lie -- 2008 film directed by Brin Hill

Wikipedia - Balleny Seamounts -- Seamounts named in association with the Balleny Islands

Wikipedia - Ballerburg

Wikipedia - Ballerina (1956 film) -- 1956 film

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Wikipedia - Ballerina (programming language)

Wikipedia - Ballerina Stakes (Canada) -- Canadian horse race

Wikipedia - Ballerina

Wikipedia - Ballerina with Action Man Parts -- Sculpture by Banksy

Wikipedia - Ballersdorf -- Commune in Grand Est, France

Wikipedia - Ballers -- American comedy-drama television series

Wikipedia - Ballerup Super Arena -- Multi-purpose indoor arena, in Ballerup, Denmark

Wikipedia - Ballet Black -- British ballet company

Wikipedia - Ballet blanc

Wikipedia - Ballet company

Wikipedia - Ballet d'action

Wikipedia - Ballet dancer -- Person who practices the art of ballet

Wikipedia - Ballet de cour

Wikipedia - Ballet (film)

Wikipedia - Ballet master

Wikipedia - Ballet Mecanique -- 1924 film

Wikipedia - Ballet (music)

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Wikipedia - Ballet Review

Wikipedia - Ballets de cour

Wikipedia - Ballet shoe

Wikipedia - Ballet Society

Wikipedia - Ballets Russes

Wikipedia - Ballet technique

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Wikipedia - Ballet tutu

Wikipedia - Ballet -- Form of performance dance

Wikipedia - Ballez -- American ballet company

Wikipedia - Ball (foot) -- Ball of the foot

Wikipedia - B.A.L.L. Four: Hardball -- 1990 album by B.A.L.L.

Wikipedia - Ball game

Wikipedia - Ball gown -- Most formal style of full-length woman's evening dress

Wikipedia - Ball grid array -- Surface-mount packaging that uses an array of solder balls

Wikipedia - Ballia Nagar (Assembly constituency) -- Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India

Wikipedia - Ballia railway station -- Railway Station in Uttar Pradesh, India

Wikipedia - Ballia -- City in Uttar Pradesh, India

Wikipedia - Ballidon Dale -- Valley in the Derbyshire Peak District

Wikipedia - Balli Durga Prasad Rao -- Member of the 17th Lok Sabha

Wikipedia - Ballifurth Farm Halt railway station

Wikipedia - Balligomingo -- American music project

Wikipedia - Ballina, County Mayo

Wikipedia - Ballinalacken Castle

Wikipedia - Ballinard (civil parish) -- Civil parish in County Limerick, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballina Seahorses -- Australian rugby union club

Wikipedia - Ballina Shire -- Local government area in New South Wales, Australia

Wikipedia - Ballinasloe

Wikipedia - Ballinatray -- Townlands in Gorey, County Wexford, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballinderry Sword -- Irish Viking-style sword

Wikipedia - Ballindoon Friary

Wikipedia - Ballingarry, County Limerick -- Village in County Limerick, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballin (Juicy J song) -- 2016 song performed by Juicy J

Wikipedia - Ballinknockane -- Site of Irish national monument

Wikipedia - Ballin' (Mustard song) -- 2019 song by Mustard

Wikipedia - Ballinskelligs Abbey -- House of Augustinian canons, County Kerry, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballinskelligs Castle -- Ruin of a castle in County Kerry, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballinskelligs -- Area in western County Kerry, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballinspittle

Wikipedia - Ballinteer -- Southern suburb of Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballintemple, Cork

Wikipedia - Ball in the Family -- 2017 American reality web television series

Wikipedia - Balliol College, Oxford -- Constituent college of the University of Oxford

Wikipedia - Balliol College

Wikipedia - Ball (Iron Butterfly album) -- Album by Iron Butterfly

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Wikipedia - Ballistic conduction -- Movement of charge carriers with negligible scattering

Wikipedia - Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever -- 2002 film by Wych Kaosayananda

Wikipedia - Ballistic eyewear -- Form of glasses or goggles that protect from small projectiles and fragments

Wikipedia - Ballistic foam -- Foam used in the manufacture and repair of aircraft

Wikipedia - Ballistic Missile Defense Organization -- former agency of the United States Department of Defense

Wikipedia - Ballistic missile defense

Wikipedia - Ballistic missile submarine -- Submarine able to launch ballistic missiles

Wikipedia - Ballistic missile -- Missile that follows a sub-orbital ballistic flightpath

Wikipedia - Ballistic movement -- Muscle contractions that exhibit maximum velocities and accelerations over a very short period of time

Wikipedia - Ballistic nylon -- Thick, tough, nylon fabric

Wikipedia - Ballistic Recovery Systems -- American ballistic parachute manufacturer

Wikipedia - Ballistic Research Laboratory -- DefunctM-BM- center for the United States Army's research efforts in ballistics

Wikipedia - Ballistics Research Laboratory

Wikipedia - Ballistics (video game) -- 2001 futuristic racing computer video game

Wikipedia - Ballistics -- Science of the motion of projectiles

Wikipedia - Ballistic Trajectory Extended Range Munition -- Failed US Navy development program

Wikipedia - Ballistic trauma

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Wikipedia - Ballistite -- Smokeless propellant made from two high explosives

Wikipedia - Ball Lightning (film) -- 1979 Czechoslovak comedy film directed by Ladislav Smoljak and ZdenM-DM-^[k PodskalskM-CM-=

Wikipedia - Ball lightning

Wikipedia - Ballmastrz: 9009

Wikipedia - Ball (mathematics)

Wikipedia - Ballochmyle Viaduct -- High railway viaduct in Ayrshire, Scotland

Wikipedia - Ball of Fire -- 1941 film by Howard Hawks

Wikipedia - Ballon (ballet)

Wikipedia - Ballon d'Or

Wikipedia - Ballons des Vosges Nature Park -- Protected area in northeastern France

Wikipedia - Balloon (2019 film) -- 2019 film

Wikipedia - Balloon (aeronautics)

Wikipedia - Balloon boy hoax -- 2009 hoax event

Wikipedia - Balloon buster -- Military pilots known for destroying enemy observation balloons

Wikipedia - Balloon clock -- Clock design

Wikipedia - Balloon Cup -- 2003 card game

Wikipedia - Balloon effect -- Criticism of United States drug policy

Wikipedia - Balloon Federation of America -- Balloon Federation of America

Wikipedia - Balloon (game) -- ancient sport

Wikipedia - Balloon hashing -- Memory-hard key derivation function

Wikipedia - Balloon help

Wikipedia - Balloonist theory -- A theory in early neuroscience that attempted to explain muscle movement

Wikipedia - Balloon loop -- Rail loop for turning vehicles

Wikipedia - Balloon Man Running -- Sculpture in Denver, Colorado

Wikipedia - Balloon modelling

Wikipedia - Balloon release -- Releasing gas-filled balloons into the air

Wikipedia - Balloon Saga Station -- Railway station in Saga, Saga Prefecture, Japan

Wikipedia - Balloon septostomy -- Procedure for widening of a foramen ovale, patent foramen ovale (PFO), or atrial septal defect (ASD) via cardiac catheterization (heart cath) using a balloon catheter

Wikipedia - Balloon syndrome -- Rare condition in hedgehogs

Wikipedia - Balloon

Wikipedia - Ballota acetabulosa -- Species of flowering plants in the sage family Lamiaceae

Wikipedia - Ballota hirsuta -- Species of flowering plants in the sage family Lamiaceae

Wikipedia - Ballota nigra -- Species of flowering plants in the sage family Lamiaceae

Wikipedia - Ballota pseudodictamnus -- Species of flowering plant in the sage family Lamiaceae

Wikipedia - Ballota undulata -- Species of flowering plants in the sage family Lamiaceae

Wikipedia - Ballota -- Genus of flowering plants in the sage family Lamiaceae

Wikipedia - Ballot box

Wikipedia - Ballot collection -- Collecting absentee or mail-in ballots

Wikipedia - Ballot measure

Wikipedia - Ballotpedia -- Nonprofit online encyclopedia about American politics

Wikipedia - Ballot stuffing

Wikipedia - Ballot

Wikipedia - Ball Park Music -- Australian indie rock band

Wikipedia - Ball-peen hammer -- Type of hammer used in metalworking

Wikipedia - Ballpoint pen artwork

Wikipedia - Ballpoint pen knife -- Multi-tool pocket knife with a concealed blade

Wikipedia - Ballpoint pen

Wikipedia - Ball possession

Wikipedia - Ball propellant

Wikipedia - Ballroom dance -- a set of partner dances

Wikipedia - Balls 8 -- Retired Boeing NB-52B mothership

Wikipedia - Ballsbridge -- Southside suburb of Dublin city, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ball screw -- Low friction linear actuator

Wikipedia - Balls (gamer) -- American League of Legends player

Wikipedia - Balls Head Reserve -- Forested headland nature reserve

Wikipedia - Ballshi inscription

Wikipedia - Ballsh

Wikipedia - Ball spline -- Type of linear motion bearing that can transmit torque

Wikipedia - Ball's Pyramid -- Island in the Pacific Ocean

Wikipedia - Ball State University -- University in Indiana, United States

Wikipedia - Ball-tailed cat -- Mythical creature from American folklore

Wikipedia - Ball tree

Wikipedia - Ball -- Round object

Wikipedia - Ballwil railway station -- Swiss railway station

Wikipedia - Ballyallia Lake -- Lake on the River Fergus, near Ennis in County Clare, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballybeg (fictional town) -- Fictional town in Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballyboden St. Enda's

Wikipedia - Ballyboden

Wikipedia - Ballyboughal -- Village and district in Fingal within historic County Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballybough -- Northern inner city district of Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballybrack -- Suburb of Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballybrit Novice Chase -- Steeplechase horse race in Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballybrophy railway station -- Railway station in Ballybrophy, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballycannan -- Village in County Clare, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballycarbery Castle -- Castle in County Kerry, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballycar Castle

Wikipedia - Ballyclare May Fair -- Horse fair in County Antrim

Wikipedia - Ballycoos -- Townland in Northern Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballycorus Stakes -- Flat horse race in Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballycullen -- Suburb of Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballydavid

Wikipedia - Ballyduff GAA (Kerry) -- Gaelic games club in County Kerry, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballyfermot -- Suburb of Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballygall -- Small suburban area between Glasnevin and Finglas, Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballygammon -- Townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballygunge Court -- 2007 film

Wikipedia - Ballyhackamore -- Townland in County Down, Northern Ireland, suburb of Belfast

Wikipedia - Ballyhaise railway station -- Former railway station in Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballyhannon Castle

Wikipedia - Ballyheigue -- Coastal village in County Kerry, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballyhooey -- 1960 film

Wikipedia - Ballyhoura Mountains -- Mountain range, southwestern Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballykeel Dolmen -- Neolithic tripod portal tomb

Wikipedia - Ballylanders fort -- Ringfort (rath) in County Limerick, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballylumford Dolmen -- Dolmen

Wikipedia - Ballymena Borough Council -- Former local authority of Ballymena, Northern Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballymena -- a town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballymoon Castle -- Castle in County Carlow, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballymore Eustace -- Small town in County Kildare, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballymorin (civil parish) -- Civil parish in Leinster, Republic of Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballymun Kickhams GAA -- Gaelic games club in Ballymun, Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballymun -- Large northside suburb of Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballymurphy massacre -- 1971 massacre in Belfast, Northern Ireland, by the British Army

Wikipedia - Ballynageeragh Portal Tomb -- Dolmen in County Waterford, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballynahinch Castle -- Irish country house hotel in Connemara

Wikipedia - Ballynahinch Lake -- Lake in Galway, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballynahinch River -- River in County Down, Northern Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballynahow Castle -- Tower house and National Monument in County Tipperary, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballynanty -- Neighbourhood of the city of Limerick, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballyneety -- Village in County Limerick, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballynegall House -- Country house in County Westmeath, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballyogan Stakes -- Flat horse race in Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballyoulster -- Village in County Kildare, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballyraine Linear Park -- Town park

Wikipedia - Ballyregan Bob -- Greyhound

Wikipedia - Ballyroan Stakes -- Flat horse race in Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballyryan -- Inland limestone cliff in The Burren, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballysadare -- Town in County Sligo, Ireland

Wikipedia - Bally Sagoo -- British-Indian record producer

Wikipedia - Bally's Atlantic City -- Hotel and casino on the Boardwalk in Atlantic City, New Jersey

Wikipedia - Ballysax Stakes -- Flat horse race in Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballyvoige, County Cork -- A townland in the civil parish of Desertserges, County Cork, Ireland

Wikipedia - Ballyvourney

Wikipedia - Balmoral Reef Plate -- A small tectonic plate in the south Pacific north of Fiji

Wikipedia - Balmory Hall -- Victorian Italianate mansion on the Isle of Bute, Scotland

Wikipedia - Balondo Civilization -- The Balondo is a small ethnic group residing along the southwest coast of Cameroon with ethnic relatives in South Calabar.

Wikipedia - Balsall Heath West -- Electoral ward in Birmingham, England

Wikipedia - Baltimore Monuments -- Professional softball team

Wikipedia - Baltimore Plot -- Alleged assassination attempt on Lincoln

Wikipedia - Baltis Vallis -- Vallis on Venus

Wikipedia - BaM-CM-/ne -- A pool of water between a beach and the mainland, parallel to the beach and connected to the sea at one or more points along its length

Wikipedia - Banach-Alaoglu theorem -- The closed unit ball in the dual of a normed vector space is compact in the weak* topology

Wikipedia - Banal Sojourn -- Poem by Wallace Stevens

Wikipedia - Banana Alley

Wikipedia - Banana flour -- Flour traditionally made of green bananas

Wikipedia - Banana republic -- Political science term for a politically unstable country

Wikipedia - Bananas (film) -- 1971 comedy film by Woody Allen

Wikipedia - Banca Giuratale (Victoria, Gozo) -- City hall of Victoria, Gozo, Malta

Wikipedia - Banco Gallego -- Spanish bank, merged in 2014

Wikipedia - Banderole -- A comparatively small but long flag or banner, historically used by knights and on ships, and as a heraldic device for representing bishops

Wikipedia - Bandidos (film) -- 1967 film by Massimo Dallamano

Wikipedia - Bandidos MC criminal allegations and incidents -- Criminal incidents involving the Bandidos Motorcycle Club

Wikipedia - BandNews FM -- Brazilian all news radio network

Wikipedia - Band on the Wall -- performance and entertainment venue

Wikipedia - Bandung High Tech Valley -- Indonesian technology initiative

Wikipedia - Bandwidth allocation protocol

Wikipedia - Bandwidth allocation -- Process of assigning radio frequencies to different applications

Wikipedia - Bandy -- Ballgame on ice played using skates and sticks

Wikipedia - Bangabandhu Academy for Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development -- Research institute in Bangladesh

Wikipedia - Bangall, New York

Wikipedia - Bang hallim jeon -- Korean novel

Wikipedia - Bangi, Selangor -- Small town in Selangor, Malaysia

Wikipedia - Bang on a Can All Stars -- Musical group

Wikipedia - Bangus Valley -- a Himalayan sub-valley of the Kashmir Valley

Wikipedia - Banjhakri Falls and Energy Park -- Recreation centre and tourist attraction near Gangtok, Sikkim, India

Wikipedia - Bank of England M-BM-#5 note -- Smallest denomination of England's banknotes

Wikipedia - Bankshall Court

Wikipedia - Banksia alliacea -- Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae native to Western Australia

Wikipedia - Banksia coccinea -- An erect shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae native to the south west coast of Western Australia

Wikipedia - Banksia dallanneyi subsp. agricola -- Subspecies in the family Proteaceae endemic to the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia

Wikipedia - Banksia dallanneyi subsp. dallanneyi -- Subspecies in the family Proteaceae endemic to the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia

Wikipedia - Banksia dallanneyi subsp. media -- Subspecies in the family Proteaceae endemic to the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia

Wikipedia - Banksia dallanneyi subsp. pollosta -- Subspecies in the family Proteaceae endemic to the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia

Wikipedia - Banksia dallanneyi subsp. sylvestris -- Subspecies in the family Proteaceae endemic to the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia

Wikipedia - Banksia dallanneyi var. dallanneyi -- Variety in the family Proteaceae endemic to the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia

Wikipedia - Banksia dallanneyi var. mellicula -- Variety in the family Proteaceae endemic to the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia

Wikipedia - Banksia pallida -- Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to the south-west of Western Australia

Wikipedia - Banksia speciosa -- Large shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae found on the south coast of Western Australia

Wikipedia - Banksia tricuspis -- Species of shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae endemic to the south-west of Western Australia

Wikipedia - Bankura horse -- Horse made from terracotta or clay in Panchmura Village, West Bengal, India. Originally used for ritual purposes, now used for decoration.

Wikipedia - Banlieue -- Suburb of a large city; especially used for France

Wikipedia - Banqueting House, Whitehall -- Former palace banqueting rooms, later chapel of Whitehall in London, England

Wikipedia - Bantam in Pine-Woods -- Poem by Wallace Stevens

Wikipedia - Bao Daolei -- Chinese goalball player

Wikipedia - Baoding balls -- Traditional product of Baoding, China

Wikipedia - Baptiste Reynet -- French fotballer

Wikipedia - Baptist World Alliance

Wikipedia - Barachois -- A coastal lagoon partially or totally separated from the ocean by a sand or shingle bar

Wikipedia - Bara culture -- A culture of the Indus Valley Civilization

Wikipedia - Barak Valley -- Region in the Indian state of Assam

Wikipedia - Barallot -- Former Christian denomination

Wikipedia - Barangay -- smallest administrative division in the Philippines

Wikipedia - Barbara Allen (politician) -- American politician

Wikipedia - Barbara Allen Rainey -- United States Navy officer

Wikipedia - Barbara Allen (song) -- Traditional ballad

Wikipedia - Barbara Bessot Ballot -- French politician

Wikipedia - Barbara Boxall -- British magazine editor

Wikipedia - Barbara Brecht-Schall -- German actress

Wikipedia - Barbara C. Wallace -- American psychologist

Wikipedia - Barbara Fallis -- American ballet dancer, born 1924

Wikipedia - Barbara Haller -- German female curler

Wikipedia - Barbara Kendall -- New Zealand windsurfer

Wikipedia - Barbara McDougall -- Canadian politician

Wikipedia - Barbara Parker-Mallowan -- English archaeologist, Assyriologist, and epigraphist (1908-1993)

Wikipedia - Barbarian kingdoms -- Kingdoms dominated by northern European tribes established all over the Mediterranean after Barbarian Invasions

Wikipedia - Barcelona (Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Caballe song) -- 1987 single by Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Caballe

Wikipedia - Barcelona-Valles Line -- Railway line in Spain

Wikipedia - Bardon Mill railway station -- Railway station in Northumberland on the Tyne Valley Line

Wikipedia - Bare-Fisted Gallagher -- 1919 western film directed by Joseph Franz

Wikipedia - Barge -- flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river, canal transport of heavy goods, usually towed by tugboats

Wikipedia - BariM-EM-^_ Dilaver -- Turkish ballet dancer and choreographer

Wikipedia - Barista -- Person, usually a coffeehouse employee, who prepares and serves espresso-based coffee drinks

Wikipedia - Barnard's Folly -- Historic houses in Fall River, Massachusetts, U.S.

Wikipedia - Barnett J4B -- Small gyroplane

Wikipedia - Barney Hall -- Sports commentator

Wikipedia - Barney McAll -- American jazz pianist and composer

Wikipedia - Barnstar -- Painted object or image, often in the shape of a five-pointed star but occasionally in a circular "wagon wheel" style, used to decorate a barn in some parts of the United States

Wikipedia - Barn swallow -- A migratory passerine bird, and the most widespread species of swallow

Wikipedia - Barntalloch Castle -- Former Scottish castle

Wikipedia - Baron, Allahabad -- Village in Uttar Pradesh, India

Wikipedia - Barrage Balloon Organisations of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force -- List of Balloon Organisations

Wikipedia - Barrage balloon -- Large balloon tethered with metal cables

Wikipedia - Barrakunda Falls -- Waterfall located in Senegal

Wikipedia - Barre (ballet)

Wikipedia - Barrel barbecue -- Type of barbecue made from a 55-gallon barrel.

Wikipedia - Barrio Azteca -- Mexican-American gang originally based in El Paso, Texas

Wikipedia - Barrow Hall -- Country house in Great Barrow, Cheshire, UK

Wikipedia - Barry Allen (Arrowverse) -- Fictional character in the Arrowverse

Wikipedia - Barry Allen (DC Extended Universe)

Wikipedia - Barry Allen (musician) -- Canadian musician

Wikipedia - Barry Callaghan

Wikipedia - Barry Dallas -- New Zealand politician

Wikipedia - Barry Gomersall -- Australian rugby league referee

Wikipedia - Barry Marshall -- Australian physician

Wikipedia - Barry Moltz -- Small business speaker

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Wikipedia - Bars Fight -- American ballad poem by Lucy Terry

Wikipedia - Bart Allen -- Comics character

Wikipedia - Bartholomew Ball -- Mayor of Dublin

Wikipedia - Bartizan -- Small turret projecting from the top of towers or parapets

Wikipedia - Basarab I of Wallachia -- First independent ruler of Wallachia

Wikipedia - Basarab the Old -- Prince of Wallachia

Wikipedia - Baseball (ball)

Wikipedia - Baseball card

Wikipedia - Baseball color line

Wikipedia - Baseball (computer game)

Wikipedia - Baseball Hall of Fame

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Wikipedia - Baseball uniform

Wikipedia - Baseball

Wikipedia - Base calling

Wikipedia - Based on the Novel -- 1999 film by Eddy Terstall

Wikipedia - BASEketball -- 1998 American sports comedy film directed by David Zucker

Wikipedia - Base-rate fallacy

Wikipedia - Base rate fallacy -- Statistical formal fallacy

Wikipedia - Basic belief -- The axioms under the epistemological view called foundationalism

Wikipedia - Basic Income Alliance

Wikipedia - Basic People's Congress (country subdivision) -- Smallest administrative subdivision of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Wikipedia - Basic People's Congress (political) -- Smallest unit of government of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Wikipedia - Basil Hall Chamberlain

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Wikipedia - Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls

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Wikipedia - Basilica of the Omni-mediatress of All Glories

Wikipedia - Basil Smallman -- British musicologist

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Wikipedia - Basis (linear algebra) -- Subset of a vector space that allows defining coordinates

Wikipedia - Basketball uniform

Wikipedia - Basketball

Wikipedia - Basket-Hall Krasnodar -- An indoor sporting arena located in Russia

Wikipedia - Basket -- Container which is traditionally constructed from stiff fibres

Wikipedia - Basset Mines -- Mining company in Cornwall, England

Wikipedia - Batallion 50 Rock the Hebron Casbah -- 2010 viral video

Wikipedia - Bat-and-ball games -- Field games played by two opposing teams

Wikipedia - Batey (game) -- Taino ballcourt/plaza

Wikipedia - Bath salts -- Water-soluble, usually inorganic, solid products designed to be added to water during bathing

Wikipedia - Baths of Caracalla

Wikipedia - Bathyphysa conifera -- Species of siphonophore sometimes called the flying spaghetti monster

Wikipedia - Bathypolypus arcticus -- Small species of demersal octopus of the North Atlantic

Wikipedia - Bathypterois grallator -- species of fish

Wikipedia - Batiniyya -- Allegoric type of scriptural interpretation in Shi'i Islam

Wikipedia - Batman Adventure - The Ride -- Batman-themed rides installed at Warner Bros.-branded parks

Wikipedia - Batman: The Long Halloween -- Limited comic book series by Jeph Loeb (1996-1997)

Wikipedia - Batmen of All Nations

Wikipedia - Bat-Signal -- Distress signal device to call Batman

Wikipedia - Battery balancing -- Techniques that maximize the capacity of a battery pack with multiple cells to make all of the capacity available for use and increase each cell's longevity.

Wikipedia - Batting average (baseball)

Wikipedia - Batting (cricket) -- The act of hitting the ball with a bat to score runs

Wikipedia - Battle for Baby 700 -- Battle of the Gallipoli campaign in May 1915

Wikipedia - Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube -- 1814 battle between French and Allied forces

Wikipedia - Battle of Ballon -- Ninth-century battle in France

Wikipedia - Battle of Bibracte -- Helvetii v. Rome, Gallic Wars, 58 BC

Wikipedia - Battle of Broadway -- 1938 film by George Marshall

Wikipedia - Battle of Calliano

Wikipedia - Battle of Corinth (146 BC) -- Battle between the Roman Republic and Corinth and its allies in 146 BC

Wikipedia - Battle of Crete -- German invasion vs Allies, WWII, 1941

Wikipedia - Battle of Dunkirk -- 1940 battle between the Allies and Germany in France

Wikipedia - Battle of Fallen Timbers -- Battle of the Northwest Indian War fought in 1794

Wikipedia - Battle of Fallujah (2016)

Wikipedia - Battle of Fleurus (1690) -- Battle in the Nine Years' War between France and the Grand Alliance (1690)

Wikipedia - Battle of Gabon -- WWII battle in colonial Gabon; Allied victory

Wikipedia - Battle of Gallipoli (1416) -- Battle between Venice and the Ottoman Sultanate; upset Venetian victory

Wikipedia - Battle of Greece -- Invasion of Allied Greece by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany during World War II

Wikipedia - Battle of Guadalete -- Battle between the Visigothic Kingdom and the Umayyad Caliphate; decisive Umayyad victory leads to the fall of the Visigothic Kingdom and the Umayyad conquest of the peninsula

Wikipedia - Battle of Heptonstall -- A battle of the First English Civil War

Wikipedia - Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli) -- A battle in 1915 during the First World War

Wikipedia - Battle of Imphal -- Battle between Japanese and Allied forces

Wikipedia - Battle of Leuwiliang -- Japanese victory over Allied forces, Java, 1942

Wikipedia - Battle of Lone Pine -- Battle of the Gallipoli Campaign in WWI

Wikipedia - Battle of Marshall's Elm -- 1642 skirmish in Somerset prior to the English Civil War

Wikipedia - Battle of M-CM-^Vland -- Naval battle between an allied Danish-Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy in the Baltic Sea

Wikipedia - Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse -- World War II battle on Guadalcanal

Wikipedia - Battle of Mukalla (2015) -- Battle of the Yemeni Civil War

Wikipedia - Battle of Mukalla (2016) -- Battle of the Yemeni Civil War

Wikipedia - Battle of Nagysallo -- Battle during Hungarian Revolution of 1848

Wikipedia - Battle of Pontvallain -- Battle in the Hundred Years' War

Wikipedia - Battle of Rorke's Drift -- Battle in the Anglo-Zulu War, specifically the defence of the mission station of Rorke's Drift

Wikipedia - Battle of Rovine -- 1395 battle between the Ottomans and Wallacians

Wikipedia - Battle of Salamis -- Naval battle fought between an alliance of Greek city-states and the Persian Empire in 480 BC

Wikipedia - Battle of Spartolos -- Peloponnesian War battle, 429 BC between Athens and the Chalcidian League and their allies

Wikipedia - Battle of Stourbridge Heath -- A small battle that took place in 1644 during the First English Civil War

Wikipedia - Battle of Talladega -- Battle fought during the Creek War

Wikipedia - Battle of Telamon -- Battle between the Roman Republic and a Celtic alliance

Wikipedia - Battle of Tettenhall -- battle of the Viking invasion of England

Wikipedia - Battle of the Allia -- Battle fought c.M-bM-^@M-^I390 BC between the Gallic Senones and the Roman Republic.

Wikipedia - Battle of the Angrivarian Wall -- Battle between the Roman general Germanicus and an alliance of Germanic tribes commanded by Arminius in 16 AD

Wikipedia - Battle of the Arar -- A Battle that took place during the Gallic War

Wikipedia - Battle of the Baztan Valley -- 1794 battle during the French Revolutionary Wa

Wikipedia - Battle of the Bismarck Sea -- 1943 Allied attack on a Japanese convoy

Wikipedia - Battle of the Caribbean -- 1941-1945 naval campaign between Allied and Axis forces in World War II

Wikipedia - Battle of the Espero Convoy -- WWII battle between Italy and the Allies

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Wikipedia - Battle of the Lupia River -- Battle between the Romans and the Sicambri in the Ruhr Valley in 11 BC

Wikipedia - Battle of the Nek -- World War I battle of the Gallipoli campaign

Wikipedia - Battle of the Olt Valley -- World War I battle

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Wikipedia - Battle Royal at the Albert Hall -- 1991 World Wrestling Federation event

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Wikipedia - Battoulah -- Metallic-looking mask traditionally worn by Muslim women

Wikipedia - Bawang goreng -- Indonesian crispy fried shallot

Wikipedia - Bawn -- Defensive wall surrounding an Irish tower house

Wikipedia - Bayamon City Hall -- Building in Bayamon, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Bay cat -- Small wild cat

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Wikipedia - Baylor University Medical Center station -- DART light rail station in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Baymouth bar -- A depositional feature as a result of longshore drift, a sandbank that partially or completely closes access to a bay.

Wikipedia - Bayou -- French term for a body of water typically found in flat, low-lying area

Wikipedia - Bay Park Square -- Mall in Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States

Wikipedia - Bayside, Dublin -- Small northside suburb of Dublin, Ireland

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Wikipedia - Baztan (valley)

Wikipedia - BBC Allied Expeditionary Forces Programme -- Former British radio station during and shortly after World War II

Wikipedia - BBC Motion Gallery -- Footage licensing division of BBC Studios

Wikipedia - BBC Radio Orkney -- Radio station in Kirkwall, Scotland

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Wikipedia - BB gun -- Air gun that uses metallic ball projectiles called BBs

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Wikipedia - BCWest Air -- Defunct small Canadian airline (2007-2008)

Wikipedia - BD-J -- Specification supporting Java ME Xlets for advanced content on Blu-ray Disc and the Packaged Media profile of Globally Executable MHP

Wikipedia - Bea Ballard -- British television executive producer

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Wikipedia - Beach tennis -- Tennis and volleyball combination

Wikipedia - Beach volleyball at the 2019 Pan American Games - Qualification -- Beach volleyball competition

Wikipedia - Beach volleyball at the 2019 Pan American Games -- The Beach volleyball competitions at the 2019 Pan American Games

Wikipedia - Beach volleyball -- Team sport field

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Wikipedia - Beall's List -- Defunct website listing predatory open-access publishers and journals

Wikipedia - Bealls (Texas) -- American department store chain

Wikipedia - Beanie (seamed cap) -- Small round skullcaps, often colorful

Wikipedia - Bear Creek Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Beardshear Hall

Wikipedia - Bear (gay culture) -- a term in gay culture for heavily hairy, and usually muscular and bearded men

Wikipedia - Bear Valley, Minnesota -- Unincorporated community in Minnesota, United States

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Wikipedia - Beaver Falls Cutlery Company -- Former cutlery company in Pennsylvania

Wikipedia - Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania

Wikipedia - Beaver Falls (TV series) -- Television series

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Wikipedia - BeBe K'Roche -- American all-female rock band

Wikipedia - Becker Hawks football

Wikipedia - Beckman-Quarles theorem -- Transformations of Euclidean space that preserve unit distances preserve all distances

Wikipedia - Becky Albertalli -- American author

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Wikipedia - Bedouin -- Group of Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the Arabian, North African and Syrian Deserts

Wikipedia - Bedtime Story (1941 film) -- 1941 film by Alexander Hall

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Wikipedia - Bee Branch, Arkansas -- Small town in Arkansas

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Wikipedia - Beer Hall Putsch -- Failed coup attempt in Germany in 1923

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Wikipedia - Befreiungshalle -- Architectural heritage monument in Germany

Wikipedia - Begging the question -- Type of fallacy, where a proposition is assumed as a premise, which itself needs proof and directly entails the conclusion

Wikipedia - Begich Towers -- A building in the small city of Whittier, Alaska

Wikipedia - Beginner's Luck (2001 film) -- 2001 film by James Callis and Nick Cohen

Wikipedia - Behaviorally anchored rating scales

Wikipedia - Behavioral modernity -- Transition of human species to anthropologically modern behavior

Wikipedia - Behind a Long Wall -- 1958 film

Wikipedia - Behind Monastery Walls (1928 film) -- 1928 film

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Wikipedia - Behind the Wall: Bubba Wallace -- US television program

Wikipedia - Behind the Walls (sculpture) -- Sculpture by Spanish artist Jaume Plensa

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Wikipedia - Beijing Ming City Wall Ruins Park -- Archaeological park in China

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Wikipedia - Beit Hall -- Student hall of residence of Imperial College London

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Wikipedia - Belfast City Hall -- Civic building in Belfast, Northern Ireland

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Wikipedia - Belgrave and Birstall railway station -- Former railway station in Leicestershire, England

Wikipedia - Belinda Allison -- Australian mountain bike orienteer

Wikipedia - Belinda Balluku -- Albanian politician

Wikipedia - Belinda White -- Australian softball player

Wikipedia - Belinda Wright (softball) -- Australian softball player

Wikipedia - Bellamy salute -- Palm-out salute accompanying American Pledge of Allegiance (1892-1942)

Wikipedia - Bellavally Lower -- Townland in County Cavan, Ireland

Wikipedia - Bellavally Upper -- Townland in County Cavan, Ireland

Wikipedia - Bellevue City Hall -- City hall building of Bellevue, Washington, United States

Wikipedia - Bello Matawalle -- Nigerian politician

Wikipedia - Bello orthography -- Spanish-language orthography created by A. Bello and J. G. del Rio, published in 1823; briefly officially used in Chile

Wikipedia - Bell Peninsula -- Peninsula in Kivalliq Region, Canada

Wikipedia - Bell pit -- A primitive method of relatively shallow minimg

Wikipedia - Belobog -- alleged Slavic deity of propitious fortune

Wikipedia - Belper -- Town and civil parish in Amber Valley, Derbyshire, England

Wikipedia - Beluvalada Madilalli -- 1975 film

Wikipedia - Ben 10: Destroy All Aliens -- 2012 television film directed by Victor Cook

Wikipedia - Ben Abdallah Banda -- Ghanaian politician

Wikipedia - Ben Abruzzo -- American balloonist

Wikipedia - Benalla affair -- French political and judicial case

Wikipedia - Ben Alloway -- Australia mixed martial arts fighter

Wikipedia - Ben Bernie and All the Lads -- 1925 film

Wikipedia - Ben Bolt -- American sentimental ballad

Wikipedia - Ben Briley -- American singer from Gallatin, Tennessee

Wikipedia - Bence Nagy -- Hungarian handballer

Wikipedia - Ben Challacombe -- British urological surgeon

Wikipedia - Ben Croft -- American racquetball player

Wikipedia - Ben Dyball -- Australian bicycle racer

Wikipedia - Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens -- 1979 film by Russ Meyer

Wikipedia - Benedict College -- historically black, liberal arts college located in Columbia, South Carolina

Wikipedia - Benefit of clergy -- Provision that allowed clergymen to claim they were outside the jurisdiction of secular courts

Wikipedia - Bengal Provincial Muslim League -- Branch of the All India Muslim League in British Indian Bengal (1912-1947)

Wikipedia - Bengt Cederwall -- Swedish curler

Wikipedia - Bengt Waller -- Swedish sailor

Wikipedia - Ben Hall (actor) -- American actor

Wikipedia - Ben H. Allen -- Record producer, mixer and songwriter

Wikipedia - Benito Caballero Garza -- Mexican politician and lawyer

Wikipedia - Benjamin Allen (Wisconsin politician) -- 19th century American lawyer, politician, and Union Army officer. Member of the Wisconsin Senate.

Wikipedia - Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi

Wikipedia - Benjamin F. Allen -- Florida politician

Wikipedia - Benjamin Feliksdal -- Dutch ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Benjamin F. Hallett -- American lawyer and politician, Democratic National Committee chair

Wikipedia - Benjamin Gallagher -- American politician

Wikipedia - Benjamin Galluzzo -- American mathematician

Wikipedia - Benjamin Hallowell (educator) -- First president of the Maryland Agricultural College (1799-1877)

Wikipedia - Benjamin J. Allen -- American academic

Wikipedia - Benjamin Randall -- American Baptist leader

Wikipedia - Benjamin Tallmadge -- American 18-century military officer (1754-1835)

Wikipedia - Benj Thall

Wikipedia - Ben L. Hall -- American politician

Wikipedia - Ben Maller -- American sports radio host

Wikipedia - Ben Marshall Stakes -- Flat horse race in Britain

Wikipedia - Benne ball -- Trinidadian and Tobagonian dessert

Wikipedia - Bennerley Viaduct -- Railway viaduct spanning the Erewash Valley

Wikipedia - Bennett College -- Historically black liberal arts college for women in Greensboro, North Carolina, US

Wikipedia - Benny Allan -- Papua New Guinean politician

Wikipedia - Ben Small -- British voice actor

Wikipedia - Benson's algorithm (Go) -- Algorithm to determine whether a group of go stones are unconditionally alive

Wikipedia - Bentall Centre, Vancouver -- Skyscraper complex in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia

Wikipedia - Bentley Mall -- Shopping mall in Fairbanks, Alaska

Wikipedia - Benton Castle -- Small castle in Burton, Wales

Wikipedia - Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park -- Texas state park

Wikipedia - Ben Wallace (politician) -- British Conservative politician

Wikipedia - Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome -- Signs and symptoms due to benzodiazepines discontinuation in physically dependent persons

Wikipedia - Berdeen Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Bergen Town Center -- Shopping Mall in New Jersey

Wikipedia - Beringer Vineyards -- Winery in California's Napa Valley

Wikipedia - Berit Wallenberg -- Swedish anthropologist and archaeologist

Wikipedia - Berlin Calling -- Berlin Calling

Wikipedia - Berlin Falling -- 2017 film

Wikipedia - Berlin University Alliance -- consortium of universities in Berlin, Germany

Wikipedia - Berlin Wall -- Barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic, enclosing West Berlin

Wikipedia - Bermuda Waterfall -- 2014 album

Wikipedia - Bernabe Lopez Calle -- Spanish anarchist

Wikipedia - Bernadette Allen -- American diplomat

Wikipedia - Bernadette Hall -- New Zealand playwright and poet

Wikipedia - Bernarda Gallardo -- Chilean child advocate

Wikipedia - Bernard A. Galler

Wikipedia - Bernard B. Fall -- American war correspondent

Wikipedia - Bernard Callinan -- Australian Army officer and businessman

Wikipedia - Bernard Chevallier -- French equestrian

Wikipedia - Bernard Fergusson, Baron Ballantrae -- Military leader, historian, viceroy

Wikipedia - Bernard Gallacher -- Scottish professional golfer

Wikipedia - Bernard Galler -- American mathematician

Wikipedia - Bernardita Catalla -- Philippine ambassador

Wikipedia - Bernard Mallet -- British civil servant (born 1859)

Wikipedia - Bernard Marshall Gordon -- American inventor

Wikipedia - Bernard Marshall -- American children's writer, historical novelist

Wikipedia - Bernardo Cavallino -- Italian painter and draughtsman

Wikipedia - Bernburg-Friedenshall station -- Railway station in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

Wikipedia - Bernd and Reiner Methe -- Handball referees

Wikipedia - Bernice Coppieters -- Belgian ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Bernie Bro -- Activist allegedly acting abusively in support of the Bernie Sanders campaign

Wikipedia - Bernie Chiaravalle -- American guitarist and singer-songwriter

Wikipedia - Bernoulli family -- Swiss patrician family, notable for having produced eight mathematically gifted academics

Wikipedia - Berry -- small edible fruit, in culinary usage

Wikipedia - Berta Hall -- Swedish actress

Wikipedia - Bertha Parker Pallan -- American archaeologist

Wikipedia - Bertha Southey Brammall -- Australian writer

Wikipedia - Bertholet Flemalle -- Liege Baroque painter (1614-1675)

Wikipedia - Bertie Smalls -- British criminal and supergrass

Wikipedia - Bertie Snowball -- English professional golfer

Wikipedia - Bertil Envall -- Swedish bishop and missionary

Wikipedia - Berton Crandall -- American architect

Wikipedia - Bertram Ballard -- Australian public servant and diplomat

Wikipedia - Bertrand Piccard -- Swiss balloonist and psychiatrist

Wikipedia - Bertslide -- Skateboarding trick which was originally a surfboarding trick

Wikipedia - Bert W. O'Malley

Wikipedia - Beryllium copper -- Hard, high-strength copper alloy

Wikipedia - Bespoke -- Made to order, usually one-of-kind

Wikipedia - Bessie Niemeyer Marshall

Wikipedia - Best of all possible worlds

Wikipedia - Beta sheet -- Common motif of regular secondary structure in proteins; stretch of polypeptide chain typically 3 to 10 amino acids long with backbone in an extended conformation

Wikipedia - Beth Allen (golfer) -- American professional golfer

Wikipedia - Beth E. Allen -- American economist

Wikipedia - Bethel Street drill hall, Norwich -- Grade II* listed former military installation

Wikipedia - Bethnal Green Town Hall -- Headquarters of the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green, London

Wikipedia - Better Call Saul (season 1) -- First season of the AMC crime drama series

Wikipedia - Better Call Saul (season 2) -- Second season of the AMC crime drama television series

Wikipedia - Better Call Saul (season 3) -- Third season of the AMC crime drama television series

Wikipedia - Better Call Saul (season 4) -- Fourth season of the AMC crime drama television series

Wikipedia - Better Call Saul (season 5) -- Fifth season of the AMC crime drama television series

Wikipedia - Better Call Saul -- American crime drama television series

Wikipedia - Better Medicare Alliance -- American advocacy coalition

Wikipedia - Bettie Page Reveals All -- 2012 documentary film directed by Mark Mori

Wikipedia - Bettina Boxall -- American journalist

Wikipedia - Bettina Dajka -- Hungarian handballer

Wikipedia - Betty Allan -- Australian statistician

Wikipedia - Betty Ballantine -- American editor and publisher

Wikipedia - Betty Ballinger -- American suffragist

Wikipedia - Betty Molesworth Allen -- New Zealand botanist

Wikipedia - Betty of Greystone -- 1916 American silent film directed by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Betty's Bay -- Small resort town in the Overberg district in Western Cape, South Africa

Wikipedia - Betty Snowball -- English sportswoman

Wikipedia - Betula alleghaniensis -- Species of flowering plant in the birch family Betulaceae

Wikipedia - Between Valleys -- 2012 film

Wikipedia - Betz Halloran -- American biostatistician

Wikipedia - Beulah Ream Allen -- American nurse, physician and POW

Wikipedia - Beverley Allitt -- English serial killer

Wikipedia - Beverley Callard -- English actress

Wikipedia - Beverly Allen -- Australian botanical illustrator

Wikipedia - Beverly Smith (softball) -- American softball coach

Wikipedia - Beya Bouabdallah -- Tunisian sportswoman

Wikipedia - Beyond All Limits -- 1959 film

Wikipedia - Beyond All Odds -- 1926 film by Alan James

Wikipedia - Beyond My Grandfather Allende -- 2015 film

Wikipedia - Beyond the Valley of the Dolls -- 1970 film

Wikipedia - Beyond the Walls (1984 film) -- 1984 film

Wikipedia - Beyond the Walls (2008 film) -- 2008 Canadian short film

Wikipedia - Bezout's theorem -- Number of intersection points of algebraic curves, and, more generally, hypersurfaces

Wikipedia - Bhaba valley -- Valley in Himachal Pradesh, India

Wikipedia - Bhakti Ballabh Tirtha

Wikipedia - Bhallaladeva -- Fictional character

Wikipedia - Bharathi Matriculation Higher Secondary School (Kallakurichi) -- Hihg school in Kallakurichi

Wikipedia - Bhotiya -- Groups of ethno-linguistically related Tibetan people living in the Trans-himalayan region

Wikipedia - Bialla Rural LLG -- Local-level government in Papua New Guinea

Wikipedia - Bibi Ballandi -- Italian television producer

Wikipedia - Biblical infallibility -- Doctrine that what the Bible says regarding matters of faith and Christian practice is wholly useful and true

Wikipedia - Bibliography of Halloween -- Wikipedia bibliography

Wikipedia - Bibrax -- Gallic oppidum

Wikipedia - BIBSYS -- Supplier of library and information data for all the Norwegian university and college libraries

Wikipedia - Bici Bici -- A light summer dessert from Southern Turkey, especially Adana and Mersin provinces.

Wikipedia - Bidarahalli Srinivasa Tirtha -- Hindu scholar

Wikipedia - Bidkin -- small city in Maharashtra

Wikipedia - Bielefeld Conspiracy -- popular German satirical meme alleging that the city of Bielefeld does not exist

Wikipedia - Biennale -- Event occurring every two years (usually in art)

Wikipedia - Biferrocene -- Organometallic compound

Wikipedia - Bifidus factor -- Compound that specifically enhances the growth of bifidobacteria in either a product or in the intestines of humans

Wikipedia - Bifurcated needle -- Type of steel rod used to administer smallpox vaccine

Wikipedia - Bifurcation theory -- Study of sudden qualitative behavior changes caused by small parameter changes

Wikipedia - Big Baller Brand -- American sports apparel company

Wikipedia - Big Bam Boom -- 1984 studio album by Hall & Oates

Wikipedia - Big-box store -- physically large retail establishment

Wikipedia - Big Brother (1923 film) -- 1923 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Big Brother All Stars 2012 -- Season of television series

Wikipedia - Big Falls, Minnesota -- City in Minnesota, United States

Wikipedia - Big Father, Small Father and Other Stories -- 2015 film

Wikipedia - Big (film) -- 1988 film by Penny Marshall

Wikipedia - Big Four accounting firms -- Collective nickname for the four largest professional services companies in the world, all of which are accounting networks

Wikipedia - Big Four (World War I) -- Four top Allied powers of World War I

Wikipedia - Big Game (American football)

Wikipedia - Big Game (football)

Wikipedia - Bigger (film) -- 2018 film directed by George Gallo

Wikipedia - Bigger Than Both of Us -- album by Hall & Oates

Wikipedia - Biggest ball of twine -- Title of multiple roadside attractions

Wikipedia - Big Grrrl Small World -- 2015 studio album by Lizzo

Wikipedia - Big Heart Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Bight (geography) -- Shallowly concave bend or curve in a coastline, river, or other geographical feature

Wikipedia - Big Manitou Falls -- Waterfall in Wisconsin, United States.

Wikipedia - Big Ole Freak -- 2019 single by Megan Thee Stallion

Wikipedia - Big Rip -- cosmological model based on an exponentially increasing rate of expansion

Wikipedia - Big Spring Creek Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Big Town Mall -- Former shopping mall in Mesquite, Texas

Wikipedia - Big Valley Rancheria

Wikipedia - Bijan Allipour -- Iranian business executive

Wikipedia - Bikini Atoll -- Coral atoll in the Marshall Islands

Wikipedia - Bilal Abdallah Alayli -- Lebanese academic and scholar

Wikipedia - Bilall Dreshaj -- Albanian military leader

Wikipedia - Biliary colic -- Medical condition in which gallstones cause acute pain

Wikipedia - Bill Allen (actor) -- American film and television actor

Wikipedia - Bill Allen (dentist) -- English dentist and cricket administrator

Wikipedia - Bill Bagnall -- American magazine editor

Wikipedia - Billboard Latin Music Award for Hot Latin Song of the Year -- Honor presented annually at the Billboard Latin Music Awards

Wikipedia - Billboard Latin Music Award for Latin Jazz Album of the Year -- Honor that was presented annually at the Billboard Latin Music Awards

Wikipedia - Billboard Latin Music Award for Reggaeton Album of the Year -- Honor that was presented annually at the Billboard Latin Music Awards

Wikipedia - Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame -- Rarely presented honor presented by American magazine Billboard at the Billboard Latin Music Awards

Wikipedia - Bill Callaghan -- British trade unionist

Wikipedia - Bill Callahan (TV producer) -- American television producer

Wikipedia - Bill Clinton sexual assault and misconduct allegations -- Accusations of sexual misconduct by Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States

Wikipedia - Bill Collins (racecaller) -- Australian racecaller

Wikipedia - Bill Conall -- Canadian writer

Wikipedia - Bill Cosby sexual assault cases -- Bill Cosby sexual assault allegations

Wikipedia - Bill Dally -- American computer scientist and educator

Wikipedia - Bill Engvall -- American comedian and actor

Wikipedia - Billennium (short story) -- Short story by J. G. Ballard

Wikipedia - Bill Frindall -- British cricket scorer and statistician

Wikipedia - Billiard-Ball Computer

Wikipedia - Billiard ball -- Ball used in cue sports

Wikipedia - Billie J. Swalla -- American scientist

Wikipedia - Billionaire Boy -- Children's novel by David Walliams

Wikipedia - Bill Lyall -- Canadian politician from the Northwest Territories

Wikipedia - Bill Malley (golfer) -- American golfer

Wikipedia - Bill Mallon -- American orthopedic surgeon, golfer, and historian

Wikipedia - Bill Massey (softball) -- New Zealand softball player

Wikipedia - Bill McAnally Racing -- Stock car racing team

Wikipedia - Billon (alloy) -- An alloy of a precious metal (most commonly silver, but also gold) with a majority base metal content (such as copper)

Wikipedia - Bill "Hoss" Allen -- American radio DJ

Wikipedia - Bill S. Ballinger -- American writer

Wikipedia - Bill Small -- Irish hurler

Wikipedia - Bill Wallace (martial artist) -- American martial artist

Wikipedia - Bill Wallace (writer) -- American sportswriter

Wikipedia - Billy Adams (footballer, born 1897)

Wikipedia - Billy Gallagher (chef) -- South African chef and businessman

Wikipedia - Billy's Balloon -- 1998 film by Don Hertzfeldt

Wikipedia - Billy the Kid (ballet) -- Ballet written by the American composer Aaron Copland

Wikipedia - Billy Williams (music hall performer) -- Australian vaudeville and music hall entertainer

Wikipedia - Billy Yank -- Personification of the Northern states of the United States, or less generally, the Union during the American Civil War

Wikipedia - Bilocation -- Alleged supernatural ability to be in two places at once

Wikipedia - Binary image -- image comprising exactly two colors, typically black and white

Wikipedia - Bindle -- Bag, sack, or carrying device stereotypically used by the commonly American sub-culture of hobos

Wikipedia - Bing Crosby Live at the London Palladium -- 1976 live album by Bing Crosby

Wikipedia - Bingley Hall -- First purpose-built exhibition hall in Great Britain

Wikipedia - Bingoal-Wallonie Bruxelles -- Belgian cycling team

Wikipedia - Bintou Malloum -- Chadian politician

Wikipedia - Bioelectricity -- Regulation of cell, tissue, and organ-level patterning and behavior as the result of endogenous electrically-mediated signaling.

Wikipedia - Biographical Directory of Federal Judges -- Provides basic biographical information on all past and present United States federal court Article III judges

Wikipedia - Biologically inspired computing

Wikipedia - Biologically inspired engineering

Wikipedia - Biological pump -- The ocean's biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean interior and seafloor

Wikipedia - Biological screw joint -- Naturally occurring form of screw joint

Wikipedia - Biomass (ecology) -- Total mass of living organisms in a given area (all species or selected species)

Wikipedia - Bioorganometallic chemistry

Wikipedia - Bioregionalism -- Political, cultural, and ecological system or set of views based on naturally defined areas called bioregions

Wikipedia - Bioregion -- Ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a biogeographical realm, but larger than an ecoregion or an ecosystem

Wikipedia - BioShock Infinite -- First-person shooter video game and the third installment in the ''BioShock'' series

Wikipedia - Biosphere -- The global sum of all ecosystems on Earth

Wikipedia - Biplane -- Airplane wing configuration with two vertically stacked main flying surfaces

Wikipedia - Bipolar disorder -- Mental disorder that causes periods of depression and abnormally elevated mood

Wikipedia - Bir Bikrom -- Third highest gallantry award in Bangladesh

Wikipedia - Bird bath -- Artificial puddle or small shallow pond where birds bathe

Wikipedia - Birdsall Briscoe -- American architect

Wikipedia - Birdsall House -- Country house in Birdsall, England

Wikipedia - Bird's Head Plate -- Small tectonic plate incorporating the Bird's Head Peninsula, at the western end of the island of New Guinea

Wikipedia - Birger Walla -- Swedish bandy player

Wikipedia - Birgit Dalland -- Norwegian politician

Wikipedia - Birgitta Bergvall-KM-CM-%reborn -- Swedish academic

Wikipedia - Birgitta Wallace -- Swedish-Canadian archaeologist

Wikipedia - Birkhoff's theorem (relativity) -- Statement of spherically symmetric spacetimes

Wikipedia - Birmingham (Amanda Marshall song) -- 1996 single by Amanda Marshall

Wikipedia - Birmingham High School -- Independent charter coeducational high school in the San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles, California

Wikipedia - Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery -- Museum and art gallery in Birmingham, England

Wikipedia - Birmingham Small Arms Company -- Major British industrial combine

Wikipedia - Bir Protik -- Gallantry award in Bangladesh

Wikipedia - Birta Abiba M-CM-^^orhallsdottir -- Icelandic model and beauty queen

Wikipedia - Birthright: The Gorgon's Alliance

Wikipedia - Bir Uttom -- Second highest award for individual gallantry in Bangladesh

Wikipedia - Biryu -- Second son of Jumong and So Seo-no, and older brother of Onjo, the traditionally recognized founder of Baekje

Wikipedia - Bishop Challoner Catholic Collegiate School

Wikipedia - Bishop Cosin's Hall -- College of the University of Durham

Wikipedia - Bishop Cotton Boys' School -- All-boys school in India

Wikipedia - Bishopdale, North Yorkshire -- Valley in North Yorkshire, England

Wikipedia - Bishop Rock, Isles of Scilly -- Skerry in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Cornwall, England

Wikipedia - Bishop Subbasin -- Aquifer in the Amador Valley, California, United States

Wikipedia - Bitch (slang) -- Pejorative slang word for a person, usually a woman.

Wikipedia - B.I.T.C.H. -- 2020 single by Megan Thee Stallion

Wikipedia - Bit-level parallelism

Wikipedia - Bituriges Cubi -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Bituriges Vivisci -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Bixadoides allardi -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Bjarne Kallis -- Finnish politician

Wikipedia - Bjarni Halldorsson -- Icelandic legal figure and theologian

Wikipedia - Bjerringbro FH -- Women's handball club in Bjerringbro, Denmark

Wikipedia - Bjorn Bergvall -- Norwegian sailor

Wikipedia - BKS Visla Bydgoszcz -- Polish professional volleyball team

Wikipedia - Blabe -- A small, extinct prehistoric bony fish probably in the family Serranidae

Wikipedia - Black and White (Niall Horan song) -- 2020 single by Niall Horan

Wikipedia - Black Awakening in Capitalist America -- Social sciences book by Robert L. Allen

Wikipedia - Black Balloon (Goo Goo Dolls song) -- 1999 single by Goo Goo Dolls

Wikipedia - Blackball (pool) -- Pool game

Wikipedia - Black body -- idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation

Wikipedia - Black box (phreaking) -- Electronic device used to illegally receive long-distance telephone calls without charge to the caller

Wikipedia - Blackburn Town Hall -- Municipal Building in England

Wikipedia - Black-capped chickadee -- Species of small, non-migratory, North American songbird

Wikipedia - Black Coffee (All Saints song) -- 2000 song by British girl group All Saints

Wikipedia - Black comedy -- Comic work based on subject matter that is generally considered taboo

Wikipedia - Black cube art museum -- Art museum designed with digital or installation art in mind

Wikipedia - Black Falls, Arizona -- Geographic feature on the Little Colorado River, Arizona

Wikipedia - Black-footed cat -- Small wild cat native to Southern Africa

Wikipedia - Black Fox: The Rise and Fall of Adolf Hitler -- 1962 film

Wikipedia - Blackfriars Hall

Wikipedia - Black Hawks Hyderabad -- Indian volleyball team

Wikipedia - Black Holm -- A small tidal island in the Orkney Islands, near Copinsay to the west of Corn Hol

Wikipedia - Black Horse and the Cherry Tree -- 2005 single by KT Tunstall

Wikipedia - Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory -- Alleged Earth satellite of extraterrestrial origin

Wikipedia - Blacklight poster -- Type of wall art

Wikipedia - Blacklisting -- Practice of prohibiting people or entities, generally

Wikipedia - Black Loch (Perth and Kinross) -- Small lowland freshwater loch

Wikipedia - Blackmail (1920 film) -- 1920 film by Dallas M. Fitzgerald

Wikipedia - Black Manifesto -- Maniufesto calling for slavery and segregation reparations payments

Wikipedia - Black market -- Market in which goods or services are traded illegally

Wikipedia - Black Mother -- 2018 documentary film by Khalik Allah

Wikipedia - Black Mountains (California) -- Mountain range in Death Valley National Park, United States

Wikipedia - Black No. 1 (Little Miss Scare-All) -- 1993 single by Type O Negative

Wikipedia - Blackout/All Clear -- Series by Connie Willis

Wikipedia - Blackout (broadcasting) -- Non-airing of programming (typically sports-related) in a certain media market

Wikipedia - Black Patch (film) -- 1957 film by Allen H. Miner

Wikipedia - Blackpool Town Hall -- Municipal Building in England

Wikipedia - Black Rock Forest -- Privately run nature preserve in Cornwall, New York, U.S.

Wikipedia - Black Sheep (1935 film) -- 1935 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Black-shouldered kite -- small raptor found in open habitat throughout Australia

Wikipedia - Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor -- Area dedicated to the history of the early American Industrial Revolution

Wikipedia - Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park -- National Park Service unit in Rhode Island and Massachusetts, United States

Wikipedia - Blackstone Valley Tribune -- Weekly newspaper

Wikipedia - Black the Fall -- 2017 puzzle video game

Wikipedia - Black turtle bean -- Small, shiny variety of the common bean

Wikipedia - Blackwall DLR station -- Docklands Light Railway station

Wikipedia - Blackwall, London -- Area of the East End of London, England

Wikipedia - Blackwall Rock -- Reef in the River Thames

Wikipedia - Blackwall Tunnel -- Pair of road tunnels underneath the River Thames in London

Wikipedia - Blackwater Valley Opera Festival -- Classical music and opera event in Lismore, County Waterford

Wikipedia - Blading (professional wrestling) -- Intentionally cutting oneself to provoke bleeding in professional wrestling

Wikipedia - Blaine McCallister -- American professional golfer

Wikipedia - Blaire Luna -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Blake Hall -- English country house

Wikipedia - Blanco y Negro (song) -- Song by A.B. Quintanilla y Los Kumbia All Starz

Wikipedia - Blaschke-Lebesgue theorem -- Plane geometry theorem on least area of all curves of given constant width

Wikipedia - Blast ball -- Less-lethal hand grenade

Wikipedia - Blast furnace -- Type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals

Wikipedia - Blaydon railway station -- Railway station in Tyne and Wear on the Tyne Valley Line

Wikipedia - Blepharophimosis -- Congenital anomaly in which the eye openings are small

Wikipedia - Blessed Gerard -- Founder of the Knights Hospitaller

Wikipedia - Bless 'Em All -- Song performed by George Formby

Wikipedia - Blessthefall -- American metalcore band

Wikipedia - Bliaut -- Overgown, usually with wide trailing sleeves

Wikipedia - Blighty Valley Cemetery -- World War I cemetery

Wikipedia - Blind Alley (film) -- 1939 film by Charles Vidor

Wikipedia - Blind Alleys (film) -- 1927 film

Wikipedia - Blind Alley -- Science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov.

Wikipedia - Blind carbon copy -- Allows the sender of a message to conceal the person entered in the BCC field from the other recipients

Wikipedia - Blister -- Small pocket of fluid within the upper layers of the skin

Wikipedia - Blithe Spirit (2020 film) -- 2020 film by Edward Hall

Wikipedia - Block Party! -- FIRST Tech Challenge robotics competition

Wikipedia - Block-setting crane -- Crane type for installing large stone blocks

Wikipedia - Block suballocation

Wikipedia - Blood-brain barrier -- Semipermeable capillary border that allows selective passage of blood constituents into the brain

Wikipedia - Blood Hook -- 1987 film by Jim Mallon

Wikipedia - Bloodhounds of the North -- 1913 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Bloodless surgery -- Surgery without transfusion of allogeneic blood

Wikipedia - Blood on the Wall -- American indie rock band

Wikipedia - Blood pressure -- Pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels

Wikipedia - Blood Ties: The Life and Work of Sally Mann -- 1994 film

Wikipedia - Blood Valley: Seed's Revenge -- 2014 film

Wikipedia - Bloomsbury Ballerina -- 2008 book by British author Judith Mackrell

Wikipedia - Bloons Tower Defense -- Tower defense video game series featuring popping of enemy balloons

Wikipedia - Blossoms on Broadway -- 1937 film by Richard Wallace

Wikipedia - Blowhole (geology) -- Hole at the top of a sea-cave which allows waves to force water or spray out of the hole

Wikipedia - Blubber -- Thick layer of vascularized adipose tissue found under the skin of all cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians

Wikipedia - Blue and White (political alliance) -- Israeli political party

Wikipedia - Blue-and-white swallow -- Species of bird

Wikipedia - Blue Balliett -- American author

Wikipedia - Blue balls -- A condition that arises during sexual arousal when the sperms or fluid are not ejaculated

Wikipedia - Bluebell, Dublin -- Southside locality or small suburb, Dublin city, Ireland

Wikipedia - Bluebell Falls -- Irish goatM-bM-^@M-^Ys milk cheese range

Wikipedia - Bluebell Wood, London -- Small remnant of one of the ancient woodlands of London

Wikipedia - Blue box -- Electronic device used to illegally place free long-distance telephone calls

Wikipedia - Bluegrass Balloon Festival -- Former hot air balloon festival in Louisville, KY, US 1999-2009

Wikipedia - Blue Icefalls -- Icefalls in Antarctica

Wikipedia - Blue Jasmine -- 2013 film by Woody Allen

Wikipedia - Blue Ridge-class command ship -- Call of US ships

Wikipedia - Blues Alley -- American jazz nightclub in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C.

Wikipedia - Blues Hall of Fame -- Award by Blues Foundation, since 2015 also a music museum in Memphis, Tennessee

Wikipedia - Blues Is King (song) -- 1985 song by American rock musician Marshall Crenshaw

Wikipedia - Blue State (film) -- 2007 Canadian/American romantic comedy film by Marshall Lewy

Wikipedia - Bluetech Award -- Annual award presented by the Clean Air Alliance of China

Wikipedia - Blue wall of silence -- American term used to denote an informal rule for police officers not to report on fellow officer reported misconduct

Wikipedia - Blue wall (politics) -- American political term for states which consistently vote Democrat

Wikipedia - Blue Whale Challenge -- Social network cyberbullying phenomenon

Wikipedia - Bluey (dog) -- Australian cattle dog owned by Les and Esma Pall

Wikipedia - Bluing (steel) -- Process that partially protects steel against rust

Wikipedia - Blum Basin Falls -- Waterfall in Whatcom County, Washington

Wikipedia - BM Aula Cultural -- Spanish handball club

Wikipedia - BM Bera Bera -- Spanish women's handball club

Wikipedia - BM PorriM-CM-1o -- Spanish handball club

Wikipedia - BMW F series parallel-twin -- Series of motorcycles built by BMW-Motorcycle

Wikipedia - BNS Tallashi -- Hydrographic survey ship of the Bangladesh Navy

Wikipedia - Boarding school -- School where some or all pupils live-in

Wikipedia - Boarding stirrup -- A suspended foot support allowing divers to use a leg to help lift themselves from the water into the boat

Wikipedia - Boardwalk Hall -- Arena in Atlantic City, Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States

Wikipedia - Bob Allen (Florida politician) -- American politician

Wikipedia - Bob Allen (Pennsylvania politician) -- American legislator

Wikipedia - Bob Allen (surgeon) -- journalist and surgeon

Wikipedia - Bobbie of the Ballet -- 1916 film

Wikipedia - Bobby Ball -- English comedian (1944 - 2020)

Wikipedia - Bobby Digital (Jamaican producer) -- Jamaican reggae and dancehall record producer

Wikipedia - Bobby Kimball -- American singer

Wikipedia - Bob Coolen -- American softball coach

Wikipedia - Bob Delegall -- American actor, director and producer (1945-2006)

Wikipedia - Bob Graham Round -- English Lakeland fell-running challenge

Wikipedia - Bob Hall (comics) -- Writer

Wikipedia - Bob Hallett -- Canadian musician and founding member of the Canadian folk rock band Great Big Sea

Wikipedia - Bob Hope Patriotic Hall -- Historic building in Los Angeles, California

Wikipedia - Bobino -- Theatre, music hall in Paris, France

Wikipedia - Bob Mann (American football)

Wikipedia - Bob Marshall-Andrews -- British politician (born 1944)

Wikipedia - Bob Marshall (billiards player) -- Australian Billiards player

Wikipedia - Bob Marshall (Virginia politician) -- former American politician

Wikipedia - Bob Marshall (wilderness activist) -- 20th-century American wilderness activist

Wikipedia - Bob McCallister -- American professional golfer

Wikipedia - Bob Randall (Aboriginal Australian elder) -- Australian writer and musician

Wikipedia - Bob Tallman -- American rodeo announcer

Wikipedia - Bob Wallace

Wikipedia - Bob Walls -- New Zealand painter

Wikipedia - Bob Westfall (politician) -- American politician

Wikipedia - Bocce -- Ball sport

Wikipedia - Bocconcini -- Small mozzarella cheese balls

Wikipedia - Bodiocasses -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Bodmin General railway station -- Railway station in Bodmin, Cornwall, United KIngdom

Wikipedia - Bodmin St Leonard (electoral division) -- Electoral division of Cornwall in the UK

Wikipedia - Bodmin St Mary's (electoral division) -- Electoral division of Cornwall in the UK

Wikipedia - Bodo HK -- Norwegian handball team

Wikipedia - Bodongpa -- One of the smaller traditions of Tibetan Buddhism

Wikipedia - Bodrhyddan Hall -- Country house in Rhuddlan, Wales

Wikipedia - Body (Megan Thee Stallion song) -- 2020 single by Megan Thee Stallion

Wikipedia - Body of water -- Any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface

Wikipedia - Boeckenberg KC -- Korfball club in Deurne, Belgium

Wikipedia - Boeing New Large Airplane -- 1990s concept for an all-new quadjet airliner in the 500+ seat market

Wikipedia - Bogdan Macovei (handball coach) -- Romanian handball coach

Wikipedia - Boii -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Boiled Beef and Carrots -- Music hall song from England

Wikipedia - Boiling frog -- Metaphor for the inability of people to properly react to significant changes that occur gradually

Wikipedia - Bokeo Province -- Smallest and least populous province of Laos

Wikipedia - Boleslaw Surallo -- Polish painter

Wikipedia - Bolillo -- Small baguette-like bread from Mexico

Wikipedia - Bolingen Islands -- Group of small islands in Antarctica

Wikipedia - Bollywood Calling -- 2001 film by Nagesh Kukunoor

Wikipedia - Bombardier Challenger 300 -- Business jet made by Bombardier Aerospace

Wikipedia - Bombardier Challenger 600 series -- Business jet family by Canadair, later Bombardier

Wikipedia - Bombardier Challenger -- Wikipedia disambiguation page

Wikipedia - Bombardier (film) -- 1943 film by Richard Wallace and Lambert Hillyer

Wikipedia - Bombing of Hamburg in World War II -- World War II Allied bombing raids against Hamburg

Wikipedia - Bombing of Nijmegen -- Allied aerial bombing of Dutch city during World War II

Wikipedia - Bombing of Singapore (1944-1945) -- Military campaign conducted by the Allied air forces during World War II

Wikipedia - Bombing of Tallinn in World War II -- Bombing of Tallinn during the Second World War

Wikipedia - Bomburu Ella -- Waterfall in Sri Lanka

Wikipedia - BoM-EM- -- Polish handball coach

Wikipedia - Bonallack Trophy -- Amateur golf competition

Wikipedia - Bonallack -- Estate

Wikipedia - Bonane -- Small village, County Kerry, Ireland

Wikipedia - Bonbon -- Small chocolate confection

Wikipedia - Bond Falls -- Waterfall on the Ontonagon River in Michigan, United States

Wikipedia - Bones Allen -- Canadian ice hockey and lacrosse player

Wikipedia - Bonnie Ballif-Spanvill -- American psychologist

Wikipedia - Bonnie Tholl -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Bonnington Square -- Square in Vauxhall, south London, built in 1870s, squatted in 1980s

Wikipedia - Bonsallo Avenue -- Street in South Los Angeles, California, US

Wikipedia - Boobquake -- A 2010 rally protesting claims of female immodesty causing earthquakes.

Wikipedia - Boo De Oliveira -- American softball coach

Wikipedia - Book of Ballymote

Wikipedia - Book of Mormon -- Sacred text of the Latter Day Saint movement

Wikipedia - BooksActually -- Independent bookstore in Singapore

Wikipedia - Book series -- Sequence of books having certain characteristics in common that are formally identified together as a group

Wikipedia - Books for the Blind -- United States program that provides audiobooks to the visually impaired

Wikipedia - Boolean algebras canonically defined

Wikipedia - Boondall, Queensland -- Suburb of Brisbane, Australia

Wikipedia - Boone Valley Golf Club -- Private golf club in Missouri, USA

Wikipedia - Bootie Call -- 1998 single by All Saints

Wikipedia - Booty Call -- 1997 film by Jeff Pollack

Wikipedia - Booz Allen Hamilton -- American management and consulting IT firm

Wikipedia - Border ballad -- Song genre from the Anglo-Scottish border

Wikipedia - Border Caballero -- 1936 film by Sam Newfield

Wikipedia - Border search exception -- Exception in US criminal law allowing warrantless searches and seizures near international borders

Wikipedia - Border states (American Civil War) -- Slave states that did not officially secede from the Union during the American Civil War

Wikipedia - Bord Gais Energy Theatre -- Ireland's largest all-seated indoor theatre

Wikipedia - Borglum Hall -- Dormitory in Aarhus, Denmark

Wikipedia - Boris Allakhverdyan -- Armenian-American clarinet player

Wikipedia - Borj Lalla Qadiya -- Moroccan cultural heritage site

Wikipedia - Borneo campaign -- Last major Allied campaign in the South West Pacific Area during World War II

Wikipedia - Borning -- 2014 Norwegian action-comedy film by Hallvard BrM-CM-&in

Wikipedia - Born secret -- Information classified since created; generally referring to nuclear weapons

Wikipedia - Borrego Valley Airport -- Airport in California, United States of America

Wikipedia - Borsuk's conjecture -- Can every bounded subset of Rn be partitioned into (n+1) smaller diameter sets?

Wikipedia - Bortolami (gallery) -- Contemporary art gallery

Wikipedia - Boscarne Junction railway station -- Railway in Cornwall, United Kingdom

Wikipedia - Bosch-Halle -- indoor sporting arena

Wikipedia - Bosiliack Barrow -- Ancient burial mound in Cornwall, England

Wikipedia - Bosse Halla -- Norwegian bandy player

Wikipedia - Boss of All Bosses (film) -- 2018 film

Wikipedia - Boston Alliance of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth -- A non-profit organization located in Boston that works to protect, expand, and raise awareness for the rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning youth (LGBTQ+)

Wikipedia - Boston Braves (baseball)

Wikipedia - Boston Celtics all-time roster -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - Boston City Hall -- City hall of Boston, Massachusetts since 1969

Wikipedia - Boswens Menhir -- Standing stone near St. Just in Penwith, Cornwall, England

Wikipedia - Botallackite -- Halide mineral

Wikipedia - Botallack Manor -- Listed house in Cornwall

Wikipedia - Botball

Wikipedia - Bottle Shock -- 2008 film by Randall Miller

Wikipedia - Boulder River Waterfalls -- Waterfalls in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Boulevard Mall -- Shopping center in Amherst, New York

Wikipedia - Bouncing ball -- Physics of bouncing balls

Wikipedia - Bound in Morocco -- 1918 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Bouquet of Small Chrysanthemums (Leon Bonvin) -- Mid 19th century still life watercolour

Wikipedia - Boutique hotel -- Small, upscale hotel

Wikipedia - Boutonniere -- Small floral arrangement worn on the lapel

Wikipedia - Bowen Falls -- Waterfall in New Zealand

Wikipedia - Bowen's reaction series -- Order of crystallization of minerals in magma

Wikipedia - Bowers Ridge -- A currently seismically inactive ridge in the southern part of the Aleutian Basin

Wikipedia - Bowery at Midnight -- 1942 film by Wallace Fox

Wikipedia - Bowery Blitzkrieg -- 1941 film by Wallace Fox

Wikipedia - Bowes Moor -- Environmentally protected area in England

Wikipedia - Bowie Town Center -- Shopping mall in Maryland, United States

Wikipedia - Bowles Hall

Wikipedia - Bowling alley -- Facility for the sport of bowling

Wikipedia - Bowling ball

Wikipedia - Bowling -- Class of sports in which a player rolls a bowling ball towards a target

Wikipedia - Bowls -- Sport involving rolling biased balls so that they stop closest to a smaller ball

Wikipedia - Bowman Field (Maine) -- Private airport near Livermore Falls, Maine, USA

Wikipedia - Bow Valley Square -- Building Complex in Calgary, Alberta

Wikipedia - Box-bed -- Enclosed bed generally designed for sleeping in a sitting position, whereby it can be closed with doors or curtains

Wikipedia - Boxhalle -- Sporting arena Munich, Upper Bavaria, Germany

Wikipedia - Box -- Typically cuboid or rectangular container used for the transport or storage of objects

Wikipedia - BoybandPH -- All male pop group in the Philippines, winners of the 2016 reality show, Pinoy Boyband Superstar

Wikipedia - Boy Called Twist -- 2004 film by Timothy Greene

Wikipedia - Boydell Shakespeare Gallery -- Art museum in London

Wikipedia - Boy, Did I Get a Wrong Number! -- 1966 film by George Marshall

Wikipedia - Boyd Marshall -- American actor

Wikipedia - Boyd's Automatic tide signalling apparatus -- Architectural structure in North Ayrshire, Scotland, UK

Wikipedia - Boyne Valley (disambiguation) -- Boyne Valley (disambiguation)

Wikipedia - Boys Generally Asian -- K-pop parody group

Wikipedia - Bracteate -- Struck metal pendant medallion, or a coin made in imitation of these

Wikipedia - Bradford Dale (Yorkshire) -- Valley in West Yorkshire, England

Wikipedia - Brad Hall (bobsledder) -- British bobsledder

Wikipedia - Brad Keller (volleyball) -- volleyball coach

Wikipedia - Bradley Square Mall -- Shopping mall in Cleveland, Tennessee, United States

Wikipedia - Brad Neely's Harg Nallin' Sclopio Peepio -- American animated television series

Wikipedia - Bradogue River -- Small culverted watercourse, Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - Brad Williams (mnemonist) -- American with an abnormally good memory

Wikipedia - Brahmanapalli Balaiah -- Indian politician

Wikipedia - Braided river -- A network of river channels separated by small, and often temporary, islands

Wikipedia - Braiding Sweetgrass -- 2013 nonfiction book by Robin Wall Kimmerer

Wikipedia - Braidy Industries -- Kentucky-based aluminum alloys manufacturer

Wikipedia - Braille -- Tactile writing system for blind and visually impaired people

Wikipedia - Braine-l'Alleud

Wikipedia - Brain herniation -- Potentially deadly side effect of very high pressure within the skull

Wikipedia - Brainstem -- Posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous

Wikipedia - Bramall Hall -- Tudor manor house in Bramhall, within the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England

Wikipedia - Brampton Stallions -- Former Canadian Soccer League team

Wikipedia - Brandeis Marshall -- American data scientist

Wikipedia - Brandeston Hall -- House in Brandeston, Suffolk, UK

Wikipedia - Brandon Call -- American actor

Wikipedia - Brandon Centerwall -- American epidemiologist

Wikipedia - Brandon Micheal Hall -- American actor

Wikipedia - Brane Barrow -- Neolithic entrance grave in Cornwall

Wikipedia - Branko Kallay -- Croatian athlete

Wikipedia - Brannon Run (Allegheny River tributary) -- Waterway in Venango County, Pennsylvania

Wikipedia - Brannovices -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Branston Hall

Wikipedia - Brass mill -- Infrastructure related to metallurgy

Wikipedia - Brass -- Alloy of copper and zinc

Wikipedia - Braulio Caballero Figueroa -- Mexican organist, harpsichordist and orchestral conductor (born 1998)

Wikipedia - Brawlhalla -- 2015 2D fighting video game

Wikipedia - Brayan Rodallegas -- Colombian weightlifter

Wikipedia - Brazilian Carnival Ball -- Annual fundraising event in Toronto, Canada

Wikipedia - Brazil national football team

Wikipedia - Brazza's martin -- A passerine bird of the swallow family from central Africa

Wikipedia - Breadboard -- Board with embedded spring clips that allows for electronics to be wired without soldering

Wikipedia - Bread dildo -- Dildo prepared using bread, allegedly made in the Greco-Roman era around 2,000 years ago

Wikipedia - Breadsall railway station -- Former railway station in Derbyshire, England

Wikipedia - Breage, Cornwall

Wikipedia - Break All Day! -- 2000 single by Alisa Mizuki

Wikipedia - Breakdown (vehicle) -- Mechanical failure of motor vehicle that prevents vehicle to operate functionally

Wikipedia - Breandan de Gallai -- Irish dancer

Wikipedia - Bredon School -- Small English Independent (public) School

Wikipedia - Breeder (cellular automaton) -- Type of pattern that grows quadratically

Wikipedia - Breede River Valley -- River valley region in the Western Cape, South Africa

Wikipedia - Breeders' Cup Challenge -- Series of Thoroughbred horse races

Wikipedia - Breedon Hall -- Historic building near Derby, England

Wikipedia - Bremen City Hall -- Historical building, instance of Brick Gothic and Weser Renaissance architecture

Wikipedia - Bremen-Walle station -- Railway station in Walle, Germany

Wikipedia - Bremer wall -- Type of barrier used to protect structures against damage from explosions

Wikipedia - Bremia (gall midge) -- Genus of flies

Wikipedia - Brenda Allen -- American madam based in Los Angeles, California

Wikipedia - Brenda De Blaes -- Australian softball player

Wikipedia - Brenda Mallory (artist) -- Native American mixed-media artist

Wikipedia - Brendan Allen -- American mixed martial arts fighter

Wikipedia - Brendan Halligan -- Irish politician

Wikipedia - Brenden Adams -- Formerly the tallest teenager in the world

Wikipedia - Brene Brown: The Call to Courage -- 2019 documentary film

Wikipedia - Brent Town Hall -- Building in Wembley Park in the London Borough of Brent

Wikipedia - Brentwood Town Centre -- Shopping mall in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

Wikipedia - Bresse Vallons -- Commune in Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France

Wikipedia - Brett Gallant -- Canadian curler

Wikipedia - Brett Scallions -- American musician

Wikipedia - Brett Talley -- American lawyer

Wikipedia - Brevetoxin -- Class of chemical compounds produced naturally

Wikipedia - Brewster SB2A Buccaneer -- Allied WWII monoplane scout/bomber aircraft

Wikipedia - Briallen Hopper -- Writer and literary scholar

Wikipedia - Brian Allen Carr -- American writer

Wikipedia - Brian Allgeier -- American video game designer

Wikipedia - Brian Ballard -- American sports shooter

Wikipedia - Brian Ball -- British motorcycle racer

Wikipedia - Brian Calley -- American politician

Wikipedia - Brian Callison -- British novelist

Wikipedia - Brian Cederwall -- New Zealand sportsman

Wikipedia - Brian Fallon (press secretary) -- American political activist

Wikipedia - Brian Fallon -- American singer-songwriter and musician

Wikipedia - Brian Hall (actor) -- British actor

Wikipedia - Brian Levin -- American softball coach

Wikipedia - Brian O'Halloran -- American actor and producer

Wikipedia - Brian Randall

Wikipedia - Brian Wall (artist) -- British sculptor

Wikipedia - Bricha -- Underground organized effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors illegally escape post-World War II Europe to the British Mandate for Palestine

Wikipedia - Brick-wall filter

Wikipedia - Brickwall House -- House in East Sussex, England

Wikipedia - Bridal Veil Falls (Washington) -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Bridey Murphy -- Purported example of a recalled past life

Wikipedia - Bridges Hall of Music -- Concert hall at Pomona College

Wikipedia - Bridges Not Walls -- 2017 EP by Billy Bragg

Wikipedia - Bridget Allchin -- English archaeologist, specializing in South Asian archaeology

Wikipedia - Bridget Hall -- American model

Wikipedia - Bridget Kumwenda -- Malawi netball international

Wikipedia - Bridget Vallence -- Australian politician

Wikipedia - Bridgewater Commons -- Shopping mall in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States

Wikipedia - Bridgman-Stockbarger method -- Method of crystallization

Wikipedia - Brigham Young Monument -- Sculpture by Cyrus Edwin Dallin

Wikipedia - Brigitte Balleys -- Swiss mezzo-soprano in opera and concert

Wikipedia - Brindavanam (2010 film) -- 2010 film by Vamshi Paidipally

Wikipedia - Bring It All to Me -- 1999 single by Blaque

Wikipedia - Brisbane Festival Hall -- Multi-purpose arena located in the Brisbane, Australia

Wikipedia - Bristol Beacon -- Concert hall in Bristol, England

Wikipedia - British ballet

Wikipedia - British Cemetery, Callao -- Cemetery in Peru

Wikipedia - British Rail Passenger Timetable -- Timetable containing all passenger rail services in Great Britain

Wikipedia - Britney Gallivan

Wikipedia - Britt Allcroft -- English film producer

Wikipedia - Brittany Allen -- Canadian actress

Wikipedia - Brittany Rogers (softball) -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Britt Vonk -- Dutch softball player

Wikipedia - BRLESC -- Ballistic Research Laboratories Electronic Scientific Computer

Wikipedia - BRMalls -- Brazilian company

Wikipedia - Broadcast address -- Means of addressing all devices on a network with a single transmission

Wikipedia - Broadcast call signs -- Unique identifiers assigned to radio and television stations

Wikipedia - Broadcast programming -- All shows of radio and television that were broadcast during a period of time

Wikipedia - Broadside ballad -- Single sheet of paper printed on one side

Wikipedia - Broad Street Mall -- Large indoor shopping mall located in central Reading, England

Wikipedia - Broadway Plaza (Denver) -- Former shopping mall in Denver, Colorado

Wikipedia - Brockley Hall Stables -- Biological Site of Special Scientific Interest near Brockley, North Somerset, England

Wikipedia - Brodie Lee Celebration of Life -- 2020 All Elite Wrestling television special and memorial event

Wikipedia - Brodie Nalle -- American physician

Wikipedia - Brodmann area 31 -- Brodmann area 31, also known as dorsal posterior cingulate area 31, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally

Wikipedia - Broken Chains (film) -- 1922 film by Allen Holubar

Wikipedia - Broken windows theory -- Criminological theory of the norm-setting and signalling effect of urban disorder and vandalism

Wikipedia - Broken Wings (ballet) -- Ballet about Frida Kahlo

Wikipedia - Broker's call -- relative interest rate

Wikipedia - Bronchiolitis -- Blockage of the small airways in the lungs due to a viral infection

Wikipedia - Bronchoscopy -- Procedure allowing a physician to look at a patient's airways through a thin viewing instrument called a bronchoscope

Wikipedia - Bronco All Terrain Tracked Carrier -- type of amphibious off-road vehicle

Wikipedia - Bronislava Nijinska -- Russian ballet dancer, teacher and choreographer

Wikipedia - Bronston v. United States -- 1972 U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that literally truthful testimony is not perjury

Wikipedia - Bronwyn Hall -- American economist

Wikipedia - Bronx Borough Hall -- Former building in the Bronx, New York

Wikipedia - Bronze disease -- Effect of chlorides on copper alloys

Wikipedia - Bronze -- metal alloy consisting of copper and tin

Wikipedia - Brookdale Center -- Shopping mall in the United States

Wikipedia - Brooke Allison -- American pop singer

Wikipedia - Brooke Wilkins -- Australian softball player

Wikipedia - Brooklyn Mall -- Shopping mall in South Africa

Wikipedia - Brooklyn Nets all-time roster -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - Broomhead Hall -- Stately home in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England

Wikipedia - Brotherhood of Steel -- Fictional technology-worshiping organization in the post-apocalyptic Fallout video game franchise

Wikipedia - Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God

Wikipedia - Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God

Wikipedia - Brown Bear Seamount -- An underwater volcano west of the coast of Oregon. It is connected to the larger Axial Seamount by a small ridge

Wikipedia - Browne Medal -- Gold medals awarded annually since 1774 for Latin and Greek poetry at Cambridge University

Wikipedia - Browns Mountain -- A small submarine mountain in the south-western Pacific Ocean off the coast of New South Wales, Australia, east of Sydney.

Wikipedia - Browns Valley, Minnesota -- City in Minnesota, United States

Wikipedia - Browns Valley Township, Big Stone County, Minnesota -- Township in Minnesota, United States

Wikipedia - Brown Valley -- Valley in Antarctica

Wikipedia - Brown Willy -- Hill in Cornwall, England

Wikipedia - Brow ridge -- Bony ridge located above the eye sockets of all primates

Wikipedia - Bruce Allen (drag racer) -- American retired drag racer

Wikipedia - Bruce Allen (manager) -- Canadian music band manager

Wikipedia - Bruce Allpress -- New Zealand actor

Wikipedia - Bruce Hall (musician) -- American musician and singer

Wikipedia - Bruce Kendall -- New Zealand sailor

Wikipedia - Bruce Kimball -- American diver and coach

Wikipedia - Bruce Marshall (taxonomist) -- New Zealand taxonomist

Wikipedia - Bruce Meade -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Bruce Park -- A small suburban memorial park within greater Winnipeg

Wikipedia - Bruce P. Crandall -- United States Army Medal of Honor recipient

Wikipedia - Bruce Shand -- Father of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall

Wikipedia - Bruce Silverstein Gallery -- Photographic art gallery in Manhattan, New York City

Wikipedia - Bruce Waller

Wikipedia - Brukunga -- small town in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia

Wikipedia - Brunnian link -- Interlinked multi-loop construction where cutting one loop frees all the others

Wikipedia - Bruno Dallansky -- Austrian actor

Wikipedia - Bruno Galliker -- Swiss hurdler

Wikipedia - Bruno Vallespir

Wikipedia - Brunt-VM-CM-$isM-CM-$lM-CM-$ frequency -- The angular frequency at which a vertically displaced parcel will oscillate within a statically stable environment

Wikipedia - Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde (Chamber of Representatives constituency) -- Belgian political subdivision

Wikipedia - Brutally Normal -- American television series

Wikipedia - Bryan Allen (hang glider) -- Hang glider pilot

Wikipedia - Bryan Callen -- American stand-up comedian, actor, writer and podcaster

Wikipedia - Bryan Marshall -- British actor

Wikipedia - Bryce Dallas Howard -- American actress and director

Wikipedia - Bryce Hallett -- Canadian animator

Wikipedia - Bryce Hall (internet personality) -- American social media personality

Wikipedia - Bryn Mawr School -- private all-girls school in Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Wikipedia - Bryotropha gallurella -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Bryotropha pallorella -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - BSA B25 -- Series of motorcycles made by the Birmingham Small Arms Company

Wikipedia - BTC City -- Shopping mall in Ljubljana, Slovenia

Wikipedia - Bt cotton -- Genetically modified variety of cotton

Wikipedia - B-tree -- A self-balancing, tree-based data structure, that allows read/write access in logarithmic time

Wikipedia - B*-tree -- A self-balancing, tree-based data structure, that allows read/write access in logarithmic time

Wikipedia - Bubba Nickles -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Bubusara Beyshenalieva -- Kyrgyzstani ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Buccio di Ranallo -- Italian medieval writer

Wikipedia - Bucculatrix callistricha -- Species of moth in genus Bucculatrix

Wikipedia - Bucculatrix kendalli -- Species of moth in genus Bucculatrix

Wikipedia - Bucculatrix kimballi -- Species of moth in genus Bucculatrix

Wikipedia - Bucculatrix pallidula -- Species of moth in genus Bucculatrix

Wikipedia - Bucculatrix ramallahensis -- Species of moth in genus Bucculatrix

Wikipedia - Buckingham House, Pall Mall -- Historic British building

Wikipedia - Buckler -- Small shield

Wikipedia - Buckminster Fuller Challenge

Wikipedia - Buckminsterfullerene -- Carbon allotrope

Wikipedia - Buckner station -- DART light rail station in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (film) -- 1979 film by Daniel Haller

Wikipedia - Bucky ball

Wikipedia - Buckyball

Wikipedia - Buczynski -- List of people called Buczynski

Wikipedia - Budaraju Srinivasa Murty -- Indian metallurgist

Wikipedia - Buddhahood -- The condition of being fully spiritually awakened in Buddhism

Wikipedia - Buddleja fallowiana var. alba -- Variety of plant

Wikipedia - Buddleja fallowiana -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Buddy allocation

Wikipedia - Buddy film -- Film genre in which two people of the same sex (historically men) are non-romantically paired.

Wikipedia - Buddy line -- A line physically tethering two scuba divers together underwater to avoid separation in low visibility conditions

Wikipedia - Bude railway station -- Former railway station in Cornwall, England

Wikipedia - Bude -- town in Cornwall, England

Wikipedia - Budgerigar -- Small, long-tailed, seed-eating parrot

Wikipedia - Budgeted cost of work performed -- Budgeted cost of work that has actually been performed in carrying out a scheduled task during a specific time period

Wikipedia - Bud Muehleisen -- American racquetball and paddleball player

Wikipedia - Buena Vista (brand) -- Brand name historically used for divisions of the Walt Disney Company

Wikipedia - Buffalo City Hall -- Skyscraper and municipal building in Buffalo, New York

Wikipedia - Bugle railway station -- Railway station in Cornwall, England

Wikipedia - Bugles -- corn snack food originally from General Mills

Wikipedia - Buhl City Hall (Minnesota) -- Historic municipal building in Minnesota

Wikipedia - Building -- Structure, typically with a roof and walls, standing more or less permanently in one place

Wikipedia - Build the Wall, Enforce the Law Act of 2018 -- United States Congress bill

Wikipedia - Buka cloak -- Noongar South West Australian indigenous language word describing usually kangaroo skin cloak worn draped over one shoulder

Wikipedia - Buket Atalay -- Turkish Paralympic goalball player

Wikipedia - Bulbil -- A small young plant that grows from the parent plant's stem

Wikipedia - Bulbophyllum alleizettei -- Species of orchid

Wikipedia - Bulbophyllum allenkerrii -- Species of orchid

Wikipedia - Bulbophyllum alliifolium -- Species of orchid

Wikipedia - Bulbophyllum ballii -- Species of orchid

Wikipedia - Bulbophyllum callichroma -- Species of orchid

Wikipedia - Bulbophyllum callipes -- Species of orchid

Wikipedia - Bulbophyllum callosum -- Species of orchid

Wikipedia - Bulbophyllum cantagallense -- Species of orchid

Wikipedia - Bulgarian Handball Federation -- Handball Federation from Bulgaria

Wikipedia - Bulk box -- Pallet-size shipping box

Wikipedia - Bulk synchronous parallel

Wikipedia - Bull Allen (soldier) -- Australian soldier

Wikipedia - Bulletin board -- A board, usually cork, for pinning notices to

Wikipedia - Bullets for Bandits -- 1942 film by Wallace W. Fox

Wikipedia - Bullets over Broadway -- 1994 film by Woody Allen

Wikipedia - Bulls, Bears and the Ballot Box -- book by Bob Deitrick

Wikipedia - Bull v Hall -- UK discrimination and freedom of religious expression legal case

Wikipedia - Bully's Acre -- site in Ballinalee, Longford

Wikipedia - Bulverism -- Type of logical fallacy

Wikipedia - Bulwell Hall Halt railway station -- Former railway station in Nottinghamshire, England

Wikipedia - BuM-CM-1uelo -- Fried dough ball

Wikipedia - Bungay -- Small town in Suffolk, England

Wikipedia - Bungee jumping -- Activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while connected to a large elastic cord

Wikipedia - Bungsberg (ship) -- German cargo ship sunk near Tallinn, Estonia

Wikipedia - Buninskaya Alleya -- Moscow Metro station

Wikipedia - Bunny Hall -- Grade I listed building in Nottinghamshire, England

Wikipedia - Burbank station (DART) -- DART light rail station in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Burcu SallakoM-DM-^_lu -- Turkish taekwondo practitioner

Wikipedia - Burevisnyk-ShVSM Chernihiv -- Professional Volleyball club based in Chernihiv, Ukraine

Wikipedia - BurgerbrM-CM-$ukeller -- Historic beer hall in Munich, Germany

Wikipedia - Burgess Falls State Park -- Protected area in Tennessee, US

Wikipedia - Burggasse-Stadthalle (Vienna U-Bahn) -- Vienna U-Bahn station

Wikipedia - Burgh Hall -- Building in Scotland

Wikipedia - Burghwallis -- Village and civil parish in South Yorkshire, England

Wikipedia - Burgstallkogel (Sulm valley) -- Hill in Austria

Wikipedia - Burhan-bulak falls -- Natural waterfall in Kazakhstan

Wikipedia - Burlesque Hall of Fame -- museum in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

Wikipedia - Burlington Mall (Massachusetts) -- Shopping mall in Burlington, Massachusetts, United States

Wikipedia - Burlington Street drill hall, Manchester -- Former British military installation

Wikipedia - Burnby Hall Gardens -- Gardens in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England

Wikipedia - Burned house horizon -- Phenomenon of presumably intentionally burned settlements

Wikipedia - Burn (landform) -- Term of Scottish origin for a small river

Wikipedia - Burnley Barracks -- Military installation in Burnley, Lancashire, England

Wikipedia - Burnley Town Hall -- Municipal Building in England

Wikipedia - Burn Notice: The Fall of Sam Axe -- 2011 television film directed by Jeffrey Donovan

Wikipedia - Burns and Allen -- American comedic duo

Wikipedia - Burn (stream) -- Term of Scottish origin for a small river

Wikipedia - Burnt Island, Isles of Scilly -- Uninhabited island in Isles of Scilly, Cornwall, UK

Wikipedia - Burr conspiracy -- Alleged conspiracy to create an independent country in North America led by Aaron Burr (1805-1807)

Wikipedia - Burrows Cave -- Alleged cave site

Wikipedia - Burry Holms -- A small tidal island at the northern end of the Gower Peninsula, Wales

Wikipedia - Burst Ball Barrage!! Super B-Daman -- Television series

Wikipedia - Burton upon Trent Town Hall -- Municipal Building in England

Wikipedia - Burundo-African Alliance for Salvation -- Political party in Burundi

Wikipedia - Bush ballad -- Music genre of Australia

Wikipedia - Bushranger -- Originally runaway convicts during the British settlement of Australia

Wikipedia - Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong -- Political group in Hong Kong

Wikipedia - Business license -- Permits issued by government agencies that allow individuals or companies to conduct business

Wikipedia - Business route -- Short special route connected to a parent numbered highway at its beginning, then routed through the central business district of a nearby city or town, and finally reconnecting with the same parent numbered highway again at its end

Wikipedia - Business telephone system -- Multiline telephone system typically used in business environments

Wikipedia - Buster Welch -- Cutting horse trainer inducted into AQHA and NCHA Halls of Fame.

Wikipedia - Butler -- Male domestic worker in charge of all the household staff

Wikipedia - Buttercrambe with Bossall -- Civil parish in North Yorkshire, England

Wikipedia - Buttered cat paradox -- Joke about falling cats and toast

Wikipedia - Butterfly effect -- Idea that small causes can have large effects

Wikipedia - Butternut Valley Township, Blue Earth County, Minnesota -- Township in Minnesota, United States

Wikipedia - Buttery (room) -- Originally a room under a monastery, in which food and drink were stored

Wikipedia - Butte -- Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top

Wikipedia - Buttress root -- Large, wide roots on all sides of a shallowly rooted tree

Wikipedia - Buxhall Windmill -- Former tower mill at Buxhall, Suffolk, England

Wikipedia - Buxton Town Hall -- Listed building in Derbyshire, England

Wikipedia - BuzzBallz -- Brand of pre-mixed cocktail drinks

Wikipedia - Buzz Westfall -- American politician

Wikipedia - Byerley Turk -- 17th- and 18th-century stallion and one of the foundation stallions of the Thoroughbred breed

Wikipedia - Byron Allen -- American comedian

Wikipedia - Byron David Smith killings -- On Thanksgiving Day of 2012 in Little Falls, Minnesota, US

Wikipedia - Byron Gallimore -- American record producer

Wikipedia - Byron Mallott -- American politician

Wikipedia - C9 League -- Alliance of top Chinese universities

Wikipedia - Caballeria -- A unit of area measurement in colonial Spanish times in the Americas

Wikipedia - Caballeronia -- Genus of Betaproteobacteria

Wikipedia - Caballos Formation -- Geological formation in Colombia

Wikipedia - Cabal -- Clever scheme or artful plot, usually crafted for evil purposes

Wikipedia - Cab Calloway -- American jazz singer and bandleader

Wikipedia - Cabela's Outdoor Trivia Challenge -- 1999 video game

Wikipedia - Cabinet (government) -- Group of high ranking officials, usually representing the executive branch of government

Wikipedia - Cabin (ship) -- Enclosed space generally on a ship

Wikipedia - Caboose (ship's galley) -- Kitchen on a ship

Wikipedia - Cabo Rojo Beach Volleyball Courts -- Volleyball courts in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Cab Secure Radio -- British Rail driver/signaller communication system

Wikipedia - Cab signalling

Wikipedia - CabulM-DM-+tis -- Alligator

Wikipedia - Caciocavallo -- Italian cheese

Wikipedia - CAC Small -- French small-cap stock market index, part of the CAC All-Tradable composite index.

Wikipedia - Cactus Air Force -- Allied air power on the island of Guadalcanal in 1942

Wikipedia - Caddie Hall of Fame -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - Cadillac Allante -- Luxury roadster produced by Cadillac

Wikipedia - Cadillac Ranch -- Public art installation in Amarillo, Texas

Wikipedia - Cadurci -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Cadwallader Blayney, 10th Baron Blayney -- Irish noble

Wikipedia - Cadwallader C. Washburn -- American lawyer, politician, and businessman

Wikipedia - Cadwallader D. Colden

Wikipedia - Cadwallader Lincoln Washburn -- American artist and adventurer

Wikipedia - Cadwallader Wolseley -- An Irish Anglican priest: Archdeacon of Glendalough from 1862 until his death

Wikipedia - Cadwallon ap Cadfan

Wikipedia - Cady Hall -- historic building in Arizona, US

Wikipedia - Caesar and Otto's Paranormal Halloween -- 2015 film by Dave Campfield

Wikipedia - Caesar's Rhine bridges -- Roman construction, Gallic Wars

Wikipedia - Cafe Gondree -- Small coffeehouse in Benouville, France

Wikipedia - Cafe Society (2016 film) -- 2016 film by Woody Allen

Wikipedia - Caffe macchiato -- Espresso coffee drink with a small amount of milk, usually foamed

Wikipedia - Cagayan Valley -- Administrative region of the Philippines

Wikipedia - Caguana Ceremonial Ball Courts Site -- Indigenous historic site in Utuado, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Cai Changgui -- Chinese goalball player

Wikipedia - Caio Domenico Gallo

Wikipedia - Cairo Stadium Indoor Halls Complex -- Sports venue

Wikipedia - Caitlin Halligan -- Solicitor General of New York

Wikipedia - Caitlin Lever -- American-Canadian softball player

Wikipedia - Caitlin Mallory -- American ice dancer

Wikipedia - Caitriona Lally -- Professor of Bioengineering

Wikipedia - Cai Xiang -- Chinese calligrapher, politician, engineer, poet

Wikipedia - Cajun music -- Music of Cajun Louisiana is rooted in ballads of French-speaking Canadians

Wikipedia - Calallen, Corpus Christi, Texas -- District in Corpus Christi, Texas, United States

Wikipedia - Calallen Independent School District -- School district in Corpus Christi, Texas, United States

Wikipedia - Calamity Anne's Dream -- 1913 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Calamity Anne's Vanity -- 1913 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Calanque -- A narrow, steep-walled inlet on the Mediterranean coast

Wikipedia - Calathea allouia -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Calcareous glade -- Calcareous glades occur where bedrock such as limestone occurs near or at the surface, and have very shallow and little soil development.

Wikipedia - Calceology -- Study of footwear, especially historical footwear whether as archaeology, shoe fashion history

Wikipedia - Calcite rafts -- Cave-crystallized calcite crusts

Wikipedia - Calculus Made Easy -- Book on infinitesimal calculus originally published in 1910 by Silvanus P. Thompson

Wikipedia - Calcutta Cricket and Football Club

Wikipedia - Calcutta Football League

Wikipedia - Caledonia Waterfalls -- Waterfall in Platres, Cyprus

Wikipedia - Caletes -- Belgic-Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Calibrated probability assessment -- Subjective probabilities assigned in a way that historically represents their uncertainty

Wikipedia - California Border Police Initiative -- Proposed state ballot law enforcement initiative

Wikipedia - California Commotion -- Professional women's softball team

Wikipedia - California Cup Juvenile Fillies Stakes -- An American thoroughbred horse race run annually at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California

Wikipedia - California Golden Bears baseball

Wikipedia - California Golden Bears football

Wikipedia - California Golden Bears men's basketball

Wikipedia - California Golden Bears softball -- College softball team representing the University of California, Berkeley

Wikipedia - California Golden Bears women's basketball

Wikipedia - California Golden Bears women's volleyball -- College women's volleyball team representing the University of California, Berkeley

Wikipedia - California Hall

Wikipedia - California M-CM-^er Alles -- 1979 single by Dead Kennedys

Wikipedia - California quail -- Small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family.

Wikipedia - California Riverside Ballet -- American ballet company

Wikipedia - California Rodeo Salinas Hall of Fame -- Hall of Fame for Cowboys

Wikipedia - California Social Work Hall of Distinction

Wikipedia - California State Route 128 -- Highway in California from the Mendocino coast to the Sacramento Valley

Wikipedia - California State University Maritime Academy -- Public university in Vallejo, California, United States

Wikipedia - Calixa Lavallee -- Canadian composer

Wikipedia - Callabo -- Barrio of Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Callahan's Crosstime Saloon -- Fictional bar/story series by Spider Robinson

Wikipedia - Callahans Hills, Virginia -- Unincorporated community in Pittsylvania County, Virginia

Wikipedia - Callaita -- 2019 song by Bad Bunny

Wikipedia - Callalily -- Pop rock band from the Philippines

Wikipedia - Callaloo -- Caribbean vegetable dish

Wikipedia - Call a Messenger -- 1939 film by Arthur Lubin

Wikipedia - Callan Chythlook-Sifsof -- American snowboarder

Wikipedia - Callancyla -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callan Data Systems

Wikipedia - Callander

Wikipedia - Callanga -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callan McAuliffe -- Australian actor

Wikipedia - Callan Potter -- Australian mixed martial arts fighter

Wikipedia - Callan v Ireland & The Attorney General -- Supreme Court of Ireland case

Wikipedia - Callao affair -- Series of naval incidents between Spain and the U.S. during the Peruvian War of Independence

Wikipedia - Callao Cave -- Cave and archaeological site in the Philippines

Wikipedia - Callao (Line B Buenos Aires Underground) -- Buenos Aires Underground station

Wikipedia - Callao (Line D Buenos Aires Underground) -- Buenos Aires Underground station

Wikipedia - Callao (Madrid Metro) -- Madrid Metro station

Wikipedia - Callao

Wikipedia - Callarge occidentalis -- Species of insect

Wikipedia - Call a spade a spade

Wikipedia - Callatis Theoretical High School -- High school in Mangalia, Romania

Wikipedia - Call at Midnight -- 1929 film

Wikipedia - Calla Urbanski -- American pair skater

Wikipedia - Callawassie Island -- Island in South Carolina, United States

Wikipedia - Callaway Arts & Entertainment -- American publishing company

Wikipedia - Callaway, Minnesota -- City in Minnesota, United States

Wikipedia - Calla -- Monotypic genus of flowering plant in the arum family Araceae

Wikipedia - Callback (computer programming)

Wikipedia - Callback (computer science)

Wikipedia - Callback function

Wikipedia - Call box -- Special purpose telephone

Wikipedia - Callboys -- Belgian television series

Wikipedia - Call by name

Wikipedia - Call-by-name

Wikipedia - Call by reference

Wikipedia - Call-by-reference

Wikipedia - Call by sharing

Wikipedia - Call by value

Wikipedia - Call-by-value

Wikipedia - Call centre -- Centralised office used for the purpose of receiving or transmitting a large volume of requests by telephone

Wikipedia - Call Cobbs Jr. -- American musician

Wikipedia - Call Control eXtensible Markup Language

Wikipedia - Call detail record -- Automated data record that documents the details of a telephone call or other telecommunications transaction

Wikipedia - Calle 11 metro station -- Mexico City metro station

Wikipedia - Calle 13 (band) -- Puerto Rican band

Wikipedia - Calle 13 (TV channel) -- Spanish pay television channel

Wikipedia - Calle 25 de Enero -- Historic street in Ponce, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Callebaut -- Belgian chocolate brand

Wikipedia - Calle Blancos -- district in Goicoechea canton, San Jose province, Costa Rica

Wikipedia - Calle-Calle Bridge -- Bridge in Valdivia, Chile

Wikipedia - Calle Concordia -- Highway in Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Called Back (1914 American film) -- 1914 film directed by Otis Turner

Wikipedia - Called Back (1914 British film) -- 1914 film directed by George Loane Tucker

Wikipedia - Calle de la Amargura -- Street in San Jose, Costa Rica

Wikipedia - Calle de la Candelaria -- Street in Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Calle de Serrano -- Street in Madrid

Wikipedia - Calleida -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Calleidomorpha -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Calleigh Duquesne -- Fictional character on American television series CSI: Miami

Wikipedia - Callejones Site -- Prehistoric archeological site in Lares, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Callejones -- Barrio of Lares, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Calle Jose De Diego (Mayaguez) -- Major road in Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Calle Kristiansson -- Swedish singer

Wikipedia - Calle luna, Calle sol -- Television series

Wikipedia - Calle Mayor (Madrid) -- Street in Madrid, Spain

Wikipedia - Calle Mendez Vigo (Mayaguez) -- Major thoroughfare in Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Calle Ramon Emeterio Betances -- Urban road in Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Caller (dancing)

Wikipedia - Caller ID spoofing

Wikipedia - Callerlab

Wikipedia - Caller to Islam

Wikipedia - Callerton Parkway Metro station -- Tyne and Wear Metro station

Wikipedia - Calle Siete -- 2016 Philippine television series

Wikipedia - Calles Law

Wikipedia - Call Esteban -- 1960 film

Wikipedia - Calleva -- Outdoor education organization

Wikipedia - Call for the Dead -- 1961 novel by John le Carre

Wikipedia - Call gate (Intel) -- A mechanism in Intel's x86 architecture for changing the privilege level

Wikipedia - Call Girl (2012 film) -- 2012 Swedish drama film directed by Mikael Marcimain

Wikipedia - Call girl -- Type of sex worker

Wikipedia - Call graph

Wikipedia - Call Her Savage -- 1932 film

Wikipedia - Calliaghstown Well -- Holy well in Ireland

Wikipedia - Calliandra chilensis -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Calliandra decrescens -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Calliandra tumbeziana -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Calliarthron -- Genus of red algae in the family Corallinaceae

Wikipedia - Callias III

Wikipedia - Callia -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callicarpa dichotoma -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Callicarpa japonica -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Callichromatini -- Tribe of beetle

Wikipedia - Callichroma -- Genus of beetle

Wikipedia - Calliclava pallida -- Species of mollusc

Wikipedia - Callicles

Wikipedia - Calliclytus -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Calli Cox -- American former pornographic actress

Wikipedia - Callicrates -- Ancient Greek architect

Wikipedia - Callidadelpha -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callidagonum -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callidemum -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callidiellum -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callidiini -- Tribe of beetles

Wikipedia - Callidiopini -- Tribe of beetles

Wikipedia - Callidium -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callidrepana albiceris -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana amaura -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana argenteola -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana argyrobapta -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana gelidata -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana gemina -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana heinzhuebneri -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana hirayamai -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana jianfenglingensis -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana macnultyi -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana micacea -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana nana -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana ovata -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana patrana -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana pulcherrima -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana saucia -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana serena -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana splendens -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidrepana vanbraeckeli -- Species of hook-tip moth

Wikipedia - Callidula atata -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callidula -- Genus of moths

Wikipedia - Callidulidae -- Family of Old World butterfly-moths

Wikipedia - CallidusCloud -- US enterprise software and SaaS company

Wikipedia - Callie duPerier -- American barrel racer)

Wikipedia - Calliergis ramosa -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callie Thorne -- American actress

Wikipedia - Calligonum junceum -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Calligonum polygonoides -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Calligrafismo

Wikipedia - Calligrammes -- Poetry collection by Guillaume Apollinaire

Wikipedia - Calligram -- Poem, phrase, or word in which the typeface, calligraphy or handwriting is arranged in a way that creates a visual image

Wikipedia - Calligrapha -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Calligraphus -- An ancient copyist

Wikipedia - Calligraphy Greenway -- Linear park in Taichung, Taiwan

Wikipedia - Calligraphy -- Visual art related to writing

Wikipedia - Calligra -- Office suite made for KDE

Wikipedia - Calliini -- Tribe of beetles

Wikipedia - Callimachus -- Ancient poet and librarian

Wikipedia - Callimation -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callimerus -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callimetopus -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callimicra -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callinectes bocourti -- Species of crustacean

Wikipedia - Callinectes sapidus -- Species of crustacean

Wikipedia - Calling All Cars (1935 film) -- 1935 film directed by Spencer Gordon Bennet

Wikipedia - Calling All Cars (band) -- Australian rock band

Wikipedia - Calling All Crooks -- 1938 film

Wikipedia - Calling All Curs -- 1939 film by Jules White

Wikipedia - Calling All Hearts (song) -- 2014 single by DJ Cassidy

Wikipedia - Calling All Husbands -- 1940 film by Noel M. Smith

Wikipedia - Calling All Marines -- 1939 film by John H. Auer

Wikipedia - Calling All Police Cars -- 1975 film

Wikipedia - Calling All the Monsters -- 2011 single by China Anne McClain

Wikipedia - Calling America -- 1986 single by Electric Light Orchestra

Wikipedia - Calling a Wolf a Wolf -- poetry collection by [[Kaveh Akbar]]

Wikipedia - Calling / Breathless -- 2013 single by Arashi

Wikipedia - Calling Bulldog Drummond -- 1951 film by Victor Saville

Wikipedia - Calling convention

Wikipedia - Calling Dr. Gillespie -- 1942 film by Harold S. Bucquet

Wikipedia - Calling Dr. Kildare -- 1939 film by Harold S. Bucquet

Wikipedia - Calling Homicide -- 1956 American police drama film directed by Edward Bernds

Wikipedia - Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft -- 1976 single by Klaatu

Wikipedia - Calling of Matthew

Wikipedia - Calling on Dragons

Wikipedia - Calling On -- 2000 single by Weta

Wikipedia - Calling Philo Vance -- 1940 film by William Clemens

Wikipedia - Calling the Shots -- 1988 Canadian documentary film

Wikipedia - Calling the Tune -- 1936 film by Reginald Denham

Wikipedia - Callinicus III of Constantinople

Wikipedia - Callinicus II of Constantinople

Wikipedia - Callinicus I of Constantinople

Wikipedia - Callinicus IV of Constantinople

Wikipedia - Callinicus of Alexandria -- Egyptian priest

Wikipedia - Callinicus of Heliopolis

Wikipedia - Callinicus (Prince of Commagene) -- 1st century AD prince of the Kingdom of Commagene

Wikipedia - Callinicus (Sophist)

Wikipedia - Callinicus V of Constantinople

Wikipedia - Callin' Me (Lil' Zane song) -- 2000 song by Lil' Zane featuring 112

Wikipedia - Callin' Me When I'm Lonely -- 2013 single by Sheryl Crow

Wikipedia - Callinus

Wikipedia - Calliomorpha -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callionymus hainanensis -- Species of fish

Wikipedia - Calliope Beach -- Antarctic beach

Wikipedia - Calliope hummingbird -- Smallest species of hummingbird in North America

Wikipedia - Calliope School of Legal Studies -- Law college in Jammu and Kashmir

Wikipedia - Calliope -- Muse of epic poetry

Wikipedia - Calliophis melanurus -- Species of reptile

Wikipedia - Calliophis nigrescens -- Species of reptile

Wikipedia - Calliopius -- Genus of crustaceans

Wikipedia - Calliostoma consors -- Species of mollusc

Wikipedia - Calliostoma hexalyssion -- Species of mollusc

Wikipedia - Calliostoma interruptus -- Species of mollusc

Wikipedia - Calliostoma ornatum -- Ornate topshell, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae

Wikipedia - Calliostoma peregrinum -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Calliostoma pertinax -- Species of mollusc

Wikipedia - Calliostoma presselierense -- Extinct species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Calliostoma suduirauti -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Calliostoma vinosum -- Species of mollusc

Wikipedia - Calliotropis abyssicola -- Species of Pacific Ocean sea snail

Wikipedia - Calliotropis antarctica -- Species of Antarctic sea snail

Wikipedia - Calliotropis asphales -- Species of Pacific Ocean sea snail

Wikipedia - Calliotropis hondoensis -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Calliotropis zone -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Callipeltis -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Callipepla -- Genus of birds

Wikipedia - Callipero -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Calliphaula -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Calliphlox -- Genus of birds

Wikipedia - Calliphon of Croton

Wikipedia - Calliphon

Wikipedia - Calliphoridae -- Family of insects in the Diptera order

Wikipedia - Calliphorinae -- Subfamily of insects in the Diptera order

Wikipedia - Callipodida -- Order of myriapods

Wikipedia - Callipogonius -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callipogon -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callippic cycle

Wikipedia - Callippus

Wikipedia - Calliprason -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Calliptaminae -- Subfamily of grasshoppers

Wikipedia - Calliptamus italicus -- Species of grasshopper

Wikipedia - Calliptamus siciliae -- Species of grasshopper

Wikipedia - Callipyndax -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callipyrga turrita -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callirhipidae -- Family of beetles

Wikipedia - Callirhipis -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callirhynchinus -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callirrhoe (daughter of Achelous) -- Mythological figure

Wikipedia - Callisema -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callispa -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callisphyris -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callista Gingrich -- U.S. diplomat

Wikipedia - Callista (novel)

Wikipedia - Callistege mi -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callistephus -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Callisti -- Clothing brand

Wikipedia - Callisto basistrigella -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callisto coffeella -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callisto (comics)

Wikipedia - Callistoctopus macropus -- Species of cephalopod known as the AtlantiC white-spotted octopus

Wikipedia - Callistoctopus -- Genus of molluscs

Wikipedia - Callisto denticulella -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callisto insperatella -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callistola -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callistomimus -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callisto (moon) -- Second largest Galilean moon of Jupiter and third largest in the solar system

Wikipedia - Callisto pfaffenzelleri -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callistoprionus -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callistosiren -- Extinct genus of mammal

Wikipedia - CALLISTO -- Callisto

Wikipedia - Callistratus (sophist)

Wikipedia - Callistus (beetle) -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callistus III

Wikipedia - Callistus II of Constantinople

Wikipedia - Callistus I of Constantinople

Wikipedia - Callistus Rubaramira -- Ugandan priest

Wikipedia - Callistus Valentine Onaga -- 21st-century Nigerian Catholic bishop

Wikipedia - Call It a Day -- 1937 film by Dodie Smith, Archie Mayo

Wikipedia - Calliteara abietis -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Calliteara pudibunda -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callithyia -- Mythological figure

Wikipedia - Call It Luck -- 1934 film by James Tinling

Wikipedia - Callitris canescens -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Callitris preissii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Callitris rhomboidea -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Callitris verrucosa -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad) -- Blues standard written by T-Bone Walker

Wikipedia - Call It Whatever (song) -- Single by Bella Thorne

Wikipedia - Call It What You Want (Taylor Swift song) -- 2017 song by Taylor Swift

Wikipedia - Callityrinthia -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callixte Nzabonimana -- Rwandan politician

Wikipedia - Callixtus III

Wikipedia - Callixylon tree -- Largest known Callixylon tree stump

Wikipedia - Callizonus -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Call-map proteomics

Wikipedia - Call Me Ace -- American rapper

Wikipedia - Call Me a Liar -- 1961 television film directed by William Sterling

Wikipedia - Call Me Baby -- 2015 single by EXO

Wikipedia - Call Me (Blondie song) -- 1980 single by Blondie

Wikipedia - Call Me Claus -- 2001 television film by Peter Werner

Wikipedia - Call Me Elizabeth -- Book by Dawn Annandale

Wikipedia - Call Me (Jamelia song) -- 2000 single by Jamelia

Wikipedia - Call Me Lightning (song) -- 1968 song by The Who

Wikipedia - Call Me Madam (film) -- 1953 film

Wikipedia - Call Me Maybe -- 2011 single by Carly Rae Jepsen

Wikipedia - Call Me (Nav and Metro Boomin song) -- 2017 single by Nav and Metro Boomin

Wikipedia - Call Me (Skyy song) -- 1981 single by Skyy

Wikipedia - Call Me Thief -- 2016 film

Wikipedia - Call Me Tonight -- 1986 film by Tatsuya Okamoto

Wikipedia - Call Me What You Like -- 2000 single by Keane

Wikipedia - Call Me When You're Sober -- 2006 single by Evanescence

Wikipedia - Call My Agent! -- French television series

Wikipedia - Call Northside 777 -- 1948 film by Henry Hathaway

Wikipedia - Call number

Wikipedia - Calloctenus -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game) -- Horror tabletop role-playing game

Wikipedia - Call of Cthulhu (video game) -- 2018 horror video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty 2 -- 2005 video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty 3 -- 2006 video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare -- 2007 first-person shooter

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare -- 2014 First-person shooter video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 -- First-person shooter video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War -- First-person shooter video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: Black Ops III -- 2015 first-person shooter video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: Black Ops II -- 2012 video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: Black Ops -- 2010 first-person shooter video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty (comics) -- Series of Marvel Comics

Wikipedia - Call of Duty Endowment -- Military veterans support organization

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: Ghosts -- 2013 first-person shooter video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare -- 2016 video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty League -- Professional esports league

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 -- 2009 first-person shooter game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 -- 2011 first-person shooter video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized -- 2009 first-person shooter game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered -- 2016 first-person shooter game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty Online -- Video game by Activision Shanghai

Wikipedia - Call of Duty (video game) -- 2003 video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty -- First-person shooter video game franchise

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: World at War -- 2008 first-person shooter video game

Wikipedia - Call of Duty: WWII -- 2017 WWII first-person shooter video game

Wikipedia - Call of Juarez: The Cartel -- Video game

Wikipedia - Call of the Blood (1929 film) -- 1929 film

Wikipedia - Call of the Canyon -- 1942 film by Joseph Santley

Wikipedia - Call of the Circus -- 1930 film

Wikipedia - Call of the Cuckoo -- 1927 film

Wikipedia - Call of the Flesh -- 1930 film

Wikipedia - Call of the Ice -- 2016 film by Mike Magidson

Wikipedia - Call of the Prairie -- 1936 film by Howard Bretherton

Wikipedia - Call of the Rockies (1938 film) -- 1938 film by Alan James

Wikipedia - Call of the Rockies (1944 film) -- 1944 film by Lesley Selander

Wikipedia - Call of the Sea -- 1930 film

Wikipedia - Call of the Shofar -- Organization focusing on personal and relational transformation

Wikipedia - Call of the West (film) -- 1930 western film

Wikipedia - Call of the Wild (1935 film) -- 1935 film by William A. Wellman

Wikipedia - Call of the Wild (2009 film) -- 2009 American film

Wikipedia - Call of the Wild (song) -- Single by Deep Purple

Wikipedia - Call of the Wild (TV series) -- TV series

Wikipedia - Call of the Yukon -- 1938 film by B. Reeves Eason

Wikipedia - Calloides -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callomecyna -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callomegachile -- Subgenus of leafcutter bees (Megachile)

Wikipedia - Callona -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Call on Me (Eric Prydz song) -- 2004 single by Eric Prydz

Wikipedia - Calloodes -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callopanchax occidentalis -- Species of fish

Wikipedia - Callopatiria formosa -- A species of starfish in the family Asterinidae from South Africa

Wikipedia - Callopatiria -- A genus of starfish in the family Asterinidae

Wikipedia - Callophrys xami

Wikipedia - Callopistes maculatus -- Species of lizard

Wikipedia - Callopistria juventina -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callopistria latreillei -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callopora lineata -- Species of bryozoan

Wikipedia - Call option

Wikipedia - Callos a la MadrileM-CM-1a -- Spanish stewed tripe dish

Wikipedia - Callosal sulcus

Wikipedia - Callosamia angulifera -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callosamia promethea -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Callosciurus -- Genus of "beautiful" squirrels from Asia

Wikipedia - Callose -- a plant cell wall polysaccharide

Wikipedia - Callosobruchus -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callotillus -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callot Soeurs -- French fashion house

Wikipedia - Callous and unemotional traits

Wikipedia - Call-out culture

Wikipedia - Call Out My Name -- 2018 single by the Weeknd

Wikipedia - Call Out the Marines -- 1942 film

Wikipedia - Callovian -- Fourth and last age of the middle Jurassic

Wikipedia - Call-recording software -- Software that records telephone conversations

Wikipedia - Call + Response -- 2008 film

Wikipedia - Call setup -- Telecommunications process

Wikipedia - Calls from the Message of Fatima

Wikipedia - Call-sign allocation plan -- Table of allocation of international call sign series

Wikipedia - Call signs in Canada -- Official identifiers assigned to radio and television stations in Canada

Wikipedia - Call signs in the United States -- FCC issued identifiers assigned to radio and television stations

Wikipedia - Call sign -- Unique designation for a transmitting station

Wikipedia - Call stack -- Stack data structure that stores information about the active subroutines of a computer program

Wikipedia - Call the Mesquiteers -- 1938 film

Wikipedia - Call the Midwife (book) -- Book by Jennifer Worth

Wikipedia - Call the Midwife -- BBC period drama series

Wikipedia - Call to action (marketing)

Wikipedia - Call to Glory -- American television series

Wikipedia - Call to Power II

Wikipedia - Call to the bar -- Authorization to practice as a barrister

Wikipedia - Callum Adamson -- British entrepreneur

Wikipedia - Callum Barker -- Australian motorcycle racer

Wikipedia - Callum Beattie -- Scottish singer

Wikipedia - Callum Crawford -- Canadian lacrosse player

Wikipedia - Callum Keith Rennie -- Actor

Wikipedia - Callum McCaig -- Scottish National Party politician

Wikipedia - Callum "Halfway" Highway -- Fictional character from the British soap opera EastEnders

Wikipedia - Callum Rebecchi -- Fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours

Wikipedia - Callum Shinkwin -- English golfer

Wikipedia - Callum Stone -- Fictional character from British police procedural television series The Bill

Wikipedia - Callum Turner -- British actor

Wikipedia - Callum Watson (musician) -- Australian pianist and composer

Wikipedia - Callum Wilkinson -- British race walker

Wikipedia - Callum Woodhouse -- British actor

Wikipedia - Callundine lacordairei -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Callus (cell biology) -- Growing mass of unorganized plant parenchyma cells

Wikipedia - Call U Sexy -- 2004 single by VS

Wikipedia - Callus -- Thickened and hardened area of skin

Wikipedia - Call-with-current-continuation -- Control flow operator in functional programming

Wikipedia - Call You Mine -- 2019 single by The Chainsmokers featuring Bebe Rexha

Wikipedia - Callytron -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Caloptilia callicarpae -- Species of insect

Wikipedia - Calvatia sculpta -- Species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae

Wikipedia - Calvin Ball III -- American politician

Wikipedia - Calvin Callahan -- 21st century American Republican politician.

Wikipedia - Calvin Dallas -- United States Virgin Islands athlete

Wikipedia - Calvin Goddard (ballistics)

Wikipedia - Calvin Royal III -- American ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Calvin S. Hall

Wikipedia - Calwalla, New South Wales -- Human settlement in Wingecarribee Shire, New South Wales, Australia

Wikipedia - Camas pocket gopher -- Small species of burrowing rodent from Oregon

Wikipedia - Camay Calloway Murphy -- American educator

Wikipedia - Camborne Pendarves (electoral division) -- Electoral division of Cornwall in the UK

Wikipedia - Camborne railway station -- Railway station in Cornwall, England

Wikipedia - Camborne Treslothan (electoral division) -- Electoral division of Cornwall in the UK

Wikipedia - Cambridge Centre -- Shopping mall in Cambridge, Ontario

Wikipedia - Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre -- Crystallographic organisation based in Cambridge, England.

Wikipedia - Cambridge Health Alliance

Wikipedia - Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall

Wikipedia - CaM-CM-1ada del Oro -- Primary watershed channel in the valley of Tucson, Arizona, USA

Wikipedia - Camel's nose -- Metaphor for a situation where the permitting of a small, seemingly innocuous act will open the door for larger, clearly undesirable actions

Wikipedia - Cameron Dallas -- American internet personality actor

Wikipedia - Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall -- Second wife of Prince Charles

Wikipedia - Camille Aoustin -- French handballer

Wikipedia - Camillo Ballin -- Italian bishop

Wikipedia - Camilo Estevez (handball) -- Puerto Rican handball coach

Wikipedia - Camotes Sea -- A small sea in the Philippine archipelago, bordered by the islands Leyte, Bohol and Cebu

Wikipedia - Campaign hat -- Broad-brimmed felt or straw hat, with a high crown, pinched symmetrically at the four corners

Wikipedia - Campamento Santiago -- Military training installation in Salinas, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Campanula alliariifolia -- Species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae

Wikipedia - Camp Ashcan -- WWII Allied prisoner-of-war camp in Luxembourg

Wikipedia - Camp Baharia -- U.S. military installation outside of Fallujah, Iraq

Wikipedia - Campbell Hall (UC Berkeley)

Wikipedia - Campbell's theorem (geometry) -- A Riemannian n-manifold embeds locally in an (n + 1)-manifold with flat Ricci curvature

Wikipedia - Camp Cherry Valley -- Camp on Catalina Island, California

Wikipedia - C&C Landfall 39 -- Sailboat class

Wikipedia - Campen Castle -- Partially standing lowland castle

Wikipedia - Camp Firefly -- Week-long summer camp for terminally ill children and families

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Wikipedia - Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley

Wikipedia - Carn Euny -- Archaeological site near Sancreed, Cornwall

Wikipedia - Carnutes -- Gallic tribe

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Wikipedia - Caroline Goodall -- English actress

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Wikipedia - Carol (music) -- Festive song, generally religious

Wikipedia - Carol Smallwood -- American poet and writer

Wikipedia - Carol Smith (softball) -- American softball coach

Wikipedia - Carolyn Crudgington -- Australian softball player

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Wikipedia - Carpal bones -- Eight small bones that make up the wrist (or carpus) that connects the hand to the forearm

Wikipedia - Carpenter's rule problem -- Can a simple planar polygon be moved continuously so all vertices are in convex position?

Wikipedia - Carpet stretcher -- tool used to install wall-to-wall carpet

Wikipedia - Carpilius corallinus -- Species of crustacean

Wikipedia - Carrefour du Nord -- Shopping mall in Saint-Jerome, Quebec, Canada

Wikipedia - Carriage -- Generally horse-drawn means of transport

Wikipedia - Carrie Anton -- Canadian goalball player

Wikipedia - Carrie Everson -- American metallurgist

Wikipedia - Carrie Imler -- American ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Carrie Nuttall -- American photographer

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Wikipedia - Carrier-sense multiple access -- system allowing transmitters to take turns on a shared media

Wikipedia - Carrier wave -- Waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is modulated (modified) with an input signal for the purpose of conveying information

Wikipedia - Carroll Ballard -- American film director

Wikipedia - Carrot -- Root vegetable, usually orange in color

Wikipedia - Carrousel du Louvre -- Shopping mall in Paris, France

Wikipedia - Carson Allen -- American singer-songwriter

Wikipedia - Carte de visite -- Type of small photograph with the size of a visiting card

Wikipedia - Cartel -- Mutually beneficial collusion among competing corporations

Wikipedia - Carter-Wallace -- American personal care company

Wikipedia - Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue -- 1990 animated TV film directed by Milton Gray

Wikipedia - Carved stone balls -- Petrospheres from late Neolithic Scotland

Wikipedia - Carver Hall

Wikipedia - Carwynnen Quoit -- Dolmen in the Cornwall region, England

Wikipedia - Caryocolum gallagenellum -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Casa da Musica -- concert hall

Wikipedia - Casa das Historias Paula Rego -- Art gallery in Cascais, Portugal, devoted to the work of Paula Rego

Wikipedia - Casally modulated preposition

Wikipedia - Casa Rosita Serralles -- Historic building in Ponce, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Casa Serralles -- Historic building in Ponce, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Cascade Falls (Osceola) -- Waterfall in Wisconsin

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Wikipedia - Cascades Park (Tallahassee) -- A park in Tallahassee, Florida

Wikipedia - Cascais tide gauge -- first tide gauge installed in Portugal, also used to establish the country's mean sea level

Wikipedia - Case Closed Episode One: The Great Detective Turned Small -- Sixth TV Special of Case Closed

Wikipedia - Case fatality rate -- Proportion of patients who die of a particular medical condition out of all who have this condition within a given time frame

Wikipedia - Caserne d'Artois -- Military installation in Versailles, France

Wikipedia - Casey Wallace -- American sport shooter

Wikipedia - Cash McCall -- 1960 film

Wikipedia - Casi Casi -- 2006 film by Jaime Valles, Tony Valles

Wikipedia - Casino Tower -- Structure in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada

Wikipedia - Casio SK-1 -- Small sampling keyboard

Wikipedia - Casper D. Waller -- American politician from Wisconsin

Wikipedia - Caspian horse -- Small horse breed

Wikipedia - Cassandra's Dream -- 2007 film by Woody Allen

Wikipedia - Cassandra Trenary -- American ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Cassare -- Type of marriage alliance

Wikipedia - Cassette tape adapter -- Adapter to allow playback of external sources through a tape player

Wikipedia - Castalla

Wikipedia - Castaway -- Person who is cast adrift or ashore, usually in shipwreck

Wikipedia - Castell Arnallt -- Ruined castle in Wales

Wikipedia - Castellum -- Small tower or a aqueduct tank in ancient Rome

Wikipedia - Castillonnais -- French breed of small saddle-horse

Wikipedia - Castillo Serralles -- Castle / mansion located in the city of Ponce, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Castle Carra -- Hall house, County Mayo, Ireland

Wikipedia - Castle of Park -- Tower house in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, UK

Wikipedia - Catabolism -- Set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units

Wikipedia - Catacomb of Callixtus

Wikipedia - Catalan declaration of independence -- Internationally unrecognised October 2017 announcement by which the Parliament of Catalonia unilaterally declared the independence of Catalonia from Spain

Wikipedia - Catalina Casino -- Movie theater, ballroom and former museum in Avalon, Los Angeles, California

Wikipedia - Catallena -- 2014 single by Orange Caramel

Wikipedia - Catamaran -- Watercraft with two parallel hulls of equal size

Wikipedia - Cat Ballou -- 1965 film by Elliot Silverstein

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Wikipedia - Catenulida -- Order of relatively small free-living flatworms

Wikipedia - Caterina Gattai Tomatis -- Italian ballerina

Wikipedia - Caterpillar D4 -- Small bulldozer

Wikipedia - Caterpillar D5 -- Small track-type bulldozer

Wikipedia - Cathal mac Domhnall M-CM-^S Conchobair -- Irish king

Wikipedia - Cathal mac Ruaidri M-CM-^S Conchobair -- King of all the Connachta

Wikipedia - Cathedral of Light -- Feature of the Nazi Party rallies in Nuremberg

Wikipedia - Catherine Callaghan -- American linguist

Wikipedia - Catherine Callaway -- American news anchor

Wikipedia - Catherine Elizabeth Brown -- New Zealand Maori weaver, potter, ceramist, textile artist, illustrator and netball coach of the Ngai Tahu iwi (1933-2004)

Wikipedia - Catherine Rae -- British metallurgist

Wikipedia - Catherine Small Long -- American politician (1924-2019)

Wikipedia - Catherine Westfall

Wikipedia - Cathexis -- Psychoanalytic concept of allocation of emotional energy

Wikipedia - Catholic Church in the Marshall Islands

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Wikipedia - Catholicos of All Armenians

Wikipedia - Catholic University Cardinals football

Wikipedia - Cathriona Hallahan -- Irish business executive

Wikipedia - Cathy Compton -- American softball coach

Wikipedia - Cathy Marshall (hypertext developer)

Wikipedia - Catinca Tabacaru Gallery -- New York City art gallery

Wikipedia - Catlinite -- A metamorphosed mudstone, usually brownish red in colour

Wikipedia - Cat registry -- Organization that registers domestic, usually purebred, cats

Wikipedia - Catrina Allen -- American disc golfer

Wikipedia - Catt Hall

Wikipedia - Cattle Market Street drill hall, Norwich -- Former military installation in Norwich, England

Wikipedia - Cattle Queen of Montana -- 1954 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Caturiges -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Caucasus hunter-gatherer -- Anatomically modern human genetic lineage identified in 2015

Wikipedia - Cauchy's integral formula -- Provides integral formulas for all derivatives of a holomorphic function

Wikipedia - Cauliflower Alley Club -- Professional wrestling fraternal organization

Wikipedia - Caupolican Ovalles -- Venezuelan writer

Wikipedia - Causal perturbation theory -- A mathematically rigorous approach to renormalization theory

Wikipedia - Causeland railway station -- Railway station in Cornwall, England

Wikipedia - Cavalleria rusticana (1982 film) -- 1982 film

Wikipedia - Cavalleria Rusticana

Wikipedia - Cavalleria rusticana -- Opera by Pietro Mascagni

Wikipedia - Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale -- horse breed from the Lazio region of Italy

Wikipedia - Cavallo's multiplier

Wikipedia - Cavan Kendall -- British actor

Wikipedia - Cavan Senior Football Championship

Wikipedia - Cavares -- Gallic tribal confederation

Wikipedia - Cave del Valle (Cantabria) -- Cave and archaeological site in Spain

Wikipedia - Cave painting -- Paintings, often prehistoric, on cave walls and ceilings

Wikipedia - Cave pearl -- Spherical speleothem concreted concentrically

Wikipedia - Caverswall Castle -- English mansion

Wikipedia - C. Avery Mason -- Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Dallas

Wikipedia - Caviar spoon -- Small, shallow bowl-like spoon

Wikipedia - Caxton Hall

Wikipedia - Cayla Drotar -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Cayler Prairie State Preserve -- Protected area of tallgrass prairie in Iowa

Wikipedia - Cayuga Nation of New York -- Federally recognized tribe of Cayuga people, based in New York, United States

Wikipedia - Cazenave-Serres-et-Allens -- Commune in Occitanie, France

Wikipedia - C. Ballin -- American record producer

Wikipedia - CBF Malaga Costa del Sol -- Women's handball team from Malaga, Spain

Wikipedia - CBGB (film) -- 2013 film by Randall Miller

Wikipedia - CBS All Access -- Video streaming service

Wikipedia - CBS Studio Center -- Television and film studio located in the Studio City district of Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley

Wikipedia - CBT (AM) -- CBC Radio One station in Grand Falls-Windsor, Newfoundland and Labrador

Wikipedia - CC-PP game -- A theoretical concept in resource allocation to explain economic decision-making

Wikipedia - C. David Allis

Wikipedia - CD-Text -- CD-based format that allows for song information to be stored alongside audio data

Wikipedia - C dynamic memory allocation

Wikipedia - Ceallach of Armagh

Wikipedia - Cearbhall mac Lochlainn M-CM-^S Dalaigh -- Irish poet

Wikipedia - Cecil Allenby -- English cricketer and British Royal Navy officer

Wikipedia - Cecil Callaghan -- Australian general

Wikipedia - Cecile Gallez -- French politician

Wikipedia - Cecil Faber Aspinall-Oglander -- British military historian

Wikipedia - Cecilia McDowall

Wikipedia - Cecilia Suyat Marshall -- American civil rights activist and historian from Hawaii

Wikipedia - Cedars Park, Cheshunt -- Historic public park originally the site of Theobalds Palace in Hertfordshire, England

Wikipedia - Cedric Enard -- French volleyball coach

Wikipedia - Cedric the Forester -- Book by Bernard Marshall

Wikipedia - Ceiling fan -- Type of fan appliance permanently mounted to the ceiling horizontally

Wikipedia - Celeste Yarnall -- American actress

Wikipedia - Celestial pole -- Two imaginary points in the sky where the Earth's axis of rotation, indefinitely extended, intersects the imaginary rotating sphere of stars called the celestial sphere

Wikipedia - Celestin Mpoua -- Congolese handball coach

Wikipedia - Celia Allison -- New Zealand illustrator

Wikipedia - Celia Rowlson-Hall -- American performing artist

Wikipedia - Celilo Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Celine Allewaert -- Belgian spongiologist

Wikipedia - Celine Gittens -- Trinidadian ballerina

Wikipedia - Celine Sallette -- French actress

Wikipedia - Cell (Dragon Ball) -- Fictional supervillain in the Dragon Ball franchise

Wikipedia - Cellou Dalein Diallo -- Guinea

Wikipedia - Cell site -- Cellular telephone site where antennae and electronic communications equipment are placed - typically on a radio mast, tower, or other raised structure - to create a cell (or adjacent cells) in a cellular network

Wikipedia - Cellulose acetate -- Chemical compound refers to any acetate ester of cellulose, usually cellulose diacetate.

Wikipedia - Cellulose -- Polymer of glucose and component of plants and green algae cell wall

Wikipedia - Cell wall

Wikipedia - Celso Bugallo -- Spanish actor

Wikipedia - Celtic mythology -- collective term for all the fabulous profane and religious narratives of the Celts

Wikipedia - Celtic Woman -- All-female Irish musical ensemble

Wikipedia - Cenomani -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Cenon Gallicanon -- Town in ancient Bithynia

Wikipedia - Centaur (small Solar System body)

Wikipedia - Centennial Challenges

Wikipedia - Central African Democratic Rally -- Political party in the Central African Republic

Wikipedia - Central Bank of Sri Lanka -- Monetary authority of Sri Lanka and the regulator of all licensed commercial and specialized banks of Sri Lanka

Wikipedia - Central Bus Station, Tiruchirappalli -- Bus terminus in Tiruchirappalli

Wikipedia - Central Expressway (Dallas) -- Highway in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Central Falls, Rhode Island -- City in Rhode Island, United States

Wikipedia - Central governor -- A process in the brain that regulates exercise in regard to a neurally calculated safe exertion by the body

Wikipedia - Central India -- Group of centrally located Indian states

Wikipedia - Central Intelligence -- 2016 film directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber

Wikipedia - Centralized government -- Type of government in whichM-BM- powerM-BM- orM-BM- legal authorityM-BM- is exerted or coordinated by aM-BM- de factoM-BM- political executive to whichM-BM- federal states,M-BM- local authorities, and smaller units are considered subject

Wikipedia - Central Juvenile Hall -- Youth detention center in Los Angeles County

Wikipedia - Central Lowlands -- A geologically defined area of relatively low-lying land in southern Scotland

Wikipedia - Centrally planned economy

Wikipedia - Centrally Sponsored Scheme

Wikipedia - Central Mall (Fort Smith, Arkansas) -- Shopping mall in Fort Smith, Arkansas

Wikipedia - Central Park birdwatching incident -- Racially charged confrontation in New York City's Central Park

Wikipedia - Central Park Jakarta -- Large development complex with shopping mall, office, hotel, and apartments in Jakarta

Wikipedia - Central Park Mall -- Architectural feature in New York City's Central Park

Wikipedia - Central State University -- Public historically black university in Wilberforce, OH, USA

Wikipedia - Central Station (film) -- 1998 film directed by Walter Salles

Wikipedia - Central Susquehanna Valley Thruway -- Highway under construction in Pennsylvania

Wikipedia - Central Valley (California) -- Flat valley that dominates central California

Wikipedia - Central Valley High School (Shasta Lake, California) -- High school in Shasta Lake, California

Wikipedia - Centre Alliance -- Australian political party

Wikipedia - Centre of diversity -- Region of unusually high biodiversity

Wikipedia - Centre of Tallahassee -- Shopping center and entertainment venue in Tallahassee, Florida, US

Wikipedia - Centrifugal casting (industrial) -- A casting technique that is typically used to cast thin-walled cylinders

Wikipedia - Centrifugal casting (silversmithing) -- A casting technique where a small mould is poured, then spun on the end of an arm

Wikipedia - Centrifugal force -- An inertial force directed away from an axis passing through the origin of a coordinate system and parallel to an axis about which the coordinate system is rotating

Wikipedia - Centripetal force -- Complementary orthogonal force accompanying motion of object towards central fixed point, allowing object to follow curved path

Wikipedia - Centro del Sur Mall -- Shopping mall in Ponce, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Centroid -- Mean ("average") position of all the points in a shape

Wikipedia - Centro Santa Fe -- Shopping mall in Mexico City

Wikipedia - Centro Sociale Leoncavallo -- self-managed social centre in Milan, Italy

Wikipedia - Centuries (song) -- Fall Out Boy song

Wikipedia - Cephalotes pallens -- Species of ant

Wikipedia - Cephalotes pallidicephalus -- Species of ant

Wikipedia - Cephalotes pallidoides -- Species of ant

Wikipedia - Cephalotes pallidus -- Species of ant

Wikipedia - Cepta Cullen -- Irish Ballet Choreographer, dancer, teacher

Wikipedia - Ceramic engineering -- The science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials

Wikipedia - Ceramic -- Inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat

Wikipedia - Ceratogyrus marshalli -- Species of tarantula

Wikipedia - Ceratophallus kisumiensis -- Species of mollusc

Wikipedia - Cerberus Fossae -- Series of semi-parallel fissures on Mars formed by faults

Wikipedia - Cerdanyola Art Museum -- Art museum in Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain

Wikipedia - Ceri Dallimore -- Welsh sport shooter

Wikipedia - Cerridwen Fallingstar -- American Wiccan Priestess and author

Wikipedia - Cerro Ballena -- A Chilean Late Miocene palaeontological site

Wikipedia - Certificate of occupancy -- Document issued by a government authority, usually from the local government, certifying that a property is fit for a specific use in accordance with the applicable regulations.

Wikipedia - Cesare Valle -- Italian architect

Wikipedia - Cesar Vallejo -- Peruvian writer

Wikipedia - Cestius Gallus -- 1st century AD Roman senator and general

Wikipedia - Ceutrones -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - CEV Challenge Cup -- Annual European third-tier level volleyball competition

Wikipedia - Ceylon Medal -- Award for gallantry during Kandyan War of 1818

Wikipedia - CFAO-FM -- Former radio station in Alliston, Ontario

Wikipedia - CFB Picton -- Former Canadian military installation

Wikipedia - C. F. Dendy Marshall -- English railway historian

Wikipedia - CF Fairview Park Mall -- Shopping mall in Kitchener, Ontario

Wikipedia - CFGB-FM -- CBC Radio One station in Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador

Wikipedia - CFIX (AM) -- Former radio station licensed to Cornwall, Ontario

Wikipedia - CFLA-TV -- Former CBC television station in Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Wikipedia - CFLG-FM -- Radio station in Cornwall, Ontario

Wikipedia - CFLN-FM -- Radio station in Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Labrador

Wikipedia - CFSF-FM -- Radio station in Sturgeon Falls, Ontario

Wikipedia - CFTR (AM) -- All-news radio station in Toronto

Wikipedia - Chacewater, Kenwyn & Baldhu (electoral division) -- Electoral division of Cornwall in the UK

Wikipedia - Chad Allan (musician) -- Canadian musician

Wikipedia - Chad Allen (actor) -- American actor and psychologist

Wikipedia - Chad Allen (curler) -- Canadian curler from Brantford, Ontario

Wikipedia - Chagall (film) -- 1963 film

Wikipedia - Chagrin Falls, Ohio -- Village in Ohio, United States

Wikipedia - Chain Bridge (Potomac River) -- Viaduct (bridge) which crosses the Potomac River at Little Falls in Washington, D.C.

Wikipedia - Chakravageswarar Temple, Chakkarappalli -- Temple in India

Wikipedia - Chalcedony -- Microcrystalline varieties of silica, may contain moganite as well

Wikipedia - Chaldea -- Small Semitic nation

Wikipedia - Chalice of DoM-CM-1a Urraca -- Jewel-encrusted onyx chalice, alleged to be the Holy Chalice

Wikipedia - Chalkiopoulio Sports Hall -- Sports arena in Lamia, Greece

Wikipedia - Challacombe scale -- Medical scale measuring mouth dryness

Wikipedia - Challah (tractate) -- Talmudic tractate about separating dough and giving it to the priests

Wikipedia - Challah -- Special bread in Jewish cuisine and religion

Wikipedia - Challan -- Receipt for payment, used in India and Pakistan

Wikipedia - Challawa Gorge Dam -- Dam in northwest Nigeria

Wikipedia - Challedon -- Thoroughbred racehorse

Wikipedia - Challenge (1984 film) -- 1984 film by A. Kodandarami Reddy

Wikipedia - ChallengeAccepted -- Instagram tagged challenge, awareness campaign

Wikipedia - Challenge Anneka -- British reality game show

Wikipedia - Challenge Casino de Charlevoix -- World Curling Tour event

Wikipedia - Challenge coin -- Coin or medallion bearing an organizationM-bM-^@M-^Ys insignia or emblem

Wikipedia - Challenge de Curling de Gatineau -- World Curling Tour event

Wikipedia - Challenge (economics magazine)

Wikipedia - Challenge fund -- Scheme for competitive public funding

Wikipedia - Challenge (game magazine) -- Game magazine

Wikipedia - Challenge hypothesis

Wikipedia - Challenge of the McKennas -- 1970 film

Wikipedia - Challenge of the Range -- 1949 film by Ray Nazarro

Wikipedia - Challenger 1 -- UK main battle tank

Wikipedia - Challenger 24 -- Sailboat class

Wikipedia - Challenger bank -- Small recently created UK retail bank

Wikipedia - Challenger (comics) -- Marvel Comics Golden Age superhero

Wikipedia - Challenger Deep -- Deepest known point in the Earth's seabed hydrosphere

Wikipedia - Challenge-response authentication -- Type of authentication protocol

Wikipedia - Challenger expedition -- Oceanographic research expedition (1872-1876)

Wikipedia - Challenger Glacier (Washington) -- Glacier in the United States

Wikipedia - Challenger Plateau -- A large submarine plateau west of New Zealand and south of the Lord Howe Rise

Wikipedia - Challenger Society for Marine Science -- An interdisciplinary learned society of the United Kingdom

Wikipedia - Challengers of the Unknown

Wikipedia - Challenger: The Final Flight -- 2020 documentary television series

Wikipedia - Challenger Tractor -- Rubber tracked agriculture tractor

Wikipedia - Challenge square dance -- Square dance variety

Wikipedia - Challenge Stakes (Great Britain) -- Flat horse race in Britain

Wikipedia - Challenge Stakes (Ireland) -- Flat horse race in Ireland

Wikipedia - Challenge to Be Free -- 1975 film

Wikipedia - Challenge to White Fang -- 1974 film directed by Lucio Fulci

Wikipedia - Challenging behavior

Wikipedia - Challes-la-Montagne -- Commune in Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France

Wikipedia - Challex -- Commune in Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France

Wikipedia - Challis Walker -- American sculptor

Wikipedia - Challow Novices' Hurdle -- Hurdle horse race in Britain

Wikipedia - Chalnessa Eames -- Ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Chamara Repiyallage -- Sri Lankan judoka

Wikipedia - Chamber ballet

Wikipedia - Chambered cairn -- Burial monument, usually constructed during the Neolithic, consisting of a sizeable (usually stone) chamber around and over which a cairn of stones was constructed

Wikipedia - Chamber music -- Form of classical music composed for a small group of instruments

Wikipedia - Champion -- Victor in a challenge, contest or competition

Wikipedia - Champlain Valley

Wikipedia - Chandavalliya Thota -- 1964 film

Wikipedia - Chandler wobble -- Small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth

Wikipedia - Changelog -- Log or record of all notable changes made to a project

Wikipedia - Change of Season -- 1990 studio album by Hall & Oates

Wikipedia - Changi City Point -- Shopping mall in Singapore

Wikipedia - Chang Jung-lin -- Taiwanese pool player, 2012 8-Ball world champion, born May 1985

Wikipedia - Changos de Naranjito -- Professional volleyball team based in Naranjito, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Chantal Gallade -- Swiss politician

Wikipedia - Chantalle Ng -- Singaporean actress

Wikipedia - Chapel Allerton (ward) -- Electoral ward in Leeds, England

Wikipedia - Chapel Field Road drill hall, Norwich -- Former military installation in Norwich, England

Wikipedia - Chapelle-Vallon -- Commune in Grand Est, France

Wikipedia - Chapel of St Peter-on-the-Wall -- Grade I listed chapel in the United Kingdom

Wikipedia - Chapman and Hall

Wikipedia - Chapman-Enskog theory -- Framework allowing the equations of hydrodynamics for a gas to be derived from the Boltzmann equation

Wikipedia - Chapman > Hall

Wikipedia - Chapman Hall -- Building at the University of Oregon, USA

Wikipedia - Chappaquiddick Island -- Small island at the eastern end of Martha's Vineyard, MA, USA

Wikipedia - Chappy-That's All -- 1924 film

Wikipedia - Characteristic (algebra) -- In a field of a ring, the smallest positive integer, if any, such that the sum of n ones equals 0; zero otherwise

Wikipedia - Charanam -- Usually the end section of a composition in Carnatic music

Wikipedia - Charding Nullah -- Small river on the border between China and India

Wikipedia - Charge carrier -- Particle free to move, carrying an electric charge, especially the particles that carry electric charges in electrical conductors

Wikipedia - Charge of the Savoia Cavalleria at Izbushensky -- Cavalry charge in World War II

Wikipedia - Chariot Allegory

Wikipedia - Charismatic movement -- Trend of historically mainstream congregations adopting beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostalism

Wikipedia - Charles A. Allen (Los Angeles politician) -- American architect

Wikipedia - Charles A. Alluaud

Wikipedia - Charles Albright -- American killer from Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Charles Allan Gilbert

Wikipedia - Charles Allberry -- British egyptologist

Wikipedia - Charles Allen (D.C. politician) -- American politician from Washington, D.C.

Wikipedia - Charles Allen (hurdler) -- Canadian track and field athlete

Wikipedia - Charles Allen Moser -- |American physician and sexologist

Wikipedia - Charles Allen (Stroud MP) -- British politician

Wikipedia - Charles Allen Thomas

Wikipedia - Charles Allen (writer) -- British freelance writer

Wikipedia - Charles A. S. Hall

Wikipedia - Charles A.S. Hall

Wikipedia - Charles Ballantyne -- Canadian politician

Wikipedia - Charles Ballard (politician) -- American politician and dentist

Wikipedia - Charles Balloun -- American politician

Wikipedia - Charles Bally

Wikipedia - Charles Beard (priest) -- Dean of Glasgow and Galloway

Wikipedia - Charles Buckles Falls -- American artist and writer

Wikipedia - Charles Chaplin Sr. -- English music hall entertainer (1863-1901)\

Wikipedia - Charles C. Hascall -- American politician

Wikipedia - Charles Coborn -- British music hall singer

Wikipedia - Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis -- British general

Wikipedia - Charles Corydon Hall -- American businessman, scientist, chemist, engineer and industrialist

Wikipedia - Charles Dagnall -- English cricketer and cricket commentator

Wikipedia - Charles David Allis -- American molecular biologist

Wikipedia - Charles Elmer Allen -- American botanist and cell biologist

Wikipedia - Charles Fall -- American politician

Wikipedia - Charles Francis Hall (bishop) -- Episcopal bishop of New Hampshire

Wikipedia - Charles Francis Hall

Wikipedia - Charles Frederick Hall -- British violinist

Wikipedia - Charles G. Callard -- American businessman

Wikipedia - Charles Glenn Wallis -- American poet

Wikipedia - Charles Hallahan -- American film, television and stage actor

Wikipedia - Charles Hall (Australian politician) -- Australian politician

Wikipedia - Charles Hall (economist)

Wikipedia - Charles Henry Allan Bennett -- Chemist and occultist

Wikipedia - Charles Henry Tilson Marshall

Wikipedia - Charles Herbert Allen -- American politician

Wikipedia - Charles H. Marshall (pilot boat) -- Sandy Hook Pilot boat

Wikipedia - Charles Ingalls -- Father of Laura Ingalls Wilder

Wikipedia - Charles Kendall Adams -- American educator and historian

Wikipedia - Charles Lallemant

Wikipedia - Charles L. Sallee Jr -- American artist

Wikipedia - Charles Mallam -- English cricketer and educator

Wikipedia - Charles Martin Hall -- 19th and 20th-century American chemist

Wikipedia - Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord -- French diplomat

Wikipedia - Charles McAnally -- American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient

Wikipedia - Charles McCallon Alexander -- American gospel singer

Wikipedia - Charles Nuttall -- Australian artist

Wikipedia - Charles Pearce (calligrapher) -- British calligrapher and painter

Wikipedia - Charles Pelot Summerall -- 12th Chief of Staff of the United States Army

Wikipedia - Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science -- Historically black graduate school in California

Wikipedia - Charles River Natural Valley Storage Area -- Protected area in Massachusetts

Wikipedia - Charles Ross Lyall -- English cricketer and soldier

Wikipedia - Charles Spearman (American football)

Wikipedia - Charles Spearman (baseball)

Wikipedia - Charles Sykes (metallurgist) -- British physicist and metallurgist (1905-1982)

Wikipedia - Charleston Town Center -- Shopping mall in Charleston, West Virginia

Wikipedia - Charles Vallee -- French archer

Wikipedia - Charles Wallace Richmond

Wikipedia - Charles Walter Allfrey -- British Army officer

Wikipedia - Charles West Kendall -- American politician (1828-1914)

Wikipedia - Charles William Wallace -- 19th/20th-century American literary critic

Wikipedia - Charles Wolfran Cornwall

Wikipedia - Charley Run (Allegheny River tributary) -- Waterway in Venango County, Pennsylvania

Wikipedia - Charlie Allen (designer) -- British designer

Wikipedia - Charlie Allen (trumpeter) -- American jazz trumpeter

Wikipedia - Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone -- a system of two parallel fracture zones interrupting the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between the Azores and Iceland

Wikipedia - Charlie Hall (actor) -- English actor

Wikipedia - Charlie Hall Chase -- Steeplechase horse race in Britain

Wikipedia - Charlie Kimball

Wikipedia - Charlie Rosen -- American metallurgical engineer

Wikipedia - Charlie Smithgall

Wikipedia - Charlie Wade -- American volleyball coach

Wikipedia - Charlotte Armstrong (baseball)

Wikipedia - Charlotte Baldwin Allen -- Wife of a co-founder of Houston, Texas

Wikipedia - Charlotte Premium Outlets -- Shopping mall in Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.

Wikipedia - Charlotte Randall -- New Zealand novelist

Wikipedia - Charlotte Vale Allen -- Canadian writer

Wikipedia - Charlton Hall, Northumberland -- Historical building in England

Wikipedia - Charmallaspis -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Char Pouaka -- New Zealand softball player

Wikipedia - Charsley's Hall -- Former private hall of the University of Oxford

Wikipedia - Chase boat -- A tender generally not carried by the main vessel

Wikipedia - Chase Finlay -- American ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Chase Johnsey -- American ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Chasing a Rainbow: The Life of Josephine Baker -- 1986 film directed by Christopher Ralling

Wikipedia - Chasing the King of Hearts -- 2006 historical novel written by Hanna Krall

Wikipedia - Chasles' theorem (kinematics) -- Rigid body displacements reduce to a translation and a rotation about a parallel axis

Wikipedia - Chassis -- Load-bearing framework of an artificial object, which structurally supports the object in its construction and function

Wikipedia - Chasty Ballesteros -- Canadian actress of Filipino descent

Wikipedia - Chathiram Bus Station, Tiruchirappalli -- Bus terminal in Tiruchirappalli

Wikipedia - Chatos Islands -- Group of small islands in Antarctica

Wikipedia - Chattanooga Choo Choo -- Original song composed by Harry Warren with lyrics by Mack Gordon; from the 1941 film M-bM-^@M-^\Sun Valley SerenadeM-bM-^@M-^]

Wikipedia - Chauhan Victoria Vada -- Food stall in Kolkata

Wikipedia - Chayote -- Plant of the gourd family and its edible fruit, originally native to Mesoamerica

Wikipedia - CH Canyamelar -- Spanish handball club

Wikipedia - C.H.D. Buys Ballot

Wikipedia - Cheating Cheaters (1919 film) -- 1919 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Chebotarev's density theorem -- Describes statistically the splitting of primes in a given Galois extension of Q

Wikipedia - Chebotarev theorem on roots of unity -- All submatrices of a discrete Fourier transform matrix of prime length are invertible

Wikipedia - Checkers and Rally's -- American fast food company

Wikipedia - Checksum -- A small-size datum computed from digital data for detecting transmission errors

Wikipedia - Cheddar Gorge -- Valley in Somerset, England

Wikipedia - Chee Dale -- Valley in the Derbyshire Peak District

Wikipedia - Cheerios effect -- Phenomenon that occurs when floating objects that do not normally float attract one another

Wikipedia - Cheick Sallah Cisse -- Ivorian taekwondo practitioner

Wikipedia - Cheikh Sadibou Fall -- Senegalese politician

Wikipedia - Cheli Air Force Station -- Former U. S. Air Force installation in Bell, California

Wikipedia - Chelsea Goodacre -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Chelsea Spencer -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Chelsea Thomas -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Chemically peculiar star -- Stars with distinctly unusual metal abundances

Wikipedia - Chen Fengqing -- Chinese goalball player

Wikipedia - Chengalloor Dakshayani -- A female Asian elephant

Wikipedia - Chen Hong (softball) -- Chinese softball player

Wikipedia - Chen Jiayong -- Chinese hydrometallurgist and chemical engineer

Wikipedia - Chen Liangliang -- Chinese goalball player

Wikipedia - Chen Miao-yi -- Taiwanese softball player

Wikipedia - Chennai Pallavaram Corporation -- Satellite Corporation of Greater Chennai

Wikipedia - Chennai Spartans -- Indian volleyball team

Wikipedia - Chenopodium nuttalliae -- Species of edible plant native to Mexico

Wikipedia - Chenopodium pallidicaule -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Chen Zhenrong -- Chinese ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Cheonan Hyundai Capital Skywalkers -- South Korean professional volleyball team

Wikipedia - Cheonjeyeon Waterfalls -- Waterfalls in Cheonjeyeon, South Korea

Wikipedia - Cheonjiyeon Waterfall -- Waterfall

Wikipedia - Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni -- One of 234 Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu state, in India.

Wikipedia - Cheranalloor Mahadeva Temple -- Hindu temple, Kalady, India

Wikipedia - Cheras War Cemetery -- Allied war cemetery in Malaysia

Wikipedia - Chernobog -- alleged Slavic deity of unpropitious fortune

Wikipedia - Chernytskyi -- Waterfall in Ukraine

Wikipedia - Cherry Falls -- 2000 American slasher film by Geoffrey Wright

Wikipedia - Cherry Hill Mall -- Shopping mall in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, United States

Wikipedia - Cherry Petals Fall Like Teardrops -- 2002 Japanese video game

Wikipedia - Cherry picking (fallacy)

Wikipedia - Cherry picking -- Logical fallacy

Wikipedia - Cherry Valley Creek (Missouri) -- River in Missouri, United States

Wikipedia - Cherry Valley massacre -- British and Iroquois attack during the American Revolutionary War

Wikipedia - Chert -- A hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of cryptocrystalline silica

Wikipedia - Cherupalli Vivek Teja -- Indian martial artist

Wikipedia - Cheryl Gallant -- Canadian politician

Wikipedia - Cheryl Gudinas -- American racquetball player

Wikipedia - Cheryl Wall -- American literary critic

Wikipedia - Chess on a Really Big Board

Wikipedia - Chess on a really big board

Wikipedia - Chesterfield Mall -- Shopping center in Chesterfield, Missouri, U.S.

Wikipedia - Chester Kallman

Wikipedia - Chester R. Allen -- American Marine Corps Major General and Quartermaster General

Wikipedia - Chet Allen (actor, born 1928) -- American actor

Wikipedia - Chet Allen (actor, born 1939) -- American opera singer

Wikipedia - Chet Catallo -- American jazz guitarist

Wikipedia - Cheung Chau Mini Great Wall -- Hiking trail in New Territories, Hong Kong

Wikipedia - Chevalley's structure theorem -- Theorem in algebraic geometry.

Wikipedia - Chevalley-Warning theorem -- Certain polynomial equations in enough variables over a finite field have solutions

Wikipedia - Chevrolet Bolt -- A front-motor, five-door all-electric small station wagon marketed by Chevrolet;

Wikipedia - Chevrolet small-block engine -- Car engine

Wikipedia - Chevron Hall of Stars -- Television series

Wikipedia - Chew Green -- Roman military installation in Northumberland, England

Wikipedia - Chew Valley, Greater Manchester -- Valley in the Peak District

Wikipedia - Chew Valley Lake -- Reservoir in the United Kingdom

Wikipedia - Cheyney University of Pennsylvania -- Public historically black university in Cheyney, Pennsylvania

Wikipedia - Chhena kheeri -- sweet dish originally from Odisha, India

Wikipedia - Chhota Ghallughara -- Massacre

Wikipedia - Chiang Hui-chuan -- Taiwanese softball player

Wikipedia - Chiang Mai Social Installation -- Thai arts festival

Wikipedia - Chiara Calligaris -- Italian sailor

Wikipedia - Chicago (2002 film) -- 2002 musical film directed by Rob Marshall adapted from the satirical stage musical of the same name

Wikipedia - Chicago Nationwide Advertising -- Professional softball team

Wikipedia - Chicago (play) -- 1926 play by Maurine Dallas Watkins

Wikipedia - Chicago Storm (softball) -- Professional softball team

Wikipedia - Chi Cao -- British ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Chichoki Mallian railway station -- Railway station in Pakistan

Wikipedia - Chickasaw Nation -- Federally recognized Native American nation

Wikipedia - Chick tract -- One of a series of short Christian evangelical tracts, originally created and published by American publisher and religious cartoonist Jack T. Chick

Wikipedia - Child abduction -- Unauthorized removal of a minor from the custody of the child's natural parents or legally appointed guardians

Wikipedia - Child Ballads -- Collection of 305 traditional ballads, collected by Francis James Child

Wikipedia - Child care management software -- administrative software designed specifically for use by child care centers, preschools, and similar child-oriented facilities.

Wikipedia - Child prodigy -- Exceptionally precocious child

Wikipedia - Children's programming on CBS -- Children's programmes originally aired over CBS

Wikipedia - Chilean swallow -- Species of bird

Wikipedia - Chilton Allan -- American politician

Wikipedia - Chimera (genetics) -- Single organism composed of two or more different populations of genetically distinct cells

Wikipedia - Chimera (molecular biology) -- A single nucleic acid sequence created from fragments that are normally separated

Wikipedia - Chimnaz Babayeva -- Azerbaijani ballet dancer and ballet master

Wikipedia - Chimney Rock (Lucerne Valley, California) -- California historic landmark

Wikipedia - Chimney Sweeps Islands -- Small islands, part of the Pelham Islands, in the Bronx, New York

Wikipedia - China International Exhibition Center -- Two convention halls in Beijnig, China

Wikipedia - China Metallurgical Group Corporation -- Company

Wikipedia - Chinese alligator -- one of two species in genus Alligator

Wikipedia - Chinese calligraphy

Wikipedia - Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley -- Large concentration of Chinese ethnic communities in greater Los Angeles, California, United States

Wikipedia - Chinese Exclusion Act -- Act of US Congress in 1882 that prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers

Wikipedia - Chinese mountain cat -- Small wild cat

Wikipedia - Chinese New Year film -- Popular tradition in Asia, especially Hong Kong

Wikipedia - Chinese polearms -- Overview of pole weapons traditionally used by Chinese armies

Wikipedia - Chinese puzzle ball -- Mechanical puzzle

Wikipedia - Chinese telegraph code -- Four-digit decimal character encoding for electrically telegraphing messages written with Chinese characters

Wikipedia - Chino Valley, Arizona

Wikipedia - Chintakindi Mallesham

Wikipedia - Chinta Valley -- Tourist destination in Jammu and Kashmir

Wikipedia - Chintz -- Calico fabric, usually printed with bright floral designs

Wikipedia - Chip Beall -- American television host

Wikipedia - Chippewa Falls High School

Wikipedia - Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin

Wikipedia - Chippewa Valley Regional Airport -- Airport located in Chippewa County, Wisconsin

Wikipedia - Chip-scale atomic clock -- Small form factor atomic clock

Wikipedia - Chip's Challenge -- 1989 video game

Wikipedia - Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep -- 1970 single by Lally Stott

Wikipedia - Chisnall Hall Colliery -- Closed coal mine in Lancashire, England

Wikipedia - Chlamydia -- Sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.

Wikipedia - Chloe Dallimore -- Australian actor, singer and dancer

Wikipedia - Chloe Sullivan -- Fictional character from Smallville

Wikipedia - Chloe x Halle discography -- discography

Wikipedia - Chloe x Halle -- American contemporary R&B duo

Wikipedia - Chlosyne palla -- Species of insect

Wikipedia - CHMA-FM -- Radio station at Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick

Wikipedia - ChM-CM-;n Quoit -- Dolmen in the Cornwall region, England

Wikipedia - ChM-CM-"teau de Montsoreau -- Castle in the loire valley france and location of chM-CM-"teau de montsoreau-museum of contemporary art

Wikipedia - Chng Seok Tin -- Visually-impaired artist from Singapore

Wikipedia - CHNU-DT -- Religious independent TV station in Fraser Valley, British Columbia

Wikipedia - Chochoyote -- Small ball made of corn dough used in many dishes of Mexican cuisine

Wikipedia - Chocoball Mukai -- Japanese professional wrestler and porno actor (born 1966)

Wikipedia - Chocolat (2000 film) -- 2000 British-American romance film directed by Lasse Hallstrom

Wikipedia - Chocolataire -- A type of social gathering in which all food and drink are composed of or contain some form of chocolate

Wikipedia - Chocolate Chip -- Small chunk of chocolate used as an ingredient

Wikipedia - Chocolate chip -- Small chunk of chocolate used as an ingredient

Wikipedia - Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats -- Marshmallow, usually on a biscuit base, coated in chocolate

Wikipedia - Choco Mucho Flying Titans -- Philippine volleyball team

Wikipedia - Choctaw -- Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States

Wikipedia - CHOD-FM -- Francophone community radio station in Cornwall, Ontario

Wikipedia - Choice-supportive bias -- The tendency to remember one's choices as better than they actually were

Wikipedia - Cholecystectomy -- Surgical removal of the gallbladder

Wikipedia - Cholecystography -- Radiological procedure used to visualize the gallbladder and biliary channels

Wikipedia - Cholera -- Bacterial infection of the small intestine

Wikipedia - Chondrophore -- Small group of hydrozoans comprising the family Porpitidae

Wikipedia - Chongqing Tall Tower -- Skyscraper in Chongqing, China

Wikipedia - Chopping Mall -- 1986 film by Jim Wynorski

Wikipedia - Chopta Valley -- Valley in North Sikkim and Uttarakhand, India

Wikipedia - Chotian Kalan -- Small village of Moga district, in Punjab, India

Wikipedia - Chow mein sandwich -- Regional sandwich of Fall River Massachusetts

Wikipedia - Chrestomathy -- Collection of choice literary passages, used especially as an aid in learning a subject

Wikipedia - Chris Chibnall -- British television writer

Wikipedia - Chris Crowther -- American racquetball player

Wikipedia - Chris Eccleshall -- English luthier

Wikipedia - Chris Galletta -- American screenwriter

Wikipedia - Chris Gueffroy -- Last person shot at Berlin Wall

Wikipedia - Chris Hall (cryptographer) -- American cryptographer and mathematician

Wikipedia - Chris Hall (lacrosse) -- Canadian lacrosse player and coach

Wikipedia - Chris McNally (actor) -- Canadian born actor

Wikipedia - Chris Nallen -- American golfer

Wikipedia - Chris Pallis -- British doctor and libertarian socialist

Wikipedia - Chris Schaller -- American journalist and editor

Wikipedia - Christa B. Allen -- American actress

Wikipedia - Chris Tallentire -- Australian politician

Wikipedia - Christa McAuliffe -- teacher and astronaut killed in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

Wikipedia - Christchurch Call to Action Summit -- May 2019 political summit in Paris

Wikipedia - Christ Church Picture Gallery

Wikipedia - Christen Andersen VallesvM-CM-&rd -- Norwegian politician

Wikipedia - Christian Allard -- French-born Scottish politician

Wikipedia - Christian Allen -- American video game designer

Wikipedia - Christian and Missionary Alliance Churches of the Philippines

Wikipedia - Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)

Wikipedia - Christian Democratic Community -- 1966 Electoral alliance in Bolivia

Wikipedia - Christian Gallardo -- American gymnastics coach

Wikipedia - Christian Hallen-Paulsen -- Norwegian luger

Wikipedia - Christian Haller -- Swiss snowboarder

Wikipedia - Christianity in Cornwall -- History of Christianity

Wikipedia - Christianity in the Marshall Islands

Wikipedia - Christian mortalism -- Belief that the human soul is not naturally immortal

Wikipedia - Christian Peoples Alliance -- Christian political party in the United Kingdom

Wikipedia - Christian-Peter Friese -- One of the victim at the Berlin Wall

Wikipedia - Christian universalism -- Christian belief that all will be reconciled to God

Wikipedia - Christian Waller -- Australian artist

Wikipedia - Christina Battle -- Canadian video and installation artist

Wikipedia - Christina Fallin -- Business consultant

Wikipedia - Christina Haller -- German female curler

Wikipedia - Christina Salmivalli -- Finnish psychologist, professor of psychology

Wikipedia - Christine Abrahams Gallery -- Australian Art Gallery

Wikipedia - Christine Allado -- Filipino-British actress and singer

Wikipedia - Christine Falling -- American serial killer

Wikipedia - Christine Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Christine Hallett -- British social scientist, academic administrator

Wikipedia - Christine Hallquist -- American politician

Wikipedia - Christine Herter Kendall

Wikipedia - Christine Kenneally

Wikipedia - Christine Luchok Fallon -- American lawyer

Wikipedia - Christine Mallo -- French athletics competitor

Wikipedia - Christine O'Malley -- American film producer

Wikipedia - Christine Rosati Randall -- American politician

Wikipedia - Christine Shevchenko -- Ukrainian-American ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Christmas dinner -- Meal traditionally eaten at Christmas

Wikipedia - Christmas Valley Sand Dunes -- natural sand dune complex in Lake County, Oregon, United States

Wikipedia - Christmas -- Holiday originating in Christianity, usually December 25

Wikipedia - Christmas with Holly -- 2012 television film by Allan Arkush

Wikipedia - Christo and Jeanne-Claude -- Husband-and-wife environmental installation artist duo

Wikipedia - Christof Schwaller -- Swiss curler and Olympic medalist

Wikipedia - Christopher Allport -- American actor

Wikipedia - Christopher Aponte -- American classical ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Christopher Ballard -- British sprint canoer

Wikipedia - Christopher Ball (linguist) -- British academic

Wikipedia - Christopher Barnewall

Wikipedia - Christopher Dallman -- American musician

Wikipedia - Christopher Ewing -- Fictional character in the American drama series Dallas

Wikipedia - Christopher Hall (producer) -- British TV drama producer

Wikipedia - Christopher McDougall -- American journalist and author

Wikipedia - Christopher McNally -- American politician

Wikipedia - Christopher Waller -- Economist (Federal Reserve Board of Governors)

Wikipedia - Christopher Walls -- British diver

Wikipedia - Christopher Whall

Wikipedia - Christopher White (ballad) -- Ballad

Wikipedia - Christophe Szpajdel -- Belgian illustrator and calligraphist

Wikipedia - Christos Pallakis -- Greek pole vaulter

Wikipedia - Christos Papadimitriou (footballer)

Wikipedia - Christo's Valley Curtain -- 1974 film

Wikipedia - Chris Van Allsburg -- US children's writer and illustrator (born 1949)

Wikipedia - Chris Wallace (computer scientist)

Wikipedia - Chris Wallace -- American journalist

Wikipedia - Chris W. Allen -- Professor in the College of Communication, Fine Arts and Media at the University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO) and a Fulbright scholar,

Wikipedia - Chris Waller (horse trainer) -- Australian horse racing trainer

Wikipedia - Chris Walley (actor) -- Irish actor

Wikipedia - Chromebox -- Small form-factor PC running Chrome OS

Wikipedia - Chrysobalanus -- A genus of perennial shrubs to small trees

Wikipedia - CHS Alliance -- Humanitarian assistance organization network

Wikipedia - Chuck (engineering) -- Clamp used to hold an object with radial symmetry, especially a cylinder

Wikipedia - Chuck Taylor All-Stars -- Canvas and rubber shoes (sneakers)

Wikipedia - Chuck Woolery: Naturally Stoned -- American reality television show

Wikipedia - Chucrallah Fattouh -- Lebanese painter

Wikipedia - Chucrallah Harb -- Maronite Bishop

Wikipedia - Chueh Ming-hui -- Taiwanese softball player

Wikipedia - Chupacallos, Ceiba, Puerto Rico -- Barrio of Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples -- Religious organization

Wikipedia - Churchill Falls Generating Station -- Hydroelectric power station in north eastern Canada

Wikipedia - Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation Limited -- Canadian electric company

Wikipedia - Church of All Saints, Kingston Seymour -- Church in North Somerset, UK

Wikipedia - Church of All Saints, Pocklington -- Church of England church in Pocklington, East Riding of Yorkshire, England

Wikipedia - Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg

Wikipedia - Church of All Souls, Bolton -- Church in Greater Manchester, England

Wikipedia - Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Puerto Vallarta) -- Catholic church in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico

Wikipedia - Church of Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino, Rome

Wikipedia - Church of St Cuthbert, Bellingham -- A stone church building in Northumberland, England that dates partially from the 13th century

Wikipedia - Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall

Wikipedia - Church of the Blessed Hope -- A small first-day Adventist Christian body

Wikipedia - Chyenhal Moor -- Site of Special Interest in Cornwall

Wikipedia - Chyrstyn Fentroy -- American ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Ciaran Wallace -- Irish hurler

Wikipedia - CIBW-FM -- Radio station in Drayton Valley, Alberta

Wikipedia - Cieren Fallon -- British jockey

Wikipedia - CIER-TV -- Former TV station in Ear Falls, Ontario, Canada

Wikipedia - Cigarette -- Small roll of cut tobacco designed to be smoked

Wikipedia - CIJK-FM -- Radio station in Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia

Wikipedia - CIKX-FM -- Radio station in Grand Falls, New Brunswick

Wikipedia - Ciliate -- Taxon of protozoans with hair-like organelles called cilia

Wikipedia - Cilurnum -- Roman calvary fort on Hadrian's wall

Wikipedia - Cimora -- Type of hallucinogen

Wikipedia - Cincinnati Rivermen -- Professional softball team

Wikipedia - Cincinnati Suds -- Professional softball team

Wikipedia - Cinderella's Twin -- 1920 film by Dallas M. Fitzgerald

Wikipedia - Cindy Callaghan -- American author of children's books (born c. 1976)

Wikipedia - Cindy Potae -- New Zealand softball player

Wikipedia - Cinestate -- Film studio based in Dallas

Wikipedia - Circuit breaker -- Automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short circuit

Wikipedia - Circular reasoning -- Logical fallacy in which the reasoner begins the premise with what they are trying to conclude with

Wikipedia - Circus Roncalli -- German circus

Wikipedia - Cirque stairway -- A stepped succession of glacially eroded rock basins

Wikipedia - Cirque -- An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion

Wikipedia - Cirripectes randalli -- Species of fish

Wikipedia - Cis-Lunar -- Manufacturer of electronically controlled closed-circuit rebreathers for scuba diving

Wikipedia - Cissi Wallin -- Swedish actress

Wikipedia - Cistern -- Waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water

Wikipedia - CiteULike -- Web service which allowed users to save and share citations to academic papers

Wikipedia - Citizen Rally (Republic of the Congo) -- Political party in the Republic of the Congo

Wikipedia - Citizens for Fairness Hands Off Washington -- LGBT organization to oppose two Washington ballot initiatives

Wikipedia - Citoyenne Henri -- French balloonist; one of the first women to ascend in a hot-air balloon

Wikipedia - CitroM-CM-+n 2CV -- Small car manufactured by CitroM-CM-+n from 1948 to 1990

Wikipedia - CitroM-CM-+n C3 R5 -- French rally car

Wikipedia - CitroM-CM-+n C3 WRC -- CitroM-CM-+n World Rally Car

Wikipedia - CitroM-CM-+n World Rally Team results -- Wikimedia list article

Wikipedia - CitroM-CM-+n Xsara WRC -- CitroM-CM-+n World Rally Car

Wikipedia - City Art Centre -- Art gallery in Edinburgh, Scotland

Wikipedia - City Center District, Dallas -- A neighborhood in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - City Centre Bahrain -- Shopping mall in Manama, Bahrain

Wikipedia - City Commercial Center -- Shopping mall in the Philippines

Wikipedia - City Hall (1996 film) -- 1996 film

Wikipedia - City Hall Ferry Pier -- Former pier in Hong Kong

Wikipedia - City Hall MRT station -- MRT station in Singapore

Wikipedia - City Hall, Norwich -- Art Deco building in Norwich, England

Wikipedia - City Hall station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line) -- former New York City Subway station in Manhattan

Wikipedia - City Hall (St. Louis, Missouri) -- Municipal building in Missouri, United States

Wikipedia - CityMall Bacalso -- Shopping mall in the Philippines

Wikipedia - CityMall (Philippines) -- Shopping mall in the Philippines

Wikipedia - CityMall Tetuan-Zamboanga -- Shopping mall in the Philippines

Wikipedia - City on Fire (Hallberg novel) -- Book by Garth Risk Hallberg

Wikipedia - Cityplace/Uptown station -- DART light rail station in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - City Square Mall -- Shopping mall in Singapore

Wikipedia - City View Center -- Shopping mall in Garfield Heights, Ohio

Wikipedia - City Walls Stakes -- Flat horse race in Britain

Wikipedia - City wall

Wikipedia - Civic Coalition (Poland) -- Liberal electoral alliance in Poland

Wikipedia - Civic Liberal Alliance -- Liberal political party in Croatia

Wikipedia - Civil Alliance Party -- Jordanian political party

Wikipedia - Civilian casualties during Operation Allied Force -- some of the civilian casualties of the Kosovo War

Wikipedia - Civil Rights Act of 1866 -- First U. S. federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law

Wikipedia - Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 -- law requiring federally funded institutions to comply with civil rights law

Wikipedia - Civil union -- Legal union granted for marriage, especially to allow same-sex couples

Wikipedia - CIVL-FM -- Radio station at the University of the Fraser Valley in Abbotsford, British Columbia

Wikipedia - C. J. Allen (actor) -- British actor

Wikipedia - C. J. Allen (sculptor) -- British sculptor

Wikipedia - CJED-FM -- Radio station in Niagara Falls, Ontario

Wikipedia - CJET-FM -- Radio station in Smiths Falls, Ontario

Wikipedia - CJFL-FM -- Former radio station in Iroquois Falls, Ontario

Wikipedia - CJRN -- Former radio station in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada

Wikipedia - CJSS-FM -- Radio station in Cornwall, Ontario

Wikipedia - CJSS-TV -- Former TV station in Cornwall, Ontario

Wikipedia - CJUL -- Former radio station in Cornwall, Ontario

Wikipedia - C. J. Wallace (actor) -- American actor

Wikipedia - CJ Wallis -- Canadian director

Wikipedia - CKBY-FM -- Radio station in Smiths Falls, Ontario

Wikipedia - CKCM -- Radio station in Grand Falls-Windsor, Newfoundland and Labrador

Wikipedia - CKGN-FM -- Radio station in Kapuskasing and Smooth Rock Falls, Ontario

Wikipedia - CKOD-FM -- Radio station in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec

Wikipedia - CKOH-FM -- Community radio station in Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Wikipedia - CKO -- Former Canadian all-news radio network

Wikipedia - CKVL-FM -- Radio station in LaSalle, Quebec

Wikipedia - CKXG-FM -- Radio station in Grand Falls-Windsor, Newfoundland and Labrador

Wikipedia - CKXS-FM -- Radio station in Wallaceburg, Ontario

Wikipedia - Clabon Allen -- Australian astronomer

Wikipedia - Clade -- Monophyletic group of organisms composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants

Wikipedia - Claflin University -- Claflin University is a private historically black university in Orangeburg, South Carolina

Wikipedia - Claire Calvert -- English ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Clairemarie Osta -- French ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Claire Maxwell (netball) -- Scotland netball international

Wikipedia - Claire O'Callaghan -- Irish journalist

Wikipedia - Claire Tallent -- Australian racewalker

Wikipedia - Claire Vallance -- Professor of Physical Chemistry

Wikipedia - Claire Wallace (broadcaster) -- Canadian journalist, broadcaster and author

Wikipedia - Clair Mills Callan -- American anesthesiologists

Wikipedia - Clam-Gallas Palace -- Palace in Prague, Czech Republic

Wikipedia - Clamshell Alliance -- Anti-nuclear organization

Wikipedia - Clancy in Wall Street -- 1930 film

Wikipedia - Clan MacCallum

Wikipedia - Clan Wallace -- Lowland Clan

Wikipedia - Clara Brink Shoemaker -- Crystallographer

Wikipedia - Clara Evelyn Hallam -- Property owner, boarding-house keeper

Wikipedia - Clara Kimball Young -- American actress and film producer

Wikipedia - Clara Marshall -- American physician, educator and author

Wikipedia - Clarehall Shopping Centre -- Shopping centre in northeastern suburban Dublin

Wikipedia - Clare Mallory -- New Zealand children's writer (pseudonym)

Wikipedia - Clarence Madison Dally

Wikipedia - Clarence Ray Allen -- American murderer

Wikipedia - Clarence Valley Council -- Local government area in New South Wales, Australia

Wikipedia - Clarence Van Allen -- American soldier

Wikipedia - Clare Valley Aerodrome -- Airport in Australia

Wikipedia - Clare Warwick -- Australian softball player

Wikipedia - Claribel Kendall -- American mathematician

Wikipedia - Clarice Halligan -- Australian nurse, missionary, Australian Army nurse

Wikipedia - Clarissa Explains It All -- Television series

Wikipedia - Clark Allen -- American folk musician

Wikipedia - Clark Atlanta University -- Historically Black University in Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Wikipedia - Clark CA1 -- Small WWII era bulldozer

Wikipedia - Clark Kent (Smallville) -- Fictional character from Smallville

Wikipedia - Class Act -- 1992 film by Randall Miller

Wikipedia - Classical ballet

Wikipedia - Classical conditioning -- Learning procedure in which biologically potent stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus

Wikipedia - Classic All Blacks -- Rugby union team in New Zealand

Wikipedia - Classic FM Hall of Fame -- List of popular works of classical music

Wikipedia - Classification of finite simple groups -- Massive theorem assigning all but 27 finite simple groups to a few infinite families

Wikipedia - Classifications of snow -- Methods for describing snowfall events and the resulting snow crystals

Wikipedia - Classless Inter-Domain Routing -- Method for IP address allocation and routing

Wikipedia - Class of perfection -- an advanced ballet class

Wikipedia - Clathrate hydrate -- Crystalline solid containing molecules caged in a lattice of frozen water

Wikipedia - Claud Allister -- English actor

Wikipedia - Claud Aspinwall -- American politician

Wikipedia - Claude Allegre -- French politician and geochemist

Wikipedia - Claude Ballif -- French composer

Wikipedia - Claude Dallaire -- Canadian weightlifter

Wikipedia - Claudia Caballero Chavez -- Mexican politician

Wikipedia - Claudia Constantinescu -- Romanian handballer

Wikipedia - Claudia Galli -- Swedish actress

Wikipedia - Claudia Petracchi -- Italian softball player

Wikipedia - Claudia Valls -- Mathematician

Wikipedia - Claus Mogensen -- Danish handball coach, former player

Wikipedia - Clauson-Marshall Racing -- Racing team

Wikipedia - Clay Allison -- Texas cattle rancher and gunfighter

Wikipedia - Clay tablet -- Writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform

Wikipedia - Clea DuVall -- American actress, writer, producer, and director

Wikipedia - Clear All Wires! -- 1933 film by George W. Hill

Wikipedia - Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment -- British military electronically controlled closed circuit rebreather

Wikipedia - Clearcutting -- Forestry/logging practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down

Wikipedia - Clearing (finance) -- All activities from the time a commitment is made for a financial transaction until it is settled

Wikipedia - Cleftbelly trevally -- Species of fish

Wikipedia - Clelia Ailara -- Italian softball player

Wikipedia - Clemastine -- Allergy medication

Wikipedia - Clement Desalle -- Belgian motorcycle racer

Wikipedia - Clementine Hall

Wikipedia - Clement Lemieux -- Canadian volleyball coach

Wikipedia - Clement Vallandigham -- American lawyer and politician

Wikipedia - Clemson Softball Stadium -- Softball stadium in South Carolina, U.S.A.

Wikipedia - Clepsis pallidana -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Clerical celibacy -- Requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried

Wikipedia - Clerk Colvill -- Child ballad

Wikipedia - Cleveland Cavaliers all-time roster -- Wikipedia list article

Wikipedia - Cleveland Hall (Nashville, Tennessee) -- Antebellum mansion

Wikipedia - Cleveland Jaybirds -- Professional softball team

Wikipedia - Clicker -- Small noisemaker, used in animal training

Wikipedia - Cliff Nuttall -- Canadian hurdler

Wikipedia - Clifford Hall (painter) -- British painter

Wikipedia - Cliff Shaw (Canadian football)

Wikipedia - Cliff Swain -- American racquetball player

Wikipedia - Clifton Hall, Cumbria -- Manor house in Cumbria,England

Wikipedia - Climate of Allentown, Pennsylvania -- Overview of the climate of Allentown, Pennsylvania, United States

Wikipedia - Climbing route -- Path by which a climber reaches the top of a mountain, rock, or ice wall

Wikipedia - Climbing wall -- Artificially constructed wall with grips for hands

Wikipedia - Climb Up the Wall -- 1960 film

Wikipedia - Clinical chemistry -- Area of clinical pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids

Wikipedia - Clinical psychology -- Integration of science and clinical knowledge for the purpose of relieving psychologically based dysfunction

Wikipedia - Clint Grant -- JFK-era photojournalist from Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Clinton Ballou

Wikipedia - Clinton Falls, Indiana -- Unincorporated community in Indiana, United States

Wikipedia - Cliona Ni Bhuachalla -- Irish television producer and broadcaster

Wikipedia - Clitherall, Minnesota -- City in Minnesota, United States

Wikipedia - Clitoral photoplethysmograph -- Technique using light to measure the amount of blood in the walls of the clitoris

Wikipedia - Clive O. Callender -- American surgeon

Wikipedia - Clock network -- Set of clocks that are automatically synchronized to show the same time

Wikipedia - Cloister -- Open space surrounded by covered walks or open galleries

Wikipedia - Clonard, County Meath -- Small village in County Meath, Ireland

Wikipedia - Clones (We're All) -- Song by Alice Cooper

Wikipedia - Cloning -- Process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism

Wikipedia - Closed-eye hallucination -- Class of hallucination

Wikipedia - Closed system -- Does not allow certain types of transfers (such as transfer of matter) in or out of the system

Wikipedia - Close (system call)

Wikipedia - Cloth hall

Wikipedia - Cloud-to-cloud integration -- Integration that allows users to connect disparate cloud computing platforms

Wikipedia - Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 -- 2013 American computer-animated science fiction comedy film

Wikipedia - Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film) -- 2009 American computer-animated science fiction comedy film

Wikipedia - Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (franchise) -- Media franchise

Wikipedia - Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs -- 1978 children's book by Judi and Ron Barrett

Wikipedia - Cloverleaf Mall -- Shopping mall in Chesterfield County, Virginia, U.S.

Wikipedia - Club Africain Men's Volleyball -- Tunisian volleyball club

Wikipedia - Club Africain Women's Volleyball -- Tunisian volleyball club

Wikipedia - Club Deportivo Gallitos -- Puerto Rican soccer team

Wikipedia - Clube Ferroviario de Luanda (handball) -- handball team

Wikipedia - Club Feminine de Carthage -- Tunisian volleyball club

Wikipedia - Club Olympique de Kelibia -- Tunisian volleyball club

Wikipedia - Cluster ballooning -- Form of ballooning

Wikipedia - Cluster decay -- Nuclear decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a small cluster of neutrons and protons

Wikipedia - CM-CM-&dwalla of Wessex -- 7th-century King of Wessex

Wikipedia - Cneoridium dumosum (Nuttall) Hooker F. Collected March 26, 1960, at an Elevation of about 1450 Meters on Cerro Quemazon, 15 Miles South of Bahia de Los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico, Apparently for a Southeastward Range Extension of Some 140 Miles -- 1962 five-word scholarly article

Wikipedia - Cnodontes pallida -- Species of insect

Wikipedia - CO2 rocket -- Small recreational rocket that uses carbon dioxide as a propellant

Wikipedia - Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard -- species of phrynosomatid lizard

Wikipedia - Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival -- Annual music and arts festival in Indio, California

Wikipedia - Coachella Valley Unified School District -- Public school district in Riverside County, California

Wikipedia - Coachella Valley -- Valley in Southern California

Wikipedia - Coalition (Puerto Rico) -- Electoral alliance in Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Coalition -- Alliance for combined action

Wikipedia - Coastal waterfall -- A waterfall that plunges directly into the sea

Wikipedia - Coast Guard Base Kodiak -- Major shore installation of the United States Coast Guard, located in Kodiak, Alaska

Wikipedia - Coastline of the United Kingdom -- Coastlines of Great Britain, the north-east coast of Ireland, and many smaller islands

Wikipedia - Coby Iwaasa -- Canadian racquetball player

Wikipedia - Cocaine Nights -- 1996 novel by J. G. Ballard

Wikipedia - Cock and ball torture -- Form of sexual play

Wikipedia - Cocktail hat -- Small, extravagant, and typically brimless hat for a woman

Wikipedia - Coconut Grove Convention Center -- Indoor arena and exhibition hall in Miami

Wikipedia - Coconut shy -- Funfair game where the player dislodges coconuts with balls

Wikipedia - Codewars -- Computer programming community and challenge site

Wikipedia - Codex Wallerstein -- Literary work

Wikipedia - Coenosmilia -- Genus of small corals in the family Caryophylliidae.

Wikipedia - Cofactor (biochemistry) -- A non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion

Wikipedia - Coffee enema -- Unproven and potentially dangerous procedure of inserting coffee into the anus

Wikipedia - Cofferdam -- Barrier allowing liquid to be pumped out of an enclosed area

Wikipedia - Coggeshall Farm Museum -- Museum in Bristol, Rhode Island, US

Wikipedia - Cogne Valley -- Valley in northern Italy

Wikipedia - Cognition and Neuroergonomics (CaN) Collaborative Technology Alliance -- US Army research program

Wikipedia - Coin tray -- Container meant for small objects

Wikipedia - Coin -- A small, flat and usually round piece of material used as money

Wikipedia - Cojimar -- Small fishing village east of Havana, Cuba

Wikipedia - Colangia -- Genus of small corals in the family Caryophylliidae.

Wikipedia - Cold calling

Wikipedia - Coldfall Wood -- Ancient woodland in Muswell Hill, North London

Wikipedia - Cold urticaria -- Allergic reaction to low temperatures

Wikipedia - Colefax Group -- Wallpaper company in the UK

Wikipedia - Colemanballs

Wikipedia - Coleophora ballotella -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Coleophora callipepla -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Coleophora gallipennella -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Coleophora gallurella -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Coleoptera paleobiota of Burmese amber -- Fossil resin from the Hukawng Valley, Myanmar

Wikipedia - Colichemarde -- Type of small sword

Wikipedia - C. Olin Ball -- American food scientist

Wikipedia - Colin Callender -- British businessman (born 1952)

Wikipedia - Colin Challen -- British Labour Party politician

Wikipedia - Colin G. Calloway -- American historian

Wikipedia - Colin Lingwood Mallows -- English statistician

Wikipedia - Colin McRae Rally 3 -- 2002 video game

Wikipedia - Colin McRae Rally -- Racing video game series by Codemasters

Wikipedia - Colin Whalley -- English sportsman

Wikipedia - Collatz conjecture -- Conjecture in mathematics that, starting with any positive integer n, if one halves it (if even) or triples it and adds one (if odd) and repeats this ad infinitum, then one eventually obtains 1

Wikipedia - Collect call -- Telephone call at the called party's expense

Wikipedia - Colleen Ballinger -- American comedian and social media personality

Wikipedia - College baseball

Wikipedia - College basketball

Wikipedia - College Football Hall of Fame

Wikipedia - College football

Wikipedia - College National Fed Challenge -- Academic competition

Wikipedia - College of Allied Health Sciences at East Carolina University

Wikipedia - College of Cardinals -- Body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church

Wikipedia - College of Southern Idaho -- Public community college in Twin Falls, Idaho, United States

Wikipedia - Collegiate Church of St Peter and St Paul (Kilmallock) -- Medieval church in County Limerick, Ireland

Wikipedia - Colliergate drill hall, York -- Former military drill hall

Wikipedia - Collins Okothnyawallo -- Kenyan weightlifter

Wikipedia - Collision -- An instance of two or more bodies physically contacting each other within short period of time

Wikipedia - Colloid -- A mixture of an insoluble or soluble substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance

Wikipedia - Colloquially

Wikipedia - Colloquy with a Polish Aunt -- Poem by Wallace Stevens

Wikipedia - Colm Callanan -- Irish hurler

Wikipedia - Coloball 2002 -- 2002 video game

Wikipedia - Colombicallia -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Colombo City Centre -- Shopping mall in Sri Lanka

Wikipedia - Colonel Reyel -- French dancehall, R&B singer and electro music artist

Wikipedia - Colonial Creek Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Colonias of Chihuahua, Chihuahua -- Chihuahua, Mexico is divided mainly into areas called Colonias

Wikipedia - Colon (punctuation) -- Punctuation mark consisting of two equally sized dots centered on the same vertical line

Wikipedia - Colony -- Territory under the political control of an overseas state, generally with its own subordinate colonial government

Wikipedia - Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries -- Library consortium

Wikipedia - Colorado River Indian Tribes -- Federally recognized Native American tribe

Wikipedia - Colorado Women's Hall of Fame -- Organization

Wikipedia - Colored dissolved organic matter -- The optically measurable component of the dissolved organic matter in water

Wikipedia - Colorless green ideas sleep furiously -- Syntatically correct, semantically improper phrase

Wikipedia - Colossally abundant number

Wikipedia - Colter Wall -- Canadian singer-songwriter

Wikipedia - Columbia-class submarine -- US Navy nuclear ballistic missile submarine class

Wikipedia - Columbia Mall (Tennessee) -- American shopping mall

Wikipedia - Columbo (season 10) -- Season of television series (all episodes of 1990 to 2003)

Wikipedia - Columbus All-Americans -- Professional softball team

Wikipedia - Columbus City Center -- Former mall in Columbus, Ohio

Wikipedia - Columbus City Hall (Ohio) -- City hall in Columbus, Ohio

Wikipedia - Colwall railway station -- Railway station in Herefordshire, England

Wikipedia - Combined oral contraceptive pill -- Birth control method which is taken orally

Wikipedia - Come, all ye jolly tinner boys

Wikipedia - Come All You Fair and Tender Ladies -- American folk ballad

Wikipedia - Come Back, All Is Forgiven (film) -- 1929 film

Wikipedia - Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You) -- 2000 single by Christina Aguilera

Wikipedia - Come Spy with Me (film) -- 1967 American spy film by Marshall Stone

Wikipedia - Comes with the Fall -- American rock band from Atlanta

Wikipedia - Comet Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Comet -- Icy small Solar System body

Wikipedia - Comgall mac Domangairt

Wikipedia - Comgall

Wikipedia - Comic ballet

Wikipedia - Commander Fleet Activities Chinhae -- United States Navy installation

Wikipedia - Commanding heights of the economy -- Strategically important sectors of the economy

Wikipedia - Commedia all'italiana

Wikipedia - Commedia sexy all'italiana -- Italian film genre

Wikipedia - Commentarii de Bello Gallico -- Commentary on Gallic wars by Julius Caesar

Wikipedia - Comminution -- Reduction of solid materials to a smaller average particle size

Wikipedia - Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles -- An episode in the ministry of Jesus that appears in all three Synoptic Gospels

Wikipedia - Commitment scheme -- Cryptographic scheme that allows commitment to a chosen value

Wikipedia - Committee on Small Body Nomenclature

Wikipedia - Common chiffchaff -- A small migratory passerine bird found in Europe, Asia and north Africa

Wikipedia - Commoner (academia) -- A student at certain universities in the British Isles who historically pays for their own tuition and commons

Wikipedia - Common firecrest -- A very small passerine bird from Europe and northwest Africa

Wikipedia - Common Front -- Defunct political alliance in Burundi

Wikipedia - Common gallinule -- Species of bird

Wikipedia - Common Gateway Interface -- Interface which offers a standard protocol for web servers to execute programs install

Wikipedia - Common house martin -- A migratory passerine bird of the swallow family found in Europe, Africa and Asia

Wikipedia - Common name -- Name generally used for a taxon, group of taxa or organism(s)

Wikipedia - Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence) -- Facts about the everyday world that all humans are expected to know

Wikipedia - Commonwealth and Council -- Los Angeles art gallery

Wikipedia - Commonwealth Coast Football

Wikipedia - Communaute de communes Bruyeres - Vallons des Vosges -- Federation of municipalities in France

Wikipedia - Communaute de communes des Ballons des Hautes-Vosges -- Federation of municipalities in France

Wikipedia - Communaute de communes des Sept Vallees -- Federation of municipalities in France

Wikipedia - Communaute de communes Monts et Vallees Ouest Creuse -- Federation of municipalities in France

Wikipedia - Communaute de communes -- France intercommunal subdivision combining smaller communes

Wikipedia - Communication in small groups

Wikipedia - Communication -- Act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and rules

Wikipedia - Communion and the developmentally disabled

Wikipedia - Community College of Allegheny County

Wikipedia - Community Hall (Oregon State University) -- The oldest building on the main campus of Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon

Wikipedia - Commutative property -- Property allowing changing the order of the operands of an operation

Wikipedia - Commutator subgroup -- Smallest normal subgroup by which the quotient is commutative

Wikipedia - Commuting -- Periodically recurring travel between one's place of residence and place of work, or study

Wikipedia - Comoere -- 10th-century Bishop of Cornwall

Wikipedia - Compact car -- Cars that are larger than a subcompact car but smaller than a mid-size car

Wikipedia - Compact of Free Association -- International agreement between the United States and the Pacific Island nations of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau

Wikipedia - Compact space -- Topological notions of all points being "close"

Wikipedia - Comparative illusion -- Sentences that appear to make sense but actually do not

Wikipedia - Comparison of Gaussian process software -- Comparison of statistical analysis software that allows doing inference with Gaussian processes

Wikipedia - Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling -- Methods for establishing a communications rhythm

Wikipedia - Competency dictionary -- A tool or data structure that includes all or most of the general competencies needed to cover all job families and competencies that are core or common to all jobs within an organization

Wikipedia - Complete Works of Shakespeare -- all plays and poems by William Shakespeare in one book

Wikipedia - Complicit (film) -- 2013 British television film directed by Niall MacCormick

Wikipedia - Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica -- The authoritative international gazetteer containing all the Antarctic toponyms

Wikipedia - Composition with creditors -- Agreement among several creditors of a debtor, usually a business

Wikipedia - Composting toilet -- A type of toilet that treats human excreta by a biological process called composting

Wikipedia - Compression ratio -- The ratio of the volume of a combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity

Wikipedia - Computationally indistinguishable

Wikipedia - Computationally universal

Wikipedia - Computer accessibility -- Ability of a computer system to be used by all people

Wikipedia - Computer appliance -- Computer with software or firmware that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource

Wikipedia - Computer network -- Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other

Wikipedia - Comrade -- Term meaning friend, colleague or ally, with political connotations

Wikipedia - Conalcaea cantralli -- Species of grasshopper

Wikipedia - Conall Eachluath -- King of Munster

Wikipedia - Conall mac Comgaill

Wikipedia - Conavalla -- Mountain in Wicklow, Ireland

Wikipedia - Concanavalin A -- A lectin (carbohydrate-binding protein) originally extracted from the jack-bean,

Wikipedia - Concentration of land ownership -- Ownership of land in a particular area by a small number of people or organizations

Wikipedia - Concentric crater fill -- A landform where the floor of a crater is mostly covered by parallel ridges

Wikipedia - Concentric hypertrophy -- Hypertrophic growth of a hollow organ without overall enlargement

Wikipedia - Concepcion Dueso Garces -- Spanish goalball player

Wikipedia - Concepcion Hernandez Diaz -- Spanish goalball player

Wikipedia - Concerned Women for America -- Socially conservative Christian American nonprofit women's activist group

Wikipedia - Concerto for Two Accordions, Strings and Percussion (Sallinen) -- Musical composition by Aulis Sallinen

Wikipedia - Concerto -- Musical composition usually in three parts

Wikipedia - Concert party (entertainment) -- Troupe of popular entertainers, usually travelling

Wikipedia - Concetto Gallo -- Italian politician

Wikipedia - Concord Naval Weapons Station -- US Navy installation at Concord, California, United States

Wikipedia - Concrete Island -- 1974 novel by J. G. Ballard

Wikipedia - Condenser telephone -- device allowing telephone communication over Morse code telegraph

Wikipedia - Conditions of Peace -- 1942 book by Edward Hallett Carr

Wikipedia - Conductor gallop -- High-amplitude, low-frequency oscillation of overhead power lines due to wind

Wikipedia - Conejo Valley Airport -- Former airport in Thousand Oaks, CA, US

Wikipedia - Conejo Valley Unified School District -- School district in Ventura County, California

Wikipedia - Cone of power -- Method of raising energy in ritual magic, especially in Wicca

Wikipedia - Conestoga Mall (Waterloo, Ontario) -- Shopping mall in Waterloo, Ontario

Wikipedia - Confederate Monument (Fort Worth, Texas) -- Outdoor Confederate memorial installed in Fort Worth, Texas

Wikipedia - Confederation of African Football

Wikipedia - Conference call -- A telephone call with several participants

Wikipedia - Confessions of a Brazilian Call Girl -- 2011 film by Marcus Baldini

Wikipedia - Confidence-based learning -- System which distinguishes between what learners think and actually know

Wikipedia - Confidential incident reporting -- System to allow safety problems to be reported in confidence

Wikipedia - Confined water (diving) -- A diving environment that is enclosed and bounded sufficiently for safe training purposes. Generally implies that conditions are not affected by geographic or weather conditions, and that divers can not get lost

Wikipedia - Confined waters (navigation) -- Area of the sea where the width of the safely navigable waterway is small relative to the ability of a vessel to maneuver

Wikipedia - Confraternity of Christian Doctrine -- Religious education programs of the Catholic Church normally designed for children

Wikipedia - Confusion matrix -- Table layout for visualizing performance; also called an error matrix

Wikipedia - Congo (film) -- 1995 US science fiction action-adventure film by Frank Marshall

Wikipedia - Congolese Alliance of Christian Democrats -- Political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Wikipedia - Congress Alliance

Wikipedia - Congress Hall -- Museum and former capitol building in Philadelphia, USA

Wikipedia - Congruum -- In number theory, the spacing between three equally-spaced square numbers

Wikipedia - Conjoint tendon -- Medial part of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal

Wikipedia - Conjunction fallacy

Wikipedia - Connally Independent School District -- Public schooling administrative division of Texas, U.S.

Wikipedia - Connecticut Four -- Librarians who challenged the constitutional validity of National Security Letters

Wikipedia - Conner O'Malley -- American comedy writer and actor

Wikipedia - Connie Clark -- American softball coach

Wikipedia - Connie Hall -- American musician

Wikipedia - Connor Hall (Santa Fe, New Mexico) -- Historic building

Wikipedia - Con O'Callaghan (decathlete) -- Irish decathlete

Wikipedia - Conor Allis -- Irish hurler

Wikipedia - Conor Fallon -- Leading Irish sculptor

Wikipedia - Conpoy -- Cantonese dried scallop

Wikipedia - Conquest of California -- Early military operation of the Mexican-American War where the United States was able to occupy and eventually annex Alta California

Wikipedia - Conrad Gallagher -- Irish chef/restaurateur (born 1971)

Wikipedia - Conrad Hall -- American cinematographer

Wikipedia - Conrrado Moscoso -- Bolivian racquetball player

Wikipedia - Conscription in Finland -- Part of a general compulsion for national military service for all adult males

Wikipedia - Consecrated virgin -- Consecrated, mystically betrothed to Christ and dedicated to the service of the Church

Wikipedia - Conservative Democratic Alliance -- British political pressure group

Wikipedia - Consistency model -- A set of formally specified rules that guarantee (or explicitly disclaim) certain consistencies in the event of concurrent reads or writes to shared memory

Wikipedia - Consistent life ethic -- Ideology opposing abortion, capital punishment, assisted suicide, euthanasia, and some or all wars

Wikipedia - Consolidation (business) -- Merger and acquisition of many smaller companies into much larger ones

Wikipedia - Conspiracy -- Secret plan or agreement for an unlawful or harmful purpose, especially with political motivation

Wikipedia - Constance Tipper -- British metallurgist and crystallographer

Wikipedia - Constantine Hangerli -- 18th-century Prince of Wallachia

Wikipedia - Constantine of Cornwall

Wikipedia - Constantin Jude -- Romanian handball coach

Wikipedia - Constantinos Decavallas -- Greek modernist architect

Wikipedia - Constantin Popescu (handball coach) -- Romanian handball coach

Wikipedia - Constantius Gallus -- Roman emperor from 351 to 354

Wikipedia - Constant Shallowness Leads to Evil

Wikipedia - Constitution Gardens -- Park within the National Mall, Washington, DC

Wikipedia - Constructed script -- New writing system specifically created by an individual or group, rather than having evolved as part of a language or culture like a natural script

Wikipedia - Consumer behaviour -- The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and all the activities associated with consuming

Wikipedia - Contact binary (small Solar System body) -- Small Solar System body that is composed of two bodies

Wikipedia - Contemporary ballet

Wikipedia - Contemporary Christian music -- Genre of modern popular music lyrically focused on matters concerned with the Christian faith

Wikipedia - Context-based access control -- Feature of firewall software

Wikipedia - Continental Basketball Association

Wikipedia - Continental shelf pump -- Hypothetical mechanism transporting carbon from shallow continental shelf waters to the adjacent deep ocean

Wikipedia - Continental shelf -- A portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea

Wikipedia - Continued fraction -- Representation of a number by a (generally infinite) sequence of additions and inversions

Wikipedia - Continuum fallacy

Wikipedia - Contract -- Legally binding document establishing rights and duties between parties

Wikipedia - Controlled-access highway -- Highway designed exclusively for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated

Wikipedia - Controlled emergency swimming ascent -- A technique used by scuba divers to return to the surface in an out-of-gas emergency in shallow water

Wikipedia - Control room -- Room where a large or physically dispersed facility or service can be monitored and controlled

Wikipedia - Controversies surrounding Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 -- Controversies surrounding Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2

Wikipedia - Conus alainallaryi -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Conus alexisallaryi -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Conus allaryi -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Conus corallinus -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Conus dalli -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Conus gallopalvoi -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Conus paschalli -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Conus salletae -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Conus sewalli -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Conus wallangra -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Convair F-106 Delta Dart -- US Air Force all-weather interceptor aircraft

Wikipedia - Convenience store -- Small store that stocks a range of everyday items

Wikipedia - Convention Center District, Dallas -- A neighborhood in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Convention (norm) -- Set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards

Wikipedia - Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women -- An international bill of rights for women

Wikipedia - Convex hull of a simple polygon -- Smallest convex polygon containing a given polygon

Wikipedia - Convocation -- Formal assembly (typically ecclesiastical or academic)

Wikipedia - Convolution reverb -- Process used for digitally simulating the reverberation of a physical or virtual space

Wikipedia - Convoy GP55 -- Convoy of Allied ships that travelled from Sydney to Brisbane in June 1943

Wikipedia - Convoy PQ 17 -- Code name for an Allied World War II convoy in the Arctic Ocean

Wikipedia - Conway Reef Plate -- A small tectonic plate in the south Pacific west of Fiji

Wikipedia - Cookie jar -- Jar used specifically to store edible treats such as cookies or biscuits

Wikipedia - Cookie -- small, flat and sweetened baked food (biscuit)

Wikipedia - Cool (aesthetic) -- Attitude, behavior, comportment, appearance or style which is generally admired

Wikipedia - Coolock feud -- Allegedly connected murders in Dublin in 2019

Wikipedia - Coombe Junction Halt railway station -- Railway station in Cornwall, England

Wikipedia - Coombs Dale -- Valley in the Derbyshire Peak District

Wikipedia - Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco -- Indigenist organization

Wikipedia - Coping (architecture) -- Covering for the top of a wall

Wikipedia - Copley Place -- Shopping mall in Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Wikipedia - Coppelia -- Comic ballet composed by Leo Delibes

Wikipedia - Copper indium gallium selenide

Wikipedia - Coppin State University -- Historically black university in Baltimore

Wikipedia - Copyleft -- Practice of mandating free use in all derivatives of a work

Wikipedia - Copyright Alliance

Wikipedia - Coquihalla Range -- Mountain range in British Columbia, Canada

Wikipedia - Coquihalla Summit -- Mountain pass in British Columbia, Canada

Wikipedia - Coquitlam Centre -- Shopping mall in British Columbia, Canada

Wikipedia - Coqui -- Small frogs in the genus Eleutherodactylus native to Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Coracoid process -- A small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula

Wikipedia - Coralla -- Town in ancient Pontus

Wikipedia - Corallimorpharia -- Order of marine cnidarians closely related to stony corals

Wikipedia - Corallimorphus -- Genus of cnidarians

Wikipedia - Corallina -- Genus of red seaweeds

Wikipedia - Coralline algae -- Order of algae (Corallinales)

Wikipedia - Coralliodrilus randyi -- Species of annelid

Wikipedia - Coralliodrilus rugosus -- Species of annelid

Wikipedia - Coralliodrilus -- Genus of annelid

Wikipedia - Coralliophila galea -- Species of sea snail

Wikipedia - Corallistidae -- Family of sponges

Wikipedia - Corallochytrium -- Genus of unicellular organisms

Wikipedia - Corallorhiza trifida -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Coral Reef Alliance -- A non-profit, environmental NGO

Wikipedia - Corbin Allred -- American actor

Wikipedia - Corbridge railway station -- Railway station in Northumberland on the Tyne Valley Line

Wikipedia - Corchorus -- Genus of flowering plants in the mallow family Malvaceae

Wikipedia - Cordless -- Term used to refer to electrical or electronic devices that are powered by a battery or battery pack and can operate without a power cord or cable attached to an electrical outlet to provide mains power, allowing greater mobility

Wikipedia - Core drill -- Drill specifically designed to remove a cylinder of material

Wikipedia - Coresus Sacrificing Himself to Save Callirhoe -- Painting by Jean-Honore Fragonard

Wikipedia - Corey Osborne -- Canadian racquetball player

Wikipedia - Coriosolites -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Cork City Ballet -- Irish ballet company, founded 1992

Wikipedia - Cornallis -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Cornelia Wallace -- First Lady of Alabama

Wikipedia - Cornelius Gallus -- 1st century BC Roman poet, orator and politician

Wikipedia - Cornetti alla crema -- 1981 film by Sergio Martino

Wikipedia - Corn Holm -- A small tidal island in Orkney, near Copinsay

Wikipedia - Cornish Orchards -- Cider and juice company based in Cornwall, England

Wikipedia - Cornish people -- Ethnic group in Cornwall (UK) and the worldwide Cornish diaspora

Wikipedia - Corn (medicine) -- Distinctively shaped callus of dead skin

Wikipedia - Cornucopia -- Mythological symbol of abundance, also called the horn of plenty

Wikipedia - Cornus kousa -- Species of small deciduous tree commonly known as kousa dogwood

Wikipedia - Cornus nuttallii -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Cornwall County, Province of New York -- Former county of New York

Wikipedia - Cornwall Domesday Book tenants-in-chief -- List of those holding land in 1086 directly from the king

Wikipedia - Cornwall Electric -- Electricity utility in Cornwall, Ontario, Canada

Wikipedia - Cornwall Film Festival

Wikipedia - Cornwallis Maude, 1st Viscount Hawarden -- Anglo-Irish politician and peer

Wikipedia - Cornwallis, New South Wales -- Place in New South Wales, Australia

Wikipedia - Cornwallis Stakes -- Flat horse race in Britain

Wikipedia - Cornwallite -- Copper arsenate mineral

Wikipedia - Cornwall (Province of Canada electoral district) -- Province of Canada electoral district

Wikipedia - Cornwall Seaway News -- Newspaper

Wikipedia - Cornwall Standard-Freeholder -- Newspaper based in Cornwall, Ontario

Wikipedia - Cornwall Street Railway -- Electric street railway in Cornwall Ontario

Wikipedia - Cornwall Super Cup -- English Rugby Union club competition

Wikipedia - Cornwall Terrace -- Grade I listed architectural structure in London

Wikipedia - Cornwall Transit -- Public transportation in Cornwall Ontario

Wikipedia - Cornwall -- County of England

Wikipedia - Cornwall Wildlife Trust -- Wildlife conservation charity

Wikipedia - Corona discharge -- Electrical discharge brought on by the ionization of a fluid such as air surrounding a conductor that is electrically charged

Wikipedia - Coronation of the British monarch -- Ceremony where the monarch of the United Kingdom is formally invested with regalia and crowned

Wikipedia - Coronavirus party -- social gathering during the COVID-19 pandemic, either ignoring the disease or intentionally seeking to spread it

Wikipedia - Coronet -- Small crown consisting of ornaments fixed on a metal ring

Wikipedia - Corps de ballet

Wikipedia - Corps de logis -- Principal block of a large, usually classical, mansion or palace

Wikipedia - Corpus callosotomy

Wikipedia - Corpus callosum -- White matter tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Wikipedia - Correlation does not imply causation -- Refutation of a logical fallacy

Wikipedia - Correlative-based fallacies

Wikipedia - Corry Gallas -- Dutch painter

Wikipedia - Corset piercing -- Multiple body piercings in two roughly parallel rows

Wikipedia - Corseyard Farm -- Architecturally unusual dairy farm

Wikipedia - Corsican Nationalist Alliance -- Corsican nationalist political party

Wikipedia - Cortes Bank -- A shallow seamount in the North Pacific Ocean southwest of Los Angeles

Wikipedia - Corvallis to the Sea Trail -- Long-distance hiking trail in the United States

Wikipedia - Corvette -- Small warship

Wikipedia - Corybantic Games -- Ballet by Christopher Wheeldon

Wikipedia - Cosmic Call

Wikipedia - Cosmic-ray observatory -- Installation built to detect high-energy-particles coming from space

Wikipedia - Cosmological lithium problem -- Discrepancy between the observed abundance of lithium produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the amount that should theoretically exist.

Wikipedia - Cosmopolitan distribution -- Distribution of an organism across all or most of the world

Wikipedia - Costante Tencalla -- Swiss-Italian architect and sculptor (1593-1646)

Wikipedia - Costantino Affer -- Italian medallist (1906-1987)

Wikipedia - Cotana pallidipascia -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Cotana postpallida -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Cotillion Ballroom -- Concert venue in Wichita, Kansas, USA

Wikipedia - Coton, Staffordshire -- Hamlet in Gnosall, Staffordshire, UK

Wikipedia - Cotton Candy grapes -- Hybrid variety of grapes with a naturally occurring cotton candy flavor

Wikipedia - Coues's gadwall -- Extinct subspecies of bird

Wikipedia - Coulee -- Type of valley or drainage zone

Wikipedia - Council of Ireland -- Former all-Ireland statutory body (1921-1925)

Wikipedia - Council of Vezelay -- Rally to the 2nd Crusade

Wikipedia - Countdown -- Decreasing count indicating the time (typically in seconds) remaining before an event is scheduled to occur

Wikipedia - Counties of Ireland -- Administrative division of Ireland, historically 32 in number

Wikipedia - Count noun -- Noun or noun phrase whose quantity is discrete and usually an integer

Wikipedia - Country All the Way -- American country album

Wikipedia - Counts Icefall -- Icefall in Antarctica

Wikipedia - County Hall, Aylesbury -- High-rise tower block in Aylesbury

Wikipedia - County Hall, Matlock -- Historic building in Matlock, Derbyshire, England

Wikipedia - County Hall, Preston -- Municipal building in Preston, England

Wikipedia - County Line (song) -- 2014 song by High Valley

Wikipedia - County of Pallars Sobira -- County in the Hispanic Marches

Wikipedia - Coupling Facility -- Hardware that allows multiple processors to access the same data on IBM mainframes

Wikipedia - Courtauld Gallery -- Art collection in London, England

Wikipedia - Courtier's reply -- Informal fallacy in which a respondent to criticism claims that the critic lacks sufficient knowledge, credentials, or training to pose any sort of criticism whatsoever

Wikipedia - Courtney Allen Curtis -- American politician

Wikipedia - Courtney Hall

Wikipedia - Cove (Appalachian Mountains) -- A small valley in the Appalachian Mountains between two ridge lines

Wikipedia - Coved ceiling -- Ceiling with a large concave curve at the wall-to-ceiling transition

Wikipedia - Covenant (Halo) -- Fictional alliance of alien races from the Halo video game series

Wikipedia - Covenant marriage -- A legally distinct kind of marriage in three states of the United States

Wikipedia - Covenant School (Texas) -- A private Christian K-12 school in Dallas, Texas (USA)

Wikipedia - Covenant theology -- Protestant biblical interpretive framework for understanding the overall structure of the Bible

Wikipedia - Covert channel -- Computer security attack that creates a capability to transfer information between processes that are not supposed to be allowed to communicate

Wikipedia - Cove -- A small sheltered bay or coastal inlet

Wikipedia - COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley -- Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Cagayan Valley of the Philippines

Wikipedia - COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands -- Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in the Marshall Islands

Wikipedia - COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna -- Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Wallis and Futuna

Wikipedia - Cowden Park House -- Listed historic building in Alloa, Clackmannanshire, Scotland

Wikipedia - Cowell Area School -- All-grades public school in Cowell, South Australia

Wikipedia - Cow Hollow (Hickman County, Tennessee) -- Valley in Tennessee, United States of America

Wikipedia - Cowman (profession) -- Person who works specifically with cattle

Wikipedia - Coy Craft -- Former FC Dallas and USMNT player

Wikipedia - Coyote Ugly (film) -- 2000 romantic comedy drama movie directed by David McNally

Wikipedia - Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians

Wikipedia - Coyote Valley Reservation

Wikipedia - CQ (call) -- Operating signal for "request to communicate"

Wikipedia - CQD -- Morse code distress call in the early 20th century

Wikipedia - Crackme -- Small program designed to test a programmer's reverse engineering skills

Wikipedia - Cradle (bed) -- Infant bed or cot, usually on rockers

Wikipedia - Craft Brew Alliance -- Beer brewing company

Wikipedia - Craft brewery and microbrewery -- Brewery that produces small amounts of beer

Wikipedia - Craig B. Allen -- American diplomat (b. 1957)

Wikipedia - Craig Callender

Wikipedia - Craig Challen -- Australian veterinary surgeon and technical diver

Wikipedia - Craigendarroch Resort -- Resort in Ballater, Scotland

Wikipedia - Craig Fallon -- British judoka

Wikipedia - Craig S. Faller -- United States Navy admiral

Wikipedia - Crakehall railway station -- Disused railway station in North Yorkshire, England

Wikipedia - Crandall University

Wikipedia - Cranganore Fort -- Fort in Kottappuram, Kodungallur, Kerala, India

Wikipedia - Crank-Nicolson method -- Finite difference method for numerically solving parabolic differential equations

Wikipedia - Crash (Ballard novel) -- 1973 novel by J. G. Ballard

Wikipedia - Cras-sur-Reyssouze -- Part of Bresse Vallons in Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France

Wikipedia - Crates of Mallus

Wikipedia - Crawfish Valley (Bear Creek) -- Protected natural area in Virginia, United States

Wikipedia - Crawford Hallock Greenewalt Jr. -- Classical archaeologist

Wikipedia - Cray XT3 -- Distributed memory massively parallel MIMD supercomputer

Wikipedia - Crazy (Keep On Falling) -- 1981 single by The John Hall Band

Wikipedia - Creamed honey -- Honey with hindered crystallization

Wikipedia - Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church -- Small group that broke off from the Seventh-day Adventist Church in 1988, and organized its own church in 1991

Wikipedia - Creative Commons license -- Public copyright license for allowing free use of a work

Wikipedia - Creeking -- Canoeing and kayaking involving the descent of waterfalls and slides

Wikipedia - Creemos -- Bolivian right-wing political alliance

Wikipedia - Creeping Death -- 1984 single by Metallica

Wikipedia - Crematogaster alluaudi -- Species of ant

Wikipedia - Crequoise -- Small stream in France

Wikipedia - Crescat Boulevard -- Shopping mall in Sri Lanka

Wikipedia - Crescent Falls -- Series of two waterfalls located on the Bighorn River in west-central Alberta, Canada

Wikipedia - Crescent Mall -- Shopping mall in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Wikipedia - Creskeld Hall -- Country house in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England

Wikipedia - Cressbrook Dale -- Valley in the Derbyshire Peak District

Wikipedia - Cresswell's Local and other Songs and Recitations 1883 -- Book by Marshall Cresswell

Wikipedia - Cretin-Derham Hall High School -- High school in St. Paul, Minnesota

Wikipedia - Creux de l'Enfer -- French art gallery

Wikipedia - C. R. formula -- Proposal formulated by Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari to solve the political deadlock between the All India Muslim League and Indian National Congress on independence of India from the British

Wikipedia - Cricket ball -- Ball used to play cricket

Wikipedia - Cricket (insect) -- Small insects of the family Gryllidae

Wikipedia - Cricket -- Team sport played with bats and balls

Wikipedia - Crime scene cleanup -- Term applied to forensic cleanup of blood, bodily fluids, and other potentially infectious materials

Wikipedia - Criminally Insane 2 -- 1987 film by Nick Millard

Wikipedia - Criminal referral -- notice to an investigative body, recommending investigation of crimes which fall into its jurisdiction

Wikipedia - Crinkle crankle wall -- Wavy brick wall

Wikipedia - Criollas de Caguas -- Puerto Rican women's professional volleyball team based in Caguas, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Crisis in Six Scenes -- Amazon original series starring Woody Allen and Miley Cyrus

Wikipedia - Crispian Sallis -- British art director

Wikipedia - Crispus Allen

Wikipedia - Crissy Strimple -- American softball coach

Wikipedia - Cristbal Magallanes Jara

Wikipedia - Cristina Amaya -- Colombian racquetball player

Wikipedia - Cristina del Valle -- Spanish singer (born 1962)

Wikipedia - Cristina Fallaras -- Spanish journalist

Wikipedia - Cristina Gallego -- Colombian producer, writer and director

Wikipedia - Cristina Gallo -- Argentine sports shooter

Wikipedia - Cristofano Allori -- Italian painter of the late Florentine Mannerist school (1577-1621)

Wikipedia - Critical Mass (book) -- Non-fiction book by Philip Ball

Wikipedia - Crit Luallen -- American politician

Wikipedia - Croatia men's national handball team -- Olympic handball team

Wikipedia - Croatia Rally -- Croatia rally competition

Wikipedia - Crocallis tusciaria -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Crockett Cup (2019) -- National Wrestling Alliance and Ring of Honor event

Wikipedia - Crockett Cup (2020) -- National Wrestling Alliance professional wrestling show

Wikipedia - Crocus City Hall -- Concert Hall in Russia

Wikipedia - Crommesteven -- Type of small warship

Wikipedia - Crompton Hall -- Historic house in Crompton, Lancashire, England

Wikipedia - Crooked Alley -- 1923 film

Wikipedia - Croquet at the 1900 Summer Olympics - Singles, one ball -- Croquet at the Olympics

Wikipedia - Croquet at the 1900 Summer Olympics - Singles, two balls -- Sports event

Wikipedia - Croquette -- small breadcrumbed fried food roll

Wikipedia - Crosby, Columbo, and Vallee -- 1932 film

Wikipedia - Crosby Hall, London -- Medieval London building

Wikipedia - Cross dressing ball

Wikipedia - Cross-dressing -- Practice of dressing in a style or manner not traditionally associated with one's sex

Wikipedia - Cross of All Nations -- A monumental cross located in Baskinta, Lebanon

Wikipedia - Crossroads Mall (Omaha) -- Shopping mall in Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.

Wikipedia - Crossvallia -- Extinct genus of penguins

Wikipedia - Croup -- Respiratory condition that is usually triggered by an acute viral infection of the upper airway

Wikipedia - Crowan & Wendron (electoral division) -- Electoral division of Cornwall in the UK

Wikipedia - CRS Hall Zielona Gora -- Sports arena in Poland

Wikipedia - Cruceta del Vigia -- Tall cross located atop Cerro del Vigia in Ponce, Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Crucifixion and Last Judgement diptych -- Two small painted panels attributed to Jan van Eyck

Wikipedia - Crufts -- An international canine event held annually in the UK

Wikipedia - Cruft -- Jargon word for redundant, obtrusive material, originally used in computing

Wikipedia - Crumpet -- Small griddle cake

Wikipedia - Crusade (album) -- 1967 album by John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers

Wikipedia - Crusader 101 -- Electrically-operated toy car

Wikipedia - Crusher -- Machine designed to reduce large objects into smaller ones

Wikipedia - Cry of Dolores -- Call to arms triggering the Mexican War of Independence

Wikipedia - Cryptococcosis -- Potentially fatal fungal disease

Wikipedia - Cryptocurrency wallet -- Medium to store public and/or private keys for signing cryptocurrency transactions

Wikipedia - Cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator

Wikipedia - Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator

Wikipedia - Cryptolechia callixyla -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Crystal Allen -- American film and television actress

Wikipedia - Crystal ball

Wikipedia - Crystal growth -- After a first nucleation, second step of crystallization consisting in the regular accretion of atoms or ions at the surface of the crystal

Wikipedia - Crystallinity -- The degree of structural order in a solid

Wikipedia - Crystallization -- Process by which a solid with a highly organised atomic or molecular structure forms

Wikipedia - Crystallized intelligence

Wikipedia - Crystallographic defect -- Disruption of the periodicity of a crystal lattice

Wikipedia - Crystallographic electron microscopy

Wikipedia - Crystallography and NMR system

Wikipedia - Crystallography -- scientific study of crystal structure

Wikipedia - Crystallopathy -- Disease caused by accumulation of crystals

Wikipedia - Crystal Mackall -- American physician and immunologist

Wikipedia - Crystal structure -- Ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material

Wikipedia - Crystal system -- Classification of crystalline materials by their three-dimensional structural geometry

Wikipedia - Crystal -- Solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an ordered pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions

Wikipedia - Csaba Konkoly -- Hungarian handball coach

Wikipedia - CS Arcada Galati -- Romanian volleyball club

Wikipedia - CSA Steaua Bucuresti (volleyball) -- Romanian volleyball club

Wikipedia - CS Caras - Severin Resita -- Men's handball club from Romania

Wikipedia - Cscope -- Free software that allows for searching source code written in C, C++, and Java

Wikipedia - CS Dinamo Bucuresti (men's volleyball) -- Romanian volleyball club

Wikipedia - CS Dinamo Bucuresti (women's volleyball) -- Romanian volleyball club

Wikipedia - Csenge Fodor -- Hungarian handballer

Wikipedia - Csenge Kuczora -- Hungarian handballer

Wikipedia - CSFFA Hall of Fame Trophy -- Canadian speculative fiction award

Wikipedia - CSM Bucuresti (women's volleyball) -- Romanian volleyball club

Wikipedia - CS M-HM-^Xtiinta Bacau (women's volleyball) -- Romanian volleyball club

Wikipedia - CSM TM-CM-"rgoviste (women's volleyball) -- Romanian volleyball club

Wikipedia - CSM Volei Alba Blaj -- Romanian volleyball club

Wikipedia - CSN International -- Christian radio station and network based in Twin Falls, Idaho

Wikipedia - CS Sfaxien (volleyball) -- Tunisian volleyball club

Wikipedia - CS Sfaxien Women's Volleyball -- Tunisian volleyball club

Wikipedia - CSU Galati (volleyball) -- Romanian volleyball club

Wikipedia - CSU UV Timisoara (women's handball) -- Romanian women's handball team

Wikipedia - C.S. Volei 2004 Tomis Constanta -- Romanian volleyball club

Wikipedia - CS/VP4 ATV -- lightweight all-terrain vehicle

Wikipedia - C Traps and Pitfalls

Wikipedia - Cuban Missile Crisis -- Confrontation between the U.S. and Soviet Union over ballistic missiles in Cuba

Wikipedia - Cuban National Ballet School -- National ballet school of Cuba

Wikipedia - Cubesat Space Protocol -- Small network-layer delivery protocol for cubesats

Wikipedia - Cubicle -- Office furniture meant to allow for concentration

Wikipedia - Cubic zirconia -- The cubic crystalline form of zirconium dioxide

Wikipedia - Cuchifritos -- Various fried foods prepared principally of pork

Wikipedia - Cueritos -- Pig skin, usually pickled in vinegar, and can be made with a spicy sauce

Wikipedia - Cue sports -- Games in which billiard balls are struck with a cue

Wikipedia - Culebra Cut -- Artificial valley that is part of the Panama Canal

Wikipedia - Culinary arts -- Art of the preparation, cooking and presentation of food, usually in the form of meals

Wikipedia - Cultural depictions of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson -- Fictional and biographical depictions of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson in culture

Wikipedia - Culturally relative

Wikipedia - Culturally sensitive

Wikipedia - Culturally-sensitive

Wikipedia - Cultural racism -- Type of racism that discriminates people of being culturally different ethnicity or race

Wikipedia - Culture of Cornwall

Wikipedia - Culture of Sindh -- Culture in the Indus Valley

Wikipedia - Cumberland State Forest (New South Wales) -- small forest in West Pennant Hills, Australia.

Wikipedia - Cummerbund -- Broad waist sash, usually pleated, which is often worn with single-breasted dinner jackets or tuxedos

Wikipedia - Cup-and-ball -- Traditional children's toy

Wikipedia - Cupcake -- small cake for one person

Wikipedia - Cupronickel -- Alloy of copper that contains nickel

Wikipedia - Cups and balls -- Magic illusion trick

Wikipedia - Curio hallianus -- species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Wikipedia - Currency -- Generally accepted medium of exchange for goods or services

Wikipedia - Curricle -- Light two-wheeled chaise or "chariot" with a single axle, usually drawn by a pair of horses

Wikipedia - Currumbin Alley -- Australian surf break

Wikipedia - Curry Colonels football

Wikipedia - Curse of Muldoon -- Alleged curse on the Chicago Black Hawks

Wikipedia - Curse of the Boulder Valley -- The beauty of Colorado valley will be its undoing

Wikipedia - Curse of the pharaohs -- Alleged curse on people who disturb the mummy of a pharaoh

Wikipedia - Curse tablet -- Small tablet with a curse written on it from the Greco-Roman world

Wikipedia - Curtain Call (1940 film) -- 1940 film by Frank Woodruff

Wikipedia - Curtain Call (1998 film) -- 1999 film by Peter Yates

Wikipedia - Curtain Call (2000 film) -- 2000 film

Wikipedia - Curtain Call at Cactus Creek -- 1950 film by Charles Lamont

Wikipedia - Curtain Call (Australian TV series) -- Australian variety TV series

Wikipedia - Curtain Call For Clifford -- Three-act comedy play by William Dalzell and Newt Mitzman

Wikipedia - Curtain call -- Acknowledgement of audience praise by a performer

Wikipedia - Curtain Falls -- 2004 single by Blue

Wikipedia - Curtain wall (architecture) -- Outer non-structural walls of a building

Wikipedia - Curtis Allina -- American business executive

Wikipedia - Curtis Callan

Wikipedia - Curtiss-Wright XF-87 Blackhawk -- Prototype all-weather interceptor

Wikipedia - Curt VanderWall -- American politician

Wikipedia - Curveball (film) -- 2020 film

Wikipedia - Curveball (informant) -- Iraqi defector

Wikipedia - Custom car -- Passenger vehicle that has been substantially altered in its appearance

Wikipedia - Cut bank -- Outside bank of a water channel, which is continually undergoing erosion

Wikipedia - Cuthbert Halsall -- English politician

Wikipedia - Cuthbert Tunstall

Wikipedia - Cutnall Green Halt railway station -- Former railway station in Worcestershire, England

Wikipedia - Cutout (espionage) -- Mutually trusted channel for the exchange of information between agents

Wikipedia - Cutter (boat) -- Small ship

Wikipedia - Cutting Ball -- English criminal

Wikipedia - Cutting Class -- 1989 American dark comedy slasher film by Rospo Pallenberg

Wikipedia - Cuttlebone -- A hard, brittle internal structure found in all members of the family Sepiidae

Wikipedia - Cuyahoga Valley National Park -- National park in Ohio, United States

Wikipedia - CV Almeria -- Spanish professional volleyball team

Wikipedia - C.V.M. Tomis Constanta -- Romanian volleyball club

Wikipedia - C.W. Allen -- American businessman

Wikipedia - C. W. McCall -- American singer, activist and politician

Wikipedia - Cy Est Pourtraicte, Madame Ste Ursule, et Les Unze Mille Vierges -- Poem by Wallace Stevens

Wikipedia - Cy Kendall -- American actor

Wikipedia - Cylinder desk -- Writing table with small stacked shelves

Wikipedia - Cymbalaria pallida -- Species of flowering plant in the mint and sage family Plantaginaceae

Wikipedia - Cymindis alluaudi -- Species of ground beetle

Wikipedia - Cynthia Ball -- American politician

Wikipedia - Cynthia Beall -- American anthropologist

Wikipedia - Cynthia B. Hall -- American politician

Wikipedia - Cynthia Brimhall -- American model and B-movie actress

Wikipedia - Cyril Atanassoff -- Bulgarian dancer originally from France

Wikipedia - Cyril Overall -- Canadian politician

Wikipedia - Cyrina Fiallo -- American actress

Wikipedia - Cyrus Edwin Dallin -- American sculptor

Wikipedia - CZW Hall of Fame -- Professional wrestling hall of fame

Wikipedia - Daallo Airlines Flight 159 -- Explosion on a passenger flight

Wikipedia - Da'at -- The location where all ten sefirot in the Tree of Life are united as one

Wikipedia - Dabbawala -- Lunchbox delivery and return system for people at work in India, especially in Mumbai

Wikipedia - Dab (dance) -- Originally a synonym for swag, it has since evolved to describe a gesture popular online.

Wikipedia - Dadallah Al-Bulushi -- Omani sport shooter

Wikipedia - Daddy's Girl (2001 film) -- 2001 film by Irvine Allan

Wikipedia - Dag Allemaal -- Flemish weekly family and women's magazine

Wikipedia - Daggering -- Sexually explicit dance form from Jamaica

Wikipedia - Dagger (typography) -- Symbol indicating a footnote, typically after an asterisk has already been used

Wikipedia - Dagli Appennini alle Ande (1943 film) -- 1943 film

Wikipedia - Dagmar Calais -- German painter and installation artist

Wikipedia - Daguerreotype -- First commercially successful photographic process

Wikipedia - Dagwood sandwich -- Tall, multilayered sandwich

Wikipedia - Daheli Hall -- American actress, stand-up comedian, writer and director

Wikipedia - Daifallah Masadeh -- Jordanian politician and lawyer

Wikipedia - Dais cotinifolia -- Species of small Southern African tree

Wikipedia - Daisy Alik-Momotaro -- Marshallese politician

Wikipedia - Daisy de Peinder -- Dutch softball player

Wikipedia - Daisy Petal Pickin' -- 1963 pop song by Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs

Wikipedia - Daiva RakauskaitM-DM-^W -- Lithuanian balloonist

Wikipedia - Dakar Rally -- Off-road rally raid

Wikipedia - Daka skull -- Homo erectus calvaria, discovered in the Ethiopian Rift Valley in 1997

Wikipedia - Dalbandin Airport -- small domestic airport at Dalbandin, Balochistan, Pakistan

Wikipedia - Dale Allen Pfeiffer

Wikipedia - Dale Ball Trails -- A hiking trail system

Wikipedia - Dale (landform) -- Open valley

Wikipedia - Dalla cola -- Species of butterfly

Wikipedia - Dalla Dalla -- 2019 single by Itzy

Wikipedia - Dallah Al-Baraka -- A private multinational corporation based in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Wikipedia - Dalla jelskyi -- Species of butterfly

Wikipedia - Dalla Lana School of Public Health -- School of public health at the University of Toronto

Wikipedia - D. Allan Bromley

Wikipedia - Dalla ochrolimbata -- Species of insect

Wikipedia - Dallara F2 2018 -- Open-wheel racing car

Wikipedia - Dallara -- Automobile chassis manufacturer

Wikipedia - Dallas (1978 TV series, season 14) -- Season of television series

Wikipedia - Dallas (1978 TV series) -- American television series

Wikipedia - Dallas (2012 TV series) -- 2012 American television drama series

Wikipedia - Dallas Accord -- Compromise from the 1974 Libertarian National Convention

Wikipedia - Dallas Adams -- English actor

Wikipedia - Dallas Baptist University

Wikipedia - Dallas Bixler -- American gymnast

Wikipedia - Dallas Blocker -- American singer, producer and songwriter

Wikipedia - Dallas Christian College

Wikipedia - Dallas Clayton -- American author and illustrator

Wikipedia - Dallas Cowboys

Wikipedia - Dallas Dispatch -- Daily evening newspaper in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Dallas Divide -- Mountain pass in Colorado, USA

Wikipedia - Dallas Elementary School District 327 -- Public elementary school district in Hancock County, Illinois

Wikipedia - Dallas Escobedo -- American softball player and coach

Wikipedia - Dallas Examiner -- Newspaper

Wikipedia - Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport -- Airport in Irving serving the Dallas-Fort Worth metro area in Texas, US

Wikipedia - Dallas Frazier -- American country musician and songwriter

Wikipedia - Dallas Friday -- American wakeboarder

Wikipedia - Dallas Fuel -- American professional esports team

Wikipedia - Dallas Green (musician) -- Canadian musician

Wikipedia - Dallas Harms -- Canadian singer

Wikipedia - Dallas Harris -- American politician from Nevada

Wikipedia - Dallas Heard -- American politician

Wikipedia - Dallas Hodge -- American blues rock singer, guitarist, songwriter and record producer

Wikipedia - Dallas Housing Authority -- Public housing authority of Dallas, Texas, United States

Wikipedia - Dallas Jackals -- Professional rugby union team from Los Angeles, California

Wikipedia - Dallas Lightning -- American women's soccer club

Wikipedia - Dallas Long -- American track and field athlete

Wikipedia - Dallas Love Field -- Airport in Dallas, Texas, United States

Wikipedia - Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations

Wikipedia - Dallas Museum of Art

Wikipedia - Dallas News

Wikipedia - Dallas, Pennsylvania

Wikipedia - Dallas Police Department -- Dallas, Texas law enforcement agency

Wikipedia - Dallas Post Tribune -- African American newspaper in Dallas-Fort Worth area of Texas

Wikipedia - Dallas Rattlers -- American lacrosse franchise

Wikipedia - Dallas Regional Chamber -- Chamber of Commerce

Wikipedia - Dallas Renegades -- XFL (2020) team based in Arlington, Texas

Wikipedia - Dallas Robinson -- American bobsledder

Wikipedia - Dallas Royall -- Australian musician

Wikipedia - Dallas Semiconductor -- Defunct American semiconductor company

Wikipedia - Dallas Sidekicks (2012-present) -- An American professional indoor soccer team based in Allen, Texas

Wikipedia - Dallas Sonnier -- American movie producer based in Dallas

Wikipedia - Dallas Sportatorium -- Arena in Texas, United States

Wikipedia - Dallas (Steely Dan song) -- Song by Steely Dan

Wikipedia - Dallas Stoudenmire -- United States Marshal

Wikipedia - Dallas Streetcar -- Modern streetcar line in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Dallas Symphony Orchestra -- Orchestra

Wikipedia - Dallas Taylor (drummer) -- American drummer

Wikipedia - Dallas Taylor (vocalist) -- American musician

Wikipedia - Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Dallas Theological Seminary -- Theological seminary in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Dallas Times Herald -- Former daily newspaper in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Dallas

Wikipedia - Dallas Willard

Wikipedia - Dallas Winmar -- Australian writer

Wikipedia - Dalla ticidas -- Species of butterfly

Wikipedia - Dalla

Wikipedia - Dallekh -- Village in Nepal

Wikipedia - Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research

Wikipedia - Dalle Molle Institute for Semantic and Cognitive Studies -- Research institute in Geneva, Switzerland

Wikipedia - Dallewalia Misl -- Sovereign state of the Sikh Confederacy

Wikipedia - DALL-E

Wikipedia - Dalli-Rajhara railway station -- Railway station in Chattisgarh

Wikipedia - Dall Island -- Island off the southeast coast of Alaska, US

Wikipedia - Dalljiet Kaur -- Indian television actress

Wikipedia - Dallmann Seamount -- A seamount named for polar explorer Eduard Dallmann

Wikipedia - Dallol (volcano) -- A cinder cone volcano in the Danakil Depression

Wikipedia - Dallon Weekes -- American musician

Wikipedia - Dallos -- 1983 original video animation

Wikipedia - Dall's porpoise -- Species of porpoise endemic to the North Pacific

Wikipedia - Dallyana Passailaigue -- Ecuadorian politician, sportswoman and tv host

Wikipedia - Dally M Awards -- National Rugby League awards

Wikipedia - Dalton Mall -- Shopping mall

Wikipedia - Daly's Cross -- Small settlement in County Limerick, Ireland

Wikipedia - Damaged Justice -- 1988-1989 concert tour by Metallica

Wikipedia - Damage, Inc. Tour -- 1986-1987 concert tour by Metallica

Wikipedia - Damballa -- Creator and snake loa

Wikipedia - Dambo -- Class of complex shallow wetlands

Wikipedia - Dame Allan's Schools

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Wikipedia - Damian Foxall -- Irish sailor from County Kerry

Wikipedia - Damianos Giallourakis -- Greek pool player, born October 1986

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Wikipedia - Dammanapalli -- Village in India

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Wikipedia - Damyns Hall Aerodrome -- Airfield in Havering, East London, England

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Wikipedia - Dan Berglund -- Swedish musician who is especially

Wikipedia - Dan Beutler -- Swedish handballer

Wikipedia - Dan Bramall -- British athlete

Wikipedia - Dance, Dance (Fall Out Boy song) -- 2005 single by Fall Out Boy

Wikipedia - Dance Hall (1929 film) -- 1929 film directed by Melville Brown

Wikipedia - Dance Hall (1931 film) -- 1931 film

Wikipedia - Dance Hall (1941 film) -- 1941 film by Irving Pichel

Wikipedia - Dance Hall (1950 film) -- 1950 film by Charles Crichton

Wikipedia - Dance Hall Hostess -- 1933 film by B. Reeves Eason

Wikipedia - Dancehall pop -- Music genre

Wikipedia - Dancehall -- Genre of Jamaican popular music

Wikipedia - Dance hall -- Hall for dancing

Wikipedia - Dance music -- Music composed specifically to facilitate or accompany dancing

Wikipedia - Dance Panels -- Ballet composed by American composer Aaron Copland

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Wikipedia - Dancesport -- ballroom dancing as a sport

Wikipedia - Dancing Girl (sculpture) -- 4,500 year old bronze sculpture from the Indus Valley Civilisation city of Mohenjo daro

Wikipedia - Dancing Pallbearers -- Ghanaian pallbearers

Wikipedia - Dandenong Valley Parklands -- Public parks in south east Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Wikipedia - Dandi Daley Mackall -- American writer

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Wikipedia - Dane Valley Way -- Long-distance footpath in England

Wikipedia - Dan Fallows -- British engineer

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Wikipedia - Dangerous Capabilities -- Book by David Callahan

Wikipedia - Danger Valley -- 1937 film by Robert N. Bradbury

Wikipedia - Dan Halldorson -- Canadian professional golfer

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Wikipedia - Daniela Castellani -- Italian softball player

Wikipedia - Daniel Allain -- Canadian politician

Wikipedia - Daniel Allcock -- American mathematician

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Wikipedia - Daniel Allerstorfer -- Austrian Olympic judoka

Wikipedia - Daniela Vallega-Neu

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Wikipedia - Daniel Burley Woolfall -- President of FIFA

Wikipedia - Daniel Callaghan (politician) -- Irish politician

Wikipedia - Daniel Callahan

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Wikipedia - Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.

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Wikipedia - Daniel KubeM-EM-! -- Czech handball coach

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Wikipedia - Daniel Rothballer -- German curler

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Wikipedia - Daniel V. Gallery -- United States admiral

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Wikipedia - Dan Ingalls -- American computer scientist

Wikipedia - Danish nobility -- Socially privileged class in Denmark

Wikipedia - Danish Women's Handball League -- Sports league

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Wikipedia - Dan J. Thoma -- American metallurgist

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Wikipedia - Dan Leno -- English music hall comedian, actor and singer

Wikipedia - Dannel Malloy -- 88th Governor of Connecticut

Wikipedia - Dannel P. Malloy

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Wikipedia - Dan P. Kelly -- Radio and TV announcer usually of hockey and soccer

Wikipedia - Dan Sallitt -- American filmmaker and film critic

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Wikipedia - Dantzig Alley British Cemetery -- Cemetery located in Somme, in France

Wikipedia - Danube Swabians -- historical ethnic group centered around the Danube river valley in southeastern Europe

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Wikipedia - Darbar (title) -- Title of honor or respect used generally in the western Indian State of Gujarat

Wikipedia - Darboux's theorem (analysis) -- All derivatives have the intermediate value property

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Wikipedia - Darnall (ward) -- Electoral ward in the City of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England

Wikipedia - Darnhall Abbey -- Medieval English Cistercian Abbey

Wikipedia - DARPA Grand Challenge (2007)

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Wikipedia - Dartington Hall

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Wikipedia - Daryl Hall -- American musician and lead vocalist of Hall & Oates

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Wikipedia - Data cluster -- Unit of disk space allocation for files and directories

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Wikipedia - Data parallelism

Wikipedia - Data-parallelism

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Wikipedia - Dave Gallaher

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Wikipedia - David Allan Young

Wikipedia - David Allee -- American photographer

Wikipedia - David Allen (canoeist) -- British retired slalom canoeist

Wikipedia - David Allen Hoffman -- American mathematician

Wikipedia - David Allen (playwright) -- British playwright

Wikipedia - David Allen Raley -- American murderer on death row

Wikipedia - David Allen Sibley -- American ornithologist and artist

Wikipedia - David Allyn -- American director

Wikipedia - David A. McAllester

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Wikipedia - David Ball (electronic musician)

Wikipedia - David B. Allison

Wikipedia - David Barrallo -- Spanish Paralympic athlete

Wikipedia - David Beddall -- Australian politician

Wikipedia - David Bogie -- British rally driver from Dumfries

Wikipedia - David Callaham -- American screenwriter

Wikipedia - David Callahan -- American author

Wikipedia - David Callan -- Australian comedian

Wikipedia - David Callaway

Wikipedia - David Callister -- Manx politician

Wikipedia - David Call -- American actor

Wikipedia - David Cornwall -- American musician

Wikipedia - David De Buck -- Belgian art dealer and gallerist

Wikipedia - David Del Valle -- American journalist, columnist, film historian, and radio/television commentator

Wikipedia - Davide Ballerini -- Italian bicycle racer

Wikipedia - David E. Kendall -- American lawyer

Wikipedia - David Fall -- American diver

Wikipedia - David Ford -- Former Leader of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland

Wikipedia - David Foster Wallace bibliography -- List of works

Wikipedia - David Foster Wallace -- American fiction writer and essayist

Wikipedia - David Gallagher -- American actor and model

Wikipedia - David Gallaher -- American writer

Wikipedia - David Galloway (golfer) -- Australian professional golfer

Wikipedia - David Garcia del Valle -- Spanish paralympic judoka

Wikipedia - David Geffen Hall -- Concert hall in New York City's Lincoln Center

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Wikipedia - David Goodall (botanist) -- Botanist and ecologist

Wikipedia - David Hall (Australian politician) -- Australian politician

Wikipedia - David Hall (Canadian politician) -- Canadian politician

Wikipedia - David Hall (Delaware governor) -- American politician

Wikipedia - David Halliwell

Wikipedia - David Hall (paediatrician)

Wikipedia - David Hamer (footballer)

Wikipedia - David Harum (1915 film) -- 1915 film by Allan Dwan

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Wikipedia - David John Galloway -- New Zealand botanist and lichenologist

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Wikipedia - David Leslie Smallman -- Governor of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

Wikipedia - David MacDougall -- American anthropologist

Wikipedia - David Mallet (writer)

Wikipedia - David Marshall (academic) -- British oceanographer

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Wikipedia - David Marshall (Singaporean politician) -- Singaporean politician

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Wikipedia - David McCallum -- British actor and musician

Wikipedia - David McFall -- Scottish sculptor

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Wikipedia - David P. Penhallow

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Wikipedia - David Ryall -- English actor (1935-2014)

Wikipedia - David Salzman {{cleanup|reason= bare URLs, considerable non-reliable sources, short choppy poorly cited sections, [[MOS:JOBTITLE]], [[WP:MSH]], [[MOS:ALLCAPS]], [[WP:CITATIONOVERKILL]], etc.|date=January 2021 -- David Salzman {{cleanup|reason= bare URLs, considerable non-reliable sources, short choppy poorly cited sections, [[MOS:JOBTITLE]], [[WP:MSH]], [[MOS:ALLCAPS]], [[WP:CITATIONOVERKILL]], etc.|date=January 2021

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Wikipedia - David Scougall -- Scottish portrait painter

Wikipedia - David's Mother -- 1994 television film directed by Robert Allan Ackerman

Wikipedia - David Southall -- British paediatrician

Wikipedia - David Staller -- American theatre director and actor

Wikipedia - David Stuart (structural biologist) -- X-ray crystallographer

Wikipedia - David Thornalley -- British paleoceanographer

Wikipedia - David Ubornyak -- Hungarian handballer

Wikipedia - David Wallace (Indiana politician)

Wikipedia - David Wallace (physicist) -- British physicist

Wikipedia - David Wallace-Wells -- American journalist

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Wikipedia - David Walliams -- English comedian, writer and actor

Wikipedia - David Wallin -- Swedish artist

Wikipedia - David W. Ball -- American author

Wikipedia - David Weatherall -- British physician and researcher (1933-2018)

Wikipedia - David W. Green (biochemist) -- English crystallographer and biochemist

Wikipedia - David Yallop -- British writer

Wikipedia - David Zwirner -- US art dealer and gallerist

Wikipedia - Davie Allan -- American guitarist

Wikipedia - Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus -- Early submarine escape oxygen rebreather also used for shallow water diving.

Wikipedia - Dawid Nilsson -- Polish handball coach

Wikipedia - Day/night cricket -- Cricket that is played totally or prtially in the evening

Wikipedia - Day of Prayer -- Day allocated to prayer, either by leaders of religions or the general public, for a specific purpose

Wikipedia - Day sailer -- Small boat designed for use for one day's sailing, typically has no sleeping accommodation

Wikipedia - Dayton Allen -- American comedian and voice actor

Wikipedia - Dayton Callie -- American actor

Wikipedia - DC One Million -- Crossover storyline that ran through a self-titled, weekly limited series and through special issues of almost all titles published by DC Comics in November 1998

Wikipedia - DD cream -- Marketing term that stands for dynamic do-all or daily defense

Wikipedia - Dead-ball era

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Wikipedia - Deaf President Now -- 1988 student protest at Gallaudet University

Wikipedia - Deal with the Devil -- Allegorical reference for sacrificing a moral value for a secular one

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Wikipedia - Dean Obeidallah -- American comedian

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Wikipedia - De arte supputandi -- Book by Cuthbert Tunstall published in 1522

Wikipedia - Death and All His Friends -- Song by Coldplay

Wikipedia - Death by coconut -- Being killed by the falling fruit

Wikipedia - Deathclaw -- Fictional species of reptilian monsters in the post-apocalyptic Fallout video game franchise

Wikipedia - Death Is Called Engelchen -- 1963 film

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Wikipedia - Death Valley '69 -- 1984 single by Sonic Youth

Wikipedia - Death Valley Days -- American television series

Wikipedia - Death Valley Gunfighter -- 1950 film by R. G. Springsteen

Wikipedia - Death Valley National Park -- US national park located in the California desert bordering Nevada

Wikipedia - Death Valley Outlaws -- 1941 film by George Sherman

Wikipedia - Death Valley pupfish -- Small endangered fish native to Death Valley, California

Wikipedia - Death Valley -- Valley in the Mojave Desert, Eastern California

Wikipedia - Death Wish V: The Face of Death -- 1994 film by Allan A. Goldstein

Wikipedia - Debbie Allen -- American actress

Wikipedia - Debbie Does Dallas Uncovered -- British TV documentary

Wikipedia - Debbie Gary Callier -- American air show pilot and author

Wikipedia - Debeaking -- The trimming of a bird's beak, usually performed on domesticated birds

Wikipedia - Debit card -- card used for financial transactions, usually without a credit line

Wikipedia - Deborah Allan -- British judoka

Wikipedia - Deborah Hughes Hallett -- American mathematician

Wikipedia - Deborah Loewenberg Ball -- American mathematician and educational researcher

Wikipedia - Deborah M. Pearsall

Wikipedia - Debouch -- Water runoff from a smaller place to a larger one

Wikipedia - Debra Allbery -- American poet

Wikipedia - Debra Austin (dancer) -- American ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Debra Brimhall -- American politician

Wikipedia - Debra Marshall -- American professional wrestling valet and actress

Wikipedia - Debutante ball

Wikipedia - Debutante Cotillion and Christmas Ball of Durham -- Annual ball in Durham, North Carolina

Wikipedia - Decay scheme -- A graphical presentation of all the transitions occurring in a decay of a radioactive substance

Wikipedia - December 30, 2009 Iranian pro-government rallies -- Iranian rallies

Wikipedia - December solstice -- Astronomical phenomenon; solstice that occurs each December, typically between the 20th and the 22nd day of the month according to the Gregorian calendar

Wikipedia - Decentralized wastewater system -- Processes to convey, treat and dispose or reuse wastewater from small communities and alike

Wikipedia - Decimal degrees -- Angular measurements, typically for latitude and longitude

Wikipedia - Decimus Valerius Asiaticus (Legatus of Gallia Belgica) -- 1st century AD Roman Senator who served as a Legatus of Gallia Belgica

Wikipedia - Deck (building) -- Surface similar to a floor, but typically constructed outdoors and connected to a building

Wikipedia - Deck the Halls with Wacky Walls -- 1983 American animated Christmas special

Wikipedia - Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination -- Declaration adopted in 1963 by the United Nations General Assembly

Wikipedia - Decline and Fall... of a Birdwatcher -- 1968 film by John Krish

Wikipedia - Decline and Fall of the American Programmer

Wikipedia - Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire -- 1985 book by Hans Eysenck

Wikipedia - Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Wikipedia - Decline and Fall (TV series) -- 2017 BBC television series

Wikipedia - Decline and Fall -- 1928 book by Evelyn Waugh

Wikipedia - Decommissioned highway -- Road which is no longer in use, or route no longer officially authorized or maintained

Wikipedia - Decompression Schedule -- A specified ascent rate and series of increasingly shallower decompression stops

Wikipedia - Decompression schedule -- A specified ascent rate and series of increasingly shallower decompression stops

Wikipedia - Decompression tables -- Tabulated data that allow divers to determine a decompression schedule for a given dive profile and breathing gas

Wikipedia - Deconstructing Harry -- 1997 film by Woody Allen

Wikipedia - Decouvertes Gallimard -- A collection of illustrated, pocket-sized books on a variety of subjects

Wikipedia - Decoy cells -- Virally infected epithelial cells found in urine

Wikipedia - Decree -- Rule of law usually issued by a head of state

Wikipedia - Decretum Gelasianum -- Roman Catholic ecclesiastical text traditionally attributed to Pope Gelasius I

Wikipedia - Dedekind-MacNeille completion -- Smallest complete lattice containing a partially ordered set

Wikipedia - Deductive fallacy

Wikipedia - Deductive reasoning -- Method of reasoning by which premises understood to be true produce logically certain conclusions

Wikipedia - Deedee Magno Hall -- Filipino American actress and singer

Wikipedia - Deejay (Jamaican) -- Reggae or dancehall musician who sings and "toasts" to an instrumental riddim rhythm

Wikipedia - Deena Errampalli -- Canadian plant pathologist

Wikipedia - Deep Dale -- Valley in the Derbyshire Peak District

Wikipedia - Deep Ellum, Dallas -- Neighborhood in Dallas, Texas, US

Wikipedia - Deep Ellum station -- DART light rail station in Dallas, Texas

Wikipedia - Deep End (short story) -- Short story by J. G. Ballard

Wikipedia - Deepenhorngraben -- Small river in Hamburg, Germany

Wikipedia - Deep in the Valley -- 2009 film by Christian Forte

Wikipedia - Deep Jyoti Stambh -- Architectural structure, usually found in Hindu temples, in the form of a column

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Wikipedia - Deep Red -- 1975 giallo film directed by Dario Argento

Wikipedia - Deep scattering layer -- Layer of small animals in the ocean

Wikipedia - Deepsea Challenger -- Deep-diving submersible designed to reach the bottom of Challenger Deep

Wikipedia - Deer Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Deerfield Valley News -- newspaper published in Vermont, US

Wikipedia - Deerfield Valley Regional Airport -- Airport in Windham County, Vermont

Wikipedia - Deer Valley High School (Arizona) -- High school in Glendale, Arizona

Wikipedia - Dee Ryall -- Australian politician

Wikipedia - Defeasible estate -- Estate created when land is transferred conditionally

Wikipedia - Defeasible reasoning -- Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid

Wikipedia - Defection -- Giving up of allegiance to one state for allegiance to another in a manner considered illegitimate by the first state

Wikipedia - Defence mechanism -- Unconscious psychological mechanism that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli

Wikipedia - Defense of the Great Wall -- Army campaign between China and Japan before the Second Sino-Japanese War

Wikipedia - Defensive wall -- Fortification used to protect an area from potential aggressors

Wikipedia - Definist fallacy

Wikipedia - Deflection (ballistics)

Wikipedia - Defoliant -- Chemical sprayed or dusted on plants to cause its leaves to fall off

Wikipedia - Defund the police -- Slogan supporting reallocation of public safety funds away from policing

Wikipedia - Deg outfall hydropower project Sheikhupura -- Pakistani hydroelectric dam in Punjab

Wikipedia - Dehalococcoides -- Genus of bacteria within class Dehalococcoidia that obtain energy via the oxidation of hydrogen and subsequent reductive dehalogenation of halogenated organic compounds in a mode of anaerobic respiration called organohalide respiration

Wikipedia - De Havilland Swallow Moth -- 1930s aircraft

Wikipedia - Deidre Hall -- American actress

Wikipedia - Deimos (moon) -- The smaller, outer, moon of Mars

Wikipedia - Deinandra halliana -- Species of flowering plant

Wikipedia - Deirdre Gallagher -- Irish racewalker

Wikipedia - Deir el-Ballas -- Egyptian site of a royal palace of the Seventeenth Dynasty

Wikipedia - Dejah Mulipola -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Deja Vu (All Over Again) -- 2004 song by John Fogerty

Wikipedia - Del Amo Fashion Center -- Large shopping mall in Southern California

Wikipedia - Delaney Spaulding -- American softball player

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Wikipedia - De La Salle Brothers -- Roman Catholic religious teaching congregation

Wikipedia - De La Salle Philippines

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Wikipedia - De La Salle University

Wikipedia - Delaware General Corporation Law -- Statute governing corporate law in the U.S. state of Delaware, in which over half of all US public companies are domiciled

Wikipedia - Delaware Valley Arts Alliance -- Arts organization in Sullivan County, New York

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Wikipedia - De La Warr Pavilion -- Arts centre and gallery in Bexhill on Sea, East Sussex, England

Wikipedia - Delia Fiallo -- Cuban author and screenwriter

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Wikipedia - Della Moneta -- The first specific treatises on economics, especially monetary theory.

Wikipedia - Dell (landform) -- Small secluded hollow

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Wikipedia - Delta Yeti -- Defunct small off-road vehicle of 1960

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Wikipedia - De mallemolen -- Heddy Lester song

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Wikipedia - Democratic Alliance (Greece) -- Political party in Greece

Wikipedia - Democratic Alliance (Italy) -- Defunct political party in Italy

Wikipedia - Democratic Alliance (Quebec) -- Defunct political party in Quebec, Canada

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Wikipedia - Democratic Union (Israel) -- left-wing political alliance in Israel

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Wikipedia - Dendritic spine -- Small protrusion on a dendrite that receives input from a single axon

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Wikipedia - Dendropsophus rossalleni -- Species of frog

Wikipedia - Deng Xiaoling -- Chinese softball player

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Wikipedia - Denial -- Assertion that a statement or allegation is not true despite the existence or non-existence of evidence

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Wikipedia - DePaul Blue Demons women's basketball

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Wikipedia - Depot Valley Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Depreciation -- Decrease in asset values, or the allocation of cost thereof

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Wikipedia - Depression Before Spring -- Poem by Wallace Stevens

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Wikipedia - Dera Allah Yar railway station -- Railway station in Pakistan

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Wikipedia - Der Taucher -- Ballad

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Wikipedia - De Sarthe Gallery -- art gallery in Hong Kong

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Wikipedia - DES Challenges

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Wikipedia - Desert Fury -- 1947 film by Lewis Allen

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Wikipedia - Desert Valley (film) -- 1926 film

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Wikipedia - DeSoto Site Historic State Park -- A park in Tallahassee, Florida

Wikipedia - Dessert -- course that concludes a meal; usually sweet

Wikipedia - Dessert wine -- Sweet wine typically served with dessert

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Wikipedia - Determinism -- philosophical view that all events are determined completely by previously existing causes

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Wikipedia - Det gM-CM-&lder os alle -- 1949 film

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Wikipedia - Detroit Tigers all-time roster -- Wikimedia list article

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Wikipedia - Developmentally appropriate practice

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Wikipedia - Deveral -- Hamlet in Cornwall, England

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Wikipedia - Devitrification -- Crystallization in a formerly crystal-free (amorphous) glass

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Wikipedia - Dextrallorphan

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Wikipedia - Dialect -- Geographically- or socially-determined language variety

Wikipedia - Diallel cross

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Wikipedia - Diallyl disulfide -- Chemical compound

Wikipedia - Diallyllysergamide

Wikipedia - Diamagnetism -- Ordinary, weak, repulsive magnetism that all materials possess

Wikipedia - Diamond Dallas Page -- American professional wrestler and fitness instructor

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Wikipedia - Diamonds (Megan Thee Stallion and Normani song) -- 2020 single by Megan Thee Stallion and Normani

Wikipedia - Diamond (Spandau Ballet album) -- studio album by Spandau Ballet

Wikipedia - Diamond Valley (Nevada) -- Valley basin in Nevada, United States

Wikipedia - Diamond -- Allotrope of carbon often used as a gemstone and an abrasive

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Wikipedia - Diana and Callisto (Bril) -- Painting by Paul Bril

Wikipedia - Diana Axinte -- Romanian handballer

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Wikipedia - Dick Kallman -- American actor

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Wikipedia - Digital comic -- Comic released digitally

Wikipedia - Digital encoding of APL symbols -- Code pages used specifically to write programs in the APL programming language

Wikipedia - Digital image processing -- Algorithmic processing of digitally-represented images

Wikipedia - Digital imaging -- Creation of a digitally encoded representation of the visual characteristics of an object

Wikipedia - Digital storage oscilloscope -- Oscilloscope that stores and analyses signals digitally

Wikipedia - Digital television -- Transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal

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Wikipedia - Dimension theorem for vector spaces -- All bases of a vector space have equally many elements

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Wikipedia - Dimple -- Small natural indentation in the flesh

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Wikipedia - Dinan -- walled town in Brittany, France

Wikipedia - Ding Dong mines -- Old mining area in Cornwall

Wikipedia - Ding Dong -- A small chocolate cake similar in shape and size to a hockey puck

Wikipedia - Dinghy sailing -- Sailing of small boats, usually for sport

Wikipedia - Dinghy -- Type of small boat

Wikipedia - Dingwalls -- Live music and comedy venue

Wikipedia - Dinosaur Valley State Park -- State park in Texas, United States

Wikipedia - Dinty (film) -- 1920 film by Marshall Neilan

Wikipedia - Diocesan Museum of Gallipoli

Wikipedia - Diocese of Cornwall

Wikipedia - Diocese of Lucknow (Church of North India) -- Diocese of Church of North India headquartered in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

Wikipedia - Diode -- Electronic component that only allows current to flow in one direction

Wikipedia - Diogenes Allen

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Wikipedia - Dipankar Banerjee (metallurgist)

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Wikipedia - Direct examination -- The questioning of a witness in a trial by the party who called the witness

Wikipedia - Directional boring -- Method of installing underground services along a prescribed curved bore path using a surface-launched drilling rig

Wikipedia - Dirt Rally -- Racing video game

Wikipedia - Dirty Deeds (2005 film) -- 2005 film by David Kendall

Wikipedia - Dirty Kanza -- Gravel bicycle races held annually in Emporia, Kansas

Wikipedia - Dirty Love (film) -- 2005 film by John Mallory Asher

Wikipedia - Disability Living Allowance -- A welfare benefit in the United Kingdom

Wikipedia - Disabled students allowance

Wikipedia - Disallowance and reservation -- Constitutional concept

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Wikipedia - Discord and Harmony -- 1914 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - Discounts and allowances

Wikipedia - Discrete element method -- Numerical methods for computing the motion and effect of a large number of small particles

Wikipedia - Discrete tomography -- Reconstruction of binary images from a small number of their projections

Wikipedia - DiscT@2 -- Technology that allows the writing of visible graphics on common optical discs

Wikipedia - Disert, Tullyhunco -- Townland in Kildallan, Tullyhunco, County Cavan, Ireland

Wikipedia - Disholcaspis -- Genus of gall wasps

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Wikipedia - Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock -- Poem by Wallace Stevens

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Wikipedia - Displacement field (mechanics) -- Assignment of displacement vectors for all points in a region

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Wikipedia - Dissident -- Person who actively challenges an established political or religious system

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Wikipedia - Distance of closest approach -- Distance between the centers of externally tangent objects

Wikipedia - Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom) -- British medal for act of gallantry

Wikipedia - Distress signal -- Internationally recognized means for obtaining help

Wikipedia - Distributed knowledge -- All the knowledge that a community of agents possesses and might apply to solving a problem

Wikipedia - Distributed learning -- Instructional model that allows instructor, students, and content to be located in different, noncentralized locations

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Wikipedia - Dive leader -- International minimum standard for a person professionally leading a group of certified recreational divers

Wikipedia - Divergent double subduction -- Two parallel subduction zones with different directions are developed on the same oceanic plate

Wikipedia - Diver's harness -- Item fastened around a diver which allows the diver to be lifted

Wikipedia - Diversification (finance) -- The process of allocating capital in a way that reduces the exposure to any one particular asset or risk

Wikipedia - Diver weighting systems -- Ballast carried by underwater divers to counteract buoyancy

Wikipedia - Dives and Lazarus (ballad) -- Traditional song

Wikipedia - Dive tables -- Tabulated data that allow divers to determine a decompression schedule for a given dive profile and breathing gas

Wikipedia - Dive timer -- Electronic timer that automatically records the run time of a dive

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Wikipedia - Divine call

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Wikipedia - Diving bell -- Chamber for transporting divers vertically through the water

Wikipedia - Diving harness -- Item fastened around a diver which allows the diver to be lifted

Wikipedia - Diving (sport) -- Sport of jumping or falling into water from a platform or springboard

Wikipedia - Diving weighting system -- Ballast carried by underwater divers and diving equipment to counteract buoyancy

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Wikipedia - DNA damage (naturally occurring)

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Wikipedia - Dolipore septum -- Dividing walls between cells of some fungi

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Wikipedia - Dolphin Smalltalk

Wikipedia - Domain wall (string theory)

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Wikipedia - Domestos -- Range of bleach-based household cleaning products originally from UK

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Wikipedia - Dominik Fischnaller -- Italian luger

Wikipedia - Dominion 6.11 in Osaka-jo Hall -- 2017 New Japan Pro-Wrestling event

Wikipedia - Dominion 6.19 in Osaka-jo Hall -- 2016 New Japan Pro-Wrestling event

Wikipedia - Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall (2018) -- 2018 New Japan Pro-Wrestling event

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Wikipedia - Domnall mac Ailpin -- King of the Picts from 858 to 862

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Wikipedia - Domobaal -- art gallery in London

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Wikipedia - Donald Allen

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Wikipedia - Donald E. Ballard -- United States Navy Medal of Honor recipient

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Wikipedia - Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations -- Sexual misconduct allegations against Donald Trump

Wikipedia - Donald Wallace Gordon -- American gymnast and inventor

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Wikipedia - Donatas VM-DM-^WM-EM->elis -- Lithuanian ballroom dancer

Wikipedia - Donation -- Gift given by physical or legal persons, typically for charitable purposes and/or to benefit a cause

Wikipedia - Donauhalle -- Indoor ice hockey rink in Linz, Austria

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Wikipedia - Dondang Sayang -- Malaccan love ballads

Wikipedia - Donegall Lectureship at Trinity College Dublin -- Endowed chair at Trinity College Dublin

Wikipedia - Don Giovanni Records -- Independent music label specifically on punk rock

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Wikipedia - Don Juan Pond -- Shallow salt lake in Antarctica

Wikipedia - Don MacDougall -- Sound engineer

Wikipedia - Don Marshall (actor) -- American actor

Wikipedia - Don Marshall -- Canadian retired ice hockey forward

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Wikipedia - Don Piccard (balloonist) -- American balloonist inventor

Wikipedia - Don Quickshot of the Rio Grande -- 1923 film by George Marshall

Wikipedia - Don Tallon

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Wikipedia - Door -- Movable barrier that allows ingress and egress

Wikipedia - Doppelganger domain -- Domain spelled identically to a legitimate domain name but missing the dot between host/subdomain and domain

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Wikipedia - Doris Malloy -- American screenwriter

Wikipedia - Doris M. Curtis Outstanding Woman in Science Award -- Prize given annually by the Geological Society of America

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Wikipedia - Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall (film) -- 1924 film

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Wikipedia - Double-barreled question -- Type of informal fallacy

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Wikipedia - Dragon Ball (TV series)

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Wikipedia - Drive (novel) -- Novel by James Sallis

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Wikipedia - Du Jinran -- Chinese goalball player

Wikipedia - Duke of Cornwall -- Title in the Peerage of England

Wikipedia - Dulwich Picture Gallery

Wikipedia - Dumble -- Wooded valley

Wikipedia - Dumfries and Galloway (UK Parliament constituency) -- Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 2005 onwards

Wikipedia - Dumfries and Galloway -- Council area of Scotland

Wikipedia - Dumfries Challenger Series -- World Curling Tour event in Scotland

Wikipedia - Dumitru Popescu-Colibasi -- Romanian handball coach

Wikipedia - Dump months -- Times of year when all movies released are of lower quality and/or limited appeal

Wikipedia - Duncan Ball -- American-born Australian author

Wikipedia - Duncan Fallowell

Wikipedia - Dungaree (fabric) -- Twill fabric used for overalls

Wikipedia - Dungeons > Dragons: Dark Alliance

Wikipedia - Dunkirk evacuation -- WWII evacuation of Allied forces in May-June 1940

Wikipedia - Dunstekoven -- A small farming village in the North Rhine-Westphalian Rhein-Sieg district.

Wikipedia - Dunston railway station -- Railway station in Tyne and Wear on the Tyne Valley Line

Wikipedia - DuPage Valley Conference -- US high school athletic conference

Wikipedia - Duplessis Orphans -- Canadian children who were wrongly classified as mentally ill by the Quebec government

Wikipedia - Dup (system call)

Wikipedia - Durango Valley Raiders -- 1938 film by Sam Newfield

Wikipedia - Durfee Hall -- Yale University dormitory

Wikipedia - Durian Burung -- Small border town in Padang Terap region, in northeastern Kedah state, Malaysia

Wikipedia - Durie Kallahal -- Filipino politician

Wikipedia - Durocasses -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - Durrell's vontsira -- A small species of carnivoran from Madagascar

Wikipedia - Durward William John Cruickshank -- British crystallographer

Wikipedia - Dustin O'Halloran -- American pianist and composer

Wikipedia - Dust -- Small particles in the air

Wikipedia - Dusty Button -- American ballerina

Wikipedia - Dutch oven -- Cooking pot with thick walls and a lid

Wikipedia - DVB-SH -- Digital TV standard that allows satellite TV to be watched on a cellphone

Wikipedia - DVD+RW Alliance -- Association that developed the DVD+ formats

Wikipedia - DV Hasselt -- Belgian volleyball club

Wikipedia - Dwane Wallace -- President and chairman of the board of the Cessna Aircraft Company

Wikipedia - Dwarf galaxy -- Small galaxy composed of up to several billion stars

Wikipedia - Dwarfism -- Small size of an organism, caused by growth deficiency or genetic mutations

Wikipedia - Dwarf star -- Star of relatively small size and low luminosity

Wikipedia - D. Wayne Calloway -- American businessman

Wikipedia - Dwight Ball -- Canadian politician

Wikipedia - Dwinelle Hall

Wikipedia - Dwyer-McAllister Cottage -- National Monument in Wicklow, Ireland

Wikipedia - Dying While Black -- 2006 book by Vernellia Randall

Wikipedia - Dynamically linked library

Wikipedia - Dynamically typed language

Wikipedia - Dynamically typed

Wikipedia - Dynamical parallax -- Iterative technique to find the properties of the stars in a binary pair

Wikipedia - Dynamic apnea -- Freediving disciplines where the breath-hold diver swims horizontally under water with or without fins

Wikipedia - Dynamic bandwidth allocation

Wikipedia - Dynamic memory allocation

Wikipedia - Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash -- painting by Giacomo Balla

Wikipedia - Dynamite Allen -- 1921 film

Wikipedia - Dysaesthesia aethiopica -- Alleged mental illness linked to scientific racism

Wikipedia - Dyson sphere -- Hypothetical megastructure originally described by Freeman Dyson

Wikipedia - Dyson tree -- Hypothetical genetically-engineered plant capable of growing inside a comet

Wikipedia - Dysoxylum alliaceum -- Species of tree from tropical Asia

Wikipedia - Dyspessa pallidata -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Dysrationalia -- Inability to think and behave rationally despite adequate intelligence

Wikipedia - Dysspastus fallax -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - E0102 -- Remnant of a supernova that exploded in the Small Magellanic Cloud,

Wikipedia - Each Small Candle -- 2000 song performed by Roger Waters

Wikipedia - Eadmuna esperans -- Moth species in family Mimallonidae

Wikipedia - Eadmuna guianensis -- Moth species in family Mimallonidae

Wikipedia - Eadmuna paloa -- Moth species in family Mimallonidae

Wikipedia - Eadmuna pulverula -- Moth species in family Mimallonidae

Wikipedia - Eadmuna -- Moth genus in family Mimallonidae

Wikipedia - Eagle Falls (Kentucky) -- Waterfall in Kentucky, United States

Wikipedia - Eagle Falls (Kimberley) -- Waterfall in Western Australia

Wikipedia - Eagle Falls (Washington) -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - Eagle Medallion -- Car model produced Renault and marketed by American Motors Corporation

Wikipedia - EA Larissa -- Greek volleyball club

Wikipedia - E. Allen Emerson

Wikipedia - Eamon Everall -- English Stuckist artist and educator

Wikipedia - Eamon Martin -- Catholic archbishop; Primate of All Ireland

Wikipedia - Earing -- A small line (rope) used to fasten the corner of a sail to a spar or yard

Wikipedia - Earle Cabell Federal Building and Courthouse -- Building in Dallas, Texas, United States

Wikipedia - Earls of Fingall

Wikipedia - Earl's Palace, Kirkwall -- Ruined Renaissance-style palace near St Magnus's Cathedral in the centre of Kirkwall, Orkney, Scotland.

Wikipedia - Early Buddhist schools -- Schools into which the Buddhist monastic saM-aM-9M-^Egha initially split

Wikipedia - Early Buddhist texts -- The parallel texts shared by the Early Buddhist schools

Wikipedia - Early Commissioning Program -- US Army ROTC program to allow graduates of military junior colleges to become reserve officers in two years

Wikipedia - Early European modern humans -- Earliest anatomically modern humans in Europe

Wikipedia - Early history of Gowa and Talloq -- history of Gowa and Talloq between their foundings and the end of the 16th century

Wikipedia - Early skyscrapers -- Tall commercial buildings built between 1884 and 1945

Wikipedia - Early Swallows -- Ukrainian teen drama television series

Wikipedia - Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990 -- Fireball meteoroid observed above Czechoslovakia and Poland

Wikipedia - Earth Has Many a Noble City -- Christian Epiphany hymn originally written by the Roman poet Aurelius Clemens Prudentius and translated by the English clergyman Edward Caswall in 1849

Wikipedia - Earth observation satellite -- Satellite specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit

Wikipedia - Earth Prime -- Term sometimes used in works of speculative fiction involving parallel universes or a multiverse

Wikipedia - Earth shelter -- House partially or entirely surrounded by earth

Wikipedia - Earth's inner core -- Innermost part of Earth, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy

Wikipedia - Earthy Anecdote -- Poem by Wallace Stevens

Wikipedia - Earworm -- Catchy piece of music that continually repeats through a person's mind after it is no longer playing

Wikipedia - East Asian calligraphy

Wikipedia - East Asian Football Federation

Wikipedia - East Bay Science and Technology Center -- Shopping mall in Richmond, California

Wikipedia - East Carolina Pirates baseball

Wikipedia - East Carolina Pirates football

Wikipedia - East Carolina Pirates men's basketball

Wikipedia - East Carolina Pirates women's basketball

Wikipedia - Eastcliffe Hall -- American Great Lakes bulk carrier

Wikipedia - Easter Microplate -- Very small tectonic plate to the west of Easter Island

Wikipedia - Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians -- Federally recognized Indian Tribe based in western North Carolina, USA

Wikipedia - Eastern Hills Mall -- Shopping mall in Clarence, New York, a suburb of Buffalo

Wikipedia - Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association

Wikipedia - Eastern Mediterranean -- Countries that are geographically located to the east of the Mediterranean Sea

Wikipedia - Eastern Southland Art Gallery

Wikipedia - East German balloon escape -- Flight from East Germany by eight people, 1979

Wikipedia - East Malling and Larkfield -- Civil parish in Kent, England

Wikipedia - Easton Town Center -- Shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio

Wikipedia - East Side Gallery -- Berlin Wall Art gallery

Wikipedia - East Side, West Side (1927 film) -- 1927 film by Allan Dwan

Wikipedia - East Twin Falls -- Waterfall in Washington (state), United States

Wikipedia - East Valley School District (Spokane, Washington) -- School district in Washington state, U.S.

Wikipedia - East Wall Road -- Road in Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - East Wall -- Northern inner city area of Dublin, Ireland

Wikipedia - Easy Fire -- October 2019 fire in Simi Valley, California

Wikipedia - Easy Jet -- Quarter Horse champion race stallion

Wikipedia - Easypaisa -- Pakistani mobile wallet service

Wikipedia - Eating Out: All You Can Eat -- 2009 film by Glenn Gaylord

Wikipedia - Eating Out: Drama Camp -- 2011 film by Q. Allan Brocka

Wikipedia - Eating Out: The Open Weekend -- 2012 film by Q. Allan Brocka

Wikipedia - Eating Out -- 2004 film by Q. Allan Brocka

Wikipedia - Eaton Hall, Cheshire -- Country house in Cheshire, England

Wikipedia - Eau Gallie Causeway -- Bridge in Florida, United States of America

Wikipedia - Eau Gallie River -- River in Florida, United States

Wikipedia - E.A. Wallis Budge

Wikipedia - E. A. Wallis Budge -- British academic

Wikipedia - Ebbe Nielsen Challenge -- Danish competition and awards for field of biodiversity informatics.

Wikipedia - Ebbe Wallen -- Swedish bobsledder

Wikipedia - Ebbsfleet Valley -- New town and redevelopment area in Kent, South East England

Wikipedia - Ebbw Valley Railway -- A commuter railway line in Cardiff, Wales

Wikipedia - Eben Allen -- Australian politician

Wikipedia - Ebony Reigns -- Ghanaian Dancehall artist

Wikipedia - Eburones -- Gallic-Germanic tribe

Wikipedia - Eburovices -- Gallic tribe

Wikipedia - ECall -- Roadside assistance service in the European Union

Wikipedia - Ecclesall -- Electoral ward in the City of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England

Wikipedia - Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma -- Rare benign vascular hamartoma characterized histologically by a proliferation of eccrine and vascular components.

Wikipedia - Eccrine sweat gland -- Sweat gland distributed almost all over the human body

Wikipedia - Echallon -- Commune in Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France

Wikipedia - Echidnophaga gallinacea -- Species of flea

Wikipedia - Echinochloa crus-galli -- Species of plant

Wikipedia - Echinoderm -- Exclusively marine phylum of animals with generally 5-point radial symmetry

Wikipedia - Echoes in a Shallow Bay -- 1985 EP by the Cocteau Twins

Wikipedia - Ecological collapse -- A situation where an ecosystem suffers a drastic, possibly permanent, reduction in carrying capacity for all organisms

Wikipedia - Ecological design -- Design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with living processes

Wikipedia - Ecological fallacy

Wikipedia - E-commerce -- Type of business industry usually conducted over the internet

Wikipedia - Economic indicator -- Measure, which allows statements about the economic situation in general of national economies

Wikipedia - Economic planning -- resource allocation system based on a computational procedure

Wikipedia - Ecoregions of South Africa -- Ecologically defined regions in South Africa

Wikipedia - Ecoregion -- Ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion

Wikipedia - Ecosystem model -- A typically mathematical representation of an ecological system

Wikipedia - Ecotope -- The smallest ecologically distinct landscape features in a landscape mapping and classification system

Wikipedia - Ecsenius randalli -- Species of fish

Wikipedia - Ed Allen (TV host) -- Canadian writer and television host

Wikipedia - Ed Allen (writer) -- American novelist and short story writer

Wikipedia - Edappally

Wikipedia - Ed Balls document leak -- British political controversy

Wikipedia - Ed Balls -- Former British Labour Co-op politician

Wikipedia - Eddie Allen (folk musician) -- American folk musician

Wikipedia - Eddie Feigner -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Eddie Gallagher (Navy SEAL) -- Former United States Navy SEAL

Wikipedia - Eddie Hall -- British strongman

Wikipedia - Eddie Kohlhase -- New Zealand softball player

Wikipedia - Eddie Tallon -- American politician

Wikipedia - Ed Dolejs -- New Zealand softball coach

Wikipedia - Eddy Terstall -- Dutch film director and screenwriter

Wikipedia - Eddy Waller -- American actor

Wikipedia - Edelweiss (political party) -- Political party in Aosta Valley, Italy

Wikipedia - Eden Project -- Visitor attraction in Cornwall in the United Kingdom.

Wikipedia - Eden Valley, Minnesota -- City in Minnesota, United States

Wikipedia - Ed Fallon -- American politician

Wikipedia - Ed Gallagher (scientist)

Wikipedia - Edgar Allan Guzman -- Filipino actor

Wikipedia - Edgar Allan Poe bibliography -- Wikipedia bibliography

Wikipedia - Edgar Allan Poe (film) -- 1909 film

Wikipedia - Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum -- historical house in Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Wikipedia - Edgar Allan Poe (Maryland attorney general) -- Attorney General of Maryland from 1911 to 1915

Wikipedia - Edgar Allan Poe -- 19th-century American author, poet, editor and literary critic

Wikipedia - Edgar Allison Peers

Wikipedia - Edgar Arthur Ashcroft -- (1864-1938) electrical engineer and metallurgist

Wikipedia - Edgar Foxall -- British poet

Wikipedia - Edgar Johnson Allen

Wikipedia - Edgar O'Ballance -- British military journalist, researcher, defence commentator and academic lecturer specialising in international relations and defence problems

Wikipedia - Edgar Tallado -- Filipino politician

Wikipedia - Edgar Van Nuys Allen -- American doctor and Professor of Medicine at the Mayo Clinic

Wikipedia - Edge Hill Short Story Prize -- Short-story contest held annually by Edge Hill University

Wikipedia - Edict of Caracalla

Wikipedia - Edict of Expulsion -- 1290 edict issued by King Edward I expelling all Jews from England

Wikipedia - Edict of Toleration (Hawaii) -- Decree allowing the establishment of Catholicism in Hawaii

Wikipedia - Edin's Hall Broch -- 2nd-century broch near Duns in the Borders of Scotland

Wikipedia - Edith Alleyne Sinnotte -- Australian writer, Esperanto novelist

Wikipedia - Edith Ballantyne -- Czech Canadian citizen

Wikipedia - Edith Hall Dohan -- American art historian and archaeologist

Wikipedia - Edith Hallett Bethune -- Canadian photographer

Wikipedia - Edith Hall -- British academic of classics and cultural history

Wikipedia - Edith Palliser -- British suffragist

Wikipedia - Edith Thallaug -- Norwegian actress

Wikipedia - Edition (book) -- Specific version of a work, resulting from its edition, adaptation, or translation; set of substantially similar copies of a work

Wikipedia - Edmar de Salles -- Brazilian sports shooter

Wikipedia - Edmond Atalla -- Australian politician

Wikipedia - Edmond Davall -- Swiss botanist and politician

Wikipedia - Edmond Halley -- English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist

Wikipedia - Edmond Hall -- American jazz clarinetist and bandleader

Wikipedia - Edmondo Ballotta -- Italian pole vaulter

Wikipedia - Edmond Topalli -- Albanian Olympic judoka

Wikipedia - Edmonton-Parkallen -- Defunct provincial electoral district in Alberta

Wikipedia - Edmontosaurus mummy AMNH 5060 -- exceptionally well-preserved fossil in the American Museum of Natural History

Wikipedia - Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby -- British Army general

Wikipedia - Edmund Allen (priest)

Wikipedia - Edmund Aspinall -- British gymnast

Wikipedia - Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan -- Lower Canada politician, physician and journalist

Wikipedia - Edmund Halley

Wikipedia - Edmund Hall (MP) -- 16th-century English politician

Wikipedia - Edmund Ironside (play) -- anonymous Elizabethan play apocryphally attributed to Shakespeare

Wikipedia - Edmund T. Allen -- American test pilot

Wikipedia - Edmund Waller (cricketer) -- English cricketer and British Army officer

Wikipedia - Edmund Waller

Wikipedia - Edmund Whalley

Wikipedia - Edna Walling -- Australian gardener

Wikipedia - Edness Kimball Wilkins -- Wyoming politician

Wikipedia - E. Donnall Thomas

Wikipedia - Edouard Vallet -- Swiss artist

Wikipedia - Ed Smith (streetball player) -- American streetball player

Wikipedia - Edson Fessenden Gallaudet -- American aerospace engineer

Wikipedia - Eduardo Callejo de la Cuesta -- Spanish lawyer and politician

Wikipedia - Eduardo Gonzalez Calleja -- Spanish historian

Wikipedia - Eduardo Mallea

Wikipedia - Eduard von Kallee

Wikipedia - Education 2030 Agenda -- Global commitment of the Education for All movement to ensure access to basic education for all

Wikipedia - Education for All Handicapped Children Act -- USA law granting equal access to education for children with disabilities

Wikipedia - Education For All

Wikipedia - Education for All

Wikipedia - Education for justice -- The process of promoting a culture of lawfulness through educational activities at all levels

Wikipedia - Edward A. Allworth bibliography -- Wikipedia bibliography

Wikipedia - Edward Allde

Wikipedia - Edward Allen (Australian politician) -- Australian politician and journalist

Wikipedia - Edward Allen Roberts -- English cricketer and umpire

Wikipedia - Edward Allworthy Armstrong -- British ornithologist and Church of England clergyman

Wikipedia - Edward (ballad) -- Traditional murder ballad

Wikipedia - Edward Ball (American author) -- American history writer and journalist (born 1958)

Wikipedia - Edward Calvin Kendall

Wikipedia - Edward Carson Waller -- Chicago real estate developer (1845-1931)

Wikipedia - Edward Cornwallis -- 18th-century British Army general

Wikipedia - Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon -- British Liberal statesman

Wikipedia - Edward Hallaran Bennett -- Irish surgeon, president of the RCSI

Wikipedia - Edward Hall (director) -- English theatre director

Wikipedia - Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)

Wikipedia - Edward Hallowell (psychiatrist) -- American psychiatrist

Wikipedia - Edward H. Kendall -- American architect

Wikipedia - Edward Johnston -- British craftsman, calligrapher and typographer

Wikipedia - Edward Kallon -- United Nations Resident Coordinator and Humanitarian Coordinator in Nigeria

Wikipedia - Edward Kimball -- American actor

Wikipedia - Edward L. Allen

Wikipedia - Edward Malloch -- British soldier and Upper Canada politician

Wikipedia - Edward Marshall Hall -- British politician

Wikipedia - Edward Nicholas Kendall -- British explorer and hydrographer

Wikipedia - Edward P. Allen -- American politician and lawyer

Wikipedia - Edward R. O'Malley -- New York politician

Wikipedia - Edward Simpson (Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge) -- English Member of Parliament

Wikipedia - Edward Small -- American film producer

Wikipedia - Edwards Spur -- A spur with a small rock exposure along its crest on Mount Koulton in Marie Byrd Land

Wikipedia - Edward T. Hall -- American anthropologist

Wikipedia - Edward Vivian Birchall -- English philanthropist

Wikipedia - Edward Wallington (civil servant) -- English cricketer, colonial administrator, Royal Household member

Wikipedia - Edwin Allen -- Jamaican politician

Wikipedia - Edwin Hallowell -- American politician

Wikipedia - Edwin Hall -- American physicist

Wikipedia - Edwin Oscar Hall

Wikipedia - Edwin Waller -- Texas politician

Wikipedia - Edwin Wallock -- American actor

Wikipedia - Ed Yost -- American balloonist inventor

Wikipedia - Eeb Allay Ooo! -- 2019 Indian comedy drama film

Wikipedia - Eegah -- 1962 film by Arch Hall Sr. (as Nicholas Merriwether)

Wikipedia - Eels with Strings: Live at Town Hall -- Live album

Wikipedia - EEPROM -- Computer memory used for small quantities of data

Wikipedia - Eeva Kalli -- Finnish politician

Wikipedia - Effect and Cause -- Level from 2016 video game Titanfall 2

Wikipedia - Effects of the April 2010 Eyjafjallajokull eruption -- Volcanic eruption in Iceland

Wikipedia - Effectual calling

Wikipedia - Efficient-market hypothesis -- Economic theory that asset prices fully reflect all available information

Wikipedia - Efraim Allsalu -- Estonian painter

Wikipedia - Egalitarianism -- Trend of thought that favors equality for all people

Wikipedia - Egan Inoue -- Japanese Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner, racquetball player and mixed martial arts fighter

Wikipedia - Egg coffee -- Vietnamese drink which is traditionally prepared with egg yolks, sugar, condensed milk, and robusta coffee

Wikipedia - Eggplant run -- Video game challenge

Wikipedia - EglM-DM-^W M-EM- pokaitM-DM-^W -- Lithuanian ballet dancer

Wikipedia - E. G. Marshall -- American actor

Wikipedia - Egyptian Alliance Party -- Political party in Egypt

Wikipedia - E. H. Budd -- English cricketer and all-around sportsman

Wikipedia - EHF Champions League -- European handball competition

Wikipedia - Eid al-Adha -- Islamic holiday, also called the "Festival of the Sacrifice"

Wikipedia - Eightball (comics) -- Comic book by Daniel Clowes

Wikipedia - Eight-ball -- Pool game popular in much of the world

Wikipedia - Eight Girls in a Boat (1934 film) -- 1934 film by Richard Wallace

Wikipedia - Eighth Street Bridge (Allegheny River) -- Bridge in Pennsylvania, United States

Wikipedia - Eight Man (video game) -- Side-scrolling beat 'em up arcade video game developed by Pallas

Wikipedia - Eight-Nation Alliance -- Military coalition that defeated the Chinese Boxer Rebellion

Wikipedia - Eight on the Lam -- 1967 film by George Marshall

Wikipedia - Eiko Kakehata -- Japanese goalball player

Wikipedia - Eileanan Chearabhaigh -- A group of small uninhabited tidal islands off the south east coast of Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland

Wikipedia - Eilean Donan -- Small tidal islandM-BM- in the western Highlands of Scotland

Wikipedia - Eileen Gallagher -- Irish businesswoman

Wikipedia - Eileen McCallum -- Scottish actress

Wikipedia - Eileen Tallman Sufrin -- Canadian author and labour activist

Wikipedia - Eileen Whalley Richards -- Canadian speed skater

Wikipedia - Eilene Galloway -- American editor

Wikipedia - Eilenriedehalle -- Convention center

Wikipedia - Ein Fall fur zwei -- German television series

Wikipedia - Einherjar -- Dead warriors of Norse mythology, chosen by the valkyries to prepare in Valhalla for the battle of Ragnarok

Wikipedia - Eino Kaakkolahti -- Finnish pesM-CM-$pallo player

Wikipedia - Einstein ring -- Feature seen when light is gravitationally lensed by an object

Wikipedia - Eissportzentrum Westfalenhallen -- Indoor sporting arena in Dortmund, Germany

Wikipedia - Eithne Ni Uallachain -- Irish singer

Wikipedia - Ejido Erendira -- small community in Baja California, Mexico

Wikipedia - EJ Jallorina -- Filipino actor

Wikipedia - Ekaterina Barkalova -- Russian handballer

Wikipedia - Ekeberghallen -- An indoor sports arena located at Ekebergsletta in Nordstrand, Oslo, Norw

Wikipedia - Ekornavallen -- Archaeological site in Falkoping, Sweden

Wikipedia - Elachista hallini -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Eladio Vallduvi -- Spanish sport shooter

Wikipedia - Elaeocarpus sallehiana -- Species of flowering plant in the family Elaeocarpaceae

Wikipedia - Elaine Fifield -- Australian ballerina

Wikipedia - Elaine McDonald -- Scottish ballerina

Wikipedia - Elaine Sortino -- American softball coach

Wikipedia - Elaine Tettemer Marshall -- American billionaire heiress

Wikipedia - El Ametralladora -- 1943 film directed by Aurelio Robles Castillo

Wikipedia - Elaphria alapallida -- Species of moth in North America

Wikipedia - Elasticity of cell membranes -- Ability of cell membranes to deform elastically

Wikipedia - El Bosquet -- Small settlement in Catalonia, Spain

Wikipedia - Elbow Pond (New York) -- Small lake in United states

Wikipedia - El Cajon Boulevard -- Major thoroughfare through San Diego, La Mesa and El Cajon, California and called "The Boulevard"

Wikipedia - El clon -- internationally produced Spanish-language telenovela

Wikipedia - Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town -- Pearl Jam song

Wikipedia - Eldon C. Hall

Wikipedia - Eldorado (poem) -- Poem written by Edgar Allan Poe

Wikipedia - Eleanor Allen Moore -- Scots-Irish painter

Wikipedia - Eleanor Hallowell Abbott -- American author

Wikipedia - Eleanor Vadala -- American chemist, materials engineer and balloonist

Wikipedia - Electoral Affairs Commission -- The Electoral Affairs Commission of Hong Kong (Chinese: M-iM-^AM-8M-hM-^HM-^IM-gM-.M-!M-gM-^PM-^FM-eM-'M-^TM-eM-^SM-!M-fM-^\M-^C) is an allegedly independent, apolitical and impartial body established under the Electoral Affairs Commission Ordinance.[1]

Wikipedia - Electoral district of Ballina -- State electoral district of New South Wales, Australia

Wikipedia - Electoral district of Uralla-Walcha -- former state electoral district of New South Wales, Australia

Wikipedia - Electrical conduction system of the heart -- Transmits signals generated usually by the sinoatrial node to cause contraction of the heart muscle

Wikipedia - Electrically detected magnetic resonance

Wikipedia - Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion

Wikipedia - Electricity and Magnetism (book) -- Electromagnetism textbook originally written by Edward M. Purcell in 1965

Wikipedia - Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda -- Loco shed in Telangana, India

Wikipedia - Electric Raceabout -- All-electric sports car

Wikipedia - Electrolarynx -- |A handheld medical device which allows those who have lost their larynx to produce clearer, more audible speech, by producing tones when pressed against the neck

Wikipedia - Electron crystallography

Wikipedia - Electronic cigarette -- Device usually used to quit or be an alternative to tobacco

Wikipedia - Electronic Industries Alliance -- 1924-2011 American standards and trade organization

Wikipedia - Electronic mailing list -- Special usage of email that allows for widespread distribution of information to many Internet users

Wikipedia - Electronic System Design Alliance

Wikipedia - Electroplating -- Creation of protective or decorative metallic coating on other metal with electric current

Wikipedia - Electrum -- Alloy of gold and silver

Wikipedia - Elegia fallax -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Elektron (alloy) -- Range of magnesium alloys

Wikipedia - Elena Allen -- British sports shooter

Wikipedia - Elena Ballesteros -- Spanish actress

Wikipedia - Elena Balletti -- Italian actress, poet, woman of letters, playwright and writer.

Wikipedia - Eleonora Aguiari -- Italian installation artist and author

Wikipedia - Eleonora Cassano -- Argentine ballet dancer and teacher

Wikipedia - Elephant Falls -- Waterfall in Shillong, Meghalaya, India

Wikipedia - Elephant Waterfalls -- Waterfall in Vietnam

Wikipedia - Elevator to the Gallows -- 1958 film by Louis Malle

Wikipedia - Elfin woods warbler -- Small bird of the New World warbler family endemic to Puerto Rico

Wikipedia - Elfriede Hirnschall -- Austrian gymnast

Wikipedia - El General -- Panamanian dancehall reggae artist

Wikipedia - Elgin English Crull -- Dallas city manager

Wikipedia - Elgin V. Kuykendall -- American politician, lawyer, and judge

Wikipedia - Elham Valley Railway -- Former railway in England, now closed.

Wikipedia - Eliana Mason -- American goalball player

Wikipedia - Elia Nasrallah -- Lebanese sports shooter

Wikipedia - Elias Allenspach -- Swiss snowboarder

Wikipedia - Eliezer Levi Montefiore -- Businessmen, art enthusiast and gallery director

Wikipedia - Elijah Blue Allman -- American musician

Wikipedia - Elijah Hall -- Continental Navy officer

Wikipedia - Elinor Frances Vallentin -- British botanist, author and illustrator

Wikipedia - Elinor Klapp-Phipps Park -- A park in Tallahassee, Florida

Wikipedia - Elio Ballesi -- Italian politician

Wikipedia - Eliot Hall (Reed College) -- Building at Reed College, Portland, Oregon, United States

Wikipedia - Eliot Marshall -- American mixed martial arts fighter

Wikipedia - Elisa Badenes -- Spanish ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Elisa Beetz-Charpentier -- French sculptor, medallist and painter

Wikipedia - Elisabeth Adele Allram-Lechner -- Czech stage actress

Wikipedia - Elisabeth Hallowell Saunders -- American scientific illustrator, photographer, naturalist and teacher (1861-1910)

Wikipedia - Elisabeth Valle -- Spanish gymnast

Wikipedia - Elisa Carrillo Cabrera -- Mexican ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Eli Valley -- American cartoonist and author

Wikipedia - Eli Wallach -- American film, television, and stage actor

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Akers Allen

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Allen (actress) -- American actress

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Allgeier -- Psychologistand sexologist

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Anne Allen -- American actress

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Ann Nalley -- American chemist

Wikipedia - Elizabeth A. Wood -- American crystallographer and geologist

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Bonner Allen -- British documentary film maker

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Burke-Plunkett -- Countess Fingall, first president of the Irish Countrywomen's Association, president of the Camogie Association

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Caballero -- Cuban-American lyric soprano

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Callahan -- American sport shooter

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Mall (Cebu City) -- Shopping mall in the Philippines

Wikipedia - Elizabeth M. Allen -- American political adviser

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Marshall (pharmacist) -- Pioneering American pharmacist

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Marshall -- Canadian politician

Wikipedia - Elizabeth S. Allman -- American mathematician

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall -- American former government official

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Siddall

Wikipedia - Elizabeth S. Lenna Hall -- Building in Chautauqua, New York

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Twistington Higgins -- British ballet dancer, painter

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Vallance -- British philosopher, magistrate and policy maker

Wikipedia - Elizabeth Wallace -- American writer

Wikipedia - Eliza Poe -- English-born American actress and Mother of Edgar Allan Poe

Wikipedia - Elize Kotze -- South African netball coach

Wikipedia - Elkan Allan -- British television producer

Wikipedia - Elk Valley Rancheria, California

Wikipedia - Ella Ballentine -- Television, film, and stage actress from Ontario

Wikipedia - Ella Hall -- American actress

Wikipedia - Ella Havelka -- Australian ballet dancer

Wikipedia - Ella Lillian Wall Van Leer -- American architect

Wikipedia - Ellen Allien -- German electronic musician, music producer

Wikipedia - Ellen Duncan -- Irish art gallery director and critic

Wikipedia - Ellen Hall -- Ellen Hall was an actress in the late 40s and early 50s

Wikipedia - Ellen Renfroe -- American softball player

Wikipedia - Ellensburg Rodeo Hall of Fame -- Hall of Fame for Cowboys

Wikipedia - Ellen Swallow Richards

Wikipedia - Ellen Venker -- Dutch softball player

Wikipedia - Ellingham Hall, Norfolk -- Historic building in England

Wikipedia - Ellis Arnall -- American politician, Governor of Georgia

Wikipedia - Ellwood Oil Field -- Partially active, adjoining Goleta, California

Wikipedia - El-Mahalla El-Kubra

Wikipedia - El marques de Bradomin. Coloquios romanticos -- Play written by Ramon del Valle-Inclan

Wikipedia - Elmer Lucille Allen -- Ceramic artist and chemist

Wikipedia - Elsa Guerdrum Allen -- American ornithologist

Wikipedia - Elsewhen -- SF novella by R. A. Heinlein about time travel and parallel universes; first published as "Elsewhere" in Sept. 1941 in Astounding Science Fiction under the pseudonym Caleb Saunders

Wikipedia - Elsie Whetnall

Wikipedia - Elspeth Ballantyne -- Australian actress

Wikipedia - Elstree Calling -- 1930 film

Wikipedia - El Valle Field -- Airport in the Dominican Republic

Wikipedia - El Valle station -- Caracas metro station

Wikipedia - Elvira "Pixie" Palladino -- American politician

Wikipedia - Elvis McGonagall

Wikipedia - Ely Hall

Wikipedia - Ely Valley Railway -- Railway in south Wales, United Kingdom

Wikipedia - EMac -- All-in-one desktop computer designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc.

Wikipedia - Email storm -- A spike of "reply all" messages on an email distribution list

Wikipedia - Emanationism -- Mode by which all things are derived from the first reality, or principle

Wikipedia - Emanuel Allberg -- Swedish male curler

Wikipedia - Embankment (earthworks) -- Wall or bank to carry a road or rail over low ground or water's edge

Wikipedia - Embarrassingly parallel problem

Wikipedia - Embarrassingly parallel

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Wikipedia - Embers of War -- 2012 book by Fredrik Logevall

Wikipedia - Emerald Buddha -- Statue considered the Palladium of Thailand

Wikipedia - Emergency Call (1933 film) -- 1933 film by Edward L. Cahn

Wikipedia - Emergency Call (1991 TV series) -- Television series

Wikipedia - Emergency Call (2020 TV series) -- American unscripted television series

Wikipedia - Emergency management -- Dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies

Wikipedia - Emergency telephone number -- Telephone number that allows caller to contact local emergency services for assistance

Wikipedia - Emerging market -- Country's economy that was traditionally small, but is currently expanding rapidly

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Wikipedia - Empire of the Sun -- 1984 novel by J. G. Ballard

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Wikipedia - Enter Madame (1922 film) -- 1922 film by Wallace Worsley

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Wikipedia - Entree -- Dish served before the main course of a meal; either the first dish or following a soup or other small dish or dishes

Wikipedia - Entremets -- Small dish served between courses

Wikipedia - Enumeration -- Complete, ordered listing of all the items in a collection

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Wikipedia - Epicallima -- Genus of moths

Wikipedia - Epidermoid cyst -- Benign cyst usually found on the skin

Wikipedia - Epidosite -- A hydrothermally altered epidote- and quartz-bearing rock

Wikipedia - Epidural hematoma -- Build-up of blood between the dura mater and skull, usually caused by injury

Wikipedia - Epigallocatechin-3-gallate

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Wikipedia - Epilobium anagallidifolium -- Species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae

Wikipedia - Epilobium halleanum -- Species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae

Wikipedia - Epilobium pallidum -- Species of flowering plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae

Wikipedia - Epiphenomenon -- Secondary phenomenon that occurs alongside or in parallel to a primary phenomenon

Wikipedia - Epistemologically

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Wikipedia - Epistula Mithridatis -- Letter allegedly written by Mithridates VI of Pontus to the Parthian king Phraates III (r. 70-57 BC)

Wikipedia - E pluribus unum -- Latin phrase on the great seal of United States, literally means "out of many, one"

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Wikipedia - Equated monthly installment -- Loan repayment variant

Wikipedia - Equations for a falling body -- Mathematical description of a body in free fall

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Wikipedia - Equipollence (geometry) -- Property of parallel segments that have the same length and the same direction

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Wikipedia - Erotica -- Media, literature or art dealing substantively with erotically stimulating or sexually arousing subject matter

Wikipedia - Errett Callahan

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Wikipedia - Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172 -- Church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach composed for Pentecost Sunday

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Wikipedia - Esala Mangallaya

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Wikipedia - Essentially contested concept

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Wikipedia - Essexite -- a dark gray or black holocrystalline plutonic rock

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Wikipedia - Eternally Yours (film) -- 1939 film by Tay Garnett

Wikipedia - Eternal return -- A concept that the universe and all existence is perpetually recurring

Wikipedia - Ethallobarbital

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Wikipedia - Ethan Allen (armsmaker) -- American Arms maker

Wikipedia - Ethan Allen -- 18th-century American general

Wikipedia - Ethan Stiefel -- American ballet dancer, choreographer and director

Wikipedia - Ethel D. Allen -- 20th-century American politician and physician

Wikipedia - Ethel Gresley Ball -- Irish artist

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Wikipedia - Ethmia ballistis -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Ethnic group -- Socially defined category of people who identify with each other

Wikipedia - Ethnikos Alexandroupolis V.C. -- Volleyball department of a Greek multi-sport club

Wikipedia - Ethylene as a plant hormone -- Alkene gas naturally regulating the plant growth

Wikipedia - Etiam si omnes, ego non -- Latin Biblical motto meaning "Even if all others... I will not."

Wikipedia - Etienne Le Rallic -- French illustrator and comics artist

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Wikipedia - Etoile Sportive du Sahel V.C. -- Tunisian volleyball club

Wikipedia - ETO-SZESE GyM-EM-^Qr FKC -- Hungarian handball club

Wikipedia - Etravirine -- Also called Intelence is a drug used for the treatment of HIV

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Wikipedia - Etwall railway station -- Former railway station in Derbyshire, England

Wikipedia - Etymological fallacy

Wikipedia - Etymologically

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Wikipedia - Eucallia -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Eucallopistus -- Genus of beetles

Wikipedia - Euchaetis metallota -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Euclid Square Mall -- Former shopping mall in Euclid, Ohio

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Wikipedia - Eufallia -- Genus of beetles

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Wikipedia - Eulalie -- 1845 poem written by Edgar Allan Poe

Wikipedia - Eulogy -- Speech in praise of a person, usually recently deceased

Wikipedia - Eumorsea balli -- Species of grasshopper

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Wikipedia - Eunicycle -- Partially self-balancing motorized unicycle

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Wikipedia - Eupithecia alliaria -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Eupithecia calligraphata -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Eupithecia convallata -- Species of moth

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Wikipedia - Eupithecia laticallis -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Eupithecia mallecoensis -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Eupithecia muralla -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Eupithecia niticallis -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Eupithecia ovalle -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Eupithecia parallelaria -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Eupithecia vallenarensis -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Eupterote kalliesi -- Species of moth

Wikipedia - Eupterote pallida -- Species of moth

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